diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/cron/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/cron/data.json
index 0af74bde..4a8347bd 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/cron/data.json
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/cron/data.json
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
     "601d1cc7-a4f3-4f19-aa9f-3bddd7ab6b1d": {
       "locked": false,
       "lockedDeviceName": "iPhone",
-      "lastRun": "2024-07-05T07:14:44+02:00"
+      "lastRun": "2024-07-19T07:15:52+02:00"
     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-activity-history/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-activity-history/data.json
index bb6cc29d..ef084fad 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-activity-history/data.json
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-activity-history/data.json
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
   "checkpointList": [
     {
       "path": "/",
-      "date": "2024-07-05",
-      "size": 17027173
+      "date": "2024-07-19",
+      "size": 8765155
     }
   ],
   "activityHistory": [
@@ -3642,7 +3642,63 @@
         },
         {
           "date": "2024-07-05",
-          "value": 1453
+          "value": 2064
+        },
+        {
+          "date": "2024-07-06",
+          "value": 2224
+        },
+        {
+          "date": "2024-07-07",
+          "value": 250309
+        },
+        {
+          "date": "2024-07-08",
+          "value": 4422
+        },
+        {
+          "date": "2024-07-09",
+          "value": 1683
+        },
+        {
+          "date": "2024-07-10",
+          "value": 31085
+        },
+        {
+          "date": "2024-07-11",
+          "value": 1665
+        },
+        {
+          "date": "2024-07-12",
+          "value": 2841
+        },
+        {
+          "date": "2024-07-13",
+          "value": 2548
+        },
+        {
+          "date": "2024-07-14",
+          "value": 1778
+        },
+        {
+          "date": "2024-07-15",
+          "value": 8823126
+        },
+        {
+          "date": "2024-07-16",
+          "value": 5670
+        },
+        {
+          "date": "2024-07-17",
+          "value": 2100
+        },
+        {
+          "date": "2024-07-18",
+          "value": 2079
+        },
+        {
+          "date": "2024-07-19",
+          "value": 1443
         }
       ]
     }
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-advanced-uri/main.js b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-advanced-uri/main.js
index 95077fc0..39da4473 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-advanced-uri/main.js
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-advanced-uri/main.js
@@ -3277,7 +3277,7 @@ __export(main_exports, {
   default: () => AdvancedURI
 });
 module.exports = __toCommonJS(main_exports);
-var import_obsidian13 = require("obsidian");
+var import_obsidian14 = require("obsidian");
 
 // node_modules/obsidian-community-lib/dist/utils.js
 var feather = __toESM(require_feather());
@@ -3299,15 +3299,17 @@ var BlockUtils = class _BlockUtils {
     var _a, _b;
     const cursor = editor.getCursor("to");
     const fileCache = app2.metadataCache.getFileCache(file);
-    let currentBlock = (_a = fileCache == null ? void 0 : fileCache.sections) == null ? void 0 : _a.find(
-      (section) => section.position.start.line <= cursor.line && section.position.end.line >= cursor.line
-    );
-    if (currentBlock.type == "list") {
-      currentBlock = (_b = fileCache.listItems) == null ? void 0 : _b.find((list) => {
-        if (list.position.start.line <= cursor.line && list.position.end.line >= cursor.line) {
-          return list;
-        }
-      });
+    const sections = fileCache == null ? void 0 : fileCache.sections;
+    if (!sections || sections.length === 0) {
+      console.log("error reading FileCache (empty file?)");
+      return;
+    }
+    const foundSectionIndex = sections.findIndex((section) => section.position.start.line > cursor.line);
+    let currentBlock = foundSectionIndex > 0 ? sections[foundSectionIndex - 1] : sections[sections.length - 1];
+    if ((currentBlock == null ? void 0 : currentBlock.type) == "list") {
+      currentBlock = (_b = (_a = fileCache.listItems) == null ? void 0 : _a.find(
+        (section) => section.position.start.line <= cursor.line && section.position.end.line >= cursor.line
+      )) != null ? _b : currentBlock;
     }
     return currentBlock;
   }
@@ -4080,12 +4082,12 @@ var Handlers = class {
     this.plugin.success(parameters);
   }
   async handleUpdatePlugins(parameters) {
-    parameters.settingid = "community-plugins";
-    this.handleOpenSettings(parameters);
-    this.app.setting.activeTab.containerEl.findAll(".mod-cta").last().click();
-    new import_obsidian7.Notice("Waiting 10 seconds");
-    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 10 * 1e3));
-    if (Object.keys(this.app.plugins.updates).length !== 0) {
+    new import_obsidian7.Notice("Checking for updates\u2026");
+    await app.plugins.checkForUpdates();
+    const updateCount = Object.keys(this.app.plugins.updates).length;
+    if (updateCount > 0) {
+      parameters.settingid = "community-plugins";
+      this.handleOpenSettings(parameters);
       this.app.setting.activeTab.containerEl.findAll(".mod-cta").last().click();
     }
     this.plugin.success(parameters);
@@ -4430,7 +4432,20 @@ var Tools = class {
         parameters.filepath = void 0;
       parameters.uid = await this.getUIDFromFile(file);
     }
-    for (const parameter in parameters) {
+    const sortedParameterKeys = Object.keys(parameters).filter((key) => parameters[key]).sort((a, b) => {
+      const first = ["filepath", "filename", "uid", "daily"];
+      const last = ["data", "eval"];
+      if (first.includes(a))
+        return -1;
+      if (first.includes(b))
+        return 1;
+      if (last.includes(a))
+        return 1;
+      if (last.includes(b))
+        return -1;
+      return 0;
+    });
+    for (const parameter of sortedParameterKeys) {
       if (parameters[parameter] != void 0) {
         suffix += suffix ? "&" : "?";
         suffix += `${parameter}=${encodeURIComponent(
@@ -4478,8 +4493,32 @@ var Tools = class {
   }
 };
 
+// src/modals/workspace_modal.ts
+var import_obsidian13 = require("obsidian");
+var WorkspaceModal = class extends import_obsidian13.FuzzySuggestModal {
+  constructor(plugin) {
+    super(plugin.app);
+    this.plugin = plugin;
+    this.setPlaceholder("Choose a workspace");
+  }
+  getItems() {
+    const workspacesPlugin = this.app.internalPlugins.getEnabledPluginById("workspaces");
+    if (!workspacesPlugin) {
+      new import_obsidian13.Notice("Workspaces plugin is not enabled");
+    } else {
+      return Object.keys(workspacesPlugin.workspaces);
+    }
+  }
+  getItemText(item) {
+    return item;
+  }
+  onChooseItem(item, _) {
+    this.plugin.tools.copyURI({ workspace: item });
+  }
+};
+
 // src/main.ts
-var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
+var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian14.Plugin {
   constructor() {
     super(...arguments);
     this.handlers = new Handlers(this);
@@ -4490,22 +4529,22 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
     this.addSettingTab(new SettingsTab(this.app, this));
     this.addCommand({
       id: "copy-uri-current-file",
-      name: "copy URI for file with options",
+      name: "Copy URI for file with options",
       callback: () => this.handlers.handleCopyFileURI(false)
     });
     this.addCommand({
       id: "copy-uri-current-file-simple",
-      name: "copy URI for current file",
+      name: "Copy URI for current file",
       callback: () => this.handlers.handleCopyFileURI(true)
     });
     this.addCommand({
       id: "copy-uri-daily",
-      name: "copy URI for daily note",
+      name: "Copy URI for daily note",
       callback: () => new EnterDataModal(this).open()
     });
     this.addCommand({
       id: "copy-uri-search-and-replace",
-      name: "copy URI for search and replace",
+      name: "Copy URI for search and replace",
       callback: () => {
         const fileModal = new FileModal(
           this,
@@ -4523,7 +4562,7 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
     });
     this.addCommand({
       id: "copy-uri-command",
-      name: "copy URI for command",
+      name: "Copy URI for command",
       callback: () => {
         const fileModal = new FileModal(
           this,
@@ -4537,9 +4576,9 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
     });
     this.addCommand({
       id: "copy-uri-block",
-      name: "copy URI for current block",
+      name: "Copy URI for current block",
       checkCallback: (checking) => {
-        const view = this.app.workspace.getActiveViewOfType(import_obsidian13.MarkdownView);
+        const view = this.app.workspace.getActiveViewOfType(import_obsidian14.MarkdownView);
         if (checking)
           return view != void 0;
         const id = BlockUtils.getBlockId(this.app);
@@ -4551,6 +4590,14 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
         }
       }
     });
+    this.addCommand({
+      id: "copy-uri-workspace",
+      name: "Copy URI for workspace",
+      callback: () => {
+        const modal = new WorkspaceModal(this);
+        modal.open();
+      }
+    });
     this.registerObsidianProtocolHandler("advanced-uri", async (e) => {
       var _a, _b, _c;
       const parameters = e;
@@ -4576,7 +4623,7 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
           file = this.app.vault.getMarkdownFiles().find(
             (file2) => {
               var _a2;
-              return (_a2 = (0, import_obsidian13.parseFrontMatterAliases)(
+              return (_a2 = (0, import_obsidian14.parseFrontMatterAliases)(
                 this.app.metadataCache.getFileCache(file2).frontmatter
               )) == null ? void 0 : _a2.includes(parameters.filename);
             }
@@ -4586,10 +4633,10 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
           (_b = this.app.workspace.getActiveFile()) == null ? void 0 : _b.path
         );
         const parentFolderPath = parentFolder.isRoot() ? "" : parentFolder.path + "/";
-        parameters.filepath = (_c = file == null ? void 0 : file.path) != null ? _c : parentFolderPath + (0, import_obsidian13.normalizePath)(parameters.filename);
+        parameters.filepath = (_c = file == null ? void 0 : file.path) != null ? _c : parentFolderPath + (0, import_obsidian14.normalizePath)(parameters.filename);
       }
       if (parameters.filepath) {
-        parameters.filepath = (0, import_obsidian13.normalizePath)(parameters.filepath);
+        parameters.filepath = (0, import_obsidian14.normalizePath)(parameters.filepath);
         const index = parameters.filepath.lastIndexOf(".");
         const extension = parameters.filepath.substring(
           index < 0 ? parameters.filepath.length : index
@@ -4599,7 +4646,7 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
         }
       } else if (parameters.daily === "true") {
         if (!(0, import_obsidian_daily_notes_interface2.appHasDailyNotesPluginLoaded)()) {
-          new import_obsidian13.Notice("Daily notes plugin is not loaded");
+          new import_obsidian14.Notice("Daily notes plugin is not loaded");
           return;
         }
         const moment = window.moment(Date.now());
@@ -4648,7 +4695,7 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
         if (!(source === "more-options" || source === "tab-header" || source == "file-explorer-context-menu")) {
           return;
         }
-        if (!(file instanceof import_obsidian13.TFile)) {
+        if (!(file instanceof import_obsidian14.TFile)) {
           return;
         }
         menu.addItem((item) => {
@@ -4737,7 +4784,7 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
     let path;
     let dataToWrite;
     if (parameters.heading) {
-      if (file instanceof import_obsidian13.TFile) {
+      if (file instanceof import_obsidian14.TFile) {
         path = file.path;
         const line = (_a = getEndAndBeginningOfHeading(
           this.app,
@@ -4752,15 +4799,21 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
         dataToWrite = lines.join("\n");
       }
     } else {
-      let fileData;
-      if (file instanceof import_obsidian13.TFile) {
-        fileData = await this.app.vault.read(file);
+      if (file instanceof import_obsidian14.TFile) {
         path = file.path;
+        const fileData = await this.app.vault.read(file);
+        if (parameters.line) {
+          let line = Math.max(Number(parameters.line), 0);
+          const lines = fileData.split("\n");
+          lines.splice(line, 0, parameters.data);
+          dataToWrite = lines.join("\n");
+        } else {
+          dataToWrite = fileData + "\n" + parameters.data;
+        }
       } else {
         path = file;
-        fileData = "";
+        dataToWrite = parameters.data;
       }
-      dataToWrite = fileData + "\n" + parameters.data;
     }
     return this.writeAndOpenFile(path, dataToWrite, parameters);
   }
@@ -4769,7 +4822,7 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
     let path;
     let dataToWrite;
     if (parameters.heading) {
-      if (file instanceof import_obsidian13.TFile) {
+      if (file instanceof import_obsidian14.TFile) {
         path = file.path;
         const line = (_a = getEndAndBeginningOfHeading(
           this.app,
@@ -4784,18 +4837,19 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
         dataToWrite = lines.join("\n");
       }
     } else {
-      if (file instanceof import_obsidian13.TFile) {
+      if (file instanceof import_obsidian14.TFile) {
+        path = file.path;
         const fileData = await this.app.vault.read(file);
         const cache = this.app.metadataCache.getFileCache(file);
-        if (cache.frontmatterPosition) {
-          const line = cache.frontmatterPosition.end.line;
-          const first = fileData.split("\n").slice(0, line + 1).join("\n");
-          const last = fileData.split("\n").slice(line + 1).join("\n");
-          dataToWrite = first + "\n" + parameters.data + "\n" + last;
-        } else {
-          dataToWrite = parameters.data + "\n" + fileData;
+        let line = 0;
+        if (parameters.line) {
+          line += Math.max(Number(parameters.line) - 1, 0);
+        } else if (cache.frontmatterPosition) {
+          line += cache.frontmatterPosition.end.line + 1;
         }
-        path = file.path;
+        const lines = fileData.split("\n");
+        lines.splice(line, 0, parameters.data);
+        dataToWrite = lines.join("\n");
       } else {
         path = file;
         dataToWrite = parameters.data;
@@ -4805,19 +4859,19 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
   }
   async writeAndOpenFile(outputFileName, text, parameters) {
     const file = this.app.vault.getAbstractFileByPath(outputFileName);
-    if (file instanceof import_obsidian13.TFile) {
+    if (file instanceof import_obsidian14.TFile) {
       await this.app.vault.modify(file, text);
     } else {
       const parts = outputFileName.split("/");
       const dir = parts.slice(0, parts.length - 1).join("/");
-      if (parts.length > 1 && !(this.app.vault.getAbstractFileByPath(dir) instanceof import_obsidian13.TFolder)) {
+      if (parts.length > 1 && !(this.app.vault.getAbstractFileByPath(dir) instanceof import_obsidian14.TFolder)) {
         await this.app.vault.createFolder(dir);
       }
       const base64regex = /^([0-9a-zA-Z+/]{4})*(([0-9a-zA-Z+/]{2}==)|([0-9a-zA-Z+/]{3}=))?$/;
       if (base64regex.test(text)) {
         await this.app.vault.createBinary(
           outputFileName,
-          (0, import_obsidian13.base64ToArrayBuffer)(text)
+          (0, import_obsidian14.base64ToArrayBuffer)(text)
         );
       } else {
         await this.app.vault.create(outputFileName, text);
@@ -4850,7 +4904,7 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
     if (parameters.openmode == "popover" && (supportPopover != null ? supportPopover : true)) {
       const hoverEditor = this.app.plugins.plugins["obsidian-hover-editor"];
       if (!hoverEditor) {
-        new import_obsidian13.Notice(
+        new import_obsidian14.Notice(
           "Cannot find Hover Editor plugin. Please file an issue."
         );
         this.failure(parameters);
@@ -4859,11 +4913,11 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
         this.app.workspace.setActiveLeaf(leaf, { focus: true });
       });
       let tFile;
-      if (file instanceof import_obsidian13.TFile) {
+      if (file instanceof import_obsidian14.TFile) {
         tFile = file;
       } else {
         tFile = this.app.vault.getAbstractFileByPath(
-          (0, import_obsidian13.getLinkpath)(file)
+          (0, import_obsidian14.getLinkpath)(file)
         );
       }
       await leaf.openFile(tFile);
@@ -4884,6 +4938,9 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
       if (openMode == "silent") {
         return;
       }
+      if (import_obsidian14.Platform.isMobileApp && openMode == "window") {
+        openMode = true;
+      }
       let fileIsAlreadyOpened = false;
       if (isBoolean(openMode)) {
         this.app.workspace.iterateAllLeaves((leaf) => {
@@ -4897,7 +4954,7 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
         });
       }
       return this.app.workspace.openLinkText(
-        file instanceof import_obsidian13.TFile ? file.path : file,
+        file instanceof import_obsidian14.TFile ? file.path : file,
         "/",
         fileIsAlreadyOpened ? false : openMode,
         mode != void 0 ? { state: { mode } } : getViewStateFromMode(parameters)
@@ -4905,7 +4962,7 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
     }
   }
   async setCursor(parameters) {
-    const view = this.app.workspace.getActiveViewOfType(import_obsidian13.MarkdownView);
+    const view = this.app.workspace.getActiveViewOfType(import_obsidian14.MarkdownView);
     if (!view)
       return;
     const mode = parameters.mode;
@@ -4928,8 +4985,8 @@ var AdvancedURI = class extends import_obsidian13.Plugin {
     }
   }
   async setCursorInLine(parameters) {
-    const rawLine = parameters.line;
-    const view = this.app.workspace.getActiveViewOfType(import_obsidian13.MarkdownView);
+    const rawLine = Number(parameters.line);
+    const view = this.app.workspace.getActiveViewOfType(import_obsidian14.MarkdownView);
     if (!view)
       return;
     const viewState = view.leaf.getViewState();
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-advanced-uri/manifest.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-advanced-uri/manifest.json
index 90dec4ee..62c7577c 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-advanced-uri/manifest.json
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-advanced-uri/manifest.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     "isDesktopOnly": false,
     "js": "main.js",
     "fundingUrl": "https://ko-fi.com/vinzent",
-    "version": "1.40.1",
+    "version": "1.41.0",
     "author": "Vinzent",
     "authorUrl": "https://github.com/Vinzent03"
 }
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-commits/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-commits/data.json
index 04209647..78175f1c 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-commits/data.json
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-commits/data.json
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@
       "links": 1
     },
     "02.01 London/@@London.md": {
-      "size": 2742,
+      "size": 3089,
       "tags": 3,
       "links": 9
     },
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@
       "links": 4
     },
     "05.01 Computer setup/Storage and Syncing.md": {
-      "size": 8333,
+      "size": 4848,
       "tags": 4,
       "links": 13
     },
@@ -1265,7 +1265,7 @@
       "links": 8
     },
     "01.03 Family/Opportune de Villeneuve.md": {
-      "size": 2379,
+      "size": 2628,
       "tags": 3,
       "links": 9
     },
@@ -1340,7 +1340,7 @@
       "links": 6
     },
     "01.03 Family/Jacqueline Bédier.md": {
-      "size": 1930,
+      "size": 2173,
       "tags": 4,
       "links": 6
     },
@@ -1400,7 +1400,7 @@
       "links": 3
     },
     "02.03 Zürich/@@Zürich.md": {
-      "size": 8628,
+      "size": 7253,
       "tags": 3,
       "links": 14
     },
@@ -1570,7 +1570,7 @@
       "links": 1
     },
     "01.02 Home/Household.md": {
-      "size": 3764,
+      "size": 4157,
       "tags": 2,
       "links": 4
     },
@@ -1745,7 +1745,7 @@
       "links": 2
     },
     "01.01 Life Orga/@Finances.md": {
-      "size": 4851,
+      "size": 5483,
       "tags": 4,
       "links": 5
     },
@@ -3099,11 +3099,6 @@
       "tags": 0,
       "links": 1
     },
-    "00.03 News/Why Does Crypto Matter Matt Levine on BTC, ETH, Blockchain.md": {
-      "size": 252813,
-      "tags": 3,
-      "links": 4
-    },
     "03.02 Travels/New York.md": {
       "size": 4621,
       "tags": 3,
@@ -5434,11 +5429,6 @@
       "tags": 0,
       "links": 1
     },
-    "00.03 News/Ancient inhabitants of the Basin of Mexico kept an accurate agricultural calendar using sunrise observatories and mountain alignments.md": {
-      "size": 56563,
-      "tags": 5,
-      "links": 2
-    },
     "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2023-01-05.md": {
       "size": 1224,
       "tags": 0,
@@ -5494,11 +5484,6 @@
       "tags": 0,
       "links": 1
     },
-    "00.03 News/The Forgotten Story of the American Troops Who Got Caught Up in the Russian Civil War.md": {
-      "size": 17981,
-      "tags": 4,
-      "links": 2
-    },
     "02.02 Paris/Épicerie Rap.md": {
       "size": 1562,
       "tags": 4,
@@ -5529,31 +5514,6 @@
       "tags": 0,
       "links": 1
     },
-    "00.03 News/Missing man Robert Hoagland died as Richard King in the Catskills.md": {
-      "size": 24363,
-      "tags": 3,
-      "links": 2
-    },
-    "00.03 News/I went on 33 first dates in just six months. And I only regret almost all of them.md": {
-      "size": 8926,
-      "tags": 2,
-      "links": 2
-    },
-    "00.03 News/The Devastating New History of the January 6th Insurrection.md": {
-      "size": 44732,
-      "tags": 4,
-      "links": 2
-    },
-    "00.03 News/My Week Inside a Right-Wing “Constitutional Defense” Training Camp.md": {
-      "size": 44789,
-      "tags": 3,
-      "links": 2
-    },
-    "00.03 News/The Profound Defiance of Daily Life in Kyiv.md": {
-      "size": 10811,
-      "tags": 3,
-      "links": 2
-    },
     "03.02 Travels/Zur letzten Instanz.md": {
       "size": 1579,
       "tags": 2,
@@ -5589,11 +5549,6 @@
       "tags": 0,
       "links": 5
     },
-    "00.03 News/Discovery of the temple of Poseidon located at the Kleidi site near Samikon in Greece.md": {
-      "size": 10894,
-      "tags": 4,
-      "links": 2
-    },
     "02.03 Zürich/Baur au Lac.md": {
       "size": 1546,
       "tags": 1,
@@ -5624,41 +5579,6 @@
       "tags": 0,
       "links": 4
     },
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+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md\"> 2024-06-29 Fungal treatment </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md\"> 2024-06-29 Fungal treatment </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md\"> 2024-06-29 Fungal treatment </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md\"> 2024-06-29 Fungal treatment </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md\"> 2024-06-29 Fungal treatment </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.03 Family/Opportune de Villeneuve.md\"> Opportune de Villeneuve </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-13.md\"> 2024-07-13 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"02.01 London/@@London.md\"> @@London </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.03 Family/Jacqueline Bédier.md\"> Jacqueline Bédier </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-12.md\"> 2024-07-12 </a>",
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+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/2023-02-25 Polyp in Galbladder.md\"> 2023-02-25 Polyp in Galbladder </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md\"> 2024-06-29 Fungal treatment </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Bar am Wasser.md\"> Bar am Wasser </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md\"> 2024-06-29 Fungal treatment </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.02 Home/Household.md\"> Household </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.01 Life Orga/@Finances.md\"> @Finances </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md\"> 2024-06-29 Fungal treatment </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-07.md\"> 2024-07-07 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md\"> 2024-06-29 Fungal treatment </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md\"> 2024-06-29 Fungal treatment </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md\"> 2024-06-29 Fungal treatment </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"04.01 lebv.org/Hosting Tasks.md\"> Hosting Tasks </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-07-02 Checkup.md\"> 2024-07-02 Checkup </a>",
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         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.08 Bookmarks/Bookmarks - Art.md\"> Bookmarks - Art </a>",
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-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"02.02 Paris/Autana.md\"> Autana </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/When Father was Away on Business (1985).md\"> When Father was Away on Business (1985) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/When Father was Away on Business (1985).md\"> When Father was Away on Business (1985) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.02 Home/Household.md\"> Household </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.08 Garden/@Plants.md\"> @Plants </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.02 Travels/@Italy.md\"> @Italy </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Spirited Away (2001).md\"> Spirited Away (2001) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/All of Us Strangers (2023).md\"> All of Us Strangers (2023) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.01 Reading list/American Psycho.md\"> American Psycho </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/American Psycho (2000).md\"> American Psycho (2000) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-05-22.md\"> 2024-05-22 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Oppenheimer (2023).md\"> Oppenheimer (2023) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Oppenheimer (2023).md\"> Oppenheimer (2023) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.03 Family/2024-04-20 Naissance de Dorothee.md\"> 2024-04-20 Naissance de Dorothee </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.03 Family/2024-04-20 Naissance de Dorothee.md\"> 2024-04-20 Naissance de Dorothee </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"02.03 Zürich/Juan Bautista Bossio.md\"> Juan Bautista Bossio </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.03 Family/Hortense Bédier.md\"> Hortense Bédier </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"02.03 Zürich/@@Zürich.md\"> @@Zürich </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.08 Bookmarks/Bookmarks - Mac applications.md\"> Bookmarks - Mac applications </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.08 Bookmarks/Bookmarks - Social Media.md\"> Bookmarks - Social Media </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.01 Life Orga/@Finances.md\"> @Finances </a>"
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984).md\"> Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984) </a>"
       ],
       "Created": [
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-19.md\"> 2024-07-19 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/2024-07-19.md\"> 2024-07-19 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-18.md\"> 2024-07-18 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-17.md\"> 2024-07-17 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-16.md\"> 2024-07-16 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/She Made $10,000 a Month Defrauding Apps like Uber and Instacart. Meet the Queen of the Rideshare Mafia.md\"> She Made $10,000 a Month Defrauding Apps like Uber and Instacart. Meet the Queen of the Rideshare Mafia </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/100 Best Books of the 21st Century.md\"> 100 Best Books of the 21st Century </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-15.md\"> 2024-07-15 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-14.md\"> 2024-07-14 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-13.md\"> 2024-07-13 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Untitled.md\"> Untitled </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-12.md\"> 2024-07-12 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-11.md\"> 2024-07-11 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Untitled.md\"> Untitled </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/The President Ordered a Board to Probe a Massive Russian Cyberattack. It Never Did..md\"> The President Ordered a Board to Probe a Massive Russian Cyberattack. It Never Did. </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/The NYPD Commissioner Responded to Our Story That Revealed He’s Burying Police Brutality Cases. We Fact-Check Him..md\"> The NYPD Commissioner Responded to Our Story That Revealed He’s Burying Police Brutality Cases. We Fact-Check Him. </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-10.md\"> 2024-07-10 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-09.md\"> 2024-07-09 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Tokyo Story (1953).md\"> Tokyo Story (1953) </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-08.md\"> 2024-07-08 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Time of the Gypsies (1988).md\"> Time of the Gypsies (1988) </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Phoenix Is a Vision of America’s Future.md\"> Phoenix Is a Vision of America’s Future </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Tom Scocca’s Medical Mystery The Year My Body Fell Apart.md\"> Tom Scocca’s Medical Mystery The Year My Body Fell Apart </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/The Eagle Never Sleeps.md\"> The Eagle Never Sleeps </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Meet The New Kingpin.md\"> Meet The New Kingpin </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-07.md\"> 2024-07-07 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-06.md\"> 2024-07-06 </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-05.md\"> 2024-07-05 </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-04.md\"> 2024-07-04 </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-03.md\"> 2024-07-03 </a>",
@@ -13086,36 +11838,20 @@
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/2024-06-28 Appointment.md\"> 2024-06-28 Appointment </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-28.md\"> 2024-06-28 </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Kiss the Future (2023).md\"> Kiss the Future (2023) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-27.md\"> 2024-06-27 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-26.md\"> 2024-06-26 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-25.md\"> 2024-06-25 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-24.md\"> 2024-06-24 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Indonesia’s Deadly Mining Complex Powering the Electric Vehicle Revolution.md\"> Indonesia’s Deadly Mining Complex Powering the Electric Vehicle Revolution </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Home of the Brave Enduring the VA’s Homeless Veteran Crisis.md\"> Home of the Brave Enduring the VA’s Homeless Veteran Crisis </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Why Did a Father of 16 Hire a Dark-Web Hit Man.md\"> Why Did a Father of 16 Hire a Dark-Web Hit Man </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Inside the Slimy, Smelly, Secretive World of Glass-Eel Fishing.md\"> Inside the Slimy, Smelly, Secretive World of Glass-Eel Fishing </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/How the Naughty ’90s Set the Stage for Today’s Tragicomedy.md\"> How the Naughty ’90s Set the Stage for Today’s Tragicomedy </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Harvard Scientists Say There May Be an Unknown, Technologically Advanced Civilization Hiding on Earth.md\"> Harvard Scientists Say There May Be an Unknown, Technologically Advanced Civilization Hiding on Earth </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Emma Stone Has Changed Her Whole Style of Acting. It’s a Wonder to Behold..md\"> Emma Stone Has Changed Her Whole Style of Acting. It’s a Wonder to Behold. </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-23.md\"> 2024-06-23 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Untitled.md\"> Untitled </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Untitled.md\"> Untitled </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-22.md\"> 2024-06-22 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-21.md\"> 2024-06-21 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/What a Leading State Auditor Says About Fraud, Government Misspending and Building Public Trust.md\"> What a Leading State Auditor Says About Fraud, Government Misspending and Building Public Trust </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-20.md\"> 2024-06-20 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-19.md\"> 2024-06-19 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-18.md\"> 2024-06-18 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/The big idea can you inherit memories from your ancestors.md\"> The big idea can you inherit memories from your ancestors </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-17.md\"> 2024-06-17 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Kurenai no Buta (1992).md\"> Kurenai no Buta (1992) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Tonari no Totoro (1988).md\"> Tonari no Totoro (1988) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/The Worm Charmers.md\"> The Worm Charmers </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Jerry West, as a player and exec, sustained excellence during a lifetime of emotional struggle.md\"> Jerry West, as a player and exec, sustained excellence during a lifetime of emotional struggle </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/How the Fridge Changed Flavor.md\"> How the Fridge Changed Flavor </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/The Excel superstars throw down in Vegas.md\"> The Excel superstars throw down in Vegas </a>"
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-27.md\"> 2024-06-27 </a>"
       ],
       "Renamed": [
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/She Made $10,000 a Month Defrauding Apps like Uber and Instacart. Meet the Queen of the Rideshare Mafia.md\"> She Made $10,000 a Month Defrauding Apps like Uber and Instacart. Meet the Queen of the Rideshare Mafia </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.01 Reading list/The Great American Novels.md\"> The Great American Novels </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.01 Reading list/100 Best Books of the 21st Century.md\"> 100 Best Books of the 21st Century </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2023-02-25 Polyp in Galbladder.md\"> 2023-02-25 Polyp in Galbladder </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"02.03 Zürich/Bar am Wasser.md\"> Bar am Wasser </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The President Ordered a Board to Probe a Massive Russian Cyberattack. It Never Did..md\"> The President Ordered a Board to Probe a Massive Russian Cyberattack. It Never Did. </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The NYPD Commissioner Responded to Our Story That Revealed He’s Burying Police Brutality Cases. We Fact-Check Him..md\"> The NYPD Commissioner Responded to Our Story That Revealed He’s Burying Police Brutality Cases. We Fact-Check Him. </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Phoenix Is a Vision of America’s Future.md\"> Phoenix Is a Vision of America’s Future </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Tom Scocca’s Medical Mystery The Year My Body Fell Apart.md\"> Tom Scocca’s Medical Mystery The Year My Body Fell Apart </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The Eagle Never Sleeps.md\"> The Eagle Never Sleeps </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Meet The New Kingpin.md\"> Meet The New Kingpin </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-07-02 Checkup.md\"> 2024-07-02 Checkup </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/2024-07-02 Checkup.md\"> 2024-07-02 Checkup </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.02 Travels/37 Best Airport Meals Around the World, According to Travel Editors.md\"> 37 Best Airport Meals Around the World, According to Travel Editors </a>",
@@ -13155,20 +11891,24 @@
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Buying Baja  Hakai Magazine.md\"> Buying Baja  Hakai Magazine </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The Insulin Empire  Edward Ongweso Jr. & Athena Sofides.md\"> The Insulin Empire  Edward Ongweso Jr. & Athena Sofides </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.07 Animals/2024-05-25 Zürich Low Goal Championship.md\"> 2024-05-25 Zürich Low Goal Championship </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984).md\"> Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Nausicäa of the Valley of the Wind (1984).md\"> Nausicäa of the Valley of the Wind (1984) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"02.02 Paris/Autana.md\"> Autana </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/When Father was Away on Business (1985).md\"> When Father was Away on Business (1985) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Spirited Away (2001).md\"> Spirited Away (2001) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/For the Women Who Accused the Trump Campaign of Harassment, It’s Been More Harassment.md\"> For the Women Who Accused the Trump Campaign of Harassment, It’s Been More Harassment </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Scenes From a MAGA Meltdown Inside the “America First” Movement’s War Over Democracy.md\"> Scenes From a MAGA Meltdown Inside the “America First” Movement’s War Over Democracy </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/All of Us Strangers (2023).md\"> All of Us Strangers (2023) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/All of Us Strangers (2023).md\"> All of Us Strangers (2023) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/American Psycho (2000).md\"> American Psycho (2000) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Oppenheimer (2023).md\"> Oppenheimer (2023) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Segregation Academies Still Operate Across the South. One Town Grapples With Its Divided Schools..md\"> Segregation Academies Still Operate Across the South. One Town Grapples With Its Divided Schools. </a>"
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984).md\"> Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984) </a>"
       ],
       "Tagged": [
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/An Atlanta Movie Exec Praised for His Diversity Efforts Sent Racist, Antisemitic Texts.md\"> An Atlanta Movie Exec Praised for His Diversity Efforts Sent Racist, Antisemitic Texts </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Scenes From the Knives-Out Feud Between Barbara Walters and Diane Sawyer.md\"> Scenes From the Knives-Out Feud Between Barbara Walters and Diane Sawyer </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/She Made $10,000 a Month Defrauding Apps like Uber and Instacart. Meet the Queen of the Rideshare Mafia.md\"> She Made $10,000 a Month Defrauding Apps like Uber and Instacart. Meet the Queen of the Rideshare Mafia </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/She Made $10,000 a Month Defrauding Apps like Uber and Instacart. Meet the Queen of the Rideshare Mafia.md\"> She Made $10,000 a Month Defrauding Apps like Uber and Instacart. Meet the Queen of the Rideshare Mafia </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/2023-02-25 Polyp in Galbladder.md\"> 2023-02-25 Polyp in Galbladder </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Bar am Wasser.md\"> Bar am Wasser </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The President Ordered a Board to Probe a Massive Russian Cyberattack. It Never Did..md\"> The President Ordered a Board to Probe a Massive Russian Cyberattack. It Never Did. </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The NYPD Commissioner Responded to Our Story That Revealed He’s Burying Police Brutality Cases. We Fact-Check Him..md\"> The NYPD Commissioner Responded to Our Story That Revealed He’s Burying Police Brutality Cases. We Fact-Check Him. </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Tokyo Story (1953).md\"> Tokyo Story (1953) </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Time of the Gypsies (1988).md\"> Time of the Gypsies (1988) </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Tom Scocca’s Medical Mystery The Year My Body Fell Apart.md\"> Tom Scocca’s Medical Mystery The Year My Body Fell Apart </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Phoenix Is a Vision of America’s Future.md\"> Phoenix Is a Vision of America’s Future </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Tom Scocca’s Medical Mystery The Year My Body Fell Apart.md\"> Tom Scocca’s Medical Mystery The Year My Body Fell Apart </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Meet The New Kingpin.md\"> Meet The New Kingpin </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The Eagle Never Sleeps.md\"> The Eagle Never Sleeps </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-07-02 Checkup.md\"> 2024-07-02 Checkup </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Inside Snapchat’s Teen Opioid Crisis.md\"> Inside Snapchat’s Teen Opioid Crisis </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Neal ElAttrache, Doctor for Tom Brady and Leonardo DiCaprio.md\"> Neal ElAttrache, Doctor for Tom Brady and Leonardo DiCaprio </a>",
@@ -13204,24 +11944,15 @@
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/‘The Death of Slim Shady’ or Not, You Can’t Kill Eminem. Not Really..md\"> ‘The Death of Slim Shady’ or Not, You Can’t Kill Eminem. Not Really. </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Whistleblower Says Microsoft Dismissed Warnings About a Security Flaw That Russians Later Used to Hack U.S. Government.md\"> Whistleblower Says Microsoft Dismissed Warnings About a Security Flaw That Russians Later Used to Hack U.S. Government </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Underworld.md\"> Underworld </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Justice Clarence Thomas Acknowledges He Should Have Disclosed Free Trips From Billionaire Donor.md\"> Justice Clarence Thomas Acknowledges He Should Have Disclosed Free Trips From Billionaire Donor </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/‘As Lonely as a Man Can Get’ The True Story of D-Day, as Told by Paratroopers.md\"> ‘As Lonely as a Man Can Get’ The True Story of D-Day, as Told by Paratroopers </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Multiple Trump Witnesses Have Received Significant Financial Benefits From His Businesses, Campaign.md\"> Multiple Trump Witnesses Have Received Significant Financial Benefits From His Businesses, Campaign </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Inside the Savage, Surreal, Booming World of Professional Slap Fighting.md\"> Inside the Savage, Surreal, Booming World of Professional Slap Fighting </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The Insulin Empire  Edward Ongweso Jr. & Athena Sofides.md\"> The Insulin Empire  Edward Ongweso Jr. & Athena Sofides </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Buying Baja  Hakai Magazine.md\"> Buying Baja  Hakai Magazine </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.07 Animals/2024-05-25 Zürich Low Goal Championship.md\"> 2024-05-25 Zürich Low Goal Championship </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"02.02 Paris/Autana.md\"> Autana </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"02.02 Paris/Autana.md\"> Autana </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Scenes From a MAGA Meltdown Inside the “America First” Movement’s War Over Democracy.md\"> Scenes From a MAGA Meltdown Inside the “America First” Movement’s War Over Democracy </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/For the Women Who Accused the Trump Campaign of Harassment, It’s Been More Harassment.md\"> For the Women Who Accused the Trump Campaign of Harassment, It’s Been More Harassment </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Segregation Academies Still Operate Across the South. One Town Grapples With Its Divided Schools..md\"> Segregation Academies Still Operate Across the South. One Town Grapples With Its Divided Schools. </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/A British Nurse Was Found Guilty of Killing Seven Babies. Did She Do It.md\"> A British Nurse Was Found Guilty of Killing Seven Babies. Did She Do It </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Toxic Gaslighting How 3M Executives Convinced a Scientist the Forever Chemicals She Found in Human Blood Were Safe.md\"> Toxic Gaslighting How 3M Executives Convinced a Scientist the Forever Chemicals She Found in Human Blood Were Safe </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The elections next door Mexico’s cartels pick candidates, kill rivals.md\"> The elections next door Mexico’s cartels pick candidates, kill rivals </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The true story behind the kid who went 1940s viral for his week at the cinemas in San Francisco - Gazetteer SF.md\"> The true story behind the kid who went 1940s viral for his week at the cinemas in San Francisco - Gazetteer SF </a>"
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Justice Clarence Thomas Acknowledges He Should Have Disclosed Free Trips From Billionaire Donor.md\"> Justice Clarence Thomas Acknowledges He Should Have Disclosed Free Trips From Billionaire Donor </a>"
       ],
       "Refactored": [
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md\"> 2024-06-29 Fungal treatment </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.01 Computer setup/Storage and Syncing.md\"> Storage and Syncing </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-13.md\"> 2024-07-13 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-12.md\"> 2024-07-12 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"02.03 Zürich/@@Zürich.md\"> @@Zürich </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-06.md\"> 2024-07-06 </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-05.md\"> 2024-07-05 </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-01.md\"> 2024-07-01 </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-30.md\"> 2024-06-30 </a>",
@@ -13266,121 +11997,116 @@
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-01-23.md\"> 2024-01-23 </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.02 Travels/Geneva.md\"> Geneva </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Warm lemon and Parmesan couscous.md\"> Warm lemon and Parmesan couscous </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Cucumber Lemon Feta Cheese Couscous Salad.md\"> Cucumber Lemon Feta Cheese Couscous Salad </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.03 Food & Wine/Spicy Mongolian Beef.md\"> Spicy Mongolian Beef </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.03 Food & Wine/Spicy Mongolian Beef.md\"> Spicy Mongolian Beef </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.02 Home/Seasonal Activities.md\"> Seasonal Activities </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.02 Home/Seasonal Activities.md\"> Seasonal Activities </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.02 Home/Seasonal Activities.md\"> Seasonal Activities </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.02 Home/Seasonal Activities.md\"> Seasonal Activities </a>"
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Cucumber Lemon Feta Cheese Couscous Salad.md\"> Cucumber Lemon Feta Cheese Couscous Salad </a>"
       ],
       "Deleted": [
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Death on Shishapangma.md\"> Death on Shishapangma </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The elections next door Mexico’s cartels pick candidates, kill rivals.md\"> The elections next door Mexico’s cartels pick candidates, kill rivals </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Article 2024-05-05 13-53-57.md\"> Article 2024-05-05 13-53-57 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Evan Gershkovich’s Stolen Year in a Russian Jail.md\"> Evan Gershkovich’s Stolen Year in a Russian Jail </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/An Atlanta Movie Exec Praised for His Diversity Efforts Sent Racist, Antisemitic Texts.md\"> An Atlanta Movie Exec Praised for His Diversity Efforts Sent Racist, Antisemitic Texts </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/How a Case Against Fox News Tore Apart a Media-Fighting Law Firm.md\"> How a Case Against Fox News Tore Apart a Media-Fighting Law Firm </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/‘Yo Soy la Mamá’ A Migrant Mother’s Struggle to Get Back Her Son.md\"> ‘Yo Soy la Mamá’ A Migrant Mother’s Struggle to Get Back Her Son </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"04.03 Creative snippets/Drafts/Draft 1/Introduction.md\"> Introduction </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/How a Script Doctor Found His Own Voice 1.md\"> How a Script Doctor Found His Own Voice 1 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/A Mistake in a Tesla and a Panicked Final Call The Death of Angela Chao.md\"> A Mistake in a Tesla and a Panicked Final Call The Death of Angela Chao </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/A Compendious Dictionary of the French Language (French English- English-French).md\"> A Compendious Dictionary of the French Language (French English- English-French) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/The Spy War How the C.I.A. Secretly Helps Ukraine Fight Putin.md\"> The Spy War How the C.I.A. Secretly Helps Ukraine Fight Putin </a>",
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-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/As a Son Risks His Life to Topple the King, His Father Guards the Throne.md\"> As a Son Risks His Life to Topple the King, His Father Guards the Throne </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/The Untold Origin Story of ESPN.md\"> The Untold Origin Story of ESPN </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/El Niño Is Coming—and the World Isn’t Prepared.md\"> El Niño Is Coming—and the World Isn’t Prepared </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Buried gold, vampire graves and lost cities - the year's best ancient finds.md\"> Buried gold, vampire graves and lost cities - the year's best ancient finds </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Queen Elizabeth II Dies at 96; Was Britain’s Longest-Reigning Monarch.md\"> Queen Elizabeth II Dies at 96; Was Britain’s Longest-Reigning Monarch </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/A Passage to Parenthood.md\"> A Passage to Parenthood </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/He Planned a Treasure Hunt for the Ages.md\"> He Planned a Treasure Hunt for the Ages </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/A Championship Season in Mariachi Country.md\"> A Championship Season in Mariachi Country </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The Jail Money Trap.md\"> The Jail Money Trap </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/How the story of soccer became the story of everything.md\"> How the story of soccer became the story of everything </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Searching for Zarahemla A van, the Yucatán, five Latter-day Saints, and the malleable nature of truth.md\"> Searching for Zarahemla A van, the Yucatán, five Latter-day Saints, and the malleable nature of truth </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Inside the Case Against General Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda.md\"> Inside the Case Against General Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda </a>",
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-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/A Matter of Honor.md\"> A Matter of Honor </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Collections Why Roman Egypt Was Such a Strange Province.md\"> Collections Why Roman Egypt Was Such a Strange Province </a>",
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-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/10 More Disturbing Revelations About Sam Bankman-Fried.md\"> 10 More Disturbing Revelations About Sam Bankman-Fried </a>"
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/2024-07-19.md\"> 2024-07-19 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Will Ashley Biden’s Stolen Diary Take Down Project Veritas.md\"> Will Ashley Biden’s Stolen Diary Take Down Project Veritas </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/YoungBoy Never Broke Again Inside His House Arrest & Rebirth.md\"> YoungBoy Never Broke Again Inside His House Arrest & Rebirth </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Women Have Been Misled About Menopause.md\"> Women Have Been Misled About Menopause </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Winging It with the New Backcountry Barnstormers.md\"> Winging It with the New Backcountry Barnstormers </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Yevgeny Prigozhin the hotdog seller who rose to the top of Putin’s war machine.md\"> Yevgeny Prigozhin the hotdog seller who rose to the top of Putin’s war machine </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Why Suicide Rates Are Dropping Around the World.md\"> Why Suicide Rates Are Dropping Around the World </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Why nobody got paid for one of the most sampled sounds in hip-hop.md\"> Why nobody got paid for one of the most sampled sounds in hip-hop </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/When Flying Private Kills.md\"> When Flying Private Kills </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Two Teens Hitchhiked to a Concert.md\"> Two Teens Hitchhiked to a Concert </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/We want objective judges and doctors. Why not journalists too.md\"> We want objective judges and doctors. Why not journalists too </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Why Everyone Feels Like They’re Faking It.md\"> Why Everyone Feels Like They’re Faking It </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/What Was Kyrie Irving Thinking.md\"> What Was Kyrie Irving Thinking </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Why Joe Biden’s Honeymoon With Progressives Is Coming to an End.md\"> Why Joe Biden’s Honeymoon With Progressives Is Coming to an End </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/US-China 1MDB Scandal Pits FBI Against Former Fugee Pras Michel.md\"> US-China 1MDB Scandal Pits FBI Against Former Fugee Pras Michel </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/What Was Twitter, Anyway.md\"> What Was Twitter, Anyway </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/We’re Getting Midlife All Wrong.md\"> We’re Getting Midlife All Wrong </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Why Does It Feel Like Amazon Is Making Itself Worse.md\"> Why Does It Feel Like Amazon Is Making Itself Worse </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/What George Santos Was Really Like as a Roommate.md\"> What George Santos Was Really Like as a Roommate </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Video Shows Greece Abandoning Migrants at Sea.md\"> Video Shows Greece Abandoning Migrants at Sea </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Who Wants to Be Mayor.md\"> Who Wants to Be Mayor </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/True Crime, True Faith The Serial Killer and the Texas Mom Who Stopped Him.md\"> True Crime, True Faith The Serial Killer and the Texas Mom Who Stopped Him </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Wall Street's Short Kings.md\"> Wall Street's Short Kings </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Undercover Lovers.md\"> Undercover Lovers </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Trying to Live a Day Without Plastic.md\"> Trying to Live a Day Without Plastic </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Utopia to blight Surviving in Henry Ford’s lost jungle town.md\"> Utopia to blight Surviving in Henry Ford’s lost jungle town </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Who Murdered Apotex Pharma Billionaire Barry Sherman and Honey.md\"> Who Murdered Apotex Pharma Billionaire Barry Sherman and Honey </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Vigilantes for views The YouTube pranksters harassing suspected scam callers in India.md\"> Vigilantes for views The YouTube pranksters harassing suspected scam callers in India </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/What Happened to Ana Mendieta.md\"> What Happened to Ana Mendieta </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/We Are All Animals at Night  Hazlitt.md\"> We Are All Animals at Night  Hazlitt </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Travis Kelce Is Going for It.md\"> Travis Kelce Is Going for It </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Tyler Gallagher of Regal Assets Took Their Millions for Gold and Vanished.md\"> Tyler Gallagher of Regal Assets Took Their Millions for Gold and Vanished </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/What Happened in Vegas  David Hill.md\"> What Happened in Vegas  David Hill </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Why Bill Watterson Vanished - The American Conservative.md\"> Why Bill Watterson Vanished - The American Conservative </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/What Really Happened to JFK.md\"> What Really Happened to JFK </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Why Does Crypto Matter Matt Levine on BTC, ETH, Blockchain.md\"> Why Does Crypto Matter Matt Levine on BTC, ETH, Blockchain </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The Tunnels of Gaza.md\"> The Tunnels of Gaza </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Reuters, New York Times Top List of Fossil Fuel Industry’s Favorite Media Partners.md\"> Reuters, New York Times Top List of Fossil Fuel Industry’s Favorite Media Partners </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The Lonely Battle to Save Species on a Tiny Speck in the Pacific.md\"> The Lonely Battle to Save Species on a Tiny Speck in the Pacific </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The revolt of the Christian home-schoolers.md\"> The revolt of the Christian home-schoolers </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Leopards Are Living among People. And That Could Save the Species.md\"> Leopards Are Living among People. And That Could Save the Species </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/How a Man in Prison Stole Millions from Billionaires.md\"> How a Man in Prison Stole Millions from Billionaires </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Gisele Fetterman’s Had a Hell of a Year.md\"> Gisele Fetterman’s Had a Hell of a Year </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Everyone in Stephenville Thought They Knew Who Killed Susan Woods.md\"> Everyone in Stephenville Thought They Knew Who Killed Susan Woods </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The Disease of More.md\"> The Disease of More </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The Purposeful Presence of Lance Reddick.md\"> The Purposeful Presence of Lance Reddick </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The Murder of Moriah Wilson.md\"> The Murder of Moriah Wilson </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Mel Brooks Isn’t Done Punching Up the History of the World.md\"> Mel Brooks Isn’t Done Punching Up the History of the World </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/America’s Surprising Partisan Divide on Life Expectancy.md\"> America’s Surprising Partisan Divide on Life Expectancy </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/How a civil war erupted at Fox News after the 2020 election.md\"> How a civil war erupted at Fox News after the 2020 election </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Dril Is Everyone. More Specifically, He’s a Guy Named Paul..md\"> Dril Is Everyone. More Specifically, He’s a Guy Named Paul. </a>"
       ],
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-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Bad Boy for Life Sean Combs’ History of Violence.md\"> Bad Boy for Life Sean Combs’ History of Violence </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-05.md\"> 2024-07-05 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-04.md\"> 2024-07-04 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-04.md\"> 2024-07-04 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-03.md\"> 2024-07-03 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-03.md\"> 2024-07-03 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-02.md\"> 2024-07-02 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-02.md\"> 2024-07-02 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-07-02 Checkup.md\"> 2024-07-02 Checkup </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-02.md\"> 2024-07-02 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-01.md\"> 2024-07-01 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.02 Travels/37 Best Airport Meals Around the World, According to Travel Editors.md\"> 37 Best Airport Meals Around the World, According to Travel Editors </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/37 Best Airport Meals Around the World, According to Travel Editors.md\"> 37 Best Airport Meals Around the World, According to Travel Editors </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Inside Snapchat’s Teen Opioid Crisis.md\"> Inside Snapchat’s Teen Opioid Crisis </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Neal ElAttrache, Doctor for Tom Brady and Leonardo DiCaprio.md\"> Neal ElAttrache, Doctor for Tom Brady and Leonardo DiCaprio </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Death on Shishapangma.md\"> Death on Shishapangma </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Bad Boy for Life Sean Combs’ History of Violence.md\"> Bad Boy for Life Sean Combs’ History of Violence </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Joe Biden should drop out.md\"> Joe Biden should drop out </a>",
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-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/I Was the Person Who Named the ‘Brat Pack’ - I Stand By It.md\"> I Was the Person Who Named the ‘Brat Pack’ - I Stand By It </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md\"> 2024-06-29 Fungal treatment </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-30.md\"> 2024-06-30 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-29.md\"> 2024-06-29 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-04-03 STD Checkup.md\"> 2024-04-03 STD Checkup </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/2024-04-03 STD Check Up.md\"> 2024-04-03 STD Check Up </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md\"> 2024-06-29 Fungal treatment </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/An Atlanta Movie Exec Praised for His Diversity Efforts Sent Racist, Antisemitic Texts.md\"> An Atlanta Movie Exec Praised for His Diversity Efforts Sent Racist, Antisemitic Texts </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-19.md\"> 2024-07-19 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-18.md\"> 2024-07-18 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-18.md\"> 2024-07-18 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-18.md\"> 2024-07-18 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-18.md\"> 2024-07-18 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-17.md\"> 2024-07-17 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/What a Leading State Auditor Says About Fraud, Government Misspending and Building Public Trust.md\"> What a Leading State Auditor Says About Fraud, Government Misspending and Building Public Trust </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Dear Caitlin Clark ….md\"> Dear Caitlin Clark … </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Frank Carone on Eric Adams’s Smash-and-Grab New York.md\"> Frank Carone on Eric Adams’s Smash-and-Grab New York </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Super Bowl Strip Tease The NFL and Las Vegas Are Together at Last.md\"> Super Bowl Strip Tease The NFL and Las Vegas Are Together at Last </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-17.md\"> 2024-07-17 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-16.md\"> 2024-07-16 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The NYPD Commissioner Responded to Our Story That Revealed He’s Burying Police Brutality Cases. We Fact-Check Him..md\"> The NYPD Commissioner Responded to Our Story That Revealed He’s Burying Police Brutality Cases. We Fact-Check Him. </a>",
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-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Blonde.md\"> Blonde </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Le Barman du Ritz.md\"> Le Barman du Ritz </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Carolyn et John.md\"> Carolyn et John </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-29.md\"> 2024-06-29 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-28.md\"> 2024-06-28 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-28.md\"> 2024-06-28 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-06-28 Appointment.md\"> 2024-06-28 Appointment </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2024-06-28 Appointment.md\"> 2024-06-28 Appointment </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-28.md\"> 2024-06-28 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-27.md\"> 2024-06-27 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Kiss the Future (2023).md\"> Kiss the Future (2023) </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-27.md\"> 2024-06-27 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-27.md\"> 2024-06-27 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-26.md\"> 2024-06-26 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-26.md\"> 2024-06-26 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-25.md\"> 2024-06-25 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-25.md\"> 2024-06-25 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-24.md\"> 2024-06-24 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-24.md\"> 2024-06-24 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-23.md\"> 2024-06-23 </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Indonesia’s Deadly Mining Complex Powering the Electric Vehicle Revolution.md\"> Indonesia’s Deadly Mining Complex Powering the Electric Vehicle Revolution </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Home of the Brave Enduring the VA’s Homeless Veteran Crisis.md\"> Home of the Brave Enduring the VA’s Homeless Veteran Crisis </a>"
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Scenes From the Knives-Out Feud Between Barbara Walters and Diane Sawyer.md\"> Scenes From the Knives-Out Feud Between Barbara Walters and Diane Sawyer </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The NYPD Commissioner Responded to Our Story That Revealed He’s Burying Police Brutality Cases. We Fact-Check Him..md\"> The NYPD Commissioner Responded to Our Story That Revealed He’s Burying Police Brutality Cases. We Fact-Check Him. </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The President Ordered a Board to Probe a Massive Russian Cyberattack. It Never Did..md\"> The President Ordered a Board to Probe a Massive Russian Cyberattack. It Never Did. </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-16.md\"> 2024-07-16 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-15.md\"> 2024-07-15 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Phoenix Is a Vision of America’s Future.md\"> Phoenix Is a Vision of America’s Future </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/She Made $10,000 a Month Defrauding Apps like Uber and Instacart. Meet the Queen of the Rideshare Mafia.md\"> She Made $10,000 a Month Defrauding Apps like Uber and Instacart. Meet the Queen of the Rideshare Mafia </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.01 Reading list/100 Best Books of the 21st Century.md\"> 100 Best Books of the 21st Century </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-15.md\"> 2024-07-15 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-14.md\"> 2024-07-14 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-14.md\"> 2024-07-14 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-13.md\"> 2024-07-13 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-13.md\"> 2024-07-13 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-12.md\"> 2024-07-12 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-13.md\"> 2024-07-13 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-13.md\"> 2024-07-13 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-12.md\"> 2024-07-12 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.06 Health/2023-02-25 Polyp in Galbladder.md\"> 2023-02-25 Polyp in Galbladder </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/2023-02-25 Polyp in Galbladder.md\"> 2023-02-25 Polyp in Galbladder </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-12.md\"> 2024-07-12 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-11.md\"> 2024-07-11 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-10.md\"> 2024-07-10 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-11.md\"> 2024-07-11 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Bar am Wasser.md\"> Bar am Wasser </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The Great Pretenders How two faux-Inuit sisters cashed in on a life of deception.md\"> The Great Pretenders How two faux-Inuit sisters cashed in on a life of deception </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The President Ordered a Board to Probe a Massive Russian Cyberattack. It Never Did..md\"> The President Ordered a Board to Probe a Massive Russian Cyberattack. It Never Did. </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-10.md\"> 2024-07-10 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The NYPD Commissioner Responded to Our Story That Revealed He’s Burying Police Brutality Cases. We Fact-Check Him..md\"> The NYPD Commissioner Responded to Our Story That Revealed He’s Burying Police Brutality Cases. We Fact-Check Him. </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-09.md\"> 2024-07-09 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Can a Film Star Be Too Good-Looking.md\"> Can a Film Star Be Too Good-Looking </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-09.md\"> 2024-07-09 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-08.md\"> 2024-07-08 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.04 Cinematheque/Tokyo Story (1953).md\"> Tokyo Story (1953) </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-08.md\"> 2024-07-08 </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Neal ElAttrache, Doctor for Tom Brady and Leonardo DiCaprio.md\"> Neal ElAttrache, Doctor for Tom Brady and Leonardo DiCaprio </a>",
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/How the Fridge Changed Flavor.md\"> How the Fridge Changed Flavor </a>"
       ],
       "Removed Tags from": [
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Scenes From the Knives-Out Feud Between Barbara Walters and Diane Sawyer.md\"> Scenes From the Knives-Out Feud Between Barbara Walters and Diane Sawyer </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"02.03 Zürich/Juan Bautista Bossio.md\"> Juan Bautista Bossio </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The Excel superstars throw down in Vegas.md\"> The Excel superstars throw down in Vegas </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/‘As Lonely as a Man Can Get’ The True Story of D-Day, as Told by Paratroopers.md\"> ‘As Lonely as a Man Can Get’ The True Story of D-Day, as Told by Paratroopers </a>",
@@ -13430,8 +12156,7 @@
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.01 Reading list/Tous les Hommes n'habitent pas le Monde de la meme Facon.md\"> Tous les Hommes n'habitent pas le Monde de la meme Facon </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.01 Reading list/Keila la Rouge.md\"> Keila la Rouge </a>",
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.01 Reading list/Sad Little Men.md\"> Sad Little Men </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.01 Reading list/Nightwood.md\"> Nightwood </a>",
-        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.01 Reading list/La Prochaine Fois que tu Mordras la Poussière.md\"> La Prochaine Fois que tu Mordras la Poussière </a>"
+        "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.01 Reading list/Nightwood.md\"> Nightwood </a>"
       ],
       "Removed Links from": [
         "<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-05-08.md\"> 2024-05-08 </a>",
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-icon-folder/main.js b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-icon-folder/main.js
index 42ff9f21..41596473 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-icon-folder/main.js
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-icon-folder/main.js
@@ -750,6 +750,9 @@ const doesIconExists = (iconName) => {
     const icons = getAllLoadedIconNames();
     return (icons.find((icon) => icon.name === iconName || icon.prefix + icon.name === iconName) !== undefined);
 };
+const getIconsFromIconPack = (iconPackName) => {
+    return iconPacks.find((iconPack) => iconPack.name === iconPackName);
+};
 const getIconFromIconPack = (iconPackName, iconPrefix, iconName) => {
     const foundIcon = preloadedIcons.find((icon) => icon.prefix.toLowerCase() === iconPrefix.toLowerCase() &&
         icon.name.toLowerCase() === iconName.toLowerCase());
@@ -2706,7 +2709,7 @@ const readFileSync = (file) => __awaiter(void 0, void 0, void 0, function* () {
 /**
  * Gets all the currently opened files by getting the markdown leaves and then checking
  * for the `file` property in the view. This also returns the leaf of the file.
- * @param plugin Instance of the IconFolderPlugin.
+ * @param plugin Instance of the IconizePlugin.
  * @returns An array of {@link FileWithLeaf} objects.
  */
 const getAllOpenedFiles = (plugin) => {
@@ -2741,7 +2744,7 @@ const getFileItemInnerTitleEl = (fileItem) => {
 /**
  * A utility function which will add the icon to the icon pack and then extract the icon
  * to the icon pack.
- * @param plugin IconFolderPlugin that will be used for extracting the icon.
+ * @param plugin IconizePlugin that will be used for extracting the icon.
  * @param iconNameWithPrefix String that will be used to add the icon to the icon pack.
  */
 const saveIconToIconPack = (plugin, iconNameWithPrefix) => {
@@ -2762,7 +2765,7 @@ const saveIconToIconPack = (plugin, iconNameWithPrefix) => {
 /**
  * A utility function which will remove the icon from the icon pack by removing the icon
  * file from the icon pack directory.
- * @param plugin IconFolderPlugin that will be used for removing the icon.
+ * @param plugin IconizePlugin that will be used for removing the icon.
  * @param iconNameWithPrefix String that will be used to remove the icon from the icon pack.
  */
 const removeIconFromIconPack = (plugin, iconNameWithPrefix) => {
@@ -2811,7 +2814,7 @@ const setMargin = (el, margin) => {
  * Applies all stylings to the specified svg icon string and applies styling to the node
  * (container). The styling to the specified element is only modified when it is an emoji
  * or extra margin is defined in the settings.
- * @param plugin Instance of the IconFolderPlugin.
+ * @param plugin Instance of the IconizePlugin.
  * @param iconString SVG that will be used to apply the svg styles to.
  * @param el Node for manipulating the style.
  * @returns Icon svg string with the manipulate style attributes.
@@ -2840,7 +2843,7 @@ const applyAll = (plugin, iconString, container) => {
 /**
  * Refreshes all the styles of all the applied icons where a `.iconize-icon`
  * class is defined. This function only modifies the styling of the node.
- * @param plugin Instance of the IconFolderPlugin.
+ * @param plugin Instance of the IconizePlugin.
  * @param applyStyles Function that is getting called when the icon node is found and
  * typically applies all the styles to the icon.
  */
@@ -2900,7 +2903,7 @@ const removeIconInPath = (path, options) => {
 /**
  * Sets an icon or emoji for an HTMLElement based on the specified icon name and color.
  * The function manipulates the specified node inline.
- * @param plugin Instance of the IconFolderPlugin.
+ * @param plugin Instance of the IconizePlugin.
  * @param iconName Name of the icon or emoji to add.
  * @param node HTMLElement to which the icon or emoji will be added.
  * @param color Optional color of the icon to add.
@@ -2927,7 +2930,7 @@ const setIconForNode = (plugin, iconName, node, color) => {
 };
 /**
  * Creates an icon node for the specified path and inserts it to the DOM.
- * @param plugin Instance of the IconFolderPlugin.
+ * @param plugin Instance of the IconizePlugin.
  * @param path Path for which the icon node will be created.
  * @param iconName Name of the icon or emoji to add.
  * @param color Optional color of the icon to add.
@@ -3243,7 +3246,7 @@ const isApplicable = (plugin, rule, file) => __awaiter(void 0, void 0, void 0, f
 });
 /**
  * Removes the icon from the custom rule from all the files and folders, if applicable.
- * @param plugin IconFolderPlugin instance.
+ * @param plugin IconizePlugin instance.
  * @param rule CustomRule where the icons will be removed based on this rule.
  */
 const removeFromAllFiles = (plugin, rule) => __awaiter(void 0, void 0, void 0, function* () {
@@ -3268,7 +3271,7 @@ const removeFromAllFiles = (plugin, rule) => __awaiter(void 0, void 0, void 0, f
 });
 /**
  * Gets all the custom rules sorted by their order property in ascending order.
- * @param plugin IconFolderPlugin instance.
+ * @param plugin IconizePlugin instance.
  * @returns CustomRule array sorted by their order property in ascending order.
  */
 const getSortedRules = (plugin) => {
@@ -3278,7 +3281,7 @@ const getSortedRules = (plugin) => {
  * Tries to add all specific custom rule icons to all registered files and directories.
  * It does that by calling the {@link add} function. Custom rules should have the lowest
  * priority and will get ignored if an icon already exists in the file or directory.
- * @param plugin IconFolderPlugin instance.
+ * @param plugin IconizePlugin instance.
  * @param rule CustomRule that will be applied, if applicable, to all files and folders.
  */
 const addToAllFiles = (plugin, rule) => __awaiter(void 0, void 0, void 0, function* () {
@@ -3290,7 +3293,7 @@ const addToAllFiles = (plugin, rule) => __awaiter(void 0, void 0, void 0, functi
 /**
  * Tries to add the icon of the custom rule to a file or folder. This function also checks
  * if the file type matches the `for` property of the custom rule.
- * @param plugin IconFolderPlugin instance.
+ * @param plugin IconizePlugin instance.
  * @param rule CustomRule that will be used to check if the rule is applicable to the file
  * or directory.
  * @param file TAbstractFile that will be used to possibly create the icon for.
@@ -3343,7 +3346,7 @@ const doesMatchPath = (rule, path) => {
 };
 /**
  * Gets all the file items that can be applied to the specific custom rule.
- * @param plugin Instance of IconFolderPlugin.
+ * @param plugin Instance of IconizePlugin.
  * @param rule Custom rule that will be checked for.
  * @returns A promise that resolves to an array of file items that match the custom rule.
  */
@@ -3631,7 +3634,7 @@ class CustomIconPackSetting extends IconFolderSetting {
 /**
  * Gets the tab leaves of a specific file path by looping through all opened files and
  * checking if the file path matches.
- * @param plugin IconFolderPlugin instance.
+ * @param plugin IconizePlugin instance.
  * @param path String of the file path to get the tab leaf of.
  * @returns TabHeaderLeaf array that includes all tab leaves of the file path.
  */
@@ -3644,7 +3647,7 @@ const getTabLeavesOfFilePath = (plugin, path) => {
 /**
  * Adds an icon to the tab and its container. This function respects the
  * custom rules and individually icon set.
- * @param plugin IconFolderPlugin instance.
+ * @param plugin IconizePlugin instance.
  * @param file TFile instance of the file to add the icon to.
  * @param iconContainer HTMLElement where the icon will be added to.
  * @param options AddOptions for the add function which can optionally be used.
@@ -3699,7 +3702,7 @@ const add$1 = (plugin, file, iconContainer, options) => __awaiter(void 0, void 0
 /**
  * Updates the icon in the tab and container by setting calling the `setIconForNode`
  * function and removing the margin from the icon container.
- * @param plugin IconFolderPlugin instance.
+ * @param plugin IconizePlugin instance.
  * @param iconName String of the icon name to update to.
  * @param iconContainer HTMLElement where the icon is located and will be updated.
  */
@@ -4217,9 +4220,19 @@ const calculateInlineTitleSize = () => {
 const isHeader = (value) => {
     return /^h[1-6]$/.test(value);
 };
+const getHTMLHeaderByToken = (header) => {
+    for (let i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
+        if (header === `header-${i}`) {
+            return `h${i}`;
+        }
+    }
+    return null;
+};
 const calculateHeaderSize = (header) => {
+    var _a;
     const fontSize = calculateFontTextSize();
-    const headerSize = parseFloat(getComputedStyle(document.body).getPropertyValue(`--${header}-size`));
+    const htmlHeader = (_a = getHTMLHeaderByToken(header)) !== null && _a !== void 0 ? _a : header;
+    const headerSize = parseFloat(getComputedStyle(document.body).getPropertyValue(`--${htmlHeader}-size`));
     return fontSize * headerSize;
 };
 
@@ -4285,7 +4298,7 @@ class EmojiStyleSetting extends IconFolderSetting {
 /**
  * Helper function that refreshes the style of all the icons that are defined
  * or in a custom rule involved.
- * @param plugin Instance of the IconFolderPlugin.
+ * @param plugin Instance of the IconizePlugin.
  */
 const refreshStyleOfIcons = (plugin) => __awaiter(void 0, void 0, void 0, function* () {
     // Refreshes the icon style for all normally added icons.
@@ -4354,43 +4367,63 @@ class ExtraMarginSetting extends IconFolderSetting {
     }
 }
 
+class ResetButtonComponent extends obsidian.ButtonComponent {
+    constructor(contentEl) {
+        super(contentEl);
+        this.contentEl = contentEl;
+        this.setTooltip('Restore default');
+        this.setIcon('rotate-ccw');
+        this.render();
+    }
+    render() {
+        this.buttonEl.classList.add('clickable-icon');
+        this.buttonEl.classList.add('extra-setting-button');
+    }
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_VALUE = DEFAULT_SETTINGS.iconColor;
 class IconColorSetting extends IconFolderSetting {
     display() {
         var _a;
-        const colorCustomization = new obsidian.Setting(this.containerEl)
+        const setting = new obsidian.Setting(this.containerEl)
             .setName('Icon color')
             .setDesc('Change the color of the displayed icons.');
-        const colorPicker = new obsidian.ColorComponent(colorCustomization.controlEl)
-            .setValue((_a = this.plugin.getSettings().iconColor) !== null && _a !== void 0 ? _a : '#000000')
+        new ResetButtonComponent(setting.controlEl).onClick(() => __awaiter(this, void 0, void 0, function* () {
+            colorPicker.setValue(DEFAULT_VALUE);
+            this.plugin.getSettings().iconColor = null;
+            // Custom saving to not save the color black in the data.
+            yield this.plugin.saveIconFolderData();
+            helper.refreshStyleOfIcons(this.plugin);
+        }));
+        const colorPicker = new obsidian.ColorComponent(setting.controlEl)
+            .setValue((_a = this.plugin.getSettings().iconColor) !== null && _a !== void 0 ? _a : DEFAULT_VALUE)
             .onChange((value) => __awaiter(this, void 0, void 0, function* () {
             this.plugin.getSettings().iconColor = value;
             yield this.plugin.saveIconFolderData();
             helper.refreshStyleOfIcons(this.plugin);
         }));
-        colorCustomization.addButton((button) => {
-            button
-                .setButtonText('Default')
-                .setTooltip('Set color to the default one')
-                .onClick(() => __awaiter(this, void 0, void 0, function* () {
-                colorPicker.setValue('#000000');
-                this.plugin.getSettings().iconColor = null;
-                yield this.plugin.saveIconFolderData();
-                helper.refreshStyleOfIcons(this.plugin);
-            }));
-        });
-        colorCustomization.components.push(colorPicker);
     }
 }
 
+const values = {
+    min: 10,
+    max: 64,
+    default: DEFAULT_SETTINGS.fontSize,
+    step: 1,
+};
 class IconFontSizeSetting extends IconFolderSetting {
     display() {
-        new obsidian.Setting(this.containerEl)
+        const setting = new obsidian.Setting(this.containerEl)
             .setName('Icon font size (in pixels)')
-            .setDesc('Change the font size of the displayed icons.')
-            .addSlider((slider) => {
+            .setDesc('Change the font size of the displayed icons.');
+        new ResetButtonComponent(setting.controlEl).onClick(() => {
+            this.slider.setValue(values.default);
+        });
+        setting.addSlider((slider) => {
             var _a;
+            this.slider = slider;
             slider
-                .setLimits(10, 24, 1)
+                .setLimits(values.min, values.max, values.step)
                 .setDynamicTooltip()
                 .setValue((_a = this.plugin.getSettings().fontSize) !== null && _a !== void 0 ? _a : DEFAULT_SETTINGS.fontSize)
                 .onChange((val) => __awaiter(this, void 0, void 0, function* () {
@@ -4663,7 +4696,7 @@ const checkMissingIcons = (plugin, data) => __awaiter(void 0, void 0, void 0, fu
  * This function adds all the possible icons to the corresponding nodes. It
  * adds the icons, that are defined in the data as a basic string to the nodes
  * and the custom rule icons.
- * @param plugin Instance of IconFolderPlugin.
+ * @param plugin Instance of IconizePlugin.
  * @param data Data that will be used to add all the icons to the nodes.
  * @param registeredFileExplorers A WeakSet of file explorers that are being used as a
  * cache for already handled file explorers.
@@ -4728,7 +4761,7 @@ const addAll = (plugin, data, registeredFileExplorers, callback) => {
 };
 /**
  * Gets the icon of a given path. This function returns the first occurrence of an icon.
- * @param plugin Instance of the IconFolderPlugin.
+ * @param plugin Instance of the IconizePlugin.
  * @param path Path to get the icon of.
  * @returns The icon of the path if it exists, undefined otherwise.
  */
@@ -4758,7 +4791,7 @@ const getByPath = (plugin, path) => {
 };
 /**
  * Gets all the icons with their paths as an object.
- * @param plugin Instance of the IconFolderPlugin.
+ * @param plugin Instance of the IconizePlugin.
  * @returns An object that consists of the path and the icon name for the data
  * or custom rule.
  */
@@ -4801,7 +4834,7 @@ const getIconByName = (iconNameWithPrefix) => {
 };
 /**
  * Returns the {@link Icon} for the given path.
- * @param plugin IconFolderPlugin instance.
+ * @param plugin IconizePlugin instance.
  * @param path String which is the path to get the icon of.
  * @returns Icon or Emoji as string if it exists, `null` otherwise.
  */
@@ -5461,7 +5494,7 @@ const processIconInLinkMarkdown = (plugin, element, ctx) => {
         return;
     }
     linkElements.forEach((linkElement) => {
-        var _a, _b;
+        var _a, _b, _c, _d, _e;
         // Skip if the link element e.g., is a tag.
         if (!linkElement.hasAttribute('data-href')) {
             return;
@@ -5481,6 +5514,11 @@ const processIconInLinkMarkdown = (plugin, element, ctx) => {
         if (!iconValue) {
             return;
         }
+        let fontSize = calculateFontTextSize();
+        const tagName = (_c = (_b = (_a = linkElement.parentElement) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a.tagName) === null || _b === void 0 ? void 0 : _b.toLowerCase()) !== null && _c !== void 0 ? _c : '';
+        if (isHeader(tagName)) {
+            fontSize = calculateHeaderSize(tagName);
+        }
         const iconName = typeof iconValue === 'string'
             ? iconValue
             : iconValue.prefix + iconValue.name;
@@ -5494,15 +5532,18 @@ const processIconInLinkMarkdown = (plugin, element, ctx) => {
             },
         });
         rootSpan.style.color =
-            (_a = plugin.getIconColor(path)) !== null && _a !== void 0 ? _a : plugin.getSettings().iconColor;
+            (_d = plugin.getIconColor(path)) !== null && _d !== void 0 ? _d : plugin.getSettings().iconColor;
         if (emoji.isEmoji(iconName)) {
-            const parsedEmoji = (_b = emoji.parseEmoji(plugin.getSettings().emojiStyle, iconName)) !== null && _b !== void 0 ? _b : iconName;
+            const parsedEmoji = (_e = emoji.parseEmoji(plugin.getSettings().emojiStyle, iconName, fontSize)) !== null && _e !== void 0 ? _e : iconName;
+            rootSpan.style.transform = 'translateY(0)';
             rootSpan.innerHTML = parsedEmoji;
         }
         else {
-            const svg = icon.getIconByName(iconName).svgElement;
-            if (svg) {
-                rootSpan.innerHTML = svg;
+            let svgEl = icon.getIconByName(iconName).svgElement;
+            svgEl = svg.setFontSize(svgEl, fontSize);
+            if (svgEl) {
+                rootSpan.style.transform = 'translateY(20%)';
+                rootSpan.innerHTML = svgEl;
             }
         }
         linkElement.prepend(rootSpan);
@@ -5755,11 +5796,12 @@ class IconInTextWidget extends view.WidgetType {
 }
 
 class IconInLinkWidget extends view.WidgetType {
-    constructor(plugin, iconData, path) {
+    constructor(plugin, iconData, path, headerType) {
         super();
         this.plugin = plugin;
         this.iconData = iconData;
         this.path = path;
+        this.headerType = headerType;
     }
     toDOM() {
         var _a;
@@ -5777,8 +5819,15 @@ class IconInLinkWidget extends view.WidgetType {
         let innerHTML = typeof this.iconData === 'string'
             ? this.iconData
             : this.iconData.svgElement;
+        let fontSize = calculateFontTextSize();
+        if (this.headerType) {
+            fontSize = calculateHeaderSize(this.headerType);
+        }
         if (emoji.isEmoji(innerHTML)) {
-            innerHTML = emoji.parseEmoji(this.plugin.getSettings().emojiStyle, innerHTML);
+            innerHTML = emoji.parseEmoji(this.plugin.getSettings().emojiStyle, innerHTML, fontSize);
+        }
+        else {
+            innerHTML = svg.setFontSize(innerHTML, fontSize);
         }
         iconNode.innerHTML = innerHTML;
         return iconNode;
@@ -5800,6 +5849,14 @@ const buildLinkDecorations = (view$1, plugin) => {
                 if (tokenProps) {
                     const props = new Set(tokenProps.split(' '));
                     const isLink = props.has('hmd-internal-link');
+                    const headerType = [
+                        'header-1',
+                        'header-2',
+                        'header-3',
+                        'header-4',
+                        'header-5',
+                        'header-6',
+                    ].find((header) => props.has(header));
                     if (isLink) {
                         let linkText = view$1.state.doc.sliceString(node.from, node.to);
                         linkText = linkText.split('#')[0];
@@ -5808,7 +5865,7 @@ const buildLinkDecorations = (view$1, plugin) => {
                             const possibleIcon = icon.getIconByPath(plugin, file.path);
                             if (possibleIcon) {
                                 const iconDecoration = view.Decoration.widget({
-                                    widget: new IconInLinkWidget(plugin, possibleIcon, file.path),
+                                    widget: new IconInLinkWidget(plugin, possibleIcon, file.path, headerType),
                                 });
                                 builder.add(node.from, node.from, iconDecoration);
                             }
@@ -6147,44 +6204,73 @@ class EventEmitter {
         this.listeners = {};
     }
     on(type, listener, priority = 0) {
-        var _a;
-        var _b;
-        (_a = (_b = this.listeners)[type]) !== null && _a !== void 0 ? _a : (_b[type] = []);
-        this.listeners[type].push({ listener, once: false, priority });
+        var _a, _b;
+        var _c;
+        (_a = (_c = this.listeners)[type]) !== null && _a !== void 0 ? _a : (_c[type] = []);
+        (_b = this.listeners[type]) === null || _b === void 0 ? void 0 : _b.push({ listener, once: false, priority });
         this.sortListeners(type);
     }
     once(type, listener, priority = 0) {
-        var _a;
-        var _b;
-        (_a = (_b = this.listeners)[type]) !== null && _a !== void 0 ? _a : (_b[type] = []);
-        this.listeners[type].push({ listener, once: true, priority });
+        var _a, _b;
+        var _c;
+        (_a = (_c = this.listeners)[type]) !== null && _a !== void 0 ? _a : (_c[type] = []);
+        (_b = this.listeners[type]) === null || _b === void 0 ? void 0 : _b.push({ listener, once: true, priority });
         this.sortListeners(type);
     }
     off(type, listener) {
+        var _a;
         if (!this.listeners[type]) {
             return;
         }
-        this.listeners[type] = this.listeners[type].filter((entry) => entry.listener !== listener);
+        this.listeners[type] = (_a = this.listeners[type]) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a.filter((entry) => entry.listener !== listener);
     }
-    emit(event) {
-        if (!this.listeners[event.type]) {
+    emit(type, payload) {
+        const listeners = this.listeners[type];
+        if (!listeners) {
             return;
         }
-        this.listeners[event.type].forEach((entry) => {
+        const event = { payload };
+        listeners.slice().forEach((entry) => {
             entry.listener(event);
             if (entry.once) {
-                this.off(event.type, entry.listener);
+                this.off(type, entry.listener);
             }
         });
     }
     sortListeners(type) {
+        var _a;
         if (this.listeners[type]) {
-            this.listeners[type].sort((a, b) => b.priority - a.priority);
+            (_a = this.listeners[type]) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a.sort((a, b) => b.priority - a.priority);
         }
     }
 }
 
-class IconFolderPlugin extends obsidian.Plugin {
+function getApi(plugin) {
+    return {
+        getEventEmitter: () => plugin.getEventEmitter(),
+        getIconByName: (iconNameWithPrefix) => icon.getIconByName(iconNameWithPrefix),
+        setIconForNode: (iconName, node, color) => dom.setIconForNode(plugin, iconName, node, color),
+        saveIconToIconPack: (iconNameWithPrefix) => saveIconToIconPack(plugin, iconNameWithPrefix),
+        removeIconFromIconPack: (iconNameWithPrefix) => removeIconFromIconPack(plugin, iconNameWithPrefix),
+        getIconsFromIconPack: getIconsFromIconPack,
+        getAllIconPacks: getAllIconPacks,
+        doesElementHasIconNode: dom.doesElementHasIconNode,
+        getIconFromElement: dom.getIconFromElement,
+        removeIconInNode: dom.removeIconInNode,
+        removeIconInPath: dom.removeIconInPath,
+        util: {
+            dom,
+            svg,
+        },
+        version: {
+            get current() {
+                return plugin.manifest.version;
+            },
+        },
+    };
+}
+
+class IconizePlugin extends obsidian.Plugin {
     constructor() {
         super(...arguments);
         this.registeredFileExplorers = new Set();
@@ -6192,6 +6278,7 @@ class IconFolderPlugin extends obsidian.Plugin {
         this.positionField = buildPositionField(this);
         this.frontmatterCache = new Set();
         this.eventEmitter = new EventEmitter();
+        this.api = getApi(this);
     }
     onload() {
         return __awaiter(this, void 0, void 0, function* () {
@@ -6434,7 +6521,7 @@ class IconFolderPlugin extends obsidian.Plugin {
                     yield icon.checkMissingIcons(this, data);
                     resetPreloadedIcons();
                 }
-                this.eventEmitter.emit({ type: 'allIconsLoaded' });
+                this.eventEmitter.emit('allIconsLoaded');
             }));
             if (this.getSettings().iconInFrontmatterEnabled) {
                 const activeFile = this.app.workspace.getActiveFile();
@@ -6857,5 +6944,5 @@ class IconFolderPlugin extends obsidian.Plugin {
     }
 }
 
-module.exports = IconFolderPlugin;
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+module.exports = IconizePlugin;
+//# 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diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-icon-folder/manifest.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-icon-folder/manifest.json
index 7c36309c..7744bcaf 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-icon-folder/manifest.json
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-icon-folder/manifest.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "id": "obsidian-icon-folder",
   "name": "Iconize",
-  "version": "2.14.1",
+  "version": "2.14.2",
   "minAppVersion": "0.9.12",
   "description": "Add icons to anything you desire in Obsidian, including files, folders, and text.",
   "author": "Florian Woelki",
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-icon-folder/styles.css b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-icon-folder/styles.css
index a9f2c604..945ee331 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-icon-folder/styles.css
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-icon-folder/styles.css
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 }
 
 .iconize-icon-in-link {
+  transform: translateY(20%);
   margin-right: var(--size-2-2);
   display: inline-flex;
 }
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-media-db-plugin/main.js b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-media-db-plugin/main.js
index a80bec99..da154a63 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-media-db-plugin/main.js
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-media-db-plugin/main.js
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 Media DB - Release Build
 -------------------------------------------
 By: Moritz Jung (https://www.moritzjung.dev)
-Time: Sat, 22 Jun 2024 13:55:15 GMT
-Version: 0.7.1
+Time: Fri, 05 Jul 2024 12:27:45 GMT
+Version: 0.7.2
 -------------------------------------------
 THIS IS A GENERATED/BUNDLED FILE BY ESBUILD
 if you want to view the source, please visit the github repository of this plugin
@@ -32,25 +32,22 @@ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 SOFTWARE.
 */
 
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Ln(r){let e,t;return e=new Bn({props:{model:r[2],save:r[1]}}),{c(){Ti(e.$$.fragment)},m(i,n){Zt(e,i,n),t=!0},p(i,n){let o={};n&1&&(o.model=i[2]),n&2&&(o.save=i[1]),e.$set(o)},i(i){t||(Y(e.$$.fragment,i),t=!0)},o(i){se(e.$$.fragment,i),t=!1},d(i){Qt(e,i)}}}function sa(r){let e,t,i=Ne(r[0]),n=[];for(let a=0;a<i.length;a+=1)n[a]=Ln(In(r,i,a));let o=a=>se(n[a],1,1,()=>{n[a]=null});return{c(){e=R("div");for(let a=0;a<n.length;a+=1)n[a].c();O(e,"class","setting-item"),Jt(e,"display","flex"),Jt(e,"gap","10px"),Jt(e,"flex-direction","column"),Jt(e,"align-items","stretch")},m(a,s){G(a,e,s);for(let l=0;l<n.length;l+=1)n[l]&&n[l].m(e,null);t=!0},p(a,[s]){if(s&3){i=Ne(a[0]);let l;for(l=0;l<i.length;l+=1){let p=In(a,i,l);n[l]?(n[l].p(p,s),Y(n[l],1)):(n[l]=Ln(p),n[l].c(),Y(n[l],1),n[l].m(e,null))}for(lt(),l=i.length;l<n.length;l+=1)o(l);pt()}},i(a){if(!t){for(let s=0;s<i.length;s+=1)Y(n[s]);t=!0}},o(a){n=n.filter(Boolean);for(let s=0;s<n.length;s+=1)se(n[s]);t=!1},d(a){a&&L(e),Kt(n,a)}}}function la(r,e,t){let{models:i=[]}=e,{save:n}=e;return r.$$set=o=>{"models"in o&&t(0,i=o.models),"save"in o&&t(1,n=o.save)},[i,n]}var Dr=class extends Be{constructor(e){super(),Pt(this,e,la,sa,Dt,{models:0,save:1})}},Wn=Dr;var Er=require("obsidian");var Z=class{constructor(){this.type=void 0,this.subType=void 0,this.title=void 0,this.englishTitle=void 0,this.year=void 0,this.dataSource=void 0,this.url=void 0,this.id=void 0,this.userData={}}toMetaDataObject(){return{...this.getWithOutUserData(),...this.userData,tags:this.getTags().join("/")}}getWithOutUserData(){let e=structuredClone(this);return delete e.userData,e}};var me=class extends Z{constructor(e={}){super(),this.plot=void 0,this.genres=void 0,this.director=void 0,this.writer=void 0,this.studio=void 0,this.duration=void 0,this.onlineRating=void 0,this.actors=void 0,this.image=void 0,this.released=void 0,this.streamingServices=void 0,this.premiere=void 0,this.userData={watched:void 0,lastWatched:void 0,personalRating:void 0},$(this,e,this),e.hasOwnProperty("userData")||$(this.userData,e,this.userData),this.type=this.getMediaType()}getTags(){return[ne,"tv","movie"]}getMediaType(){return"movie"}getSummary(){return this.englishTitle+" ("+this.year+")"}};var Ce=class extends Z{constructor(e={}){super(),this.plot=void 0,this.genres=void 0,this.writer=void 0,this.studio=void 0,this.episodes=void 0,this.duration=void 0,this.onlineRating=void 0,this.actors=void 0,this.image=void 0,this.released=void 0,this.streamingServices=void 0,this.airing=void 0,this.airedFrom=void 0,this.airedTo=void 0,this.userData={watched:void 0,lastWatched:void 0,personalRating:void 0},$(this,e,this),e.hasOwnProperty("userData")||$(this.userData,e,this.userData),this.type=this.getMediaType()}getTags(){return[ne,"tv","series"]}getMediaType(){return"series"}getSummary(){return this.title+" ("+this.year+")"}};var ct=class extends Z{constructor(e={}){super(),this.plot=void 0,this.genres=void 0,this.authors=void 0,this.alternateTitles=void 0,this.chapters=void 0,this.volumes=void 0,this.onlineRating=void 0,this.image=void 0,this.released=void 0,this.status=void 0,this.publishedFrom=void 0,this.publishedTo=void 0,this.userData={watched:void 0,lastWatched:void 0,personalRating:void 0},$(this,e,this),e.hasOwnProperty("userData")||$(this.userData,e,this.userData),this.type=this.getMediaType()}getTags(){return[ne,"manga","light-novel"]}getMediaType(){return"manga"}getSummary(){return this.title+" ("+this.year+")"}};var pe=class extends Z{constructor(e={}){super(),this.developers=void 0,this.publishers=void 0,this.genres=void 0,this.onlineRating=void 0,this.image=void 0,this.released=void 0,this.releaseDate=void 0,this.userData={played:void 0,personalRating:void 0},$(this,e,this),e.hasOwnProperty("userData")||$(this.userData,e,this.userData),this.type=this.getMediaType()}getTags(){return[ne,"game"]}getMediaType(){return"game"}getSummary(){return this.englishTitle+" ("+this.year+")"}};var ut=class extends Z{constructor(e={}){super(),this.wikiUrl=void 0,this.lastUpdated=void 0,this.length=void 0,this.article=void 0,this.userData={},$(this,e,this),e.hasOwnProperty("userData")||$(this.userData,e,this.userData),this.type=this.getMediaType()}getTags(){return[ne,"wiki"]}getMediaType(){return"wiki"}getWithOutUserData(){let e=structuredClone(this);return delete e.userData,delete e.article,e}getSummary(){return this.title}};var mt=class extends Z{constructor(e={}){super(),this.genres=void 0,this.artists=void 0,this.image=void 0,this.rating=void 0,this.userData={personalRating:void 0},$(this,e,this),e.hasOwnProperty("userData")||$(this.userData,e,this.userData),this.type=this.getMediaType()}getTags(){return[ne,"music",this.subType]}getMediaType(){return"musicRelease"}getSummary(){let e=this.title+" ("+this.year+")";return this.artists.length>0&&(e+=" - "+this.artists.join(", ")),e}};var ft=class extends Z{constructor(e={}){super(),this.genres=void 0,this.onlineRating=void 0,this.minPlayers=void 0,this.maxPlayers=void 0,this.playtime=void 0,this.publishers=void 0,this.complexityRating=void 0,this.image=void 0,this.released=void 0,this.userData={played:void 0,personalRating:void 0},$(this,e,this),e.hasOwnProperty("userData")||$(this.userData,e,this.userData),this.type=this.getMediaType()}getTags(){return[ne,"boardgame"]}getMediaType(){return"boardgame"}getSummary(){return this.englishTitle+" ("+this.year+")"}};var ht=class extends Z{constructor(e={}){super(),this.author=void 0,this.pages=void 0,this.image=void 0,this.onlineRating=void 0,this.isbn=void 0,this.isbn13=void 0,this.released=void 0,this.userData={read:void 0,lastRead:void 0,personalRating:void 0},$(this,e,this),e.hasOwnProperty("userData")||$(this.userData,e,this.userData),this.type=this.getMediaType()}getTags(){return[ne,"book"]}getMediaType(){return"book"}getSummary(){return this.englishTitle+" ("+this.year+") - "+this.author}};var Pe=["movie","series","manga","game","wiki","musicRelease","boardgame","book"],_i=class{constructor(){}updateTemplates(e){this.mediaFileNameTemplateMap=new Map,this.mediaFileNameTemplateMap.set("movie",e.movieFileNameTemplate),this.mediaFileNameTemplateMap.set("series",e.seriesFileNameTemplate),this.mediaFileNameTemplateMap.set("manga",e.mangaFileNameTemplate),this.mediaFileNameTemplateMap.set("game",e.gameFileNameTemplate),this.mediaFileNameTemplateMap.set("wiki",e.wikiFileNameTemplate),this.mediaFileNameTemplateMap.set("musicRelease",e.musicReleaseFileNameTemplate),this.mediaFileNameTemplateMap.set("boardgame",e.boardgameFileNameTemplate),this.mediaFileNameTemplateMap.set("book",e.bookFileNameTemplate),this.mediaTemplateMap=new Map,this.mediaTemplateMap.set("movie",e.movieTemplate),this.mediaTemplateMap.set("series",e.seriesTemplate),this.mediaTemplateMap.set("manga",e.mangaTemplate),this.mediaTemplateMap.set("game",e.gameTemplate),this.mediaTemplateMap.set("wiki",e.wikiTemplate),this.mediaTemplateMap.set("musicRelease",e.musicReleaseTemplate),this.mediaTemplateMap.set("boardgame",e.boardgameTemplate),this.mediaTemplateMap.set("book",e.bookTemplate)}updateFolders(e){this.mediaFolderMap=new Map,this.mediaFolderMap.set("movie",e.movieFolder),this.mediaFolderMap.set("series",e.seriesFolder),this.mediaFolderMap.set("manga",e.mangaFolder),this.mediaFolderMap.set("game",e.gameFolder),this.mediaFolderMap.set("wiki",e.wikiFolder),this.mediaFolderMap.set("musicRelease",e.musicReleaseFolder),this.mediaFolderMap.set("boardgame",e.boardgameFolder),this.mediaFolderMap.set("book",e.bookFolder)}getFileName(e){return mr(this.mediaFileNameTemplateMap.get(e.getMediaType()),e,!0)}async getTemplate(e,t){let i=this.mediaTemplateMap.get(e.getMediaType());if(!i)return"";let n=t.vault.getAbstractFileByPath(i);if((!n||n instanceof Er.TFolder)&&(n=t.vault.getFiles().filter(a=>a.name===i).first(),!n))return"";let o=await t.vault.cachedRead(n);return mr(o,e)}async getFolder(e,t){let i=this.mediaFolderMap.get(e.getMediaType());i||(i="/"),await t.vault.adapter.exists(i)||await t.vault.createFolder(i);let n=t.vault.getAbstractFileByPath(i);if(!(n instanceof Er.TFolder))throw Error(`Expected ${n} to be instance of TFolder`);return n}createMediaTypeModelFromMediaType(e,t){if(t==="movie")return new me(e);if(t==="series")return new Ce(e);if(t==="manga")return new ct(e);if(t==="game")return new pe(e);if(t==="wiki")return new ut(e);if(t==="musicRelease")return new mt(e);if(t==="boardgame")return new ft(e);if(t==="book")return new ht(e)}};var j={OMDbKey:"",MobyGamesKey:"",sfwFilter:!0,templates:!0,customDateFormat:"L",openNoteInNewTab:!0,useDefaultFrontMatter:!0,enableTemplaterIntegration:!1,movieTemplate:"",seriesTemplate:"",mangaTemplate:"",gameTemplate:"",wikiTemplate:"",musicReleaseTemplate:"",boardgameTemplate:"",bookTemplate:"",movieFileNameTemplate:"{{ title }} ({{ year }})",seriesFileNameTemplate:"{{ title }} ({{ year }})",mangaFileNameTemplate:"{{ title }} ({{ year }})",gameFileNameTemplate:"{{ title }} ({{ year }})",wikiFileNameTemplate:"{{ title }}",musicReleaseFileNameTemplate:"{{ title }} (by {{ ENUM:artists }} - {{ year }})",boardgameFileNameTemplate:"{{ title }} ({{ year }})",bookFileNameTemplate:"{{ title }} ({{ year }})",moviePropertyConversionRules:"",seriesPropertyConversionRules:"",mangaPropertyConversionRules:"",gamePropertyConversionRules:"",wikiPropertyConversionRules:"",musicReleasePropertyConversionRules:"",boardgamePropertyConversionRules:"",bookPropertyConversionRules:"",movieFolder:"Media DB/movies",seriesFolder:"Media DB/series",mangaFolder:"Media DB/manga",gameFolder:"Media DB/games",wikiFolder:"Media DB/wiki",musicReleaseFolder:"Media DB/music",boardgameFolder:"Media DB/boardgames",bookFolder:"Media DB/books",propertyMappingModels:[]},pa=["type","id","dataSource"];function jn(r){let e=j,t=[];for(let i of Pe){let o=r.mediaTypeManager.createMediaTypeModelFromMediaType({},i).toMetaDataObject(),a=new Ft(i);for(let s of Object.keys(o))a.properties.push(new dt(s,"","default",pa.contains(s)));t.push(a)}return e.propertyMappingModels=t,e}var Si=class extends C.PluginSettingTab{constructor(e,t){super(e,t),this.plugin=t}display(){let{containerEl:e}=this;if(e.empty(),e.createEl("h2",{text:"Media DB Plugin Settings"}),new C.Setting(e).setName("OMDb API key").setDesc('API key for "www.omdbapi.com".').addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder("API key").setValue(this.plugin.settings.OMDbKey).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.OMDbKey=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Moby Games key").setDesc('API key for "www.mobygames.com".').addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder("API key").setValue(this.plugin.settings.MobyGamesKey).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.MobyGamesKey=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("SFW filter").setDesc("Only shows SFW results for APIs that offer filtering.").addToggle(t=>{t.setValue(this.plugin.settings.sfwFilter).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.sfwFilter=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Resolve {{ tags }} in templates").setDesc("Whether to resolve {{ tags }} in templates. The spaces inside the curly braces are important.").addToggle(t=>{t.setValue(this.plugin.settings.templates).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.templates=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Date format").setDesc(sn("Your custom date format. Use <em>'YYYY-MM-DD'</em> for example.<br>For more syntax, refer to <a href='https://momentjs.com/docs/#/displaying/format/'>format reference</a>.<br>Your current syntax looks like this: <b><a id='media-db-dateformat-preview' style='pointer-events: none; cursor: default; text-decoration: none;'>"+this.plugin.dateFormatter.getPreview()+"</a></b>")).addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder(j.customDateFormat).setValue(this.plugin.settings.customDateFormat===j.customDateFormat?"":this.plugin.settings.customDateFormat).onChange(i=>{let n=i||j.customDateFormat;this.plugin.settings.customDateFormat=n,document.getElementById("media-db-dateformat-preview").textContent=this.plugin.dateFormatter.getPreview(n),this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Open note in new tab").setDesc("Open the newly created note in a new tab.").addToggle(t=>{t.setValue(this.plugin.settings.openNoteInNewTab).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.openNoteInNewTab=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Use default front matter").setDesc("Whether to use the default front matter. If disabled, the front matter from the template will be used. Same as mapping everything to remove.").addToggle(t=>{t.setValue(this.plugin.settings.useDefaultFrontMatter).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.useDefaultFrontMatter=i,this.plugin.saveSettings(),this.display()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Enable Templater integration").setDesc("Enable integration with the templater plugin, this also needs templater to be installed. Warning: Templater allows you to execute arbitrary JavaScript code and system commands.").addToggle(t=>{t.setValue(this.plugin.settings.enableTemplaterIntegration).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.enableTemplaterIntegration=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),e.createEl("h3",{text:"New File Location"}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Movie Folder").setDesc("Where newly imported movies should be placed.").addSearch(t=>{new Me(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder(j.movieFolder).setValue(this.plugin.settings.movieFolder).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.movieFolder=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Series Folder").setDesc("Where newly imported series should be placed.").addSearch(t=>{new Me(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder(j.seriesFolder).setValue(this.plugin.settings.seriesFolder).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.seriesFolder=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Manga Folder").setDesc("Where newly imported manga should be placed.").addSearch(t=>{new Me(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder(j.mangaFolder).setValue(this.plugin.settings.mangaFolder).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.mangaFolder=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Game Folder").setDesc("Where newly imported games should be placed.").addSearch(t=>{new Me(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder(j.gameFolder).setValue(this.plugin.settings.gameFolder).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.gameFolder=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Wiki Folder").setDesc("Where newly imported wiki articles should be placed.").addSearch(t=>{new Me(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder(j.wikiFolder).setValue(this.plugin.settings.wikiFolder).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.wikiFolder=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Music Folder").setDesc("Where newly imported music should be placed.").addSearch(t=>{new Me(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder(j.musicReleaseFolder).setValue(this.plugin.settings.musicReleaseFolder).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.musicReleaseFolder=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Board Game Folder").setDesc("Where newly imported board games should be places.").addSearch(t=>{new Me(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder(j.boardgameFolder).setValue(this.plugin.settings.boardgameFolder).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.boardgameFolder=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Book Folder").setDesc("Where newly imported books should be placed.").addSearch(t=>{new Me(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder(j.bookFolder).setValue(this.plugin.settings.bookFolder).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.bookFolder=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),e.createEl("h3",{text:"Template Settings"}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Movie template").setDesc("Template file to be used when creating a new note for a movie.").addSearch(t=>{new ve(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder("Example: movieTemplate.md").setValue(this.plugin.settings.movieTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.movieTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Series template").setDesc("Template file to be used when creating a new note for a series.").addSearch(t=>{new ve(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder("Example: seriesTemplate.md").setValue(this.plugin.settings.seriesTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.seriesTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Manga template").setDesc("Template file to be used when creating a new note for a manga.").addSearch(t=>{new ve(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder("Example: mangaTemplate.md").setValue(this.plugin.settings.mangaTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.mangaTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Game template").setDesc("Template file to be used when creating a new note for a game.").addSearch(t=>{new ve(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder("Example: gameTemplate.md").setValue(this.plugin.settings.gameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.gameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Wiki template").setDesc("Template file to be used when creating a new note for a wiki entry.").addSearch(t=>{new ve(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder("Example: wikiTemplate.md").setValue(this.plugin.settings.wikiTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.wikiTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Music Release template").setDesc("Template file to be used when creating a new note for a music release.").addSearch(t=>{new ve(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder("Example: musicReleaseTemplate.md").setValue(this.plugin.settings.musicReleaseTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.musicReleaseTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Board Game template").setDesc("Template file to be used when creating a new note for a boardgame.").addSearch(t=>{new ve(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder("Example: boardgameTemplate.md").setValue(this.plugin.settings.boardgameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.boardgameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Book template").setDesc("Template file to be used when creating a new note for a book.").addSearch(t=>{new ve(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder("Example: bookTemplate.md").setValue(this.plugin.settings.bookTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.bookTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),e.createEl("h3",{text:"File Name Settings"}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Movie file name template").setDesc("Template for the file name used when creating a new note for a movie.").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder(`Example: ${j.movieFileNameTemplate}`).setValue(this.plugin.settings.movieFileNameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.movieFileNameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Series file name template").setDesc("Template for the file name used when creating a new note for a series.").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder(`Example: ${j.seriesFileNameTemplate}`).setValue(this.plugin.settings.seriesFileNameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.seriesFileNameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Manga file name template").setDesc("Template for the file name used when creating a new note for a manga.").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder(`Example: ${j.mangaFileNameTemplate}`).setValue(this.plugin.settings.mangaFileNameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.mangaFileNameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Game file name template").setDesc("Template for the file name used when creating a new note for a game.").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder(`Example: ${j.gameFileNameTemplate}`).setValue(this.plugin.settings.gameFileNameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.gameFileNameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Wiki file name template").setDesc("Template for the file name used when creating a new note for a wiki entry.").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder(`Example: ${j.wikiFileNameTemplate}`).setValue(this.plugin.settings.wikiFileNameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.wikiFileNameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Music Release file name template").setDesc("Template for the file name used when creating a new note for a music release.").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder(`Example: ${j.musicReleaseFileNameTemplate}`).setValue(this.plugin.settings.musicReleaseFileNameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.musicReleaseFileNameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Board Game file name template").setDesc("Template for the file name used when creating a new note for a boardgame.").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder(`Example: ${j.boardgameFileNameTemplate}`).setValue(this.plugin.settings.boardgameFileNameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.boardgameFileNameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new C.Setting(e).setName("Book file name template").setDesc("Template for the file name used when creating a new note for a book.").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder(`Example: ${j.bookFileNameTemplate}`).setValue(this.plugin.settings.bookFileNameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.bookFileNameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),this.plugin.settings.useDefaultFrontMatter){e.createEl("h3",{text:"Property Mappings"});let t=e.createEl("div");t.innerHTML=`
-		<p>Allow you to remap the metadata fields of newly created media db entries.</p>
-		<p>
-			The different options are:
-			<lu>
-				<li>"default": does no remapping and keeps the metadata field as it is</li>
-				<li>"remap": renames the metadata field to what ever you specify</li>
-				<li>"remove": removes the metadata field entirely</li>
-			</lu>
-		</p>
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ve(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder("Example: movieTemplate.md").setValue(this.plugin.settings.movieTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.movieTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new E.Setting(e).setName("Series template").setDesc("Template file to be used when creating a new note for a series.").addSearch(t=>{new ve(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder("Example: seriesTemplate.md").setValue(this.plugin.settings.seriesTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.seriesTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new E.Setting(e).setName("Manga template").setDesc("Template file to be used when creating a new note for a manga.").addSearch(t=>{new ve(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder("Example: mangaTemplate.md").setValue(this.plugin.settings.mangaTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.mangaTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new E.Setting(e).setName("Game template").setDesc("Template file to be used when creating a new note for a game.").addSearch(t=>{new ve(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder("Example: gameTemplate.md").setValue(this.plugin.settings.gameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.gameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new E.Setting(e).setName("Wiki template").setDesc("Template file to be used when creating a new note for a wiki entry.").addSearch(t=>{new ve(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder("Example: wikiTemplate.md").setValue(this.plugin.settings.wikiTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.wikiTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new E.Setting(e).setName("Music release template").setDesc("Template file to be used when creating a new note for a music release.").addSearch(t=>{new ve(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder("Example: musicReleaseTemplate.md").setValue(this.plugin.settings.musicReleaseTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.musicReleaseTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new E.Setting(e).setName("Board game template").setDesc("Template file to be used when creating a new note for a boardgame.").addSearch(t=>{new ve(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder("Example: boardgameTemplate.md").setValue(this.plugin.settings.boardgameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.boardgameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new E.Setting(e).setName("Book template").setDesc("Template file to be used when creating a new note for a book.").addSearch(t=>{new ve(this.app,t.inputEl),t.setPlaceholder("Example: bookTemplate.md").setValue(this.plugin.settings.bookTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.bookTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new E.Setting(e).setName("File name settings").setHeading(),new E.Setting(e).setName("Movie file name template").setDesc("Template for the file name used when creating a new note for a movie.").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder(`Example: ${j.movieFileNameTemplate}`).setValue(this.plugin.settings.movieFileNameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.movieFileNameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new E.Setting(e).setName("Series file name template").setDesc("Template for the file name used when creating a new note for a series.").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder(`Example: ${j.seriesFileNameTemplate}`).setValue(this.plugin.settings.seriesFileNameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.seriesFileNameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new E.Setting(e).setName("Manga file name template").setDesc("Template for the file name used when creating a new note for a manga.").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder(`Example: ${j.mangaFileNameTemplate}`).setValue(this.plugin.settings.mangaFileNameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.mangaFileNameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new E.Setting(e).setName("Game file name template").setDesc("Template for the file name used when creating a new note for a game.").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder(`Example: ${j.gameFileNameTemplate}`).setValue(this.plugin.settings.gameFileNameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.gameFileNameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new E.Setting(e).setName("Wiki file name template").setDesc("Template for the file name used when creating a new note for a wiki entry.").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder(`Example: ${j.wikiFileNameTemplate}`).setValue(this.plugin.settings.wikiFileNameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.wikiFileNameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new E.Setting(e).setName("Music release file name template").setDesc("Template for the file name used when creating a new note for a music release.").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder(`Example: ${j.musicReleaseFileNameTemplate}`).setValue(this.plugin.settings.musicReleaseFileNameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.musicReleaseFileNameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new E.Setting(e).setName("Board game file name template").setDesc("Template for the file name used when creating a new note for a boardgame.").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder(`Example: ${j.boardgameFileNameTemplate}`).setValue(this.plugin.settings.boardgameFileNameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.boardgameFileNameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),new E.Setting(e).setName("Book file name template").setDesc("Template for the file name used when creating a new note for a book.").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder(`Example: ${j.bookFileNameTemplate}`).setValue(this.plugin.settings.bookFileNameTemplate).onChange(i=>{this.plugin.settings.bookFileNameTemplate=i,this.plugin.saveSettings()})}),this.plugin.settings.useDefaultFrontMatter){new E.Setting(e).setName("Property mappings").setHeading();let t=e.createEl("div");t.innerHTML=`
+		<p>Choose how metadata fields are mapped to property names. The options are:</p>
+		<ul>
+			<li><strong>default</strong>: keep the original name.</li>
+			<li><strong>remap</strong>: rename the property.</li>
+			<li><strong>remove</strong>: remove the property entirely.</li>
+		</ul>
 		<p>
 			Don't forget to save your changes using the save button for each individual category.
-		</p>`,new Wn({target:this.containerEl,props:{models:this.plugin.settings.propertyMappingModels.map(i=>i.copy()),save:i=>{let n=[];for(let o of this.plugin.settings.propertyMappingModels)o.type===i.type?n.push(i):n.push(o);this.plugin.settings.propertyMappingModels=n,new C.Notice(`MDB: Property Mappings for ${i.type} saved successfully.`),this.plugin.saveSettings()}}})}}};var Di=class{constructor(){this.apis=[]}async query(e,t){console.debug(`MDB | api manager queried with "${e}"`);let i=this.apis.filter(n=>t.contains(n.apiName)).map(async n=>{try{return await n.searchByTitle(e)}catch(o){console.warn(o)}});return(await Promise.all(i)).flat()}async queryDetailedInfo(e){return await this.queryDetailedInfoById(e.id,e.dataSource)}async queryDetailedInfoById(e,t){for(let i of this.apis)if(i.apiName===t)return i.getById(e)}getApiByName(e){for(let t of this.apis)if(t.apiName===e)return t;return null}registerAPI(e){this.apis.push(e)}};var q=class{hasType(e){return this.types.contains(e)}hasTypeOverlap(e){return e.some(t=>this.hasType(t))}};var Ei=class extends q{constructor(t){super();this.apiDateFormat="DD MMM YYYY";this.plugin=t,this.apiName="OMDbAPI",this.apiDescription="A free API for Movies, Series and Games.",this.apiUrl="https://www.omdbapi.com/",this.types=["movie","series","game"],this.typeMappings=new Map,this.typeMappings.set("movie","movie"),this.typeMappings.set("series","series"),this.typeMappings.set("game","game")}async searchByTitle(t){if(console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`),!this.plugin.settings.OMDbKey)throw Error(`MDB | API key for ${this.apiName} missing.`);let i=`https://www.omdbapi.com/?s=${encodeURIComponent(t)}&apikey=${this.plugin.settings.OMDbKey}`,n=await fetch(i);if(n.status===401)throw Error(`MDB | Authentication for ${this.apiName} failed. Check the API key.`);if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=await n.json();if(o.Response==="False"){if(o.Error==="Movie not found!")return[];throw Error(`MDB | Received error from ${this.apiName}: 
-${JSON.stringify(o,void 0,4)}`)}if(!o.Search)return[];let a=[];for(let s of o.Search){let l=this.typeMappings.get(s.Type.toLowerCase());l!==void 0&&(l==="movie"?a.push(new me({type:l,title:s.Title,englishTitle:s.Title,year:s.Year,dataSource:this.apiName,id:s.imdbID})):l==="series"?a.push(new Ce({type:l,title:s.Title,englishTitle:s.Title,year:s.Year,dataSource:this.apiName,id:s.imdbID})):l==="game"&&a.push(new pe({type:l,title:s.Title,englishTitle:s.Title,year:s.Year,dataSource:this.apiName,id:s.imdbID})))}return a}async getById(t){var s,l,p,d,c,f,u,M,g,m,_,b,D,h,y,w,S,T,E,x,v,F,P,A,Q,U,ee,_e,le;if(console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`),!this.plugin.settings.OMDbKey)throw Error(`MDB | API key for ${this.apiName} missing.`);let i=`https://www.omdbapi.com/?i=${encodeURIComponent(t)}&apikey=${this.plugin.settings.OMDbKey}`,n=await fetch(i);if(n.status===401)throw Error(`MDB | Authentication for ${this.apiName} failed. Check the API key.`);if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=await n.json();if(o.Response==="False")throw Error(`MDB | Received error from ${this.apiName}: ${o.Error}`);let a=this.typeMappings.get(o.Type.toLowerCase());if(a===void 0)throw Error(`${o.type.toLowerCase()} is an unsupported type.`);if(a==="movie")return new me({type:a,title:o.Title,englishTitle:o.Title,year:o.Year,dataSource:this.apiName,url:`https://www.imdb.com/title/${o.imdbID}/`,id:o.imdbID,plot:(s=o.Plot)!=null?s:"",genres:(p=(l=o.Genre)==null?void 0:l.split(", "))!=null?p:[],director:(c=(d=o.Director)==null?void 0:d.split(", "))!=null?c:[],writer:(u=(f=o.Writer)==null?void 0:f.split(", "))!=null?u:[],studio:["N/A"],duration:(M=o.Runtime)!=null?M:"unknown",onlineRating:Number.parseFloat((g=o.imdbRating)!=null?g:0),actors:(_=(m=o.Actors)==null?void 0:m.split(", "))!=null?_:[],image:(b=o.Poster)!=null?b:"",released:!0,streamingServices:[],premiere:(D=this.plugin.dateFormatter.format(o.Released,this.apiDateFormat))!=null?D:"unknown",userData:{watched:!1,lastWatched:"",personalRating:0}});if(a==="series")return new Ce({type:a,title:o.Title,englishTitle:o.Title,year:o.Year,dataSource:this.apiName,url:`https://www.imdb.com/title/${o.imdbID}/`,id:o.imdbID,plot:(h=o.Plot)!=null?h:"",genres:(w=(y=o.Genre)==null?void 0:y.split(", "))!=null?w:[],writer:(T=(S=o.Writer)==null?void 0:S.split(", "))!=null?T:[],studio:[],episodes:0,duration:(E=o.Runtime)!=null?E:"unknown",onlineRating:Number.parseFloat((x=o.imdbRating)!=null?x:0),actors:(F=(v=o.Actors)==null?void 0:v.split(", "))!=null?F:[],image:(P=o.Poster)!=null?P:"",released:!0,streamingServices:[],airing:!1,airedFrom:(A=this.plugin.dateFormatter.format(o.Released,this.apiDateFormat))!=null?A:"unknown",airedTo:"unknown",userData:{watched:!1,lastWatched:"",personalRating:0}});if(a==="game")return new pe({type:a,title:o.Title,englishTitle:o.Title,year:o.Year,dataSource:this.apiName,url:`https://www.imdb.com/title/${o.imdbID}/`,id:o.imdbID,developers:[],publishers:[],genres:(U=(Q=o.Genre)==null?void 0:Q.split(", "))!=null?U:[],onlineRating:Number.parseFloat((ee=o.imdbRating)!=null?ee:0),image:(_e=o.Poster)!=null?_e:"",released:!0,releaseDate:(le=this.plugin.dateFormatter.format(o.Released,this.apiDateFormat))!=null?le:"unknown",userData:{played:!1,personalRating:0}})}};var Ci=class extends q{constructor(t){super();this.apiDateFormat="YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ssZ";this.plugin=t,this.apiName="MALAPI",this.apiDescription="A free API for Anime. Some results may take a long time to load.",this.apiUrl="https://jikan.moe/",this.types=["movie","series"],this.typeMappings=new Map,this.typeMappings.set("movie","movie"),this.typeMappings.set("special","special"),this.typeMappings.set("tv","series"),this.typeMappings.set("ova","ova")}async searchByTitle(t){var s,l,p,d,c,f,u,M,g,m,_,b,D,h,y,w,S,T,E;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`);let i=`https://api.jikan.moe/v4/anime?q=${encodeURIComponent(t)}&limit=20${this.plugin.settings.sfwFilter?"&sfw":""}`,n=await fetch(i);if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=await n.json(),a=[];for(let x of o.data){let v=this.typeMappings.get((s=x.type)==null?void 0:s.toLowerCase());v===void 0&&a.push(new me({subType:"",title:x.title,englishTitle:(l=x.title_english)!=null?l:x.title,year:(u=(f=x.year)!=null?f:(c=(d=(p=x.aired)==null?void 0:p.prop)==null?void 0:d.from)==null?void 0:c.year)!=null?u:"",dataSource:this.apiName,id:x.mal_id})),v==="movie"||v==="special"?a.push(new me({subType:v,title:x.title,englishTitle:(M=x.title_english)!=null?M:x.title,year:(D=(b=x.year)!=null?b:(_=(m=(g=x.aired)==null?void 0:g.prop)==null?void 0:m.from)==null?void 0:_.year)!=null?D:"",dataSource:this.apiName,id:x.mal_id})):(v==="series"||v==="ova")&&a.push(new Ce({subType:v,title:x.title,englishTitle:(h=x.title_english)!=null?h:x.title,year:(E=(T=x.year)!=null?T:(S=(w=(y=x.aired)==null?void 0:y.prop)==null?void 0:w.from)==null?void 0:S.year)!=null?E:"",dataSource:this.apiName,id:x.mal_id}))}return a}async getById(t){var l,p,d,c,f,u,M,g,m,_,b,D,h,y,w,S,T,E,x,v,F,P,A,Q,U,ee,_e,le,Ve,gt,Ie,Ge,ke,fe,Le,Ye,Se,yt,ei,Mt,ti,$t,ii,ri,Rt,Ot,ni,oi,De,ze,At,Nt,vt,Bt,It,Lt,Wt,$r,Rr,Or;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`);let i=`https://api.jikan.moe/v4/anime/${encodeURIComponent(t)}/full`,n=await fetch(i);if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let a=(await n.json()).data,s=this.typeMappings.get((l=a.type)==null?void 0:l.toLowerCase());if(s===void 0)return new me({subType:"",title:a.title,englishTitle:(p=a.title_english)!=null?p:a.title,year:(M=(u=a.year)!=null?u:(f=(c=(d=a.aired)==null?void 0:d.prop)==null?void 0:c.from)==null?void 0:f.year)!=null?M:"",dataSource:this.apiName,url:a.url,id:a.mal_id,plot:a.synopsis,genres:(m=(g=a.genres)==null?void 0:g.map(te=>te.name))!=null?m:[],director:[],writer:[],studio:(b=(_=a.studios)==null?void 0:_.map(te=>te.name).join(", "))!=null?b:"unknown",duration:(D=a.duration)!=null?D:"unknown",onlineRating:(h=a.score)!=null?h:0,actors:[],image:(S=(w=(y=a.images)==null?void 0:y.jpg)==null?void 0:w.image_url)!=null?S:"",released:!0,premiere:(E=this.plugin.dateFormatter.format((T=a.aired)==null?void 0:T.from,this.apiDateFormat))!=null?E:"unknown",streamingServices:(v=(x=a.streaming)==null?void 0:x.map(te=>te.name))!=null?v:[],userData:{watched:!1,lastWatched:"",personalRating:0}});if(s==="movie"||s==="special")return new me({subType:s,title:a.title,englishTitle:(F=a.title_english)!=null?F:a.title,year:(ee=(U=a.year)!=null?U:(Q=(A=(P=a.aired)==null?void 0:P.prop)==null?void 0:A.from)==null?void 0:Q.year)!=null?ee:"",dataSource:this.apiName,url:a.url,id:a.mal_id,plot:a.synopsis,genres:(le=(_e=a.genres)==null?void 0:_e.map(te=>te.name))!=null?le:[],director:[],writer:[],studio:(gt=(Ve=a.studios)==null?void 0:Ve.map(te=>te.name).join(", "))!=null?gt:"unknown",duration:(Ie=a.duration)!=null?Ie:"unknown",onlineRating:(Ge=a.score)!=null?Ge:0,actors:[],image:(Le=(fe=(ke=a.images)==null?void 0:ke.jpg)==null?void 0:fe.image_url)!=null?Le:"",released:!0,premiere:(Se=this.plugin.dateFormatter.format((Ye=a.aired)==null?void 0:Ye.from,this.apiDateFormat))!=null?Se:"unknown",streamingServices:(ei=(yt=a.streaming)==null?void 0:yt.map(te=>te.name))!=null?ei:[],userData:{watched:!1,lastWatched:"",personalRating:0}});if(s==="series"||s==="ova")return new Ce({subType:s,title:a.title,englishTitle:(Mt=a.title_english)!=null?Mt:a.title,year:(Rt=(ri=a.year)!=null?ri:(ii=($t=(ti=a.aired)==null?void 0:ti.prop)==null?void 0:$t.from)==null?void 0:ii.year)!=null?Rt:"",dataSource:this.apiName,url:a.url,id:a.mal_id,plot:a.synopsis,genres:(ni=(Ot=a.genres)==null?void 0:Ot.map(te=>te.name))!=null?ni:[],writer:[],studio:(De=(oi=a.studios)==null?void 0:oi.map(te=>te.name))!=null?De:[],episodes:a.episodes,duration:(ze=a.duration)!=null?ze:"unknown",onlineRating:(At=a.score)!=null?At:0,streamingServices:(vt=(Nt=a.streaming)==null?void 0:Nt.map(te=>te.name))!=null?vt:[],image:(Lt=(It=(Bt=a.images)==null?void 0:Bt.jpg)==null?void 0:It.image_url)!=null?Lt:"",released:!0,airedFrom:($r=this.plugin.dateFormatter.format((Wt=a.aired)==null?void 0:Wt.from,this.apiDateFormat))!=null?$r:"unknown",airedTo:(Or=this.plugin.dateFormatter.format((Rr=a.aired)==null?void 0:Rr.to,this.apiDateFormat))!=null?Or:"unknown",airing:a.airing,userData:{watched:!1,lastWatched:"",personalRating:0}})}};var Pi=class extends q{constructor(e){super(),this.plugin=e,this.apiName="MALAPI Manga",this.apiDescription="A free API for Manga. Some results may take a long time to load.",this.apiUrl="https://jikan.moe/",this.types=["manga"],this.typeMappings=new Map,this.typeMappings.set("manga","manga"),this.typeMappings.set("manhwa","manhwa"),this.typeMappings.set("doujinshi","doujin"),this.typeMappings.set("one-shot","oneshot"),this.typeMappings.set("manhua","manhua"),this.typeMappings.set("light novel","light-novel"),this.typeMappings.set("novel","novel")}async searchByTitle(e){var a,s,l,p,d,c,f,u,M,g,m,_,b,D,h,y,w,S,T,E,x;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`);let t=`https://api.jikan.moe/v4/manga?q=${encodeURIComponent(e)}&limit=20${this.plugin.settings.sfwFilter?"&sfw":""}`,i=await fetch(t);if(i.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${i.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let n=await i.json(),o=[];for(let v of n.data){let F=this.typeMappings.get((a=v.type)==null?void 0:a.toLowerCase());o.push(new ct({subType:F,title:v.title,plot:v.synopsis,englishTitle:(s=v.title_english)!=null?s:v.title,alternateTitles:(p=(l=v.titles)==null?void 0:l.map(P=>P.title))!=null?p:[],year:(M=(u=v.year)!=null?u:(f=(c=(d=v.published)==null?void 0:d.prop)==null?void 0:c.from)==null?void 0:f.year)!=null?M:"",dataSource:this.apiName,url:v.url,id:v.mal_id,genres:(m=(g=v.genres)==null?void 0:g.map(P=>P.name))!=null?m:[],authors:(b=(_=v.authors)==null?void 0:_.map(P=>P.name))!=null?b:[],chapters:v.chapters,volumes:v.volumes,onlineRating:(D=v.score)!=null?D:0,image:(w=(y=(h=v.images)==null?void 0:h.jpg)==null?void 0:y.image_url)!=null?w:"",released:!0,publishedFrom:(T=new Date((S=v.published)==null?void 0:S.from).toLocaleDateString())!=null?T:"unknown",publishedTo:(x=new Date((E=v.published)==null?void 0:E.to).toLocaleDateString())!=null?x:"unknown",status:v.status,userData:{watched:!1,lastWatched:"",personalRating:0}}))}return o}async getById(e){var s,l,p,d,c,f,u,M,g,m,_,b,D,h,y,w,S,T,E,x,v,F,P;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`);let t=`https://api.jikan.moe/v4/manga/${encodeURIComponent(e)}/full`,i=await fetch(t);if(i.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${i.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=(await i.json()).data,a=this.typeMappings.get((s=o.type)==null?void 0:s.toLowerCase());return new ct({subType:a,title:o.title,englishTitle:(l=o.title_english)!=null?l:o.title,alternateTitles:(d=(p=o.titles)==null?void 0:p.map(A=>A.title))!=null?d:[],year:(g=(M=o.year)!=null?M:(u=(f=(c=o.published)==null?void 0:c.prop)==null?void 0:f.from)==null?void 0:u.year)!=null?g:"",dataSource:this.apiName,url:o.url,id:o.mal_id,plot:(_=((m=o.synopsis)!=null?m:"unknown").replace(/"/g,"'"))!=null?_:"unknown",genres:(D=(b=o.genres)==null?void 0:b.map(A=>A.name))!=null?D:[],authors:(y=(h=o.authors)==null?void 0:h.map(A=>A.name))!=null?y:[],chapters:o.chapters,volumes:o.volumes,onlineRating:(w=o.score)!=null?w:0,image:(E=(T=(S=o.images)==null?void 0:S.jpg)==null?void 0:T.image_url)!=null?E:"",released:!0,publishedFrom:(v=new Date((x=o.published)==null?void 0:x.from).toLocaleDateString())!=null?v:"unknown",publishedTo:(P=new Date((F=o.published)==null?void 0:F.to).toLocaleDateString())!=null?P:"unknown",status:o.status,userData:{watched:!1,lastWatched:"",personalRating:0}})}};var Fi=class extends q{constructor(t){super();this.apiDateFormat="YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ssZ";this.plugin=t,this.apiName="Wikipedia API",this.apiDescription="The API behind Wikipedia",this.apiUrl="https://www.wikipedia.com",this.types=["wiki"]}async searchByTitle(t){console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`);let i=`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&list=search&srsearch=${encodeURIComponent(t)}&srlimit=20&utf8=&format=json&origin=*`,n=await fetch(i);if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=await n.json();console.debug(o);let a=[];for(let s of o.query.search)a.push(new ut({type:"wiki",title:s.title,englishTitle:s.title,year:"",dataSource:this.apiName,id:s.pageid}));return a}async getById(t){var s;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`);let i=`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&prop=info&pageids=${encodeURIComponent(t)}&inprop=url&format=json&origin=*`,n=await fetch(i);if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=await n.json(),a=Object.entries((s=o==null?void 0:o.query)==null?void 0:s.pages)[0][1];return new ut({type:"wiki",title:a.title,englishTitle:a.title,year:"",dataSource:this.apiName,url:a.fullurl,id:a.pageid,wikiUrl:a.fullurl,lastUpdated:this.plugin.dateFormatter.format(a.touched,this.apiDateFormat),length:a.length,userData:{}})}};var Cr=require("obsidian");var ki=class extends q{constructor(e){super(),this.plugin=e,this.apiName="MusicBrainz API",this.apiDescription="Free API for music albums.",this.apiUrl="https://musicbrainz.org/",this.types=["musicRelease"]}async searchByTitle(e){console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`);let t=`https://musicbrainz.org/ws/2/release-group?query=${encodeURIComponent(e)}&limit=20&fmt=json`,i=await(0,Cr.requestUrl)({url:t,headers:{"User-Agent":`${pr}/${cr} (${dr})`}});if(i.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${i.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let n=await i.json,o=[];for(let a of n["release-groups"])o.push(new mt({type:"musicRelease",title:a.title,englishTitle:a.title,year:new Date(a["first-release-date"]).getFullYear().toString(),dataSource:this.apiName,url:"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/"+a.id,id:a.id,image:"https://coverartarchive.org/release-group/"+a.id+"/front",artists:a["artist-credit"].map(s=>s.name),subType:a["primary-type"]}));return o}async getById(e){console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`);let t=`https://musicbrainz.org/ws/2/release-group/${encodeURIComponent(e)}?inc=releases+artists+tags+ratings+genres&fmt=json`,i=await(0,Cr.requestUrl)({url:t,headers:{"User-Agent":`${pr}/${cr} (${dr})`}});if(i.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${i.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let n=await i.json;return new mt({type:"musicRelease",title:n.title,englishTitle:n.title,year:new Date(n["first-release-date"]).getFullYear().toString(),dataSource:this.apiName,url:"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/"+n.id,id:n.id,image:"https://coverartarchive.org/release-group/"+n.id+"/front",artists:n["artist-credit"].map(o=>o.name),genres:n.genres.map(o=>o.name),subType:n["primary-type"],rating:n.rating.value*2,userData:{personalRating:0}})}};var Pr=require("obsidian");var $i=class extends q{constructor(t){super();this.apiDateFormat="DD MMM, YYYY";this.plugin=t,this.apiName="SteamAPI",this.apiDescription="A free API for all Steam games.",this.apiUrl="https://www.steampowered.com/",this.types=["game"],this.typeMappings=new Map,this.typeMappings.set("game","game")}async searchByTitle(t){console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`);let i=`https://steamcommunity.com/actions/SearchApps/${encodeURIComponent(t)}`,n=await(0,Pr.requestUrl)({url:i});if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=await n.json,a=[];for(let s of o)a.push(new pe({type:"game",title:s.name,englishTitle:s.name,year:"",dataSource:this.apiName,id:s.appid}));return a}async getById(t){var a,s,l,p,d,c,f,u;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`);let i=`https://store.steampowered.com/api/appdetails?appids=${encodeURIComponent(t)}&l=en`,n=await(0,Pr.requestUrl)({url:i});if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o;for(let[M,g]of Object.entries(await n.json))M===String(t)&&(o=g.data);if(!o)throw Error("MDB | API returned invalid data.");return new pe({type:"game",title:o.name,englishTitle:o.name,year:new Date(o.release_date.date).getFullYear().toString(),dataSource:this.apiName,url:`https://store.steampowered.com/app/${o.steam_appid}`,id:o.steam_appid,developers:o.developers,publishers:o.publishers,genres:(s=(a=o.genres)==null?void 0:a.map(M=>M.description))!=null?s:[],onlineRating:Number.parseFloat((p=(l=o.metacritic)==null?void 0:l.score)!=null?p:0),image:(d=o.header_image)!=null?d:"",released:!((c=o.release_date)!=null&&c.comming_soon),releaseDate:(u=this.plugin.dateFormatter.format((f=o.release_date)==null?void 0:f.date,this.apiDateFormat))!=null?u:"unknown",userData:{played:!1,personalRating:0}})}};var Fr=require("obsidian");var Ri=class extends q{constructor(e){super(),this.plugin=e,this.apiName="BoardGameGeekAPI",this.apiDescription="A free API for BoardGameGeek things.",this.apiUrl="https://api.geekdo.com/xmlapi",this.types=["boardgame"]}async searchByTitle(e){var s,l,p,d;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`);let t=`${this.apiUrl}/search?search=${encodeURIComponent(e)}`,i=await(0,Fr.requestUrl)({url:t});if(i.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${i.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let n=i.text,o=new window.DOMParser().parseFromString(n,"text/xml"),a=[];for(let c of Array.from(o.querySelectorAll("boardgame"))){let f=c.attributes.getNamedItem("objectid").value,u=(l=(s=c.querySelector("name[primary=true]"))==null?void 0:s.textContent)!=null?l:c.querySelector("name").textContent,M=(d=(p=c.querySelector("yearpublished"))==null?void 0:p.textContent)!=null?d:"";a.push(new ft({dataSource:this.apiName,id:f,title:u,englishTitle:u,year:M}))}return a}async getById(e){var _,b,D,h,y,w,S,T,E,x,v,F,P,A;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`);let t=`${this.apiUrl}/boardgame/${encodeURIComponent(e)}?stats=1`,i=await(0,Fr.requestUrl)({url:t});if(i.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${i.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let n=i.text,a=new window.DOMParser().parseFromString(n,"text/xml").querySelector("boardgame"),s=a.querySelector("name[primary=true]").textContent,l=(b=(_=a.querySelector("yearpublished"))==null?void 0:_.textContent)!=null?b:"",p=(h=(D=a.querySelector("image"))==null?void 0:D.textContent)!=null?h:void 0,d=Number.parseFloat((w=(y=a.querySelector("statistics ratings average"))==null?void 0:y.textContent)!=null?w:"0"),c=Array.from(a.querySelectorAll("boardgamecategory")).map(Q=>Q.textContent),f=Number.parseFloat((T=(S=a.querySelector("averageweight"))==null?void 0:S.textContent)!=null?T:"0"),u=Number.parseFloat((x=(E=a.querySelector("minplayers"))==null?void 0:E.textContent)!=null?x:"0"),M=Number.parseFloat((F=(v=a.querySelector("maxplayers"))==null?void 0:v.textContent)!=null?F:"0"),g=((A=(P=a.querySelector("playingtime"))==null?void 0:P.textContent)!=null?A:"unknown")+" minutes",m=Array.from(a.querySelectorAll("boardgamepublisher")).map(Q=>Q.textContent);return new ft({title:s,englishTitle:s,year:l==="0"?"":l,dataSource:this.apiName,url:`https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/${e}`,id:e,genres:c,onlineRating:d,complexityRating:f,minPlayers:u,maxPlayers:M,playtime:g,publishers:m,image:p,released:!0,userData:{played:!1,personalRating:0}})}};var Oi=class extends q{constructor(e){super(),this.plugin=e,this.apiName="OpenLibraryAPI",this.apiDescription="A free API for books",this.apiUrl="https://openlibrary.org/",this.types=["book"]}async searchByTitle(e){var a,s;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`);let t=`https://openlibrary.org/search.json?title=${encodeURIComponent(e)}`,i=await fetch(t);if(i.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${i.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let n=await i.json(),o=[];for(let l of n.docs)o.push(new ht({title:l.title,englishTitle:(a=l.title_english)!=null?a:l.title,year:l.first_publish_year,dataSource:this.apiName,id:l.key,author:(s=l.author_name)!=null?s:"unknown"}));return o}async getById(e){var a,s,l,p,d,c,f,u,M;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`);let t=`https://openlibrary.org/search.json?q=key:${encodeURIComponent(e)}`,i=await fetch(t);if(i.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${i.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=(await i.json()).docs[0];return new ht({title:o.title,year:o.first_publish_year,dataSource:this.apiName,url:"https://openlibrary.org"+o.key,id:o.key,isbn:(s=((a=o.isbn)!=null?a:[]).find(g=>g.length<=10))!=null?s:"unknown",isbn13:(p=((l=o.isbn)!=null?l:[]).find(g=>g.length==13))!=null?p:"unknown",englishTitle:(d=o.title_english)!=null?d:o.title,author:(c=o.author_name)!=null?c:"unknown",plot:(f=o.description)!=null?f:"unknown",pages:(u=o.number_of_pages_median)!=null?u:"unknown",onlineRating:Number.parseFloat(Number((M=o.ratings_average)!=null?M:0).toFixed(2)),image:"https://covers.openlibrary.org/b/OLID/"+o.cover_edition_key+"-L.jpg",released:!0,userData:{read:!1,lastRead:"",personalRating:0}})}};var kr=require("obsidian");var Ai=class extends q{constructor(t){super();this.apiDateFormat="YYYY-DD-MM";this.plugin=t,this.apiName="MobyGamesAPI",this.apiDescription="A free API for games.",this.apiUrl="https://api.mobygames.com/v1",this.types=["game"]}async searchByTitle(t){if(console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`),!this.plugin.settings.MobyGamesKey)throw Error(`MDB | API key for ${this.apiName} missing.`);let i=`${this.apiUrl}/games?title=${encodeURIComponent(t)}&api_key=${this.plugin.settings.MobyGamesKey}`,n=await(0,kr.requestUrl)({url:i});if(n.status===401)throw Error(`MDB | Authentication for ${this.apiName} failed. Check the API key.`);if(n.status===429)throw Error(`MDB | Too many requests for ${this.apiName}, you've exceeded your API quota.`);if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=await n.json,a=[];for(let s of o.games)a.push(new pe({type:"game",title:s.title,englishTitle:s.title,year:new Date(s.platforms[0].first_release_date).getFullYear().toString(),dataSource:this.apiName,id:s.game_id}));return a}async getById(t){var s,l,p,d,c;if(console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`),!this.plugin.settings.MobyGamesKey)throw Error(`MDB | API key for ${this.apiName} missing.`);let i=`${this.apiUrl}/games?id=${encodeURIComponent(t)}&api_key=${this.plugin.settings.MobyGamesKey}`,n=await(0,kr.requestUrl)({url:i});if(console.debug(n),n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let a=(await n.json).games[0];return new pe({type:"game",title:a.title,englishTitle:a.title,year:new Date(a.platforms[0].first_release_date).getFullYear().toString(),dataSource:this.apiName,url:`https://www.mobygames.com/game/${a.game_id}`,id:a.game_id,developers:[],publishers:[],genres:(l=(s=a.genres)==null?void 0:s.map(f=>f.genre_name))!=null?l:[],onlineRating:a.moby_score,image:(d=(p=a.sample_cover)==null?void 0:p.image)!=null?d:"",released:!0,releaseDate:(c=a.platforms[0].first_release_date)!=null?c:"unknown",userData:{played:!1,personalRating:0}})}};var Ni=class{constructor(e){this.plugin=e}convertObject(e){if(!e.hasOwnProperty("type")||Pe.filter(n=>n.toString()==e.type).length<1)return e;let t=this.plugin.settings.propertyMappingModels.find(n=>n.type===e.type).properties,i={};for(let[n,o]of Object.entries(e))for(let a of t)if(a.property===n){a.mapping==="remap"?i[a.newProperty]=o:a.mapping==="remove"||a.mapping==="default"&&(i[n]=o);break}return i}convertObjectBack(e){if(!e.hasOwnProperty("type")||Pe.contains(e.type))return e;let t=this.plugin.settings.propertyMappingModels.find(n=>n.type===e.type).properties,i={};e:for(let[n,o]of Object.entries(e)){for(let a of t)if(a.property===n){i[n]=o;continue e}for(let a of t)if(a.newProperty===n){i[a.property]=o;continue e}}return i}};var Fe=require("obsidian"),Bi=class extends Fe.Modal{constructor(e,t,i){super(e),this.plugin=t,this.onSubmit=i,this.selectedApi=t.apiManager.apis[0].apiName}submit(){this.onSubmit(this.selectedApi,this.titleFieldName,this.appendContent),this.close()}onOpen(){let{contentEl:e}=this;e.createEl("h2",{text:"Import folder as Media DB entries"});let t=e.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-wrapper"});t.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text-wrapper"}).createEl("span",{text:"API to search",cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text"});let n=new Fe.DropdownComponent(t);n.onChange(c=>{this.selectedApi=c});for(let c of this.plugin.apiManager.apis)n.addOption(c.apiName,c.apiName);t.appendChild(n.selectEl),e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"}),e.createEl("h3",{text:"Append note content to Media DB entry."});let o=e.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-wrapper"});o.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text-wrapper"}).createEl("span",{text:"If this is enabled, the plugin will override metadata fields with the same name.",cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text"});let s=o.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-toggle"}),l=new Fe.ToggleComponent(o);l.setValue(!1),l.onChange(c=>this.appendContent=c),s.appendChild(l.toggleEl),e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"}),e.createEl("h3",{text:"The name of the metadata field that should be used as the title to query."});let p="title",d=new Fe.TextComponent(e);d.inputEl.style.width="100%",d.setPlaceholder(p),d.onChange(c=>this.titleFieldName=c),d.inputEl.addEventListener("keydown",c=>{c.key==="Enter"&&this.submit()}),e.appendChild(d.inputEl),e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"}),new Fe.Setting(e).addButton(c=>{c.setButtonText("Cancel"),c.onClick(()=>this.close()),c.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button")}).addButton(c=>{c.setButtonText("Ok"),c.setCta(),c.onClick(()=>{this.submit()}),c.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.searchBtn=c})}onClose(){let{contentEl:e}=this;e.empty()}};var be=require("obsidian");var Ii=class extends be.Modal{constructor(e,t){t=Object.assign({},qn,t),super(e.app),this.plugin=e,this.selectedApis=[],this.title=t.modalTitle,this.query=t.prefilledSearchString;for(let i of this.plugin.apiManager.apis)this.selectedApis.push({name:i.apiName,selected:t.preselectedAPIs.contains(i.apiName)})}setSubmitCallback(e){this.submitCallback=e}setCloseCallback(e){this.closeCallback=e}keyPressCallback(e){e.key==="Enter"&&this.search()}async search(){if(!this.query||this.query.length<3){new be.Notice("MDB | Query too short");return}let e=this.selectedApis.filter(t=>t.selected).map(t=>t.name);if(e.length===0){new be.Notice("MDB | No API selected");return}this.isBusy||(this.isBusy=!0,this.searchBtn.setDisabled(!1),this.searchBtn.setButtonText("Searching..."),this.submitCallback({query:this.query,apis:e}))}onOpen(){let{contentEl:e}=this;e.createEl("h2",{text:this.title});let t="Search by title",i=new be.TextComponent(e);i.inputEl.style.width="100%",i.setPlaceholder(t),i.setValue(this.query),i.onChange(n=>this.query=n),i.inputEl.addEventListener("keydown",this.keyPressCallback.bind(this)),e.appendChild(i.inputEl),i.inputEl.focus(),e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"}),e.createEl("h3",{text:"APIs to search"});for(let n of this.plugin.apiManager.apis){let o=e.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-wrapper"}),a=o.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text-wrapper"});a.createEl("span",{text:n.apiName,cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text"}),a.createEl("small",{text:n.apiDescription,cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text"});let s=o.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-toggle"}),l=new be.ToggleComponent(s);l.setTooltip(n.apiName),l.setValue(this.selectedApis.find(p=>p.name===n.apiName).selected),l.onChange(p=>{this.selectedApis.find(d=>d.name===n.apiName).selected=p}),s.appendChild(l.toggleEl)}e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"}),new be.Setting(e).addButton(n=>{n.setButtonText("Cancel"),n.onClick(()=>this.close()),n.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button")}).addButton(n=>{n.setButtonText("Ok"),n.setCta(),n.onClick(()=>{this.search()}),n.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.searchBtn=n})}onClose(){this.closeCallback();let{contentEl:e}=this;e.empty()}};var we=require("obsidian");var Li=class extends we.Modal{constructor(e,t){t=Object.assign({},Un,t),super(e.app),this.plugin=e,this.title=t.modalTitle,this.selectedApi=t.preselectedAPI||e.apiManager.apis[0].apiName}setSubmitCallback(e){this.submitCallback=e}setCloseCallback(e){this.closeCallback=e}keyPressCallback(e){e.key==="Enter"&&this.search()}async search(){if(!this.query){new we.Notice("MDB | no Id entered");return}if(!this.selectedApi){new we.Notice("MDB | No API selected");return}this.isBusy||(this.isBusy=!0,this.searchBtn.setDisabled(!1),this.searchBtn.setButtonText("Searching..."),this.submitCallback({query:this.query,api:this.selectedApi}))}onOpen(){let{contentEl:e}=this;e.createEl("h2",{text:this.title});let t="Search by id",i=new we.TextComponent(e);i.inputEl.style.width="100%",i.setPlaceholder(t),i.onChange(s=>this.query=s),i.inputEl.addEventListener("keydown",this.keyPressCallback.bind(this)),e.appendChild(i.inputEl),i.inputEl.focus(),e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"});let n=e.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-wrapper"});n.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text-wrapper"}).createEl("span",{text:"API to search",cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text"});let a=new we.DropdownComponent(n);a.onChange(s=>{this.selectedApi=s});for(let s of this.plugin.apiManager.apis)a.addOption(s.apiName,s.apiName);n.appendChild(a.selectEl),e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"}),new we.Setting(e).addButton(s=>{s.setButtonText("Cancel"),s.onClick(()=>this.close()),s.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button")}).addButton(s=>{s.setButtonText("Ok"),s.setCta(),s.onClick(()=>{this.search()}),s.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.searchBtn=s})}onClose(){this.closeCallback();let{contentEl:e}=this;e.empty()}};var qi=require("obsidian");var Wi=class{constructor(e,t,i,n,o=!1){this.value=e,this.id=i,this.active=o,this.selectModal=n,this.cssClass="media-db-plugin-select-element",this.activeClass="media-db-plugin-select-element-selected",this.hoverClass="media-db-plugin-select-element-hover",this.element=t.createDiv({cls:this.cssClass}),this.element.id=this.getHTMLId(),this.element.on("click","#"+this.getHTMLId(),()=>{this.setActive(!this.active),this.selectModal.allowMultiSelect||this.selectModal.disableAllOtherElements(this.id)}),this.element.on("mouseenter","#"+this.getHTMLId(),()=>{this.setHighlighted(!0)}),this.element.on("mouseleave","#"+this.getHTMLId(),()=>{this.setHighlighted(!1)})}getHTMLId(){return`media-db-plugin-select-element-${this.id}`}isHighlighted(){return this.highlighted}setHighlighted(e){this.highlighted=e,this.highlighted?(this.addClass(this.hoverClass),this.selectModal.deHighlightAllOtherElements(this.id)):this.removeClass(this.hoverClass)}isActive(){return this.active}setActive(e){this.active=e,this.update()}update(){this.active?this.addClass(this.activeClass):this.removeClass(this.activeClass)}addClass(e){this.element.hasClass(e)||this.element.addClass(e)}removeClass(e){this.element.hasClass(e)&&this.element.removeClass(e)}};var ji=class extends qi.Modal{constructor(e,t,i=!0){super(e),this.allowMultiSelect=i,this.title="",this.description="",this.addSkipButton=!1,this.cancelButton=void 0,this.skipButton=void 0,this.submitButton=void 0,this.elementWrapper=void 0,this.elements=t,this.selectModalElements=[],this.scope.register([],"ArrowUp",n=>{this.highlightUp(),n.preventDefault()}),this.scope.register([],"ArrowDown",n=>{this.highlightDown(),n.preventDefault()}),this.scope.register([],"ArrowRight",()=>{this.activateHighlighted()}),this.scope.register([]," ",n=>{this.elementWrapper&&this.elementWrapper===document.activeElement&&(this.activateHighlighted(),n.preventDefault())}),this.scope.register([],"Enter",()=>this.submit())}disableAllOtherElements(e){for(let t of this.selectModalElements)t.id!==e&&t.setActive(!1)}deHighlightAllOtherElements(e){for(let t of this.selectModalElements)t.id!==e&&t.setHighlighted(!1)}async onOpen(){var o;let{contentEl:e,titleEl:t}=this;t.createEl("h2",{text:this.title}),e.addClass("media-db-plugin-select-modal"),e.createEl("p",{text:this.description}),this.elementWrapper=e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-select-wrapper"}),this.elementWrapper.tabIndex=0;let i=0;for(let a of this.elements){let s=new Wi(a,this.elementWrapper,i,this,!1);this.selectModalElements.push(s),this.renderElement(a,s.element),i+=1}(o=this.selectModalElements.first())==null||o.element.scrollIntoView();let n=new qi.Setting(e);n.addButton(a=>{a.setButtonText("Cancel"),a.onClick(()=>this.close()),a.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.cancelButton=a}),this.addSkipButton&&n.addButton(a=>{a.setButtonText("Skip"),a.onClick(()=>this.skip()),a.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.skipButton=a}),n.addButton(a=>{a.setButtonText("Ok"),a.setCta(),a.onClick(()=>this.submit()),a.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.submitButton=a})}activateHighlighted(){for(let e of this.selectModalElements)e.isHighlighted()&&(e.setActive(!e.isActive()),this.allowMultiSelect||this.disableAllOtherElements(e.id))}highlightUp(){for(let e of this.selectModalElements)if(e.isHighlighted()){this.getPreviousSelectModalElement(e).setHighlighted(!0);return}this.selectModalElements.last().setHighlighted(!0)}highlightDown(){for(let e of this.selectModalElements)if(e.isHighlighted()){this.getNextSelectModalElement(e).setHighlighted(!0);return}this.selectModalElements.first().setHighlighted(!0)}getNextSelectModalElement(e){let t=e.id+1;return t=mi(t,this.selectModalElements.length),this.selectModalElements.filter(i=>i.id===t).first()}getPreviousSelectModalElement(e){let t=e.id-1;return t=mi(t,this.selectModalElements.length),this.selectModalElements.filter(i=>i.id===t).first()}};var Ui=class extends ji{constructor(e,t){t=Object.assign({},Hn,t),super(e.app,t.elements,t.multiSelect),this.plugin=e,this.title=t.modalTitle,this.description="Select one or multiple search results.",this.addSkipButton=t.skipButton,this.busy=!1,this.sendCallback=!1}setSubmitCallback(e){this.submitCallback=e}setCloseCallback(e){this.closeCallback=e}setSkipCallback(e){this.skipCallback=e}renderElement(e,t){t.createEl("div",{text:this.plugin.mediaTypeManager.getFileName(e)}),t.createEl("small",{text:`${e.getSummary()}
+		</p>`,new Wn({target:this.containerEl,props:{models:this.plugin.settings.propertyMappingModels.map(i=>i.copy()),save:i=>{let n=[];for(let o of this.plugin.settings.propertyMappingModels)o.type===i.type?n.push(i):n.push(o);this.plugin.settings.propertyMappingModels=n,new E.Notice(`MDB: Property mappings for ${i.type} saved successfully.`),this.plugin.saveSettings()}}})}}};var Di=class{constructor(){this.apis=[]}async query(e,t){console.debug(`MDB | api manager queried with "${e}"`);let i=this.apis.filter(n=>t.contains(n.apiName)).map(async n=>{try{return await n.searchByTitle(e)}catch(o){console.warn(o)}});return(await Promise.all(i)).flat()}async queryDetailedInfo(e){return await this.queryDetailedInfoById(e.id,e.dataSource)}async queryDetailedInfoById(e,t){for(let i of this.apis)if(i.apiName===t)return i.getById(e)}getApiByName(e){for(let t of this.apis)if(t.apiName===e)return t;return null}registerAPI(e){this.apis.push(e)}};var q=class{hasType(e){return this.types.contains(e)}hasTypeOverlap(e){return e.some(t=>this.hasType(t))}};var Ei=class extends q{constructor(t){super();this.apiDateFormat="DD MMM YYYY";this.plugin=t,this.apiName="OMDbAPI",this.apiDescription="A free API for Movies, Series and Games.",this.apiUrl="https://www.omdbapi.com/",this.types=["movie","series","game"],this.typeMappings=new Map,this.typeMappings.set("movie","movie"),this.typeMappings.set("series","series"),this.typeMappings.set("game","game")}async searchByTitle(t){if(console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`),!this.plugin.settings.OMDbKey)throw Error(`MDB | API key for ${this.apiName} missing.`);let i=`https://www.omdbapi.com/?s=${encodeURIComponent(t)}&apikey=${this.plugin.settings.OMDbKey}`,n=await fetch(i);if(n.status===401)throw Error(`MDB | Authentication for ${this.apiName} failed. Check the API key.`);if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=await n.json();if(o.Response==="False"){if(o.Error==="Movie not found!")return[];throw Error(`MDB | Received error from ${this.apiName}: 
+${JSON.stringify(o,void 0,4)}`)}if(!o.Search)return[];let a=[];for(let s of o.Search){let l=this.typeMappings.get(s.Type.toLowerCase());l!==void 0&&(l==="movie"?a.push(new me({type:l,title:s.Title,englishTitle:s.Title,year:s.Year,dataSource:this.apiName,id:s.imdbID})):l==="series"?a.push(new Ce({type:l,title:s.Title,englishTitle:s.Title,year:s.Year,dataSource:this.apiName,id:s.imdbID})):l==="game"&&a.push(new pe({type:l,title:s.Title,englishTitle:s.Title,year:s.Year,dataSource:this.apiName,id:s.imdbID})))}return a}async getById(t){var s,l,p,d,c,f,u,M,g,m,_,b,D,h,y,w,S,T,C,x,v,k,P,N,Q,U,ee,_e,le;if(console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`),!this.plugin.settings.OMDbKey)throw Error(`MDB | API key for ${this.apiName} missing.`);let i=`https://www.omdbapi.com/?i=${encodeURIComponent(t)}&apikey=${this.plugin.settings.OMDbKey}`,n=await fetch(i);if(n.status===401)throw Error(`MDB | Authentication for ${this.apiName} failed. Check the API key.`);if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=await n.json();if(o.Response==="False")throw Error(`MDB | Received error from ${this.apiName}: ${o.Error}`);let a=this.typeMappings.get(o.Type.toLowerCase());if(a===void 0)throw Error(`${o.type.toLowerCase()} is an unsupported type.`);if(a==="movie")return new me({type:a,title:o.Title,englishTitle:o.Title,year:o.Year,dataSource:this.apiName,url:`https://www.imdb.com/title/${o.imdbID}/`,id:o.imdbID,plot:(s=o.Plot)!=null?s:"",genres:(p=(l=o.Genre)==null?void 0:l.split(", "))!=null?p:[],director:(c=(d=o.Director)==null?void 0:d.split(", "))!=null?c:[],writer:(u=(f=o.Writer)==null?void 0:f.split(", "))!=null?u:[],studio:["N/A"],duration:(M=o.Runtime)!=null?M:"unknown",onlineRating:Number.parseFloat((g=o.imdbRating)!=null?g:0),actors:(_=(m=o.Actors)==null?void 0:m.split(", "))!=null?_:[],image:(b=o.Poster)!=null?b:"",released:!0,streamingServices:[],premiere:(D=this.plugin.dateFormatter.format(o.Released,this.apiDateFormat))!=null?D:"unknown",userData:{watched:!1,lastWatched:"",personalRating:0}});if(a==="series")return new Ce({type:a,title:o.Title,englishTitle:o.Title,year:o.Year,dataSource:this.apiName,url:`https://www.imdb.com/title/${o.imdbID}/`,id:o.imdbID,plot:(h=o.Plot)!=null?h:"",genres:(w=(y=o.Genre)==null?void 0:y.split(", "))!=null?w:[],writer:(T=(S=o.Writer)==null?void 0:S.split(", "))!=null?T:[],studio:[],episodes:0,duration:(C=o.Runtime)!=null?C:"unknown",onlineRating:Number.parseFloat((x=o.imdbRating)!=null?x:0),actors:(k=(v=o.Actors)==null?void 0:v.split(", "))!=null?k:[],image:(P=o.Poster)!=null?P:"",released:!0,streamingServices:[],airing:!1,airedFrom:(N=this.plugin.dateFormatter.format(o.Released,this.apiDateFormat))!=null?N:"unknown",airedTo:"unknown",userData:{watched:!1,lastWatched:"",personalRating:0}});if(a==="game")return new pe({type:a,title:o.Title,englishTitle:o.Title,year:o.Year,dataSource:this.apiName,url:`https://www.imdb.com/title/${o.imdbID}/`,id:o.imdbID,developers:[],publishers:[],genres:(U=(Q=o.Genre)==null?void 0:Q.split(", "))!=null?U:[],onlineRating:Number.parseFloat((ee=o.imdbRating)!=null?ee:0),image:(_e=o.Poster)!=null?_e:"",released:!0,releaseDate:(le=this.plugin.dateFormatter.format(o.Released,this.apiDateFormat))!=null?le:"unknown",userData:{played:!1,personalRating:0}})}};var Ci=class extends q{constructor(t){super();this.apiDateFormat="YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ssZ";this.plugin=t,this.apiName="MALAPI",this.apiDescription="A free API for Anime. Some results may take a long time to load.",this.apiUrl="https://jikan.moe/",this.types=["movie","series"],this.typeMappings=new Map,this.typeMappings.set("movie","movie"),this.typeMappings.set("special","special"),this.typeMappings.set("tv","series"),this.typeMappings.set("ova","ova")}async searchByTitle(t){var s,l,p,d,c,f,u,M,g,m,_,b,D,h,y,w,S,T,C;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`);let i=`https://api.jikan.moe/v4/anime?q=${encodeURIComponent(t)}&limit=20${this.plugin.settings.sfwFilter?"&sfw":""}`,n=await fetch(i);if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=await n.json(),a=[];for(let x of o.data){let v=this.typeMappings.get((s=x.type)==null?void 0:s.toLowerCase());v===void 0&&a.push(new me({subType:"",title:x.title,englishTitle:(l=x.title_english)!=null?l:x.title,year:(u=(f=x.year)!=null?f:(c=(d=(p=x.aired)==null?void 0:p.prop)==null?void 0:d.from)==null?void 0:c.year)!=null?u:"",dataSource:this.apiName,id:x.mal_id})),v==="movie"||v==="special"?a.push(new me({subType:v,title:x.title,englishTitle:(M=x.title_english)!=null?M:x.title,year:(D=(b=x.year)!=null?b:(_=(m=(g=x.aired)==null?void 0:g.prop)==null?void 0:m.from)==null?void 0:_.year)!=null?D:"",dataSource:this.apiName,id:x.mal_id})):(v==="series"||v==="ova")&&a.push(new Ce({subType:v,title:x.title,englishTitle:(h=x.title_english)!=null?h:x.title,year:(C=(T=x.year)!=null?T:(S=(w=(y=x.aired)==null?void 0:y.prop)==null?void 0:w.from)==null?void 0:S.year)!=null?C:"",dataSource:this.apiName,id:x.mal_id}))}return a}async getById(t){var l,p,d,c,f,u,M,g,m,_,b,D,h,y,w,S,T,C,x,v,k,P,N,Q,U,ee,_e,le,Ve,gt,Ie,Ge,Fe,fe,Le,Ye,Se,yt,ei,Mt,ti,$t,ii,ri,Rt,Ot,ni,oi,De,ze,Nt,At,vt,Bt,It,Lt,Wt,$r,Rr,Or;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`);let i=`https://api.jikan.moe/v4/anime/${encodeURIComponent(t)}/full`,n=await fetch(i);if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let a=(await n.json()).data,s=this.typeMappings.get((l=a.type)==null?void 0:l.toLowerCase());if(s===void 0)return new me({subType:"",title:a.title,englishTitle:(p=a.title_english)!=null?p:a.title,year:(M=(u=a.year)!=null?u:(f=(c=(d=a.aired)==null?void 0:d.prop)==null?void 0:c.from)==null?void 0:f.year)!=null?M:"",dataSource:this.apiName,url:a.url,id:a.mal_id,plot:a.synopsis,genres:(m=(g=a.genres)==null?void 0:g.map(te=>te.name))!=null?m:[],director:[],writer:[],studio:(b=(_=a.studios)==null?void 0:_.map(te=>te.name).join(", "))!=null?b:"unknown",duration:(D=a.duration)!=null?D:"unknown",onlineRating:(h=a.score)!=null?h:0,actors:[],image:(S=(w=(y=a.images)==null?void 0:y.jpg)==null?void 0:w.image_url)!=null?S:"",released:!0,premiere:(C=this.plugin.dateFormatter.format((T=a.aired)==null?void 0:T.from,this.apiDateFormat))!=null?C:"unknown",streamingServices:(v=(x=a.streaming)==null?void 0:x.map(te=>te.name))!=null?v:[],userData:{watched:!1,lastWatched:"",personalRating:0}});if(s==="movie"||s==="special")return new me({subType:s,title:a.title,englishTitle:(k=a.title_english)!=null?k:a.title,year:(ee=(U=a.year)!=null?U:(Q=(N=(P=a.aired)==null?void 0:P.prop)==null?void 0:N.from)==null?void 0:Q.year)!=null?ee:"",dataSource:this.apiName,url:a.url,id:a.mal_id,plot:a.synopsis,genres:(le=(_e=a.genres)==null?void 0:_e.map(te=>te.name))!=null?le:[],director:[],writer:[],studio:(gt=(Ve=a.studios)==null?void 0:Ve.map(te=>te.name).join(", "))!=null?gt:"unknown",duration:(Ie=a.duration)!=null?Ie:"unknown",onlineRating:(Ge=a.score)!=null?Ge:0,actors:[],image:(Le=(fe=(Fe=a.images)==null?void 0:Fe.jpg)==null?void 0:fe.image_url)!=null?Le:"",released:!0,premiere:(Se=this.plugin.dateFormatter.format((Ye=a.aired)==null?void 0:Ye.from,this.apiDateFormat))!=null?Se:"unknown",streamingServices:(ei=(yt=a.streaming)==null?void 0:yt.map(te=>te.name))!=null?ei:[],userData:{watched:!1,lastWatched:"",personalRating:0}});if(s==="series"||s==="ova")return new Ce({subType:s,title:a.title,englishTitle:(Mt=a.title_english)!=null?Mt:a.title,year:(Rt=(ri=a.year)!=null?ri:(ii=($t=(ti=a.aired)==null?void 0:ti.prop)==null?void 0:$t.from)==null?void 0:ii.year)!=null?Rt:"",dataSource:this.apiName,url:a.url,id:a.mal_id,plot:a.synopsis,genres:(ni=(Ot=a.genres)==null?void 0:Ot.map(te=>te.name))!=null?ni:[],writer:[],studio:(De=(oi=a.studios)==null?void 0:oi.map(te=>te.name))!=null?De:[],episodes:a.episodes,duration:(ze=a.duration)!=null?ze:"unknown",onlineRating:(Nt=a.score)!=null?Nt:0,streamingServices:(vt=(At=a.streaming)==null?void 0:At.map(te=>te.name))!=null?vt:[],image:(Lt=(It=(Bt=a.images)==null?void 0:Bt.jpg)==null?void 0:It.image_url)!=null?Lt:"",released:!0,airedFrom:($r=this.plugin.dateFormatter.format((Wt=a.aired)==null?void 0:Wt.from,this.apiDateFormat))!=null?$r:"unknown",airedTo:(Or=this.plugin.dateFormatter.format((Rr=a.aired)==null?void 0:Rr.to,this.apiDateFormat))!=null?Or:"unknown",airing:a.airing,userData:{watched:!1,lastWatched:"",personalRating:0}})}};var Pi=class extends q{constructor(e){super(),this.plugin=e,this.apiName="MALAPI Manga",this.apiDescription="A free API for Manga. Some results may take a long time to load.",this.apiUrl="https://jikan.moe/",this.types=["manga"],this.typeMappings=new Map,this.typeMappings.set("manga","manga"),this.typeMappings.set("manhwa","manhwa"),this.typeMappings.set("doujinshi","doujin"),this.typeMappings.set("one-shot","oneshot"),this.typeMappings.set("manhua","manhua"),this.typeMappings.set("light novel","light-novel"),this.typeMappings.set("novel","novel")}async searchByTitle(e){var a,s,l,p,d,c,f,u,M,g,m,_,b,D,h,y,w,S,T,C,x;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`);let t=`https://api.jikan.moe/v4/manga?q=${encodeURIComponent(e)}&limit=20${this.plugin.settings.sfwFilter?"&sfw":""}`,i=await fetch(t);if(i.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${i.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let n=await i.json(),o=[];for(let v of n.data){let k=this.typeMappings.get((a=v.type)==null?void 0:a.toLowerCase());o.push(new ct({subType:k,title:v.title,plot:v.synopsis,englishTitle:(s=v.title_english)!=null?s:v.title,alternateTitles:(p=(l=v.titles)==null?void 0:l.map(P=>P.title))!=null?p:[],year:(M=(u=v.year)!=null?u:(f=(c=(d=v.published)==null?void 0:d.prop)==null?void 0:c.from)==null?void 0:f.year)!=null?M:"",dataSource:this.apiName,url:v.url,id:v.mal_id,genres:(m=(g=v.genres)==null?void 0:g.map(P=>P.name))!=null?m:[],authors:(b=(_=v.authors)==null?void 0:_.map(P=>P.name))!=null?b:[],chapters:v.chapters,volumes:v.volumes,onlineRating:(D=v.score)!=null?D:0,image:(w=(y=(h=v.images)==null?void 0:h.jpg)==null?void 0:y.image_url)!=null?w:"",released:!0,publishedFrom:(T=new Date((S=v.published)==null?void 0:S.from).toLocaleDateString())!=null?T:"unknown",publishedTo:(x=new Date((C=v.published)==null?void 0:C.to).toLocaleDateString())!=null?x:"unknown",status:v.status,userData:{watched:!1,lastWatched:"",personalRating:0}}))}return o}async getById(e){var s,l,p,d,c,f,u,M,g,m,_,b,D,h,y,w,S,T,C,x,v,k,P;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`);let t=`https://api.jikan.moe/v4/manga/${encodeURIComponent(e)}/full`,i=await fetch(t);if(i.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${i.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=(await i.json()).data,a=this.typeMappings.get((s=o.type)==null?void 0:s.toLowerCase());return new ct({subType:a,title:o.title,englishTitle:(l=o.title_english)!=null?l:o.title,alternateTitles:(d=(p=o.titles)==null?void 0:p.map(N=>N.title))!=null?d:[],year:(g=(M=o.year)!=null?M:(u=(f=(c=o.published)==null?void 0:c.prop)==null?void 0:f.from)==null?void 0:u.year)!=null?g:"",dataSource:this.apiName,url:o.url,id:o.mal_id,plot:(_=((m=o.synopsis)!=null?m:"unknown").replace(/"/g,"'"))!=null?_:"unknown",genres:(D=(b=o.genres)==null?void 0:b.map(N=>N.name))!=null?D:[],authors:(y=(h=o.authors)==null?void 0:h.map(N=>N.name))!=null?y:[],chapters:o.chapters,volumes:o.volumes,onlineRating:(w=o.score)!=null?w:0,image:(C=(T=(S=o.images)==null?void 0:S.jpg)==null?void 0:T.image_url)!=null?C:"",released:!0,publishedFrom:(v=new Date((x=o.published)==null?void 0:x.from).toLocaleDateString())!=null?v:"unknown",publishedTo:(P=new Date((k=o.published)==null?void 0:k.to).toLocaleDateString())!=null?P:"unknown",status:o.status,userData:{watched:!1,lastWatched:"",personalRating:0}})}};var ki=class extends q{constructor(t){super();this.apiDateFormat="YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ssZ";this.plugin=t,this.apiName="Wikipedia API",this.apiDescription="The API behind Wikipedia",this.apiUrl="https://www.wikipedia.com",this.types=["wiki"]}async searchByTitle(t){console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`);let i=`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&list=search&srsearch=${encodeURIComponent(t)}&srlimit=20&utf8=&format=json&origin=*`,n=await fetch(i);if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=await n.json();console.debug(o);let a=[];for(let s of o.query.search)a.push(new ut({type:"wiki",title:s.title,englishTitle:s.title,year:"",dataSource:this.apiName,id:s.pageid}));return a}async getById(t){var s;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`);let i=`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&prop=info&pageids=${encodeURIComponent(t)}&inprop=url&format=json&origin=*`,n=await fetch(i);if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=await n.json(),a=Object.entries((s=o==null?void 0:o.query)==null?void 0:s.pages)[0][1];return new ut({type:"wiki",title:a.title,englishTitle:a.title,year:"",dataSource:this.apiName,url:a.fullurl,id:a.pageid,wikiUrl:a.fullurl,lastUpdated:this.plugin.dateFormatter.format(a.touched,this.apiDateFormat),length:a.length,userData:{}})}};var Cr=require("obsidian");var Fi=class extends q{constructor(e){super(),this.plugin=e,this.apiName="MusicBrainz API",this.apiDescription="Free API for music albums.",this.apiUrl="https://musicbrainz.org/",this.types=["musicRelease"]}async searchByTitle(e){console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`);let t=`https://musicbrainz.org/ws/2/release-group?query=${encodeURIComponent(e)}&limit=20&fmt=json`,i=await(0,Cr.requestUrl)({url:t,headers:{"User-Agent":`${pr}/${cr} (${dr})`}});if(i.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${i.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let n=await i.json,o=[];for(let a of n["release-groups"])o.push(new mt({type:"musicRelease",title:a.title,englishTitle:a.title,year:new Date(a["first-release-date"]).getFullYear().toString(),dataSource:this.apiName,url:"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/"+a.id,id:a.id,image:"https://coverartarchive.org/release-group/"+a.id+"/front",artists:a["artist-credit"].map(s=>s.name),subType:a["primary-type"]}));return o}async getById(e){console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`);let t=`https://musicbrainz.org/ws/2/release-group/${encodeURIComponent(e)}?inc=releases+artists+tags+ratings+genres&fmt=json`,i=await(0,Cr.requestUrl)({url:t,headers:{"User-Agent":`${pr}/${cr} (${dr})`}});if(i.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${i.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let n=await i.json;return new mt({type:"musicRelease",title:n.title,englishTitle:n.title,year:new Date(n["first-release-date"]).getFullYear().toString(),dataSource:this.apiName,url:"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/"+n.id,id:n.id,image:"https://coverartarchive.org/release-group/"+n.id+"/front",artists:n["artist-credit"].map(o=>o.name),genres:n.genres.map(o=>o.name),subType:n["primary-type"],rating:n.rating.value*2,userData:{personalRating:0}})}};var Pr=require("obsidian");var $i=class extends q{constructor(t){super();this.apiDateFormat="DD MMM, YYYY";this.plugin=t,this.apiName="SteamAPI",this.apiDescription="A free API for all Steam games.",this.apiUrl="https://www.steampowered.com/",this.types=["game"],this.typeMappings=new Map,this.typeMappings.set("game","game")}async searchByTitle(t){console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`);let i=`https://steamcommunity.com/actions/SearchApps/${encodeURIComponent(t)}`,n=await(0,Pr.requestUrl)({url:i});if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=await n.json,a=[];for(let s of o)a.push(new pe({type:"game",title:s.name,englishTitle:s.name,year:"",dataSource:this.apiName,id:s.appid}));return a}async getById(t){var a,s,l,p,d,c,f,u;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`);let i=`https://store.steampowered.com/api/appdetails?appids=${encodeURIComponent(t)}&l=en`,n=await(0,Pr.requestUrl)({url:i});if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o;for(let[M,g]of Object.entries(await n.json))M===String(t)&&(o=g.data);if(!o)throw Error("MDB | API returned invalid data.");return new pe({type:"game",title:o.name,englishTitle:o.name,year:new Date(o.release_date.date).getFullYear().toString(),dataSource:this.apiName,url:`https://store.steampowered.com/app/${o.steam_appid}`,id:o.steam_appid,developers:o.developers,publishers:o.publishers,genres:(s=(a=o.genres)==null?void 0:a.map(M=>M.description))!=null?s:[],onlineRating:Number.parseFloat((p=(l=o.metacritic)==null?void 0:l.score)!=null?p:0),image:(d=o.header_image)!=null?d:"",released:!((c=o.release_date)!=null&&c.comming_soon),releaseDate:(u=this.plugin.dateFormatter.format((f=o.release_date)==null?void 0:f.date,this.apiDateFormat))!=null?u:"unknown",userData:{played:!1,personalRating:0}})}};var kr=require("obsidian");var Ri=class extends q{constructor(e){super(),this.plugin=e,this.apiName="BoardGameGeekAPI",this.apiDescription="A free API for BoardGameGeek things.",this.apiUrl="https://api.geekdo.com/xmlapi",this.types=["boardgame"]}async searchByTitle(e){var s,l,p,d;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`);let t=`${this.apiUrl}/search?search=${encodeURIComponent(e)}`,i=await(0,kr.requestUrl)({url:t});if(i.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${i.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let n=i.text,o=new window.DOMParser().parseFromString(n,"text/xml"),a=[];for(let c of Array.from(o.querySelectorAll("boardgame"))){let f=c.attributes.getNamedItem("objectid").value,u=(l=(s=c.querySelector("name[primary=true]"))==null?void 0:s.textContent)!=null?l:c.querySelector("name").textContent,M=(d=(p=c.querySelector("yearpublished"))==null?void 0:p.textContent)!=null?d:"";a.push(new ft({dataSource:this.apiName,id:f,title:u,englishTitle:u,year:M}))}return a}async getById(e){var _,b,D,h,y,w,S,T,C,x,v,k,P,N;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`);let t=`${this.apiUrl}/boardgame/${encodeURIComponent(e)}?stats=1`,i=await(0,kr.requestUrl)({url:t});if(i.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${i.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let n=i.text,a=new window.DOMParser().parseFromString(n,"text/xml").querySelector("boardgame"),s=a.querySelector("name[primary=true]").textContent,l=(b=(_=a.querySelector("yearpublished"))==null?void 0:_.textContent)!=null?b:"",p=(h=(D=a.querySelector("image"))==null?void 0:D.textContent)!=null?h:void 0,d=Number.parseFloat((w=(y=a.querySelector("statistics ratings average"))==null?void 0:y.textContent)!=null?w:"0"),c=Array.from(a.querySelectorAll("boardgamecategory")).map(Q=>Q.textContent),f=Number.parseFloat((T=(S=a.querySelector("averageweight"))==null?void 0:S.textContent)!=null?T:"0"),u=Number.parseFloat((x=(C=a.querySelector("minplayers"))==null?void 0:C.textContent)!=null?x:"0"),M=Number.parseFloat((k=(v=a.querySelector("maxplayers"))==null?void 0:v.textContent)!=null?k:"0"),g=((N=(P=a.querySelector("playingtime"))==null?void 0:P.textContent)!=null?N:"unknown")+" minutes",m=Array.from(a.querySelectorAll("boardgamepublisher")).map(Q=>Q.textContent);return new ft({title:s,englishTitle:s,year:l==="0"?"":l,dataSource:this.apiName,url:`https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/${e}`,id:e,genres:c,onlineRating:d,complexityRating:f,minPlayers:u,maxPlayers:M,playtime:g,publishers:m,image:p,released:!0,userData:{played:!1,personalRating:0}})}};var Oi=class extends q{constructor(e){super(),this.plugin=e,this.apiName="OpenLibraryAPI",this.apiDescription="A free API for books",this.apiUrl="https://openlibrary.org/",this.types=["book"]}async searchByTitle(e){var a,s;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`);let t=`https://openlibrary.org/search.json?title=${encodeURIComponent(e)}`,i=await fetch(t);if(i.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${i.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let n=await i.json(),o=[];for(let l of n.docs)o.push(new ht({title:l.title,englishTitle:(a=l.title_english)!=null?a:l.title,year:l.first_publish_year,dataSource:this.apiName,id:l.key,author:(s=l.author_name)!=null?s:"unknown"}));return o}async getById(e){var a,s,l,p,d,c,f,u,M;console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`);let t=`https://openlibrary.org/search.json?q=key:${encodeURIComponent(e)}`,i=await fetch(t);if(i.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${i.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=(await i.json()).docs[0];return new ht({title:o.title,year:o.first_publish_year,dataSource:this.apiName,url:"https://openlibrary.org"+o.key,id:o.key,isbn:(s=((a=o.isbn)!=null?a:[]).find(g=>g.length<=10))!=null?s:"unknown",isbn13:(p=((l=o.isbn)!=null?l:[]).find(g=>g.length==13))!=null?p:"unknown",englishTitle:(d=o.title_english)!=null?d:o.title,author:(c=o.author_name)!=null?c:"unknown",plot:(f=o.description)!=null?f:"unknown",pages:(u=o.number_of_pages_median)!=null?u:"unknown",onlineRating:Number.parseFloat(Number((M=o.ratings_average)!=null?M:0).toFixed(2)),image:"https://covers.openlibrary.org/b/OLID/"+o.cover_edition_key+"-L.jpg",released:!0,userData:{read:!1,lastRead:"",personalRating:0}})}};var Fr=require("obsidian");var Ni=class extends q{constructor(t){super();this.apiDateFormat="YYYY-DD-MM";this.plugin=t,this.apiName="MobyGamesAPI",this.apiDescription="A free API for games.",this.apiUrl="https://api.mobygames.com/v1",this.types=["game"]}async searchByTitle(t){if(console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by Title`),!this.plugin.settings.MobyGamesKey)throw Error(`MDB | API key for ${this.apiName} missing.`);let i=`${this.apiUrl}/games?title=${encodeURIComponent(t)}&api_key=${this.plugin.settings.MobyGamesKey}`,n=await(0,Fr.requestUrl)({url:i});if(n.status===401)throw Error(`MDB | Authentication for ${this.apiName} failed. Check the API key.`);if(n.status===429)throw Error(`MDB | Too many requests for ${this.apiName}, you've exceeded your API quota.`);if(n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let o=await n.json,a=[];for(let s of o.games)a.push(new pe({type:"game",title:s.title,englishTitle:s.title,year:new Date(s.platforms[0].first_release_date).getFullYear().toString(),dataSource:this.apiName,id:s.game_id}));return a}async getById(t){var s,l,p,d,c;if(console.log(`MDB | api "${this.apiName}" queried by ID`),!this.plugin.settings.MobyGamesKey)throw Error(`MDB | API key for ${this.apiName} missing.`);let i=`${this.apiUrl}/games?id=${encodeURIComponent(t)}&api_key=${this.plugin.settings.MobyGamesKey}`,n=await(0,Fr.requestUrl)({url:i});if(console.debug(n),n.status!==200)throw Error(`MDB | Received status code ${n.status} from ${this.apiName}.`);let a=(await n.json).games[0];return new pe({type:"game",title:a.title,englishTitle:a.title,year:new Date(a.platforms[0].first_release_date).getFullYear().toString(),dataSource:this.apiName,url:`https://www.mobygames.com/game/${a.game_id}`,id:a.game_id,developers:[],publishers:[],genres:(l=(s=a.genres)==null?void 0:s.map(f=>f.genre_name))!=null?l:[],onlineRating:a.moby_score,image:(d=(p=a.sample_cover)==null?void 0:p.image)!=null?d:"",released:!0,releaseDate:(c=a.platforms[0].first_release_date)!=null?c:"unknown",userData:{played:!1,personalRating:0}})}};var Ai=class{constructor(e){this.plugin=e}convertObject(e){if(!e.hasOwnProperty("type")||Pe.filter(n=>n.toString()==e.type).length<1)return e;let t=this.plugin.settings.propertyMappingModels.find(n=>n.type===e.type).properties,i={};for(let[n,o]of Object.entries(e))for(let a of t)if(a.property===n){a.mapping==="remap"?i[a.newProperty]=o:a.mapping==="remove"||a.mapping==="default"&&(i[n]=o);break}return i}convertObjectBack(e){if(!e.hasOwnProperty("type")||Pe.contains(e.type))return e;let t=this.plugin.settings.propertyMappingModels.find(n=>n.type===e.type).properties,i={};e:for(let[n,o]of Object.entries(e)){for(let a of t)if(a.property===n){i[n]=o;continue e}for(let a of t)if(a.newProperty===n){i[a.property]=o;continue e}}return i}};var ke=require("obsidian"),Bi=class extends ke.Modal{constructor(e,t,i){super(e),this.plugin=t,this.onSubmit=i,this.selectedApi=t.apiManager.apis[0].apiName}submit(){this.onSubmit(this.selectedApi,this.titleFieldName,this.appendContent),this.close()}onOpen(){let{contentEl:e}=this;e.createEl("h2",{text:"Import folder as Media DB entries"});let t=e.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-wrapper"});t.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text-wrapper"}).createEl("span",{text:"API to search",cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text"});let n=new ke.DropdownComponent(t);n.onChange(c=>{this.selectedApi=c});for(let c of this.plugin.apiManager.apis)n.addOption(c.apiName,c.apiName);t.appendChild(n.selectEl),e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"}),e.createEl("h3",{text:"Append note content to Media DB entry."});let o=e.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-wrapper"});o.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text-wrapper"}).createEl("span",{text:"If this is enabled, the plugin will override metadata fields with the same name.",cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text"});let s=o.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-toggle"}),l=new ke.ToggleComponent(o);l.setValue(!1),l.onChange(c=>this.appendContent=c),s.appendChild(l.toggleEl),e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"}),e.createEl("h3",{text:"The name of the metadata field that should be used as the title to query."});let p="title",d=new ke.TextComponent(e);d.inputEl.style.width="100%",d.setPlaceholder(p),d.onChange(c=>this.titleFieldName=c),d.inputEl.addEventListener("keydown",c=>{c.key==="Enter"&&this.submit()}),e.appendChild(d.inputEl),e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"}),new ke.Setting(e).addButton(c=>{c.setButtonText("Cancel"),c.onClick(()=>this.close()),c.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button")}).addButton(c=>{c.setButtonText("Ok"),c.setCta(),c.onClick(()=>{this.submit()}),c.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.searchBtn=c})}onClose(){let{contentEl:e}=this;e.empty()}};var be=require("obsidian");var Ii=class extends be.Modal{constructor(e,t){t=Object.assign({},qn,t),super(e.app),this.plugin=e,this.selectedApis=[],this.title=t.modalTitle,this.query=t.prefilledSearchString;for(let i of this.plugin.apiManager.apis)this.selectedApis.push({name:i.apiName,selected:t.preselectedAPIs.contains(i.apiName)})}setSubmitCallback(e){this.submitCallback=e}setCloseCallback(e){this.closeCallback=e}keyPressCallback(e){e.key==="Enter"&&this.search()}async search(){if(!this.query||this.query.length<3){new be.Notice("MDB | Query too short");return}let e=this.selectedApis.filter(t=>t.selected).map(t=>t.name);if(e.length===0){new be.Notice("MDB | No API selected");return}this.isBusy||(this.isBusy=!0,this.searchBtn.setDisabled(!1),this.searchBtn.setButtonText("Searching..."),this.submitCallback({query:this.query,apis:e}))}onOpen(){let{contentEl:e}=this;e.createEl("h2",{text:this.title});let t="Search by title",i=new be.TextComponent(e);i.inputEl.style.width="100%",i.setPlaceholder(t),i.setValue(this.query),i.onChange(n=>this.query=n),i.inputEl.addEventListener("keydown",this.keyPressCallback.bind(this)),e.appendChild(i.inputEl),i.inputEl.focus(),e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"}),e.createEl("h3",{text:"APIs to search"});for(let n of this.plugin.apiManager.apis){let o=e.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-wrapper"}),a=o.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text-wrapper"});a.createEl("span",{text:n.apiName,cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text"}),a.createEl("small",{text:n.apiDescription,cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text"});let s=o.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-toggle"}),l=new be.ToggleComponent(s);l.setTooltip(n.apiName),l.setValue(this.selectedApis.find(p=>p.name===n.apiName).selected),l.onChange(p=>{this.selectedApis.find(d=>d.name===n.apiName).selected=p}),s.appendChild(l.toggleEl)}e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"}),new be.Setting(e).addButton(n=>{n.setButtonText("Cancel"),n.onClick(()=>this.close()),n.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button")}).addButton(n=>{n.setButtonText("Ok"),n.setCta(),n.onClick(()=>{this.search()}),n.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.searchBtn=n})}onClose(){this.closeCallback();let{contentEl:e}=this;e.empty()}};var we=require("obsidian");var Li=class extends we.Modal{constructor(e,t){t=Object.assign({},Un,t),super(e.app),this.plugin=e,this.title=t.modalTitle,this.selectedApi=t.preselectedAPI||e.apiManager.apis[0].apiName}setSubmitCallback(e){this.submitCallback=e}setCloseCallback(e){this.closeCallback=e}keyPressCallback(e){e.key==="Enter"&&this.search()}async search(){if(!this.query){new we.Notice("MDB | no Id entered");return}if(!this.selectedApi){new we.Notice("MDB | No API selected");return}this.isBusy||(this.isBusy=!0,this.searchBtn.setDisabled(!1),this.searchBtn.setButtonText("Searching..."),this.submitCallback({query:this.query,api:this.selectedApi}))}onOpen(){let{contentEl:e}=this;e.createEl("h2",{text:this.title});let t="Search by id",i=new we.TextComponent(e);i.inputEl.style.width="100%",i.setPlaceholder(t),i.onChange(s=>this.query=s),i.inputEl.addEventListener("keydown",this.keyPressCallback.bind(this)),e.appendChild(i.inputEl),i.inputEl.focus(),e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"});let n=e.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-wrapper"});n.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text-wrapper"}).createEl("span",{text:"API to search",cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text"});let a=new we.DropdownComponent(n);a.onChange(s=>{this.selectedApi=s});for(let s of this.plugin.apiManager.apis)a.addOption(s.apiName,s.apiName);n.appendChild(a.selectEl),e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"}),new we.Setting(e).addButton(s=>{s.setButtonText("Cancel"),s.onClick(()=>this.close()),s.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button")}).addButton(s=>{s.setButtonText("Ok"),s.setCta(),s.onClick(()=>{this.search()}),s.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.searchBtn=s})}onClose(){this.closeCallback();let{contentEl:e}=this;e.empty()}};var qi=require("obsidian");var Wi=class{constructor(e,t,i,n,o=!1){this.value=e,this.id=i,this.active=o,this.selectModal=n,this.cssClass="media-db-plugin-select-element",this.activeClass="media-db-plugin-select-element-selected",this.hoverClass="media-db-plugin-select-element-hover",this.element=t.createDiv({cls:this.cssClass}),this.element.id=this.getHTMLId(),this.element.on("click","#"+this.getHTMLId(),()=>{this.setActive(!this.active),this.selectModal.allowMultiSelect||this.selectModal.disableAllOtherElements(this.id)}),this.element.on("mouseenter","#"+this.getHTMLId(),()=>{this.setHighlighted(!0)}),this.element.on("mouseleave","#"+this.getHTMLId(),()=>{this.setHighlighted(!1)})}getHTMLId(){return`media-db-plugin-select-element-${this.id}`}isHighlighted(){return this.highlighted}setHighlighted(e){this.highlighted=e,this.highlighted?(this.addClass(this.hoverClass),this.selectModal.deHighlightAllOtherElements(this.id)):this.removeClass(this.hoverClass)}isActive(){return this.active}setActive(e){this.active=e,this.update()}update(){this.active?this.addClass(this.activeClass):this.removeClass(this.activeClass)}addClass(e){this.element.hasClass(e)||this.element.addClass(e)}removeClass(e){this.element.hasClass(e)&&this.element.removeClass(e)}};var ji=class extends qi.Modal{constructor(e,t,i=!0){super(e),this.allowMultiSelect=i,this.title="",this.description="",this.addSkipButton=!1,this.cancelButton=void 0,this.skipButton=void 0,this.submitButton=void 0,this.elementWrapper=void 0,this.elements=t,this.selectModalElements=[],this.scope.register([],"ArrowUp",n=>{this.highlightUp(),n.preventDefault()}),this.scope.register([],"ArrowDown",n=>{this.highlightDown(),n.preventDefault()}),this.scope.register([],"ArrowRight",()=>{this.activateHighlighted()}),this.scope.register([]," ",n=>{this.elementWrapper&&this.elementWrapper===document.activeElement&&(this.activateHighlighted(),n.preventDefault())}),this.scope.register([],"Enter",()=>this.submit())}disableAllOtherElements(e){for(let t of this.selectModalElements)t.id!==e&&t.setActive(!1)}deHighlightAllOtherElements(e){for(let t of this.selectModalElements)t.id!==e&&t.setHighlighted(!1)}async onOpen(){var o;let{contentEl:e,titleEl:t}=this;t.createEl("h2",{text:this.title}),e.addClass("media-db-plugin-select-modal"),e.createEl("p",{text:this.description}),this.elementWrapper=e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-select-wrapper"}),this.elementWrapper.tabIndex=0;let i=0;for(let a of this.elements){let s=new Wi(a,this.elementWrapper,i,this,!1);this.selectModalElements.push(s),this.renderElement(a,s.element),i+=1}(o=this.selectModalElements.first())==null||o.element.scrollIntoView();let n=new qi.Setting(e);n.addButton(a=>{a.setButtonText("Cancel"),a.onClick(()=>this.close()),a.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.cancelButton=a}),this.addSkipButton&&n.addButton(a=>{a.setButtonText("Skip"),a.onClick(()=>this.skip()),a.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.skipButton=a}),n.addButton(a=>{a.setButtonText("Ok"),a.setCta(),a.onClick(()=>this.submit()),a.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.submitButton=a})}activateHighlighted(){for(let e of this.selectModalElements)e.isHighlighted()&&(e.setActive(!e.isActive()),this.allowMultiSelect||this.disableAllOtherElements(e.id))}highlightUp(){for(let e of this.selectModalElements)if(e.isHighlighted()){this.getPreviousSelectModalElement(e).setHighlighted(!0);return}this.selectModalElements.last().setHighlighted(!0)}highlightDown(){for(let e of this.selectModalElements)if(e.isHighlighted()){this.getNextSelectModalElement(e).setHighlighted(!0);return}this.selectModalElements.first().setHighlighted(!0)}getNextSelectModalElement(e){let t=e.id+1;return t=mi(t,this.selectModalElements.length),this.selectModalElements.filter(i=>i.id===t).first()}getPreviousSelectModalElement(e){let t=e.id-1;return t=mi(t,this.selectModalElements.length),this.selectModalElements.filter(i=>i.id===t).first()}};var Ui=class extends ji{constructor(e,t){t=Object.assign({},Hn,t),super(e.app,t.elements,t.multiSelect),this.plugin=e,this.title=t.modalTitle,this.description="Select one or multiple search results.",this.addSkipButton=t.skipButton,this.busy=!1,this.sendCallback=!1}setSubmitCallback(e){this.submitCallback=e}setCloseCallback(e){this.closeCallback=e}setSkipCallback(e){this.skipCallback=e}renderElement(e,t){t.createEl("div",{text:this.plugin.mediaTypeManager.getFileName(e)}),t.createEl("small",{text:`${e.getSummary()}
 `}),t.createEl("small",{text:`${e.type.toUpperCase()+(e.subType?` (${e.subType})`:"")} from ${e.dataSource}`})}submit(){this.busy||(this.busy=!0,this.submitButton.setButtonText("Creating entry..."),this.submitCallback({selected:this.selectModalElements.filter(e=>e.isActive()).map(e=>e.value)}))}skip(){this.skipButton.setButtonText("Skipping..."),this.skipCallback()}onClose(){this.closeCallback()}};var Te=require("obsidian");var He=require("obsidian");var Hi=class extends He.Modal{constructor(e,t){t=Object.assign({},Vn,t),super(e.app),this.plugin=e,this.title=t.modalTitle,this.elements=t.elements,this.markdownComponent=new He.Component}setSubmitCallback(e){this.submitCallback=e}setCloseCallback(e){this.closeCallback=e}async preview(){let{contentEl:e}=this;e.addClass("media-db-plugin-preview-modal"),e.createEl("h2",{text:this.title});let t=e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-preview-wrapper"});this.markdownComponent.load();for(let n of this.elements){t.createEl("h3",{text:n.englishTitle});let o=t.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-preview"}),a=this.plugin.generateMediaDbNoteFrontmatterPreview(n);a=`\`\`\`yaml
-${a}\`\`\``;try{await He.MarkdownRenderer.render(this.app,a,o,"",this.markdownComponent)}catch(s){console.warn("mdb | error during rendering of preview",s)}}e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"});let i=new He.Setting(e);i.addButton(n=>{n.setButtonText("Cancel"),n.onClick(()=>this.close()),n.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.cancelButton=n}),i.addButton(n=>{n.setButtonText("Ok"),n.setCta(),n.onClick(()=>this.submitCallback({confirmed:!0})),n.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.submitButton=n})}onOpen(){this.preview()}onClose(){this.markdownComponent.unload(),this.closeCallback()}};var xe=require("obsidian");var Vi=class extends xe.Modal{constructor(e,t){t=Object.assign({},Gn,t),super(e.app),this.plugin=e,this.selectedTypes=[],this.title=t.modalTitle,this.query=t.prefilledSearchString;for(let i of Pe)this.selectedTypes.push({name:i,selected:t.preselectedTypes.contains(i)})}setSubmitCallback(e){this.submitCallback=e}setCloseCallback(e){this.closeCallback=e}keyPressCallback(e){e.key==="Enter"&&this.search()}async search(){if(!this.query||this.query.length<3){new xe.Notice("MDB | Query too short");return}let e=this.selectedTypes.filter(t=>t.selected).map(t=>t.name);if(e.length===0){new xe.Notice("MDB | No Type selected");return}this.isBusy||(this.isBusy=!0,this.searchBtn.setDisabled(!1),this.searchBtn.setButtonText("Searching..."),this.submitCallback({query:this.query,types:e}))}onOpen(){let{contentEl:e}=this;e.createEl("h2",{text:this.title});let t="Search by title",i=new xe.TextComponent(e),n=null;i.inputEl.style.width="100%",i.setPlaceholder(t),i.setValue(this.query),i.onChange(o=>this.query=o),i.inputEl.addEventListener("keydown",this.keyPressCallback.bind(this)),e.appendChild(i.inputEl),i.inputEl.focus(),e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"}),e.createEl("h3",{text:"APIs to search"});for(let o of Pe){let a=e.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-wrapper"});a.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text-wrapper"}).createEl("span",{text:zt(o),cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text"});let l=a.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-toggle"}),p=new xe.ToggleComponent(l);p.setTooltip(zt(o)),p.setValue(this.selectedTypes.find(d=>d.name===o).selected),p.getValue()&&(n=p),p.onChange(d=>{d?(n&&n!==p&&(n.setValue(!1),this.selectedTypes.find(c=>c.name===o).selected=!1),n=p,this.selectedTypes.find(c=>c.name===o).selected=!0):(n=null,this.selectedTypes.find(c=>c.name===o).selected=!1)}),l.appendChild(p.toggleEl)}e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"}),new xe.Setting(e).addButton(o=>{o.setButtonText("Cancel"),o.onClick(()=>this.close()),o.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button")}).addButton(o=>{o.setButtonText("Ok"),o.setCta(),o.onClick(()=>{this.search()}),o.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.searchBtn=o})}onClose(){this.closeCallback();let{contentEl:e}=this;e.empty()}};var Gn={modalTitle:"Media DB Search",preselectedTypes:[],prefilledSearchString:""},qn={modalTitle:"Media DB Advanced Search",preselectedAPIs:[],prefilledSearchString:""},Un={modalTitle:"Media DB Id Search",preselectedAPI:"",prefilledSearchString:""},Hn={modalTitle:"Media DB Search Results",elements:[],multiSelect:!0,skipButton:!1},Vn={modalTitle:"Media DB Preview",elements:[]},Gi=class{constructor(e){this.plugin=e}async createSearchModal(e){let t=new Vi(this.plugin,e);return{searchModalResult:await new Promise(n=>{t.setSubmitCallback(o=>n({code:"SUCCESS",data:o})),t.setCloseCallback(o=>{o&&n({code:"ERROR",error:o}),n({code:"CLOSE"})}),t.open()}),searchModal:t}}async openSearchModal(e,t){let{searchModalResult:i,searchModal:n}=await this.createSearchModal(e);if(console.debug(`MDB | searchModal closed with code ${i.code}`),i.code==="ERROR"){console.warn(i.error),new Te.Notice(i.error.toString()),n.close();return}if(i.code!=="CLOSE")try{let o=await t(i.data);return n.close(),o}catch(o){console.warn(o),new Te.Notice(o.toString()),n.close();return}}async createAdvancedSearchModal(e){let t=new Ii(this.plugin,e);return{advancedSearchModalResult:await new Promise(n=>{t.setSubmitCallback(o=>n({code:"SUCCESS",data:o})),t.setCloseCallback(o=>{o&&n({code:"ERROR",error:o}),n({code:"CLOSE"})}),t.open()}),advancedSearchModal:t}}async openAdvancedSearchModal(e,t){let{advancedSearchModalResult:i,advancedSearchModal:n}=await this.createAdvancedSearchModal(e);if(console.debug(`MDB | advencedSearchModal closed with code ${i.code}`),i.code==="ERROR"){console.warn(i.error),new Te.Notice(i.error.toString()),n.close();return}if(i.code!=="CLOSE")try{let o=await t(i.data);return n.close(),o}catch(o){console.warn(o),new Te.Notice(o.toString()),n.close();return}}async createIdSearchModal(e){let t=new Li(this.plugin,e);return{idSearchModalResult:await new Promise(n=>{t.setSubmitCallback(o=>n({code:"SUCCESS",data:o})),t.setCloseCallback(o=>{o&&n({code:"ERROR",error:o}),n({code:"CLOSE"})}),t.open()}),idSearchModal:t}}async openIdSearchModal(e,t){let{idSearchModalResult:i,idSearchModal:n}=await this.createIdSearchModal(e);if(console.debug(`MDB | idSearchModal closed with code ${i.code}`),i.code==="ERROR"){console.warn(i.error),new Te.Notice(i.error.toString()),n.close();return}if(i.code!=="CLOSE")try{let o=await t(i.data);return n.close(),o}catch(o){console.warn(o),new Te.Notice(o.toString()),n.close();return}}async createSelectModal(e){let t=new Ui(this.plugin,e);return{selectModalResult:await new Promise(n=>{t.setSubmitCallback(o=>n({code:"SUCCESS",data:o})),t.setSkipCallback(()=>n({code:"SKIP"})),t.setCloseCallback(o=>{o&&n({code:"ERROR",error:o}),n({code:"CLOSE"})}),t.open()}),selectModal:t}}async openSelectModal(e,t){let{selectModalResult:i,selectModal:n}=await this.createSelectModal(e);if(console.debug(`MDB | selectModal closed with code ${i.code}`),i.code==="ERROR"){console.warn(i.error),new Te.Notice(i.error.toString()),n.close();return}if(i.code!=="CLOSE"&&i.code!=="SKIP")try{let o=await t(i.data);return n.close(),o}catch(o){console.warn(o),new Te.Notice(o.toString()),n.close();return}}async createPreviewModal(e){let t=new Hi(this.plugin,e);return{previewModalResult:await new Promise(n=>{t.setSubmitCallback(o=>n({code:"SUCCESS",data:o})),t.setCloseCallback(o=>{o&&n({code:"ERROR",error:o}),n({code:"CLOSE"})}),t.open()}),previewModal:t}}async openPreviewModal(e,t){let{previewModalResult:i,previewModal:n}=await this.createPreviewModal(e);if(console.debug(`MDB | previewModal closed with code ${i.code}`),i.code==="ERROR"){console.warn(i.error),new Te.Notice(i.error.toString()),n.close();return}if(i.code!=="CLOSE")try{let o=await t(i.data);return n.close(),o}catch(o){console.warn(o),new Te.Notice(o.toString()),n.close();return}}};var kt=require("obsidian"),Yi=class{constructor(){this.toFormat="YYYY-MM-DD",this.locale=new Intl.DateTimeFormat().resolvedOptions().locale}setFormat(e){this.toFormat=e}getPreview(e){let t=(0,kt.moment)();return e||(e=this.toFormat),t.locale(this.locale).format(e)}format(e,t,i="en"){if(!e)return null;let n;return t?n=(0,kt.moment)(e,t,i):this.hasMomentFormat(e)?n=(0,kt.moment)(e):n=(0,kt.moment)(new Date(e)),n.isValid()?n.locale(this.locale).format(this.toFormat):null}hasMomentFormat(e){return(0,kt.moment)(e,!0).isValid()}};var zi=class extends z.Plugin{constructor(){super(...arguments);this.frontMatterRexExpPattern="^(---)\\n[\\s\\S]*?\\n---"}async onload(){this.apiManager=new Di,this.apiManager.registerAPI(new Ei(this)),this.apiManager.registerAPI(new Ci(this)),this.apiManager.registerAPI(new Pi(this)),this.apiManager.registerAPI(new Fi(this)),this.apiManager.registerAPI(new ki(this)),this.apiManager.registerAPI(new $i(this)),this.apiManager.registerAPI(new Ri(this)),this.apiManager.registerAPI(new Oi(this)),this.apiManager.registerAPI(new Ai(this)),this.mediaTypeManager=new _i,this.modelPropertyMapper=new Ni(this),this.modalHelper=new Gi(this),this.dateFormatter=new Yi,await this.loadSettings(),this.addSettingTab(new Si(this.app,this)),this.mediaTypeManager.updateTemplates(this.settings),this.mediaTypeManager.updateFolders(this.settings),this.dateFormatter.setFormat(this.settings.customDateFormat),this.addRibbonIcon("database","Add new Media DB entry",()=>this.createEntryWithAdvancedSearchModal()).addClass("obsidian-media-db-plugin-ribbon-class"),this.registerEvent(this.app.workspace.on("file-menu",(i,n)=>{n instanceof z.TFolder&&i.addItem(o=>{o.setTitle("Import folder as Media DB entries").setIcon("database").onClick(()=>this.createEntriesFromFolder(n))})})),this.addCommand({id:"open-media-db-search-modal",name:"Create Media DB entry",callback:()=>this.createEntryWithSearchModal()});for(let i of Pe)this.addCommand({id:`open-media-db-search-modal-with-${i}`,name:`Create Media DB entry (${zt(i)})`,callback:()=>this.createEntryWithSearchModal({preselectedTypes:[i]})});this.addCommand({id:"open-media-db-advanced-search-modal",name:"Create Media DB entry (advanced search)",callback:()=>this.createEntryWithAdvancedSearchModal()}),this.addCommand({id:"open-media-db-id-search-modal",name:"Create Media DB entry by id",callback:()=>this.createEntryWithIdSearchModal()}),this.addCommand({id:"update-media-db-note",name:"Update open note (this will recreate the note)",checkCallback:i=>this.app.workspace.getActiveFile()?(i||this.updateActiveNote(!1),!0):!1}),this.addCommand({id:"update-media-db-note-metadata",name:"Update metadata",checkCallback:i=>this.app.workspace.getActiveFile()?(i||this.updateActiveNote(!0),!0):!1}),this.addCommand({id:"add-media-db-link",name:"Insert link",checkCallback:i=>this.app.workspace.getActiveFile()?(i||this.createLinkWithSearchModal(),!0):!1})}async createLinkWithSearchModal(){let t=await this.modalHelper.openAdvancedSearchModal({},async a=>await this.apiManager.query(a.query,a.apis));if(!t)return;let i=await this.modalHelper.openSelectModal({elements:t,multiSelect:!1},async a=>await this.queryDetails(a.selected));if(!i||i.length<1)return;let n=`[${i[0].title}](${i[0].url})`,o=this.app.workspace.getActiveViewOfType(z.MarkdownView);o&&o.editor.replaceRange(n,o.editor.getCursor())}async createEntryWithSearchModal(t){let i=[],n=await this.modalHelper.openSearchModal(t!=null?t:{},async s=>{i=s.types;let l=this.apiManager.apis.filter(p=>p.hasTypeOverlap(s.types)).map(p=>p.apiName);try{return console.log(l),await this.apiManager.query(s.query,l)}catch(p){return console.warn(p),[]}});if(!n)return;n=n.filter(s=>i.contains(s.type));let o,a;for(;!a;){if(o=await this.modalHelper.openSelectModal({elements:n},async s=>await this.queryDetails(s.selected)),!o)return;a=await this.modalHelper.openPreviewModal({elements:o},async s=>s.confirmed)}await this.createMediaDbNotes(o)}async createEntryWithAdvancedSearchModal(){let t=await this.modalHelper.openAdvancedSearchModal({},async o=>await this.apiManager.query(o.query,o.apis));if(!t)return;let i,n;for(;!n;){if(i=await this.modalHelper.openSelectModal({elements:t},async o=>await this.queryDetails(o.selected)),!i)return;n=await this.modalHelper.openPreviewModal({elements:i},async o=>o.confirmed)}await this.createMediaDbNotes(i)}async createEntryWithIdSearchModal(){let t,i;for(;!i;){if(t=await this.modalHelper.openIdSearchModal({},async n=>await this.apiManager.queryDetailedInfoById(n.query,n.api)),!t)return;i=await this.modalHelper.openPreviewModal({elements:[t]},async n=>n.confirmed)}await this.createMediaDbNoteFromModel(t,{attachTemplate:!0,openNote:!0})}async createMediaDbNotes(t,i){for(let n of t)await this.createMediaDbNoteFromModel(n,{attachTemplate:!0,attachFile:i})}async queryDetails(t){let i=[];for(let n of t)try{i.push(await this.apiManager.queryDetailedInfo(n))}catch(o){console.warn(o),new z.Notice(o.toString())}return i}async createMediaDbNoteFromModel(t,i){try{console.debug("MDB | creating new note"),i.openNote=this.settings.openNoteInNewTab;let n=await this.generateMediaDbNoteContents(t,i);i.folder||(i.folder=await this.mediaTypeManager.getFolder(t,this.app));let o=await this.createNote(this.mediaTypeManager.getFileName(t),n,i);this.settings.enableTemplaterIntegration&&await pn(this.app,o)}catch(n){console.warn(n),new z.Notice(n.toString())}}generateMediaDbNoteFrontmatterPreview(t){let i=this.modelPropertyMapper.convertObject(t.toMetaDataObject());return(0,z.stringifyYaml)(i)}async generateMediaDbNoteContents(t,i){let n=await this.mediaTypeManager.getTemplate(t,this.app);return this.generateContentWithDefaultFrontMatter(t,i,n)}async generateContentWithDefaultFrontMatter(t,i,n){let o;this.settings.useDefaultFrontMatter?o=this.modelPropertyMapper.convertObject(t.toMetaDataObject()):o={id:t.id,type:t.type,dataSource:t.dataSource};let a="";return n=i.attachTemplate?n:"",{fileMetadata:o,fileContent:a}=await this.attachFile(o,a,i.attachFile),{fileMetadata:o,fileContent:a}=await this.attachTemplate(o,a,n),this.settings.enableTemplaterIntegration&&hr(this.app)?a=`---
+${a}\`\`\``;try{await He.MarkdownRenderer.render(this.app,a,o,"",this.markdownComponent)}catch(s){console.warn("mdb | error during rendering of preview",s)}}e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"});let i=new He.Setting(e);i.addButton(n=>{n.setButtonText("Cancel"),n.onClick(()=>this.close()),n.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.cancelButton=n}),i.addButton(n=>{n.setButtonText("Ok"),n.setCta(),n.onClick(()=>this.submitCallback({confirmed:!0})),n.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.submitButton=n})}onOpen(){this.preview()}onClose(){this.markdownComponent.unload(),this.closeCallback()}};var xe=require("obsidian");var Vi=class extends xe.Modal{constructor(e,t){t=Object.assign({},Gn,t),super(e.app),this.plugin=e,this.selectedTypes=[],this.title=t.modalTitle,this.query=t.prefilledSearchString;for(let i of Pe)this.selectedTypes.push({name:i,selected:t.preselectedTypes.contains(i)})}setSubmitCallback(e){this.submitCallback=e}setCloseCallback(e){this.closeCallback=e}keyPressCallback(e){e.key==="Enter"&&this.search()}async search(){if(!this.query||this.query.length<3){new xe.Notice("MDB | Query too short");return}let e=this.selectedTypes.filter(t=>t.selected).map(t=>t.name);if(e.length===0){new xe.Notice("MDB | No Type selected");return}this.isBusy||(this.isBusy=!0,this.searchBtn.setDisabled(!1),this.searchBtn.setButtonText("Searching..."),this.submitCallback({query:this.query,types:e}))}onOpen(){let{contentEl:e}=this;e.createEl("h2",{text:this.title});let t="Search by title",i=new xe.TextComponent(e),n=null;i.inputEl.style.width="100%",i.setPlaceholder(t),i.setValue(this.query),i.onChange(o=>this.query=o),i.inputEl.addEventListener("keydown",this.keyPressCallback.bind(this)),e.appendChild(i.inputEl),i.inputEl.focus(),e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"}),e.createEl("h3",{text:"APIs to search"});for(let o of Pe){let a=e.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-wrapper"});a.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text-wrapper"}).createEl("span",{text:zt(o),cls:"media-db-plugin-list-text"});let l=a.createEl("div",{cls:"media-db-plugin-list-toggle"}),p=new xe.ToggleComponent(l);p.setTooltip(zt(o)),p.setValue(this.selectedTypes.find(d=>d.name===o).selected),p.getValue()&&(n=p),p.onChange(d=>{d?(n&&n!==p&&(n.setValue(!1),this.selectedTypes.find(c=>c.name===o).selected=!1),n=p,this.selectedTypes.find(c=>c.name===o).selected=!0):(n=null,this.selectedTypes.find(c=>c.name===o).selected=!1)}),l.appendChild(p.toggleEl)}e.createDiv({cls:"media-db-plugin-spacer"}),new xe.Setting(e).addButton(o=>{o.setButtonText("Cancel"),o.onClick(()=>this.close()),o.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button")}).addButton(o=>{o.setButtonText("Ok"),o.setCta(),o.onClick(()=>{this.search()}),o.buttonEl.addClass("media-db-plugin-button"),this.searchBtn=o})}onClose(){this.closeCallback();let{contentEl:e}=this;e.empty()}};var Gn={modalTitle:"Media DB Search",preselectedTypes:[],prefilledSearchString:""},qn={modalTitle:"Media DB Advanced Search",preselectedAPIs:[],prefilledSearchString:""},Un={modalTitle:"Media DB Id Search",preselectedAPI:"",prefilledSearchString:""},Hn={modalTitle:"Media DB Search Results",elements:[],multiSelect:!0,skipButton:!1},Vn={modalTitle:"Media DB Preview",elements:[]},Gi=class{constructor(e){this.plugin=e}async createSearchModal(e){let t=new Vi(this.plugin,e);return{searchModalResult:await new Promise(n=>{t.setSubmitCallback(o=>n({code:"SUCCESS",data:o})),t.setCloseCallback(o=>{o&&n({code:"ERROR",error:o}),n({code:"CLOSE"})}),t.open()}),searchModal:t}}async openSearchModal(e,t){let{searchModalResult:i,searchModal:n}=await this.createSearchModal(e);if(console.debug(`MDB | searchModal closed with code ${i.code}`),i.code==="ERROR"){console.warn(i.error),new Te.Notice(i.error.toString()),n.close();return}if(i.code!=="CLOSE")try{let o=await t(i.data);return n.close(),o}catch(o){console.warn(o),new Te.Notice(o.toString()),n.close();return}}async createAdvancedSearchModal(e){let t=new Ii(this.plugin,e);return{advancedSearchModalResult:await new Promise(n=>{t.setSubmitCallback(o=>n({code:"SUCCESS",data:o})),t.setCloseCallback(o=>{o&&n({code:"ERROR",error:o}),n({code:"CLOSE"})}),t.open()}),advancedSearchModal:t}}async openAdvancedSearchModal(e,t){let{advancedSearchModalResult:i,advancedSearchModal:n}=await this.createAdvancedSearchModal(e);if(console.debug(`MDB | advencedSearchModal closed with code ${i.code}`),i.code==="ERROR"){console.warn(i.error),new Te.Notice(i.error.toString()),n.close();return}if(i.code!=="CLOSE")try{let o=await t(i.data);return n.close(),o}catch(o){console.warn(o),new Te.Notice(o.toString()),n.close();return}}async createIdSearchModal(e){let t=new Li(this.plugin,e);return{idSearchModalResult:await new Promise(n=>{t.setSubmitCallback(o=>n({code:"SUCCESS",data:o})),t.setCloseCallback(o=>{o&&n({code:"ERROR",error:o}),n({code:"CLOSE"})}),t.open()}),idSearchModal:t}}async openIdSearchModal(e,t){let{idSearchModalResult:i,idSearchModal:n}=await this.createIdSearchModal(e);if(console.debug(`MDB | idSearchModal closed with code ${i.code}`),i.code==="ERROR"){console.warn(i.error),new Te.Notice(i.error.toString()),n.close();return}if(i.code!=="CLOSE")try{let o=await t(i.data);return n.close(),o}catch(o){console.warn(o),new Te.Notice(o.toString()),n.close();return}}async createSelectModal(e){let t=new Ui(this.plugin,e);return{selectModalResult:await new Promise(n=>{t.setSubmitCallback(o=>n({code:"SUCCESS",data:o})),t.setSkipCallback(()=>n({code:"SKIP"})),t.setCloseCallback(o=>{o&&n({code:"ERROR",error:o}),n({code:"CLOSE"})}),t.open()}),selectModal:t}}async openSelectModal(e,t){let{selectModalResult:i,selectModal:n}=await this.createSelectModal(e);if(console.debug(`MDB | selectModal closed with code ${i.code}`),i.code==="ERROR"){console.warn(i.error),new Te.Notice(i.error.toString()),n.close();return}if(i.code!=="CLOSE"&&i.code!=="SKIP")try{let o=await t(i.data);return n.close(),o}catch(o){console.warn(o),new Te.Notice(o.toString()),n.close();return}}async createPreviewModal(e){let t=new Hi(this.plugin,e);return{previewModalResult:await new Promise(n=>{t.setSubmitCallback(o=>n({code:"SUCCESS",data:o})),t.setCloseCallback(o=>{o&&n({code:"ERROR",error:o}),n({code:"CLOSE"})}),t.open()}),previewModal:t}}async openPreviewModal(e,t){let{previewModalResult:i,previewModal:n}=await this.createPreviewModal(e);if(console.debug(`MDB | previewModal closed with code ${i.code}`),i.code==="ERROR"){console.warn(i.error),new Te.Notice(i.error.toString()),n.close();return}if(i.code!=="CLOSE")try{let o=await t(i.data);return n.close(),o}catch(o){console.warn(o),new Te.Notice(o.toString()),n.close();return}}};var Ft=require("obsidian"),Yi=class{constructor(){this.toFormat="YYYY-MM-DD",this.locale=new Intl.DateTimeFormat().resolvedOptions().locale}setFormat(e){this.toFormat=e}getPreview(e){let t=(0,Ft.moment)();return e||(e=this.toFormat),t.locale(this.locale).format(e)}format(e,t,i="en"){if(!e)return null;let n;return t?n=(0,Ft.moment)(e,t,i):this.hasMomentFormat(e)?n=(0,Ft.moment)(e):n=(0,Ft.moment)(new Date(e)),n.isValid()?n.locale(this.locale).format(this.toFormat):null}hasMomentFormat(e){return(0,Ft.moment)(e,!0).isValid()}};var zi=class extends z.Plugin{constructor(){super(...arguments);this.frontMatterRexExpPattern="^(---)\\n[\\s\\S]*?\\n---"}async onload(){this.apiManager=new Di,this.apiManager.registerAPI(new Ei(this)),this.apiManager.registerAPI(new Ci(this)),this.apiManager.registerAPI(new Pi(this)),this.apiManager.registerAPI(new ki(this)),this.apiManager.registerAPI(new Fi(this)),this.apiManager.registerAPI(new $i(this)),this.apiManager.registerAPI(new Ri(this)),this.apiManager.registerAPI(new Oi(this)),this.apiManager.registerAPI(new Ni(this)),this.mediaTypeManager=new _i,this.modelPropertyMapper=new Ai(this),this.modalHelper=new Gi(this),this.dateFormatter=new Yi,await this.loadSettings(),this.addSettingTab(new Si(this.app,this)),this.mediaTypeManager.updateTemplates(this.settings),this.mediaTypeManager.updateFolders(this.settings),this.dateFormatter.setFormat(this.settings.customDateFormat),this.addRibbonIcon("database","Add new Media DB entry",()=>this.createEntryWithAdvancedSearchModal()).addClass("obsidian-media-db-plugin-ribbon-class"),this.registerEvent(this.app.workspace.on("file-menu",(i,n)=>{n instanceof z.TFolder&&i.addItem(o=>{o.setTitle("Import folder as Media DB entries").setIcon("database").onClick(()=>this.createEntriesFromFolder(n))})})),this.addCommand({id:"open-media-db-search-modal",name:"Create Media DB entry",callback:()=>this.createEntryWithSearchModal()});for(let i of Pe)this.addCommand({id:`open-media-db-search-modal-with-${i}`,name:`Create Media DB entry (${zt(i)})`,callback:()=>this.createEntryWithSearchModal({preselectedTypes:[i]})});this.addCommand({id:"open-media-db-advanced-search-modal",name:"Create Media DB entry (advanced search)",callback:()=>this.createEntryWithAdvancedSearchModal()}),this.addCommand({id:"open-media-db-id-search-modal",name:"Create Media DB entry by id",callback:()=>this.createEntryWithIdSearchModal()}),this.addCommand({id:"update-media-db-note",name:"Update open note (this will recreate the note)",checkCallback:i=>this.app.workspace.getActiveFile()?(i||this.updateActiveNote(!1),!0):!1}),this.addCommand({id:"update-media-db-note-metadata",name:"Update metadata",checkCallback:i=>this.app.workspace.getActiveFile()?(i||this.updateActiveNote(!0),!0):!1}),this.addCommand({id:"add-media-db-link",name:"Insert link",checkCallback:i=>this.app.workspace.getActiveFile()?(i||this.createLinkWithSearchModal(),!0):!1})}async createLinkWithSearchModal(){let t=await this.modalHelper.openAdvancedSearchModal({},async a=>await this.apiManager.query(a.query,a.apis));if(!t)return;let i=await this.modalHelper.openSelectModal({elements:t,multiSelect:!1},async a=>await this.queryDetails(a.selected));if(!i||i.length<1)return;let n=`[${i[0].title}](${i[0].url})`,o=this.app.workspace.getActiveViewOfType(z.MarkdownView);o&&o.editor.replaceRange(n,o.editor.getCursor())}async createEntryWithSearchModal(t){let i=[],n=await this.modalHelper.openSearchModal(t!=null?t:{},async s=>{i=s.types;let l=this.apiManager.apis.filter(p=>p.hasTypeOverlap(s.types)).map(p=>p.apiName);try{return console.log(l),await this.apiManager.query(s.query,l)}catch(p){return console.warn(p),[]}});if(!n)return;n=n.filter(s=>i.contains(s.type));let o,a;for(;!a;){if(o=await this.modalHelper.openSelectModal({elements:n},async s=>await this.queryDetails(s.selected)),!o)return;a=await this.modalHelper.openPreviewModal({elements:o},async s=>s.confirmed)}await this.createMediaDbNotes(o)}async createEntryWithAdvancedSearchModal(){let t=await this.modalHelper.openAdvancedSearchModal({},async o=>await this.apiManager.query(o.query,o.apis));if(!t)return;let i,n;for(;!n;){if(i=await this.modalHelper.openSelectModal({elements:t},async o=>await this.queryDetails(o.selected)),!i)return;n=await this.modalHelper.openPreviewModal({elements:i},async o=>o.confirmed)}await this.createMediaDbNotes(i)}async createEntryWithIdSearchModal(){let t,i;for(;!i;){if(t=await this.modalHelper.openIdSearchModal({},async n=>await this.apiManager.queryDetailedInfoById(n.query,n.api)),!t)return;i=await this.modalHelper.openPreviewModal({elements:[t]},async n=>n.confirmed)}await this.createMediaDbNoteFromModel(t,{attachTemplate:!0,openNote:!0})}async createMediaDbNotes(t,i){for(let n of t)await this.createMediaDbNoteFromModel(n,{attachTemplate:!0,attachFile:i})}async queryDetails(t){let i=[];for(let n of t)try{i.push(await this.apiManager.queryDetailedInfo(n))}catch(o){console.warn(o),new z.Notice(o.toString())}return i}async createMediaDbNoteFromModel(t,i){try{console.debug("MDB | creating new note"),i.openNote=this.settings.openNoteInNewTab;let n=await this.generateMediaDbNoteContents(t,i);i.folder||(i.folder=await this.mediaTypeManager.getFolder(t,this.app));let o=await this.createNote(this.mediaTypeManager.getFileName(t),n,i);this.settings.enableTemplaterIntegration&&await pn(this.app,o)}catch(n){console.warn(n),new z.Notice(n.toString())}}generateMediaDbNoteFrontmatterPreview(t){let i=this.modelPropertyMapper.convertObject(t.toMetaDataObject());return(0,z.stringifyYaml)(i)}async generateMediaDbNoteContents(t,i){let n=await this.mediaTypeManager.getTemplate(t,this.app);return this.generateContentWithDefaultFrontMatter(t,i,n)}async generateContentWithDefaultFrontMatter(t,i,n){let o;this.settings.useDefaultFrontMatter?o=this.modelPropertyMapper.convertObject(t.toMetaDataObject()):o={id:t.id,type:t.type,dataSource:t.dataSource};let a="";return n=i.attachTemplate?n:"",{fileMetadata:o,fileContent:a}=await this.attachFile(o,a,i.attachFile),{fileMetadata:o,fileContent:a}=await this.attachTemplate(o,a,n),this.settings.enableTemplaterIntegration&&hr(this.app)?a=`---
 <%* const media = ${JSON.stringify(t)} %>
 ${(0,z.stringifyYaml)(o)}---
 ${a}`:a=`---
@@ -64,4 +61,4 @@ ${(0,z.stringifyYaml)(a)}---
 ${s}`,s}async attachFile(t,i,n){if(!n)return{fileMetadata:t,fileContent:i};let o=this.getMetadataFromFileCache(n);t=Object.assign(o,t);let a=await this.app.vault.read(n),s=new RegExp(this.frontMatterRexExpPattern);return a=a.replace(s,""),a=a.startsWith(`
 `)?a.substring(1):a,i+=a,{fileMetadata:t,fileContent:i}}async attachTemplate(t,i,n){if(!n)return{fileMetadata:t,fileContent:i};let o=this.getMetaDataFromFileContent(n);t=Object.assign(o,t);let a=new RegExp(this.frontMatterRexExpPattern),s=n.replace(a,"");return i+=s,{fileMetadata:t,fileContent:i}}getMetaDataFromFileContent(t){let i,o=new RegExp(this.frontMatterRexExpPattern).exec(t);if(!o)return{};let a=o[0];return a?(a=a.substring(4),a=a.substring(0,a.length-3),i=(0,z.parseYaml)(a),i||(i={}),console.debug("MDB | metadata read from file content",i),i):{}}getMetadataFromFileCache(t){let i=this.app.metadataCache.getFileCache(t).frontmatter;return structuredClone(i!=null?i:{})}async createNote(t,i,n){var p;let o=(p=n.folder)!=null?p:this.app.vault.getAbstractFileByPath("/");t=on(t);let a=`${o.path}/${t}.md`,s=this.app.vault.getAbstractFileByPath(a);s&&await this.app.vault.delete(s);let l=await this.app.vault.create(a,i);if(console.debug(`MDB | created new file at ${a}`),n.openNote){let d=this.app.workspace.getUnpinnedLeaf();if(!d){console.warn("MDB | no active leaf, not opening newly created note");return}await d.openFile(l,{state:{mode:"source"}})}return l}async updateActiveNote(t=!1){let i=this.app.workspace.getActiveFile();if(!i)throw new Error("MDB | there is no active note");let n=this.getMetadataFromFileCache(i);if(n=this.modelPropertyMapper.convertObjectBack(n),console.debug("MDB | read metadata",n),!(n!=null&&n.type)||!(n!=null&&n.dataSource)||!(n!=null&&n.id))throw new Error("MDB | active note is not a Media DB entry or is missing metadata");let o=n,a=this.mediaTypeManager.createMediaTypeModelFromMediaType(o,o.type),s=await this.apiManager.queryDetailedInfoById(o.id,o.dataSource);s&&(s=Object.assign(a,s.getWithOutUserData()),t?await this.createMediaDbNoteFromModel(s,{attachFile:i,folder:i.parent,openNote:!0}):await this.createMediaDbNoteFromModel(s,{attachTemplate:!0,folder:i.parent,openNote:!0}))}async createEntriesFromFolder(t){let i=[],n=!1,{selectedAPI:o,titleFieldName:a,appendContent:s}=await new Promise(l=>{new Bi(this.app,this,(p,d,c)=>{l({selectedAPI:p,titleFieldName:d,appendContent:c})}).open()});for(let l of t.children)if(l instanceof z.TFile){let p=l;if(n){i.push({filePath:p.path,error:"user canceled"});continue}let c=this.getMetadataFromFileCache(p)[a];if(!c){i.push({filePath:p.path,error:`metadata field '${a}' not found or empty`});continue}let f=[];try{f=await this.apiManager.query(c,[o])}catch(m){i.push({filePath:p.path,error:m.toString()});continue}if(!f||f.length===0){i.push({filePath:p.path,error:"no search results"});continue}let{selectModalResult:u,selectModal:M}=await this.modalHelper.createSelectModal({elements:f,skipButton:!0,modalTitle:`Results for '${c}'`});if(u.code==="ERROR"){i.push({filePath:p.path,error:u.error.message}),M.close();continue}if(u.code==="CLOSE"){i.push({filePath:p.path,error:"user canceled"}),M.close(),n=!0;continue}if(u.code==="SKIP"){i.push({filePath:p.path,error:"user skipped"}),M.close();continue}if(u.data.selected.length===0){i.push({filePath:p.path,error:"no search results selected"});continue}let g=await this.queryDetails(u.data.selected);await this.createMediaDbNotes(g,s?p:null),M.close()}i.length>0&&await this.createErroredFilesReport(i)}async createErroredFilesReport(t){let i=`MDB - bulk import error report ${ln(new Date)}`,n=`${i}.md`,o=[["file","error"]].concat(t.map(s=>[s.filePath,s.error])),a=`# ${i}
 
-${an(o)}`;await this.app.vault.create(n,a)}async loadSettings(){let t=await this.loadData(),i=jn(this),n=Object.assign({},i,t),o=[];for(let a of i.propertyMappingModels){let s=n.propertyMappingModels.find(l=>l.type===a.type);if(s===void 0)o.push(a);else{let l=[];for(let p of a.properties){let d=s.properties.find(c=>c.property===p.property);d===void 0?l.push(p):l.push(new dt(d.property,d.newProperty,d.mapping,p.locked))}o.push(new Ft(s.type,l))}}n.propertyMappingModels=o,this.settings=n}async saveSettings(){this.mediaTypeManager.updateTemplates(this.settings),this.mediaTypeManager.updateFolders(this.settings),this.dateFormatter.setFormat(this.settings.customDateFormat),await this.saveData(this.settings)}};
+${an(o)}`;await this.app.vault.create(n,a)}async loadSettings(){let t=await this.loadData(),i=jn(this),n=Object.assign({},i,t),o=[];for(let a of i.propertyMappingModels){let s=n.propertyMappingModels.find(l=>l.type===a.type);if(s===void 0)o.push(a);else{let l=[];for(let p of a.properties){let d=s.properties.find(c=>c.property===p.property);d===void 0?l.push(p):l.push(new dt(d.property,d.newProperty,d.mapping,p.locked))}o.push(new kt(s.type,l))}}n.propertyMappingModels=o,this.settings=n}async saveSettings(){this.mediaTypeManager.updateTemplates(this.settings),this.mediaTypeManager.updateFolders(this.settings),this.dateFormatter.setFormat(this.settings.customDateFormat),await this.saveData(this.settings)}};
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-media-db-plugin/manifest.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-media-db-plugin/manifest.json
index c76d8c0d..dea210ed 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-media-db-plugin/manifest.json
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-media-db-plugin/manifest.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
 	"id": "obsidian-media-db-plugin",
 	"name": "Media DB",
-	"version": "0.7.1",
+	"version": "0.7.2",
 	"minAppVersion": "1.5.0",
 	"description": "A plugin that can query multiple APIs for movies, series, anime, games, music and wiki articles, and import them into your vault.",
 	"author": "Moritz Jung",
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-memos/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-memos/data.json
index 42a3e954..5f9a03ad 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-memos/data.json
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-memos/data.json
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
   "MomentsIcon": "https://images.pexels.com/photos/256514/pexels-photo-256514.jpeg",
   "MomentsQuote": "Share your thino with the world",
   "DefaultThemeForThino": "classic",
-  "LastUpdatedVersion": "2.4.47",
+  "LastUpdatedVersion": "2.4.49",
   "ShareToThinoWithText": false,
   "ShareToThinoWithTextAppend": "",
   "ShareToThinoWithTextPrepend": "",
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-memos/main.js b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-memos/main.js
index 268ae7ed..37cac8a9 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-memos/main.js
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-memos/main.js
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ function print() { __p += __j.call(arguments, '') }
 `).trim()}),a=[]),r=!0,o=l.replace("> [!thino]","").trim()):r&&l.startsWith(">")?a.push(l.replace(/^> /,"")):r&&!l.startsWith(">")&&(r=!1,n.push({metadata:o,content:a.join(`
 `).trim()}),a=[],o="")}return r&&n.push({metadata:o,content:a.join(`
 `).trim()}),n}const MR=e=>{let t;switch(e){case" ":t="TASK-TODO";break;case"x":case"X":t="TASK-DONE";break;default:t="TASK-"+e;break}return t};async function kR(e,t){if(!t)return 0;const{vault:n}=Le.getState().dailyNotesState.app,r=e==null?void 0:e.DefaultMemoComposition,a=e!=null&&e.ProcessEntriesBelow&&(e==null?void 0:e.ProcessContentTarget)!=="whole"?e==null?void 0:e.ProcessEntriesBelow:"",o=(e==null?void 0:e.ProcessContentTarget)!=="whole"?e!=null&&e.DifferentInsertTarget?e!=null&&e.InsertAfterForTask?e==null?void 0:e.InsertAfterForTask:"":a:"";let i;try{i=await n.read(t)}catch(S){console.error(S),i=await n.cachedRead(t)}let l;r!=""&&/{TIME}/g.test(r)&&/{CONTENT}/g.test(r)?l="(-|\\*) (\\[(.{1})\\]\\s)?"+r.replace(/{TIME}/g,"((\\<time\\>)?\\d{1,2}:\\d{2}(\\:\\d{2})?)?").replace(/ {CONTENT}/g,""):l="(-|\\*) (\\[(.{1})\\]\\s)?((\\<time\\>)?\\d{1,2}\\:\\d{2}(\\:\\d{2})?)?";const c=new RegExp(l,"g"),f=(i.match(c)||[]).length,h=new RegExp(a.replace(/([.?*+^$[\]\\(){}|-])/g,"\\$1"),"g"),g=new RegExp(o.replace(/([.?*+^$[\]\\(){}|-])/g,"\\$1"),"g"),y=(i.match(h)||[]).length,w=(i.match(g)||[]).length;return i=null,y||w?f:0}function Fx(e,t,n,r,a){var g,y,w;const o=Le.getState().dailyNotesState.app||window.app,i=dp(a,"day")||C.moment(a.stat.ctime);let l;const c=IR(a,n,t),f=o==null?void 0:o.metadataCache.getFileCache(a),h={frontmatter:(f==null?void 0:f.frontmatter)||{},tags:((g=f==null?void 0:f.frontmatter)==null?void 0:g.tags)||[]};for(const S of c){const D=OR(e.DefaultMemoComposition,S.line),I=PR(e.DefaultMemoComposition,S.line),M=jR(S.line);let N=NR(S.line);if(i.hours(parseInt(D)),i.minutes(parseInt(I)),M&&i.seconds(parseInt(M)),!M&&i.seconds(0),/^\s*[-*]\s(\[(.)\])\s/g.test(S.line)){const Z=LR(S.line);N=AR(S.line),l=MR(Z)}else l="JOURNAL";let _=N.trim().replaceAll(/<br>/g,`
-`);const k=new RegExp(/\[(pinned|PINNED)::true\]/,"g").test(N),B=new RegExp(/\[(archived|ARCHIVED)::true\]/,"g").test(N),L=new RegExp(/\[(deleted|DELETED)::([^\]]*)\]/,"g").test(N),R=(y=new RegExp(/\[(deleted|DELETED)::([^\]]*)\]/,"g").exec(N))==null?void 0:y[2],V=(w=new RegExp(/\[(webId|WEBID)::([^\]]*)\]/,"g").exec(N))==null?void 0:w[2],Y=new RegExp(/\[(visibility|VISIBILITY)::("PROTECT"|"PUBLIC")\]/,"g").test(N)?"PUBLIC":"PRIVATE";a.path.includes("2024-04-07"),_=_.replace(/\s\[pinned::[^\]]+\]/g,"").replace(/\s\[visibility::[^\]]+\]/g,"").replace(/\s\[archived::[^\]]+\]/g,"").replace(/\s\[deleted::[^\]]+\]/g,"").replace(/\s\[webId::[^\]]+\]/g,""),S.blockId&&(_=_.replace("^"+(S==null?void 0:S.blockId),"")),r.push({id:i.format("YYYYMMDDHHmmss")+`${S.index}`,content:_.trim(),createdAt:i.format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss"),updatedAt:i.format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss"),thinoType:l,hasId:S.blockId?S.blockId:"",linkId:"",path:a.path,deletedAt:L?C.moment(R,"YYYYMMDDHHmmss").format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:SS"):"",rowStatus:B?"ARCHIVED":"NORMAL",visibility:Y,pinned:k,creatorName:"Memo",resourceList:[],sourceType:"DAILY",webId:V,fileInfo:h})}}function NR(e){return e.replace(/^(-|\*|\d\.) (\d{1,2}:\d{2}(:\d{2})?)\s(.*)/g,"$4")}function AR(e){return FR(e)}const FR=e=>{var r;let t;return t="^(-|\\*|\\d\\.)\\s+\\[.\\]\\s(\\d{1,2}:\\d{2}(:\\d{2})?)\\s([\\w\\W]*)",(r=new RegExp(t,"").exec(e))==null?void 0:r[4]},OR=(e,t)=>{var a;let n;return e!=""&&/{TIME}/g.test(e)&&/{CONTENT}/g.test(e)?n="^\\s*(\\-|\\*|(\\d{1,}\\.))\\s(\\[(.{1})\\]\\s?)?"+e.replace(/{TIME}/g,"(\\<time\\>)?(\\d{1,2})\\:(\\d{2})(\\:\\d{2})?").replace(/{CONTENT}/g,"(.*)"):n="^\\s*(\\-|\\*|(\\d{1,}\\.))\\s(\\[(.{1})\\]\\s?)?(\\<time\\>)?(\\d{1,2})\\:(\\d{2})(.*)",(a=new RegExp(n,"").exec(t))==null?void 0:a[6]},PR=(e,t)=>{var a;let n;return e!=""&&/{TIME}/g.test(e)&&/{CONTENT}/g.test(e)?n="^\\s*(\\-|\\*|(\\d{1,}\\.))\\s(\\[(.{1})\\]\\s?)?"+e.replace(/{TIME}/g,"(\\<time\\>)?(\\d{1,2})\\:(\\d{2})(\\:\\d{2})?").replace(/{CONTENT}/g,"(.*)"):n="^\\s*(\\-|\\*|(\\d{1,}\\.))\\s(\\[(.{1})\\]\\s?)?(\\<time\\>)?(\\d{1,2})\\:(\\d{2})(.*)",(a=new RegExp(n,"").exec(t))==null?void 0:a[7]},jR=e=>{var r;const t="^\\s*(\\-|\\*|(\\d{1,}\\.))\\s(\\[(.{1})\\]\\s?)?(\\d{1,2})\\:(\\d{2})\\:(\\d{2})(.*)";return(r=new RegExp(t,"").exec(e))==null?void 0:r[7]},LR=e=>{var t;return(t=/^\s*[\-\*]\s(\[(.{1})\])\s(.*)/.exec(e))==null?void 0:t[2]},cA=()=>Gg()?!0:(new C.Notice(E("Check if you opened Daily Notes Plugin Or Periodic Notes Plugin")),!1);async function dA(e,t){var l;if(!e)return t;const n=Le.getState().dailyNotesState.app||window.app,r=await xR(e,n);let a=C.moment(e.stat.ctime).format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss");const o=n==null?void 0:n.metadataCache.getFileCache(e),i={frontmatter:(o==null?void 0:o.frontmatter)||{},tags:((l=o==null?void 0:o.frontmatter)==null?void 0:l.tags)||[]};await n.fileManager.processFrontMatter(e,c=>{if(c.id||(c.id=ut.randomId(16)),c.createdAt?a=C.moment(c.createdAt,"YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss").isValid()?c.createdAt:a:c.createdAt=a,!r.trim())return t;const f=!!c.pinned,h=c.rowStatus&&c.rowStatus==="ARCHIVED",g=!!c.deletedAt,y=c.deletedAt?c.deletedAt:"",w=c.visibility?c.visibility:"PRIVATE",S=c.thinoType?c.thinoType:"JOURNAL",D=c.webId?c.webId:"",I=c.id?c.id:"",M=c.hasId?c.hasId:"",N=c.linkId?c.linkId:"",_=e.path,k="Memo",B="MULTI",L=[];return t.push({id:I,content:r,createdAt:a,updatedAt:a,deletedAt:g?C.moment(y,"YYYYMMDDHHmmss").format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:SS"):"",pinned:f,rowStatus:h?"ARCHIVED":"NORMAL",visibility:w,thinoType:S,hasId:M,linkId:N,path:_,creatorName:k,sourceType:B,resourceList:L,webId:D,fileInfo:i}),t})}async function cT(e,t){var I,M,N,_,k,B,L;if(!e)return t;const{vault:n,metadataCache:r}=Le.getState().dailyNotesState.app||window.app;let a;try{a=await n.read(e)}catch(R){console.error(R),a=await n.cachedRead(e)}if(!a)return;const o=C.moment(e.stat.ctime).format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss"),i=C.moment(e.stat.mtime).format("YYYY/MM/DD 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0:L[2];t.push({id:Y,content:R.content,createdAt:Z,updatedAt:Q,deletedAt:fe?C.moment($,"YYYYMMDDHHmmss").format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:SS"):"",pinned:le,rowStatus:se?"ARCHIVED":"NORMAL",visibility:he,thinoType:ie||"JOURNAL",hasId:h,linkId:g,path:l,creatorName:c,sourceType:f,resourceList:y,webId:G,fileInfo:S})}return t}async function fA(e,t){if(!e)return[];const n=Le.getState().dailyNotesState.settings,{vault:r}=Le.getState().dailyNotesState.app||window.app;if(await kR(n,e)===0)return;let o;try{o=await r.read(e)}catch(g){console.error(g),o=await r.cachedRead(e)}const{content:i,startLine:l}=Ax(o,(n==null?void 0:n.ProcessContentTarget)==="whole"?"":n.ProcessEntriesBelow);let c="",f=0;if(n.DifferentInsertTarget&&(n==null?void 0:n.ProcessContentTarget)!=="whole"&&n.InsertAfterForTask&&!i.includes(n.InsertAfterForTask)){const{content:g,startLine:y}=Ax(o,n.InsertAfterForTask);c=g,f=y}const h=[];Fx(n,i,l,h,e),n.DifferentInsertTarget&&c&&Fx(n,c,f,h,e),h.length!==0&&t.push(...h.sort((g,y)=>g.createdAt>y.createdAt?-1:1))}async function hA(e,t){const n=Le.getState().dailyNotesState.app||window.app;if(!(e instanceof C.TFile))return;let r;try{r=await n.vault.read(e)}catch(i){console.error(i),r=await n.vault.cachedRead(e)}if(!r)return;const a=JSON.parse(r),o=a==null?void 0:a.nodes;for(const i of o){if(i.type==="group"||i.createdAt===void 0||i.text.trim()==="")continue;const c=C.moment(i==null?void 0:i.createdAt,"YYYYMMDDHHmmss").format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:SS"),f=C.moment(i==null?void 0:i.updatedAt,"YYYYMMDDHHmmss").format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:SS"),h=i!=null&&i.deletedAt?C.moment(i==null?void 0:i.deletedAt,"YYYYMMDDHHmmss").format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:SS"):"",g=!!(i!=null&&i.pinned),y=i!=null&&i.archived?"ARCHIVED":"NORMAL",w=i!=null&&i.visibility?i==null?void 0:i.visibility:"PRIVATE",S=i!=null&&i.thinoType?i==null?void 0:i.thinoType:"JOURNAL",D=i!=null&&i.text?i==null?void 0:i.text:"",I=i!=null&&i.id?i==null?void 0:i.id:"",M=i!=null&&i.hasId?i==null?void 0:i.hasId:"",N=i!=null&&i.linkId?i==null?void 0:i.linkId:"",_=e.path,k="Memo",B="CANVAS",L=[],R=i!=null&&i.webId?i==null?void 0:i.webId:void 0;t.push({id:I,content:D,createdAt:c,updatedAt:f,deletedAt:h,pinned:g,rowStatus:y,visibility:w,thinoType:S,hasId:M,linkId:N,path:_,creatorName:k,sourceType:B,resourceList:L,webId:R,fileInfo:{frontmatter:{},tags:[]}})}}async function Ox(e=[]){const t=[],n=[],r=Le.getState().dailyNotesState.app||app,{vault:a}=r,{settings:o}=Le.getState().dailyNotesState,i=r.loadLocalStorage("tokenForSync"),l=async(c,f)=>{for(const h of c)try{await f(h,t,o)}catch(g){console.error(g),new C.Notice(g)}};try{if(e.includes("CANVAS")){const c=RR(a);await l(c,hA)}}catch(c){console.error(c)}try{if(e.includes("MULTI")){const c=_R(a,r,o);await l(c,dA)}}catch(c){console.error(c)}try{if(e.includes("DAILY")){const c=await BR(a);await l(c,fA)}}catch(c){console.error(c)}try{if(e.includes("FILE")||i){const c=HR(a,r,o);await l(c,cT)}}catch(c){console.error(c)}return{memos:t,commentMemos:n}}function RR(e){return e.getAllLoadedFiles().filter(t=>t instanceof C.TFile&&t.extension==="canvas"&&t.name.includes(".thino"))}function _R(e,t,n){const r=e.getMarkdownFiles(),a=r.filter(i=>{var l,c;return((l=i.parent)==null?void 0:l.path.includes(n.MemoOtherSaveLocation.MemoDefaultMultiFilePath.trim()))&&!((c=i.path)!=null&&c.endsWith("thino.md"))}),o=n.TagForMultiTypeFiles?r.filter(i=>{var l,c,f;return!((l=i.parent)!=null&&l.path.includes(n.MemoOtherSaveLocation.MemoDefaultMultiFilePath.trim())&&!((c=i.path)!=null&&c.endsWith("thino.md")))&&((f=C.getAllTags(t.metadataCache.getFileCache(i)))==null?void 0:f.contains("#"+n.TagForMultiTypeFiles.replace("#","")))}):[];return[...a,...o]}async function BR(e){const t=hb();t===void 0&&new C.Notice(E("Please check your daily note plugin OR periodic notes plugin settings")+"folder path is empty or undefined"),e.getAbstractFileByPath(C.normalizePath(t))||new C.Notice(E("Failed to find daily notes folder"));const r=qu();return Object.values(r).filter(a=>a instanceof C.TFile&&a.extension==="md")}function HR(e,t,n){const r=e.getMarkdownFiles(),a=r.filter(i=>i.name.trim().includes("thino")),o=n.TagForFileTypeFiles?r.filter(i=>{var l;return!i.name.trim().includes("thino")&&((l=C.getAllTags(t.metadataCache.getFileCache(i)))==null?void 0:l.contains("#"+n.TagForFileTypeFiles.replace("#","")))}):[];return[...a,...o]}const YR=async(e,t,n)=>{const r=await jp(Le.getState().dailyNotesState.app)||[],a=r.find(l=>l.id===e),o={...a,title:t,querystring:n},i=r.findIndex(l=>l.id===e);return r[i]=o,await kv(Le.getState().dailyNotesState.app,r),[a]},UR="https://api.thino.pkmer.cn/test",Lp=UR,zR="unknown",VR=/!\[(?<content>[^\]]+)\]\((?<link>[^)]+)\)/g;function WR(e){return e.substring(e.lastIndexOf(".")+1)}function $R(e){return{id:e.id,createdAt:Date.now().toString(),filename:e.id,type:`${WR(e.id)}`,size:e.size.toString()}}function ZR(e){const t=e==null?void 0:e.matchAll(VR);return t?Array.from(t).map(n=>{var r;return $R({url:(r=n.groups)==null?void 0:r.link,id:zR,size:0,mtime:""})}).filter(n=>n.type!="html"):[]}function Nv(e){var t;return{id:e.id,createdAt:C.moment(e.ctime.toString(),"x").format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss"),updatedAt:C.moment(e.mtime.toString(),"x").format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss"),deletedAt:(t=e.ttime)!=null&&t.toString()?C.moment(e.ttime.toString(),"x").format("YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss"):"",rowStatus:e.rowStatus,content:e.content,pinned:e.pinned,resourceList:ZR(e.content),creatorName:"thino",sourceType:(e==null?void 0:e.thinoType)||"FILE",visibility:"PUBLIC",localId:e.originalId,deleted:!!e.dtime}}async function qR(e){const n={url:`${Lp}/thino/getThinos${e?`?since=${e}&includeDeleted=true`:""}`,method:"GET",headers:{Authorization:`Bearer ${Rp()}`}};return C.requestUrl(n).then(r=>{r.status>=400&&console.error(`Failed to fetch memos: ${r.status}`);try{return r.json.payload.map(o=>Nv(o))}catch(a){console.error(`Error processing memo response: ${a}`)}}).catch(r=>(console.error(r),[]))}function Rp(){const e=Le.getState().dailyNotesState.app||app;return(e==null?void 0:e.loadLocalStorage("tokenForSync"))||""}async function M2(e){const t=`${Lp}/thino/createThino`,n={content:e.content,thinoType:(e==null?void 0:e.thinoType)||"FILE",pinned:!1,rowStatus:"NORMAL",encrypted:!1},r={url:t,method:"POST",contentType:"application/json",body:JSON.stringify(n),headers:{Authorization:`Bearer ${Rp()}`}};return C.requestUrl(r).then(a=>{a.status>=400&&console.error(`Failed to create memo: ${a.status}`);try{const o=a.json;return Nv(o.payload)}catch(o){console.error(`Error processing memo creation response: ${o}`)}}).catch(a=>(console.error(a),null))}function GR(e){return{id:e.id,ctime:C.moment(e.createdAt,"YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss").valueOf(),mtime:C.moment(e.updatedAt,"YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss").valueOf(),ttime:e.deletedAt?C.moment(e.deletedAt,"YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss").valueOf():void 0,rowStatus:e.rowStatus,content:e.content,pinned:e.pinned,encrypted:!1,thinoType:e.sourceType==="DAILY"?"DAILY":"FILE",tags:[]}}async function JR(e){const t=`${Lp}/thino/createThinosByData`,n=e.map(a=>GR(a)),r={url:t,method:"POST",contentType:"application/json",body:JSON.stringify(n),headers:{Authorization:`Bearer ${Rp()}`}};return C.requestUrl(r).then(a=>{a.status>=400&&console.error(`Failed to create thinos: ${a.status}`);try{return a.json.payload.map(l=>Nv(l))}catch(o){console.error(`Error processing thinos creation response: ${o}`)}}).catch(a=>(console.error(a),[]))}async function wS(e){const n={url:`${Lp}/thino/updateThinoById/${e.id}`,method:"POST",contentType:"application/json",body:JSON.stringify(e),headers:{Authorization:`Bearer ${Rp()}`}};return C.requestUrl(n).then(r=>{r.status>=400&&console.error(`Failed to update memo: ${r.status}`);try{const a=r.json;return Nv(a.payload)}catch(a){console.error(`Error processing memo update response: ${a}`)}}).catch(r=>(console.error(r),null))}async function Kg(e){const n={url:`${Lp}/thino/recoverThinoFromTrash/${e}`,method:"POST",headers:{Authorization:`Bearer ${Rp()}`}};return C.requestUrl(n).then(r=>{r.status>=400&&console.error(`Failed to recover memo: ${r.status}`);try{const a=r.json;return Nv(a.payload)}catch(a){console.error(`Error processing memo recovery response: ${a}`)}}).catch(r=>(console.error(r),null))}async function k2(e){const n={url:`${Lp}/thino/deleteThinoById/${e}`,method:"DELETE",headers:{Authorization:`Bearer ${Rp()}`}};return C.requestUrl(n).then(r=>{r.status>=400&&console.error(`Failed to delete memo: ${r.status}`)}).catch(r=>(console.error(r),null))}function KR(e){return(e==null?void 0:e.replace(/[-[\]{}()*+?.,\\^$|#\s]/g,"\\$&"))||e}function QR(e){const t=[];let n=e;for(;n.contains(`
 `);){const r=n.indexOf(`
 `);t.push(n.slice(0,r)),n=n.slice(r+1)}return t.push(n),t}async function XR({content:e,isList:t,name:n}){var N;const r=Le.getState().dailyNotesState.settings,a=C.moment(),o=ut.randomId(16),i=(r==null?void 0:r.MemoOtherSaveLocation.MemoDefaultMultiFilePath)||"Thino",l=n||`${a.format("YYYYMMDD")}-${o}`,c=`${i}/${l}.md`,f={id:o,content:e,deletedAt:"",path:c,createdAt:a.format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss"),updatedAt:a.format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss"),thinoType:t?"JOURNAL":"TASK-TODO",hasId:"",linkId:"",pinned:!1,visibility:"PUBLIC",rowStatus:"NORMAL",creatorName:"Thino",resourceList:[],sourceType:"MULTI",fileInfo:{tags:[],frontmatter:{}}},h=ft.getState().app||window.app,{vault:g,fileManager:y}=h,w=g.getAbstractFileByPath(i);(!w||!(w instanceof C.TFolder))&&(new C.Notice(E("Folder not found for the given thino path, is creating a new folder")),await g.createFolder(i)),dt.setChangedByMemos(!0);let S;const D=h.vault.getFileByPath(c);D?S=await g.create(`${i}/${a.format("YYYYMMDD")}-${o}.md`,e):S=await g.create(c,e),await y.processFrontMatter(S,_=>{_.id=o,_.createdAt=a.format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss"),_.updatedAt=a.format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss"),_.thinoType=t?"JOURNAL":"TASK-TODO"}),(!n||D)&&(r!=null&&r.SetFileNameAfterCreate)&&h.fileManager.promptForFileRename(S);const I=h.metadataCache.getFileCache(S),M={tags:((N=I==null?void 0:I.frontmatter)==null?void 0:N.tags)||[],frontmatter:(I==null?void 0:I.frontmatter)||{}};return{...f,fileInfo:M}}async function e_({content:e,isList:t}){var _;const n=Le.getState().dailyNotesState.settings,r=C.moment(),a=ut.randomId(16),o=(n==null?void 0:n.MemoOtherSaveLocation.MemoDefaultSingleFilePath)||"basic.thino.md",i={id:a,content:e,deletedAt:"",path:o,createdAt:r.format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss"),updatedAt:r.format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss"),thinoType:t?"JOURNAL":"TASK-TODO",hasId:"",linkId:"",pinned:!1,visibility:"PUBLIC",rowStatus:"NORMAL",creatorName:"Thino",resourceList:[],sourceType:"FILE",fileInfo:{tags:[],frontmatter:{}}},l=ft.getState().app,{vault:c}=l;let f=c.getAbstractFileByPath(o);(!f||!(f instanceof C.TFile))&&(new C.Notice(E("File not found for the given thino path, is creating a new file")),f=await c.create(o,""));const h=l.metadataCache.getFileCache(f),g={tags:((_=h==null?void 0:h.frontmatter)==null?void 0:_.tags)||[],frontmatter:(h==null?void 0:h.frontmatter)||{}};let y="";try{y=await c.read(f)||await c.cachedRead(f)}catch(k){console.error(k),new C.Notice(E("Failed to read current daily note, check if it exists."))}const w=y.indexOf(`# ${r.format("YYYY-MM-DD")}`);let S=y.indexOf(`
 #`,w+1);S===-1&&(S=y.length);const D=`> [!thino] ${r.format("YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss")} %% [id::${a}] [thinoType::${t?"JOURNAL":"TASK-TODO"}] %%`,I=e.replace(/\n/g,`
@@ -160,14 +160,14 @@ ${e}`,posNum:-1};const r=t.split(`
 ${e}
 ${o}`,posNum:n}:{content:`${a}
 ${e}
-${o}`,posNum:n}}function LH(e,t,n){var a;const r=t.workspace.getLeavesOfType("markdown");for(const o of r){const i=o.view;if(((a=i==null?void 0:i.file)==null?void 0:a.path)===e){t.workspace.revealLeaf(o);try{return o.view.setEphemeralState({line:n}),!0}catch(l){return console.error(l),!1}}}return!1}const U2=async e=>{var o;const t=ft.getState().app,n=t.workspace.getLeavesOfType("markdown");for(const i of n){const l=i.view;if(((o=l==null?void 0:l.file)==null?void 0:o.path)===e){t.workspace.revealLeaf(i);return}}const r=t.metadataCache.getFirstLinkpathDest("",e);if(!r){new C.Notice(E("File not found for the given thino path"));return}await t.workspace.getLeaf(!0).openFile(r)},z2=async(e,t)=>{const{app:n}=ft.getState(),r=parseInt(e.slice(14));if(LH(t,n,r))return;const a=n.metadataCache.getFirstLinkpathDest("",t);if(!C.Platform.isMobile)await n.workspace.getLeaf(!0).openFile(a,{eState:{line:r}});else{let o=n.workspace.activeLeaf;o===null&&(o=n.workspace.getLeaf(!0)),await o.openFile(a,{eState:{line:r}})}},V2=async(e,t)=>{var f,h,g;const n=ft.getState().app,r=n.metadataCache.getFirstLinkpathDest("",t);if(!r){new C.Notice(E("File not found for the given thino path"));return}let a="";try{a=await n.vault.read(r)}catch(y){console.error(y),a=await n.vault.cachedRead(r)}const i=a.split(/\r?\n/).findIndex(y=>y.contains(e)),l=n.workspace.getLeavesOfType("markdown");for(const y of l){const w=y.view;if(((f=w==null?void 0:w.file)==null?void 0:f.path)===r.path){n.workspace.revealLeaf(y);try{(h=y.view.editor)==null||h.setCursor({line:i,ch:1});return}catch(S){console.error(S)}}}const c=n.workspace.getLeaf(!0);await c.openFile(r,{eState:{line:i}});try{(g=c.view.editor)==null||g.setCursor({line:i,ch:1})}catch(y){console.error(y)}},W2=async(e,t)=>{var l;const n=ft.getState().app,r=(c,f)=>{var g;const h=(g=Array.from(c.nodes.values()))==null?void 0:g.find(y=>y.id===f);return h?(c.selectOnly(h),c.zoomToSelection(),!0):!1},a=n.workspace.getLeavesOfType("canvas");for(const c of a){const f=c.view;if(((l=f==null?void 0:f.file)==null?void 0:l.path)===t&&(n.workspace.revealLeaf(c),r(f.canvas,e)))return}const o=n.metadataCache.getFirstLinkpathDest("",t);if(!o){new C.Notice(E("File not found for the given thino path"));return}const i=n.workspace.getLeaf(!0);await i.openFile(o),setTimeout(()=>{var c;r((c=i.view)==null?void 0:c.canvas,e)},10)};class RH{constructor(){Se(this,"initialized",!1)}getState(){return Le.getState().memoState}async fetchAllMemos(){const t=ft.getState().settings;ut.checkDailyInMulti(t);const n=await Ko.getMyMemos(t.EnabledLocationList.map(o=>o.value)),r=[...n.memos],a=[...n.commentMemos];return Le.dispatch({type:"SET_MEMOS",payload:{memos:r}}),Le.dispatch({type:"SET_COMMENT_MEMOS",payload:{commentMemos:a}}),this.initialized||(this.initialized=!0,dt.setLoaded(!0)),r}async updateTypeMemos(t){const n=await Ko.updateSpecificTypeMemo(t),r=this.getState().memos.filter(a=>a.sourceType!==t);Le.dispatch({type:"SET_MEMOS",payload:{memos:[...r,...n.memos]}})}async removeTypeMemos(t){const n=this.getState().memos.filter(r=>r.sourceType!==t);Le.dispatch({type:"SET_MEMOS",payload:{memos:[...n]}})}async fetchDeletedMemos(){const t=await Ko.getMyDeletedMemos();return t.sort((n,r)=>ut.getTimeStampByDate(r.deletedAt)-ut.getTimeStampByDate(n.deletedAt)),t}pushMemo(t){Le.dispatch({type:"INSERT_MEMO",payload:{memo:{...t}}})}pushCommentMemo(t){Le.dispatch({type:"INSERT_COMMENT_MEMO",payload:{memo:{...t}}})}getMemoById(t){for(const n of this.getState().memos)if(n.id===t)return n;return null}getCommentMemoById(t){for(const n of this.getState().commentMemos)if(n.id===t)return n;return null}getMemoByWebId(t){for(const n of this.getState().memos)if(n.webId===t||n.id===t)return n;return null}async finishWaitingForTemplaterThinos(){const t=this.getState().preparingUpdateMemo;if(t.length!==0)for(const n of t){const r=this.getMemoById(n.id),a=n.type==="local"?await bS(n.origin,n.isList,n.date,!0):await jx(r);await this.replaceOldThinoWithNewThino(n.id,a),Le.dispatch({type:"REMOVE_PARTICULAR_PREPARE_UPDATE_THINO",payload:{id:n.id}})}}async replaceOldThinoWithNewThino(t,n){this.getMemoById(t)&&Le.dispatch({type:"REPLACE_MEMO_BY_ID",payload:{id:t,memo:n}})}async updateMemoById(t,n,r){const a=this.getMemoByWebId(t);if(!a)return;let o=null;const i=r?{}:{content:n.content,rowStatus:n.rowStatus,pinned:n.pinned,deleted:!!n.deletedAt,thinoType:n.thinoType||"JOURNAL"};if(iA({...a,deleted:!!n.deletedAt},{...i,webId:n.id}))return a;switch(a.sourceType){case"DAILY":o=await _l(a,{id:a.id,webId:n.id,...i});break;case"CANVAS":o=await Rl(a,{id:a.id,webId:n.id,...i});break;case"MULTI":o=await js(a,{id:a.id,webId:n.id,...i});break;case"FILE":o=await Ll(a,{id:a.id,webId:n.id,...i});break}if(!o)return a;Le.dispatch({type:"EDIT_MEMO",payload:o})}async archiveThinoBulk(t){const n=[];for(const r of t){let a;switch(r.sourceType){case"DAILY":a=await _l(r,{id:r.id,rowStatus:"ARCHIVED"}),n.push(a);break;case"CANVAS":a=await Rl(r,{id:r.id,rowStatus:"ARCHIVED"}),n.push(a);break;case"MULTI":a=await js(r,{id:r.id,rowStatus:"ARCHIVED"}),n.push(a);break;case"FILE":a=await Ll(r,{id:r.id,rowStatus:"ARCHIVED"}),n.push(a);break}}return n.length>0?(Le.dispatch({type:"ARCHIVE_MEMO_BY_ID_BULK",payload:n}),n):t}async dealWithDailyThinoBulk(t,n,r){const a=await m_(t,n,r);return r==="deleteForever"?await this.deleteThinosWithIdBulk(a.map(o=>o.id)):this.editMemoBulk(a),a}async deleteThinosWithIdBulk(t){for(const n of t)Le.dispatch({type:"DELETE_MEMO_BY_ID",payload:{id:n}})}async archiveMemo(t){let n=null;switch(t.sourceType){case"DAILY":n=await _l(t,{id:t.id,rowStatus:"ARCHIVED"});break;case"CANVAS":n=await Rl(t,{id:t.id,rowStatus:"ARCHIVED"});break;case"MULTI":n=await js(t,{id:t.id,rowStatus:"ARCHIVED"});break;case"FILE":n=await Ll(t,{id:t.id,rowStatus:"ARCHIVED"});break}return n?(Le.dispatch({type:"ARCHIVE_MEMO_BY_ID",payload:n}),n):t}async pushToUpdateList(t,n){Le.dispatch({type:"PREPARE_UPDATE_THINO",payload:{thino:t,originalId:n}})}async removePrepareUpdateThinoById(t){Le.dispatch({type:"REMOVE_PARTICULAR_PREPARE_UPDATE_THINO",payload:{id:t}})}async removePrepareUpdateThino(){Le.dispatch({type:"REMOVE_PREPARE_UPDATE_THINO",payload:null})}async unarchiveThinoBulk(t){const n=[];for(const r of t){let a;switch(r.sourceType){case"DAILY":a=await _l(r,{id:r.id,rowStatus:"NORMAL"}),n.push(a);break;case"CANVAS":a=await Rl(r,{id:r.id,rowStatus:"NORMAL"}),n.push(a);break;case"MULTI":a=await js(r,{id:r.id,rowStatus:"NORMAL"}),n.push(a);break;case"FILE":a=await Ll(r,{id:r.id,rowStatus:"NORMAL"}),n.push(a);break}}return n.length>0?(Le.dispatch({type:"ARCHIVE_MEMO_BY_ID_BULK",payload:n}),n):t}async unarchiveMemo(t){let n=null;switch(t.sourceType){case"DAILY":n=await _l(t,{id:t.id,rowStatus:"NORMAL"});break;case"CANVAS":n=await Rl(t,{id:t.id,rowStatus:"NORMAL"});break;case"MULTI":n=await js(t,{id:t.id,rowStatus:"NORMAL"});break;case"FILE":n=await Ll(t,{id:t.id,rowStatus:"NORMAL"});break}return Le.dispatch({type:"UNARCHIVE_MEMO_BY_ID",payload:n}),n}async hideMemoById(t){const n=this.getMemoById(t);if(!n)return n;let r=null;switch(n.sourceType){case"DAILY":r=await _l(n,{id:n.id,deleted:!0});break;case"CANVAS":r=await Rl(n,{id:n.id,deleted:!0});break;case"MULTI":r=await js(n,{id:n.id,deleted:!0});break;case"FILE":r=await Ll(n,{id:n.id,deleted:!0});break}if(!r)return n;if(r)return r}async restoreMemoById(t){return await Ko.restoreMemo(t)}async deleteMemoById(t,n){const r=this.getMemoById(t);try{switch(r.sourceType){case"DAILY":await Ko.deleteMemoInDailyNote(r);break;case"CANVAS":await Ko.deleteMemoInCanvas(r);break;case"MULTI":await Ko.deleteMemoInMultiFiles(r);break;case"FILE":await Ko.deleteMemoInSingleFile(r);break}Le.dispatch({type:"DELETE_MEMO_BY_ID",payload:{id:t}})}catch(l){console.error(l),new C.Notice(E("Failed to delete memo"))}if(n&&n==="local")return;const a=ft.getState().settings,o=ft.getState().app;!(o!=null&&o.loadLocalStorage("tokenForSync"))||!a.startSync||r.webId&&await k2(r.webId)}async removeMemosInFile(t,n){var a,o;const r=[];try{if(t.path.endsWith(".md")&&!t.path.contains(".thino")&&!n){const l=this.getState().memos.filter(c=>c.path.trim()===t.path.trim());r.push(...l)}else if(t.path.contains("thino.canvas")){const l=this.getState().memos.filter(c=>c.path.trim()===t.path.trim());r.push(...l)}else if((a=t==null?void 0:t.parent)!=null&&a.path.contains(n)||!(t!=null&&t.parent)&&!((o=t==null?void 0:t.parent)!=null&&o.path)){const l=this.getState().memos.filter(c=>c.path.trim()===t.path.trim());l.length>0&&r.push(...l)}else t.path.endsWith(".md")&&t.path.contains(".thino")&&await cT(t,r);const i=r.map(l=>l.id);Le.dispatch({type:"DELETE_MEMO_BY_ID_BATCH",payload:{ids:i}})}catch(i){console.error(i)}}async removeThinosByPath(t){const r=this.getState().memos.filter(a=>a.path===t).map(a=>a.id);Le.dispatch({type:"DELETE_MEMO_BY_ID_BATCH",payload:{ids:r}})}async updateMemosInFile(t,n){const r=[],a=async()=>{var o;if(t.path.endsWith(".md")&&!t.path.contains(".thino")&&!n){await fA(t,r);return}else if(t.path.contains("thino.canvas")){await hA(t,r);return}else if((o=t==null?void 0:t.parent)!=null&&o.path.contains(n)&&!t.path.endsWith(".thino.md")){await dA(t,r);return}else if(t.path.endsWith(".thino.md")){console.error(t),await cT(t,r);return}};try{await a(),Le.dispatch({type:"UPDATE_MEMO_BATCH",payload:{memos:r,path:t.path}})}catch(o){console.error(o)}}async updateMemoProperty(t){const n=ut.randomId(16),r=await js(t,{id:n});Le.dispatch({type:"EDIT_MEMO_PATH",payload:r})}editMemo(t){const n=t.webId;Le.dispatch({type:"EDIT_MEMO",payload:t});const r=ft.getState().settings,a=ft.getState().app;if(!(!(a!=null&&a.loadLocalStorage("tokenForSync"))||!r.startSync))try{t&&n&&wS({id:n,content:t.content,rowStatus:t.rowStatus,pinned:t.pinned,ttime:t.deletedAt?C.moment(t.deletedAt,"YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss").valueOf():0,thinoType:t.sourceType==="DAILY"?"DAILY":"FILE"})}catch(i){console.error(i)}}editMemoBulk(t){for(const n of t)this.editMemo(n);this.updateTagsState()}editCommentMemo(t){Le.dispatch({type:"EDIT_COMMENT_MEMO",payload:t})}getThinoViaKeyword(t){const{memos:n}=this.getState();return n.filter(a=>a.content.toLowerCase().includes(t==null?void 0:t.toLowerCase()))}updateTagsState(){var o,i,l,c;const{memos:t}=this.getState(),n=new Set,r={},a=new Map;for(const f of t){if(f.deletedAt!==""&&f.deletedAt)continue;const h=[];if(!a.has(f.path)){const S=(Array.isArray((o=f==null?void 0:f.fileInfo)==null?void 0:o.tags)?f.fileInfo.tags:[]).filter(D=>D).map(D=>D.toString().trim());a.set(f.path,S),h.push(...S)}const g=f.content.replace(/<[^>]*>/g,"").replace(/\`\`\`(.*)?\n[\s\S]*?\n\`\`\`/gm,"").replace(/\`([^\`].*?)\`/g,""),y=[...Array.from(g.match($r)||[]),...Array.from(g.match(ua)||[]),...Array.from(g.match(Wa)||[])];h.push(...y);for(const w of h){if(!w||w==="undefined"||!w)continue;let S=w;typeof w!="string"&&(S=w==null?void 0:w.toString());const D=(c=(l=(i=S==null?void 0:S.replace($r,"$1"))==null?void 0:i.replace(ua,"$1"))==null?void 0:l.replace(Wa,"$2"))==null?void 0:c.trim();/^\d+$/.test(D)||(n.add(D),r[D]=(r[D]||0)+1)}}Le.dispatch({type:"SET_TAGS",payload:{tags:Array.from(n),tagsNum:r}})}clearMemos(){Le.dispatch({type:"SET_MEMOS",payload:{memos:[]}})}async getLinkedMemos(t){const{memos:n}=this.getState();return n.filter(r=>r.content.includes(t))}async getCommentMemos(t){const{memos:n}=this.getState();return n.filter(r=>r.content.includes("comment: "+t))}async createMemoMultiFile({content:t,isList:n,name:r}){return await XR({content:t,isList:n,name:r})}async createMemoSingleFile({content:t,isList:n}){return await e_({content:t,isList:n})}async createOrPatchThinoFromWeb(t){const n=this.getState().memos;if(t.localId&&(n!=null&&n.some(o=>o.id===t.localId)))return await this.updateMemoById(t.localId,t,!0),null;if(n!=null&&n.some(o=>o.id===t.id)||n!=null&&n.some(o=>o.webId===t.id))return await this.updateMemoById(t.id,t,!1),null;let r=t.sourceType;const a=ft.getState().settings;switch(a&&(a!=null&&a.saveThinoType)&&(r=a.saveThinoType!=="FILE"?a.saveThinoType:t.sourceType),r){case"FILE":case"MULTI":case"CANVAS":return await Px(t);case"DAILY":return await jx(t);default:return await Px(t)}}async initSync(){const n=this.getState().memos.filter(a=>!a.webId),r=await JR(n);for(const a of r)await this.createOrPatchThinoFromWeb(a)}async createMemoCanvas({text:t,isList:n}){return await t_({content:t,isList:n})}async createMemoDaily(t,n){return await 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o=null;switch(r.toLowerCase()){case"canvas":o=await we.createMemoCanvas({text:t,isList:n});break;case"multi":o=await we.createMemoMultiFile({content:t,isList:n,name:a});break;case"daily":o=await we.createMemoDaily(t,n);break;case"file":o=await we.createMemoSingleFile({content:t,isList:n});break;default:o=await we.createMemoDaily(t,n);break}const i=ft.getState().settings,l=ft.getState().app,c=l==null?void 0:l.loadLocalStorage("tokenForSync");return o&&c&&i.startSync&&r!=="DAILY"&&setTimeout(async()=>{try{const f=await M2({content:t,thinoType:"FILE"});await this.updateMemoById(o.id,f,!0)}catch(f){console.error(f)}},200),o}async openThinoByID(t){const n=this.getMemoById(t);if(n)switch(n.sourceType){case"DAILY":await z2(n.id,n.path);break;case"CANVAS":await W2(n.id,n.path);break;case"MULTI":await U2(n.path);break;case"FILE":await V2(n.id,n.path);break}}async updateMemo(t,n,r){const a=this.getMemoById(t);if(a){let o=null;switch(a.sourceType){case"DAILY":o=await 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+${o}`,posNum:n}}function LH(e,t,n){var a;const r=t.workspace.getLeavesOfType("markdown");for(const o of r){const i=o.view;if(((a=i==null?void 0:i.file)==null?void 0:a.path)===e){t.workspace.revealLeaf(o);try{return o.view.setEphemeralState({line:n}),!0}catch(l){return console.error(l),!1}}}return!1}const U2=async e=>{var o;const t=ft.getState().app,n=t.workspace.getLeavesOfType("markdown");for(const i of n){const l=i.view;if(((o=l==null?void 0:l.file)==null?void 0:o.path)===e){t.workspace.revealLeaf(i);return}}const r=t.metadataCache.getFirstLinkpathDest("",e);if(!r){new C.Notice(E("File not found for the given thino path"));return}await t.workspace.getLeaf(!0).openFile(r)},z2=async(e,t)=>{const{app:n}=ft.getState(),r=parseInt(e.slice(14));if(LH(t,n,r))return;const a=n.metadataCache.getFirstLinkpathDest("",t);if(!C.Platform.isMobile)await n.workspace.getLeaf(!0).openFile(a,{eState:{line:r}});else{let o=n.workspace.activeLeaf;o===null&&(o=n.workspace.getLeaf(!0)),await o.openFile(a,{eState:{line:r}})}},V2=async(e,t)=>{var f,h,g;const n=ft.getState().app,r=n.metadataCache.getFirstLinkpathDest("",t);if(!r){new C.Notice(E("File not found for the given thino path"));return}let a="";try{a=await n.vault.read(r)}catch(y){console.error(y),a=await n.vault.cachedRead(r)}const i=a.split(/\r?\n/).findIndex(y=>y.contains(e)),l=n.workspace.getLeavesOfType("markdown");for(const y of l){const w=y.view;if(((f=w==null?void 0:w.file)==null?void 0:f.path)===r.path){n.workspace.revealLeaf(y);try{(h=y.view.editor)==null||h.setCursor({line:i,ch:1});return}catch(S){console.error(S)}}}const c=n.workspace.getLeaf(!0);await c.openFile(r,{eState:{line:i}});try{(g=c.view.editor)==null||g.setCursor({line:i,ch:1})}catch(y){console.error(y)}},W2=async(e,t)=>{var l;const n=ft.getState().app,r=(c,f)=>{var g;const h=(g=Array.from(c.nodes.values()))==null?void 0:g.find(y=>y.id===f);return h?(c.selectOnly(h),c.zoomToSelection(),!0):!1},a=n.workspace.getLeavesOfType("canvas");for(const c of a){const f=c.view;if(((l=f==null?void 0:f.file)==null?void 0:l.path)===t&&(n.workspace.revealLeaf(c),r(f.canvas,e)))return}const o=n.metadataCache.getFirstLinkpathDest("",t);if(!o){new C.Notice(E("File not found for the given thino path"));return}const i=n.workspace.getLeaf(!0);await i.openFile(o),setTimeout(()=>{var c;r((c=i.view)==null?void 0:c.canvas,e)},10)};class RH{constructor(){Se(this,"initialized",!1)}getState(){return Le.getState().memoState}async fetchAllMemos(){const t=ft.getState().settings;ut.checkDailyInMulti(t);const n=await Ko.getMyMemos(t.EnabledLocationList.map(o=>o.value)),r=[...n.memos],a=[...n.commentMemos];return Le.dispatch({type:"SET_MEMOS",payload:{memos:r}}),Le.dispatch({type:"SET_COMMENT_MEMOS",payload:{commentMemos:a}}),this.initialized||(this.initialized=!0,dt.setLoaded(!0)),r}async updateTypeMemos(t){const n=await Ko.updateSpecificTypeMemo(t),r=this.getState().memos.filter(a=>a.sourceType!==t);Le.dispatch({type:"SET_MEMOS",payload:{memos:[...r,...n.memos]}})}async removeTypeMemos(t){const n=this.getState().memos.filter(r=>r.sourceType!==t);Le.dispatch({type:"SET_MEMOS",payload:{memos:[...n]}})}async fetchDeletedMemos(){const t=await Ko.getMyDeletedMemos();return t.sort((n,r)=>ut.getTimeStampByDate(r.deletedAt)-ut.getTimeStampByDate(n.deletedAt)),t}pushMemo(t){Le.dispatch({type:"INSERT_MEMO",payload:{memo:{...t}}})}pushCommentMemo(t){Le.dispatch({type:"INSERT_COMMENT_MEMO",payload:{memo:{...t}}})}getMemoById(t){for(const n of this.getState().memos)if(n.id===t)return n;return null}getCommentMemoById(t){for(const n of this.getState().commentMemos)if(n.id===t)return n;return null}getMemoByWebId(t){for(const n of this.getState().memos)if(n.webId===t||n.id===t)return n;return null}async finishWaitingForTemplaterThinos(){const t=this.getState().preparingUpdateMemo;if(t.length!==0)for(const n of t){const r=this.getMemoById(n.id),a=n.type==="local"?await bS(n.origin,n.isList,n.date,!0):await jx(r);await this.replaceOldThinoWithNewThino(n.id,a),Le.dispatch({type:"REMOVE_PARTICULAR_PREPARE_UPDATE_THINO",payload:{id:n.id}})}}async replaceOldThinoWithNewThino(t,n){this.getMemoById(t)&&Le.dispatch({type:"REPLACE_MEMO_BY_ID",payload:{id:t,memo:n}})}async updateMemoById(t,n,r){const a=this.getMemoByWebId(t);if(!a)return;let o=null;const i=r?{}:{content:n.content,rowStatus:n.rowStatus,pinned:n.pinned,deleted:!!n.deletedAt,thinoType:n.thinoType||"JOURNAL"};if(iA({...a,deleted:!!n.deletedAt},{...i,webId:n.id}))return a;switch(a.sourceType){case"DAILY":o=await _l(a,{id:a.id,webId:n.id,...i});break;case"CANVAS":o=await Rl(a,{id:a.id,webId:n.id,...i});break;case"MULTI":o=await js(a,{id:a.id,webId:n.id,...i});break;case"FILE":o=await Ll(a,{id:a.id,webId:n.id,...i});break}if(!o)return a;Le.dispatch({type:"EDIT_MEMO",payload:o})}async archiveThinoBulk(t){const n=[];for(const r of t){let a;switch(r.sourceType){case"DAILY":a=await _l(r,{id:r.id,rowStatus:"ARCHIVED"}),n.push(a);break;case"CANVAS":a=await Rl(r,{id:r.id,rowStatus:"ARCHIVED"}),n.push(a);break;case"MULTI":a=await js(r,{id:r.id,rowStatus:"ARCHIVED"}),n.push(a);break;case"FILE":a=await Ll(r,{id:r.id,rowStatus:"ARCHIVED"}),n.push(a);break}}return n.length>0?(Le.dispatch({type:"ARCHIVE_MEMO_BY_ID_BULK",payload:n}),n):t}async dealWithDailyThinoBulk(t,n,r){const a=await m_(t,n,r);return r==="deleteForever"?await this.deleteThinosWithIdBulk(a.map(o=>o.id)):this.editMemoBulk(a),a}async deleteThinosWithIdBulk(t){for(const n of t)Le.dispatch({type:"DELETE_MEMO_BY_ID",payload:{id:n}})}async archiveMemo(t){let n=null;switch(t.sourceType){case"DAILY":n=await _l(t,{id:t.id,rowStatus:"ARCHIVED"});break;case"CANVAS":n=await Rl(t,{id:t.id,rowStatus:"ARCHIVED"});break;case"MULTI":n=await js(t,{id:t.id,rowStatus:"ARCHIVED"});break;case"FILE":n=await Ll(t,{id:t.id,rowStatus:"ARCHIVED"});break}return n?(Le.dispatch({type:"ARCHIVE_MEMO_BY_ID",payload:n}),n):t}async pushToUpdateList(t,n){Le.dispatch({type:"PREPARE_UPDATE_THINO",payload:{thino:t,originalId:n}})}async removePrepareUpdateThinoById(t){Le.dispatch({type:"REMOVE_PARTICULAR_PREPARE_UPDATE_THINO",payload:{id:t}})}async removePrepareUpdateThino(){Le.dispatch({type:"REMOVE_PREPARE_UPDATE_THINO",payload:null})}async unarchiveThinoBulk(t){const n=[];for(const r of t){let a;switch(r.sourceType){case"DAILY":a=await _l(r,{id:r.id,rowStatus:"NORMAL"}),n.push(a);break;case"CANVAS":a=await Rl(r,{id:r.id,rowStatus:"NORMAL"}),n.push(a);break;case"MULTI":a=await js(r,{id:r.id,rowStatus:"NORMAL"}),n.push(a);break;case"FILE":a=await Ll(r,{id:r.id,rowStatus:"NORMAL"}),n.push(a);break}}return n.length>0?(Le.dispatch({type:"ARCHIVE_MEMO_BY_ID_BULK",payload:n}),n):t}async unarchiveMemo(t){let n=null;switch(t.sourceType){case"DAILY":n=await _l(t,{id:t.id,rowStatus:"NORMAL"});break;case"CANVAS":n=await Rl(t,{id:t.id,rowStatus:"NORMAL"});break;case"MULTI":n=await js(t,{id:t.id,rowStatus:"NORMAL"});break;case"FILE":n=await Ll(t,{id:t.id,rowStatus:"NORMAL"});break}return Le.dispatch({type:"UNARCHIVE_MEMO_BY_ID",payload:n}),n}async hideMemoById(t){const n=this.getMemoById(t);if(!n)return n;let r=null;switch(n.sourceType){case"DAILY":r=await _l(n,{id:n.id,deleted:!0});break;case"CANVAS":r=await Rl(n,{id:n.id,deleted:!0});break;case"MULTI":r=await js(n,{id:n.id,deleted:!0});break;case"FILE":r=await Ll(n,{id:n.id,deleted:!0});break}if(!r)return n;if(r)return r}async restoreMemoById(t){return await Ko.restoreMemo(t)}async deleteMemoById(t,n){const r=this.getMemoById(t);try{switch(r.sourceType){case"DAILY":await Ko.deleteMemoInDailyNote(r);break;case"CANVAS":await Ko.deleteMemoInCanvas(r);break;case"MULTI":await Ko.deleteMemoInMultiFiles(r);break;case"FILE":await Ko.deleteMemoInSingleFile(r);break}Le.dispatch({type:"DELETE_MEMO_BY_ID",payload:{id:t}})}catch(l){console.error(l),new C.Notice(E("Failed to delete memo"))}if(n&&n==="local")return;const a=ft.getState().settings,o=ft.getState().app;!(o!=null&&o.loadLocalStorage("tokenForSync"))||!a.startSync||r.webId&&await k2(r.webId)}async removeMemosInFile(t,n){var a,o;const r=[];try{if(t.path.endsWith(".md")&&!t.path.contains(".thino")&&!n){const l=this.getState().memos.filter(c=>c.path.trim()===t.path.trim());r.push(...l)}else if(t.path.contains("thino.canvas")){const l=this.getState().memos.filter(c=>c.path.trim()===t.path.trim());r.push(...l)}else if((a=t==null?void 0:t.parent)!=null&&a.path.contains(n)||!(t!=null&&t.parent)&&!((o=t==null?void 0:t.parent)!=null&&o.path)){const l=this.getState().memos.filter(c=>c.path.trim()===t.path.trim());l.length>0&&r.push(...l)}else t.path.endsWith(".md")&&t.path.contains(".thino")&&await cT(t,r);const i=r.map(l=>l.id);Le.dispatch({type:"DELETE_MEMO_BY_ID_BATCH",payload:{ids:i}})}catch(i){console.error(i)}}async removeThinosByPath(t){const r=this.getState().memos.filter(a=>a.path===t).map(a=>a.id);Le.dispatch({type:"DELETE_MEMO_BY_ID_BATCH",payload:{ids:r}})}async updateMemosInFile(t,n){const r=[],a=async()=>{var o;if(t.path.endsWith(".md")&&!t.path.contains(".thino")&&!n){await fA(t,r);return}else if(t.path.contains("thino.canvas")){await hA(t,r);return}else if((o=t==null?void 0:t.parent)!=null&&o.path.contains(n)&&!t.path.endsWith(".thino.md")){await dA(t,r);return}else if(t.path.endsWith(".thino.md")){console.error(t),await cT(t,r);return}};try{await a(),Le.dispatch({type:"UPDATE_MEMO_BATCH",payload:{memos:r,path:t.path}})}catch(o){console.error(o)}}async updateMemoProperty(t){const n=ut.randomId(16),r=await js(t,{id:n});Le.dispatch({type:"EDIT_MEMO_PATH",payload:r})}editMemo(t){const n=t.webId;Le.dispatch({type:"EDIT_MEMO",payload:t});const r=ft.getState().settings,a=ft.getState().app;if(!(!(a!=null&&a.loadLocalStorage("tokenForSync"))||!r.startSync))try{t&&n&&wS({id:n,content:t.content,rowStatus:t.rowStatus,pinned:t.pinned,ttime:t.deletedAt?C.moment(t.deletedAt,"YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss").valueOf():0,thinoType:t.sourceType==="DAILY"?"DAILY":"FILE"})}catch(i){console.error(i)}}editMemoBulk(t){for(const n of t)this.editMemo(n);this.updateTagsState()}editCommentMemo(t){Le.dispatch({type:"EDIT_COMMENT_MEMO",payload:t})}getThinoViaKeyword(t){const{memos:n}=this.getState();return n.filter(a=>a.content.toLowerCase().includes(t==null?void 0:t.toLowerCase()))}updateTagsState(){var o,i,l,c;const{memos:t}=this.getState(),n=new Set,r={},a=new Map;for(const f of t){if(f.deletedAt!==""&&f.deletedAt||f.rowStatus==="ARCHIVED")continue;const h=[];if(!a.has(f.path)&&f.sourceType!=="FILE"){const S=(Array.isArray((o=f==null?void 0:f.fileInfo)==null?void 0:o.tags)?f.fileInfo.tags:[]).filter(D=>D).map(D=>D.toString().trim());a.set(f.path,S),h.push(...S)}const g=f.content.replace(/<[^>]*>/g,"").replace(/\`\`\`(.*)?\n[\s\S]*?\n\`\`\`/gm,"").replace(/\`([^\`].*?)\`/g,""),y=[...Array.from(g.match($r)||[]),...Array.from(g.match(ua)||[]),...Array.from(g.match(Wa)||[])];h.push(...y);for(const w of h){if(!w||w==="undefined"||!w)continue;let S=w;typeof w!="string"&&(S=w==null?void 0:w.toString());const D=(c=(l=(i=S==null?void 0:S.replace($r,"$1"))==null?void 0:i.replace(ua,"$1"))==null?void 0:l.replace(Wa,"$2"))==null?void 0:c.trim();/^\d+$/.test(D)||(n.add(D),r[D]=(r[D]||0)+1)}}Le.dispatch({type:"SET_TAGS",payload:{tags:Array.from(n),tagsNum:r}})}clearMemos(){Le.dispatch({type:"SET_MEMOS",payload:{memos:[]}})}async getLinkedMemos(t){const{memos:n}=this.getState();return n.filter(r=>r.content.includes(t))}async getCommentMemos(t){const{memos:n}=this.getState();return n.filter(r=>r.content.includes("comment: "+t))}async createMemoMultiFile({content:t,isList:n,name:r}){return await XR({content:t,isList:n,name:r})}async createMemoSingleFile({content:t,isList:n}){return await e_({content:t,isList:n})}async createOrPatchThinoFromWeb(t){const n=this.getState().memos;if(t.localId&&(n!=null&&n.some(o=>o.id===t.localId)))return await this.updateMemoById(t.localId,t,!0),null;if(n!=null&&n.some(o=>o.id===t.id)||n!=null&&n.some(o=>o.webId===t.id))return await this.updateMemoById(t.id,t,!1),null;let r=t.sourceType;const a=ft.getState().settings;switch(a&&(a!=null&&a.saveThinoType)&&(r=a.saveThinoType!=="FILE"?a.saveThinoType:t.sourceType),r){case"FILE":case"MULTI":case"CANVAS":return await Px(t);case"DAILY":return await jx(t);default:return await Px(t)}}async initSync(){const n=this.getState().memos.filter(a=>!a.webId),r=await JR(n);for(const a of r)await this.createOrPatchThinoFromWeb(a)}async createMemoCanvas({text:t,isList:n}){return await t_({content:t,isList:n})}async createMemoDaily(t,n){return await bS(t,n)}setWaitingForTemplater({origin:t,date:n,isList:r,id:a,type:o}){Le.dispatch({type:"SET_WAITING_FOR_TEMPLATER",payload:{origin:t,date:n,isList:r,id:a,type:o}})}async pinMemoById(t){const n=this.getMemoById(t),r=await g_(n);Le.dispatch({type:"PIN_MEMO",payload:r});try{const a=ft.getState().settings,o=ft.getState().app;if((o==null?void 0:o.loadLocalStorage("tokenForSync"))&&a.startSync){const l=await wS({id:r.webId,pinned:!0});this.editMemo(l)}}catch(a){console.error(a)}}async unpinMemoById(t){const n=this.getMemoById(t),r=await v_(n);Le.dispatch({type:"PIN_MEMO",payload:r});try{const a=ft.getState().settings,o=ft.getState().app;if((o==null?void 0:o.loadLocalStorage("tokenForSync"))&&a.startSync){const l=await wS({id:r.webId,pinned:!1});this.editMemo(l)}}catch(a){console.error(a)}}async createCommentMemo(t,n,r,a,o){return await PH(t,n,r,a,o)}async importMemos(t,n,r){return await bS(t,n,r)}async createThino({content:t,isList:n,type:r,name:a}){let 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v.jsxs("div",{ref:l,className:`memo-wrapper ${"memos-"+h.id}`,onMouseLeave:M,children:[v.jsxs("div",{className:"memo-top-wrapper",children:[v.jsxs("span",{className:"time-text",children:[E("ARCHIVED AT")," ",h.updatedAt]}),v.jsxs("div",{className:"btns-container",children:[v.jsx("span",{ref:N=>{N&&C.setIcon(N,"more-horizontal")},className:"btn more-action-btn"}),v.jsx("div",{className:"more-action-btns-wrapper",children:v.jsxs("div",{className:"more-action-btns-container",children:[v.jsxs("div",{className:"more-action-menu-item",children:[v.jsx("span",{ref:w.restore,className:"more-action-item-icon"}),v.jsx("span",{className:"btn restore-btn",onClick:I,children:E("RESTORE")})]}),v.jsxs("div",{className:"more-action-menu-item",children:[v.jsx("span",{ref:w.source,className:"more-action-item-icon"}),v.jsx("span",{className:"btn",onClick:S,children:E("SOURCE")})]}),v.jsxs("div",{className:"more-action-menu-item delete-menu-item",children:[v.jsx("span",{ref:w.delete,className:"more-action-item-icon"}),v.jsx("span",{className:`btn delete-btn ${g?"final-confirm":""}`,onClick:D,children:E(g?"CONFIRM！":"DELETE")})]})]})})]})]}),v.jsx("div",{ref:i,className:"memo-content-text"})]})},Ru=e=>{var n;const t=new Map;for(const r of e){const a=r.path;t.has(a)||t.set(a,[]),(n=t.get(a))==null||n.push(r)}return Array.from(t).map(([r,a])=>({path:r,thinos:a}))},aCe=({memos:e,query:t,HideDoneTasks:n})=>{const{tag:r,duration:a,type:o,text:i,filter:l}=t,c=on.getQueryById(l);return!!(r||a&&a.from<a.to||o||i||c)||c||n?e.filter(h=>{let g=!0;if(h.thinoType!==void 0&&n&&h.thinoType==="TASK-DONE"&&(g=!1),h.content.contains("comment:")&&(g=!1),c){const y=JSON.parse(c.querystring);Array.isArray(y)&&(g=Up(h,y))}if(r){const y=new Set;for(const w of Array.from(h.content.match($r)||[])){const D=w.replace($r,"$1").trim().split("/");let I="";for(const M of D)I+=M,y.add(I),I+="/"}for(const w of Array.from(h.content.match(ua)||[])){const D=w.replace(ua,"$1").trim().split("/");let I="";for(const M of D)I+=M,y.add(I),I+="/"}for(const w of Array.from(h.content.match(Wa)||[])){const D=w.replace(Wa,"$2").trim().split("/");let I="";for(const M of D)I+=M,y.add(I),I+="/"}y.has(r)||(g=!1)}return a&&a.from<a.to&&(ut.getTimeStampByDate(h.createdAt)<a.from||ut.getTimeStampByDate(h.createdAt)>a.to)&&(g=!1),o&&(o==="NOT_TAGGED"&&(h.content.match($r)!==null||h.content.match(Wa)!==null||h.content.match(ua)!==null)||o==="LINKED"&&h.content.match(kf)===null||o==="IMAGED"&&h.content.match(Nf)===null||o==="CONNECTED"&&h.content.match(rd)===null)&&(g=!1),i&&!h.content.toLowerCase().includes(i.toLowerCase())&&(g=!1),g}):e.filter(h=>!h.content.contains("comment:"))},oCe=()=>{const{locationState:{query:e},globalState:{isMobileView:t},memoState:{memos:n}}=P.useContext(Lt),r=im(),[a,o]=P.useState([]),i=ne.useRef(null),l=ne.useRef(null);P.useEffect(()=>{l.current&&C.setIcon(l.current,"more-horizontal")},[l]),P.useEffect(()=>{const S=aCe({memos:n.filter(D=>D.rowStatus==="ARCHIVED"&&D.deletedAt===""),query:e,HideDoneTasks:!1});o(S),r.setFinish()},[n,i.current,e]);const c=P.useCallback(S=>{o(D=>D.filter(I=>I.id!==S))},[]),f=P.useCallback(S=>{o(D=>D.filter(I=>I.id!==S))},[]),h=P.useCallback(()=>{dt.setShowSiderbarInMobileView(!0)},[]),g=async()=>{if(!((a==null?void 0:a.length)>0))return;if(!await zl()){fn();return}const S=[...a];try{const D=S.filter(_=>_.sourceType==="DAILY"),I=S.filter(_=>_.sourceType!=="DAILY"),M=await we.unarchiveThinoBulk(I);for(const _ of M)_&&we.editMemo(_);const N=Ru(D);for(const{path:_,thinos:k}of N)await we.dealWithDailyThinoBulk(_,k,"restoreFromArchive");new C.Notice(E("RESTORE SUCCEED")),at.clearQuery()}catch(D){console.error("error",D),new C.Notice(D.message)}},y=async()=>{if(!((a==null?void 0:a.length)>0))return;if(!await zl()){fn();return}const S=[...a],D=ft.getState().settings.DeleteThinoDirectly;try{const I=S.filter(_=>_.sourceType==="DAILY"),M=S.filter(_=>_.sourceType!=="DAILY");for(const _ of M)if(D)await we.deleteMemoById(_.id);else{const k=await we.hideMemoById(_.id);k&&we.editMemo(k)}const N=Ru(I);for(const{path:_,thinos:k}of N)await we.dealWithDailyThinoBulk(_,k,D?"deleteForever":"delete");at.clearQuery()}catch(I){console.error("error",I),new C.Notice(I.message)}},w=S=>{const D=new C.Menu;D.addItem(I=>{I.setTitle(E("Bulk restore")).setIcon("archive").onClick(async()=>{new _s(app,E("RESTORE"),async M=>{M==="confirm"&&await g()}).open()})}).addItem(I=>{I.setTitle(E("Bulk delete")).setIcon("trash").onClick(async()=>{new _s(app,E("DELETE"),async M=>{M==="confirm"&&await y()}).open()})}),D.showAtMouseEvent(S.nativeEvent)};return v.jsxs("div",{className:"memo-trash-wrapper",ref:i,children:[v.jsxs("div",{className:"section-header-container",children:[v.jsxs("div",{className:"title-text",children:[v.jsx(ts,{when:t,children:v.jsx("button",{ref:S=>{S&&C.setIcon(S,"menu")},className:"btn action-btn clickable-icon",onClick:h})}),v.jsxs("span",{className:"go-home-btn",onClick:()=>{at.clearQuery(),at.setPathname("/")},children:["🏠 ",E("Return To Home Page")]}),v.jsx("span",{ref:l,className:"menu-popup-btn",onClick:w})]}),v.jsx(Lv,{})]}),v.jsx(gy,{thinosCount:a.length,thinos:a}),r.isLoading?v.jsx("div",{className:"tip-text-container",children:v.jsx("p",{className:"tip-text",children:E("Fetching data...")})}):a.length===0?v.jsx("div",{className:"tip-text-container",children:v.jsx("p",{className:"tip-text",children:E("Here is No Memos.")})}):v.jsx("div",{className:"deleted-memos-container",children:a.map(S=>v.jsx(rCe,{memo:S,handleUnarchivedMemoAction:f,handleDeletedMemoAction:c},`${S.id}-${S.updatedAt}`))})]})},zl=async()=>{var r;const{verifyState:e}=ft.getState(),t=!C.Platform.isDesktop&&await((r=window.Capacitor)==null?void 0:r.Plugins.Device.getId()),n=C.Platform.isDesktop?await cr():t.identifier||t.uuid;return e&&(e==null?void 0:e.appId)===n},iCe=async(e,t)=>{if(!(t!=="chat"&&t!=="moments")){if(t==="moments"){const n=e.querySelectorAll(".thino-moment-icon"),r=e.find(".moments-view-user-icon"),a=e.find(".moments-view-background");for(const o of n){const i=await jg(o);o.style.backgroundImage=`url(${i})`}if(r){const o=await jg(r);r.style.backgroundImage=`url(${o})`}if(a){const o=await jg(a);a.style.backgroundImage=`url(${o})`}}else if(t==="chat"){const n=e.querySelectorAll(".icon-img");for(const r of n){const a=await jg(r);r.style.backgroundImage=`url(${a})`}}}};class _s extends C.Modal{constructor(t,n,r){super(t),this.title=n,this.cb=r}onOpen(){super.onOpen(),this.containerEl.toggleClass("thino-bulk-action-dialog",!0),this.titleEl.setText(this.title+" "+E("Confirm?")),this.contentEl.createEl("button",{cls:"mod-warning",text:E("Confirm?").replace(/\?|？/,"")}).onclick=()=>{this.cb("confirm"),this.close()},this.contentEl.createEl("button",{text:E("Cancel")}).onclick=()=>{this.cb("cancel"),this.close()}}onClose(){super.onClose()}}class sCe extends C.Modal{constructor(n,r){super(n);Se(this,"root");this.thinos=r}onOpen(){super.onOpen(),this.containerEl.toggleClass(["thino-bulk-action-dialog","tag-actions"],!0),this.root=rs.createRoot(this.contentEl),this.root.render(v.jsx(is,{store:Le,context:Lt,children:v.jsx(hz,{app:this.app,closeDialog:this.close.bind(this),thinos:this.thinos})}))}onClose(){var n;super.onClose(),(n=this.root)==null||n.unmount()}}const gy=({thinosCount:e,thinos:t})=>{const{globalState:{memoListView:n},locationState:{query:r,pathname:a},dailyNotesState:{settings:o,app:i}}=P.useContext(Lt),{tag:l,duration:c,type:f,text:h,filter:g,path:y}=r,w=on.getQueryById(g),S=!!(l||c&&c.from<c.to||f||h||w||y),D=P.useRef(null);P.useEffect(()=>{D&&C.setIcon(D.current,"more-horizontal")},[D]);const I=async()=>{if(!((t==null?void 0:t.length)>0))return;const Y=rz(t),Z=oz(Y);await ut.copyTextToClipboard(Z),new C.Notice(E("Copied to clipboard Successfully"))},M=async()=>{if(!((t==null?void 0:t.length)>0))return;if(!await zl()){fn();return}const Y=[...t],Z=o.DeleteThinoDirectly;try{const Q=Y.filter(se=>se.sourceType==="DAILY"),G=Y.filter(se=>se.sourceType!=="DAILY");for(const se of G)if(Z)await we.deleteMemoById(se.id);else{const fe=await we.hideMemoById(se.id);fe&&we.editMemo(fe)}const le=Ru(Q);for(const{path:se,thinos:fe}of le)await we.dealWithDailyThinoBulk(se,fe,Z?"deleteForever":"delete");we.updateTagsState(),at.clearQuery()}catch(Q){console.error("error",Q),new C.Notice(Q.message)}},N=async()=>{if(!((t==null?void 0:t.length)>0))return;if(!await zl()){fn();return}const Y=[...t],Z=ft.getState().settings.startSync,Q=ft.getState().app,G=Q==null?void 0:Q.loadLocalStorage("tokenForSync");try{const le=Y.filter($=>$.sourceType==="DAILY"),se=Y.filter($=>$.sourceType!=="DAILY");for(const $ of se)await we.deleteMemoById($.id);const fe=Ru(le);for(const{path:$,thinos:he}of fe){const ie=await we.dealWithDailyThinoBulk($,he,"deleteForever");if(!(!G||!Z))for(const ce of ie)ce&&ce.webId&&await k2(ce.webId)}we.updateTagsState(),at.clearQuery(),new C.Notice(E("DELETE SUCCEED"))}catch(le){console.error("error",le),new C.Notice(le.message)}},_=async()=>{if(!((t==null?void 0:t.length)>0))return;if(!await zl()){fn();return}const Y=[...t];try{const Z=Y.filter(se=>se.sourceType==="DAILY"),Q=Y.filter(se=>se.sourceType!=="DAILY"),G=await we.unarchiveThinoBulk(Q);for(const se of G)se&&we.editMemo(se);const le=Ru(Z);for(const{path:se,thinos:fe}of le)await we.dealWithDailyThinoBulk(se,fe,"restoreFromArchive");new C.Notice(E("RESTORE SUCCEED")),we.updateTagsState(),at.clearQuery()}catch(Z){console.error("error",Z),new C.Notice(Z.message)}},k=async()=>{if(!((t==null?void 0:t.length)>0))return;if(!await zl()){fn();return}const Y=[...t],Z=ft.getState().settings.startSync,Q=ft.getState().app,G=Q==null?void 0:Q.loadLocalStorage("tokenForSync");try{const le=Y.filter($=>$.sourceType==="DAILY"),se=Y.filter($=>$.sourceType!=="DAILY");for(const $ of se){const he=await we.restoreMemoById($.id);he&&he.webId&&G&&Z&&await Kg(he.webId),he&&we.editMemo(he)}const fe=Ru(le);for(const{path:$,thinos:he}of fe){const ie=await we.dealWithDailyThinoBulk($,he,"restoreFromDelete");for(const ce of ie)ce&&ce.webId&&G&&Z&&await Kg(ce.webId),ce&&we.editMemo(ce)}we.updateTagsState(),at.clearQuery(),new C.Notice(E("RESTORE SUCCEED"))}catch(le){new C.Notice(le.message)}},B=async()=>{if(!((t==null?void 0:t.length)>0))return;if(!await zl()){fn();return}const Y=[...t];try{const Z=Y.filter(se=>se.sourceType==="DAILY"),Q=Y.filter(se=>se.sourceType!=="DAILY"),G=await we.archiveThinoBulk(Q);for(const se of G)se&&we.editMemo(se);const le=Ru(Z);for(const{path:se,thinos:fe}of le)await we.dealWithDailyThinoBulk(se,fe,"archive");we.updateTagsState(),at.clearQuery()}catch(Z){console.error("error",Z),new C.Notice(Z.message)}},L=async()=>{if((t==null?void 0:t.length)>0){if(!await zl()){fn();return}new sCe(i,t).open()}},R=async Y=>{document.body.toggleClass("thino-share-page",!0),setTimeout(async()=>{if(new C.Notice(E("Image is generating...")),!Y){new C.Notice(E("No content to generate."));return}await iCe(Y,n),await $E(Y);let Z;document.body.hasClass("theme-dark")?Z="#232323":Z="#eaeaea",Cb(Y,{backgroundColor:Z,pixelRatio:window.devicePixelRatio*2}).then(Q=>{if(o!=null&&o.AutoSaveWhenOnMobile&&C.Platform.isMobile){const G=Q.split("base64,")[1];pb(G,"image/png").arrayBuffer().then(async se=>{let fe;const $="png",he=qu();for(const ie in he)if(he[ie]instanceof C.TFile){fe=he[ie];break}fe!==void 0&&await i.vault.createBinary(await vault.getAvailablePathForAttachments(`Pasted Image ${C.moment().format("YYYYMMDDHHmmss")}`,$,fe),se)})}document.body.toggleClass("thino-share-page",!1),Mb({imgUrl:Q}),new C.Notice(E("Image generated successfully.")),Y.hasClass("share-image")?Y.toggleClass("share-image",!1):Y.closest(".share-image").toggleClass("share-image",!1)}).catch(Q=>{document.body.toggleClass("thino-share-page",!1),console.error(Q)})},0)},V=Y=>{const Z=new C.Menu;switch(Z.addItem(Q=>{Q.setTitle(E("Copy filtered thinos")).setIcon("copy").onClick(async()=>{await I()})}),Z.addItem(Q=>{Q.setTitle(E("Share filtered thinos as image")).setIcon("image").onClick(async()=>{const G=document.querySelector(".memolist-container");G.toggleClass("share-image",!0);try{if(n==="calendar"){if(G.find(".rbc-agenda-table")){const le=G.find(".rbc-agenda-table");await R(le)}if(G.find(".rbc-month-view")){const le=G.find(".rbc-month-view");await R(le)}}else if(n==="table"){if(G.find(".thino-table")){const le=G.find(".thino-table");await R(le)}}else await R(G)}catch(le){console.error(le),new C.Notice(E("Failed to generate image.")),G.toggleClass("share-image",!1)}})}),Z.addItem(Q=>{Q.setTitle(E("Merge thinos in to thino share image")).setIcon("image").onClick(async()=>{let G="";t.forEach((se,fe)=>{G+=`> [!thino] ${se.createdAt}
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diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-memos/manifest.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-memos/manifest.json
index f258c53f..ba1b9463 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-memos/manifest.json
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-memos/manifest.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "id": "obsidian-memos",
   "name": "Thino",
   "description": "Capturing ideas and save them into daily notes. (Closed source)",
-  "version": "2.4.47",
+  "version": "2.4.49",
   "author": "Boninall",
   "authorUrl": "https://github.com/Quorafind/",
   "isDesktopOnly": false,
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-reminder-plugin/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-reminder-plugin/data.json
index db30b1a7..d35acc9b 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-reminder-plugin/data.json
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-reminder-plugin/data.json
@@ -4,40 +4,45 @@
     "05.01 Computer setup/Storage and Syncing.md": [
       {
         "title": ":cloud: [[Storage and Syncing|Storage & Sync]]: Backup Volumes to [[Sync|Sync.com]] %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-06-10",
-        "rowNumber": 192
+        "time": "2024-09-09",
+        "rowNumber": 178
+      },
+      {
+        "title": ":coin: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for Anchor|Anchor Wallet]] %%done_del%%",
+        "time": "2024-10-03",
+        "rowNumber": 174
       },
       {
         "title": ":floppy_disk: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for FV|Folder Vault]] %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-05",
-        "rowNumber": 186
+        "time": "2024-10-04",
+        "rowNumber": 177
       },
       {
         "title": ":iphone: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for iPhone|iPhone]] %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-09",
-        "rowNumber": 180
+        "time": "2024-10-08",
+        "rowNumber": 175
       },
       {
         "title": ":camera: [[Storage and Syncing|Storage & Sync]]: Transfer pictures to ED %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-11",
-        "rowNumber": 197
+        "time": "2024-10-10",
+        "rowNumber": 180
       },
       {
-        "title": "Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for Anchor|Anchor Wallet]] %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-10-03",
-        "rowNumber": 174
+        "title": ":iphone: Backup [[Storage and Syncing|news for previous year]] %%done_del%%",
+        "time": "2025-01-15",
+        "rowNumber": 176
       }
     ],
     "06.01 Finances/hLedger.md": [
       {
         "title": ":heavy_dollar_sign: [[hLedger]]: Update Price file %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-05",
+        "time": "2024-10-04",
         "rowNumber": 418
       },
       {
         "title": ":heavy_dollar_sign: [[hLedger]]: Update current ledger %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-05",
-        "rowNumber": 424
+        "time": "2024-10-04",
+        "rowNumber": 425
       }
     ],
     "05.02 Networks/Server Cloud.md": [
@@ -189,7 +194,7 @@
     "01.03 Family/Opportune de Villeneuve.md": [
       {
         "title": ":birthday: **[[Opportune de Villeneuve|Opportune]]** %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-14",
+        "time": "2025-07-14",
         "rowNumber": 105
       }
     ],
@@ -238,7 +243,7 @@
     "01.03 Family/Jacqueline Bédier.md": [
       {
         "title": ":birthday: **[[Jacqueline Bédier|Bonne Maman]]** %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-13",
+        "time": "2025-07-13",
         "rowNumber": 105
       }
     ],
@@ -329,48 +334,48 @@
     "01.02 Home/Household.md": [
       {
         "title": "♻  [[Household]]: *Cardboard* recycling collection %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-09",
-        "rowNumber": 80
+        "time": "2024-07-23",
+        "rowNumber": 81
       },
       {
         "title": "🛎 🧻 REMINDER [[Household]]: check need for toilet paper %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-15",
-        "rowNumber": 93
+        "time": "2024-07-29",
+        "rowNumber": 95
       },
       {
         "title": "♻  [[Household]]: *Paper* recycling collection %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-16",
+        "time": "2024-07-30",
         "rowNumber": 75
       },
       {
         "title": "🛎️ :house: [[Household]]: Pay rent %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-07-31",
-        "rowNumber": 90
+        "rowNumber": 92
       },
       {
         "title": ":blue_car: [[Household]]: Change to Winter tyres @ [[Rex Automobile CH]] %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-10-15",
-        "rowNumber": 104
+        "rowNumber": 107
       },
       {
         "title": ":ski: [[Household]]: Organise yearly ski servicing ([[Ski Rental Zürich]]) %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-10-31",
-        "rowNumber": 113
+        "rowNumber": 116
       },
       {
         "title": ":blue_car: [[Household]]: Clean car %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-11-30",
-        "rowNumber": 106
+        "rowNumber": 109
       },
       {
         "title": ":blue_car: [[Household]]: Renew [road vignette](https://www.e-vignette.ch/) %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-12-20",
-        "rowNumber": 105
+        "rowNumber": 108
       },
       {
         "title": ":blue_car: [[Household]]: Change to Summer tyres @ [[Rex Automobile CH]] %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2025-04-15",
-        "rowNumber": 103
+        "rowNumber": 106
       }
     ],
     "01.03 Family/Pia Bousquié.md": [
@@ -388,15 +393,15 @@
       }
     ],
     "01.01 Life Orga/@Finances.md": [
-      {
-        "title": ":heavy_dollar_sign: [[@Finances|Finances]]: update crypto prices within Obsidian %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-09",
-        "rowNumber": 116
-      },
       {
         "title": ":heavy_dollar_sign: [[@Finances|Finances]]: Swiss tax self declaration %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-07-31",
-        "rowNumber": 125
+        "rowNumber": 126
+      },
+      {
+        "title": ":heavy_dollar_sign: [[@Finances|Finances]]: update crypto prices within Obsidian %%done_del%%",
+        "time": "2024-08-13",
+        "rowNumber": 116
       },
       {
         "title": ":moneybag: [[@Finances]]: Transfer UK pension to CH %%done_del%%",
@@ -406,7 +411,7 @@
       {
         "title": ":heavy_dollar_sign: [[@Finances|Finances]]: Close yearly accounts %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2025-01-07",
-        "rowNumber": 123
+        "rowNumber": 124
       }
     ],
     "01.01 Life Orga/@Personal projects.md": [
@@ -444,27 +449,32 @@
       }
     ],
     "06.02 Investments/Crypto Tasks.md": [
-      {
-        "title": ":chart: Check [[Nimbus]] earnings %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-08",
-        "rowNumber": 92
-      },
       {
         "title": ":ballot_box_with_ballot: [[Crypto Tasks]]: Vote for [[EOS]] block producers %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-08-06",
         "rowNumber": 72
+      },
+      {
+        "title": ":chart: Check [[Nimbus]] earnings %%done_del%%",
+        "time": "2024-08-12",
+        "rowNumber": 92
       }
     ],
     "05.02 Networks/Configuring UFW.md": [
       {
         "title": "🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-06",
+        "time": "2024-07-27",
         "rowNumber": 239
       },
+      {
+        "title": "🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%%",
+        "time": "2024-07-27",
+        "rowNumber": 318
+      },
       {
         "title": "🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]]: Update the Blocked IP list %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-06",
-        "rowNumber": 316
+        "time": "2024-07-27",
+        "rowNumber": 322
       }
     ],
     "01.03 Family/Amélie Solanet.md": [
@@ -618,15 +628,15 @@
       }
     ],
     "02.01 London/@@London.md": [
-      {
-        "title": ":birthday: **Alex Houyvet**, [[@@London|London]] %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-13",
-        "rowNumber": 120
-      },
       {
         "title": ":birthday: **Stefan Schmidt**, [[@@London|London]] %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2025-06-29",
         "rowNumber": 117
+      },
+      {
+        "title": ":birthday: **Alex Houyvet**, [[@@London|London]] %%done_del%%",
+        "time": "2025-07-13",
+        "rowNumber": 120
       }
     ],
     "01.01 Life Orga/@Lifestyle.md": [
@@ -665,7 +675,7 @@
     "01.07 Animals/@Sally.md": [
       {
         "title": ":racehorse: [[@Sally|Sally]]: Pay for horseshoes (150 CHF) %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-10",
+        "time": "2024-08-10",
         "rowNumber": 142
       },
       {
@@ -708,7 +718,7 @@
     "01.07 Animals/2023-07-13 Health check.md": [
       {
         "title": ":racehorse: [[@Sally|Sally]], [[2023-07-13 Health check|Note]]: Check front hoofs healing",
-        "time": "2024-07-16",
+        "time": "2024-07-30",
         "rowNumber": 53
       }
     ],
@@ -736,7 +746,7 @@
     "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2023-10-28.md": [
       {
         "title": "11:48 :musical_keyboard: [[@Lifestyle|Lifestyle]]: Buy an ampli (Verstaerker): Yamaha A-S301 or Marantz PM6007",
-        "time": "2024-07-07",
+        "time": "2024-12-20",
         "rowNumber": 103
       }
     ],
@@ -782,17 +792,17 @@
       {
         "title": ":sunny: :partying_face: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out Seenachtfest Rapperswil-Jona %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-08-01",
-        "rowNumber": 129
+        "rowNumber": 119
       },
       {
         "title": ":sunny: :runner: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out tickets to Weltklasse Zürich %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-08-01",
-        "rowNumber": 137
+        "rowNumber": 126
       },
       {
         "title": ":sunny: :partying_face: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Street Parade %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-08-10",
-        "rowNumber": 127
+        "rowNumber": 117
       },
       {
         "title": "🎭:frame_with_picture: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out exhibitions at the [Kunsthaus](https://www.kunsthaus.ch/en/) %%done_del%%",
@@ -802,22 +812,22 @@
       {
         "title": ":sunny: :partying_face: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Zürich Openair %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-08-23",
-        "rowNumber": 128
+        "rowNumber": 118
       },
       {
         "title": "🎭:frame_with_picture: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out exhibitions at the [Rietberg](https://rietberg.ch/en/) %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-09-15",
-        "rowNumber": 96
+        "rowNumber": 94
       },
       {
         "title": ":maple_leaf: :movie_camera: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out Zürich Film Festival %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-09-15",
-        "rowNumber": 112
+        "rowNumber": 105
       },
       {
         "title": ":maple_leaf: :wine_glass: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out Zürich’s Wine festival ([ZWF - Zurich Wine Festival](https://zurichwinefestival.ch/)) %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-09-25",
-        "rowNumber": 113
+        "rowNumber": 106
       },
       {
         "title": ":snowflake:🎭 [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out floating theatre ([Herzlich willkommen!](http://herzbaracke.ch/)) %%done_del%%",
@@ -827,57 +837,57 @@
       {
         "title": ":maple_leaf: :wine_glass: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out [Discover the Excitement of EXPOVINA Wine Events | Join Us at Weinschiffe, Primavera, and Wine Trophy | EXPOVINA](https://expovina.ch/en-ch/) %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-10-15",
-        "rowNumber": 114
+        "rowNumber": 107
       },
       {
         "title": ":snowflake: :person_in_steamy_room: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out [Sauna Cubes at Strandbad Küsnacht — Strandbadsauna](https://www.strandbadsauna.ch/home-eng) %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-11-15",
-        "rowNumber": 104
+        "rowNumber": 100
       },
       {
         "title": ":christmas_tree: :cocktail: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out pop-up bars ([Pop-ups at Christmas | zuerich.com](https://www.zuerich.com/en/visit/christmas-in-zurich/pop-ups)) %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-12-01",
-        "rowNumber": 105
+        "rowNumber": 101
       },
       {
         "title": ":snowflake: :swimmer: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Samichlausschwimmen %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2024-12-08",
-        "rowNumber": 120
+        "rowNumber": 113
       },
       {
         "title": ":snowflake: :partying_face: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: ZüriCarneval weekend %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2025-02-15",
-        "rowNumber": 121
+        "rowNumber": 114
       },
       {
         "title": ":hibiscus: :partying_face: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Sechseläuten %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2025-04-15",
-        "rowNumber": 123
+        "rowNumber": 115
       },
       {
         "title": ":hibiscus: :runner: [[@@Zürich|Zürich]]: Zürich Marathon %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2025-04-21",
-        "rowNumber": 135
+        "rowNumber": 125
       },
       {
         "title": ":hibiscus: :fork_and_knife: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Book a restaurant with terrace for the season: [[Albishaus]], [[Restaurant Boldern]], [[Zur Buech]], [[Jardin Zürichberg]], [[Bistro Rigiblick]], [[Portofino am See]], [[La Réserve|La Muña]] %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2025-05-01",
-        "rowNumber": 106
+        "rowNumber": 102
       },
       {
         "title": ":hibiscus: :canned_food: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out [FOOD ZURICH - MEHR ALS EIN FESTIVAL](https://www.foodzurich.com/de/) %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2025-06-01",
-        "rowNumber": 108
+        "rowNumber": 103
       },
       {
         "title": ":hibiscus: :partying_face: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Zürich Pride Festival %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2025-06-15",
-        "rowNumber": 125
+        "rowNumber": 116
       },
       {
         "title": ":sunny: :movie_camera: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out programmation of the [Zurich's finest open-air cinema | Allianz Cinema -](https://zuerich.allianzcinema.ch/en) %%done_del%%",
         "time": "2025-07-01",
-        "rowNumber": 110
+        "rowNumber": 104
       }
     ],
     "03.02 Travels/Geneva.md": [
@@ -1007,13 +1017,20 @@
     "01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md": [
       {
         "title": ":test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Take the pill %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-06",
+        "time": "2024-07-20",
         "rowNumber": 58
       },
       {
         "title": ":test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Nail lack %%done_del%%",
-        "time": "2024-07-08",
-        "rowNumber": 65
+        "time": "2024-07-20",
+        "rowNumber": 62
+      }
+    ],
+    "01.06 Health/2023-02-25 Polyp in Galbladder.md": [
+      {
+        "title": "🩺 [[2023-02-25 Polyp in Galbladder|Polype in gallbladder]]: Organise control scan for polype",
+        "time": "2025-07-12",
+        "rowNumber": 68
       }
     ]
   },
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-tasks-plugin/main.js b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-tasks-plugin/main.js
index 6912b647..db431e72 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-tasks-plugin/main.js
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-tasks-plugin/main.js
@@ -122,14 +122,14 @@ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 THE SOFTWARE.
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vg=2,Hi=3,Xo=4,Zo=5,aa=6,jc=class{constructor(e=!1){this.cachedPrimaryPrefix=null,this.cachedPrimarySuffix=null,this.cachedPrimaryTimePattern=null,this.cachedFollowingPhase=null,this.cachedFollowingSuffix=null,this.cachedFollowingTimePatten=null,this.strictMode=e}patternFlags(){return"i"}primaryPatternLeftBoundary(){return"(^|\\s|T|\\b)"}primarySuffix(){return"(?=\\W|$)"}followingSuffix(){return"(?=\\W|$)"}pattern(e){return this.getPrimaryTimePatternThroughCache()}extract(e,t){let n=this.extractPrimaryTimeComponents(e,t);if(!n)return t.index+=t[0].length,null;let i=t.index+t[1].length,s=t[0].substring(t[1].length),a=e.createParsingResult(i,s,n);t.index+=t[0].length;let o=e.text.substring(t.index),l=this.getFollowingTimePatternThroughCache().exec(o);return s.match(/^\d{3,4}/)&&l&&l[0].match(/^\s*([+-])\s*\d{2,4}$/)?null:!l||l[0].match(/^\s*([+-])\s*\d{3,4}$/)?this.checkAndReturnWithoutFollowingPattern(a):(a.end=this.extractFollowingTimeComponents(e,l,a),a.end&&(a.text+=l[0]),this.checkAndReturnWithFollowingPattern(a))}extractPrimaryTimeComponents(e,t,n=!1){let i=e.createParsingComponents(),s=0,a=null,o=parseInt(t[vg]);if(o>100){if(this.strictMode||t[Hi]!=null)return null;s=o%100,o=Math.floor(o/100)}if(o>24)return null;if(t[Hi]!=null){if(t[Hi].length==1&&!t[aa])return null;s=parseInt(t[Hi])}if(s>=60)return null;if(o>12&&(a=wt.Meridiem.PM),t[aa]!=null){if(o>12)return null;let u=t[aa][0].toLowerCase();u=="a"&&(a=wt.Meridiem.AM,o==12&&(o=0)),u=="p"&&(a=wt.Meridiem.PM,o!=12&&(o+=12))}if(i.assign("hour",o),i.assign("minute",s),a!==null?i.assign("meridiem",a):o<12?i.imply("meridiem",wt.Meridiem.AM):i.imply("meridiem",wt.Meridiem.PM),t[Zo]!=null){let u=parseInt(t[Zo].substring(0,3));if(u>=1e3)return null;i.assign("millisecond",u)}if(t[Xo]!=null){let u=parseInt(t[Xo]);if(u>=60)return null;i.assign("second",u)}return i}extractFollowingTimeComponents(e,t,n){let i=e.createParsingComponents();if(t[Zo]!=null){let u=parseInt(t[Zo].substring(0,3));if(u>=1e3)return null;i.assign("millisecond",u)}if(t[Xo]!=null){let u=parseInt(t[Xo]);if(u>=60)return null;i.assign("second",u)}let s=parseInt(t[vg]),a=0,o=-1;if(t[Hi]!=null?a=parseInt(t[Hi]):s>100&&(a=s%100,s=Math.floor(s/100)),a>=60||s>24)return null;if(s>=12&&(o=wt.Meridiem.PM),t[aa]!=null){if(s>12)return null;let u=t[aa][0].toLowerCase();u=="a"&&(o=wt.Meridiem.AM,s==12&&(s=0,i.isCertain("day")||i.imply("day",i.get("day")+1))),u=="p"&&(o=wt.Meridiem.PM,s!=12&&(s+=12)),n.start.isCertain("meridiem")||(o==wt.Meridiem.AM?(n.start.imply("meridiem",wt.Meridiem.AM),n.start.get("hour")==12&&n.start.assign("hour",0)):(n.start.imply("meridiem",wt.Meridiem.PM),n.start.get("hour")!=12&&n.start.assign("hour",n.start.get("hour")+12)))}return 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null}return e}getPrimaryTimePatternThroughCache(){let e=this.primaryPrefix(),t=this.primarySuffix();return this.cachedPrimaryPrefix===e&&this.cachedPrimarySuffix===t?this.cachedPrimaryTimePattern:(this.cachedPrimaryTimePattern=ZE(this.primaryPatternLeftBoundary(),e,t,this.patternFlags()),this.cachedPrimaryPrefix=e,this.cachedPrimarySuffix=t,this.cachedPrimaryTimePattern)}getFollowingTimePatternThroughCache(){let e=this.followingPhase(),t=this.followingSuffix();return this.cachedFollowingPhase===e&&this.cachedFollowingSuffix===t?this.cachedFollowingTimePatten:(this.cachedFollowingTimePatten=JE(e,t),this.cachedFollowingPhase=e,this.cachedFollowingSuffix=t,this.cachedFollowingTimePatten)}};Jo.AbstractTimeExpressionParser=jc});var wg=E(Yc=>{"use strict";Object.defineProperty(Yc,"__esModule",{value:!0});var eu=Ke(),eS=li(),Gc=class extends 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r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(Da,"__esModule",{value:!0});var pu=Ke(),nx=B(),ix=nr(),sx=rx(we()),If=class extends nx.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(){return/(?:esta\s*)?(manha|manhã|tarde|meia-noite|meio-dia|noite)(?=\W|$)/i}innerExtract(e,t){let n=sx.default(e.refDate),i=e.createParsingComponents();switch(t[1].toLowerCase()){case"tarde":i.imply("meridiem",pu.Meridiem.PM),i.imply("hour",15);break;case"noite":i.imply("meridiem",pu.Meridiem.PM),i.imply("hour",22);break;case"manha":case"manh\xE3":i.imply("meridiem",pu.Meridiem.AM),i.imply("hour",6);break;case"meia-noite":ix.assignTheNextDay(i,n),i.imply("hour",0),i.imply("minute",0),i.imply("second",0);break;case"meio-dia":i.imply("meridiem",pu.Meridiem.AM),i.imply("hour",12);break}return i}};Da.default=If});var Rb=E(rt=>{"use strict";var $n=rt&&rt.__importDefault||function(r){return 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bx=yx(qr()),Lf=class extends bx.default{patternBetween(){return/^\s*(tot|-)\s*$/i}};xa.default=Lf});var Cb=E(Ra=>{"use strict";var Tx=Ra&&Ra.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(Ra,"__esModule",{value:!0});var _x=Tx(un()),Uf=class extends _x.default{patternBetween(){return new RegExp("^\\s*(om|na|voor|in de|,|-)?\\s*$")}};Ra.default=Uf});var Ab=E(pn=>{"use strict";var vx=pn&&pn.__createBinding||(Object.create?function(r,e,t,n){n===void 0&&(n=t),Object.defineProperty(r,n,{enumerable:!0,get:function(){return e[t]}})}:function(r,e,t,n){n===void 0&&(n=t),r[n]=e[t]}),wx=pn&&pn.__setModuleDefault||(Object.create?function(r,e){Object.defineProperty(r,"default",{enumerable:!0,value:e})}:function(r,e){r.default=e}),kx=pn&&pn.__importStar||function(r){if(r&&r.__esModule)return r;var e={};if(r!=null)for(var t in r)t!=="default"&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(r,t)&&vx(e,r,t);return 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sR=li(),Xf=class extends sR.AbstractTimeExpressionParser{primaryPrefix(){return"(?:(?:om)\\s*)?"}followingPhase(){return"\\s*(?:\\-|\\\u2013|\\~|\\\u301C|om|\\?)\\s*"}primarySuffix(){return"(?:\\s*(?:uur))?(?!/)(?=\\W|$)"}extractPrimaryTimeComponents(e,t){return t[0].match(/^\s*\d{4}\s*$/)?null:super.extractPrimaryTimeComponents(e,t)}};Zf.default=Xf});var tT=E(ep=>{"use strict";Object.defineProperty(ep,"__esModule",{value:!0});var eT=$t(),aR=Re(),oR=B(),uR=new RegExp(`([0-9]{4})[\\.\\/\\s](?:(${aR.matchAnyPattern(eT.MONTH_DICTIONARY)})|([0-9]{1,2}))[\\.\\/\\s]([0-9]{1,2})(?=\\W|$)`,"i"),lR=1,cR=2,Jb=3,dR=4,Jf=class extends oR.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(){return uR}innerExtract(e,t){let n=t[Jb]?parseInt(t[Jb]):eT.MONTH_DICTIONARY[t[cR].toLowerCase()];if(n<1||n>12)return null;let i=parseInt(t[lR]);return{day:parseInt(t[dR]),month:n,year:i}}};ep.default=Jf});var rT=E(Ca=>{"use strict";var fR=Ca&&Ca.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(Ca,"__esModule",{value:!0});var pR=B(),bu=Ke(),tp=nr(),mR=fR(we()),hR=1,gR=2,rp=class extends pR.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(e){return/(gisteren|morgen|van)(ochtend|middag|namiddag|avond|nacht)(?=\W|$)/i}innerExtract(e,t){let n=t[hR].toLowerCase(),i=t[gR].toLowerCase(),s=e.createParsingComponents(),a=mR.default(e.refDate);switch(n){case"gisteren":tp.assignSimilarDate(s,a.add(-1,"day"));break;case"van":tp.assignSimilarDate(s,a);break;case"morgen":tp.assignTheNextDay(s,a);break}switch(i){case"ochtend":s.imply("meridiem",bu.Meridiem.AM),s.imply("hour",6);break;case"middag":s.imply("meridiem",bu.Meridiem.AM),s.imply("hour",12);break;case"namiddag":s.imply("meridiem",bu.Meridiem.PM),s.imply("hour",15);break;case"avond":s.imply("meridiem",bu.Meridiem.PM),s.imply("hour",20);break}return s}};Ca.default=rp});var iT=E(ip=>{"use strict";Object.defineProperty(ip,"__esModule",{value:!0});var nT=$t(),yR=We(),bR=B(),TR=ir(),_R=new RegExp(`(deze|vorige|afgelopen|komende|over|\\+|-)\\s*(${nT.TIME_UNITS_PATTERN})(?=\\W|$)`,"i"),np=class extends bR.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(){return _R}innerExtract(e,t){let n=t[1].toLowerCase(),i=nT.parseTimeUnits(t[2]);switch(n){case"vorige":case"afgelopen":case"-":i=TR.reverseTimeUnits(i);break}return yR.ParsingComponents.createRelativeFromReference(e.reference,i)}};ip.default=np});var oT=E(Aa=>{"use strict";var vR=Aa&&Aa.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(Aa,"__esModule",{value:!0});var aT=$t(),sT=We(),wR=vR(we()),kR=B(),ER=Re(),SR=new RegExp(`(dit|deze|komende|volgend|volgende|afgelopen|vorige)\\s*(${ER.matchAnyPattern(aT.TIME_UNIT_DICTIONARY)})(?=\\s*)(?=\\W|$)`,"i"),OR=1,DR=2,sp=class extends kR.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(){return SR}innerExtract(e,t){let 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i.text.match(/^\d+$/)?null:i;let l=s.clone();if(i.end=e.createParsingComponents(),t[Ou]){let c=t[Ou];c=="\u660E"?n.hour()>1&&l.add(1,"day"):c=="\u6628"?l.add(-1,"day"):c=="\u524D"?l.add(-2,"day"):c=="\u5927\u524D"?l.add(-3,"day"):c=="\u540E"?l.add(2,"day"):c=="\u5927\u540E"&&l.add(3,"day"),i.end.assign("day",l.date()),i.end.assign("month",l.month()+1),i.end.assign("year",l.year())}else if(t[Ru]){let c=t[Ru];c=="\u660E"?l.add(1,"day"):c=="\u6628"?l.add(-1,"day"):c=="\u524D"?l.add(-2,"day"):c=="\u5927\u524D"?l.add(-3,"day"):c=="\u540E"?l.add(2,"day"):c=="\u5927\u540E"&&l.add(3,"day"),i.end.assign("day",l.date()),i.end.assign("month",l.month()+1),i.end.assign("year",l.year())}else i.end.imply("day",l.date()),i.end.imply("month",l.month()+1),i.end.imply("year",l.year());if(a=0,o=0,u=-1,t[os]){let c=parseInt(t[os]);if(isNaN(c)&&(c=lr.zhStringToNumber(t[os])),c>=60)return null;i.end.assign("second",c)}if(a=parseInt(t[Cu]),isNaN(a)&&(a=lr.zhStringToNumber(t[Cu])),t[ur]?t[ur]=="\u534A"?o=30:t[ur]=="\u6B63"||t[ur]=="\u6574"?o=0:(o=parseInt(t[ur]),isNaN(o)&&(o=lr.zhStringToNumber(t[ur]))):a>100&&(o=a%100,a=Math.floor(a/100)),o>=60||a>24)return null;if(a>=12&&(u=1),t[Au]){if(a>12)return null;let c=t[Au][0].toLowerCase();c=="a"&&(u=0,a==12&&(a=0)),c=="p"&&(u=1,a!=12&&(a+=12)),i.start.isCertain("meridiem")||(u==0?(i.start.imply("meridiem",0),i.start.get("hour")==12&&i.start.assign("hour",0)):(i.start.imply("meridiem",1),i.start.get("hour")!=12&&i.start.assign("hour",i.start.get("hour")+12)))}else if(t[Du]){let d=t[Du][0];d=="\u65E9"?(u=0,a==12&&(a=0)):d=="\u665A"&&(u=1,a!=12&&(a+=12))}else if(t[xu]){let d=t[xu][0];d=="\u4E0A"||d=="\u65E9"||d=="\u51CC"?(u=0,a==12&&(a=0)):(d=="\u4E0B"||d=="\u665A")&&(u=1,a!=12&&(a+=12))}else if(t[Mu]){let d=t[Mu][0];d=="\u4E0A"||d=="\u65E9"||d=="\u51CC"?(u=0,a==12&&(a=0)):(d=="\u4E0B"||d=="\u665A")&&(u=1,a!=12&&(a+=12))}return i.text=i.text+t[0],i.end.assign("hour",a),i.end.assign("minute",o),u>=0?i.end.assign("meridiem",u):i.start.isCertain("meridiem")&&i.start.get("meridiem")==1&&i.start.get("hour")>a?i.end.imply("meridiem",0):a>12&&i.end.imply("meridiem",1),i.end.date().getTime()<i.start.date().getTime()&&i.end.imply("day",i.end.get("day")+1),i}};Ba.default=Np});var jT=E(Ha=>{"use strict";var TC=Ha&&Ha.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(Ha,"__esModule",{value:!0});var _C=TC(we()),vC=B(),$T=as(),wC=new RegExp("(?:\u661F\u671F|\u793C\u62DC|\u5468)(?<weekday>"+Object.keys($T.WEEKDAY_OFFSET).join("|")+")"),Ip=class extends vC.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(){return wC}innerExtract(e,t){let n=e.createParsingResult(t.index,t[0]),i=t.groups.weekday,s=$T.WEEKDAY_OFFSET[i];if(s===void 0)return null;let a=_C.default(e.refDate),o=!1,u=a.day();return Math.abs(s-7-u)<Math.abs(s-u)?a=a.day(s-7):Math.abs(s+7-u)<Math.abs(s-u)?a=a.day(s+7):a=a.day(s),n.start.assign("weekday",s),o?(n.start.assign("day",a.date()),n.start.assign("month",a.month()+1),n.start.assign("year",a.year())):(n.start.imply("day",a.date()),n.start.imply("month",a.month()+1),n.start.imply("year",a.year())),n}};Ha.default=Ip});var GT=E(Va=>{"use strict";var kC=Va&&Va.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(Va,"__esModule",{value:!0});var EC=kC(qr()),Fp=class extends EC.default{patternBetween(){return/^\s*(至|到|-|~|～|－|ー)\s*$/i}};Va.default=Fp});var YT=E(za=>{"use strict";var SC=za&&za.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(za,"__esModule",{value:!0});var OC=SC(un()),Lp=class extends OC.default{patternBetween(){return/^\s*$/i}};za.default=Lp});var BT=E(Be=>{"use strict";var hn=Be&&Be.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(Be,"__esModule",{value:!0});Be.createConfiguration=Be.createCasualConfiguration=Be.parseDate=Be.parse=Be.strict=Be.casual=Be.hans=void 0;var Up=vr(),DC=hn(tu()),xC=ln(),RC=hn(PT()),MC=hn(IT()),CC=hn(LT()),AC=hn(WT()),PC=hn(qT()),NC=hn(jT()),IC=hn(GT()),FC=hn(YT());Be.hans=new Up.Chrono(Wp());Be.casual=new Up.Chrono(Wp());Be.strict=new Up.Chrono(qp());function LC(r,e,t){return Be.casual.parse(r,e,t)}Be.parse=LC;function UC(r,e,t){return Be.casual.parseDate(r,e,t)}Be.parseDate=UC;function Wp(){let r=qp();return r.parsers.unshift(new RC.default),r}Be.createCasualConfiguration=Wp;function qp(){let r=xC.includeCommonConfiguration({parsers:[new MC.default,new AC.default,new NC.default,new PC.default,new CC.default],refiners:[new IC.default,new FC.default]});return r.refiners=r.refiners.filter(e=>!(e instanceof DC.default)),r}Be.createConfiguration=qp});var VT=E(jt=>{"use strict";var HT=jt&&jt.__createBinding||(Object.create?function(r,e,t,n){n===void 0&&(n=t),Object.defineProperty(r,n,{enumerable:!0,get:function(){return e[t]}})}:function(r,e,t,n){n===void 0&&(n=t),r[n]=e[t]}),WC=jt&&jt.__setModuleDefault||(Object.create?function(r,e){Object.defineProperty(r,"default",{enumerable:!0,value:e})}:function(r,e){r.default=e}),qC=jt&&jt.__exportStar||function(r,e){for(var t in r)t!=="default"&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t)&&HT(e,r,t)},$C=jt&&jt.__importStar||function(r){if(r&&r.__esModule)return r;var e={};if(r!=null)for(var t in r)t!=="default"&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(r,t)&&HT(e,r,t);return WC(e,r),e};Object.defineProperty(jt,"__esModule",{value:!0});jt.hans=void 0;qC(RT(),jt);jt.hans=$C(BT())});var Pt=E(se=>{"use strict";Object.defineProperty(se,"__esModule",{value:!0});se.parseTimeUnits=se.TIME_UNITS_PATTERN=se.parseYear=se.YEAR_PATTERN=se.parseOrdinalNumberPattern=se.ORDINAL_NUMBER_PATTERN=se.parseNumberPattern=se.NUMBER_PATTERN=se.TIME_UNIT_DICTIONARY=se.ORDINAL_WORD_DICTIONARY=se.INTEGER_WORD_DICTIONARY=se.MONTH_DICTIONARY=se.FULL_MONTH_NAME_DICTIONARY=se.WEEKDAY_DICTIONARY=se.REGEX_PARTS=void 0;var Pu=Re(),jC=ot();se.REGEX_PARTS={leftBoundary:"([^\\p{L}\\p{N}_]|^)",rightBoundary:"(?=[^\\p{L}\\p{N}_]|$)",flags:"iu"};se.WEEKDAY_DICTIONARY={\u0432\u043E\u0441\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043D\u044C\u0435:0,\u0432\u043E\u0441\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043D\u044C\u044F:0,\u0432\u0441\u043A:0,"\u0432\u0441\u043A.":0,\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043A:1,\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430:1,\u043F\u043D:1,"\u043F\u043D.":1,\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043D\u0438\u043A:2,\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430:2,\u0432\u0442:2,"\u0432\u0442.":2,\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430:3,\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044B:3,\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443:3,\u0441\u0440:3,"\u0441\u0440.":3,\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433:4,\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430:4,\u0447\u0442:4,"\u0447\u0442.":4,\u043F\u044F\u0442\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0430:5,\u043F\u044F\u0442\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0443:5,\u043F\u044F\u0442\u043D\u0438\u0446\u044B:5,\u043F\u0442:5,"\u043F\u0442.":5,\u0441\u0443\u0431\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430:6,\u0441\u0443\u0431\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0443:6,\u0441\u0443\u0431\u0431\u043E\u0442\u044B:6,\u0441\u0431:6,"\u0441\u0431.":6};se.FULL_MONTH_NAME_DICTIONARY={\u044F\u043D\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044C:1,\u044F\u043D\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044F:1,\u044F\u043D\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0435:1,\u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u044F\u043B\u044C:2,\u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u044F\u043B\u044F:2,\u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u044F\u043B\u0435:2,\u043C\u0430\u0440\u0442:3,\u043C\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430:3,\u043C\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435:3,\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0435\u043B\u044C:4,\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0435\u043B\u044F:4,\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0435\u043B\u0435:4,\u043C\u0430\u0439:5,\u043C\u0430\u044F:5,\u043C\u0430\u0435:5,\u0438\u044E\u043D\u044C:6,\u0438\u044E\u043D\u044F:6,\u0438\u044E\u043D\u0435:6,\u0438\u044E\u043B\u044C:7,\u0438\u044E\u043B\u044F:7,\u0438\u044E\u043B\u0435:7,\u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442:8,\u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430:8,\u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0435:8,\u0441\u0435\u043D\u0442\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044C:9,\u0441\u0435\u043D\u0442\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F:9,\u0441\u0435\u043D\u0442\u044F\u0431\u0440\u0435:9,\u043E\u043A\u0442\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044C:10,\u043E\u043A\u0442\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F:10,\u043E\u043A\u0442\u044F\u0431\u0440\u0435:10,\u043D\u043E\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044C:11,\u043D\u043E\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F:11,\u043D\u043E\u044F\u0431\u0440\u0435:11,\u0434\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044C:12,\u0434\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044F:12,\u0434\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0435:12};se.MONTH_DICTIONARY=Object.assign(Object.assign({},se.FULL_MONTH_NAME_DICTIONARY),{\u044F\u043D\u0432:1,"\u044F\u043D\u0432.":1,\u0444\u0435\u0432:2,"\u0444\u0435\u0432.":2,\u043C\u0430\u0440:3,"\u043C\u0430\u0440.":3,\u0430\u043F\u0440:4,"\u0430\u043F\u0440.":4,\u0430\u0432\u0433:8,"\u0430\u0432\u0433.":8,\u0441\u0435\u043D:9,"\u0441\u0435\u043D.":9,\u043E\u043A\u0442:10,"\u043E\u043A\u0442.":10,\u043D\u043E\u044F:11,"\u043D\u043E\u044F.":11,\u0434\u0435\u043A:12,"\u0434\u0435\u043A.":12});se.INTEGER_WORD_DICTIONARY={\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D:1,\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430:1,\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439:1,\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0443:1,\u0434\u0432\u0435:2,\u0434\u0432\u0430:2,\u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445:2,\u0442\u0440\u0438:3,\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445:3,\u0442\u0440\u0451\u0445:3,\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044B\u0440\u0435:4,\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044B\u0440\u0435\u0445:4,\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044B\u0440\u0451\u0445:4,\u043F\u044F\u0442\u044C:5,\u043F\u044F\u0442\u0438:5,\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C:6,\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438:6,\u0441\u0435\u043C\u044C:7,\u0441\u0435\u043C\u0438:7,\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0435\u043C\u044C:8,\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0435\u043C\u044C\u043C\u0438:8,\u0434\u0435\u0432\u044F\u0442\u044C:9,\u0434\u0435\u0432\u044F\u0442\u0438:9,\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044F\u0442\u044C:10,\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044F\u0442\u0438:10,\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u043D\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044C:11,\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u043D\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438:11,\u0434\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044C:12,\u0434\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438:12};se.ORDINAL_WORD_DICTIONARY={\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u0435:1,\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E:1,\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0435:2,\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E:2,\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044C\u0435:3,\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044C\u0435\u0433\u043E:3,\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043E\u0435:4,\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E:4,\u043F\u044F\u0442\u043E\u0435:5,\u043F\u044F\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E:5,\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0435:6,\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E:6,\u0441\u0435\u0434\u044C\u043C\u043E\u0435:7,\u0441\u0435\u0434\u044C\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E:7,\u0432\u043E\u0441\u044C\u043C\u043E\u0435:8,\u0432\u043E\u0441\u044C\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E:8,\u0434\u0435\u0432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KT(r){let e=r.toLowerCase();return se.INTEGER_WORD_DICTIONARY[e]!==void 0?se.INTEGER_WORD_DICTIONARY[e]:e.match(/несколько/)?3:e.match(/пол/)?.5:e.match(/пар/)?2:e===""?1:parseFloat(e)}se.parseNumberPattern=KT;se.ORDINAL_NUMBER_PATTERN=`(?:${Pu.matchAnyPattern(se.ORDINAL_WORD_DICTIONARY)}|[0-9]{1,2}(?:\u0433\u043E|\u043E\u0433\u043E|\u0435|\u043E\u0435)?)`;function GC(r){let e=r.toLowerCase();return se.ORDINAL_WORD_DICTIONARY[e]!==void 0?se.ORDINAL_WORD_DICTIONARY[e]:(e=e.replace(/(?:st|nd|rd|th)$/i,""),parseInt(e))}se.parseOrdinalNumberPattern=GC;var $p="(?:\\s+(?:\u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443|\u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430|\u0433\u043E\u0434|\u0433|\u0433.))?";se.YEAR_PATTERN=`(?:[1-9][0-9]{0,3}${$p}\\s*(?:\u043D.\u044D.|\u0434\u043E \u043D.\u044D.|\u043D. \u044D.|\u0434\u043E \u043D. \u044D.)|[1-2][0-9]{3}${$p}|[5-9][0-9]${$p})`;function YC(r){if(/(год|года|г|г.)/i.test(r)&&(r=r.replace(/(год|года|г|г.)/i,"")),/(до н.э.|до н. э.)/i.test(r))return r=r.replace(/(до н.э.|до н. 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sA}innerExtract(e,t){let n=t[aA].toLowerCase();if(t[0].length<=3&&!Xa.FULL_MONTH_NAME_DICTIONARY[n])return null;let i=e.createParsingResult(t.index,t.index+t[0].length);i.start.imply("day",1);let s=Xa.MONTH_DICTIONARY[n];if(i.start.assign("month",s),t[i_]){let a=s_.parseYear(t[i_]);i.start.assign("year",a)}else{let a=rA.findYearClosestToRef(e.refDate,1,s);i.start.imply("year",a)}return i}};Vp.default=Hp});var u_=E(Kp=>{"use strict";Object.defineProperty(Kp,"__esModule",{value:!0});var Iu=Ke(),oA=li(),o_=Pt(),zp=class extends oA.AbstractTimeExpressionParser{constructor(e){super(e)}patternFlags(){return o_.REGEX_PARTS.flags}primaryPatternLeftBoundary(){return"(^|\\s|T|(?:[^\\p{L}\\p{N}_]))"}followingPhase(){return"\\s*(?:\\-|\\\u2013|\\~|\\\u301C|\u0434\u043E|\u0438|\u043F\u043E|\\?)\\s*"}primaryPrefix(){return"(?:(?:\u0432|\u0441)\\s*)??"}primarySuffix(){return`(?:\\s*(?:\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430|\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430|\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 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em.REGEX_PARTS.leftBoundary}innerPattern(e){return _A}innerExtract(e,t){let n=t[1].toLowerCase(),i=e.createParsingComponents();switch(n){case"\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044F":return eo.today(e.reference);case"\u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430":return eo.yesterday(e.reference);case"\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430":return eo.tomorrow(e.reference);case"\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430":return eo.theDayAfter(e.reference,2);case"\u043F\u043E\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430":return eo.theDayBefore(e.reference,2)}return i}};gn.default=tm});var p_=E(Or=>{"use strict";var vA=Or&&Or.__createBinding||(Object.create?function(r,e,t,n){n===void 0&&(n=t),Object.defineProperty(r,n,{enumerable:!0,get:function(){return e[t]}})}:function(r,e,t,n){n===void 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RegExp(`(\u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441|\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0448\u043B\u044B\u043C\\s*\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043C|\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0448\u043B\u043E\u0439\\s*\u043D\u043E\u0447\u044C\u044E|\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0439\\s*\u043D\u043E\u0447\u044C\u044E|\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044F\\s*\u043D\u043E\u0447\u044C\u044E|\u044D\u0442\u043E\u0439\\s*\u043D\u043E\u0447\u044C\u044E|\u043D\u043E\u0447\u044C\u044E|\u044D\u0442\u0438\u043C \u0443\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043C|\u0443\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043C|\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430|\u0432\\s*\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0434\u0435\u043D\u044C|\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043C|\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430|\u0432\\s*\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u043E\u0447\u044C)${rm.REGEX_PARTS.rightBoundary}`,rm.REGEX_PARTS.flags),nm=class extends SA.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{patternLeftBoundary(){return rm.REGEX_PARTS.leftBoundary}innerPattern(){return xA}innerExtract(e,t){let n=DA.default(e.refDate),i=t[0].toLowerCase(),s=e.createParsingComponents();if(i==="\u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441")return yi.now(e.reference);if(i==="\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043C"||i==="\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430")return yi.evening(e.reference);if(i.endsWith("\u0443\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043C")||i.endsWith("\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430"))return yi.morning(e.reference);if(i.match(/в\s*полдень/))return yi.noon(e.reference);if(i.match(/прошлой\s*ночью/))return yi.lastNight(e.reference);if(i.match(/прошлым\s*вечером/))return yi.yesterdayEvening(e.reference);if(i.match(/следующей\s*ночью/)){let a=n.hour()<22?1:2;n=n.add(a,"day"),OA.assignSimilarDate(s,n),s.imply("hour",0)}return i.match(/в\s*полночь/)||i.endsWith("\u043D\u043E\u0447\u044C\u044E")?yi.midnight(e.reference):s}};Or.default=nm});var m_=E(sm=>{"use strict";Object.defineProperty(sm,"__esModule",{value:!0});var to=Pt(),RA=Re(),MA=B(),CA=di(),AA=new 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r.toString()},CP=function(r,e,t){return"".concat(e," ").concat(t,", ").concat(r)},AP=function(){function r(e,t,n,i){if(t===void 0&&(t=MP),n===void 0&&(n=_i),i===void 0&&(i=CP),this.text=[],this.language=n||_i,this.gettext=t,this.dateFormatter=i,this.rrule=e,this.options=e.options,this.origOptions=e.origOptions,this.origOptions.bymonthday){var s=[].concat(this.options.bymonthday),a=[].concat(this.options.bynmonthday);s.sort(function(c,d){return c-d}),a.sort(function(c,d){return d-c}),this.bymonthday=s.concat(a),this.bymonthday.length||(this.bymonthday=null)}if(Fe(this.origOptions.byweekday)){var o=ct(this.origOptions.byweekday)?this.origOptions.byweekday:[this.origOptions.byweekday],u=String(o);this.byweekday={allWeeks:o.filter(function(c){return!c.n}),someWeeks:o.filter(function(c){return Boolean(c.n)}),isWeekdays:u.indexOf("MO")!==-1&&u.indexOf("TU")!==-1&&u.indexOf("WE")!==-1&&u.indexOf("TH")!==-1&&u.indexOf("FR")!==-1&&u.indexOf("SA")===-1&&u.indexOf("SU")===-1,isEveryDay:u.indexOf("MO")!==-1&&u.indexOf("TU")!==-1&&u.indexOf("WE")!==-1&&u.indexOf("TH")!==-1&&u.indexOf("FR")!==-1&&u.indexOf("SA")!==-1&&u.indexOf("SU")!==-1};var l=function(c,d){return c.weekday-d.weekday};this.byweekday.allWeeks.sort(l),this.byweekday.someWeeks.sort(l),this.byweekday.allWeeks.length||(this.byweekday.allWeeks=null),this.byweekday.someWeeks.length||(this.byweekday.someWeeks=null)}else this.byweekday=null}return r.isFullyConvertible=function(e){var t=!0;if(!(e.options.freq in r.IMPLEMENTED)||e.origOptions.until&&e.origOptions.count)return!1;for(var n in e.origOptions){if(x_(["dtstart","wkst","freq"],n))return!0;if(!x_(r.IMPLEMENTED[e.options.freq],n))return!1}return t},r.prototype.isFullyConvertible=function(){return r.isFullyConvertible(this.rrule)},r.prototype.toString=function(){var e=this.gettext;if(!(this.options.freq in r.IMPLEMENTED))return e("RRule error: Unable to fully convert this rrule to text");if(this.text=[e("every")],this[z.FREQUENCIES[this.options.freq]](),this.options.until){this.add(e("until"));var t=this.options.until;this.add(this.dateFormatter(t.getUTCFullYear(),this.language.monthNames[t.getUTCMonth()],t.getUTCDate()))}else this.options.count&&this.add(e("for")).add(this.options.count.toString()).add(this.plural(this.options.count)?e("times"):e("time"));return this.isFullyConvertible()||this.add(e("(~ approximate)")),this.text.join("")},r.prototype.HOURLY=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.options.interval!==1&&this.add(this.options.interval.toString()),this.add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("hours"):e("hour"))},r.prototype.MINUTELY=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.options.interval!==1&&this.add(this.options.interval.toString()),this.add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("minutes"):e("minute"))},r.prototype.DAILY=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.options.interval!==1&&this.add(this.options.interval.toString()),this.byweekday&&this.byweekday.isWeekdays?this.add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("weekdays"):e("weekday")):this.add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("days"):e("day")),this.origOptions.bymonth&&(this.add(e("in")),this._bymonth()),this.bymonthday?this._bymonthday():this.byweekday?this._byweekday():this.origOptions.byhour&&this._byhour()},r.prototype.WEEKLY=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.options.interval!==1&&this.add(this.options.interval.toString()).add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("weeks"):e("week")),this.byweekday&&this.byweekday.isWeekdays?this.options.interval===1?this.add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("weekdays"):e("weekday")):this.add(e("on")).add(e("weekdays")):this.byweekday&&this.byweekday.isEveryDay?this.add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("days"):e("day")):(this.options.interval===1&&this.add(e("week")),this.origOptions.bymonth&&(this.add(e("in")),this._bymonth()),this.bymonthday?this._bymonthday():this.byweekday&&this._byweekday())},r.prototype.MONTHLY=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.origOptions.bymonth?(this.options.interval!==1&&(this.add(this.options.interval.toString()).add(e("months")),this.plural(this.options.interval)&&this.add(e("in"))),this._bymonth()):(this.options.interval!==1&&this.add(this.options.interval.toString()),this.add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("months"):e("month"))),this.bymonthday?this._bymonthday():this.byweekday&&this.byweekday.isWeekdays?this.add(e("on")).add(e("weekdays")):this.byweekday&&this._byweekday()},r.prototype.YEARLY=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.origOptions.bymonth?(this.options.interval!==1&&(this.add(this.options.interval.toString()),this.add(e("years"))),this._bymonth()):(this.options.interval!==1&&this.add(this.options.interval.toString()),this.add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("years"):e("year"))),this.bymonthday?this._bymonthday():this.byweekday&&this._byweekday(),this.options.byyearday&&this.add(e("on the")).add(this.list(this.options.byyearday,this.nth,e("and"))).add(e("day")),this.options.byweekno&&this.add(e("in")).add(this.plural(this.options.byweekno.length)?e("weeks"):e("week")).add(this.list(this.options.byweekno,void 0,e("and")))},r.prototype._bymonthday=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.byweekday&&this.byweekday.allWeeks?this.add(e("on")).add(this.list(this.byweekday.allWeeks,this.weekdaytext,e("or"))).add(e("the")).add(this.list(this.bymonthday,this.nth,e("or"))):this.add(e("on the")).add(this.list(this.bymonthday,this.nth,e("and")))},r.prototype._byweekday=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.byweekday.allWeeks&&!this.byweekday.isWeekdays&&this.add(e("on")).add(this.list(this.byweekday.allWeeks,this.weekdaytext)),this.byweekday.someWeeks&&(this.byweekday.allWeeks&&this.add(e("and")),this.add(e("on the")).add(this.list(this.byweekday.someWeeks,this.weekdaytext,e("and"))))},r.prototype._byhour=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.add(e("at")).add(this.list(this.origOptions.byhour,void 0,e("and")))},r.prototype._bymonth=function(){this.add(this.list(this.options.bymonth,this.monthtext,this.gettext("and")))},r.prototype.nth=function(e){e=parseInt(e.toString(),10);var t,n=this.gettext;if(e===-1)return n("last");var i=Math.abs(e);switch(i){case 1:case 21:case 31:t=i+n("st");break;case 2:case 22:t=i+n("nd");break;case 3:case 23:t=i+n("rd");break;default:t=i+n("th")}return e<0?t+" "+n("last"):t},r.prototype.monthtext=function(e){return this.language.monthNames[e-1]},r.prototype.weekdaytext=function(e){var t=Bt(e)?(e+1)%7:e.getJsWeekday();return(e.n?this.nth(e.n)+" ":"")+this.language.dayNames[t]},r.prototype.plural=function(e){return e%100!==1},r.prototype.add=function(e){return this.text.push(" "),this.text.push(e),this},r.prototype.list=function(e,t,n,i){var s=this;i===void 0&&(i=","),ct(e)||(e=[e]);var a=function(u,l,c){for(var d="",f=0;f<u.length;f++)f!==0&&(f===u.length-1?d+=" "+c+" ":d+=l+" "),d+=u[f];return d};t=t||function(u){return u.toString()};var o=function(u){return t&&t.call(s,u)};return n?a(e.map(o),i,n):e.map(o).join(i+" ")},r}(),Yr=AP;var PP=function(){function r(e){this.done=!0,this.rules=e}return r.prototype.start=function(e){return this.text=e,this.done=!1,this.nextSymbol()},r.prototype.isDone=function(){return this.done&&this.symbol===null},r.prototype.nextSymbol=function(){var e,t;this.symbol=null,this.value=null;do{if(this.done)return!1;var n=void 0;e=null;for(var i in this.rules){n=this.rules[i];var s=n.exec(this.text);s&&(e===null||s[0].length>e[0].length)&&(e=s,t=i)}if(e!=null&&(this.text=this.text.substr(e[0].length),this.text===""&&(this.done=!0)),e==null){this.done=!0,this.symbol=null,this.value=null;return}}while(t==="SKIP");return this.symbol=t,this.value=e,!0},r.prototype.accept=function(e){if(this.symbol===e){if(this.value){var t=this.value;return this.nextSymbol(),t}return this.nextSymbol(),!0}return!1},r.prototype.acceptNumber=function(){return this.accept("number")},r.prototype.expect=function(e){if(this.accept(e))return!0;throw new Error("expected "+e+" but found "+this.symbol)},r}();function oo(r,e){e===void 0&&(e=_i);var t={},n=new PP(e.tokens);if(!n.start(r))return null;return i(),t;function i(){n.expect("every");var f=n.acceptNumber();if(f&&(t.interval=parseInt(f[0],10)),n.isDone())throw new Error("Unexpected end");switch(n.symbol){case"day(s)":t.freq=z.DAILY,n.nextSymbol()&&(a(),d());break;case"weekday(s)":t.freq=z.WEEKLY,t.byweekday=[z.MO,z.TU,z.WE,z.TH,z.FR],n.nextSymbol(),d();break;case"week(s)":t.freq=z.WEEKLY,n.nextSymbol()&&(s(),d());break;case"hour(s)":t.freq=z.HOURLY,n.nextSymbol()&&(s(),d());break;case"minute(s)":t.freq=z.MINUTELY,n.nextSymbol()&&(s(),d());break;case"month(s)":t.freq=z.MONTHLY,n.nextSymbol()&&(s(),d());break;case"year(s)":t.freq=z.YEARLY,n.nextSymbol()&&(s(),d());break;case"monday":case"tuesday":case"wednesday":case"thursday":case"friday":case"saturday":case"sunday":t.freq=z.WEEKLY;var m=n.symbol.substr(0,2).toUpperCase();if(t.byweekday=[z[m]],!n.nextSymbol())return;for(;n.accept("comma");){if(n.isDone())throw new Error("Unexpected end");var g=u();if(!g)throw new Error("Unexpected symbol "+n.symbol+", expected weekday");t.byweekday.push(z[g]),n.nextSymbol()}c(),d();break;case"january":case"february":case"march":case"april":case"may":case"june":case"july":case"august":case"september":case"october":case"november":case"december":if(t.freq=z.YEARLY,t.bymonth=[o()],!n.nextSymbol())return;for(;n.accept("comma");){if(n.isDone())throw new Error("Unexpected end");var y=o();if(!y)throw new Error("Unexpected symbol "+n.symbol+", expected month");t.bymonth.push(y),n.nextSymbol()}s(),d();break;default:throw new Error("Unknown symbol")}}function s(){var f=n.accept("on"),m=n.accept("the");if(!!(f||m))do{var g=l(),y=u(),T=o();if(g)y?(n.nextSymbol(),t.byweekday||(t.byweekday=[]),t.byweekday.push(z[y].nth(g))):(t.bymonthday||(t.bymonthday=[]),t.bymonthday.push(g),n.accept("day(s)"));else if(y)n.nextSymbol(),t.byweekday||(t.byweekday=[]),t.byweekday.push(z[y]);else if(n.symbol==="weekday(s)")n.nextSymbol(),t.byweekday||(t.byweekday=[z.MO,z.TU,z.WE,z.TH,z.FR]);else if(n.symbol==="week(s)"){n.nextSymbol();var k=n.acceptNumber();if(!k)throw new Error("Unexpected symbol "+n.symbol+", expected week number");for(t.byweekno=[parseInt(k[0],10)];n.accept("comma");){if(k=n.acceptNumber(),!k)throw new Error("Unexpected symbol "+n.symbol+"; expected monthday");t.byweekno.push(parseInt(k[0],10))}}else if(T)n.nextSymbol(),t.bymonth||(t.bymonth=[]),t.bymonth.push(T);else return}while(n.accept("comma")||n.accept("the")||n.accept("on"))}function a(){var f=n.accept("at");if(!!f)do{var m=n.acceptNumber();if(!m)throw new Error("Unexpected symbol "+n.symbol+", expected hour");for(t.byhour=[parseInt(m[0],10)];n.accept("comma");){if(m=n.acceptNumber(),!m)throw new Error("Unexpected symbol "+n.symbol+"; expected hour");t.byhour.push(parseInt(m[0],10))}}while(n.accept("comma")||n.accept("at"))}function o(){switch(n.symbol){case"january":return 1;case"february":return 2;case"march":return 3;case"april":return 4;case"may":return 5;case"june":return 6;case"july":return 7;case"august":return 8;case"september":return 9;case"october":return 10;case"november":return 11;case"december":return 12;default:return!1}}function u(){switch(n.symbol){case"monday":case"tuesday":case"wednesday":case"thursday":case"friday":case"saturday":case"sunday":return n.symbol.substr(0,2).toUpperCase();default:return!1}}function l(){switch(n.symbol){case"last":return n.nextSymbol(),-1;case"first":return n.nextSymbol(),1;case"second":return n.nextSymbol(),n.accept("last")?-2:2;case"third":return n.nextSymbol(),n.accept("last")?-3:3;case"nth":var f=parseInt(n.value[1],10);if(f<-366||f>366)throw new Error("Nth out of range: "+f);return n.nextSymbol(),n.accept("last")?-f:f;default:return!1}}function c(){n.accept("on"),n.accept("the");var f=l();if(!!f)for(t.bymonthday=[f],n.nextSymbol();n.accept("comma");){if(f=l(),!f)throw new Error("Unexpected symbol "+n.symbol+"; expected monthday");t.bymonthday.push(f),n.nextSymbol()}}function d(){if(n.symbol==="until"){var f=Date.parse(n.text);if(!f)throw new Error("Cannot parse until date:"+n.text);t.until=new Date(f)}else n.accept("for")&&(t.count=parseInt(n.value[0],10),n.expect("number"))}}var me;(function(r){r[r.YEARLY=0]="YEARLY",r[r.MONTHLY=1]="MONTHLY",r[r.WEEKLY=2]="WEEKLY",r[r.DAILY=3]="DAILY",r[r.HOURLY=4]="HOURLY",r[r.MINUTELY=5]="MINUTELY",r[r.SECONDLY=6]="SECONDLY"})(me||(me={}));function uo(r){return r<me.HOURLY}var R_=function(r,e){return e===void 0&&(e=_i),new z(oo(r,e)||void 0)},ds=["count","until","interval","byweekday","bymonthday","bymonth"];Yr.IMPLEMENTED=[];Yr.IMPLEMENTED[me.HOURLY]=ds;Yr.IMPLEMENTED[me.MINUTELY]=ds;Yr.IMPLEMENTED[me.DAILY]=["byhour"].concat(ds);Yr.IMPLEMENTED[me.WEEKLY]=ds;Yr.IMPLEMENTED[me.MONTHLY]=ds;Yr.IMPLEMENTED[me.YEARLY]=["byweekno","byyearday"].concat(ds);var M_=function(r,e,t,n){return new Yr(r,e,t,n).toString()},C_=Yr.isFullyConvertible;var fs=function(){function r(e,t,n,i){this.hour=e,this.minute=t,this.second=n,this.millisecond=i||0}return r.prototype.getHours=function(){return this.hour},r.prototype.getMinutes=function(){return this.minute},r.prototype.getSeconds=function(){return this.second},r.prototype.getMilliseconds=function(){return this.millisecond},r.prototype.getTime=function(){return(this.hour*60*60+this.minute*60+this.second)*1e3+this.millisecond},r}();var A_=function(r){cs(e,r);function e(t,n,i,s,a,o,u){var l=r.call(this,s,a,o,u)||this;return l.year=t,l.month=n,l.day=i,l}return e.fromDate=function(t){return new this(t.getUTCFullYear(),t.getUTCMonth()+1,t.getUTCDate(),t.getUTCHours(),t.getUTCMinutes(),t.getUTCSeconds(),t.valueOf()%1e3)},e.prototype.getWeekday=function(){return yn(new Date(this.getTime()))},e.prototype.getTime=function(){return new Date(Date.UTC(this.year,this.month-1,this.day,this.hour,this.minute,this.second,this.millisecond)).getTime()},e.prototype.getDay=function(){return this.day},e.prototype.getMonth=function(){return this.month},e.prototype.getYear=function(){return this.year},e.prototype.addYears=function(t){this.year+=t},e.prototype.addMonths=function(t){if(this.month+=t,this.month>12){var n=Math.floor(this.month/12),i=mt(this.month,12);this.month=i,this.year+=n,this.month===0&&(this.month=12,--this.year)}},e.prototype.addWeekly=function(t,n){n>this.getWeekday()?this.day+=-(this.getWeekday()+1+(6-n))+t*7:this.day+=-(this.getWeekday()-n)+t*7,this.fixDay()},e.prototype.addDaily=function(t){this.day+=t,this.fixDay()},e.prototype.addHours=function(t,n,i){for(n&&(this.hour+=Math.floor((23-this.hour)/t)*t);;){this.hour+=t;var s=qu(this.hour,24),a=s.div,o=s.mod;if(a&&(this.hour=o,this.addDaily(a)),Ht(i)||Te(i,this.hour))break}},e.prototype.addMinutes=function(t,n,i,s){for(n&&(this.minute+=Math.floor((1439-(this.hour*60+this.minute))/t)*t);;){this.minute+=t;var a=qu(this.minute,60),o=a.div,u=a.mod;if(o&&(this.minute=u,this.addHours(o,!1,i)),(Ht(i)||Te(i,this.hour))&&(Ht(s)||Te(s,this.minute)))break}},e.prototype.addSeconds=function(t,n,i,s,a){for(n&&(this.second+=Math.floor((86399-(this.hour*3600+this.minute*60+this.second))/t)*t);;){this.second+=t;var o=qu(this.second,60),u=o.div,l=o.mod;if(u&&(this.second=l,this.addMinutes(u,!1,i,s)),(Ht(i)||Te(i,this.hour))&&(Ht(s)||Te(s,this.minute))&&(Ht(a)||Te(a,this.second)))break}},e.prototype.fixDay=function(){if(!(this.day<=28)){var t=pm(this.year,this.month-1)[1];if(!(this.day<=t))for(;this.day>t;){if(this.day-=t,++this.month,this.month===13&&(this.month=1,++this.year,this.year>$u))return;t=pm(this.year,this.month-1)[1]}}},e.prototype.add=function(t,n){var i=t.freq,s=t.interval,a=t.wkst,o=t.byhour,u=t.byminute,l=t.bysecond;switch(i){case me.YEARLY:return this.addYears(s);case me.MONTHLY:return this.addMonths(s);case me.WEEKLY:return this.addWeekly(s,a);case me.DAILY:return this.addDaily(s);case me.HOURLY:return this.addHours(s,n,o);case me.MINUTELY:return this.addMinutes(s,n,o,u);case me.SECONDLY:return this.addSeconds(s,n,o,u,l)}},e}(fs);function ym(r){for(var e=[],t=Object.keys(r),n=0,i=t;n<i.length;n++){var s=i[n];Te(I_,s)||e.push(s),fm(r[s])&&!Ti(r[s])&&e.push(s)}if(e.length)throw new Error("Invalid options: "+e.join(", "));return dt({},r)}function P_(r){var e=dt(dt({},lo),ym(r));if(Fe(e.byeaster)&&(e.freq=z.YEARLY),!(Fe(e.freq)&&z.FREQUENCIES[e.freq]))throw new Error("Invalid frequency: ".concat(e.freq," ").concat(r.freq));if(e.dtstart||(e.dtstart=new Date(new Date().setMilliseconds(0))),Fe(e.wkst)?Bt(e.wkst)||(e.wkst=e.wkst.weekday):e.wkst=z.MO.weekday,Fe(e.bysetpos)){Bt(e.bysetpos)&&(e.bysetpos=[e.bysetpos]);for(var t=0;t<e.bysetpos.length;t++){var n=e.bysetpos[t];if(n===0||!(n>=-366&&n<=366))throw new Error("bysetpos must be between 1 and 366, or between -366 and 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if(dm(e.byweekday))e.byweekday=[He.fromStr(e.byweekday).weekday],e.bynweekday=null;else if(e.byweekday instanceof He)!e.byweekday.n||e.freq>z.MONTHLY?(e.byweekday=[e.byweekday.weekday],e.bynweekday=null):(e.bynweekday=[[e.byweekday.weekday,e.byweekday.n]],e.byweekday=null);else{for(var a=[],o=[],t=0;t<e.byweekday.length;t++){var u=e.byweekday[t];if(Bt(u)){a.push(u);continue}else if(dm(u)){a.push(He.fromStr(u).weekday);continue}!u.n||e.freq>z.MONTHLY?a.push(u.weekday):o.push([u.weekday,u.n])}e.byweekday=$e(a)?a:null,e.bynweekday=$e(o)?o:null}return Fe(e.byhour)?Bt(e.byhour)&&(e.byhour=[e.byhour]):e.byhour=e.freq<z.HOURLY?[e.dtstart.getUTCHours()]:null,Fe(e.byminute)?Bt(e.byminute)&&(e.byminute=[e.byminute]):e.byminute=e.freq<z.MINUTELY?[e.dtstart.getUTCMinutes()]:null,Fe(e.bysecond)?Bt(e.bysecond)&&(e.bysecond=[e.bysecond]):e.bysecond=e.freq<z.SECONDLY?[e.dtstart.getUTCSeconds()]:null,{parsedOptions:e}}function N_(r){var e=r.dtstart.getTime()%1e3;if(!uo(r.freq))return[];var t=[];return 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r=[],e=0;e<55;e++)r=r.concat(cr(7));return r}();function V_(r,e){var t=Gr(r,1,1),n=us(r)?366:365,i=us(r+1)?366:365,s=so(t),a=yn(t),o=dt(dt({yearlen:n,nextyearlen:i,yearordinal:s,yearweekday:a},GP(r)),{wnomask:null});if(Ht(e.byweekno))return o;o.wnomask=ye(0,n+7);var u,l,c=u=mt(7-a+e.wkst,7);c>=4?(c=0,l=o.yearlen+mt(a-e.wkst,7)):l=n-c;for(var d=Math.floor(l/7),f=mt(l,7),m=Math.floor(d+f/4),g=0;g<e.byweekno.length;g++){var y=e.byweekno[g];if(y<0&&(y+=m+1),y>0&&y<=m){var T=void 0;y>1?(T=c+(y-1)*7,c!==u&&(T-=7-u)):T=c;for(var k=0;k<7&&(o.wnomask[T]=1,T++,o.wdaymask[T]!==e.wkst);k++);}}if(Te(e.byweekno,1)){var T=c+m*7;if(c!==u&&(T-=7-u),T<n)for(var g=0;g<7&&(o.wnomask[T]=1,T+=1,o.wdaymask[T]!==e.wkst);g++);}if(c){var S=void 0;if(Te(e.byweekno,-1))S=-1;else{var x=yn(Gr(r-1,1,1)),U=mt(7-x.valueOf()+e.wkst,7),q=us(r-1)?366:365,re=void 0;U>=4?(U=0,re=q+mt(x-e.wkst,7)):re=n-c,S=Math.floor(52+mt(re,7)/4)}if(Te(e.byweekno,S))for(var T=0;T<c;T++)o.wnomask[T]=1}return o}function GP(r){var e=us(r)?366:365,t=Gr(r,1,1),n=yn(t);return e===365?{mmask:W_,mdaymask:j_,nmdaymask:Y_,wdaymask:bm.slice(n),mrange:H_}:{mmask:q_,mdaymask:$_,nmdaymask:G_,wdaymask:bm.slice(n),mrange:B_}}function z_(r,e,t,n,i,s){var a={lastyear:r,lastmonth:e,nwdaymask:[]},o=[];if(s.freq===z.YEARLY)if(Ht(s.bymonth))o=[[0,t]];else for(var u=0;u<s.bymonth.length;u++)e=s.bymonth[u],o.push(n.slice(e-1,e+1));else s.freq===z.MONTHLY&&(o=[n.slice(e-1,e+1)]);if(Ht(o))return a;a.nwdaymask=ye(0,t);for(var u=0;u<o.length;u++)for(var l=o[u],c=l[0],d=l[1]-1,f=0;f<s.bynweekday.length;f++){var m=void 0,g=s.bynweekday[f],y=g[0],T=g[1];T<0?(m=d+(T+1)*7,m-=mt(i[m]-y,7)):(m=c+(T-1)*7,m+=mt(7-i[m]+y,7)),c<=m&&m<=d&&(a.nwdaymask[m]=1)}return a}function K_(r,e){e===void 0&&(e=0);var t=r%19,n=Math.floor(r/100),i=r%100,s=Math.floor(n/4),a=n%4,o=Math.floor((n+8)/25),u=Math.floor((n-o+1)/3),l=Math.floor(19*t+n-s-u+15)%30,c=Math.floor(i/4),d=i%4,f=Math.floor(32+2*a+2*c-l-d)%7,m=Math.floor((t+11*l+22*f)/451),g=Math.floor((l+f-7*m+114)/31),y=(l+f-7*m+114)%31+1,T=Date.UTC(r,g-1,y+e),k=Date.UTC(r,0,1);return[Math.ceil((T-k)/(1e3*60*60*24))]}var YP=function(){function r(e){this.options=e}return r.prototype.rebuild=function(e,t){var n=this.options;if(e!==this.lastyear&&(this.yearinfo=V_(e,n)),$e(n.bynweekday)&&(t!==this.lastmonth||e!==this.lastyear)){var i=this.yearinfo,s=i.yearlen,a=i.mrange,o=i.wdaymask;this.monthinfo=z_(e,t,s,a,o,n)}Fe(n.byeaster)&&(this.eastermask=K_(e,n.byeaster))},Object.defineProperty(r.prototype,"lastyear",{get:function(){return this.monthinfo?this.monthinfo.lastyear:null},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(r.prototype,"lastmonth",{get:function(){return 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n;let i=(n=e.option.timezones)!==null&&n!==void 0?n:{};return t.forEach(s=>{var a,o;let u=e.text.substring(s.index+s.text.length),l=wS.exec(u);if(!l)return;let c=l[1].toUpperCase(),d=(o=(a=i[c])!==null&&a!==void 0?a:this.timezone[c])!==null&&o!==void 0?o:null;if(d===null)return;e.debug(()=>{console.log(`Extracting timezone: '${c}' into: ${d} for: ${s.start}`)});let f=s.start.get("timezoneOffset");f!==null&&d!=f&&(s.start.isCertain("timezoneOffset")||c!=l[1])||s.start.isOnlyDate()&&c!=l[1]||(s.text+=l[0],s.start.isCertain("timezoneOffset")||s.start.assign("timezoneOffset",d),s.end!=null&&!s.end.isCertain("timezoneOffset")&&s.end.assign("timezoneOffset",d))}),t}};ud.default=od});var ru=E(cd=>{"use strict";Object.defineProperty(cd,"__esModule",{value:!0});var ES=new RegExp("^\\s*(?:\\(?(?:GMT|UTC)\\s?)?([+-])(\\d{1,2})(?::?(\\d{2}))?\\)?","i"),SS=1,OS=2,DS=3,ld=class{refine(e,t){return t.forEach(function(n){if(n.start.isCertain("timezoneOffset"))return;let i=e.text.substring(n.index+n.text.length),s=ES.exec(i);if(!s)return;e.debug(()=>{console.log(`Extracting timezone: '${s[0]}' into : ${n}`)});let a=parseInt(s[OS]),o=parseInt(s[DS]||"0"),u=a*60+o;u>14*60||(s[SS]==="-"&&(u=-u),n.end!=null&&n.end.assign("timezoneOffset",u),n.start.assign("timezoneOffset",u),n.text+=s[0])}),t}};cd.default=ld});var Cg=E(fd=>{"use strict";Object.defineProperty(fd,"__esModule",{value:!0});var dd=class{refine(e,t){if(t.length<2)return t;let n=[],i=t[0];for(let s=1;s<t.length;s++){let a=t[s];a.index<i.index+i.text.length?a.text.length>i.text.length&&(i=a):(n.push(i),i=a)}return i!=null&&n.push(i),n}};fd.default=dd});var Ag=E(la=>{"use strict";var xS=la&&la.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(la,"__esModule",{value:!0});var RS=xS(we()),pd=class{refine(e,t){return e.option.forwardDate&&t.forEach(function(n){let i=RS.default(e.refDate);if(n.start.isOnlyDayMonthComponent()&&i.isAfter(n.start.dayjs()))for(let 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RegExp("([0-9]{4})\\-([0-9]{1,2})\\-([0-9]{1,2})(?:T([0-9]{1,2}):([0-9]{1,2})(?::([0-9]{1,2})(?:\\.(\\d{1,4}))?)?(?:Z|([+-]\\d{2}):?(\\d{2})?)?)?(?=\\W|$)","i"),PS=1,NS=2,IS=3,Ng=4,FS=5,Ig=6,Fg=7,Lg=8,Ug=9,gd=class extends CS.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(){return AS}innerExtract(e,t){let n={};if(n.year=parseInt(t[PS]),n.month=parseInt(t[NS]),n.day=parseInt(t[IS]),t[Ng]!=null)if(n.hour=parseInt(t[Ng]),n.minute=parseInt(t[FS]),t[Ig]!=null&&(n.second=parseInt(t[Ig])),t[Fg]!=null&&(n.millisecond=parseInt(t[Fg])),t[Lg]==null)n.timezoneOffset=0;else{let i=parseInt(t[Lg]),s=0;t[Ug]!=null&&(s=parseInt(t[Ug]));let a=i*60;a<0?a-=s:a+=s,n.timezoneOffset=a}return n}};yd.default=gd});var Wg=E(_d=>{"use strict";Object.defineProperty(_d,"__esModule",{value:!0});var LS=Ki(),Td=class extends LS.MergingRefiner{mergeResults(e,t,n){let i=n.clone();return 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BS=Oe&&Oe.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(Oe,"__esModule",{value:!0});Oe.noon=Oe.morning=Oe.midnight=Oe.yesterdayEvening=Oe.evening=Oe.lastNight=Oe.tonight=Oe.theDayAfter=Oe.tomorrow=Oe.theDayBefore=Oe.yesterday=Oe.today=Oe.now=void 0;var jr=We(),Zi=BS(we()),dn=nr(),ca=Ke();function HS(r){let e=Zi.default(r.instant),t=new jr.ParsingComponents(r,{});return dn.assignSimilarDate(t,e),dn.assignSimilarTime(t,e),r.timezoneOffset!==null&&t.assign("timezoneOffset",e.utcOffset()),t}Oe.now=HS;function VS(r){let e=Zi.default(r.instant),t=new jr.ParsingComponents(r,{});return dn.assignSimilarDate(t,e),dn.implySimilarTime(t,e),t}Oe.today=VS;function zS(r){return $g(r,1)}Oe.yesterday=zS;function $g(r,e){return vd(r,-e)}Oe.theDayBefore=$g;function KS(r){return vd(r,1)}Oe.tomorrow=KS;function vd(r,e){let t=Zi.default(r.instant),n=new jr.ParsingComponents(r,{});return 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t.imply("meridiem",ca.Meridiem.AM),t.imply("hour",e),t}Oe.morning=tO;function rO(r){let e=new jr.ParsingComponents(r,{});return e.imply("meridiem",ca.Meridiem.AM),e.imply("hour",12),e}Oe.noon=rO});var jg=E(vr=>{"use strict";var nO=vr&&vr.__createBinding||(Object.create?function(r,e,t,n){n===void 0&&(n=t),Object.defineProperty(r,n,{enumerable:!0,get:function(){return e[t]}})}:function(r,e,t,n){n===void 0&&(n=t),r[n]=e[t]}),iO=vr&&vr.__setModuleDefault||(Object.create?function(r,e){Object.defineProperty(r,"default",{enumerable:!0,value:e})}:function(r,e){r.default=e}),sO=vr&&vr.__importStar||function(r){if(r&&r.__esModule)return r;var e={};if(r!=null)for(var t in r)t!=="default"&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(r,t)&&nO(e,r,t);return iO(e,r),e},aO=vr&&vr.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(vr,"__esModule",{value:!0});var 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z0.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{constructor(){super()}innerPattern(){return new RegExp(`(?:\\s*((?:n\xE4chste|kommende|folgende|letzte|vergangene|vorige|vor(?:her|an)gegangene)(?:s|n|m|r)?|vor|in)\\s*)?(${ou.NUMBER_PATTERN})?(?:\\s*(n\xE4chste|kommende|folgende|letzte|vergangene|vorige|vor(?:her|an)gegangene)(?:s|n|m|r)?)?\\s*(${Q0.matchAnyPattern(ou.TIME_UNIT_DICTIONARY)})`,"i")}innerExtract(e,t){let n=t[2]?ou.parseNumberPattern(t[2]):1,i=ou.TIME_UNIT_DICTIONARY[t[4].toLowerCase()],s={};s[i]=n;let a=t[1]||t[3]||"";if(a=a.toLowerCase(),!!a)return(/vor/.test(a)||/letzte/.test(a)||/vergangen/.test(a))&&(s=K0.reverseTimeUnits(s)),V0.ParsingComponents.createRelativeFromReference(e.reference,s)}};Qd.default=Kd});var My=E(Je=>{"use strict";var Er=Je&&Je.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(Je,"__esModule",{value:!0});Je.createConfiguration=Je.createCasualConfiguration=Je.parseDate=Je.parse=Je.strict=Je.casual=void 0;var X0=cn(),xy=wr(),Z0=Er(fi()),J0=Er(bd()),e1=Er(ay()),t1=Er(dy()),r1=Er(hy()),n1=Er(gy()),i1=Er(yy()),s1=Er(_y()),a1=Er(Bd()),o1=Er(Oy()),u1=Er(Dy());Je.casual=new xy.Chrono(Ry());Je.strict=new xy.Chrono(Xd(!0));function l1(r,e,t){return Je.casual.parse(r,e,t)}Je.parse=l1;function c1(r,e,t){return Je.casual.parseDate(r,e,t)}Je.parseDate=c1;function Ry(r=!0){let e=Xd(!1,r);return e.parsers.unshift(new a1.default),e.parsers.unshift(new s1.default),e.parsers.unshift(new u1.default),e}Je.createCasualConfiguration=Ry;function Xd(r=!0,e=!0){return X0.includeCommonConfiguration({parsers:[new J0.default,new Z0.default(e),new e1.default,new r1.default,new o1.default,new t1.default],refiners:[new n1.default,new i1.default]},r)}Je.createConfiguration=Xd});var Ay=E(Sr=>{"use strict";var d1=Sr&&Sr.__createBinding||(Object.create?function(r,e,t,n){n===void 0&&(n=t),Object.defineProperty(r,n,{enumerable:!0,get:function(){return e[t]}})}:function(r,e,t,n){n===void 0&&(n=t),r[n]=e[t]}),f1=Sr&&Sr.__setModuleDefault||(Object.create?function(r,e){Object.defineProperty(r,"default",{enumerable:!0,value:e})}:function(r,e){r.default=e}),p1=Sr&&Sr.__importStar||function(r){if(r&&r.__esModule)return r;var e={};if(r!=null)for(var t in r)t!=="default"&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(r,t)&&d1(e,r,t);return f1(e,r),e},m1=Sr&&Sr.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(Sr,"__esModule",{value:!0});var h1=m1(we()),g1=Ke(),y1=B(),Cy=nr(),uu=p1(fn()),Zd=class extends y1.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(e){return/(maintenant|aujourd'hui|demain|hier|cette\s*nuit|la\s*veille)(?=\W|$)/i}innerExtract(e,t){let n=h1.default(e.refDate),i=t[0].toLowerCase(),s=e.createParsingComponents();switch(i){case"maintenant":return uu.now(e.reference);case"aujourd'hui":return uu.today(e.reference);case"hier":return uu.yesterday(e.reference);case"demain":return uu.tomorrow(e.reference);default:i.match(/cette\s*nuit/)?(Cy.assignSimilarDate(s,n),s.imply("hour",22),s.imply("meridiem",g1.Meridiem.PM)):i.match(/la\s*veille/)&&(n=n.add(-1,"day"),Cy.assignSimilarDate(s,n),s.imply("hour",0))}return s}};Sr.default=Zd});var Py=E(ef=>{"use strict";Object.defineProperty(ef,"__esModule",{value:!0});var Ta=Ke(),b1=B(),Jd=class extends b1.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(e){return/(cet?)?\s*(matin|soir|après-midi|aprem|a midi|à minuit)(?=\W|$)/i}innerExtract(e,t){let n=t[2].toLowerCase(),i=e.createParsingComponents();switch(n){case"apr\xE8s-midi":case"aprem":i.imply("hour",14),i.imply("minute",0),i.imply("meridiem",Ta.Meridiem.PM);break;case"soir":i.imply("hour",18),i.imply("minute",0),i.imply("meridiem",Ta.Meridiem.PM);break;case"matin":i.imply("hour",8),i.imply("minute",0),i.imply("meridiem",Ta.Meridiem.AM);break;case"a midi":i.imply("hour",12),i.imply("minute",0),i.imply("meridiem",Ta.Meridiem.AM);break;case"\xE0 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k1.default{patternBetween(){return/^\s*(à|a|-)\s*$/i}};va.default=sf});var qn=E(ke=>{"use strict";Object.defineProperty(ke,"__esModule",{value:!0});ke.parseTimeUnits=ke.TIME_UNITS_PATTERN=ke.parseYear=ke.YEAR_PATTERN=ke.parseOrdinalNumberPattern=ke.ORDINAL_NUMBER_PATTERN=ke.parseNumberPattern=ke.NUMBER_PATTERN=ke.TIME_UNIT_DICTIONARY=ke.INTEGER_WORD_DICTIONARY=ke.MONTH_DICTIONARY=ke.WEEKDAY_DICTIONARY=void 0;var af=Re();ke.WEEKDAY_DICTIONARY={dimanche:0,dim:0,lundi:1,lun:1,mardi:2,mar:2,mercredi:3,mer:3,jeudi:4,jeu:4,vendredi:5,ven:5,samedi:6,sam:6};ke.MONTH_DICTIONARY={janvier:1,jan:1,"jan.":1,f\u00E9vrier:2,f\u00E9v:2,"f\xE9v.":2,fevrier:2,fev:2,"fev.":2,mars:3,mar:3,"mar.":3,avril:4,avr:4,"avr.":4,mai:5,juin:6,jun:6,juillet:7,juil:7,jul:7,"jul.":7,ao\u00FBt:8,aout:8,septembre:9,sep:9,"sep.":9,sept:9,"sept.":9,octobre:10,oct:10,"oct.":10,novembre:11,nov:11,"nov.":11,d\u00E9cembre:12,decembre:12,dec:12,"dec.":12};ke.INTEGER_WORD_DICTIONARY={un:1,deux:2,trois:3,quatre:4,cinq:5,six:6,sept:7,huit:8,neuf:9,dix:10,onze:11,douze:12,treize:13};ke.TIME_UNIT_DICTIONARY={sec:"second",seconde:"second",secondes:"second",min:"minute",mins:"minute",minute:"minute",minutes:"minute",h:"hour",hr:"hour",hrs:"hour",heure:"hour",heures:"hour",jour:"d",jours:"d",semaine:"week",semaines:"week",mois:"month",trimestre:"quarter",trimestres:"quarter",ans:"year",ann\u00E9e:"year",ann\u00E9es:"year"};ke.NUMBER_PATTERN=`(?:${af.matchAnyPattern(ke.INTEGER_WORD_DICTIONARY)}|[0-9]+|[0-9]+\\.[0-9]+|une?\\b|quelques?|demi-?)`;function Uy(r){let e=r.toLowerCase();return ke.INTEGER_WORD_DICTIONARY[e]!==void 0?ke.INTEGER_WORD_DICTIONARY[e]:e==="une"||e==="un"?1:e.match(/quelques?/)?3:e.match(/demi-?/)?.5:parseFloat(e)}ke.parseNumberPattern=Uy;ke.ORDINAL_NUMBER_PATTERN="(?:[0-9]{1,2}(?:er)?)";function E1(r){let e=r.toLowerCase();return e=e.replace(/(?:er)$/i,""),parseInt(e)}ke.parseOrdinalNumberPattern=E1;ke.YEAR_PATTERN="(?:[1-9][0-9]{0,3}\\s*(?:AC|AD|p\\.\\s*C(?:hr?)?\\.\\s*n\\.)|[1-2][0-9]{3}|[5-9][0-9])";function S1(r){if(/AC/i.test(r))return r=r.replace(/BC/i,""),-parseInt(r);if(/AD/i.test(r)||/C/i.test(r))return r=r.replace(/[^\d]+/i,""),parseInt(r);let e=parseInt(r);return e<100&&(e>50?e=e+1900:e=e+2e3),e}ke.parseYear=S1;var Wy=`(${ke.NUMBER_PATTERN})\\s{0,5}(${af.matchAnyPattern(ke.TIME_UNIT_DICTIONARY)})\\s{0,5}`,Ly=new RegExp(Wy,"i");ke.TIME_UNITS_PATTERN=af.repeatedTimeunitPattern("",Wy);function O1(r){let e={},t=r,n=Ly.exec(t);for(;n;)D1(e,n),t=t.substring(n[0].length),n=Ly.exec(t);return 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RegExp("(^|\\s|T)(?:(?:[\xE0a])\\s*)?(\\d{1,2})(?:h|:)?(?:(\\d{1,2})(?:m|:)?)?(?:(\\d{1,2})(?:s|:)?)?(?:\\s*(A\\.M\\.|P\\.M\\.|AM?|PM?))?(?=\\W|$)","i"),I1=new RegExp("^\\s*(\\-|\\\u2013|\\~|\\\u301C|[\xE0a]|\\?)\\s*(\\d{1,2})(?:h|:)?(?:(\\d{1,2})(?:m|:)?)?(?:(\\d{1,2})(?:s|:)?)?(?:\\s*(A\\.M\\.|P\\.M\\.|AM?|PM?))?(?=\\W|$)","i"),F1=2,jy=3,Gy=4,Yy=5,ns=class{pattern(e){return N1}extract(e,t){let n=e.createParsingResult(t.index+t[1].length,t[0].substring(t[1].length));if(n.text.match(/^\d{4}$/)||(n.start=ns.extractTimeComponent(n.start.clone(),t),!n.start))return t.index+=t[0].length,null;let i=e.text.substring(t.index+t[0].length),s=I1.exec(i);return s&&(n.end=ns.extractTimeComponent(n.start.clone(),s),n.end&&(n.text+=s[0])),n}static extractTimeComponent(e,t){let n=0,i=0,s=null;if(n=parseInt(t[F1]),t[jy]!=null&&(i=parseInt(t[jy])),i>=60||n>24)return null;if(n>=12&&(s=wa.Meridiem.PM),t[Yy]!=null){if(n>12)return null;let a=t[Yy][0].toLowerCase();a=="a"&&(s=wa.Meridiem.AM,n==12&&(n=0)),a=="p"&&(s=wa.Meridiem.PM,n!=12&&(n+=12))}if(e.assign("hour",n),e.assign("minute",i),s!==null?e.assign("meridiem",s):n<12?e.imply("meridiem",wa.Meridiem.AM):e.imply("meridiem",wa.Meridiem.PM),t[Gy]!=null){let a=parseInt(t[Gy]);if(a>=60)return null;e.assign("second",a)}return e}};lf.default=ns});var Xy=E(df=>{"use strict";Object.defineProperty(df,"__esModule",{value:!0});var L1=ot(),Ky=qn(),Qy=qn(),lu=qn(),U1=Re(),W1=B(),q1=new RegExp(`(?:on\\s*?)?(${lu.ORDINAL_NUMBER_PATTERN})(?:\\s*(?:au|\\-|\\\u2013|jusqu'au?|\\s)\\s*(${lu.ORDINAL_NUMBER_PATTERN}))?(?:-|/|\\s*(?:de)?\\s*)(${U1.matchAnyPattern(Ky.MONTH_DICTIONARY)})(?:(?:-|/|,?\\s*)(${Qy.YEAR_PATTERN}(?![^\\s]\\d)))?(?=\\W|$)`,"i"),Hy=1,Vy=2,$1=3,zy=4,cf=class extends W1.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(){return q1}innerExtract(e,t){let 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n=t[1]?cu.parseNumberPattern(t[1]):1,i=cu.TIME_UNIT_DICTIONARY[t[3].toLowerCase()],s={};s[i]=n;let a=t[2]||t[4]||"";if(a=a.toLowerCase(),!!a)return(/derni[eè]re?s?/.test(a)||/pass[ée]e?s?/.test(a)||/pr[ée]c[ée]dents?/.test(a))&&(s=K1.reverseTimeUnits(s)),V1.ParsingComponents.createRelativeFromReference(e.reference,s)}};yf.default=gf});var sb=E(et=>{"use strict";var sr=et&&et.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(et,"__esModule",{value:!0});et.createConfiguration=et.createCasualConfiguration=et.parseDate=et.parse=et.strict=et.casual=void 0;var X1=cn(),nb=wr(),Z1=sr(Ay()),J1=sr(Py()),eD=sr(fi()),tD=sr(Ny()),rD=sr(Iy()),nD=sr(Fy()),iD=sr($y()),sD=sr(By()),aD=sr(Xy()),oD=sr(Jy()),uD=sr(tb()),lD=sr(rb());et.casual=new nb.Chrono(ib());et.strict=new nb.Chrono(bf(!0));function cD(r,e,t){return et.casual.parse(r,e,t)}et.parse=cD;function dD(r,e,t){return et.casual.parseDate(r,e,t)}et.parseDate=dD;function ib(r=!0){let e=bf(!1,r);return e.parsers.unshift(new Z1.default),e.parsers.unshift(new J1.default),e.parsers.unshift(new lD.default),e}et.createCasualConfiguration=ib;function bf(r=!0,e=!0){return X1.includeCommonConfiguration({parsers:[new eD.default(e),new aD.default,new tD.default,new sD.default,new oD.default,new uD.default,new iD.default],refiners:[new rD.default,new nD.default]},r)}et.createConfiguration=bf});var ab=E(du=>{"use strict";Object.defineProperty(du,"__esModule",{value:!0});du.toHankaku=void 0;function fD(r){return String(r).replace(/\u2019/g,"'").replace(/\u201D/g,'"').replace(/\u3000/g," ").replace(/\uFFE5/g,"\xA5").replace(/[\uFF01\uFF03-\uFF06\uFF08\uFF09\uFF0C-\uFF19\uFF1C-\uFF1F\uFF21-\uFF3B\uFF3D\uFF3F\uFF41-\uFF5B\uFF5D\uFF5E]/g,pD)}du.toHankaku=fD;function pD(r){return String.fromCharCode(r.charCodeAt(0)-65248)}});var ub=E(ka=>{"use strict";var mD=ka&&ka.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(ka,"__esModule",{value:!0});var Tf=ab(),hD=ot(),gD=mD(we()),yD=/(?:(?:([同今本])|((昭和|平成|令和)?([0-9０-９]{1,4}|元)))年\s*)?([0-9０-９]{1,2})月\s*([0-9０-９]{1,2})日/i,ob=1,bD=2,_f=3,TD=4,_D=5,vD=6,vf=class{pattern(){return yD}extract(e,t){let n=parseInt(Tf.toHankaku(t[_D])),i=parseInt(Tf.toHankaku(t[vD])),s=e.createParsingComponents({day:i,month:n});if(t[ob]&&t[ob].match("\u540C|\u4ECA|\u672C")){let a=gD.default(e.refDate);s.assign("year",a.year())}if(t[bD]){let a=t[TD],o=a=="\u5143"?1:parseInt(Tf.toHankaku(a));t[_f]=="\u4EE4\u548C"?o+=2018:t[_f]=="\u5E73\u6210"?o+=1988:t[_f]=="\u662D\u548C"&&(o+=1925),s.assign("year",o)}else{let a=hD.findYearClosestToRef(e.refDate,i,n);s.imply("year",a)}return s}};ka.default=vf});var lb=E(Ea=>{"use strict";var wD=Ea&&Ea.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(Ea,"__esModule",{value:!0});var kD=wD($r()),wf=class extends kD.default{patternBetween(){return/^\s*(から|ー|-)\s*$/i}};Ea.default=wf});var db=E(Or=>{"use strict";var 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aR=li(),Zf=class extends aR.AbstractTimeExpressionParser{primaryPrefix(){return"(?:(?:om)\\s*)?"}followingPhase(){return"\\s*(?:\\-|\\\u2013|\\~|\\\u301C|om|\\?)\\s*"}primarySuffix(){return"(?:\\s*(?:uur))?(?!/)(?=\\W|$)"}extractPrimaryTimeComponents(e,t){return t[0].match(/^\s*\d{4}\s*$/)?null:super.extractPrimaryTimeComponents(e,t)}};Jf.default=Zf});var rT=E(tp=>{"use strict";Object.defineProperty(tp,"__esModule",{value:!0});var tT=$t(),oR=Re(),uR=B(),lR=new RegExp(`([0-9]{4})[\\.\\/\\s](?:(${oR.matchAnyPattern(tT.MONTH_DICTIONARY)})|([0-9]{1,2}))[\\.\\/\\s]([0-9]{1,2})(?=\\W|$)`,"i"),cR=1,dR=2,eT=3,fR=4,ep=class extends uR.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(){return lR}innerExtract(e,t){let n=t[eT]?parseInt(t[eT]):tT.MONTH_DICTIONARY[t[dR].toLowerCase()];if(n<1||n>12)return null;let i=parseInt(t[cR]);return{day:parseInt(t[fR]),month:n,year:i}}};tp.default=ep});var nT=E(Ca=>{"use strict";var pR=Ca&&Ca.__importDefault||function(r){return 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iT=$t(),bR=We(),TR=B(),_R=ir(),vR=new RegExp(`(deze|vorige|afgelopen|komende|over|\\+|-)\\s*(${iT.TIME_UNITS_PATTERN})(?=\\W|$)`,"i"),ip=class extends TR.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(){return vR}innerExtract(e,t){let n=t[1].toLowerCase(),i=iT.parseTimeUnits(t[2]);switch(n){case"vorige":case"afgelopen":case"-":i=_R.reverseTimeUnits(i);break}return bR.ParsingComponents.createRelativeFromReference(e.reference,i)}};sp.default=ip});var uT=E(Aa=>{"use strict";var wR=Aa&&Aa.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(Aa,"__esModule",{value:!0});var oT=$t(),aT=We(),kR=wR(we()),ER=B(),SR=Re(),OR=new RegExp(`(dit|deze|komende|volgend|volgende|afgelopen|vorige)\\s*(${SR.matchAnyPattern(oT.TIME_UNIT_DICTIONARY)})(?=\\s*)(?=\\W|$)`,"i"),DR=1,xR=2,ap=class extends ER.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(){return OR}innerExtract(e,t){let n=t[DR].toLowerCase(),i=t[xR].toLowerCase(),s=oT.TIME_UNIT_DICTIONARY[i];if(n=="volgend"||n=="volgende"||n=="komende"){let u={};return u[s]=1,aT.ParsingComponents.createRelativeFromReference(e.reference,u)}if(n=="afgelopen"||n=="vorige"){let u={};return u[s]=-1,aT.ParsingComponents.createRelativeFromReference(e.reference,u)}let a=e.createParsingComponents(),o=kR.default(e.reference.instant);return i.match(/week/i)?(o=o.add(-o.get("d"),"d"),a.imply("day",o.date()),a.imply("month",o.month()+1),a.imply("year",o.year())):i.match(/maand/i)?(o=o.add(-o.date()+1,"d"),a.imply("day",o.date()),a.assign("year",o.year()),a.assign("month",o.month()+1)):i.match(/jaar/i)&&(o=o.add(-o.date()+1,"d"),o=o.add(-o.month(),"month"),a.imply("day",o.date()),a.imply("month",o.month()+1),a.assign("year",o.year())),a}};Aa.default=ap});var lT=E(lp=>{"use strict";Object.defineProperty(lp,"__esModule",{value:!0});var up=$t(),RR=We(),MR=B(),CR=ir(),AR=new 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NR.ParsingComponents.createRelativeFromReference(e.reference,n)}};fp.default=cp});var mT=E(nt=>{"use strict";var lt=nt&&nt.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(nt,"__esModule",{value:!0});nt.createConfiguration=nt.createCasualConfiguration=nt.parseDate=nt.parse=nt.strict=nt.casual=void 0;var WR=cn(),dT=wr(),qR=lt(Cb()),$R=lt(Ab()),jR=lt(Pb()),GR=lt(Nb()),YR=lt(fi()),BR=lt(Wb()),HR=lt($b()),VR=lt(Vb()),fT=lt(Xb()),zR=lt(Zb()),KR=lt(Jb()),QR=lt(rT()),XR=lt(nT()),ZR=lt(sT()),JR=lt(uT()),eM=lt(lT()),tM=lt(cT());nt.casual=new dT.Chrono(pT());nt.strict=new dT.Chrono(pp(!0));function rM(r,e,t){return nt.casual.parse(r,e,t)}nt.parse=rM;function nM(r,e,t){return nt.casual.parseDate(r,e,t)}nt.parseDate=nM;function pT(r=!0){let e=pp(!1,r);return e.parsers.unshift(new jR.default),e.parsers.unshift(new GR.default),e.parsers.unshift(new XR.default),e.parsers.unshift(new fT.default),e.parsers.unshift(new JR.default),e.parsers.unshift(new 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wM.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(){return kM}innerExtract(e,t){let n=e.createParsingResult(t.index,t[0]),i=t.groups.weekday,s=kT.WEEKDAY_OFFSET[i];if(s===void 0)return null;let a=null,o=t.groups.prefix;o=="\u4E0A"?a="last":o=="\u4E0B"?a="next":(o=="\u4ECA"||o=="\u9019"||o=="\u5462")&&(a="this");let u=vM.default(e.refDate),l=!1,c=u.day();return a=="last"||a=="past"?(u=u.day(s-7),l=!0):a=="next"?(u=u.day(s+7),l=!0):a=="this"?u=u.day(s):Math.abs(s-7-c)<Math.abs(s-c)?u=u.day(s-7):Math.abs(s+7-c)<Math.abs(s-c)?u=u.day(s+7):u=u.day(s),n.start.assign("weekday",s),l?(n.start.assign("day",u.date()),n.start.assign("month",u.month()+1),n.start.assign("year",u.year())):(n.start.imply("day",u.date()),n.start.imply("month",u.month()+1),n.start.imply("year",u.year())),n}};Fa.default=_p});var ST=E(La=>{"use strict";var EM=La&&La.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(La,"__esModule",{value:!0});var SM=EM(we()),OM=B(),or=is(),DM=new RegExp("(?:\u7531|\u5F9E|\u81EA)?(?:(\u4ECA|\u660E|\u524D|\u5927\u524D|\u5F8C|\u5927\u5F8C|\u807D|\u6628|\u5C0B|\u7434)(\u65E9|\u671D|\u665A)|(\u4E0A(?:\u5348|\u665D)|\u671D(?:\u65E9)|\u65E9(?:\u4E0A)|\u4E0B(?:\u5348|\u665D)|\u664F(?:\u665D)|\u665A(?:\u4E0A)|\u591C(?:\u665A)?|\u4E2D(?:\u5348)|\u51CC(?:\u6668))|(\u4ECA|\u660E|\u524D|\u5927\u524D|\u5F8C|\u5927\u5F8C|\u807D|\u6628|\u5C0B|\u7434)(?:\u65E5|\u5929)(?:[\\s,\uFF0C]*)(?:(\u4E0A(?:\u5348|\u665D)|\u671D(?:\u65E9)|\u65E9(?:\u4E0A)|\u4E0B(?:\u5348|\u665D)|\u664F(?:\u665D)|\u665A(?:\u4E0A)|\u591C(?:\u665A)?|\u4E2D(?:\u5348)|\u51CC(?:\u6668)))?)?(?:[\\s,\uFF0C]*)(?:(\\d+|["+Object.keys(or.NUMBER).join("")+"]+)(?:\\s*)(?:\u9EDE|\u6642|:|\uFF1A)(?:\\s*)(\\d+|\u534A|\u6B63|\u6574|["+Object.keys(or.NUMBER).join("")+"]+)?(?:\\s*)(?:\u5206|:|\uFF1A)?(?:\\s*)(\\d+|["+Object.keys(or.NUMBER).join("")+"]+)?(?:\\s*)(?:\u79D2)?)(?:\\s*(A.M.|P.M.|AM?|PM?))?","i"),xM=new RegExp("(?:^\\s*(?:\u5230|\u81F3|\\-|\\\u2013|\\~|\\\u301C)\\s*)(?:(\u4ECA|\u660E|\u524D|\u5927\u524D|\u5F8C|\u5927\u5F8C|\u807D|\u6628|\u5C0B|\u7434)(\u65E9|\u671D|\u665A)|(\u4E0A(?:\u5348|\u665D)|\u671D(?:\u65E9)|\u65E9(?:\u4E0A)|\u4E0B(?:\u5348|\u665D)|\u664F(?:\u665D)|\u665A(?:\u4E0A)|\u591C(?:\u665A)?|\u4E2D(?:\u5348)|\u51CC(?:\u6668))|(\u4ECA|\u660E|\u524D|\u5927\u524D|\u5F8C|\u5927\u5F8C|\u807D|\u6628|\u5C0B|\u7434)(?:\u65E5|\u5929)(?:[\\s,\uFF0C]*)(?:(\u4E0A(?:\u5348|\u665D)|\u671D(?:\u65E9)|\u65E9(?:\u4E0A)|\u4E0B(?:\u5348|\u665D)|\u664F(?:\u665D)|\u665A(?:\u4E0A)|\u591C(?:\u665A)?|\u4E2D(?:\u5348)|\u51CC(?:\u6668)))?)?(?:[\\s,\uFF0C]*)(?:(\\d+|["+Object.keys(or.NUMBER).join("")+"]+)(?:\\s*)(?:\u9EDE|\u6642|:|\uFF1A)(?:\\s*)(\\d+|\u534A|\u6B63|\u6574|["+Object.keys(or.NUMBER).join("")+"]+)?(?:\\s*)(?:\u5206|:|\uFF1A)?(?:\\s*)(\\d+|["+Object.keys(or.NUMBER).join("")+"]+)?(?:\\s*)(?:\u79D2)?)(?:\\s*(A.M.|P.M.|AM?|PM?))?","i"),_u=1,vu=2,wu=3,ku=4,Eu=5,Su=6,ar=7,ss=8,Ou=9,vp=class extends OM.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(){return DM}innerExtract(e,t){if(t.index>0&&e.text[t.index-1].match(/\w/))return null;let n=SM.default(e.refDate),i=e.createParsingResult(t.index,t[0]),s=n.clone();if(t[_u]){var a=t[_u];a=="\u660E"||a=="\u807D"?n.hour()>1&&s.add(1,"day"):a=="\u6628"||a=="\u5C0B"||a=="\u7434"?s.add(-1,"day"):a=="\u524D"?s.add(-2,"day"):a=="\u5927\u524D"?s.add(-3,"day"):a=="\u5F8C"?s.add(2,"day"):a=="\u5927\u5F8C"&&s.add(3,"day"),i.start.assign("day",s.date()),i.start.assign("month",s.month()+1),i.start.assign("year",s.year())}else if(t[ku]){var o=t[ku];o=="\u660E"||o=="\u807D"?s.add(1,"day"):o=="\u6628"||o=="\u5C0B"||o=="\u7434"?s.add(-1,"day"):o=="\u524D"?s.add(-2,"day"):o=="\u5927\u524D"?s.add(-3,"day"):o=="\u5F8C"?s.add(2,"day"):o=="\u5927\u5F8C"&&s.add(3,"day"),i.start.assign("day",s.date()),i.start.assign("month",s.month()+1),i.start.assign("year",s.year())}else i.start.imply("day",s.date()),i.start.imply("month",s.month()+1),i.start.imply("year",s.year());let u=0,l=0,c=-1;if(t[ss]){var d=parseInt(t[ss]);if(isNaN(d)&&(d=or.zhStringToNumber(t[ss])),d>=60)return null;i.start.assign("second",d)}if(u=parseInt(t[Su]),isNaN(u)&&(u=or.zhStringToNumber(t[Su])),t[ar]?t[ar]=="\u534A"?l=30:t[ar]=="\u6B63"||t[ar]=="\u6574"?l=0:(l=parseInt(t[ar]),isNaN(l)&&(l=or.zhStringToNumber(t[ar]))):u>100&&(l=u%100,u=Math.floor(u/100)),l>=60||u>24)return null;if(u>=12&&(c=1),t[Ou]){if(u>12)return null;var f=t[Ou][0].toLowerCase();f=="a"&&(c=0,u==12&&(u=0)),f=="p"&&(c=1,u!=12&&(u+=12))}else if(t[vu]){var m=t[vu],g=m[0];g=="\u671D"||g=="\u65E9"?(c=0,u==12&&(u=0)):g=="\u665A"&&(c=1,u!=12&&(u+=12))}else if(t[wu]){var y=t[wu],T=y[0];T=="\u4E0A"||T=="\u671D"||T=="\u65E9"||T=="\u51CC"?(c=0,u==12&&(u=0)):(T=="\u4E0B"||T=="\u664F"||T=="\u665A")&&(c=1,u!=12&&(u+=12))}else if(t[Eu]){var k=t[Eu],S=k[0];S=="\u4E0A"||S=="\u671D"||S=="\u65E9"||S=="\u51CC"?(c=0,u==12&&(u=0)):(S=="\u4E0B"||S=="\u664F"||S=="\u665A")&&(c=1,u!=12&&(u+=12))}if(i.start.assign("hour",u),i.start.assign("minute",l),c>=0?i.start.assign("meridiem",c):u<12?i.start.imply("meridiem",0):i.start.imply("meridiem",1),t=xM.exec(e.text.substring(i.index+i.text.length)),!t)return i.text.match(/^\d+$/)?null:i;let x=s.clone();if(i.end=e.createParsingComponents(),t[_u]){var a=t[_u];a=="\u660E"||a=="\u807D"?n.hour()>1&&x.add(1,"day"):a=="\u6628"||a=="\u5C0B"||a=="\u7434"?x.add(-1,"day"):a=="\u524D"?x.add(-2,"day"):a=="\u5927\u524D"?x.add(-3,"day"):a=="\u5F8C"?x.add(2,"day"):a=="\u5927\u5F8C"&&x.add(3,"day"),i.end.assign("day",x.date()),i.end.assign("month",x.month()+1),i.end.assign("year",x.year())}else if(t[ku]){var o=t[ku];o=="\u660E"||o=="\u807D"?x.add(1,"day"):o=="\u6628"||o=="\u5C0B"||o=="\u7434"?x.add(-1,"day"):o=="\u524D"?x.add(-2,"day"):o=="\u5927\u524D"?x.add(-3,"day"):o=="\u5F8C"?x.add(2,"day"):o=="\u5927\u5F8C"&&x.add(3,"day"),i.end.assign("day",x.date()),i.end.assign("month",x.month()+1),i.end.assign("year",x.year())}else i.end.imply("day",x.date()),i.end.imply("month",x.month()+1),i.end.imply("year",x.year());if(u=0,l=0,c=-1,t[ss]){var d=parseInt(t[ss]);if(isNaN(d)&&(d=or.zhStringToNumber(t[ss])),d>=60)return null;i.end.assign("second",d)}if(u=parseInt(t[Su]),isNaN(u)&&(u=or.zhStringToNumber(t[Su])),t[ar]?t[ar]=="\u534A"?l=30:t[ar]=="\u6B63"||t[ar]=="\u6574"?l=0:(l=parseInt(t[ar]),isNaN(l)&&(l=or.zhStringToNumber(t[ar]))):u>100&&(l=u%100,u=Math.floor(u/100)),l>=60||u>24)return null;if(u>=12&&(c=1),t[Ou]){if(u>12)return null;var f=t[Ou][0].toLowerCase();f=="a"&&(c=0,u==12&&(u=0)),f=="p"&&(c=1,u!=12&&(u+=12)),i.start.isCertain("meridiem")||(c==0?(i.start.imply("meridiem",0),i.start.get("hour")==12&&i.start.assign("hour",0)):(i.start.imply("meridiem",1),i.start.get("hour")!=12&&i.start.assign("hour",i.start.get("hour")+12)))}else if(t[vu]){var m=t[vu],g=m[0];g=="\u671D"||g=="\u65E9"?(c=0,u==12&&(u=0)):g=="\u665A"&&(c=1,u!=12&&(u+=12))}else if(t[wu]){var y=t[wu],T=y[0];T=="\u4E0A"||T=="\u671D"||T=="\u65E9"||T=="\u51CC"?(c=0,u==12&&(u=0)):(T=="\u4E0B"||T=="\u664F"||T=="\u665A")&&(c=1,u!=12&&(u+=12))}else if(t[Eu]){var k=t[Eu],S=k[0];S=="\u4E0A"||S=="\u671D"||S=="\u65E9"||S=="\u51CC"?(c=0,u==12&&(u=0)):(S=="\u4E0B"||S=="\u664F"||S=="\u665A")&&(c=1,u!=12&&(u+=12))}return i.text=i.text+t[0],i.end.assign("hour",u),i.end.assign("minute",l),c>=0?i.end.assign("meridiem",c):i.start.isCertain("meridiem")&&i.start.get("meridiem")==1&&i.start.get("hour")>u?i.end.imply("meridiem",0):u>12&&i.end.imply("meridiem",1),i.end.date().getTime()<i.start.date().getTime()&&i.end.imply("day",i.end.get("day")+1),i}};La.default=vp});var DT=E(Ua=>{"use strict";var RM=Ua&&Ua.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(Ua,"__esModule",{value:!0});var MM=RM(we()),CM=B(),OT=is(),AM=new RegExp("(?:\u661F\u671F|\u79AE\u62DC|\u9031)(?<weekday>"+Object.keys(OT.WEEKDAY_OFFSET).join("|")+")"),wp=class extends CM.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(){return AM}innerExtract(e,t){let n=e.createParsingResult(t.index,t[0]),i=t.groups.weekday,s=OT.WEEKDAY_OFFSET[i];if(s===void 0)return null;let a=MM.default(e.refDate),o=!1,u=a.day();return Math.abs(s-7-u)<Math.abs(s-u)?a=a.day(s-7):Math.abs(s+7-u)<Math.abs(s-u)?a=a.day(s+7):a=a.day(s),n.start.assign("weekday",s),o?(n.start.assign("day",a.date()),n.start.assign("month",a.month()+1),n.start.assign("year",a.year())):(n.start.imply("day",a.date()),n.start.imply("month",a.month()+1),n.start.imply("year",a.year())),n}};Ua.default=wp});var xT=E(Wa=>{"use strict";var PM=Wa&&Wa.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(Wa,"__esModule",{value:!0});var NM=PM($r()),kp=class extends NM.default{patternBetween(){return/^\s*(至|到|\-|\~|～|－|ー)\s*$/i}};Wa.default=kp});var RT=E(qa=>{"use strict";var IM=qa&&qa.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(qa,"__esModule",{value:!0});var FM=IM(ln()),Ep=class extends FM.default{patternBetween(){return/^\s*$/i}};qa.default=Ep});var MT=E(Ye=>{"use strict";var hn=Ye&&Ye.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(Ye,"__esModule",{value:!0});Ye.createConfiguration=Ye.createCasualConfiguration=Ye.parseDate=Ye.parse=Ye.strict=Ye.casual=Ye.hant=void 0;var Sp=wr(),LM=hn(ru()),UM=cn(),WM=hn(bT()),qM=hn(_T()),$M=hn(wT()),jM=hn(ET()),GM=hn(ST()),YM=hn(DT()),BM=hn(xT()),HM=hn(RT());Ye.hant=new Sp.Chrono(Op());Ye.casual=new Sp.Chrono(Op());Ye.strict=new Sp.Chrono(Dp());function VM(r,e,t){return Ye.casual.parse(r,e,t)}Ye.parse=VM;function zM(r,e,t){return Ye.casual.parseDate(r,e,t)}Ye.parseDate=zM;function Op(){let r=Dp();return r.parsers.unshift(new WM.default),r}Ye.createCasualConfiguration=Op;function Dp(){let r=UM.includeCommonConfiguration({parsers:[new qM.default,new jM.default,new YM.default,new GM.default,new $M.default],refiners:[new BM.default,new HM.default]});return r.refiners=r.refiners.filter(e=>!(e instanceof LM.default)),r}Ye.createConfiguration=Dp});var NT=E($a=>{"use strict";var KM=$a&&$a.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty($a,"__esModule",{value:!0});var QM=KM(we()),XM=B(),ZM=1,CT=2,JM=3,AT=4,PT=5,eC=6,xp=class extends XM.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(e){return new RegExp("(\u73B0\u5728|\u7ACB(?:\u523B|\u5373)|\u5373\u523B)|(\u4ECA|\u660E|\u524D|\u5927\u524D|\u540E|\u5927\u540E|\u6628)(\u65E9|\u665A)|(\u4E0A(?:\u5348)|\u65E9(?:\u4E0A)|\u4E0B(?:\u5348)|\u665A(?:\u4E0A)|\u591C(?:\u665A)?|\u4E2D(?:\u5348)|\u51CC(?:\u6668))|(\u4ECA|\u660E|\u524D|\u5927\u524D|\u540E|\u5927\u540E|\u6628)(?:\u65E5|\u5929)(?:[\\s|,|\uFF0C]*)(?:(\u4E0A(?:\u5348)|\u65E9(?:\u4E0A)|\u4E0B(?:\u5348)|\u665A(?:\u4E0A)|\u591C(?:\u665A)?|\u4E2D(?:\u5348)|\u51CC(?:\u6668)))?","i")}innerExtract(e,t){let n=t.index,i=e.createParsingResult(n,t[0]),s=QM.default(e.refDate),a=s;if(t[ZM])i.start.imply("hour",s.hour()),i.start.imply("minute",s.minute()),i.start.imply("second",s.second()),i.start.imply("millisecond",s.millisecond());else if(t[CT]){let o=t[CT],u=t[JM];o=="\u660E"?s.hour()>1&&(a=a.add(1,"day")):o=="\u6628"?a=a.add(-1,"day"):o=="\u524D"?a=a.add(-2,"day"):o=="\u5927\u524D"?a=a.add(-3,"day"):o=="\u540E"?a=a.add(2,"day"):o=="\u5927\u540E"&&(a=a.add(3,"day")),u=="\u65E9"?i.start.imply("hour",6):u=="\u665A"&&(i.start.imply("hour",22),i.start.imply("meridiem",1))}else if(t[AT]){let u=t[AT][0];u=="\u65E9"||u=="\u4E0A"?i.start.imply("hour",6):u=="\u4E0B"?(i.start.imply("hour",15),i.start.imply("meridiem",1)):u=="\u4E2D"?(i.start.imply("hour",12),i.start.imply("meridiem",1)):u=="\u591C"||u=="\u665A"?(i.start.imply("hour",22),i.start.imply("meridiem",1)):u=="\u51CC"&&i.start.imply("hour",0)}else if(t[PT]){let o=t[PT];o=="\u660E"?s.hour()>1&&(a=a.add(1,"day")):o=="\u6628"?a=a.add(-1,"day"):o=="\u524D"?a=a.add(-2,"day"):o=="\u5927\u524D"?a=a.add(-3,"day"):o=="\u540E"?a=a.add(2,"day"):o=="\u5927\u540E"&&(a=a.add(3,"day"));let u=t[eC];if(u){let l=u[0];l=="\u65E9"||l=="\u4E0A"?i.start.imply("hour",6):l=="\u4E0B"?(i.start.imply("hour",15),i.start.imply("meridiem",1)):l=="\u4E2D"?(i.start.imply("hour",12),i.start.imply("meridiem",1)):l=="\u591C"||l=="\u665A"?(i.start.imply("hour",22),i.start.imply("meridiem",1)):l=="\u51CC"&&i.start.imply("hour",0)}}return i.start.assign("day",a.date()),i.start.assign("month",a.month()+1),i.start.assign("year",a.year()),i}};$a.default=xp});var as=E(At=>{"use strict";Object.defineProperty(At,"__esModule",{value:!0});At.zhStringToYear=At.zhStringToNumber=At.WEEKDAY_OFFSET=At.NUMBER=void 0;At.NUMBER={\u96F6:0,"\u3007":0,\u4E00:1,\u4E8C:2,\u4E24:2,\u4E09:3,\u56DB:4,\u4E94:5,\u516D:6,\u4E03:7,\u516B:8,\u4E5D:9,\u5341:10};At.WEEKDAY_OFFSET={\u5929:0,\u65E5:0,\u4E00:1,\u4E8C:2,\u4E09:3,\u56DB:4,\u4E94:5,\u516D:6};function tC(r){let e=0;for(let t=0;t<r.length;t++){let n=r[t];n==="\u5341"?e=e===0?At.NUMBER[n]:e*At.NUMBER[n]:e+=At.NUMBER[n]}return e}At.zhStringToNumber=tC;function rC(r){let e="";for(let t=0;t<r.length;t++){let n=r[t];e=e+At.NUMBER[n]}return parseInt(e)}At.zhStringToYear=rC});var FT=E(ja=>{"use strict";var nC=ja&&ja.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(ja,"__esModule",{value:!0});var iC=nC(we()),sC=B(),gi=as(),Rp=1,IT=2,Mp=3,Cp=class extends sC.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{innerPattern(){return new RegExp("(\\d{2,4}|["+Object.keys(gi.NUMBER).join("")+"]{4}|["+Object.keys(gi.NUMBER).join("")+"]{2})?(?:\\s*)(?:\u5E74)?(?:[\\s|,|\uFF0C]*)(\\d{1,2}|["+Object.keys(gi.NUMBER).join("")+"]{1,3})(?:\\s*)(?:\u6708)(?:\\s*)(\\d{1,2}|["+Object.keys(gi.NUMBER).join("")+"]{1,3})?(?:\\s*)(?:\u65E5|\u53F7)?")}innerExtract(e,t){let n=iC.default(e.refDate),i=e.createParsingResult(t.index,t[0]),s=parseInt(t[IT]);if(isNaN(s)&&(s=gi.zhStringToNumber(t[IT])),i.start.assign("month",s),t[Mp]){let a=parseInt(t[Mp]);isNaN(a)&&(a=gi.zhStringToNumber(t[Mp])),i.start.assign("day",a)}else i.start.imply("day",n.date());if(t[Rp]){let 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QT(r){let e=r.toLowerCase();return se.INTEGER_WORD_DICTIONARY[e]!==void 0?se.INTEGER_WORD_DICTIONARY[e]:e.match(/несколько/)?3:e.match(/пол/)?.5:e.match(/пар/)?2:e===""?1:parseFloat(e)}se.parseNumberPattern=QT;se.ORDINAL_NUMBER_PATTERN=`(?:${Nu.matchAnyPattern(se.ORDINAL_WORD_DICTIONARY)}|[0-9]{1,2}(?:\u0433\u043E|\u043E\u0433\u043E|\u0435|\u043E\u0435)?)`;function YC(r){let e=r.toLowerCase();return se.ORDINAL_WORD_DICTIONARY[e]!==void 0?se.ORDINAL_WORD_DICTIONARY[e]:(e=e.replace(/(?:st|nd|rd|th)$/i,""),parseInt(e))}se.parseOrdinalNumberPattern=YC;var jp="(?:\\s+(?:\u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443|\u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430|\u0433\u043E\u0434|\u0433|\u0433.))?";se.YEAR_PATTERN=`(?:[1-9][0-9]{0,3}${jp}\\s*(?:\u043D.\u044D.|\u0434\u043E \u043D.\u044D.|\u043D. \u044D.|\u0434\u043E \u043D. \u044D.)|[1-2][0-9]{3}${jp}|[5-9][0-9]${jp})`;function BC(r){if(/(год|года|г|г.)/i.test(r)&&(r=r.replace(/(год|года|г|г.)/i,"")),/(до н.э.|до н. э.)/i.test(r))return r=r.replace(/(до н.э.|до н. 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cA.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{patternLeftBoundary(){return Lu.REGEX_PARTS.leftBoundary}innerPattern(){return fA}innerExtract(e,t){let n=Lu.parseTimeUnits(t[1]),i=dA.reverseTimeUnits(n);return lA.ParsingComponents.createRelativeFromReference(e.reference,i)}};Zp.default=Xp});var d_=E(Za=>{"use strict";var pA=Za&&Za.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(Za,"__esModule",{value:!0});var mA=pA($r()),Jp=class extends mA.default{patternBetween(){return/^\s*(и до|и по|до|по|-)\s*$/i}};Za.default=Jp});var f_=E(Ja=>{"use strict";var hA=Ja&&Ja.__importDefault||function(r){return r&&r.__esModule?r:{default:r}};Object.defineProperty(Ja,"__esModule",{value:!0});var gA=hA(ln()),em=class extends gA.default{patternBetween(){return new RegExp("^\\s*(T|\u0432|,|-)?\\s*$")}};Ja.default=em});var p_=E(yn=>{"use strict";var yA=yn&&yn.__createBinding||(Object.create?function(r,e,t,n){n===void 0&&(n=t),Object.defineProperty(r,n,{enumerable:!0,get:function(){return e[t]}})}:function(r,e,t,n){n===void 0&&(n=t),r[n]=e[t]}),bA=yn&&yn.__setModuleDefault||(Object.create?function(r,e){Object.defineProperty(r,"default",{enumerable:!0,value:e})}:function(r,e){r.default=e}),TA=yn&&yn.__importStar||function(r){if(r&&r.__esModule)return r;var e={};if(r!=null)for(var t in r)t!=="default"&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(r,t)&&yA(e,r,t);return bA(e,r),e};Object.defineProperty(yn,"__esModule",{value:!0});var _A=B(),eo=TA(fn()),tm=Pt(),vA=new RegExp(`(?:\u0441|\u0441\u043E)?\\s*(\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044F|\u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430|\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430|\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430|\u043F\u043E\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430)${tm.REGEX_PARTS.rightBoundary}`,tm.REGEX_PARTS.flags),rm=class extends _A.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{patternLeftBoundary(){return tm.REGEX_PARTS.leftBoundary}innerPattern(e){return vA}innerExtract(e,t){let n=t[1].toLowerCase(),i=e.createParsingComponents();switch(n){case"\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044F":return eo.today(e.reference);case"\u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430":return eo.yesterday(e.reference);case"\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430":return eo.tomorrow(e.reference);case"\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430":return eo.theDayAfter(e.reference,2);case"\u043F\u043E\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430":return eo.theDayBefore(e.reference,2)}return i}};yn.default=rm});var m_=E(Dr=>{"use strict";var wA=Dr&&Dr.__createBinding||(Object.create?function(r,e,t,n){n===void 0&&(n=t),Object.defineProperty(r,n,{enumerable:!0,get:function(){return e[t]}})}:function(r,e,t,n){n===void 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RegExp(`(\u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441|\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0448\u043B\u044B\u043C\\s*\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043C|\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0448\u043B\u043E\u0439\\s*\u043D\u043E\u0447\u044C\u044E|\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0439\\s*\u043D\u043E\u0447\u044C\u044E|\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044F\\s*\u043D\u043E\u0447\u044C\u044E|\u044D\u0442\u043E\u0439\\s*\u043D\u043E\u0447\u044C\u044E|\u043D\u043E\u0447\u044C\u044E|\u044D\u0442\u0438\u043C \u0443\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043C|\u0443\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043C|\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430|\u0432\\s*\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0434\u0435\u043D\u044C|\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043C|\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430|\u0432\\s*\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u043E\u0447\u044C)${nm.REGEX_PARTS.rightBoundary}`,nm.REGEX_PARTS.flags),im=class extends OA.AbstractParserWithWordBoundaryChecking{patternLeftBoundary(){return nm.REGEX_PARTS.leftBoundary}innerPattern(){return RA}innerExtract(e,t){let 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r.toString()},AP=function(r,e,t){return"".concat(e," ").concat(t,", ").concat(r)},PP=function(){function r(e,t,n,i){if(t===void 0&&(t=CP),n===void 0&&(n=_i),i===void 0&&(i=AP),this.text=[],this.language=n||_i,this.gettext=t,this.dateFormatter=i,this.rrule=e,this.options=e.options,this.origOptions=e.origOptions,this.origOptions.bymonthday){var s=[].concat(this.options.bymonthday),a=[].concat(this.options.bynmonthday);s.sort(function(c,d){return c-d}),a.sort(function(c,d){return d-c}),this.bymonthday=s.concat(a),this.bymonthday.length||(this.bymonthday=null)}if(Fe(this.origOptions.byweekday)){var o=ct(this.origOptions.byweekday)?this.origOptions.byweekday:[this.origOptions.byweekday],u=String(o);this.byweekday={allWeeks:o.filter(function(c){return!c.n}),someWeeks:o.filter(function(c){return Boolean(c.n)}),isWeekdays:u.indexOf("MO")!==-1&&u.indexOf("TU")!==-1&&u.indexOf("WE")!==-1&&u.indexOf("TH")!==-1&&u.indexOf("FR")!==-1&&u.indexOf("SA")===-1&&u.indexOf("SU")===-1,isEveryDay:u.indexOf("MO")!==-1&&u.indexOf("TU")!==-1&&u.indexOf("WE")!==-1&&u.indexOf("TH")!==-1&&u.indexOf("FR")!==-1&&u.indexOf("SA")!==-1&&u.indexOf("SU")!==-1};var l=function(c,d){return c.weekday-d.weekday};this.byweekday.allWeeks.sort(l),this.byweekday.someWeeks.sort(l),this.byweekday.allWeeks.length||(this.byweekday.allWeeks=null),this.byweekday.someWeeks.length||(this.byweekday.someWeeks=null)}else this.byweekday=null}return r.isFullyConvertible=function(e){var t=!0;if(!(e.options.freq in r.IMPLEMENTED)||e.origOptions.until&&e.origOptions.count)return!1;for(var n in e.origOptions){if(R_(["dtstart","wkst","freq"],n))return!0;if(!R_(r.IMPLEMENTED[e.options.freq],n))return!1}return t},r.prototype.isFullyConvertible=function(){return r.isFullyConvertible(this.rrule)},r.prototype.toString=function(){var e=this.gettext;if(!(this.options.freq in r.IMPLEMENTED))return e("RRule error: Unable to fully convert this rrule to text");if(this.text=[e("every")],this[z.FREQUENCIES[this.options.freq]](),this.options.until){this.add(e("until"));var t=this.options.until;this.add(this.dateFormatter(t.getUTCFullYear(),this.language.monthNames[t.getUTCMonth()],t.getUTCDate()))}else this.options.count&&this.add(e("for")).add(this.options.count.toString()).add(this.plural(this.options.count)?e("times"):e("time"));return this.isFullyConvertible()||this.add(e("(~ approximate)")),this.text.join("")},r.prototype.HOURLY=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.options.interval!==1&&this.add(this.options.interval.toString()),this.add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("hours"):e("hour"))},r.prototype.MINUTELY=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.options.interval!==1&&this.add(this.options.interval.toString()),this.add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("minutes"):e("minute"))},r.prototype.DAILY=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.options.interval!==1&&this.add(this.options.interval.toString()),this.byweekday&&this.byweekday.isWeekdays?this.add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("weekdays"):e("weekday")):this.add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("days"):e("day")),this.origOptions.bymonth&&(this.add(e("in")),this._bymonth()),this.bymonthday?this._bymonthday():this.byweekday?this._byweekday():this.origOptions.byhour&&this._byhour()},r.prototype.WEEKLY=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.options.interval!==1&&this.add(this.options.interval.toString()).add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("weeks"):e("week")),this.byweekday&&this.byweekday.isWeekdays?this.options.interval===1?this.add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("weekdays"):e("weekday")):this.add(e("on")).add(e("weekdays")):this.byweekday&&this.byweekday.isEveryDay?this.add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("days"):e("day")):(this.options.interval===1&&this.add(e("week")),this.origOptions.bymonth&&(this.add(e("in")),this._bymonth()),this.bymonthday?this._bymonthday():this.byweekday&&this._byweekday())},r.prototype.MONTHLY=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.origOptions.bymonth?(this.options.interval!==1&&(this.add(this.options.interval.toString()).add(e("months")),this.plural(this.options.interval)&&this.add(e("in"))),this._bymonth()):(this.options.interval!==1&&this.add(this.options.interval.toString()),this.add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("months"):e("month"))),this.bymonthday?this._bymonthday():this.byweekday&&this.byweekday.isWeekdays?this.add(e("on")).add(e("weekdays")):this.byweekday&&this._byweekday()},r.prototype.YEARLY=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.origOptions.bymonth?(this.options.interval!==1&&(this.add(this.options.interval.toString()),this.add(e("years"))),this._bymonth()):(this.options.interval!==1&&this.add(this.options.interval.toString()),this.add(this.plural(this.options.interval)?e("years"):e("year"))),this.bymonthday?this._bymonthday():this.byweekday&&this._byweekday(),this.options.byyearday&&this.add(e("on the")).add(this.list(this.options.byyearday,this.nth,e("and"))).add(e("day")),this.options.byweekno&&this.add(e("in")).add(this.plural(this.options.byweekno.length)?e("weeks"):e("week")).add(this.list(this.options.byweekno,void 0,e("and")))},r.prototype._bymonthday=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.byweekday&&this.byweekday.allWeeks?this.add(e("on")).add(this.list(this.byweekday.allWeeks,this.weekdaytext,e("or"))).add(e("the")).add(this.list(this.bymonthday,this.nth,e("or"))):this.add(e("on the")).add(this.list(this.bymonthday,this.nth,e("and")))},r.prototype._byweekday=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.byweekday.allWeeks&&!this.byweekday.isWeekdays&&this.add(e("on")).add(this.list(this.byweekday.allWeeks,this.weekdaytext)),this.byweekday.someWeeks&&(this.byweekday.allWeeks&&this.add(e("and")),this.add(e("on the")).add(this.list(this.byweekday.someWeeks,this.weekdaytext,e("and"))))},r.prototype._byhour=function(){var e=this.gettext;this.add(e("at")).add(this.list(this.origOptions.byhour,void 0,e("and")))},r.prototype._bymonth=function(){this.add(this.list(this.options.bymonth,this.monthtext,this.gettext("and")))},r.prototype.nth=function(e){e=parseInt(e.toString(),10);var t,n=this.gettext;if(e===-1)return n("last");var i=Math.abs(e);switch(i){case 1:case 21:case 31:t=i+n("st");break;case 2:case 22:t=i+n("nd");break;case 3:case 23:t=i+n("rd");break;default:t=i+n("th")}return e<0?t+" "+n("last"):t},r.prototype.monthtext=function(e){return this.language.monthNames[e-1]},r.prototype.weekdaytext=function(e){var t=Bt(e)?(e+1)%7:e.getJsWeekday();return(e.n?this.nth(e.n)+" ":"")+this.language.dayNames[t]},r.prototype.plural=function(e){return e%100!==1},r.prototype.add=function(e){return this.text.push(" "),this.text.push(e),this},r.prototype.list=function(e,t,n,i){var s=this;i===void 0&&(i=","),ct(e)||(e=[e]);var a=function(u,l,c){for(var d="",f=0;f<u.length;f++)f!==0&&(f===u.length-1?d+=" "+c+" ":d+=l+" "),d+=u[f];return d};t=t||function(u){return u.toString()};var o=function(u){return t&&t.call(s,u)};return n?a(e.map(o),i,n):e.map(o).join(i+" ")},r}(),Br=PP;var NP=function(){function r(e){this.done=!0,this.rules=e}return r.prototype.start=function(e){return this.text=e,this.done=!1,this.nextSymbol()},r.prototype.isDone=function(){return this.done&&this.symbol===null},r.prototype.nextSymbol=function(){var e,t;this.symbol=null,this.value=null;do{if(this.done)return!1;var n=void 0;e=null;for(var i in this.rules){n=this.rules[i];var s=n.exec(this.text);s&&(e===null||s[0].length>e[0].length)&&(e=s,t=i)}if(e!=null&&(this.text=this.text.substr(e[0].length),this.text===""&&(this.done=!0)),e==null){this.done=!0,this.symbol=null,this.value=null;return}}while(t==="SKIP");return this.symbol=t,this.value=e,!0},r.prototype.accept=function(e){if(this.symbol===e){if(this.value){var t=this.value;return this.nextSymbol(),t}return this.nextSymbol(),!0}return!1},r.prototype.acceptNumber=function(){return this.accept("number")},r.prototype.expect=function(e){if(this.accept(e))return!0;throw new Error("expected "+e+" but found "+this.symbol)},r}();function oo(r,e){e===void 0&&(e=_i);var t={},n=new NP(e.tokens);if(!n.start(r))return null;return i(),t;function i(){n.expect("every");var f=n.acceptNumber();if(f&&(t.interval=parseInt(f[0],10)),n.isDone())throw new Error("Unexpected end");switch(n.symbol){case"day(s)":t.freq=z.DAILY,n.nextSymbol()&&(a(),d());break;case"weekday(s)":t.freq=z.WEEKLY,t.byweekday=[z.MO,z.TU,z.WE,z.TH,z.FR],n.nextSymbol(),d();break;case"week(s)":t.freq=z.WEEKLY,n.nextSymbol()&&(s(),d());break;case"hour(s)":t.freq=z.HOURLY,n.nextSymbol()&&(s(),d());break;case"minute(s)":t.freq=z.MINUTELY,n.nextSymbol()&&(s(),d());break;case"month(s)":t.freq=z.MONTHLY,n.nextSymbol()&&(s(),d());break;case"year(s)":t.freq=z.YEARLY,n.nextSymbol()&&(s(),d());break;case"monday":case"tuesday":case"wednesday":case"thursday":case"friday":case"saturday":case"sunday":t.freq=z.WEEKLY;var m=n.symbol.substr(0,2).toUpperCase();if(t.byweekday=[z[m]],!n.nextSymbol())return;for(;n.accept("comma");){if(n.isDone())throw new Error("Unexpected end");var g=u();if(!g)throw new Error("Unexpected symbol "+n.symbol+", expected weekday");t.byweekday.push(z[g]),n.nextSymbol()}c(),d();break;case"january":case"february":case"march":case"april":case"may":case"june":case"july":case"august":case"september":case"october":case"november":case"december":if(t.freq=z.YEARLY,t.bymonth=[o()],!n.nextSymbol())return;for(;n.accept("comma");){if(n.isDone())throw new Error("Unexpected end");var y=o();if(!y)throw new Error("Unexpected symbol "+n.symbol+", expected month");t.bymonth.push(y),n.nextSymbol()}s(),d();break;default:throw new Error("Unknown symbol")}}function s(){var f=n.accept("on"),m=n.accept("the");if(!!(f||m))do{var g=l(),y=u(),T=o();if(g)y?(n.nextSymbol(),t.byweekday||(t.byweekday=[]),t.byweekday.push(z[y].nth(g))):(t.bymonthday||(t.bymonthday=[]),t.bymonthday.push(g),n.accept("day(s)"));else if(y)n.nextSymbol(),t.byweekday||(t.byweekday=[]),t.byweekday.push(z[y]);else if(n.symbol==="weekday(s)")n.nextSymbol(),t.byweekday||(t.byweekday=[z.MO,z.TU,z.WE,z.TH,z.FR]);else if(n.symbol==="week(s)"){n.nextSymbol();var k=n.acceptNumber();if(!k)throw new Error("Unexpected symbol "+n.symbol+", expected week number");for(t.byweekno=[parseInt(k[0],10)];n.accept("comma");){if(k=n.acceptNumber(),!k)throw new Error("Unexpected symbol "+n.symbol+"; expected monthday");t.byweekno.push(parseInt(k[0],10))}}else if(T)n.nextSymbol(),t.bymonth||(t.bymonth=[]),t.bymonth.push(T);else return}while(n.accept("comma")||n.accept("the")||n.accept("on"))}function a(){var f=n.accept("at");if(!!f)do{var m=n.acceptNumber();if(!m)throw new Error("Unexpected symbol "+n.symbol+", expected hour");for(t.byhour=[parseInt(m[0],10)];n.accept("comma");){if(m=n.acceptNumber(),!m)throw new Error("Unexpected symbol "+n.symbol+"; expected hour");t.byhour.push(parseInt(m[0],10))}}while(n.accept("comma")||n.accept("at"))}function o(){switch(n.symbol){case"january":return 1;case"february":return 2;case"march":return 3;case"april":return 4;case"may":return 5;case"june":return 6;case"july":return 7;case"august":return 8;case"september":return 9;case"october":return 10;case"november":return 11;case"december":return 12;default:return!1}}function u(){switch(n.symbol){case"monday":case"tuesday":case"wednesday":case"thursday":case"friday":case"saturday":case"sunday":return n.symbol.substr(0,2).toUpperCase();default:return!1}}function l(){switch(n.symbol){case"last":return n.nextSymbol(),-1;case"first":return n.nextSymbol(),1;case"second":return n.nextSymbol(),n.accept("last")?-2:2;case"third":return n.nextSymbol(),n.accept("last")?-3:3;case"nth":var f=parseInt(n.value[1],10);if(f<-366||f>366)throw new Error("Nth out of range: "+f);return n.nextSymbol(),n.accept("last")?-f:f;default:return!1}}function c(){n.accept("on"),n.accept("the");var f=l();if(!!f)for(t.bymonthday=[f],n.nextSymbol();n.accept("comma");){if(f=l(),!f)throw new Error("Unexpected symbol "+n.symbol+"; expected monthday");t.bymonthday.push(f),n.nextSymbol()}}function d(){if(n.symbol==="until"){var f=Date.parse(n.text);if(!f)throw new Error("Cannot parse until date:"+n.text);t.until=new Date(f)}else n.accept("for")&&(t.count=parseInt(n.value[0],10),n.expect("number"))}}var me;(function(r){r[r.YEARLY=0]="YEARLY",r[r.MONTHLY=1]="MONTHLY",r[r.WEEKLY=2]="WEEKLY",r[r.DAILY=3]="DAILY",r[r.HOURLY=4]="HOURLY",r[r.MINUTELY=5]="MINUTELY",r[r.SECONDLY=6]="SECONDLY"})(me||(me={}));function uo(r){return r<me.HOURLY}var M_=function(r,e){return e===void 0&&(e=_i),new z(oo(r,e)||void 0)},ds=["count","until","interval","byweekday","bymonthday","bymonth"];Br.IMPLEMENTED=[];Br.IMPLEMENTED[me.HOURLY]=ds;Br.IMPLEMENTED[me.MINUTELY]=ds;Br.IMPLEMENTED[me.DAILY]=["byhour"].concat(ds);Br.IMPLEMENTED[me.WEEKLY]=ds;Br.IMPLEMENTED[me.MONTHLY]=ds;Br.IMPLEMENTED[me.YEARLY]=["byweekno","byyearday"].concat(ds);var C_=function(r,e,t,n){return new Br(r,e,t,n).toString()},A_=Br.isFullyConvertible;var fs=function(){function r(e,t,n,i){this.hour=e,this.minute=t,this.second=n,this.millisecond=i||0}return r.prototype.getHours=function(){return this.hour},r.prototype.getMinutes=function(){return this.minute},r.prototype.getSeconds=function(){return this.second},r.prototype.getMilliseconds=function(){return this.millisecond},r.prototype.getTime=function(){return(this.hour*60*60+this.minute*60+this.second)*1e3+this.millisecond},r}();var P_=function(r){cs(e,r);function e(t,n,i,s,a,o,u){var l=r.call(this,s,a,o,u)||this;return l.year=t,l.month=n,l.day=i,l}return e.fromDate=function(t){return new this(t.getUTCFullYear(),t.getUTCMonth()+1,t.getUTCDate(),t.getUTCHours(),t.getUTCMinutes(),t.getUTCSeconds(),t.valueOf()%1e3)},e.prototype.getWeekday=function(){return bn(new Date(this.getTime()))},e.prototype.getTime=function(){return new Date(Date.UTC(this.year,this.month-1,this.day,this.hour,this.minute,this.second,this.millisecond)).getTime()},e.prototype.getDay=function(){return this.day},e.prototype.getMonth=function(){return this.month},e.prototype.getYear=function(){return this.year},e.prototype.addYears=function(t){this.year+=t},e.prototype.addMonths=function(t){if(this.month+=t,this.month>12){var n=Math.floor(this.month/12),i=mt(this.month,12);this.month=i,this.year+=n,this.month===0&&(this.month=12,--this.year)}},e.prototype.addWeekly=function(t,n){n>this.getWeekday()?this.day+=-(this.getWeekday()+1+(6-n))+t*7:this.day+=-(this.getWeekday()-n)+t*7,this.fixDay()},e.prototype.addDaily=function(t){this.day+=t,this.fixDay()},e.prototype.addHours=function(t,n,i){for(n&&(this.hour+=Math.floor((23-this.hour)/t)*t);;){this.hour+=t;var s=$u(this.hour,24),a=s.div,o=s.mod;if(a&&(this.hour=o,this.addDaily(a)),Ht(i)||Te(i,this.hour))break}},e.prototype.addMinutes=function(t,n,i,s){for(n&&(this.minute+=Math.floor((1439-(this.hour*60+this.minute))/t)*t);;){this.minute+=t;var a=$u(this.minute,60),o=a.div,u=a.mod;if(o&&(this.minute=u,this.addHours(o,!1,i)),(Ht(i)||Te(i,this.hour))&&(Ht(s)||Te(s,this.minute)))break}},e.prototype.addSeconds=function(t,n,i,s,a){for(n&&(this.second+=Math.floor((86399-(this.hour*3600+this.minute*60+this.second))/t)*t);;){this.second+=t;var o=$u(this.second,60),u=o.div,l=o.mod;if(u&&(this.second=l,this.addMinutes(u,!1,i,s)),(Ht(i)||Te(i,this.hour))&&(Ht(s)||Te(s,this.minute))&&(Ht(a)||Te(a,this.second)))break}},e.prototype.fixDay=function(){if(!(this.day<=28)){var t=mm(this.year,this.month-1)[1];if(!(this.day<=t))for(;this.day>t;){if(this.day-=t,++this.month,this.month===13&&(this.month=1,++this.year,this.year>ju))return;t=mm(this.year,this.month-1)[1]}}},e.prototype.add=function(t,n){var i=t.freq,s=t.interval,a=t.wkst,o=t.byhour,u=t.byminute,l=t.bysecond;switch(i){case me.YEARLY:return this.addYears(s);case me.MONTHLY:return this.addMonths(s);case me.WEEKLY:return this.addWeekly(s,a);case me.DAILY:return this.addDaily(s);case me.HOURLY:return this.addHours(s,n,o);case me.MINUTELY:return this.addMinutes(s,n,o,u);case me.SECONDLY:return this.addSeconds(s,n,o,u,l)}},e}(fs);function bm(r){for(var e=[],t=Object.keys(r),n=0,i=t;n<i.length;n++){var s=i[n];Te(F_,s)||e.push(s),pm(r[s])&&!Ti(r[s])&&e.push(s)}if(e.length)throw new Error("Invalid options: "+e.join(", "));return dt({},r)}function N_(r){var e=dt(dt({},lo),bm(r));if(Fe(e.byeaster)&&(e.freq=z.YEARLY),!(Fe(e.freq)&&z.FREQUENCIES[e.freq]))throw new Error("Invalid frequency: ".concat(e.freq," ").concat(r.freq));if(e.dtstart||(e.dtstart=new Date(new Date().setMilliseconds(0))),Fe(e.wkst)?Bt(e.wkst)||(e.wkst=e.wkst.weekday):e.wkst=z.MO.weekday,Fe(e.bysetpos)){Bt(e.bysetpos)&&(e.bysetpos=[e.bysetpos]);for(var t=0;t<e.bysetpos.length;t++){var n=e.bysetpos[t];if(n===0||!(n>=-366&&n<=366))throw new Error("bysetpos must be between 1 and 366, or between -366 and 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if(fm(e.byweekday))e.byweekday=[He.fromStr(e.byweekday).weekday],e.bynweekday=null;else if(e.byweekday instanceof He)!e.byweekday.n||e.freq>z.MONTHLY?(e.byweekday=[e.byweekday.weekday],e.bynweekday=null):(e.bynweekday=[[e.byweekday.weekday,e.byweekday.n]],e.byweekday=null);else{for(var a=[],o=[],t=0;t<e.byweekday.length;t++){var u=e.byweekday[t];if(Bt(u)){a.push(u);continue}else if(fm(u)){a.push(He.fromStr(u).weekday);continue}!u.n||e.freq>z.MONTHLY?a.push(u.weekday):o.push([u.weekday,u.n])}e.byweekday=$e(a)?a:null,e.bynweekday=$e(o)?o:null}return Fe(e.byhour)?Bt(e.byhour)&&(e.byhour=[e.byhour]):e.byhour=e.freq<z.HOURLY?[e.dtstart.getUTCHours()]:null,Fe(e.byminute)?Bt(e.byminute)&&(e.byminute=[e.byminute]):e.byminute=e.freq<z.MINUTELY?[e.dtstart.getUTCMinutes()]:null,Fe(e.bysecond)?Bt(e.bysecond)&&(e.bysecond=[e.bysecond]):e.bysecond=e.freq<z.SECONDLY?[e.dtstart.getUTCSeconds()]:null,{parsedOptions:e}}function I_(r){var e=r.dtstart.getTime()%1e3;if(!uo(r.freq))return[];var t=[];return 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r=[],e=0;e<55;e++)r=r.concat(cr(7));return r}();function z_(r,e){var t=Yr(r,1,1),n=us(r)?366:365,i=us(r+1)?366:365,s=so(t),a=bn(t),o=dt(dt({yearlen:n,nextyearlen:i,yearordinal:s,yearweekday:a},YP(r)),{wnomask:null});if(Ht(e.byweekno))return o;o.wnomask=ye(0,n+7);var u,l,c=u=mt(7-a+e.wkst,7);c>=4?(c=0,l=o.yearlen+mt(a-e.wkst,7)):l=n-c;for(var d=Math.floor(l/7),f=mt(l,7),m=Math.floor(d+f/4),g=0;g<e.byweekno.length;g++){var y=e.byweekno[g];if(y<0&&(y+=m+1),y>0&&y<=m){var T=void 0;y>1?(T=c+(y-1)*7,c!==u&&(T-=7-u)):T=c;for(var k=0;k<7&&(o.wnomask[T]=1,T++,o.wdaymask[T]!==e.wkst);k++);}}if(Te(e.byweekno,1)){var T=c+m*7;if(c!==u&&(T-=7-u),T<n)for(var g=0;g<7&&(o.wnomask[T]=1,T+=1,o.wdaymask[T]!==e.wkst);g++);}if(c){var S=void 0;if(Te(e.byweekno,-1))S=-1;else{var x=bn(Yr(r-1,1,1)),U=mt(7-x.valueOf()+e.wkst,7),q=us(r-1)?366:365,re=void 0;U>=4?(U=0,re=q+mt(x-e.wkst,7)):re=n-c,S=Math.floor(52+mt(re,7)/4)}if(Te(e.byweekno,S))for(var T=0;T<c;T++)o.wnomask[T]=1}return o}function YP(r){var 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t=r%19,n=Math.floor(r/100),i=r%100,s=Math.floor(n/4),a=n%4,o=Math.floor((n+8)/25),u=Math.floor((n-o+1)/3),l=Math.floor(19*t+n-s-u+15)%30,c=Math.floor(i/4),d=i%4,f=Math.floor(32+2*a+2*c-l-d)%7,m=Math.floor((t+11*l+22*f)/451),g=Math.floor((l+f-7*m+114)/31),y=(l+f-7*m+114)%31+1,T=Date.UTC(r,g-1,y+e),k=Date.UTC(r,0,1);return[Math.ceil((T-k)/(1e3*60*60*24))]}var BP=function(){function r(e){this.options=e}return r.prototype.rebuild=function(e,t){var n=this.options;if(e!==this.lastyear&&(this.yearinfo=z_(e,n)),$e(n.bynweekday)&&(t!==this.lastmonth||e!==this.lastyear)){var i=this.yearinfo,s=i.yearlen,a=i.mrange,o=i.wdaymask;this.monthinfo=K_(e,t,s,a,o,n)}Fe(n.byeaster)&&(this.eastermask=Q_(e,n.byeaster))},Object.defineProperty(r.prototype,"lastyear",{get:function(){return this.monthinfo?this.monthinfo.lastyear:null},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(r.prototype,"lastmonth",{get:function(){return 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n=_e.getInstance().includedIn(r),i=fN(t,e,n);return typeof i=="boolean"?i:n&&pN(r,e.ch)}function fN(r,e,t){var n,i;return(i=(n=r==null?void 0:r.editorComponent)==null?void 0:n.showTasksPluginAutoSuggest)==null?void 0:i.call(n,e,r,t)}function pN(r,e){if(r.length===0)return!1;let t=ae.extractTaskComponents(r);if(!t)return!1;let n=t.indentation+t.listMarker+" ["+t.status.symbol+"] ";return e>=n.length}function Hr(r){let e=["(?:",/(?=[^\]]+\])\[/,"|",/(?=[^)]+\))\(/,")",/ */,r,/ */,/[)\]]/,/(?: *,)?/,/$/].map(t=>t instanceof RegExp?t.source:t).join("");return new RegExp(e,r.flags)}var Dm={prioritySymbols:{Highest:"priority:: highest",High:"priority:: high",Medium:"priority:: medium",Low:"priority:: low",Lowest:"priority:: 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Ei{constructor(){super(Dm)}parsePriority(e){switch(e){case"highest":return"0";case"high":return"1";case"medium":return"2";case"low":return"4";case"lowest":return"5";default:return"3"}}componentToString(e,t,n){let i=super.componentToString(e,t,n),s=["blockLink","description"];return i!==""&&!s.includes(n)?`  [${i.trim()}]`:i}};var zt=(a=>(a.TODO="TODO",a.DONE="DONE",a.IN_PROGRESS="IN_PROGRESS",a.CANCELLED="CANCELLED",a.NON_TASK="NON_TASK",a.EMPTY="EMPTY",a))(zt||{}),Qe=class{constructor(e,t,n,i,s="TODO"){this.symbol=e,this.name=t,this.nextStatusSymbol=n,this.availableAsCommand=i,this.type=s}};var Et=class{get symbol(){return this.configuration.symbol}get name(){return this.configuration.name}get nextStatusSymbol(){return this.configuration.nextStatusSymbol}get nextSymbol(){return this.configuration.nextStatusSymbol}get availableAsCommand(){return this.configuration.availableAsCommand}get type(){return this.configuration.type}get typeGroupText(){let e=this.type,t;switch(e){case"IN_PROGRESS":t="1";break;case"TODO":t="2";break;case"DONE":t="3";break;case"CANCELLED":t="4";break;case"NON_TASK":t="5";break;case"EMPTY":t="6";break}return`%%${t}%%${e}`}constructor(e){this.configuration=e}static makeDone(){return new Et(new Qe("x","Done"," ",!0,"DONE"))}static makeEmpty(){return new Et(new Qe("","EMPTY","",!0,"EMPTY"))}static makeTodo(){return new Et(new Qe(" ","Todo","x",!0,"TODO"))}static makeCancelled(){return new Et(new Qe("-","Cancelled"," ",!0,"CANCELLED"))}static makeInProgress(){return new Et(new Qe("/","In Progress","x",!0,"IN_PROGRESS"))}static makeNonTask(){return new Et(new Qe("Q","Non-Task","A",!0,"NON_TASK"))}static getTypeForUnknownSymbol(e){switch(e){case"x":case"X":return"DONE";case"/":return"IN_PROGRESS";case"-":return"CANCELLED";case"":return"EMPTY";case" ":default:return"TODO"}}static getTypeFromStatusTypeString(e){return zt[e]||"TODO"}static createUnknownStatus(e){return new Et(new Qe(e,"Unknown","x",!1,"TODO"))}static createFromImportedValue(e){let t=e[0],n=Et.getTypeFromStatusTypeString(e[3]);return new Et(new Qe(t,e[1],e[2],!1,n))}isCompleted(){return this.type==="DONE"}isCancelled(){return this.type==="CANCELLED"}identicalTo(e){let t=["symbol","name","nextStatusSymbol","availableAsCommand","type"];for(let n of t)if(this[n]!==e[n])return!1;return!0}previewText(){let e="";return Et.tasksPluginCanCreateCommandsForStatuses()&&this.availableAsCommand&&(e=" Available as a command."),`- [${this.symbol}] => [${this.nextStatusSymbol}], name: '${this.name}', type: '${this.configuration.type}'.${e}`}static tasksPluginCanCreateCommandsForStatuses(){return!1}},ne=Et;ne.DONE=Et.makeDone(),ne.EMPTY=Et.makeEmpty(),ne.TODO=Et.makeTodo();var Xu=class{constructor(e=!1,t=!1,n=!1){this.ignoreSortInstructions=e,this.showTaskHiddenData=t,this.recordTimings=n}};var 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x=`${Yt.parseDate(k,!0).format(J.dateFormat)}`,U=s?d[0].length+u:d[0].length;l.push({suggestionType:"match",displayText:`${k} (${x})`,appendText:`${f} ${x}`+o,insertAt:d.index,insertSkip:U})}}return l}function uN(r,e,t,n,i){var d;let s=["every","every day","every week","every month","every month on the","every year","every week on Sunday","every week on Monday","every week on Tuesday","every week on Wednesday","every week on Thursday","every week on Friday","every week on Saturday"],{postfix:a,insertSkip:o}=Dm(i,r,e),u=[],l=new RegExp(`(${n})\\s*([0-9a-zA-Z ]*)`,"ug"),c=yo(r,l,e);if(c&&c.length>=2){let f=c[1],m=c[2];if(m.length<t.autoSuggestMinMatch)return[];if(m.length>0){let k=(d=st.fromText({recurrenceRuleText:m,startDate:null,scheduledDate:null,dueDate:null}))==null?void 0:d.toText();if(k){let S=`${f} ${k}`+a,x=i?c[0].length+o:c[0].length;if(u.push({suggestionType:"match",displayText:`\u2705 ${k}`,appendText:S,insertAt:c.index,insertSkip:x}),c[0]==S)return[]}}let g=1,y=t.autoSuggestMaxItems/2,T=s.filter(k=>m&&m.length>=g&&k.toLowerCase().includes(m.toLowerCase())).slice(0,y);T.length===0&&m.trim().length===0&&(T=s.slice(0,y));for(let k of T)u.push({suggestionType:"match",displayText:`${k}`,appendText:`${f} ${k} `,insertAt:c.index,insertSkip:c[0].length})}return u}function lN(r,e,t,n){let i=[],s=new RegExp(`(${t})\\s*(${ki.source})?`,"ug"),a=yo(r,s,e);if(a&&a[0].trim().length<=t.length){let o=go(n.map(u=>u.id));i.push({suggestionType:"match",displayText:"generate unique id",appendText:`${t} ${o}`,insertAt:a.index,insertSkip:t.length})}return i}function cN(r,e,t,n,i,s,a){let o=[],u=s?Bn("()[]"):uv(),l=new RegExp(`(${n})([0-9a-zA-Z-_ ^,]*,)*([^,${u}]*)`,"ug"),c=yo(r,l,e);if(c&&c.length>=1){let d=c[2]||"",f=c[3],m=[];if(d){let g=d.split(",").map(y=>y.trim());m=i.filter(y=>y.id&&g.includes(y.id))}if(f.length>=t.autoSuggestMinMatch){let g=Qu(f.trim(),i,a,[],m);for(let y of g)o.push({suggestionType:"match",displayText:`${y.descriptionWithoutTags} - 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n=_e.getInstance().includedIn(r),i=pN(t,e,n);return typeof i=="boolean"?i:n&&mN(r,e.ch)}function pN(r,e,t){var n,i;return(i=(n=r==null?void 0:r.editorComponent)==null?void 0:n.showTasksPluginAutoSuggest)==null?void 0:i.call(n,e,r,t)}function mN(r,e){if(r.length===0)return!1;let t=ae.extractTaskComponents(r);if(!t)return!1;let n=t.indentation+t.listMarker+" ["+t.status.symbol+"] ";return e>=n.length}function Vr(r){let e=["(?:",/(?=[^\]]+\])\[/,"|",/(?=[^)]+\))\(/,")",/ */,r,/ */,/[)\]]/,/(?: *,)?/,/$/].map(t=>t instanceof RegExp?t.source:t).join("");return new RegExp(e,r.flags)}var xm={prioritySymbols:{Highest:"priority:: highest",High:"priority:: high",Medium:"priority:: medium",Low:"priority:: low",Lowest:"priority:: 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Ei{constructor(){super(xm)}parsePriority(e){switch(e){case"highest":return"0";case"high":return"1";case"medium":return"2";case"low":return"4";case"lowest":return"5";default:return"3"}}componentToString(e,t,n){let i=super.componentToString(e,t,n),s=["blockLink","description"];return i!==""&&!s.includes(n)?`  [${i.trim()}]`:i}};var zt=(a=>(a.TODO="TODO",a.DONE="DONE",a.IN_PROGRESS="IN_PROGRESS",a.CANCELLED="CANCELLED",a.NON_TASK="NON_TASK",a.EMPTY="EMPTY",a))(zt||{}),Qe=class{constructor(e,t,n,i,s="TODO"){this.symbol=e,this.name=t,this.nextStatusSymbol=n,this.availableAsCommand=i,this.type=s}};var Et=class{get symbol(){return this.configuration.symbol}get name(){return this.configuration.name}get nextStatusSymbol(){return this.configuration.nextStatusSymbol}get nextSymbol(){return this.configuration.nextStatusSymbol}get availableAsCommand(){return this.configuration.availableAsCommand}get type(){return this.configuration.type}get typeGroupText(){let e=this.type,t;switch(e){case"IN_PROGRESS":t="1";break;case"TODO":t="2";break;case"DONE":t="3";break;case"CANCELLED":t="4";break;case"NON_TASK":t="5";break;case"EMPTY":t="6";break}return`%%${t}%%${e}`}constructor(e){this.configuration=e}static makeDone(){return new Et(new Qe("x","Done"," ",!0,"DONE"))}static makeEmpty(){return new Et(new Qe("","EMPTY","",!0,"EMPTY"))}static makeTodo(){return new Et(new Qe(" ","Todo","x",!0,"TODO"))}static makeCancelled(){return new Et(new Qe("-","Cancelled"," ",!0,"CANCELLED"))}static makeInProgress(){return new Et(new Qe("/","In Progress","x",!0,"IN_PROGRESS"))}static makeNonTask(){return new Et(new Qe("Q","Non-Task","A",!0,"NON_TASK"))}static getTypeForUnknownSymbol(e){switch(e){case"x":case"X":return"DONE";case"/":return"IN_PROGRESS";case"-":return"CANCELLED";case"":return"EMPTY";case" ":default:return"TODO"}}static getTypeFromStatusTypeString(e){return zt[e]||"TODO"}static createUnknownStatus(e){return new Et(new Qe(e,"Unknown","x",!1,"TODO"))}static createFromImportedValue(e){let t=e[0],n=Et.getTypeFromStatusTypeString(e[3]);return new Et(new Qe(t,e[1],e[2],!1,n))}isCompleted(){return this.type==="DONE"}isCancelled(){return this.type==="CANCELLED"}identicalTo(e){let t=["symbol","name","nextStatusSymbol","availableAsCommand","type"];for(let n of t)if(this[n]!==e[n])return!1;return!0}previewText(){let e="";return Et.tasksPluginCanCreateCommandsForStatuses()&&this.availableAsCommand&&(e=" Available as a command."),`- [${this.symbol}] => [${this.nextStatusSymbol}], name: '${this.name}', type: '${this.configuration.type}'.${e}`}static tasksPluginCanCreateCommandsForStatuses(){return!1}},ne=Et;ne.DONE=Et.makeDone(),ne.EMPTY=Et.makeEmpty(),ne.TODO=Et.makeTodo();var Zu=class{constructor(e=!1,t=!1,n=!1){this.ignoreSortInstructions=e,this.showTaskHiddenData=t,this.recordTimings=n}};var Le=class{constructor(){this.coreStatuses=[ne.makeTodo().configuration,ne.makeDone().configuration],this.customStatuses=[ne.makeInProgress().configuration,ne.makeCancelled().configuration]}static addStatus(e,t){e.push(t)}static replaceStatus(e,t,n){let i=this.findStatusIndex(t,e);return i<=-1?!1:(e.splice(i,1,n),!0)}static findStatusIndex(e,t){let n=new ne(e);return t.findIndex(i=>new ne(i).previewText()==n.previewText())}static deleteStatus(e,t){let n=this.findStatusIndex(t,e);return n<=-1?!1:(e.splice(n,1),!0)}static deleteAllCustomStatuses(e){e.customStatuses.splice(0)}static resetAllCustomStatuses(e){Le.deleteAllCustomStatuses(e),new Le().customStatuses.forEach(n=>{Le.addStatus(e.customStatuses,n)})}static bulkAddStatusCollection(e,t){let n=[];return t.forEach(i=>{e.customStatuses.find(a=>a.symbol==i[0]&&a.name==i[1]&&a.nextStatusSymbol==i[2])?n.push(`The status ${i[1]} (${i[0]}) is already added.`):Le.addStatus(e.customStatuses,ne.createFromImportedValue(i))}),n}static allStatuses(e){return e.coreStatuses.concat(e.customStatuses)}static applyToStatusRegistry(e,t){t.clearStatuses(),Le.allStatuses(e).forEach(n=>{t.add(n)})}};var gv=[{index:9999,internalName:"INTERNAL_TESTING_ENABLED_BY_DEFAULT",displayName:"Test Item. Used to validate the Feature Framework.",description:"Description",enabledByDefault:!0,stable:!1}];var wn=class{constructor(e,t,n,i,s,a){this.internalName=e;this.index=t;this.description=n;this.displayName=i;this.enabledByDefault=s;this.stable=a}static get values(){let e=[];return gv.forEach(t=>{e=[...e,new wn(t.internalName,t.index,t.description,t.displayName,t.enabledByDefault,t.stable)]}),e}static get settingsFlags(){let e={};return wn.values.forEach(t=>{e[t.internalName]=t.enabledByDefault}),e}static fromString(e){for(let t of wn.values)if(e===t.internalName)return t;throw new RangeError(`Illegal argument passed to fromString(): ${e} does not correspond to any available Feature ${this.prototype.constructor.name}`)}};var xr={tasksPluginEmoji:{displayName:"Tasks Emoji Format",taskSerializer:new Ei(mo),buildSuggestions:Om(mo,Sm,!1)},dataview:{displayName:"Dataview",taskSerializer:new Xu,buildSuggestions:mv(Om(xm,Sm,!0),[["(",")"],["[","]"]])}},Mm={globalQuery:"",globalFilter:"",removeGlobalFilter:!1,taskFormat:"tasksPluginEmoji",setCreatedDate:!1,setDoneDate:!0,setCancelledDate:!0,autoSuggestInEditor:!0,autoSuggestMinMatch:0,autoSuggestMaxItems:20,provideAccessKeys:!0,useFilenameAsScheduledDate:!1,filenameAsScheduledDateFormat:"",filenameAsDateFolders:[],recurrenceOnNextLine:!1,statusSettings:new Le,features:wn.settingsFlags,generalSettings:{},headingOpened:{},debugSettings:new Zu,loggingOptions:{minLevels:{"":"info",tasks:"info","tasks.Cache":"info","tasks.Events":"info","tasks.File":"info","tasks.Query":"info","tasks.Task":"info"}}},kn=K({},Mm);function Rm(r,e){for(let t in r)e[t]===void 0&&(e[t]=r[t])}var X=()=>(Rm(wn.settingsFlags,kn.features),Rm(Mm.loggingOptions.minLevels,kn.loggingOptions.minLevels),Rm(Mm.debugSettings,kn.debugSettings),kn.statusSettings.customStatuses.forEach((r,e,t)=>{var i,s;let n=ne.getTypeFromStatusTypeString(r.type);t[e]=new Qe((i=r.symbol)!=null?i:" ",r.name,(s=r.nextStatusSymbol)!=null?s:"x",r.availableAsCommand,n)}),K({},kn)),Ve=r=>(kn=K(K({},kn),r),X());var Oi=(r,e)=>(kn.generalSettings[r]=e,X()),yv=r=>{var e;return(e=kn.features[r])!=null?e:!1};function bo(){return xr[X().taskFormat]}function Ju(r){let t={"<":"&lt;",">":"&gt;","&":"&amp;",'"':"&quot;"}[r];return t!==void 0?t:r}function bv(r){let e=[...r],t="";return e.forEach(n=>{t+=Ju(n)}),t}var De=class{constructor(){this._registeredStatuses=[];this.addDefaultStatusTypes()}set(e){this.clearStatuses(),e.forEach(t=>{this.add(t)})}get registeredStatuses(){return this._registeredStatuses.filter(({symbol:e})=>e!==ne.EMPTY.symbol)}static getInstance(){return De.instance||(De.instance=new De),De.instance}add(e){this.hasSymbol(e.symbol)||(e instanceof ne?this._registeredStatuses.push(e):this._registeredStatuses.push(new ne(e)))}bySymbol(e){return this.hasSymbol(e)?this.getSymbol(e):ne.EMPTY}bySymbolOrCreate(e){return this.hasSymbol(e)?this.getSymbol(e):ne.createUnknownStatus(e)}byName(e){return this._registeredStatuses.filter(({name:t})=>t===e).length>0?this._registeredStatuses.filter(({name:t})=>t===e)[0]:ne.EMPTY}resetToDefaultStatuses(){this.clearStatuses(),this.addDefaultStatusTypes()}clearStatuses(){this._registeredStatuses=[]}getNextStatus(e){if(e.nextStatusSymbol!==""){let t=this.bySymbol(e.nextStatusSymbol);if(t!==null)return t}return ne.EMPTY}getNextStatusOrCreate(e){let t=this.getNextStatus(e);return t.type!=="EMPTY"?t:ne.createUnknownStatus(e.nextStatusSymbol)}getNextRecurrenceStatusOrCreate(e){let t=this.getNextStatusOrCreate(e),n=this.getNextRecurrenceStatusOfType(t,"TODO");if(n)return n;let i=this.getNextRecurrenceStatusOfType(t,"IN_PROGRESS");return i||this.bySymbolOrCreate(" ")}getNextRecurrenceStatusOfType(e,t){if(e.type===t)return e;let n=e;for(let i=0;i<this.registeredStatuses.length-1;i++)if(n=this.getNextStatusOrCreate(n),n.type===t)return n}findUnknownStatuses(e){let t=e.filter(s=>!this.hasSymbol(s.symbol)),n=new De,i=[];return t.forEach(s=>{if(n.hasSymbol(s.symbol))return;let a=De.copyStatusWithNewName(s,`Unknown (${s.symbol})`);i.push(a),n.add(a)}),i.sort((s,a)=>s.symbol.localeCompare(a.symbol,void 0,{numeric:!0}))}static copyStatusWithNewName(e,t){let n=new Qe(e.symbol,t,e.nextStatusSymbol,e.availableAsCommand,e.type);return new ne(n)}getSymbol(e){return this._registeredStatuses.filter(({symbol:t})=>t===e)[0]}hasSymbol(e){return this._registeredStatuses.find(t=>t.symbol===e)!==void 0}addDefaultStatusTypes(){[ne.makeTodo(),ne.makeInProgress(),ne.makeDone(),ne.makeCancelled()].forEach(t=>{this.add(t)})}mermaidDiagram(e=!1){let t=this.registeredStatuses,n="mermaid",i=[],s=[];return t.forEach((a,o)=>{let u=this.getMermaidNodeLabel(a,e);i.push(`${o+1}${u}`);let l=this.getNextStatus(a);if(this.addEdgeIfNotToInternal(t,l,s,o,!1),a.type==="DONE"){let c=this.getNextRecurrenceStatusOrCreate(a);c.symbol!==l.symbol&&this.addEdgeIfNotToInternal(t,c,s,o,!0)}}),`
 \`\`\`${n}
 flowchart LR
 
@@ -146,8 +146,8 @@ ${s.join(`
 
 linkStyle default stroke:gray
 \`\`\`
-`}addEdgeIfNotToInternal(e,t,n,i,s){let a=e.findIndex(l=>l.symbol===t.symbol),o=a!==-1,u=t.type!=="EMPTY";if(o&&u){let l;s?l='-. "\u{1F501}" .-> ':l=" --> ";let c=`${i+1}${l}${a+1}`;n.push(c)}}getMermaidNodeLabel(e,t){let n=yv(e.name),i=e.type;if(t){let s=Zu(e.symbol),a=Zu(e.nextStatusSymbol),o=`[${s}] -> [${a}]`,u=`'${n}'`,l=`(${i})`;return`["${u}<br>${o}<br>${l}"]:::${i}`}else return`["${n}"]:::${i}`}};var bv=require("obsidian");var Vr=class{constructor(e,t){this.name=e,this.sortOrder=t}get groupText(){return this.name!==""?`%%${this.sortOrder}%% ${this.name}`:""}};var Nt=class{constructor(e){this._date=null;this._date=e}get moment(){return this._date}formatAsDate(e=""){return this.format(J.dateFormat,e)}formatAsDateAndTime(e=""){return this.format(J.dateTimeFormat,e)}format(e,t=""){return this._date?this._date.format(e):t}toISOString(e){return this._date?this._date.toISOString(e):""}get category(){let e=window.moment(),t=this.moment;return t?t.isBefore(e,"day")?new Vr("Overdue",1):t.isSame(e,"day")?new Vr("Today",2):t.isValid()?new Vr("Future",3):new Vr("Invalid date",0):new Vr("Undated",4)}get fromNow(){let e=this.moment;if(!e)return new Vr("",0);let t=this.fromNowOrder(e);return new Vr(e.fromNow(),t)}fromNowOrder(e){if(!e.isValid())return 0;let t=window.moment(),n=e.isSameOrBefore(t,"day"),i=this.fromNowStartDateOfGroup(e,n,t);return Number((n?1:3)+i.format("YYYYMMDD"))}fromNowStartDateOfGroup(e,t,n){let i=e.fromNow(!0).split(" "),s,a=Number(i[0]);isNaN(a)?s=1:s=a;let o=i[1];return t?n.subtract(s,o):n.add(s,o)}postpone(e="days",t=1){if(!this._date)throw new bv.Notice("Cannot postpone a null date");let n=window.moment().startOf("day");return this._date.isSameOrAfter(n,"day")?this._date.clone().add(t,e):n.add(t,e)}};var kn=class{static priorityNameUsingNone(e){let t="ERROR";switch(e){case"1":t="High";break;case"0":t="Highest";break;case"2":t="Medium";break;case"3":t="None";break;case"4":t="Low";break;case"5":t="Lowest";break}return t}static priorityNameUsingNormal(e){return kn.priorityNameUsingNone(e).replace("None","Normal")}};var hN=require("obsidian"),wv=ia(vv());var Mm=class extends wv.EventEmitter2{constructor(){super(...arguments);this.options={minLevels:{"":"info",tasks:"info"}};this.consoleLoggerRegistered=!1;this.arrAvg=t=>t.reduce((n,i)=>n+i,0)/t.length}configure(t){return this.options=Object.assign({},this.options,t),this}getLogger(t){let n="none",i="";for(let s in this.options.minLevels)t.startsWith(s)&&s.length>=i.length&&(n=this.options.minLevels[s],i=s);return new Cm(this,t,n)}onLogEntry(t){return this.on("log",t),this}registerConsoleLogger(){return this.consoleLoggerRegistered?this:(this.onLogEntry(t=>{let n=`[${window.moment().format("YYYY-MM-DD-HH:mm:ss.SSS")}][${t.level}][${t.module}]`;switch(t.traceId&&(n+=`[${t.traceId}]`),n+=` ${t.message}`,t.objects===void 0&&(t.objects=""),t.level){case"trace":console.trace(n,t.objects);break;case"debug":console.debug(n,t.objects);break;case"info":console.info(n,t.objects);break;case"warn":console.warn(n,t.objects);break;case"error":console.error(n,t.objects);break;default:console.log(`{${t.level}} ${n}`,t.objects)}}),this.consoleLoggerRegistered=!0,this)}},St=new Mm,Cm=class{constructor(e,t,n){this.levels={trace:1,debug:2,info:3,warn:4,error:5};this.logManager=e,this.module=t,this.minLevel=this.levelToInt(n)}levelToInt(e){return e.toLowerCase()in this.levels?this.levels[e.toLowerCase()]:99}log(e,t,n){if(this.levelToInt(e)<this.minLevel)return;let s={level:e,module:this.module,message:t,objects:n,traceId:void 0};this.logManager.emit("log",s)}trace(e,t){this.log("trace",e,t)}debug(e,t){this.log("debug",e,t)}info(e,t){this.log("info",e,t)}warn(e,t){this.log("warn",e,t)}error(e,t){this.log("error",e,t)}logWithId(e,t,n,i){if(this.levelToInt(e)<this.minLevel)return;let a={level:e,module:this.module,message:n,objects:i,traceId:t};this.logManager.emit("log",a)}traceWithId(e,t,n){this.logWithId("trace",e,t,n)}debugWithId(e,t,n){this.logWithId("debug",e,t,n)}infoWithId(e,t,n){this.logWithId("info",e,t,n)}warnWithId(e,t,n){this.logWithId("warn",e,t,n)}errorWithId(e,t,n){this.logWithId("error",e,t,n)}};function Am(r,e){let t=St.getLogger("tasks");switch(r){case"trace":t.trace(e);break;case"debug":t.debug(e);break;case"info":t.info(e);break;case"warn":t.warn(e);break;case"error":t.error(e);break;default:break}}function Ju(r,e,t){r.debug(`${e}: task line number: ${t.taskLocation.lineNumber}. file path: "${t.path}"`),r.debug(`${e} original: ${t.originalMarkdown}`)}function el(r,e,t){t.map((n,i)=>{r.debug(`${e} ==> ${i+1}   : ${n.toFileLineString()}`)})}var yt=class{static fromPath(e){let{useFilenameAsScheduledDate:t,filenameAsDateFolders:n}=X();return!t||!this.matchesAnyFolder(n,e)?null:this.extractDateFromPath(e)}static matchesAnyFolder(e,t){return e.length===0?!0:e.some(n=>t.startsWith(n+"/"))}static extractDateFromPath(e){let t=Math.max(0,e.lastIndexOf("/")+1),n=e.lastIndexOf("."),i=e.substring(t,n),{filenameAsScheduledDateFormat:s}=X();if(s!==""){let o=window.moment(i,s,!0);if(o.isValid())return o}let a=/(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})/.exec(i);if(a||(a=/(\d{4})(\d{2})(\d{2})/.exec(i)),a){let o=window.moment([parseInt(a[1]),parseInt(a[2])-1,parseInt(a[3])]);if(o.isValid())return o}return null}static canApplyFallback({startDate:e,scheduledDate:t,dueDate:n}){return e===null&&n===null&&t===null}static updateTaskPath(e,t,n){let i=e.scheduledDate,s=e.scheduledDateIsInferred;return n===null?s&&(s=!1,i=null):s?i=n:this.canApplyFallback(e)&&(i=n,s=!0),new ae(he(K({},e),{taskLocation:e.taskLocation.fromRenamedFile(new ze(t)),scheduledDate:i,scheduledDateIsInferred:s}))}static removeInferredStatusIfNeeded(e,t){let n=e.scheduledDateIsInferred?e.scheduledDate:null;return t.map(i=>(n!==null&&!n.isSame(i.scheduledDate,"day")&&(i=new ae(he(K({},i),{scheduledDateIsInferred:!1}))),i))}};var xr=class{static calculate(e){var n,i,s;let t=0;if((n=e.dueDate)!=null&&n.isValid()){let a=window.moment().startOf("day"),o=Math.round(a.diff(e.dueDate)/xr.milliSecondsPerDay),u;o>=7?u=1:o>=-14?u=(o+14)*.8/21+.2:u=.2,t+=u*xr.dueCoefficient}switch((i=e.scheduledDate)!=null&&i.isValid()&&window.moment().isSameOrAfter(e.scheduledDate)&&(t+=1*xr.scheduledCoefficient),(s=e.startDate)!=null&&s.isValid()&&window.moment().isBefore(e.startDate)&&(t+=1*xr.startedCoefficient),e.priority){case"0":t+=1.5*xr.priorityCoefficient;break;case"1":t+=1*xr.priorityCoefficient;break;case"2":t+=.65*xr.priorityCoefficient;break;case"3":t+=.325*xr.priorityCoefficient;break;case"5":t-=.3*xr.priorityCoefficient;break}return t}},En=xr;En.dueCoefficient=12,En.scheduledCoefficient=5,En.startedCoefficient=-3,En.priorityCoefficient=6,En.milliSecondsPerDay=1e3*60*60*24;var ae=class extends Bi{constructor({status:t,description:n,taskLocation:i,indentation:s,listMarker:a,priority:o,createdDate:u,startDate:l,scheduledDate:c,dueDate:d,doneDate:f,cancelledDate:m,recurrence:g,dependsOn:y,id:T,blockLink:k,tags:S,originalMarkdown:x,scheduledDateIsInferred:U,parent:q=null}){super(x,q);this._urgency=null;this.status=t,this.description=n,this.indentation=s,this.listMarker=a,this.taskLocation=i,this.tags=S,this.priority=o,this.createdDate=u,this.startDate=l,this.scheduledDate=c,this.dueDate=d,this.doneDate=f,this.cancelledDate=m,this.recurrence=g,this.dependsOn=y,this.id=T,this.blockLink=k,this.scheduledDateIsInferred=U}static fromLine({line:t,taskLocation:n,fallbackDate:i}){let s=ae.extractTaskComponents(t);return s===null||!_e.getInstance().includedIn(s.body)?null:ae.parseTaskSignifiers(t,n,i)}static parseTaskSignifiers(t,n,i){let s=ae.extractTaskComponents(t);if(s===null)return null;let{taskSerializer:a}=bo(),o=a.deserialize(s.body),u=!1;return yt.canApplyFallback(o)&&i!==null&&(o.scheduledDate=i,u=!0),o.tags=o.tags.map(l=>l.trim()),o.tags=o.tags.filter(l=>!_e.getInstance().equals(l)),new ae(he(K(K({},s),o),{taskLocation:n,originalMarkdown:t,scheduledDateIsInferred:u}))}static extractTaskComponents(t){let n=t.match(J.taskRegex);if(n===null)return null;let i=n[1],s=n[2],a=n[3],o=De.getInstance().bySymbolOrCreate(a),u=n[4].trim(),l=u.match(J.blockLinkRegex),c=l!==null?l[0]:"";return c!==""&&(u=u.replace(J.blockLinkRegex,"").trim()),{indentation:i,listMarker:s,status:o,body:u,blockLink:c}}toString(){return bo().taskSerializer.serialize(this)}toFileLineString(){return`${this.indentation}${this.listMarker} [${this.status.symbol}] ${this.toString()}`}toggle(){let t=St.getLogger("tasks.Task"),n="toggle()";Ju(t,n,this);let i=De.getInstance().getNextStatusOrCreate(this.status),s=this.handleNewStatus(i);return el(t,n,s),s}handleNewStatus(t,n=window.moment()){if(t.identicalTo(this.status))return[this];let{setDoneDate:i}=X(),s=this.newDate(t,"DONE",this.doneDate,i,n),{setCancelledDate:a}=X(),o=this.newDate(t,"CANCELLED",this.cancelledDate,a,n),u=null;t.isCompleted()&&!this.status.isCompleted()&&this.recurrence!==null&&(u=this.recurrence.next(n));let l=new ae(he(K({},this),{status:t,doneDate:s,cancelledDate:o})),c=[];if(u!==null){let d=this.createNextOccurrence(t,u);c.push(d)}return c.push(l),c}newDate(t,n,i,s,a){let o=null;return t.type===n&&(this.status.type!==n?s&&(o=a):o=i),o}createNextOccurrence(t,n){let{setCreatedDate:i}=X(),s=null;i&&(s=window.moment());let a=null,o=null,l=De.getInstance().getNextRecurrenceStatusOrCreate(t);return new ae(he(K(K({},this),n),{status:l,blockLink:"",id:"",dependsOn:[],createdDate:s,cancelledDate:a,doneDate:o}))}toggleWithRecurrenceInUsersOrder(){let t=this.toggle();return this.putRecurrenceInUsersOrder(t)}handleNewStatusWithRecurrenceInUsersOrder(t,n=window.moment()){St.getLogger("tasks.Task").debug(`changed task ${this.taskLocation.path} ${this.taskLocation.lineNumber} ${this.originalMarkdown} status to '${t.symbol}'`);let s=this.handleNewStatus(t,n);return this.putRecurrenceInUsersOrder(s)}putRecurrenceInUsersOrder(t){let{recurrenceOnNextLine:n}=X();return n?t.reverse():t}get isDone(){return this.status.type==="DONE"||this.status.type==="CANCELLED"||this.status.type==="NON_TASK"}isBlocked(t){if(this.dependsOn.length===0||this.isDone)return!1;for(let n of this.dependsOn)if(!!t.find(s=>s.id===n&&!s.isDone))return!0;return!1}isBlocking(t){return this.id===""||this.isDone?!1:t.some(n=>n.isDone?!1:n.dependsOn.includes(this.id))}get priorityNumber(){return Number.parseInt(this.priority)}get priorityNameGroupText(){let t=kn.priorityNameUsingNormal(this.priority);return`%%${this.priority}%%${t} priority`}get descriptionWithoutTags(){return this.description.replace(J.hashTags,"").trim()}get priorityName(){return kn.priorityNameUsingNormal(this.priority)}get urgency(){return this._urgency===null&&(this._urgency=En.calculate(this)),this._urgency}get path(){return this.taskLocation.path}get cancelled(){return new Nt(this.cancelledDate)}get created(){return new Nt(this.createdDate)}get done(){return new Nt(this.doneDate)}get due(){return new Nt(this.dueDate)}get scheduled(){return new Nt(this.scheduledDate)}get start(){return new Nt(this.startDate)}get happensDates(){return Array.of(this.startDate,this.scheduledDate,this.dueDate)}get happens(){let t=this.happensDates,n=Array.from(t).sort(fr);for(let i of n)if(i!=null&&i.isValid())return new Nt(i);return new Nt(null)}get isRecurring(){return this.recurrence!==null}get recurrenceRule(){return this.recurrence?this.recurrence.toText():""}get heading(){return this.precedingHeader}get hasHeading(){return this.precedingHeader!==null}get file(){return this.taskLocation.tasksFile}get filename(){let t=this.path.match(/([^/]+)\.md$/);return t!==null?t[1]:null}get lineNumber(){return this.taskLocation.lineNumber}get sectionStart(){return this.taskLocation.sectionStart}get sectionIndex(){return this.taskLocation.sectionIndex}get precedingHeader(){return this.taskLocation.precedingHeader}getLinkText({isFilenameUnique:t}){let n;return t?n=this.filename:n="/"+this.path,n===null?null:(this.precedingHeader!==null&&this.precedingHeader!==n&&(n=n+" > "+this.precedingHeader),n)}static tasksListsIdentical(t,n){return t.length!==n.length?!1:t.every((i,s)=>i.identicalTo(n[s]))}identicalTo(t){var a,o;let n=["description","path","indentation","listMarker","lineNumber","sectionStart","sectionIndex","precedingHeader","priority","blockLink","scheduledDateIsInferred","id","dependsOn"];for(let u of n)if(((a=this[u])==null?void 0:a.toString())!==((o=t[u])==null?void 0:o.toString()))return!1;if(!this.status.identicalTo(t.status)||this.tags.length!==t.tags.length||!this.tags.every(function(u,l){return u===t.tags[l]}))return!1;n=ae.allDateFields();for(let u of n){let l=this[u],c=t[u];if(fr(l,c)!==0)return!1}let i=this.recurrence,s=t.recurrence;return i===null&&s!==null||i!==null&&s===null?!1:!(i&&s&&!i.identicalTo(s))}static allDateFields(){return["createdDate","startDate","scheduledDate","dueDate","doneDate","cancelledDate"]}static extractHashtags(t){var n,i;return(i=(n=t.match(J.hashTags))==null?void 0:n.map(s=>s.trim()))!=null?i:[]}};var To=class{constructor(e){this.fetch=e;this._value=void 0}get value(){return this._value===void 0&&(this._value=this.fetch()),this._value}};var ft=class{constructor(e,t,n,i,s){this._tasksFile=e,this._lineNumber=t,this._sectionStart=n,this._sectionIndex=i,this._precedingHeader=s}static fromUnknownPosition(e){return new ft(e,0,0,0,null)}fromRenamedFile(e){return new ft(e,this.lineNumber,this.sectionStart,this.sectionIndex,this.precedingHeader)}get tasksFile(){return this._tasksFile}get path(){return this._tasksFile.path}get lineNumber(){return this._lineNumber}get sectionStart(){return this._sectionStart}get sectionIndex(){return this._sectionIndex}get precedingHeader(){return this._precedingHeader}get hasKnownPath(){return this.path!==""}};function gN(r,e,t,n,i,s){var g,y;let a=new ze(r),o=[],u=e.split(`
-`),l=u.length,c=new To(()=>yt.fromPath(r)),d=null,f=0,m=new Map;for(let T of t)if(T.task!==void 0){let k=T.position.start.line;if(k>=l)return n.debug(`${r} Obsidian gave us a line number ${k} past the end of the file. ${l}.`),o;if((d===null||d.position.end.line<k)&&(d=gs.getSection(k,i.sections),f=0),d===null)continue;let S=u[k];if(S===void 0){n.debug(`${r}: line ${k} - ignoring 'undefined' line.`);continue}let x;try{if(x=ae.fromLine({line:S,taskLocation:new ft(a,k,d.position.start.line,f,gs.getPrecedingHeader(k,i.headings)),fallbackDate:c.value}),x!==null){let U=(g=m.get(T.parent))!=null?g:null;U!==null&&(x=new ae(he(K({},x),{parent:U}))),m.set(k,x)}}catch(U){s(U,r,T,S);continue}x!==null&&(f++,o.push(x))}else{if(T.parent<0)continue;let k=T.position.start.line,S=(y=m.get(T.parent))!=null?y:null;m.set(k,new Bi(u[k],S))}return o}var gs=class{constructor({metadataCache:e,vault:t,events:n}){this.logger=St.getLogger("tasks.Cache");this.logger.debug("Creating Cache object"),this.metadataCache=e,this.metadataCacheEventReferences=[],this.vault=t,this.vaultEventReferences=[],this.events=n,this.eventsEventReferences=[],this.tasksMutex=new Bo,this.state="Cold",this.logger.debug("Cache.constructor(): state = Cold"),this.tasks=[],this.loadedAfterFirstResolve=!1,this.subscribeToCache(),this.subscribeToVault(),this.subscribeToEvents(),this.loadVault()}unload(){this.logger.info("Unloading Cache");for(let e of this.metadataCacheEventReferences)this.metadataCache.offref(e);for(let e of this.vaultEventReferences)this.vault.offref(e);for(let e of this.eventsEventReferences)this.events.off(e)}getTasks(){return this.tasks}getState(){return this.state}notifySubscribers(){this.logger.debug("Cache.notifySubscribers()"),this.events.triggerCacheUpdate({tasks:this.tasks,state:this.state})}subscribeToCache(){this.logger.debug("Cache.subscribeToCache()");let e=this.metadataCache.on("resolved",()=>P(this,null,function*(){this.loadedAfterFirstResolve||(this.loadedAfterFirstResolve=!0,this.loadVault())}));this.metadataCacheEventReferences.push(e);let t=this.metadataCache.on("changed",n=>{this.tasksMutex.runExclusive(()=>{this.indexFile(n)})});this.metadataCacheEventReferences.push(t)}subscribeToVault(){this.logger.debug("Cache.subscribeToVault()");let{useFilenameAsScheduledDate:e}=X(),t=this.vault.on("create",s=>{s instanceof hs.TFile&&(this.logger.debug(`Cache.subscribeToVault.createdEventReference() ${s.path}`),this.tasksMutex.runExclusive(()=>{this.indexFile(s)}))});this.vaultEventReferences.push(t);let n=this.vault.on("delete",s=>{s instanceof hs.TFile&&(this.logger.debug(`Cache.subscribeToVault.deletedEventReference() ${s.path}`),this.tasksMutex.runExclusive(()=>{this.tasks=this.tasks.filter(a=>a.path!==s.path),this.notifySubscribers()}))});this.vaultEventReferences.push(n);let i=this.vault.on("rename",(s,a)=>{s instanceof hs.TFile&&(this.logger.debug(`Cache.subscribeToVault.renamedEventReference() ${s.path}`),this.tasksMutex.runExclusive(()=>{let o=new ze(s.path),u=new To(()=>yt.fromPath(s.path));this.tasks=this.tasks.map(l=>l.path===a?e?yt.updateTaskPath(l,s.path,u.value):new ae(he(K({},l),{taskLocation:l.taskLocation.fromRenamedFile(o)})):l),this.notifySubscribers()}))});this.vaultEventReferences.push(i)}subscribeToEvents(){this.logger.debug("Cache.subscribeToEvents()");let e=this.events.onRequestCacheUpdate(t=>{t({tasks:this.tasks,state:this.state})});this.eventsEventReferences.push(e)}loadVault(){return this.logger.debug("Cache.loadVault()"),this.tasksMutex.runExclusive(()=>P(this,null,function*(){this.state="Initializing",this.logger.debug("Cache.loadVault(): state = Initializing"),yield Promise.all(this.vault.getMarkdownFiles().map(e=>this.indexFile(e))),this.state="Warm",this.logger.debug("Cache.loadVault(): state = Warm"),this.notifySubscribers()}))}indexFile(e){return P(this,null,function*(){let t=this.metadataCache.getFileCache(e);if(t==null)return;if(!e.path.endsWith(".md")){this.logger.debug("indexFile: skipping non-markdown file: "+e.path);return}this.logger.debug("Cache.indexFile: "+e.path);let n=this.tasks.filter(a=>a.path===e.path),i=t.listItems,s=[];if(i!==void 0){let a=yield this.vault.cachedRead(e);s=this.getTasksFromFileContent(a,i,t,e.path,this.reportTaskParsingErrorToUser,this.logger)}ae.tasksListsIdentical(n,s)||(this.tasks=this.tasks.filter(a=>a.path!==e.path),this.tasks.push(...s),this.logger.debug("Cache.indexFile: "+e.path+`: read ${s.length} task(s)`),this.notifySubscribers())})}getTasksFromFileContent(e,t,n,i,s,a){return gN(i,e,t,a,n,s)}reportTaskParsingErrorToUser(e,t,n,i){let s=`There was an error reading one of the tasks in this vault.
+`}addEdgeIfNotToInternal(e,t,n,i,s){let a=e.findIndex(l=>l.symbol===t.symbol),o=a!==-1,u=t.type!=="EMPTY";if(o&&u){let l;s?l='-. "\u{1F501}" .-> ':l=" --> ";let c=`${i+1}${l}${a+1}`;n.push(c)}}getMermaidNodeLabel(e,t){let n=bv(e.name),i=e.type;if(t){let s=Ju(e.symbol),a=Ju(e.nextStatusSymbol),o=`[${s}] -> [${a}]`,u=`'${n}'`,l=`(${i})`;return`["${u}<br>${o}<br>${l}"]:::${i}`}else return`["${n}"]:::${i}`}};var Tv=require("obsidian");var zr=class{constructor(e,t){this.name=e,this.sortOrder=t}get groupText(){return this.name!==""?`%%${this.sortOrder}%% ${this.name}`:""}};var Nt=class{constructor(e){this._date=null;this._date=e}get moment(){return this._date}formatAsDate(e=""){return this.format(J.dateFormat,e)}formatAsDateAndTime(e=""){return this.format(J.dateTimeFormat,e)}format(e,t=""){return this._date?this._date.format(e):t}toISOString(e){return this._date?this._date.toISOString(e):""}get category(){let e=window.moment(),t=this.moment;return t?t.isBefore(e,"day")?new zr("Overdue",1):t.isSame(e,"day")?new zr("Today",2):t.isValid()?new zr("Future",3):new zr("Invalid date",0):new zr("Undated",4)}get fromNow(){let e=this.moment;if(!e)return new zr("",0);let t=this.fromNowOrder(e);return new zr(e.fromNow(),t)}fromNowOrder(e){if(!e.isValid())return 0;let t=window.moment(),n=e.isSameOrBefore(t,"day"),i=this.fromNowStartDateOfGroup(e,n,t);return Number((n?1:3)+i.format("YYYYMMDD"))}fromNowStartDateOfGroup(e,t,n){let i=e.fromNow(!0).split(" "),s,a=Number(i[0]);isNaN(a)?s=1:s=a;let o=i[1];return t?n.subtract(s,o):n.add(s,o)}postpone(e="days",t=1){if(!this._date)throw new Tv.Notice("Cannot postpone a null date");let n=window.moment().startOf("day");return this._date.isSameOrAfter(n,"day")?this._date.clone().add(t,e):n.add(t,e)}};var En=class{static priorityNameUsingNone(e){let t="ERROR";switch(e){case"1":t="High";break;case"0":t="Highest";break;case"2":t="Medium";break;case"3":t="None";break;case"4":t="Low";break;case"5":t="Lowest";break}return t}static priorityNameUsingNormal(e){return En.priorityNameUsingNone(e).replace("None","Normal")}};var gN=require("obsidian"),kv=ia(wv());var Cm=class extends kv.EventEmitter2{constructor(){super(...arguments);this.options={minLevels:{"":"info",tasks:"info"}};this.consoleLoggerRegistered=!1;this.arrAvg=t=>t.reduce((n,i)=>n+i,0)/t.length}configure(t){return this.options=Object.assign({},this.options,t),this}getLogger(t){let n="none",i="";for(let s in this.options.minLevels)t.startsWith(s)&&s.length>=i.length&&(n=this.options.minLevels[s],i=s);return new Am(this,t,n)}onLogEntry(t){return this.on("log",t),this}registerConsoleLogger(){return this.consoleLoggerRegistered?this:(this.onLogEntry(t=>{let n=`[${window.moment().format("YYYY-MM-DD-HH:mm:ss.SSS")}][${t.level}][${t.module}]`;switch(t.traceId&&(n+=`[${t.traceId}]`),n+=` ${t.message}`,t.objects===void 0&&(t.objects=""),t.level){case"trace":console.trace(n,t.objects);break;case"debug":console.debug(n,t.objects);break;case"info":console.info(n,t.objects);break;case"warn":console.warn(n,t.objects);break;case"error":console.error(n,t.objects);break;default:console.log(`{${t.level}} ${n}`,t.objects)}}),this.consoleLoggerRegistered=!0,this)}},St=new Cm,Am=class{constructor(e,t,n){this.levels={trace:1,debug:2,info:3,warn:4,error:5};this.logManager=e,this.module=t,this.minLevel=this.levelToInt(n)}levelToInt(e){return e.toLowerCase()in this.levels?this.levels[e.toLowerCase()]:99}log(e,t,n){if(this.levelToInt(e)<this.minLevel)return;let s={level:e,module:this.module,message:t,objects:n,traceId:void 0};this.logManager.emit("log",s)}trace(e,t){this.log("trace",e,t)}debug(e,t){this.log("debug",e,t)}info(e,t){this.log("info",e,t)}warn(e,t){this.log("warn",e,t)}error(e,t){this.log("error",e,t)}logWithId(e,t,n,i){if(this.levelToInt(e)<this.minLevel)return;let a={level:e,module:this.module,message:n,objects:i,traceId:t};this.logManager.emit("log",a)}traceWithId(e,t,n){this.logWithId("trace",e,t,n)}debugWithId(e,t,n){this.logWithId("debug",e,t,n)}infoWithId(e,t,n){this.logWithId("info",e,t,n)}warnWithId(e,t,n){this.logWithId("warn",e,t,n)}errorWithId(e,t,n){this.logWithId("error",e,t,n)}};function Pm(r,e){let t=St.getLogger("tasks");switch(r){case"trace":t.trace(e);break;case"debug":t.debug(e);break;case"info":t.info(e);break;case"warn":t.warn(e);break;case"error":t.error(e);break;default:break}}function el(r,e,t){r.debug(`${e}: task line number: ${t.taskLocation.lineNumber}. file path: "${t.path}"`),r.debug(`${e} original: ${t.originalMarkdown}`)}function tl(r,e,t){t.map((n,i)=>{r.debug(`${e} ==> ${i+1}   : ${n.toFileLineString()}`)})}var yt=class{static fromPath(e){let{useFilenameAsScheduledDate:t,filenameAsDateFolders:n}=X();return!t||!this.matchesAnyFolder(n,e)?null:this.extractDateFromPath(e)}static matchesAnyFolder(e,t){return e.length===0?!0:e.some(n=>t.startsWith(n+"/"))}static extractDateFromPath(e){let t=Math.max(0,e.lastIndexOf("/")+1),n=e.lastIndexOf("."),i=e.substring(t,n),{filenameAsScheduledDateFormat:s}=X();if(s!==""){let o=window.moment(i,s,!0);if(o.isValid())return o}let a=/(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})/.exec(i);if(a||(a=/(\d{4})(\d{2})(\d{2})/.exec(i)),a){let o=window.moment([parseInt(a[1]),parseInt(a[2])-1,parseInt(a[3])]);if(o.isValid())return o}return null}static canApplyFallback({startDate:e,scheduledDate:t,dueDate:n}){return e===null&&n===null&&t===null}static updateTaskPath(e,t,n){let i=e.scheduledDate,s=e.scheduledDateIsInferred;return n===null?s&&(s=!1,i=null):s?i=n:this.canApplyFallback(e)&&(i=n,s=!0),new ae(he(K({},e),{taskLocation:e.taskLocation.fromRenamedFile(new ze(t)),scheduledDate:i,scheduledDateIsInferred:s}))}static removeInferredStatusIfNeeded(e,t){let n=e.scheduledDateIsInferred?e.scheduledDate:null;return t.map(i=>(n!==null&&!n.isSame(i.scheduledDate,"day")&&(i=new ae(he(K({},i),{scheduledDateIsInferred:!1}))),i))}};var Rr=class{static calculate(e){var n,i,s;let t=0;if((n=e.dueDate)!=null&&n.isValid()){let a=window.moment().startOf("day"),o=Math.round(a.diff(e.dueDate)/Rr.milliSecondsPerDay),u;o>=7?u=1:o>=-14?u=(o+14)*.8/21+.2:u=.2,t+=u*Rr.dueCoefficient}switch((i=e.scheduledDate)!=null&&i.isValid()&&window.moment().isSameOrAfter(e.scheduledDate)&&(t+=1*Rr.scheduledCoefficient),(s=e.startDate)!=null&&s.isValid()&&window.moment().isBefore(e.startDate)&&(t+=1*Rr.startedCoefficient),e.priority){case"0":t+=1.5*Rr.priorityCoefficient;break;case"1":t+=1*Rr.priorityCoefficient;break;case"2":t+=.65*Rr.priorityCoefficient;break;case"3":t+=.325*Rr.priorityCoefficient;break;case"5":t-=.3*Rr.priorityCoefficient;break}return t}},Sn=Rr;Sn.dueCoefficient=12,Sn.scheduledCoefficient=5,Sn.startedCoefficient=-3,Sn.priorityCoefficient=6,Sn.milliSecondsPerDay=1e3*60*60*24;var ae=class extends Bi{constructor({status:t,description:n,taskLocation:i,indentation:s,listMarker:a,priority:o,createdDate:u,startDate:l,scheduledDate:c,dueDate:d,doneDate:f,cancelledDate:m,recurrence:g,dependsOn:y,id:T,blockLink:k,tags:S,originalMarkdown:x,scheduledDateIsInferred:U,parent:q=null}){super(x,q);this._urgency=null;this.status=t,this.description=n,this.indentation=s,this.listMarker=a,this.taskLocation=i,this.tags=S,this.priority=o,this.createdDate=u,this.startDate=l,this.scheduledDate=c,this.dueDate=d,this.doneDate=f,this.cancelledDate=m,this.recurrence=g,this.dependsOn=y,this.id=T,this.blockLink=k,this.scheduledDateIsInferred=U}static fromLine({line:t,taskLocation:n,fallbackDate:i}){let s=ae.extractTaskComponents(t);return s===null||!_e.getInstance().includedIn(s.body)?null:ae.parseTaskSignifiers(t,n,i)}static parseTaskSignifiers(t,n,i){let s=ae.extractTaskComponents(t);if(s===null)return null;let{taskSerializer:a}=bo(),o=a.deserialize(s.body),u=!1;return yt.canApplyFallback(o)&&i!==null&&(o.scheduledDate=i,u=!0),o.tags=o.tags.map(l=>l.trim()),o.tags=o.tags.filter(l=>!_e.getInstance().equals(l)),new ae(he(K(K({},s),o),{taskLocation:n,originalMarkdown:t,scheduledDateIsInferred:u}))}static extractTaskComponents(t){let n=t.match(J.taskRegex);if(n===null)return null;let i=n[1],s=n[2],a=n[3],o=De.getInstance().bySymbolOrCreate(a),u=n[4].trim(),l=u.match(J.blockLinkRegex),c=l!==null?l[0]:"";return c!==""&&(u=u.replace(J.blockLinkRegex,"").trim()),{indentation:i,listMarker:s,status:o,body:u,blockLink:c}}toString(){return bo().taskSerializer.serialize(this)}toFileLineString(){return`${this.indentation}${this.listMarker} [${this.status.symbol}] ${this.toString()}`}toggle(){let t=St.getLogger("tasks.Task"),n="toggle()";el(t,n,this);let i=De.getInstance().getNextStatusOrCreate(this.status),s=this.handleNewStatus(i);return tl(t,n,s),s}handleNewStatus(t,n=window.moment()){if(t.identicalTo(this.status))return[this];let{setDoneDate:i}=X(),s=this.newDate(t,"DONE",this.doneDate,i,n),{setCancelledDate:a}=X(),o=this.newDate(t,"CANCELLED",this.cancelledDate,a,n),u=null;t.isCompleted()&&!this.status.isCompleted()&&this.recurrence!==null&&(u=this.recurrence.next(n));let l=new ae(he(K({},this),{status:t,doneDate:s,cancelledDate:o})),c=[];if(u!==null){let d=this.createNextOccurrence(t,u);c.push(d)}return c.push(l),c}newDate(t,n,i,s,a){let o=null;return t.type===n&&(this.status.type!==n?s&&(o=a):o=i),o}createNextOccurrence(t,n){let{setCreatedDate:i}=X(),s=null;i&&(s=window.moment());let a=null,o=null,l=De.getInstance().getNextRecurrenceStatusOrCreate(t);return new ae(he(K(K({},this),n),{status:l,blockLink:"",id:"",dependsOn:[],createdDate:s,cancelledDate:a,doneDate:o}))}toggleWithRecurrenceInUsersOrder(){let t=this.toggle();return this.putRecurrenceInUsersOrder(t)}handleNewStatusWithRecurrenceInUsersOrder(t,n=window.moment()){St.getLogger("tasks.Task").debug(`changed task ${this.taskLocation.path} ${this.taskLocation.lineNumber} ${this.originalMarkdown} status to '${t.symbol}'`);let s=this.handleNewStatus(t,n);return this.putRecurrenceInUsersOrder(s)}putRecurrenceInUsersOrder(t){let{recurrenceOnNextLine:n}=X();return n?t.reverse():t}get isDone(){return this.status.type==="DONE"||this.status.type==="CANCELLED"||this.status.type==="NON_TASK"}isBlocked(t){if(this.dependsOn.length===0||this.isDone)return!1;for(let n of this.dependsOn)if(!!t.find(s=>s.id===n&&!s.isDone))return!0;return!1}isBlocking(t){return this.id===""||this.isDone?!1:t.some(n=>n.isDone?!1:n.dependsOn.includes(this.id))}get priorityNumber(){return Number.parseInt(this.priority)}get priorityNameGroupText(){let t=En.priorityNameUsingNormal(this.priority);return`%%${this.priority}%%${t} priority`}get descriptionWithoutTags(){return this.description.replace(J.hashTags,"").trim()}get priorityName(){return En.priorityNameUsingNormal(this.priority)}get urgency(){return this._urgency===null&&(this._urgency=Sn.calculate(this)),this._urgency}get path(){return this.taskLocation.path}get cancelled(){return new Nt(this.cancelledDate)}get created(){return new Nt(this.createdDate)}get done(){return new Nt(this.doneDate)}get due(){return new Nt(this.dueDate)}get scheduled(){return new Nt(this.scheduledDate)}get start(){return new Nt(this.startDate)}get happensDates(){return Array.of(this.startDate,this.scheduledDate,this.dueDate)}get happens(){let t=this.happensDates,n=Array.from(t).sort(fr);for(let i of n)if(i!=null&&i.isValid())return new Nt(i);return new Nt(null)}get isRecurring(){return this.recurrence!==null}get recurrenceRule(){return this.recurrence?this.recurrence.toText():""}get heading(){return this.precedingHeader}get hasHeading(){return this.precedingHeader!==null}get file(){return this.taskLocation.tasksFile}get filename(){let t=this.path.match(/([^/]+)\.md$/);return t!==null?t[1]:null}get lineNumber(){return this.taskLocation.lineNumber}get sectionStart(){return this.taskLocation.sectionStart}get sectionIndex(){return this.taskLocation.sectionIndex}get precedingHeader(){return this.taskLocation.precedingHeader}getLinkText({isFilenameUnique:t}){let n;return t?n=this.filename:n="/"+this.path,n===null?null:(this.precedingHeader!==null&&this.precedingHeader!==n&&(n=n+" > "+this.precedingHeader),n)}static tasksListsIdentical(t,n){return t.length!==n.length?!1:t.every((i,s)=>i.identicalTo(n[s]))}identicalTo(t){var a,o;let n=["description","path","indentation","listMarker","lineNumber","sectionStart","sectionIndex","precedingHeader","priority","blockLink","scheduledDateIsInferred","id","dependsOn"];for(let u of n)if(((a=this[u])==null?void 0:a.toString())!==((o=t[u])==null?void 0:o.toString()))return!1;if(!this.status.identicalTo(t.status)||this.tags.length!==t.tags.length||!this.tags.every(function(u,l){return u===t.tags[l]}))return!1;n=ae.allDateFields();for(let u of n){let l=this[u],c=t[u];if(fr(l,c)!==0)return!1}let i=this.recurrence,s=t.recurrence;return i===null&&s!==null||i!==null&&s===null?!1:!(i&&s&&!i.identicalTo(s))}static allDateFields(){return["createdDate","startDate","scheduledDate","dueDate","doneDate","cancelledDate"]}static extractHashtags(t){var n,i;return(i=(n=t.match(J.hashTags))==null?void 0:n.map(s=>s.trim()))!=null?i:[]}};var To=class{constructor(e){this.fetch=e;this._value=void 0}get value(){return this._value===void 0&&(this._value=this.fetch()),this._value}};var ft=class{constructor(e,t,n,i,s){this._tasksFile=e,this._lineNumber=t,this._sectionStart=n,this._sectionIndex=i,this._precedingHeader=s}static fromUnknownPosition(e){return new ft(e,0,0,0,null)}fromRenamedFile(e){return new ft(e,this.lineNumber,this.sectionStart,this.sectionIndex,this.precedingHeader)}get tasksFile(){return this._tasksFile}get path(){return this._tasksFile.path}get lineNumber(){return this._lineNumber}get sectionStart(){return this._sectionStart}get sectionIndex(){return this._sectionIndex}get precedingHeader(){return this._precedingHeader}get hasKnownPath(){return this.path!==""}};function yN(r,e,t,n,i,s){var g,y;let a=new ze(r,i),o=[],u=e.split(`
+`),l=u.length,c=new To(()=>yt.fromPath(r)),d=null,f=0,m=new Map;for(let T of t)if(T.task!==void 0){let k=T.position.start.line;if(k>=l)return n.debug(`${r} Obsidian gave us a line number ${k} past the end of the file. ${l}.`),o;if((d===null||d.position.end.line<k)&&(d=gs.getSection(k,i.sections),f=0),d===null)continue;let S=u[k];if(S===void 0){n.debug(`${r}: line ${k} - ignoring 'undefined' line.`);continue}let x;try{if(x=ae.fromLine({line:S,taskLocation:new ft(a,k,d.position.start.line,f,gs.getPrecedingHeader(k,i.headings)),fallbackDate:c.value}),x!==null){let U=(g=m.get(T.parent))!=null?g:null;U!==null&&(x=new ae(he(K({},x),{parent:U}))),m.set(k,x)}}catch(U){s(U,r,T,S);continue}x!==null&&(f++,o.push(x))}else{if(T.parent<0)continue;let k=T.position.start.line,S=(y=m.get(T.parent))!=null?y:null;m.set(k,new Bi(u[k],S))}return o}var gs=class{constructor({metadataCache:e,vault:t,events:n}){this.logger=St.getLogger("tasks.Cache");this.logger.debug("Creating Cache object"),this.metadataCache=e,this.metadataCacheEventReferences=[],this.vault=t,this.vaultEventReferences=[],this.events=n,this.eventsEventReferences=[],this.tasksMutex=new Bo,this.state="Cold",this.logger.debug("Cache.constructor(): state = Cold"),this.tasks=[],this.loadedAfterFirstResolve=!1,this.subscribeToCache(),this.subscribeToVault(),this.subscribeToEvents(),this.loadVault()}unload(){this.logger.info("Unloading Cache");for(let e of this.metadataCacheEventReferences)this.metadataCache.offref(e);for(let e of this.vaultEventReferences)this.vault.offref(e);for(let e of this.eventsEventReferences)this.events.off(e)}getTasks(){return this.tasks}getState(){return this.state}notifySubscribers(){this.logger.debug("Cache.notifySubscribers()"),this.events.triggerCacheUpdate({tasks:this.tasks,state:this.state})}subscribeToCache(){this.logger.debug("Cache.subscribeToCache()");let e=this.metadataCache.on("resolved",()=>P(this,null,function*(){this.loadedAfterFirstResolve||(this.loadedAfterFirstResolve=!0,this.loadVault())}));this.metadataCacheEventReferences.push(e);let t=this.metadataCache.on("changed",n=>{this.tasksMutex.runExclusive(()=>{this.indexFile(n)})});this.metadataCacheEventReferences.push(t)}subscribeToVault(){this.logger.debug("Cache.subscribeToVault()");let{useFilenameAsScheduledDate:e}=X(),t=this.vault.on("create",s=>{s instanceof hs.TFile&&(this.logger.debug(`Cache.subscribeToVault.createdEventReference() ${s.path}`),this.tasksMutex.runExclusive(()=>{this.indexFile(s)}))});this.vaultEventReferences.push(t);let n=this.vault.on("delete",s=>{s instanceof hs.TFile&&(this.logger.debug(`Cache.subscribeToVault.deletedEventReference() ${s.path}`),this.tasksMutex.runExclusive(()=>{this.tasks=this.tasks.filter(a=>a.path!==s.path),this.notifySubscribers()}))});this.vaultEventReferences.push(n);let i=this.vault.on("rename",(s,a)=>{s instanceof hs.TFile&&(this.logger.debug(`Cache.subscribeToVault.renamedEventReference() ${s.path}`),this.tasksMutex.runExclusive(()=>{let o=this.metadataCache.getFileCache(s),u=new ze(s.path,o!=null?o:void 0),l=new To(()=>yt.fromPath(s.path));this.tasks=this.tasks.map(c=>c.path===a?e?yt.updateTaskPath(c,s.path,l.value):new ae(he(K({},c),{taskLocation:c.taskLocation.fromRenamedFile(u)})):c),this.notifySubscribers()}))});this.vaultEventReferences.push(i)}subscribeToEvents(){this.logger.debug("Cache.subscribeToEvents()");let e=this.events.onRequestCacheUpdate(t=>{t({tasks:this.tasks,state:this.state})});this.eventsEventReferences.push(e)}loadVault(){return this.logger.debug("Cache.loadVault()"),this.tasksMutex.runExclusive(()=>P(this,null,function*(){this.state="Initializing",this.logger.debug("Cache.loadVault(): state = Initializing"),yield Promise.all(this.vault.getMarkdownFiles().map(e=>this.indexFile(e))),this.state="Warm",this.logger.debug("Cache.loadVault(): state = Warm"),this.notifySubscribers()}))}indexFile(e){return P(this,null,function*(){let t=this.metadataCache.getFileCache(e);if(t==null)return;if(!e.path.endsWith(".md")){this.logger.debug("indexFile: skipping non-markdown file: "+e.path);return}this.logger.debug("Cache.indexFile: "+e.path);let n=this.tasks.filter(a=>a.path===e.path),i=t.listItems,s=[];if(i!==void 0){let a=yield this.vault.cachedRead(e);s=this.getTasksFromFileContent(a,i,t,e.path,this.reportTaskParsingErrorToUser,this.logger)}ae.tasksListsIdentical(n,s)||(this.tasks=this.tasks.filter(a=>a.path!==e.path),this.tasks.push(...s),this.logger.debug("Cache.indexFile: "+e.path+`: read ${s.length} task(s)`),this.notifySubscribers())})}getTasksFromFileContent(e,t,n,i,s,a){return yN(i,e,t,a,n,s)}reportTaskParsingErrorToUser(e,t,n,i){let s=`There was an error reading one of the tasks in this vault.
 The following task has been ignored, to prevent Tasks queries getting stuck with 'Loading Tasks ...'
 Error: ${e}
 File: ${t}
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ Include:
 The error popup will only be shown when Tasks is starting up, but if the error persists,
 it will be shown in the console every time this file is edited during the Obsidian
 session.
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 use successfully, and not miss intended search results.
-`}explanation(t){let i=LI(t,"using regex: ",this.regexAsString());return new Se(i)}regexAsString(){let t=`'${this.regex.source}' with `;switch(this.regex.flags.length){case 0:t+="no flags";break;case 1:t+=`flag '${this.regex.flags}'`;break;default:t+=`flags '${this.regex.flags}'`;break}return t}};function LI(r,e,t){var o;let n=r.match(/\//);if(!n)return"Error explaining instruction. Could not find a slash character";let i=2,s=((o=n.index)!=null?o:i)-i;return`${e.padEnd(s)}${t}`}var Ar=class{constructor(e,t,n,i){this.instruction=e,this.property=t,this.comparator=Ar.maybeReverse(i,n)}static maybeReverse(e,t){return e?Ar.makeReversedComparator(t):t}static makeReversedComparator(e){return(t,n,i)=>e(t,n,i)*-1}};var Xn=class{constructor(e,t,n,i){this.instruction=e,this.property=t,this.grouper=n,this.reverse=i}};var Ee=class{canCreateFilterForLine(e){return Ee.lineMatchesFilter(this.filterRegExp(),e)}static lineMatchesFilter(e,t){return e?e.test(t):!1}static getMatch(e,t){return e?t.match(e):null}fieldNameSingular(){return this.fieldName()}fieldNameSingularEscaped(){return Bn(this.fieldNameSingular())}supportsSorting(){return!1}createSorterFromLine(e){if(!this.supportsSorting())return null;let t=Ee.getMatch(this.sorterRegExp(),e);if(t===null)return null;let n=!!t[1];return this.createSorter(n)}sorterRegExp(){if(!this.supportsSorting())throw Error(`sorterRegExp() unimplemented for ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`);return new RegExp(`^sort by ${this.fieldNameSingularEscaped()}( reverse)?`,"i")}sorterInstruction(e){let t=`sort by ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`;return e&&(t+=" reverse"),t}comparator(){throw Error(`comparator() unimplemented for ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`)}createSorter(e){return new Ar(this.sorterInstruction(e),this.fieldNameSingular(),this.comparator(),e)}createNormalSorter(){return this.createSorter(!1)}createReverseSorter(){return this.createSorter(!0)}supportsGrouping(){return!1}createGrouperFromLine(e){if(!this.supportsGrouping())return null;let t=Ee.getMatch(this.grouperRegExp(),e);if(t===null)return null;let n=!!t[1];return this.createGrouper(n)}grouperRegExp(){if(!this.supportsGrouping())throw Error(`grouperRegExp() unimplemented for ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`);return new RegExp(`^group by ${this.fieldNameSingularEscaped()}( reverse)?$`,"i")}grouperInstruction(e){let t=`group by ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`;return e&&(t+=" reverse"),t}grouper(){throw Error(`grouper() unimplemented for ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`)}createGrouper(e){return new Xn(this.grouperInstruction(e),this.fieldNameSingular(),this.grouper(),e)}createNormalGrouper(){return this.createGrouper(!1)}createReverseGrouper(){return this.createGrouper(!0)}};var Mn=class{constructor(e,t){this._rawInstruction=e,this._anyContinuationLinesRemoved=t.trim(),this._anyPlaceholdersExpanded=this._anyContinuationLinesRemoved}recordExpandedPlaceholders(e){this._anyPlaceholdersExpanded=e}get rawInstruction(){return this._rawInstruction}get anyContinuationLinesRemoved(){return this._anyContinuationLinesRemoved}get anyPlaceholdersExpanded(){return this._anyPlaceholdersExpanded}explainStatement(e){function t(a,o){o!==a&&(s+=` =>
+`}explanation(t){let i=UI(t,"using regex: ",this.regexAsString());return new Se(i)}regexAsString(){let t=`'${this.regex.source}' with `;switch(this.regex.flags.length){case 0:t+="no flags";break;case 1:t+=`flag '${this.regex.flags}'`;break;default:t+=`flags '${this.regex.flags}'`;break}return t}};function UI(r,e,t){var o;let n=r.match(/\//);if(!n)return"Error explaining instruction. Could not find a slash character";let i=2,s=((o=n.index)!=null?o:i)-i;return`${e.padEnd(s)}${t}`}var Pr=class{constructor(e,t,n,i){this.instruction=e,this.property=t,this.comparator=Pr.maybeReverse(i,n)}static maybeReverse(e,t){return e?Pr.makeReversedComparator(t):t}static makeReversedComparator(e){return(t,n,i)=>e(t,n,i)*-1}};var Xn=class{constructor(e,t,n,i){this.instruction=e,this.property=t,this.grouper=n,this.reverse=i}};var Ee=class{canCreateFilterForLine(e){return Ee.lineMatchesFilter(this.filterRegExp(),e)}static lineMatchesFilter(e,t){return e?e.test(t):!1}static getMatch(e,t){return e?t.match(e):null}fieldNameSingular(){return this.fieldName()}fieldNameSingularEscaped(){return Bn(this.fieldNameSingular())}supportsSorting(){return!1}createSorterFromLine(e){if(!this.supportsSorting())return null;let t=Ee.getMatch(this.sorterRegExp(),e);if(t===null)return null;let n=!!t[1];return this.createSorter(n)}sorterRegExp(){if(!this.supportsSorting())throw Error(`sorterRegExp() unimplemented for ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`);return new RegExp(`^sort by ${this.fieldNameSingularEscaped()}( reverse)?`,"i")}sorterInstruction(e){let t=`sort by ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`;return e&&(t+=" reverse"),t}comparator(){throw Error(`comparator() unimplemented for ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`)}createSorter(e){return new Pr(this.sorterInstruction(e),this.fieldNameSingular(),this.comparator(),e)}createNormalSorter(){return this.createSorter(!1)}createReverseSorter(){return this.createSorter(!0)}supportsGrouping(){return!1}createGrouperFromLine(e){if(!this.supportsGrouping())return null;let t=Ee.getMatch(this.grouperRegExp(),e);if(t===null)return null;let n=!!t[1];return this.createGrouper(n)}grouperRegExp(){if(!this.supportsGrouping())throw Error(`grouperRegExp() unimplemented for ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`);return new RegExp(`^group by ${this.fieldNameSingularEscaped()}( reverse)?$`,"i")}grouperInstruction(e){let t=`group by ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`;return e&&(t+=" reverse"),t}grouper(){throw Error(`grouper() unimplemented for ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`)}createGrouper(e){return new Xn(this.grouperInstruction(e),this.fieldNameSingular(),this.grouper(),e)}createNormalGrouper(){return this.createGrouper(!1)}createReverseGrouper(){return this.createGrouper(!0)}};var Cn=class{constructor(e,t){this._rawInstruction=e,this._anyContinuationLinesRemoved=t.trim(),this._anyPlaceholdersExpanded=this._anyContinuationLinesRemoved}recordExpandedPlaceholders(e){this._anyPlaceholdersExpanded=e}get rawInstruction(){return this._rawInstruction}get anyContinuationLinesRemoved(){return this._anyContinuationLinesRemoved}get anyPlaceholdersExpanded(){return this._anyPlaceholdersExpanded}explainStatement(e){function t(a,o){o!==a&&(s+=` =>
 ${e}${o}`)}let n=this._rawInstruction.trim(),i=n.split(`
 `).join(`
 `+e),s=`${e}${i}`;return this._rawInstruction.includes(`
 `)&&(s+=`
-`+e),t(n,this._anyContinuationLinesRemoved),t(this._anyContinuationLinesRemoved,this._anyPlaceholdersExpanded),s}allLinesIdentical(){return this._rawInstruction===this._anyContinuationLinesRemoved&&this._rawInstruction===this._anyPlaceholdersExpanded}};var bt=class{constructor(e,t,n){this._statement=new Mn(e,e),this.explanation=n,this.filterFunction=t}get statement(){return this._statement}setStatement(e){this._statement=e}get instruction(){return this._statement.anyPlaceholdersExpanded}explainFilterIndented(e){let t=this._statement.explainStatement(e);return this.onlyNeedsOneLineExplanation()?`${t}
+`+e),t(n,this._anyContinuationLinesRemoved),t(this._anyContinuationLinesRemoved,this._anyPlaceholdersExpanded),s}allLinesIdentical(){return this._rawInstruction===this._anyContinuationLinesRemoved&&this._rawInstruction===this._anyPlaceholdersExpanded}};var bt=class{constructor(e,t,n){this._statement=new Cn(e,e),this.explanation=n,this.filterFunction=t}get statement(){return this._statement}setStatement(e){this._statement=e}get instruction(){return this._statement.anyPlaceholdersExpanded}explainFilterIndented(e){let t=this._statement.explainStatement(e);return this.onlyNeedsOneLineExplanation()?`${t}
 `:`${t} =>
 ${this.explanation.asString(e+"  ")}
-`}simulateExplainFilter(){return this.onlyNeedsOneLineExplanation()?this.explanation:new Se(this.instruction+" =>",[this.explanation])}onlyNeedsOneLineExplanation(){return this.explanation.asString("")===this.instruction}};var Xr=class{constructor(e){this.instruction=e}get queryComponent(){return this._queryComponent}set queryComponent(e){this._queryComponent=e}get error(){return this._error}set error(e){this._error=e}isValid(){return this._queryComponent!==void 0}static fromObject(e,t){let n=new Xr(e);return n._queryComponent=t,n}static fromError(e,t){let n=new Xr(e);return n._error=t,n}};var ie=class{constructor(e){this.object=e}get instruction(){return this.object.instruction}get filter(){return this.object.queryComponent}isValid(){return this.object.isValid()}get error(){return this.object.error}get filterFunction(){if(this.filter)return this.filter.filterFunction}static fromFilter(e){return new ie(Xr.fromObject(e.instruction,e))}static fromError(e,t){return new ie(Xr.fromError(e,t))}};var Ie=class extends Ee{createFilterOrErrorMessage(e){let t=Ee.getMatch(this.filterRegExp(),e);if(t===null)return ie.fromError(e,`do not understand query filter (${this.fieldName()})`);let n=t[1].toLowerCase(),i=t[2],s=null;if(n.includes("include"))s=new As(i);else if(n.includes("regex")){try{s=Qn.validateAndConstruct(i)}catch(u){let l=Ni("Parsing regular expression",u)+`
+`}simulateExplainFilter(){return this.onlyNeedsOneLineExplanation()?this.explanation:new Se(this.instruction+" =>",[this.explanation])}onlyNeedsOneLineExplanation(){return this.explanation.asString("")===this.instruction}};var Zr=class{constructor(e){this.instruction=e}get queryComponent(){return this._queryComponent}set queryComponent(e){this._queryComponent=e}get error(){return this._error}set error(e){this._error=e}isValid(){return this._queryComponent!==void 0}static fromObject(e,t){let n=new Zr(e);return n._queryComponent=t,n}static fromError(e,t){let n=new Zr(e);return n._error=t,n}};var ie=class{constructor(e){this.object=e}get instruction(){return this.object.instruction}get filter(){return this.object.queryComponent}isValid(){return this.object.isValid()}get error(){return this.object.error}get filterFunction(){if(this.filter)return this.filter.filterFunction}static fromFilter(e){return new ie(Zr.fromObject(e.instruction,e))}static fromError(e,t){return new ie(Zr.fromError(e,t))}};var Ie=class extends Ee{createFilterOrErrorMessage(e){let t=Ee.getMatch(this.filterRegExp(),e);if(t===null)return ie.fromError(e,`do not understand query filter (${this.fieldName()})`);let n=t[1].toLowerCase(),i=t[2],s=null;if(n.includes("include"))s=new As(i);else if(n.includes("regex")){try{s=Qn.validateAndConstruct(i)}catch(u){let l=Ni("Parsing regular expression",u)+`
 
 ${Qn.helpMessage()}`;return ie.fromError(e,l)}if(s===null)return ie.fromError(e,`Invalid instruction: '${e}'
 
-${Qn.helpMessage()}`)}if(s===null)return ie.fromError(e,`do not understand query filter (${this.fieldName()})`);let a=n.match(/not/)!==null,o=new bt(e,this.getFilter(s,a),s.explanation(e));return ie.fromFilter(o)}fieldPattern(){return this.fieldNameSingularEscaped()}filterOperatorPattern(){return"includes|does not include|regex matches|regex does not match"}filterRegExp(){return new RegExp(`^(?:${this.fieldPattern()}) (${this.filterOperatorPattern()}) (.*)`,"i")}getFilter(e,t){return n=>{let i=e.matches(this.value(n));return t?!i:i}}comparator(){return(e,t)=>this.value(e).localeCompare(this.value(t),void 0,{numeric:!0})}grouper(){return e=>[this.value(e)]}static escapeMarkdownCharacters(e){return e.replace(/\\/g,"\\\\").replace(/_/g,"\\_")}};var Ii=class extends Ie{fieldName(){return"description"}value(e){return _e.getInstance().removeAsSubstringFrom(e.description)}supportsSorting(){return!0}comparator(){return(e,t)=>{let n=Ii.cleanDescription(e.description),i=Ii.cleanDescription(t.description);return n.localeCompare(i,void 0,{numeric:!0})}}static cleanDescription(e){e=_e.getInstance().removeAsSubstringFrom(e);let t=/^\[\[?([^\]]*)]]?/,n=e.match(t);if(n!==null){let i=n[1];e=i.substring(i.indexOf("|")+1)+e.replace(t,"")}return e=this.replaceFormatting(e,/^\*\*([^*]+)\*\*/),e=this.replaceFormatting(e,/^\*([^*]+)\*/),e=this.replaceFormatting(e,/^==([^=]+)==/),e=this.replaceFormatting(e,/^__([^_]+)__/),e=this.replaceFormatting(e,/^_([^_]+)_/),e}static replaceFormatting(e,t){let n=e.match(t);return n!==null&&(e=n[1]+e.replace(t,"")),e}};var gl=class{findUnexpandedDateText(e){let t=["<%","YYYY-MM-DD"];for(let n of t)if(e.includes(n))return this.unexpandedDateTextMessage(n);return null}unexpandedDateTextMessage(e){return`Instruction contains unexpanded template text: "${e}" - and cannot be interpreted.
+${Qn.helpMessage()}`)}if(s===null)return ie.fromError(e,`do not understand query filter (${this.fieldName()})`);let a=n.match(/not/)!==null,o=new bt(e,this.getFilter(s,a),s.explanation(e));return ie.fromFilter(o)}fieldPattern(){return this.fieldNameSingularEscaped()}filterOperatorPattern(){return"includes|does not include|regex matches|regex does not match"}filterRegExp(){return new RegExp(`^(?:${this.fieldPattern()}) (${this.filterOperatorPattern()}) (.*)`,"i")}getFilter(e,t){return n=>{let i=e.matches(this.value(n));return t?!i:i}}comparator(){return(e,t)=>this.value(e).localeCompare(this.value(t),void 0,{numeric:!0})}grouper(){return e=>[this.value(e)]}static escapeMarkdownCharacters(e){return e.replace(/\\/g,"\\\\").replace(/_/g,"\\_")}};var Ii=class extends Ie{fieldName(){return"description"}value(e){return _e.getInstance().removeAsSubstringFrom(e.description)}supportsSorting(){return!0}comparator(){return(e,t)=>{let n=Ii.cleanDescription(e.description),i=Ii.cleanDescription(t.description);return n.localeCompare(i,void 0,{numeric:!0})}}static cleanDescription(e){e=_e.getInstance().removeAsSubstringFrom(e);let t=/^\[\[?([^\]]*)]]?/,n=e.match(t);if(n!==null){let i=n[1];e=i.substring(i.indexOf("|")+1)+e.replace(t,"")}return e=this.replaceFormatting(e,/^\*\*([^*]+)\*\*/),e=this.replaceFormatting(e,/^\*([^*]+)\*/),e=this.replaceFormatting(e,/^==([^=]+)==/),e=this.replaceFormatting(e,/^__([^_]+)__/),e=this.replaceFormatting(e,/^_([^_]+)_/),e}static replaceFormatting(e,t){let n=e.match(t);return n!==null&&(e=n[1]+e.replace(t,"")),e}};var yl=class{findUnexpandedDateText(e){let t=["<%","YYYY-MM-DD"];for(let n of t)if(e.includes(n))return this.unexpandedDateTextMessage(n);return null}unexpandedDateTextMessage(e){return`Instruction contains unexpanded template text: "${e}" - and cannot be interpreted.
 
 Possible causes:
 - The query is an a template file, and is not intended to be searched.
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ Possible causes:
   instead of in to a template file.
 
 See: https://publish.obsidian.md/tasks/Advanced/Instruction+contains+unexpanded+template+text
-`}};var yl=class{constructor(e,t){this._instruction=e,this._filter=t}canCreateFilterForLine(e){return e.toLocaleLowerCase()===this._instruction.toLocaleLowerCase()}createFilterOrErrorMessage(e){return this.canCreateFilterForLine(e)?ie.fromFilter(new bt(e,this._filter,new Se(e))):ie.fromError(e,`do not understand filter: ${e}`)}};var Wt=class{constructor(){this._filters=[]}add(e,t){this._filters.push(new yl(e,t))}canCreateFilterForLine(e){for(let t of this._filters)if(t.canCreateFilterForLine(e))return!0;return!1}createFilterOrErrorMessage(e){for(let t of this._filters){let n=t.createFilterOrErrorMessage(e);if(n.error===void 0)return n}return ie.fromError(e,`do not understand filter: ${e}`)}};var at=class extends Ee{constructor(t=null){super();t!==null?this.filterInstructions=t:(this.filterInstructions=new Wt,this.filterInstructions.add(`has ${this.fieldName()} date`,n=>this.date(n)!==null),this.filterInstructions.add(`no ${this.fieldName()} date`,n=>this.date(n)===null),this.filterInstructions.add(`${this.fieldName()} date is invalid`,n=>{let i=this.date(n);return i!==null&&!i.isValid()}))}canCreateFilterForLine(t){return this.filterInstructions.canCreateFilterForLine(t)?!0:super.canCreateFilterForLine(t)}createFilterOrErrorMessage(t){var f;let n=this.checkForUnexpandedTemplateText(t);if(n)return ie.fromError(t,n);let i=this.filterInstructions.createFilterOrErrorMessage(t);if(i.isValid())return i;let s=Ee.getMatch(this.filterRegExp(),t);if(s===null)return ie.fromError(t,"do not understand query filter ("+this.fieldName()+" date)");let a=s[1],o=(f=s[2])==null?void 0:f.toLowerCase(),u=s[3],l=Yt.parseDateRange(u);if(!l.isValid()){let m=Yt.parseDate(a);m.isValid()&&(l=new kt(m,m))}if(!l.isValid())return ie.fromError(t,"do not understand "+this.fieldName()+" date");let c=this.buildFilterFunction(o,l),d=at.buildExplanation(this.fieldNameForExplanation(),o,this.filterResultIfFieldMissing(),l);return ie.fromFilter(new bt(t,c,d))}buildFilterFunction(t,n){let i;switch(t){case"before":i=s=>s?s.isBefore(n.start):this.filterResultIfFieldMissing();break;case"after":i=s=>s?s.isAfter(n.end):this.filterResultIfFieldMissing();break;case"on or before":case"in or before":i=s=>s?s.isSameOrBefore(n.end):this.filterResultIfFieldMissing();break;case"on or after":case"in or after":i=s=>s?s.isSameOrAfter(n.start):this.filterResultIfFieldMissing();break;default:i=s=>s?s.isSameOrAfter(n.start)&&s.isSameOrBefore(n.end):this.filterResultIfFieldMissing()}return this.getFilter(i)}getFilter(t){return n=>t(this.date(n))}filterRegExp(){return new RegExp(`^${this.fieldNameForFilterInstruction()} (((?:on|in) or before|before|(?:on|in) or after|after|on|in)? ?(.*))`,"i")}fieldNameForFilterInstruction(){return this.fieldName()}static buildExplanation(t,n,i,s){let a=n,o="YYYY-MM-DD (dddd Do MMMM YYYY)",u;switch(n){case"before":case"on or after":u=s.start.format(o);break;case"after":case"on or before":u=s.end.format(o);break;case"in or before":a="on or before",u=s.end.format(o);break;case"in or after":a="on or after",u=s.start.format(o);break;default:if(!s.start.isSame(s.end)){let c=`${t} date is between:`,d=[new Se(`${s.start.format(o)} and`),new Se(`${s.end.format(o)} inclusive`)];return i&&d.push(new Se(`OR no ${t} date`)),new Se(c,d)}a="on",u=s.start.format(o);break}let l=`${t} date is ${a} ${u}`;return i&&(l+=` OR no ${t} date`),new Se(l)}fieldNameForExplanation(){return this.fieldName()}supportsSorting(){return!0}comparator(){return(t,n)=>fr(this.date(t),this.date(n))}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return t=>{let n=this.date(t);return n===null?["No "+this.fieldName()+" date"]:n.isValid()?[n.format("YYYY-MM-DD dddd")]:["%%0%% Invalid "+this.fieldName()+" date"]}}checkForUnexpandedTemplateText(t){return new gl().findUnexpandedDateText(t)}};var bl=class extends at{fieldName(){return"created"}date(e){return e.createdDate}filterResultIfFieldMissing(){return!1}};var Tl=class extends at{fieldName(){return"done"}date(e){return e.doneDate}filterResultIfFieldMissing(){return!1}};var Ps=class extends at{fieldName(){return"due"}date(e){return e.dueDate}filterResultIfFieldMissing(){return!1}};var Zr=class extends Ee{constructor(){super(...arguments);this._filters=new Wt}canCreateFilterForLine(t){return this._filters.canCreateFilterForLine(t)}createFilterOrErrorMessage(t){return this._filters.createFilterOrErrorMessage(t)}filterRegExp(){return null}};var _l=class extends Zr{constructor(){super(),this._filters.add("exclude sub-items",e=>{if(e.indentation==="")return!0;let t=e.indentation.lastIndexOf(">");return t===-1?!1:/^ ?$/.test(e.indentation.slice(t+1))})}fieldName(){return"exclude"}};var Ao=class extends Xr{};function lh(r,e){let t=r.map(([n])=>n);try{let n=e.includes("return")?e:`return ${e}`,i=e&&new Function(...t,n);return i instanceof Function?Ao.fromObject(e,i):Ao.fromError(e,"Error parsing group function")}catch(n){return Ao.fromError(e,Ni(`Failed parsing expression "${e}"`,n))}}function ch(r,e){let t=e.map(([n,i])=>i);return r(...t)}function dh(r,e,t){try{return ch(r,e)}catch(n){return Ni(`Failed calculating expression "${t}"`,n)}}function vl(r,e){return[["task",r],["query",e?e.query:null]]}function Aw(r,e,t){let n=vl(r,t||null),i=lh(n,e);return i.error?i.error:dh(i.queryComponent,n,e)}var Po=class{constructor(e){this.line=e,this.functionOrError=lh(vl(null,null),e)}isValid(){return this.functionOrError.isValid()}get parseError(){return this.functionOrError.error}evaluate(e,t){if(!this.isValid())throw Error(`Error: Cannot evaluate an expression which is not valid: "${this.line}" gave error: "${this.parseError}"`);return ch(this.functionOrError.queryComponent,vl(e,t||null))}evaluateOrCatch(e,t){return this.isValid()?dh(this.functionOrError.queryComponent,vl(e,t),this.line):`Error: Cannot evaluate an expression which is not valid: "${this.line}" gave error: "${this.parseError}"`}};function fh(r){if(r===null)return"null";let e=typeof r;return e==="object"?r.constructor.name:e}var wl=class extends Ee{createFilterOrErrorMessage(e){let t=Ee.getMatch(this.filterRegExp(),e);if(t===null)return ie.fromError(e,"Unable to parse line");let n=t[1],i=new Po(n);return i.isValid()?ie.fromFilter(new bt(e,UI(i),new Se(e))):ie.fromError(e,i.parseError)}fieldName(){return"function"}filterRegExp(){return new RegExp(`^filter by ${this.fieldNameSingularEscaped()} (.*)`,"i")}supportsSorting(){return!0}sorterRegExp(){return new RegExp(`^sort by ${this.fieldNameSingularEscaped()}( reverse)? (.*)`,"i")}createSorterFromLine(e){let t=Ee.getMatch(this.sorterRegExp(),e);if(t===null)return null;let n=!!t[1],i=t[2],s=new Po(i);if(!s.isValid())throw new Error(s.parseError);let a=(o,u,l)=>{try{let c=l.queryContext(),d=this.validateTaskSortKey(s.evaluate(o,c)),f=this.validateTaskSortKey(s.evaluate(u,c));return this.compareTaskSortKeys(d,f)}catch(c){throw c instanceof Error&&(c.message+=`: while evaluating instruction '${e}'`),c}};return new Ar(e,this.fieldNameSingular(),a,n)}validateTaskSortKey(e){function t(n){throw new Error(`"${n}" is not a valid sort key`)}return e===void 0&&t("undefined"),Number.isNaN(e)&&t("NaN (Not a Number)"),Array.isArray(e)&&t("array"),e}compareTaskSortKeys(e,t){let n=fh(e),i=fh(t),s=this.compareTaskSortKeysIfOptionalMoment(e,t,n,i);if(s!==void 0)return s;let a=this.compareTaskSortKeysIfEitherIsNull(e,t);if(a!==void 0)return a;if(n!==i)throw new Error(`Unable to compare two different sort key types '${n}' and '${i}' order`);if(n==="string")return e.localeCompare(t,void 0,{numeric:!0});if(n==="TasksDate")return fr(e.moment,t.moment);if(n==="boolean")return Number(t)-Number(e);let o=Number(e)-Number(t);if(isNaN(o))throw new Error(`Unable to determine sort order for sort key types '${n}' and '${i}'`);return o}compareTaskSortKeysIfOptionalMoment(e,t,n,i){let s=n==="Moment",a=i==="Moment";if(s&&a||s&&t===null||a&&e===null)return fr(e,t)}compareTaskSortKeysIfEitherIsNull(e,t){if(e===null&&t===null)return 0;if(e===null&&t!==null)return-1;if(e!==null&&t===null)return 1}supportsGrouping(){return!0}createGrouperFromLine(e){let t=Ee.getMatch(this.grouperRegExp(),e);if(t===null)return null;let n=!!t[1],i=t[2];return new Xn(e,"function",qI(i),n)}grouperRegExp(){return new RegExp(`^group by ${this.fieldNameSingularEscaped()}( reverse)? (.*)`,"i")}grouper(){throw Error("grouper() function not valid for FunctionField. Use createGrouperFromLine() instead.")}};function UI(r){return(e,t)=>{let n=t.queryContext();return WI(r,e,n)}}function WI(r,e,t){let n=r.evaluate(e,t);if(typeof n=="boolean")return n;throw Error(`filtering function must return true or false. This returned "${n}".`)}function qI(r){return(e,t)=>{let n=t.queryContext();return $I(e,r,n)}}function $I(r,e,t){try{let n=Aw(r,e,t);return Array.isArray(n)?n.map(s=>s.toString()):n===null?[]:[n.toString()]}catch(n){let i=`Error: Failed calculating expression "${e}". The error message was: `;return n instanceof Error?[i+n.message]:[i+"Unknown error"]}}var kl=class extends Ie{fieldName(){return"heading"}value(e){return e.precedingHeader?e.precedingHeader:""}supportsSorting(){return!0}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>e.precedingHeader===null||e.precedingHeader.length===0?["(No heading)"]:[e.precedingHeader]}};var Ns=class extends Ie{fieldName(){return"path"}value(e){return e.path}supportsSorting(){return!0}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>[Ie.escapeMarkdownCharacters(e.path.replace(".md",""))]}};var ph=class extends Ee{createFilterOrErrorMessage(e){var n;let t=Ee.getMatch(this.filterRegExp(),e);if(t!==null){let i=t[5],s=null;switch(i.toLowerCase()){case"lowest":s="5";break;case"low":s="4";break;case"none":s="3";break;case"medium":s="2";break;case"high":s="1";break;case"highest":s="0";break}if(s===null)return ie.fromError(e,"do not understand priority");let a=e,o;switch((n=t[3])==null?void 0:n.toLowerCase()){case"above":o=u=>u.priority.localeCompare(s)<0;break;case"below":o=u=>u.priority.localeCompare(s)>0;break;case"not":o=u=>u.priority!==s;break;default:o=u=>u.priority===s,a=`${this.fieldName()} is ${i}`}return ie.fromFilter(new bt(e,o,new Se(a)))}else return ie.fromError(e,"do not understand query filter (priority)")}fieldName(){return"priority"}filterRegExp(){return ph.priorityRegexp}supportsSorting(){return!0}comparator(){return(e,t)=>e.priority.localeCompare(t.priority)}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>[e.priorityNameGroupText]}},Fi=ph;Fi.priorityRegexp=/^priority(\s+is)?(\s+(above|below|not))?(\s+(lowest|low|none|medium|high|highest))$/i;var El=class extends at{fieldName(){return"scheduled"}date(e){return e.scheduledDate}filterResultIfFieldMissing(){return!1}};var Sl=class extends at{fieldName(){return"start"}fieldNameForFilterInstruction(){return"starts"}date(e){return e.startDate}filterResultIfFieldMissing(){return!0}};var Ol=class extends at{constructor(){let e=new Wt;e.add("has happens date",t=>this.dates(t).some(n=>n!==null)),e.add("no happens date",t=>!this.dates(t).some(n=>n!==null)),super(e)}fieldName(){return"happens"}fieldNameForExplanation(){return"due, start or scheduled"}date(e){return this.earliestDate(e)}dates(e){return e.happensDates}earliestDate(e){return e.happens.moment}filterResultIfFieldMissing(){return!1}getFilter(e){return t=>this.dates(t).some(n=>e(n))}};var Dl=class extends Zr{constructor(){super(),this._filters.add("is recurring",e=>e.recurrence!==null),this._filters.add("is not recurring",e=>e.recurrence===null)}fieldName(){return"recurring"}supportsSorting(){return!0}comparator(){return(e,t)=>e.recurrence!==null&&t.recurrence===null?-1:e.recurrence===null&&t.recurrence!==null?1:0}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>e.recurrence!==null?["Recurring"]:["Not Recurring"]}};var Zn=class extends Zr{constructor(){super(),this._filters.add("done",e=>e.isDone),this._filters.add("not done",e=>!e.isDone)}fieldName(){return"status"}supportsSorting(){return!0}comparator(){return(e,t)=>{let n=Zn.oldStatusName(e),i=Zn.oldStatusName(t);return n<i?1:n>i?-1:0}}static oldStatusName(e){return e.status.symbol===" "?"Todo":"Done"}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>[Zn.oldStatusName(e)]}};var xl=class extends Ie{fieldNamePlural(){return this.fieldNameSingular()+"s"}fieldName(){return`${this.fieldNameSingular()}/${this.fieldNamePlural()}`}fieldPattern(){return`${this.fieldNameSingular()}|${this.fieldNamePlural()}`}filterOperatorPattern(){return`${super.filterOperatorPattern()}|include|do not include`}value(e){return this.values(e).join(", ")}getFilter(e,t){return n=>{let i=e.matchesAnyOf(this.values(n));return t?!i:i}}createGrouper(e){return new Xn(this.grouperInstruction(e),this.fieldNamePlural(),this.grouper(),e)}grouperRegExp(){if(!this.supportsGrouping())throw Error(`grouperRegExp() unimplemented for ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`);return new RegExp(`^group by ${this.fieldNamePlural()}( reverse)?$`,"i")}grouperInstruction(e){let t=`group by ${this.fieldNamePlural()}`;return e&&(t+=" reverse"),t}};var Li=class extends xl{constructor(){super();this.filterInstructions=new Wt,this.filterInstructions.add(`has ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`,t=>this.values(t).length>0),this.filterInstructions.add(`has ${this.fieldNamePlural()}`,t=>this.values(t).length>0),this.filterInstructions.add(`no ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`,t=>this.values(t).length===0),this.filterInstructions.add(`no ${this.fieldNamePlural()}`,t=>this.values(t).length===0)}createFilterOrErrorMessage(t){let n=this.filterInstructions.createFilterOrErrorMessage(t);return n.isValid()?n:super.createFilterOrErrorMessage(t)}canCreateFilterForLine(t){return this.filterInstructions.canCreateFilterForLine(t)?!0:super.canCreateFilterForLine(t)}fieldNameSingular(){return"tag"}values(t){return t.tags}supportsSorting(){return!0}createSorterFromLine(t){let n=t.match(this.sorterRegExp());if(n===null)return null;let i=!!n[1],s=isNaN(+n[2])?1:+n[2],a=Li.makeCompareByTagComparator(s);return new Ar(t,this.fieldNameSingular(),a,i)}sorterRegExp(){return/^sort by tag( reverse)?[\s]*(\d+)?/i}comparator(){return Li.makeCompareByTagComparator(1)}static makeCompareByTagComparator(t){return(n,i)=>{if(n.tags.length===0&&i.tags.length===0)return 0;if(n.tags.length===0)return 1;if(i.tags.length===0)return-1;let s=t-1;if(n.tags.length<t&&i.tags.length>=t)return 1;if(i.tags.length<t&&n.tags.length>=t)return-1;if(n.tags.length<t&&i.tags.length<t)return 0;let a=n.tags[s],o=i.tags[s];return a.localeCompare(o,void 0,{numeric:!0})}}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return t=>t.tags.length==0?["(No tags)"]:t.tags}};var Hw=ia(Bw());function Jn(r){return new RegExp("["+Bn(r)+"]").source}var kh=[["(",")"],["[","]"],["{","}"],['"','"']],An=class{constructor(e,t,n){this.openFilterChars=e,this.closeFilterChars=t,this.openAndCloseFilterChars=n,this.openFilter=Jn(this.openFilterChars),this.closeFilter=Jn(this.closeFilterChars)}static allSupportedDelimiters(){let e="",t="",n="";for(let[i,s]of kh)e+=i,t+=s,n+=An.openAndClosing(i,s);return new An(e,t,n)}static fromInstructionLine(e){let t=e.trim(),i=/^[A-Z ]*\s*(.*)/.exec(t);if(i){let a=i[1],o=a[0],u=a.slice(-1);for(let[l,c]of kh)if(o===l&&u===c){let d=this.openAndClosing(l,c);return new An(l,c,d)}}let s="All filters in a Boolean instruction must be inside one of these pairs of delimiter characters: "+kh.map(([a,o])=>a+"..."+o).join(" or ")+". Combinations of those delimiters are no longer supported.";throw new Error(s)}static openAndClosing(e,t){let n=e;return t!=e&&(n+=t),n}};var ei=class{static preprocessExpression(e,t){let n=ei.splitLine(e,t);return ei.getFiltersAndSimplifiedLine(n,t)}static splitLine(e,t){let n=new RegExp("("+t.closeFilter+"\\s*(?:AND|OR|AND +NOT|OR +NOT|XOR)\\s*"+t.openFilter+")"),i=e.split(n),s=new RegExp("(NOT\\s*"+t.openFilter+")"),a=i.flatMap(l=>l.split(s)).filter(l=>l!==""),o=new RegExp("(^"+Jn(t.openFilterChars+" ")+"*)"),u=new RegExp("("+Jn(t.closeFilterChars+" ")+"*$)");return a.flatMap(l=>l.split(o)).flatMap(l=>l.split(u)).filter(l=>l!=="")}static getFiltersAndSimplifiedLine(e,t){let n="",i=1,s={};e.forEach(l=>{if(!ei.isAFilter(l,t))n+=`${l}`;else{let c=`f${i}`;s[c]=l,n+=c,i++}});let a=new RegExp(`(${t.closeFilter})([A-Z])`,"g");n=n.replace(a,"$1 $2");let o=new RegExp(`([A-Z])(${t.openFilter})`,"g");n=n.replace(o,"$1 $2");let u=t.openFilterChars;if(u!='"'&&u!="("){let l=new RegExp(Jn(u),"g");n=n.replace(l,"(");let c=t.closeFilterChars,d=new RegExp(Jn(c),"g");n=n.replace(d,")")}return{simplifiedLine:n,filters:s}}static isAFilter(e,t){let n=new RegExp("^"+Jn(" "+t.openAndCloseFilterChars)+"+$"),i=new RegExp("^ *"+t.closeFilter+" *(AND|OR|XOR) *"+t.openFilter+" *$"),s=new RegExp("^(AND|OR|XOR|NOT) *"+t.openFilter+"$"),a=new RegExp("^"+t.closeFilter+" *(AND|OR|XOR)$");return![n,i,s,a,/^(AND|OR|XOR|NOT)$/].some(u=>RegExp(u).exec(e))}};var Pl=class extends Ee{constructor(){super();this.supportedOperators=["AND","OR","XOR","NOT"];this.subFields={};let t=An.allSupportedDelimiters();this.basicBooleanRegexp=new RegExp("(.*(AND|OR|XOR|NOT)\\s*"+t.openFilter+".*|"+t.openFilter+".+"+t.closeFilter+")","g")}filterRegExp(){return this.basicBooleanRegexp}createFilterOrErrorMessage(t){return this.parseLine(t)}fieldName(){return"boolean query"}parseLine(t){if(t.length===0)return ie.fromError(t,"empty line");let n;try{n=An.fromInstructionLine(t)}catch(o){let u=o instanceof Error?o.message:"unknown error type";return ie.fromError(t,this.helpMessageFromSimpleError(t,u))}let i=ei.preprocessExpression(t,n),s=i.simplifiedLine,a=i.filters;try{let o=(0,Hw.parse)(s);for(let c of o)if(c.name==="IDENTIFIER"&&c.value){let d=c.value.trim(),f=a[d];if(c.value=f,!(f in this.subFields)){let m=Io(f);if(m===null)return this.helpMessage(t,`couldn't parse sub-expression '${f}'`,i);if(m.error)return this.helpMessage(t,`couldn't parse sub-expression '${f}': ${m.error}`,i);m.filter&&(this.subFields[f]=m.filter)}}else if(c.name==="OPERATOR"){if(c.value==null)return this.helpMessage(t,"empty operator in boolean query",i);if(!this.supportedOperators.includes(c.value))return this.helpMessage(t,`unknown boolean operator '${c.value}'`,i)}let u=(c,d)=>this.filterTaskWithParsedQuery(c,o,d),l=this.constructExplanation(o);return ie.fromFilter(new bt(t,u,l))}catch(o){let u=o instanceof Error?o.message:"unknown error type";return this.helpMessage(t,`malformed boolean query -- ${u} (check the documentation for guidelines)`,i)}}filterTaskWithParsedQuery(t,n,i){let s=u=>u==="true",a=u=>u?"true":"false",o=[];for(let u of n)if(u.name==="IDENTIFIER"){if(u.value==null)throw Error("null token value");let c=this.subFields[u.value.trim()].filterFunction(t,i);o.push(a(c))}else if(u.name==="OPERATOR")if(u.value==="NOT"){let l=s(o.pop());o.push(a(!l))}else if(u.value==="OR"){let l=s(o.pop()),c=s(o.pop());o.push(a(l||c))}else if(u.value==="AND"){let l=s(o.pop()),c=s(o.pop());o.push(a(l&&c))}else if(u.value==="XOR"){let l=s(o.pop()),c=s(o.pop());o.push(a(l&&!c||!l&&c))}else throw Error("Unsupported operator: "+u.value);else throw Error("Unsupported token type: "+u);return s(o[0])}constructExplanation(t){let n=[];for(let i of t)if(i.name==="IDENTIFIER")this.explainExpression(i,n);else if(i.name==="OPERATOR")this.explainOperator(i,n);else throw Error("Unsupported token type: "+i.name);return n[0]}explainExpression(t,n){if(t.value==null)throw Error("null token value");let i=this.subFields[t.value.trim()],s=this.simulateExplainFilter(i);n.push(s)}simulateExplainFilter(t){return t.simulateExplainFilter()}explainOperator(t,n){if(t.value==="NOT"){let i=n.pop();n.push(Se.booleanNot([i]))}else if(t.value==="OR"){let i=n.pop(),s=n.pop();n.push(Se.booleanOr([s,i]))}else if(t.value==="AND"){let i=n.pop(),s=n.pop();n.push(Se.booleanAnd([s,i]))}else if(t.value==="XOR"){let i=n.pop(),s=n.pop();n.push(Se.booleanXor([s,i]))}else throw Error("Unsupported operator: "+t.value)}helpMessage(t,n,i){let s=i.filters,a=this.stringifySubExpressionsForErrorMessage(s),u=`${this.helpMessageFromSimpleError(t,n)}
+`}};var bl=class{constructor(e,t){this._instruction=e,this._filter=t}canCreateFilterForLine(e){return e.toLocaleLowerCase()===this._instruction.toLocaleLowerCase()}createFilterOrErrorMessage(e){return this.canCreateFilterForLine(e)?ie.fromFilter(new bt(e,this._filter,new Se(e))):ie.fromError(e,`do not understand filter: ${e}`)}};var Wt=class{constructor(){this._filters=[]}add(e,t){this._filters.push(new bl(e,t))}canCreateFilterForLine(e){for(let t of this._filters)if(t.canCreateFilterForLine(e))return!0;return!1}createFilterOrErrorMessage(e){for(let t of this._filters){let n=t.createFilterOrErrorMessage(e);if(n.error===void 0)return n}return ie.fromError(e,`do not understand filter: ${e}`)}};var at=class extends Ee{constructor(t=null){super();t!==null?this.filterInstructions=t:(this.filterInstructions=new Wt,this.filterInstructions.add(`has ${this.fieldName()} date`,n=>this.date(n)!==null),this.filterInstructions.add(`no ${this.fieldName()} date`,n=>this.date(n)===null),this.filterInstructions.add(`${this.fieldName()} date is invalid`,n=>{let i=this.date(n);return i!==null&&!i.isValid()}))}canCreateFilterForLine(t){return this.filterInstructions.canCreateFilterForLine(t)?!0:super.canCreateFilterForLine(t)}createFilterOrErrorMessage(t){var f;let n=this.checkForUnexpandedTemplateText(t);if(n)return ie.fromError(t,n);let i=this.filterInstructions.createFilterOrErrorMessage(t);if(i.isValid())return i;let s=Ee.getMatch(this.filterRegExp(),t);if(s===null)return ie.fromError(t,"do not understand query filter ("+this.fieldName()+" date)");let a=s[1],o=(f=s[2])==null?void 0:f.toLowerCase(),u=s[3],l=Yt.parseDateRange(u);if(!l.isValid()){let m=Yt.parseDate(a);m.isValid()&&(l=new kt(m,m))}if(!l.isValid())return ie.fromError(t,"do not understand "+this.fieldName()+" date");let c=this.buildFilterFunction(o,l),d=at.buildExplanation(this.fieldNameForExplanation(),o,this.filterResultIfFieldMissing(),l);return ie.fromFilter(new bt(t,c,d))}buildFilterFunction(t,n){let i;switch(t){case"before":i=s=>s?s.isBefore(n.start):this.filterResultIfFieldMissing();break;case"after":i=s=>s?s.isAfter(n.end):this.filterResultIfFieldMissing();break;case"on or before":case"in or before":i=s=>s?s.isSameOrBefore(n.end):this.filterResultIfFieldMissing();break;case"on or after":case"in or after":i=s=>s?s.isSameOrAfter(n.start):this.filterResultIfFieldMissing();break;default:i=s=>s?s.isSameOrAfter(n.start)&&s.isSameOrBefore(n.end):this.filterResultIfFieldMissing()}return this.getFilter(i)}getFilter(t){return n=>t(this.date(n))}filterRegExp(){return new RegExp(`^${this.fieldNameForFilterInstruction()} (((?:on|in) or before|before|(?:on|in) or after|after|on|in)? ?(.*))`,"i")}fieldNameForFilterInstruction(){return this.fieldName()}static buildExplanation(t,n,i,s){let a=n,o="YYYY-MM-DD (dddd Do MMMM YYYY)",u;switch(n){case"before":case"on or after":u=s.start.format(o);break;case"after":case"on or before":u=s.end.format(o);break;case"in or before":a="on or before",u=s.end.format(o);break;case"in or after":a="on or after",u=s.start.format(o);break;default:if(!s.start.isSame(s.end)){let c=`${t} date is between:`,d=[new Se(`${s.start.format(o)} and`),new Se(`${s.end.format(o)} inclusive`)];return i&&d.push(new Se(`OR no ${t} date`)),new Se(c,d)}a="on",u=s.start.format(o);break}let l=`${t} date is ${a} ${u}`;return i&&(l+=` OR no ${t} date`),new Se(l)}fieldNameForExplanation(){return this.fieldName()}supportsSorting(){return!0}comparator(){return(t,n)=>fr(this.date(t),this.date(n))}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return t=>{let n=this.date(t);return n===null?["No "+this.fieldName()+" date"]:n.isValid()?[n.format("YYYY-MM-DD dddd")]:["%%0%% Invalid "+this.fieldName()+" date"]}}checkForUnexpandedTemplateText(t){return new yl().findUnexpandedDateText(t)}};var Tl=class extends at{fieldName(){return"created"}date(e){return e.createdDate}filterResultIfFieldMissing(){return!1}};var _l=class extends at{fieldName(){return"done"}date(e){return e.doneDate}filterResultIfFieldMissing(){return!1}};var Ps=class extends at{fieldName(){return"due"}date(e){return e.dueDate}filterResultIfFieldMissing(){return!1}};var Jr=class extends Ee{constructor(){super(...arguments);this._filters=new Wt}canCreateFilterForLine(t){return this._filters.canCreateFilterForLine(t)}createFilterOrErrorMessage(t){return this._filters.createFilterOrErrorMessage(t)}filterRegExp(){return null}};var vl=class extends Jr{constructor(){super(),this._filters.add("exclude sub-items",e=>{if(e.indentation==="")return!0;let t=e.indentation.lastIndexOf(">");return t===-1?!1:/^ ?$/.test(e.indentation.slice(t+1))})}fieldName(){return"exclude"}};var Ao=class extends Zr{};function ch(r,e){let t=r.map(([n])=>n);try{let n=e.includes("return")?e:`return ${e}`,i=e&&new Function(...t,n);return i instanceof Function?Ao.fromObject(e,i):Ao.fromError(e,"Error parsing group function")}catch(n){return Ao.fromError(e,Ni(`Failed parsing expression "${e}"`,n))}}function dh(r,e){let t=e.map(([n,i])=>i);return r(...t)}function fh(r,e,t){try{return dh(r,e)}catch(n){return Ni(`Failed calculating expression "${t}"`,n)}}function wl(r,e){return[["task",r],["query",e?e.query:null]]}function Pw(r,e,t){let n=wl(r,t||null),i=ch(n,e);return i.error?i.error:fh(i.queryComponent,n,e)}var Po=class{constructor(e){this.line=e,this.functionOrError=ch(wl(null,null),e)}isValid(){return this.functionOrError.isValid()}get parseError(){return this.functionOrError.error}evaluate(e,t){if(!this.isValid())throw Error(`Error: Cannot evaluate an expression which is not valid: "${this.line}" gave error: "${this.parseError}"`);return dh(this.functionOrError.queryComponent,wl(e,t||null))}evaluateOrCatch(e,t){return this.isValid()?fh(this.functionOrError.queryComponent,wl(e,t),this.line):`Error: Cannot evaluate an expression which is not valid: "${this.line}" gave error: "${this.parseError}"`}};function ph(r){if(r===null)return"null";let e=typeof r;return e==="object"?r.constructor.name:e}var kl=class extends Ee{createFilterOrErrorMessage(e){let t=Ee.getMatch(this.filterRegExp(),e);if(t===null)return ie.fromError(e,"Unable to parse line");let n=t[1],i=new Po(n);return i.isValid()?ie.fromFilter(new bt(e,WI(i),new Se(e))):ie.fromError(e,i.parseError)}fieldName(){return"function"}filterRegExp(){return new RegExp(`^filter by ${this.fieldNameSingularEscaped()} (.*)`,"i")}supportsSorting(){return!0}sorterRegExp(){return new RegExp(`^sort by ${this.fieldNameSingularEscaped()}( reverse)? (.*)`,"i")}createSorterFromLine(e){let t=Ee.getMatch(this.sorterRegExp(),e);if(t===null)return null;let n=!!t[1],i=t[2],s=new Po(i);if(!s.isValid())throw new Error(s.parseError);let a=(o,u,l)=>{try{let c=l.queryContext(),d=this.validateTaskSortKey(s.evaluate(o,c)),f=this.validateTaskSortKey(s.evaluate(u,c));return this.compareTaskSortKeys(d,f)}catch(c){throw c instanceof Error&&(c.message+=`: while evaluating instruction '${e}'`),c}};return new Pr(e,this.fieldNameSingular(),a,n)}validateTaskSortKey(e){function t(n){throw new Error(`"${n}" is not a valid sort key`)}return e===void 0&&t("undefined"),Number.isNaN(e)&&t("NaN (Not a Number)"),Array.isArray(e)&&t("array"),e}compareTaskSortKeys(e,t){let n=ph(e),i=ph(t),s=this.compareTaskSortKeysIfOptionalMoment(e,t,n,i);if(s!==void 0)return s;let a=this.compareTaskSortKeysIfEitherIsNull(e,t);if(a!==void 0)return a;if(n!==i)throw new Error(`Unable to compare two different sort key types '${n}' and '${i}' order`);if(n==="string")return e.localeCompare(t,void 0,{numeric:!0});if(n==="TasksDate")return fr(e.moment,t.moment);if(n==="boolean")return Number(t)-Number(e);let o=Number(e)-Number(t);if(isNaN(o))throw new Error(`Unable to determine sort order for sort key types '${n}' and '${i}'`);return o}compareTaskSortKeysIfOptionalMoment(e,t,n,i){let s=n==="Moment",a=i==="Moment";if(s&&a||s&&t===null||a&&e===null)return fr(e,t)}compareTaskSortKeysIfEitherIsNull(e,t){if(e===null&&t===null)return 0;if(e===null&&t!==null)return-1;if(e!==null&&t===null)return 1}supportsGrouping(){return!0}createGrouperFromLine(e){let t=Ee.getMatch(this.grouperRegExp(),e);if(t===null)return null;let n=!!t[1],i=t[2];return new Xn(e,"function",$I(i),n)}grouperRegExp(){return new RegExp(`^group by ${this.fieldNameSingularEscaped()}( reverse)? (.*)`,"i")}grouper(){throw Error("grouper() function not valid for FunctionField. Use createGrouperFromLine() instead.")}};function WI(r){return(e,t)=>{let n=t.queryContext();return qI(r,e,n)}}function qI(r,e,t){let n=r.evaluate(e,t);if(typeof n=="boolean")return n;throw Error(`filtering function must return true or false. This returned "${n}".`)}function $I(r){return(e,t)=>{let n=t.queryContext();return jI(e,r,n)}}function jI(r,e,t){try{let n=Pw(r,e,t);return Array.isArray(n)?n.map(s=>s.toString()):n===null?[]:[n.toString()]}catch(n){let i=`Error: Failed calculating expression "${e}". The error message was: `;return n instanceof Error?[i+n.message]:[i+"Unknown error"]}}var El=class extends Ie{fieldName(){return"heading"}value(e){return e.precedingHeader?e.precedingHeader:""}supportsSorting(){return!0}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>e.precedingHeader===null||e.precedingHeader.length===0?["(No heading)"]:[e.precedingHeader]}};var Ns=class extends Ie{fieldName(){return"path"}value(e){return e.path}supportsSorting(){return!0}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>[Ie.escapeMarkdownCharacters(e.path.replace(".md",""))]}};var mh=class extends Ee{createFilterOrErrorMessage(e){var n;let t=Ee.getMatch(this.filterRegExp(),e);if(t!==null){let i=t[5],s=null;switch(i.toLowerCase()){case"lowest":s="5";break;case"low":s="4";break;case"none":s="3";break;case"medium":s="2";break;case"high":s="1";break;case"highest":s="0";break}if(s===null)return ie.fromError(e,"do not understand priority");let a=e,o;switch((n=t[3])==null?void 0:n.toLowerCase()){case"above":o=u=>u.priority.localeCompare(s)<0;break;case"below":o=u=>u.priority.localeCompare(s)>0;break;case"not":o=u=>u.priority!==s;break;default:o=u=>u.priority===s,a=`${this.fieldName()} is ${i}`}return ie.fromFilter(new bt(e,o,new Se(a)))}else return ie.fromError(e,"do not understand query filter (priority)")}fieldName(){return"priority"}filterRegExp(){return mh.priorityRegexp}supportsSorting(){return!0}comparator(){return(e,t)=>e.priority.localeCompare(t.priority)}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>[e.priorityNameGroupText]}},Fi=mh;Fi.priorityRegexp=/^priority(\s+is)?(\s+(above|below|not))?(\s+(lowest|low|none|medium|high|highest))$/i;var Sl=class extends at{fieldName(){return"scheduled"}date(e){return e.scheduledDate}filterResultIfFieldMissing(){return!1}};var Ol=class extends at{fieldName(){return"start"}fieldNameForFilterInstruction(){return"starts"}date(e){return e.startDate}filterResultIfFieldMissing(){return!0}};var Dl=class extends at{constructor(){let e=new Wt;e.add("has happens date",t=>this.dates(t).some(n=>n!==null)),e.add("no happens date",t=>!this.dates(t).some(n=>n!==null)),super(e)}fieldName(){return"happens"}fieldNameForExplanation(){return"due, start or scheduled"}date(e){return this.earliestDate(e)}dates(e){return e.happensDates}earliestDate(e){return e.happens.moment}filterResultIfFieldMissing(){return!1}getFilter(e){return t=>this.dates(t).some(n=>e(n))}};var xl=class extends Jr{constructor(){super(),this._filters.add("is recurring",e=>e.recurrence!==null),this._filters.add("is not recurring",e=>e.recurrence===null)}fieldName(){return"recurring"}supportsSorting(){return!0}comparator(){return(e,t)=>e.recurrence!==null&&t.recurrence===null?-1:e.recurrence===null&&t.recurrence!==null?1:0}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>e.recurrence!==null?["Recurring"]:["Not Recurring"]}};var Zn=class extends Jr{constructor(){super(),this._filters.add("done",e=>e.isDone),this._filters.add("not done",e=>!e.isDone)}fieldName(){return"status"}supportsSorting(){return!0}comparator(){return(e,t)=>{let n=Zn.oldStatusName(e),i=Zn.oldStatusName(t);return n<i?1:n>i?-1:0}}static oldStatusName(e){return e.status.symbol===" "?"Todo":"Done"}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>[Zn.oldStatusName(e)]}};var Rl=class extends Ie{fieldNamePlural(){return this.fieldNameSingular()+"s"}fieldName(){return`${this.fieldNameSingular()}/${this.fieldNamePlural()}`}fieldPattern(){return`${this.fieldNameSingular()}|${this.fieldNamePlural()}`}filterOperatorPattern(){return`${super.filterOperatorPattern()}|include|do not include`}value(e){return this.values(e).join(", ")}getFilter(e,t){return n=>{let i=e.matchesAnyOf(this.values(n));return t?!i:i}}createGrouper(e){return new Xn(this.grouperInstruction(e),this.fieldNamePlural(),this.grouper(),e)}grouperRegExp(){if(!this.supportsGrouping())throw Error(`grouperRegExp() unimplemented for ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`);return new RegExp(`^group by ${this.fieldNamePlural()}( reverse)?$`,"i")}grouperInstruction(e){let t=`group by ${this.fieldNamePlural()}`;return e&&(t+=" reverse"),t}};var Li=class extends Rl{constructor(){super();this.filterInstructions=new Wt,this.filterInstructions.add(`has ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`,t=>this.values(t).length>0),this.filterInstructions.add(`has ${this.fieldNamePlural()}`,t=>this.values(t).length>0),this.filterInstructions.add(`no ${this.fieldNameSingular()}`,t=>this.values(t).length===0),this.filterInstructions.add(`no ${this.fieldNamePlural()}`,t=>this.values(t).length===0)}createFilterOrErrorMessage(t){let n=this.filterInstructions.createFilterOrErrorMessage(t);return n.isValid()?n:super.createFilterOrErrorMessage(t)}canCreateFilterForLine(t){return this.filterInstructions.canCreateFilterForLine(t)?!0:super.canCreateFilterForLine(t)}fieldNameSingular(){return"tag"}values(t){return t.tags}supportsSorting(){return!0}createSorterFromLine(t){let n=t.match(this.sorterRegExp());if(n===null)return null;let i=!!n[1],s=isNaN(+n[2])?1:+n[2],a=Li.makeCompareByTagComparator(s);return new Pr(t,this.fieldNameSingular(),a,i)}sorterRegExp(){return/^sort by tag( reverse)?[\s]*(\d+)?/i}comparator(){return Li.makeCompareByTagComparator(1)}static makeCompareByTagComparator(t){return(n,i)=>{if(n.tags.length===0&&i.tags.length===0)return 0;if(n.tags.length===0)return 1;if(i.tags.length===0)return-1;let s=t-1;if(n.tags.length<t&&i.tags.length>=t)return 1;if(i.tags.length<t&&n.tags.length>=t)return-1;if(n.tags.length<t&&i.tags.length<t)return 0;let a=n.tags[s],o=i.tags[s];return a.localeCompare(o,void 0,{numeric:!0})}}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return t=>t.tags.length==0?["(No tags)"]:t.tags}};var Vw=ia(Hw());function Jn(r){return new RegExp("["+Bn(r)+"]").source}var Eh=[["(",")"],["[","]"],["{","}"],['"','"']],An=class{constructor(e,t,n){this.openFilterChars=e,this.closeFilterChars=t,this.openAndCloseFilterChars=n,this.openFilter=Jn(this.openFilterChars),this.closeFilter=Jn(this.closeFilterChars)}static allSupportedDelimiters(){let e="",t="",n="";for(let[i,s]of Eh)e+=i,t+=s,n+=An.openAndClosing(i,s);return new An(e,t,n)}static fromInstructionLine(e){let t=e.trim(),i=/^[A-Z ]*\s*(.*)/.exec(t);if(i){let a=i[1],o=a[0],u=a.slice(-1);for(let[l,c]of Eh)if(o===l&&u===c){let d=this.openAndClosing(l,c);return new An(l,c,d)}}let s="All filters in a Boolean instruction must be inside one of these pairs of delimiter characters: "+Eh.map(([a,o])=>a+"..."+o).join(" or ")+". Combinations of those delimiters are no longer supported.";throw new Error(s)}static openAndClosing(e,t){let n=e;return t!=e&&(n+=t),n}};var ei=class{static preprocessExpression(e,t){let n=ei.splitLine(e,t);return ei.getFiltersAndSimplifiedLine(n,t)}static splitLine(e,t){let n=new RegExp("("+t.closeFilter+"\\s*(?:AND|OR|AND +NOT|OR +NOT|XOR)\\s*"+t.openFilter+")"),i=e.split(n),s=new RegExp("(NOT\\s*"+t.openFilter+")"),a=i.flatMap(l=>l.split(s)).filter(l=>l!==""),o=new RegExp("(^"+Jn(t.openFilterChars+" ")+"*)"),u=new RegExp("("+Jn(t.closeFilterChars+" ")+"*$)");return a.flatMap(l=>l.split(o)).flatMap(l=>l.split(u)).filter(l=>l!=="")}static getFiltersAndSimplifiedLine(e,t){let n="",i=1,s={};e.forEach(l=>{if(!ei.isAFilter(l,t))n+=`${l}`;else{let c=`f${i}`;s[c]=l,n+=c,i++}});let a=new RegExp(`(${t.closeFilter})([A-Z])`,"g");n=n.replace(a,"$1 $2");let o=new RegExp(`([A-Z])(${t.openFilter})`,"g");n=n.replace(o,"$1 $2");let u=t.openFilterChars;if(u!='"'&&u!="("){let l=new RegExp(Jn(u),"g");n=n.replace(l,"(");let c=t.closeFilterChars,d=new RegExp(Jn(c),"g");n=n.replace(d,")")}return{simplifiedLine:n,filters:s}}static isAFilter(e,t){let n=new RegExp("^"+Jn(" "+t.openAndCloseFilterChars)+"+$"),i=new RegExp("^ *"+t.closeFilter+" *(AND|OR|XOR) *"+t.openFilter+" *$"),s=new RegExp("^(AND|OR|XOR|NOT) *"+t.openFilter+"$"),a=new RegExp("^"+t.closeFilter+" *(AND|OR|XOR)$");return![n,i,s,a,/^(AND|OR|XOR|NOT)$/].some(u=>RegExp(u).exec(e))}};var Nl=class extends Ee{constructor(){super();this.supportedOperators=["AND","OR","XOR","NOT"];this.subFields={};let t=An.allSupportedDelimiters();this.basicBooleanRegexp=new RegExp("(.*(AND|OR|XOR|NOT)\\s*"+t.openFilter+".*|"+t.openFilter+".+"+t.closeFilter+")","g")}filterRegExp(){return this.basicBooleanRegexp}createFilterOrErrorMessage(t){return this.parseLine(t)}fieldName(){return"boolean query"}parseLine(t){if(t.length===0)return ie.fromError(t,"empty line");let n;try{n=An.fromInstructionLine(t)}catch(o){let u=o instanceof Error?o.message:"unknown error type";return ie.fromError(t,this.helpMessageFromSimpleError(t,u))}let i=ei.preprocessExpression(t,n),s=i.simplifiedLine,a=i.filters;try{let o=(0,Vw.parse)(s);for(let c of o)if(c.name==="IDENTIFIER"&&c.value){let d=c.value.trim(),f=a[d];if(c.value=f,!(f in this.subFields)){let m=Io(f);if(m===null)return this.helpMessage(t,`couldn't parse sub-expression '${f}'`,i);if(m.error)return this.helpMessage(t,`couldn't parse sub-expression '${f}': ${m.error}`,i);m.filter&&(this.subFields[f]=m.filter)}}else if(c.name==="OPERATOR"){if(c.value==null)return this.helpMessage(t,"empty operator in boolean query",i);if(!this.supportedOperators.includes(c.value))return this.helpMessage(t,`unknown boolean operator '${c.value}'`,i)}let u=(c,d)=>this.filterTaskWithParsedQuery(c,o,d),l=this.constructExplanation(o);return ie.fromFilter(new bt(t,u,l))}catch(o){let u=o instanceof Error?o.message:"unknown error type";return this.helpMessage(t,`malformed boolean query -- ${u} (check the documentation for guidelines)`,i)}}filterTaskWithParsedQuery(t,n,i){let s=u=>u==="true",a=u=>u?"true":"false",o=[];for(let u of n)if(u.name==="IDENTIFIER"){if(u.value==null)throw Error("null token value");let c=this.subFields[u.value.trim()].filterFunction(t,i);o.push(a(c))}else if(u.name==="OPERATOR")if(u.value==="NOT"){let l=s(o.pop());o.push(a(!l))}else if(u.value==="OR"){let l=s(o.pop()),c=s(o.pop());o.push(a(l||c))}else if(u.value==="AND"){let l=s(o.pop()),c=s(o.pop());o.push(a(l&&c))}else if(u.value==="XOR"){let l=s(o.pop()),c=s(o.pop());o.push(a(l&&!c||!l&&c))}else throw Error("Unsupported operator: "+u.value);else throw Error("Unsupported token type: "+u);return s(o[0])}constructExplanation(t){let n=[];for(let i of t)if(i.name==="IDENTIFIER")this.explainExpression(i,n);else if(i.name==="OPERATOR")this.explainOperator(i,n);else throw Error("Unsupported token type: "+i.name);return n[0]}explainExpression(t,n){if(t.value==null)throw Error("null token value");let i=this.subFields[t.value.trim()],s=this.simulateExplainFilter(i);n.push(s)}simulateExplainFilter(t){return t.simulateExplainFilter()}explainOperator(t,n){if(t.value==="NOT"){let i=n.pop();n.push(Se.booleanNot([i]))}else if(t.value==="OR"){let i=n.pop(),s=n.pop();n.push(Se.booleanOr([s,i]))}else if(t.value==="AND"){let i=n.pop(),s=n.pop();n.push(Se.booleanAnd([s,i]))}else if(t.value==="XOR"){let i=n.pop(),s=n.pop();n.push(Se.booleanXor([s,i]))}else throw Error("Unsupported operator: "+t.value)}helpMessage(t,n,i){let s=i.filters,a=this.stringifySubExpressionsForErrorMessage(s),u=`${this.helpMessageFromSimpleError(t,n)}
 
 The instruction was converted to the following simplified line:
     ${i.simplifiedLine}
@@ -283,47 +283,47 @@ For help, see:
     ${t}
 
 The error message is:
-    ${n}`}};var Nl=class extends Ie{fieldName(){return"filename"}value(e){let t=e.filename;return t===null?"":t+".md"}supportsSorting(){return!0}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>{let t=e.filename;return t===null?["Unknown Location"]:["[["+t+"]]"]}}};var js=class extends Ee{canCreateFilterForLine(e){return!1}createFilterOrErrorMessage(e){return ie.fromError(e,"Filtering by urgency is not yet supported")}fieldName(){return"urgency"}filterRegExp(){throw Error(`filterRegExp() unimplemented for ${this.fieldName()}`)}supportsSorting(){return!0}comparator(){return(e,t)=>t.urgency-e.urgency}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>[`${e.urgency.toFixed(2)}`]}createGrouper(e){return super.createGrouper(!e)}grouperInstruction(e){return super.grouperInstruction(!e)}};var Il=class extends Ie{constructor(){super()}fieldName(){return"status.name"}value(e){return e.status.name}supportsSorting(){return!0}supportsGrouping(){return!0}};var rn=class extends Ee{canCreateFilterForLine(e){let t=new RegExp(`^(?:${this.fieldNameSingularEscaped()})`,"i");return Ee.lineMatchesFilter(t,e)}createFilterOrErrorMessage(e){let t=Ee.getMatch(this.filterRegExp(),e);if(t===null)return this.helpMessage(e);let n=t[1].toLowerCase(),i=t[2],s=zt[i.toUpperCase()];if(!s)return this.helpMessage(e);let a;switch(n){case"is":a=o=>o.status.type===s;break;case"is not":a=o=>o.status.type!==s;break;default:return this.helpMessage(e)}return ie.fromFilter(new bt(e,a,new Se(e)))}filterRegExp(){return new RegExp(`^(?:${this.fieldNameSingularEscaped()}) (is|is not) ([^ ]+)$`,"i")}helpMessage(e){let t=Object.values(zt).filter(i=>i!=="EMPTY").join(" "),n=`Invalid ${this.fieldNameSingular()} instruction: '${e}'.
+    ${n}`}};var Il=class extends Ie{fieldName(){return"filename"}value(e){let t=e.filename;return t===null?"":t+".md"}supportsSorting(){return!0}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>{let t=e.filename;return t===null?["Unknown Location"]:["[["+t+"]]"]}}};var js=class extends Ee{canCreateFilterForLine(e){return!1}createFilterOrErrorMessage(e){return ie.fromError(e,"Filtering by urgency is not yet supported")}fieldName(){return"urgency"}filterRegExp(){throw Error(`filterRegExp() unimplemented for ${this.fieldName()}`)}supportsSorting(){return!0}comparator(){return(e,t)=>t.urgency-e.urgency}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>[`${e.urgency.toFixed(2)}`]}createGrouper(e){return super.createGrouper(!e)}grouperInstruction(e){return super.grouperInstruction(!e)}};var Fl=class extends Ie{constructor(){super()}fieldName(){return"status.name"}value(e){return e.status.name}supportsSorting(){return!0}supportsGrouping(){return!0}};var nn=class extends Ee{canCreateFilterForLine(e){let t=new RegExp(`^(?:${this.fieldNameSingularEscaped()})`,"i");return Ee.lineMatchesFilter(t,e)}createFilterOrErrorMessage(e){let t=Ee.getMatch(this.filterRegExp(),e);if(t===null)return this.helpMessage(e);let n=t[1].toLowerCase(),i=t[2],s=zt[i.toUpperCase()];if(!s)return this.helpMessage(e);let a;switch(n){case"is":a=o=>o.status.type===s;break;case"is not":a=o=>o.status.type!==s;break;default:return this.helpMessage(e)}return ie.fromFilter(new bt(e,a,new Se(e)))}filterRegExp(){return new RegExp(`^(?:${this.fieldNameSingularEscaped()}) (is|is not) ([^ ]+)$`,"i")}helpMessage(e){let t=Object.values(zt).filter(i=>i!=="EMPTY").join(" "),n=`Invalid ${this.fieldNameSingular()} instruction: '${e}'.
     Allowed options: 'is' and 'is not' (without quotes).
     Allowed values:  ${t}
                      Note: values are case-insensitive,
                            so 'in_progress' works too, for example.
-    Example:         ${this.fieldNameSingular()} is not NON_TASK`;return ie.fromError(e,n)}fieldName(){return"status.type"}value(e){return e.status.type}supportsSorting(){return!0}comparator(){return(e,t)=>{let n=rn.groupName(e),i=rn.groupName(t);return n.localeCompare(i,void 0,{numeric:!0})}}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>[rn.groupName(e)]}static groupName(e){return e.status.typeGroupText}};var Fl=class extends Ie{fieldName(){return"recurrence"}value(e){return e.recurrence!==null?e.recurrence.toText():""}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>e.recurrence!==null?[e.recurrence.toText()]:["None"]}};var Ll=class extends Ie{fieldName(){return"folder"}value(e){return e.file.folder}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>[Ie.escapeMarkdownCharacters(this.value(e))]}};var Ul=class extends Ie{fieldName(){return"root"}value(e){return e.file.root}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>[Ie.escapeMarkdownCharacters(this.value(e))]}};var Wl=class extends Ie{fieldName(){return"backlink"}value(e){let t=e.getLinkText({isFilenameUnique:!0});return t===null?"Unknown Location":t}createFilterOrErrorMessage(e){return ie.fromError(e,"backlink field does not support filtering")}canCreateFilterForLine(e){return!1}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>{let t=e.filename;if(t===null)return["Unknown Location"];let n=e.precedingHeader;return n===null?["[["+t+"]]"]:[`[[${t}#${n}|${t} > ${n}]]`]}}};var ql=class extends at{fieldName(){return"cancelled"}date(e){return e.cancelledDate}filterResultIfFieldMissing(){return!1}};var $l=class extends Zr{constructor(){super(),this._filters.add("is blocking",(e,t)=>e.isBlocking(t.allTasks)),this._filters.add("is not blocking",(e,t)=>!e.isBlocking(t.allTasks)),this._filters.add("is blocked",(e,t)=>e.isBlocked(t.allTasks)),this._filters.add("is not blocked",(e,t)=>!e.isBlocked(t.allTasks))}fieldName(){return"blocking"}};var jl=class extends Ie{constructor(){super();this.filterInstructions=new Wt;this.filterInstructions.add("has id",t=>t.id.length>0),this.filterInstructions.add("no id",t=>t.id.length===0)}canCreateFilterForLine(t){return this.filterInstructions.canCreateFilterForLine(t)?!0:super.canCreateFilterForLine(t)}createFilterOrErrorMessage(t){let n=this.filterInstructions.createFilterOrErrorMessage(t);return n.isValid()?n:super.createFilterOrErrorMessage(t)}fieldName(){return"id"}value(t){return t.id}supportsSorting(){return!0}supportsGrouping(){return!0}};var Gl=class extends Ee{constructor(){super();this.filterInstructions=new Wt;this.filterInstructions.add("has depends on",t=>t.dependsOn.length>0),this.filterInstructions.add("no depends on",t=>t.dependsOn.length===0)}canCreateFilterForLine(t){return this.filterInstructions.canCreateFilterForLine(t)?!0:super.canCreateFilterForLine(t)}createFilterOrErrorMessage(t){let n=this.filterInstructions.createFilterOrErrorMessage(t);return n.isValid()?n:ie.fromError(t,"Unknown instruction")}fieldName(){return"blocked by"}filterRegExp(){return null}};var Eh=[()=>new Il,()=>new rn,()=>new Zn,()=>new Dl,()=>new Fi,()=>new Ol,()=>new ql,()=>new bl,()=>new Sl,()=>new El,()=>new Ps,()=>new Tl,()=>new Ns,()=>new Ll,()=>new Ul,()=>new Wl,()=>new Ii,()=>new Li,()=>new kl,()=>new _l,()=>new Nl,()=>new js,()=>new Fl,()=>new wl,()=>new jl,()=>new Gl,()=>new $l,()=>new Pl];function Io(r){for(let e of Eh){let t=e();if(t.canCreateFilterForLine(r))return t.createFilterOrErrorMessage(r)}return null}function Vw(r){let e=/^sort by /i;if(r.match(e)===null)return null;for(let t of Eh){let i=t().createSorterFromLine(r);if(i)return i}return null}function zw(r){let e=/^group by /i;if(r.match(e)===null)return null;for(let t of Eh){let i=t().createGrouperFromLine(r);if(i)return i}return null}var Yl=class{constructor(e,t,n){this.nestingLevel=e,this.displayName=t,this.property=n}};var Bl=class{constructor(e,t){this.lastHeadingAtLevel=new Array;this.groupers=t;let i=e.keys().next().value.length;for(let s=0;s<i;s++)this.lastHeadingAtLevel.push("")}getHeadingsForTaskGroup(e){let t=new Array;for(let n=0;n<e.length;n++){let i=e[n];if(i!=this.lastHeadingAtLevel[n]){t.push(new Yl(n,i,this.groupers[n].property));for(let s=n;s<e.length;s++)this.lastHeadingAtLevel[s]="";this.lastHeadingAtLevel[n]=i}}return t}};var Hl=class{constructor(e){this.children=new Map;this.values=[];this.values=e}generateAllPaths(e=[]){let t=new Map;if(this.children.size==0)return t.set([...e],this.values),t;for(let[n,i]of this.children)e.push(n),i.generateAllPaths(e).forEach((a,o)=>t.set(o,a)),e.pop();return t}};var Vl=class extends Hl{},zl=class{constructor(e,t,n){this.root=new Vl(t),this.buildGroupingTree(e,n)}buildGroupingTree(e,t){let n=[this.root];for(let i of e){let s=[];for(let a of n)for(let o of a.values){let u=i.grouper(o,t);u.length===0&&u.push("");for(let l of u){let c=a.children.get(l);c===void 0&&(c=new Vl([]),a.children.set(l,c),s.push(c)),c.values.push(o)}}n=s}}generateTaskTreeStorage(){return this.root.generateAllPaths()}};var Kl=class{constructor(e,t){this.groups=e,this.groupHeadings=[],this.tasks=t}setGroupHeadings(e){for(let t of e)this.groupHeadings.push(t)}applyTaskLimit(e){this.tasks=this.tasks.slice(0,e)}tasksAsStringOfLines(){let e="";for(let t of this.tasks)e+=t.toFileLineString()+`
+    Example:         ${this.fieldNameSingular()} is not NON_TASK`;return ie.fromError(e,n)}fieldName(){return"status.type"}value(e){return e.status.type}supportsSorting(){return!0}comparator(){return(e,t)=>{let n=nn.groupName(e),i=nn.groupName(t);return n.localeCompare(i,void 0,{numeric:!0})}}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>[nn.groupName(e)]}static groupName(e){return e.status.typeGroupText}};var Ll=class extends Ie{fieldName(){return"recurrence"}value(e){return e.recurrence!==null?e.recurrence.toText():""}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>e.recurrence!==null?[e.recurrence.toText()]:["None"]}};var Ul=class extends Ie{fieldName(){return"folder"}value(e){return e.file.folder}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>[Ie.escapeMarkdownCharacters(this.value(e))]}};var Wl=class extends Ie{fieldName(){return"root"}value(e){return e.file.root}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>[Ie.escapeMarkdownCharacters(this.value(e))]}};var ql=class extends Ie{fieldName(){return"backlink"}value(e){let t=e.getLinkText({isFilenameUnique:!0});return t===null?"Unknown Location":t}createFilterOrErrorMessage(e){return ie.fromError(e,"backlink field does not support filtering")}canCreateFilterForLine(e){return!1}supportsGrouping(){return!0}grouper(){return e=>{let t=e.filename;if(t===null)return["Unknown Location"];let n=e.precedingHeader;return n===null?["[["+t+"]]"]:[`[[${t}#${n}|${t} > ${n}]]`]}}};var $l=class extends at{fieldName(){return"cancelled"}date(e){return e.cancelledDate}filterResultIfFieldMissing(){return!1}};var jl=class extends Jr{constructor(){super(),this._filters.add("is blocking",(e,t)=>e.isBlocking(t.allTasks)),this._filters.add("is not blocking",(e,t)=>!e.isBlocking(t.allTasks)),this._filters.add("is blocked",(e,t)=>e.isBlocked(t.allTasks)),this._filters.add("is not blocked",(e,t)=>!e.isBlocked(t.allTasks))}fieldName(){return"blocking"}};var Gl=class extends Ie{constructor(){super();this.filterInstructions=new Wt;this.filterInstructions.add("has id",t=>t.id.length>0),this.filterInstructions.add("no id",t=>t.id.length===0)}canCreateFilterForLine(t){return this.filterInstructions.canCreateFilterForLine(t)?!0:super.canCreateFilterForLine(t)}createFilterOrErrorMessage(t){let n=this.filterInstructions.createFilterOrErrorMessage(t);return n.isValid()?n:super.createFilterOrErrorMessage(t)}fieldName(){return"id"}value(t){return t.id}supportsSorting(){return!0}supportsGrouping(){return!0}};var Yl=class extends Ee{constructor(){super();this.filterInstructions=new Wt;this.filterInstructions.add("has depends on",t=>t.dependsOn.length>0),this.filterInstructions.add("no depends on",t=>t.dependsOn.length===0)}canCreateFilterForLine(t){return this.filterInstructions.canCreateFilterForLine(t)?!0:super.canCreateFilterForLine(t)}createFilterOrErrorMessage(t){let n=this.filterInstructions.createFilterOrErrorMessage(t);return n.isValid()?n:ie.fromError(t,"Unknown instruction")}fieldName(){return"blocked by"}filterRegExp(){return null}};var Sh=[()=>new Fl,()=>new nn,()=>new Zn,()=>new xl,()=>new Fi,()=>new Dl,()=>new $l,()=>new Tl,()=>new Ol,()=>new Sl,()=>new Ps,()=>new _l,()=>new Ns,()=>new Ul,()=>new Wl,()=>new ql,()=>new Ii,()=>new Li,()=>new El,()=>new vl,()=>new Il,()=>new js,()=>new Ll,()=>new kl,()=>new Gl,()=>new Yl,()=>new jl,()=>new Nl];function Io(r){for(let e of Sh){let t=e();if(t.canCreateFilterForLine(r))return t.createFilterOrErrorMessage(r)}return null}function zw(r){let e=/^sort by /i;if(r.match(e)===null)return null;for(let t of Sh){let i=t().createSorterFromLine(r);if(i)return i}return null}function Kw(r){let e=/^group by /i;if(r.match(e)===null)return null;for(let t of Sh){let i=t().createGrouperFromLine(r);if(i)return i}return null}var Bl=class{constructor(e,t,n){this.nestingLevel=e,this.displayName=t,this.property=n}};var Hl=class{constructor(e,t){this.lastHeadingAtLevel=new Array;this.groupers=t;let i=e.keys().next().value.length;for(let s=0;s<i;s++)this.lastHeadingAtLevel.push("")}getHeadingsForTaskGroup(e){let t=new Array;for(let n=0;n<e.length;n++){let i=e[n];if(i!=this.lastHeadingAtLevel[n]){t.push(new Bl(n,i,this.groupers[n].property));for(let s=n;s<e.length;s++)this.lastHeadingAtLevel[s]="";this.lastHeadingAtLevel[n]=i}}return t}};var Vl=class{constructor(e){this.children=new Map;this.values=[];this.values=e}generateAllPaths(e=[]){let t=new Map;if(this.children.size==0)return t.set([...e],this.values),t;for(let[n,i]of this.children)e.push(n),i.generateAllPaths(e).forEach((a,o)=>t.set(o,a)),e.pop();return t}};var zl=class extends Vl{},Kl=class{constructor(e,t,n){this.root=new zl(t),this.buildGroupingTree(e,n)}buildGroupingTree(e,t){let n=[this.root];for(let i of e){let s=[];for(let a of n)for(let o of a.values){let u=i.grouper(o,t);u.length===0&&u.push("");for(let l of u){let c=a.children.get(l);c===void 0&&(c=new zl([]),a.children.set(l,c),s.push(c)),c.values.push(o)}}n=s}}generateTaskTreeStorage(){return this.root.generateAllPaths()}};var Ql=class{constructor(e,t){this.groups=e,this.groupHeadings=[],this.tasks=t}setGroupHeadings(e){for(let t of e)this.groupHeadings.push(t)}applyTaskLimit(e){this.tasks=this.tasks.slice(0,e)}tasksAsStringOfLines(){let e="";for(let t of this.tasks)e+=t.toFileLineString()+`
 `;return e}toString(){let e=`
 `;e+=`Group names: [${this.groups}]
 `;for(let t of this.groupHeadings)e+=`${"#".repeat(4+t.nestingLevel)} [${t.property}] ${t.displayName}
-`;return e+=this.tasksAsStringOfLines(),e}};var Gs=class{constructor(e,t,n){this._groups=new Array;this._totalTaskCount=0;this._totalTaskCount=t.length,this._groupers=e;let s=new zl(e,t,n).generateTaskTreeStorage();this.addTaskGroups(s),this.sortTaskGroups(),this.setGroupsHeadings(s)}get groupers(){return this._groupers}get groups(){return this._groups}totalTasksCount(){return this._totalTaskCount}toString(){let e="";e+=`Groupers (if any):
+`;return e+=this.tasksAsStringOfLines(),e}};var Gs=class{constructor(e,t,n){this._groups=new Array;this._totalTaskCount=0;this._totalTaskCount=t.length,this._groupers=e;let s=new Kl(e,t,n).generateTaskTreeStorage();this.addTaskGroups(s),this.sortTaskGroups(),this.setGroupsHeadings(s)}get groupers(){return this._groupers}get groups(){return this._groups}totalTasksCount(){return this._totalTaskCount}toString(){let e="";e+=`Groupers (if any):
 `;for(let n of this._groupers){let i=n.reverse?" reverse":"";e+=`- ${n.property}${i}
 `}for(let n of this.groups)e+=n.toString(),e+=`
 ---
 `;return e+=`
 ${this.totalTasksCount()} tasks
-`,e}addTaskGroups(e){for(let[t,n]of e){let i=new Kl(t,n);this.addTaskGroup(i)}}addTaskGroup(e){this._groups.push(e)}sortTaskGroups(){let e=(t,n)=>{let i=t.groups,s=n.groups;for(let a=0;a<i.length;a++){let o=this._groupers[a],u=i[a].localeCompare(s[a],void 0,{numeric:!0});if(u!==0)return o.reverse?-u:u}return 0};this._groups.sort(e)}setGroupsHeadings(e){let t=new Bl(e,this._groupers);for(let n of this._groups)n.setGroupHeadings(t.getHeadingsForTaskGroup(n.groups))}applyTaskLimit(e){this._groupers.length!==0&&(this._groups.forEach(t=>{t.applyTaskLimit(e)}),this.recalculateTotalTaskCount())}recalculateTotalTaskCount(){let e=[];this._groups.forEach(n=>{e=[...e,...n.tasks]});let t=[...new Set(e)];this._totalTaskCount=t.length}};var ti=class{constructor(e,t){this.queryPath=e,this.allTasks=[...t]}static fromAllTasks(e){return new ti(void 0,e)}queryContext(){return this.queryPath?uh(this.queryPath,this.allTasks):void 0}};function Kw(r){return`task${r!==1?"s":""}`}var qi=class{constructor(e,t){this.totalTasksCountBeforeLimit=0;this._searchErrorMessage=void 0;this.taskGroups=e,this.totalTasksCountBeforeLimit=t}get searchErrorMessage(){return this._searchErrorMessage}set searchErrorMessage(e){this._searchErrorMessage=e}get totalTasksCount(){return this.taskGroups.totalTasksCount()}totalTasksCountDisplayText(){let e=this.totalTasksCount,t=this.totalTasksCountBeforeLimit;return e===t?`${e} ${Kw(e)}`:`${e} of ${t} ${Kw(t)}`}get groups(){return this.taskGroups.groups}static fromError(e){let t=new qi(new Gs([],[],ti.fromAllTasks([])),0);return t._searchErrorMessage=e,t}};function Qw(r){return r.endsWith("\\")}function Xw(r){return r.endsWith("\\\\")}function mF(r){return r.replace(/^[ \t]*/,"")}function hF(r){return r.replace(/[ \t]*\\$/,"")}function gF(r,e){let t=r;return e&&(t=mF(r)),Xw(t)?t=t.slice(0,-1):Qw(r)&&(t=hF(t)),t}function Zw(r){let e=[],t=!1,n="",i="";for(let s of r.split(`
-`)){let a=gF(s,t);t?(n+=`
-`+s,i+=" "+a):(n=s,i=a),Xw(s)?t=!1:t=Qw(s),t||(i.trim()!==""&&e.push(new Mn(n,i)),n="",i="")}return e}var Ys=class{static by(e,t,n){let i=this.defaultSorters().map(a=>a.comparator),s=[];for(let a of e)s.push(a.comparator);return t.sort(Ys.makeCompositeComparator([...s,...i],n))}static defaultSorters(){return[new rn().createNormalSorter(),new js().createNormalSorter(),new Ps().createNormalSorter(),new Fi().createNormalSorter(),new Ns().createNormalSorter()]}static makeCompositeComparator(e,t){return(n,i)=>{for(let s of e){let a=s(n,i,t);if(a!==0)return a}return 0}}};var Pn=class{constructor(e,t=void 0){this._limit=void 0;this._taskGroupLimit=void 0;this._taskLayoutOptions=new Br;this._queryLayoutOptions=new Kn;this._filters=[];this._error=void 0;this._sorting=[];this._grouping=[];this._ignoreGlobalQuery=!1;this.hideOptionsRegexp=/^(hide|show) (task count|backlink|priority|cancelled date|created date|start date|scheduled date|done date|due date|recurrence rule|edit button|postpone button|urgency|tags|depends on|id)/i;this.shortModeRegexp=/^short/i;this.fullModeRegexp=/^full/i;this.explainQueryRegexp=/^explain/i;this.ignoreGlobalQueryRegexp=/^ignore global query/i;this.logger=St.getLogger("tasks.Query");this._queryId="";this.limitRegexp=/^limit (groups )?(to )?(\d+)( tasks?)?/i;this.commentRegexp=/^#.*/;this._queryId=this.generateQueryId(10),this.source=e,this.filePath=t,this.debug(`Creating query: ${this.formatQueryForLogging()}`),Zw(e).forEach(n=>{let i=this.expandPlaceholders(n,t);if(this.error===void 0)try{this.parseLine(i,n)}catch(s){let a;s instanceof Error?a=s.message:a="Unknown error",this.setError(a,n);return}})}get queryId(){return this._queryId}parseLine(e,t){switch(!0){case this.shortModeRegexp.test(e):this._queryLayoutOptions.shortMode=!0;break;case this.fullModeRegexp.test(e):this._queryLayoutOptions.shortMode=!1;break;case this.explainQueryRegexp.test(e):this._queryLayoutOptions.explainQuery=!0;break;case this.ignoreGlobalQueryRegexp.test(e):this._ignoreGlobalQuery=!0;break;case this.limitRegexp.test(e):this.parseLimit(e);break;case this.parseSortBy(e):break;case this.parseGroupBy(e):break;case this.hideOptionsRegexp.test(e):this.parseHideOptions(e);break;case this.commentRegexp.test(e):break;case this.parseFilter(e,t):break;default:this.setError("do not understand query",t)}}formatQueryForLogging(){return`[${this.source.split(`
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+`)){let a=bF(s,t);t?(n+=`
+`+s,i+=" "+a):(n=s,i=a),Zw(s)?t=!1:t=Xw(s),t||(i.trim()!==""&&e.push(new Cn(n,i)),n="",i="")}return e}var Ys=class{static by(e,t,n){let i=this.defaultSorters().map(a=>a.comparator),s=[];for(let a of e)s.push(a.comparator);return t.sort(Ys.makeCompositeComparator([...s,...i],n))}static defaultSorters(){return[new nn().createNormalSorter(),new js().createNormalSorter(),new Ps().createNormalSorter(),new Fi().createNormalSorter(),new Ns().createNormalSorter()]}static makeCompositeComparator(e,t){return(n,i)=>{for(let s of e){let a=s(n,i,t);if(a!==0)return a}return 0}}};var Pn=class{constructor(e,t=void 0){this._limit=void 0;this._taskGroupLimit=void 0;this._taskLayoutOptions=new Hr;this._queryLayoutOptions=new Kn;this._filters=[];this._error=void 0;this._sorting=[];this._grouping=[];this._ignoreGlobalQuery=!1;this.hideOptionsRegexp=/^(hide|show) (task count|backlink|priority|cancelled date|created date|start date|scheduled date|done date|due date|recurrence rule|edit button|postpone button|urgency|tags|depends on|id)/i;this.shortModeRegexp=/^short/i;this.fullModeRegexp=/^full/i;this.explainQueryRegexp=/^explain/i;this.ignoreGlobalQueryRegexp=/^ignore global query/i;this.logger=St.getLogger("tasks.Query");this._queryId="";this.limitRegexp=/^limit (groups )?(to )?(\d+)( tasks?)?/i;this.commentRegexp=/^#.*/;this._queryId=this.generateQueryId(10),this.source=e,this.filePath=t,this.debug(`Creating query: ${this.formatQueryForLogging()}`),Jw(e).forEach(n=>{let i=this.expandPlaceholders(n,t);if(this.error===void 0)try{this.parseLine(i,n)}catch(s){let a;s instanceof Error?a=s.message:a="Unknown error",this.setError(a,n);return}})}get queryId(){return this._queryId}parseLine(e,t){switch(!0){case this.shortModeRegexp.test(e):this._queryLayoutOptions.shortMode=!0;break;case this.fullModeRegexp.test(e):this._queryLayoutOptions.shortMode=!1;break;case this.explainQueryRegexp.test(e):this._queryLayoutOptions.explainQuery=!0;break;case this.ignoreGlobalQueryRegexp.test(e):this._ignoreGlobalQuery=!0;break;case this.limitRegexp.test(e):this.parseLimit(e);break;case this.parseSortBy(e):break;case this.parseGroupBy(e):break;case this.hideOptionsRegexp.test(e):this.parseHideOptions(e);break;case this.commentRegexp.test(e):break;case this.parseFilter(e,t):break;default:this.setError("do not understand query",t)}}formatQueryForLogging(){return`[${this.source.split(`
 `).join(" ; ")}]`}expandPlaceholders(e,t){let n=e.anyContinuationLinesRemoved;if(n.includes("{{")&&n.includes("}}")&&this.filePath===void 0)return this._error=`The query looks like it contains a placeholder, with "{{" and "}}"
 but no file path has been supplied, so cannot expand placeholder values.
 The query is:
-${n}`,n;let i=n;if(t){let s=Cw(t);try{i=Mw(n,s)}catch(a){return a instanceof Error?this._error=a.message:this._error="Internal error. expandPlaceholders() threw something other than Error.",n}}return e.recordExpandedPlaceholders(i),i}append(e){return this.source===""?e:e.source===""?this:new Pn(`${this.source}
+${n}`,n;let i=n;if(t){let s=Aw(t);try{i=Cw(n,s)}catch(a){return a instanceof Error?this._error=a.message:this._error="Internal error. expandPlaceholders() threw something other than Error.",n}}return e.recordExpandedPlaceholders(i),i}append(e){return this.source===""?e:e.source===""?this:new Pn(`${this.source}
 ${e.source}`,this.filePath)}explainQuery(){return new Ms().explainQuery(this)}get limit(){return this._limit}get taskGroupLimit(){return this._taskGroupLimit}get taskLayoutOptions(){return this._taskLayoutOptions}get queryLayoutOptions(){return this._queryLayoutOptions}get filters(){return this._filters}addFilter(e){this._filters.push(e)}get sorting(){return this._sorting}get grouping(){return this._grouping}get error(){return this._error}setError(e,t){t.allLinesIdentical()?this._error=`${e}
 Problem line: "${t.rawInstruction}"`:this._error=`${e}
 Problem statement:
 ${t.explainStatement("    ")}
-`}get ignoreGlobalQuery(){return this._ignoreGlobalQuery}applyQueryToTasks(e){this.debug(`Executing query: ${this.formatQueryForLogging()}`);let t=new ti(this.filePath,e);try{this.filters.forEach(o=>{e=e.filter(u=>o.filterFunction(u,t))});let{debugSettings:n}=X(),i=n.ignoreSortInstructions?e:Ys.by(this.sorting,e,t),s=i.slice(0,this.limit),a=new Gs(this.grouping,s,t);return this._taskGroupLimit!==void 0&&a.applyTaskLimit(this._taskGroupLimit),new qi(a,i.length)}catch(n){let i="Search failed";return qi.fromError(Ni(i,n))}}parseHideOptions(e){let t=e.match(this.hideOptionsRegexp);if(t!==null){let n=t[1].toLowerCase()==="hide";switch(t[2].toLowerCase()){case"task count":this._queryLayoutOptions.hideTaskCount=n;break;case"backlink":this._queryLayoutOptions.hideBacklinks=n;break;case"postpone button":this._queryLayoutOptions.hidePostponeButton=n;break;case"priority":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("priority",!n);break;case"cancelled date":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("cancelledDate",!n);break;case"created date":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("createdDate",!n);break;case"start date":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("startDate",!n);break;case"scheduled date":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("scheduledDate",!n);break;case"due date":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("dueDate",!n);break;case"done date":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("doneDate",!n);break;case"recurrence rule":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("recurrenceRule",!n);break;case"edit button":this._queryLayoutOptions.hideEditButton=n;break;case"urgency":this._queryLayoutOptions.hideUrgency=n;break;case"tags":this._taskLayoutOptions.setTagsVisibility(!n);break;case"id":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("id",!n);break;case"depends on":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("dependsOn",!n);break;default:this.setError("do not understand hide/show option",new Mn(e,e))}}}parseFilter(e,t){var i;let n=Io(e);return n!=null?(n.filter?(n.filter.setStatement(t),this._filters.push(n.filter)):this.setError((i=n.error)!=null?i:"Unknown error",t),!0):!1}parseLimit(e){let t=e.match(this.limitRegexp);if(t===null){this.setError("do not understand query limit",new Mn(e,e));return}let n=Number.parseInt(t[3],10);t[1]!==void 0?this._taskGroupLimit=n:this._limit=n}parseSortBy(e){let t=Vw(e);return t?(this._sorting.push(t),!0):!1}parseGroupBy(e){let t=zw(e);return t?(this._grouping.push(t),!0):!1}generateQueryId(e){let t="AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz1234567890";return Array.from({length:e},()=>t[Math.floor(Math.random()*t.length)]).join("")}debug(e,t){this.logger.debugWithId(this._queryId,`"${this.filePath}": ${e}`,t)}};var ri=class{constructor(e=ri.empty){this._source=e}static getInstance(){return ri.instance||(ri.instance=new ri),ri.instance}set(e){this._source=e}query(e=void 0){return new Pn(this._source,e)}hasInstructions(){return this._source.trim()!==ri.empty}},Tr=ri;Tr.empty="";var Ql=class{constructor({obsidianEvents:e}){this.logger=St.getLogger("tasks.Events");this.obsidianEvents=e}onCacheUpdate(e){return this.logger.debug("TasksEvents.onCacheUpdate()"),this.obsidianEvents.on("obsidian-tasks-plugin:cache-update",e)}triggerCacheUpdate(e){this.logger.debug("TasksEvents.triggerCacheUpdate()"),this.obsidianEvents.trigger("obsidian-tasks-plugin:cache-update",e)}onRequestCacheUpdate(e){return this.logger.debug("TasksEvents.onRequestCacheUpdate()"),this.obsidianEvents.on("obsidian-tasks-plugin:request-cache-update",e)}triggerRequestCacheUpdate(e){this.logger.debug("TasksEvents.triggerRequestCacheUpdate()"),this.obsidianEvents.trigger("obsidian-tasks-plugin:request-cache-update",e)}off(e){this.logger.debug("TasksEvents.off()"),this.obsidianEvents.offref(e)}};var rk=require("obsidian");var tk=require("obsidian");var Sh=class{constructor(e){this.newStatus=e}apply(e){return this.isCheckedForTask(e)?[e]:e.handleNewStatusWithRecurrenceInUsersOrder(this.newStatus)}instructionDisplayName(){return`Change status to: [${this.newStatus.symbol}] ${this.newStatus.name}`}isCheckedForTask(e){return this.newStatus.symbol===e.status.symbol}};function Jw(r){let e=[],t=new Le().coreStatuses.map(n=>n.symbol);for(let n of[!0,!1])for(let i of r.registeredStatuses)t.includes(i.symbol)===n&&e.push(new Sh(i));return e}var ek=require("obsidian");function Fo(r,e){return P(this,null,function*(){yield gr({originalTask:r,newTasks:e})})}var Bs=class extends ek.Menu{constructor(t){super();this.taskSaver=t}addItemsForInstructions(t,n){for(let i of t)this.addItemForInstruction(n,i)}addItemForInstruction(t,n){this.addItem(i=>this.getMenuItemCallback(t,i,n))}getMenuItemCallback(t,n,i){n.setTitle(i.instructionDisplayName()).setChecked(i.isCheckedForTask(t)).onClick(()=>P(this,null,function*(){let s=i.apply(t);(s.length!==1||!Object.is(s[0],t))&&(yield this.taskSaver(t,s))}))}};var Xl=class extends Bs{constructor(e,t,n=Fo){super(n);let i=Jw(e);this.addItemsForInstructions(i,t)}};var Zl=class{constructor(){this.data=yF}addDataAttribute(e,t,n){this.data[n].addDataAttribute(e,t,n)}addClassName(e,t){let n=this.data[t].className;e.classList.add(n)}},Oh=class{constructor(e,t,n){if(e==="")throw Error("Developer note: CSS class cannot be an empty string, please specify one.");this.className=e,this.attributeName=t,this.attributeValueCalculator=n}addDataAttribute(e,t,n){if(this.attributeName===Oh.noAttributeName)return;let i=this.attributeValueCalculator(n,t);i!==""&&(e.dataset[this.attributeName]=i)}},Nr=Oh;Nr.noAttributeName="",Nr.noAttributeValueCalculator=()=>"",Nr.dateAttributeCalculator=(e,t)=>{let i="far";function s(o){let l=window.moment().startOf("day").diff(o,"days");if(isNaN(l))return null;if(l===0)return"today";let c="";return l>0?c+="past-":l<0&&(c+="future-"),Math.abs(l)<=7?c+=Math.abs(l).toString()+"d":c+=i,c}let a=t[e];if(!Array.isArray(a)&&a instanceof window.moment){let o=s(a);if(o)return o}return""};function Lo(r){return new Nr(r,Nr.noAttributeName,Nr.noAttributeValueCalculator)}function Hs(r,e){return new Nr(r,e,Nr.dateAttributeCalculator)}var yF={createdDate:Hs("task-created","taskCreated"),dueDate:Hs("task-due","taskDue"),startDate:Hs("task-start","taskStart"),scheduledDate:Hs("task-scheduled","taskScheduled"),doneDate:Hs("task-done","taskDone"),cancelledDate:Hs("task-cancelled","taskCancelled"),priority:new Nr("task-priority","taskPriority",(r,e)=>kn.priorityNameUsingNormal(e.priority).toLocaleLowerCase()),description:Lo("task-description"),recurrenceRule:Lo("task-recurring"),dependsOn:Lo("task-dependsOn"),id:Lo("task-id"),blockLink:Lo("task-block-link")};function er(r,e){let t=document.createElement(r);return e.appendChild(t),t}var ni=class{static obsidianMarkdownRenderer(e,t,n,i){return P(this,null,function*(){if(!i)throw new Error("Must call the Obsidian renderer with an Obsidian Component object");yield tk.MarkdownRenderer.renderMarkdown(e,t,n,i)})}constructor({textRenderer:e=ni.obsidianMarkdownRenderer,obsidianComponent:t,parentUlElement:n,taskLayoutOptions:i,queryLayoutOptions:s}){this.textRenderer=e,this.obsidianComponent=t,this.parentUlElement=n,this.taskLayoutOptions=i,this.queryLayoutOptions=s}renderTaskLine(e,t,n){return P(this,null,function*(){let i=er("li",this.parentUlElement);i.classList.add("task-list-item","plugin-tasks-list-item");let s=er("span",i);s.classList.add("tasks-list-text"),yield this.taskToHtml(e,s,i);let a=er("input",i);return a.classList.add("task-list-item-checkbox"),a.type="checkbox",e.status.symbol!==" "&&(a.checked=!0,i.classList.add("is-checked")),e.taskLocation.hasKnownPath&&(a.addEventListener("click",u=>{u.preventDefault(),u.stopPropagation(),a.disabled=!0;let l=e.toggleWithRecurrenceInUsersOrder();gr({originalTask:e,newTasks:l})}),a.addEventListener("contextmenu",u=>{new Xl(De.getInstance(),e).showAtPosition({x:u.clientX,y:u.clientY})}),a.setAttribute("title","Right-click for options")),i.prepend(a),i.setAttribute("data-task",e.status.symbol.trim()),i.setAttribute("data-line",t.toString()),i.setAttribute("data-task-status-name",e.status.name),i.setAttribute("data-task-status-type",e.status.type),a.setAttribute("data-line",t.toString()),this.queryLayoutOptions.shortMode&&this.addTooltip(e,s,n),i})}taskToHtml(e,t,n){return P(this,null,function*(){let i=new Zl,s=Dr.tasksPluginEmoji.taskSerializer;for(let a of this.taskLayoutOptions.shownComponents){let o=s.componentToString(e,this.queryLayoutOptions.shortMode,a);if(o){let u=er("span",t),l=er("span",u);yield this.renderComponentText(l,o,a,e),this.addInternalClasses(a,l),i.addClassName(u,a),i.addDataAttribute(u,e,a),i.addDataAttribute(n,e,a)}}for(let a of this.taskLayoutOptions.hiddenComponents)i.addDataAttribute(n,e,a);n.dataset.taskPriority===void 0&&i.addDataAttribute(n,e,"priority")})}renderComponentText(e,t,n,i){return P(this,null,function*(){if(n==="description"){t=_e.getInstance().removeAsWordFromDependingOnSettings(t);let{debugSettings:s}=X();s.showTaskHiddenData&&(t+=`<br>\u{1F41B} <b>${i.lineNumber}</b> . ${i.sectionStart} . ${i.sectionIndex} . '<code>${i.originalMarkdown}</code>'<br>'<code>${i.path}</code>' > '<code>${i.precedingHeader}</code>'<br>`),yield this.textRenderer(t,e,i.path,this.obsidianComponent);let a=e.querySelector("blockquote"),o=a!=null?a:e,u=o.querySelector("p");if(u!==null){for(;u.firstChild;)o.insertBefore(u.firstChild,u);u.remove()}e.querySelectorAll("p").forEach(l=>{l.hasChildNodes()||l.remove()}),e.querySelectorAll(".footnotes").forEach(l=>{l.remove()})}else e.innerHTML=t})}addInternalClasses(e,t){function n(i){let s=/["&\x00\r\n]/g,a=i.replace(s,"-");return a=a.replace(/^[-_]+/,""),a.length>0?a:null}if(e==="description"){let i=t.getElementsByClassName("tag");for(let s=0;s<i.length;s++){let a=i[s].textContent;if(a){let o=n(a),u=i[s];o&&(u.dataset.tagName=o)}}}}addTooltip(e,t,n){let{recurrenceSymbol:i,startDateSymbol:s,createdDateSymbol:a,scheduledDateSymbol:o,dueDateSymbol:u,cancelledDateSymbol:l,doneDateSymbol:c}=Dr.tasksPluginEmoji.taskSerializer.symbols;t.addEventListener("mouseenter",()=>{function d(y,T,k){T&&y.createDiv().setText(f({signifier:k,date:T}))}function f({signifier:y,date:T}){return`${y} ${T.format(J.dateFormat)} (${T.from(window.moment().startOf("day"))})`}let m=t.createDiv();m.addClasses(["tooltip","pop-up"]),e.recurrence&&m.createDiv().setText(`${i} ${e.recurrence.toText()}`),d(m,e.createdDate,a),d(m,e.startDate,s),d(m,e.scheduledDate,o),d(m,e.dueDate,u),d(m,e.cancelledDate,l),d(m,e.doneDate,c);let g=e.getLinkText({isFilenameUnique:n});g&&m.createDiv().setText(`\u{1F517} ${g}`),t.addEventListener("mouseleave",()=>{m.remove()})})}};var Jl=class{constructor({plugin:e}){this.markdownPostProcessor=this._markdownPostProcessor.bind(this);e.registerMarkdownPostProcessor(this._markdownPostProcessor.bind(this))}_markdownPostProcessor(e,t){return P(this,null,function*(){var d;let n=new rk.MarkdownRenderChild(e);t.addChild(n);let i=e.findAll(".task-list-item").filter(f=>{var y;let m=(y=f.textContent)==null?void 0:y.split(`
+`}get ignoreGlobalQuery(){return this._ignoreGlobalQuery}applyQueryToTasks(e){this.debug(`Executing query: ${this.formatQueryForLogging()}`);let t=new ti(this.filePath,e);try{this.filters.forEach(o=>{e=e.filter(u=>o.filterFunction(u,t))});let{debugSettings:n}=X(),i=n.ignoreSortInstructions?e:Ys.by(this.sorting,e,t),s=i.slice(0,this.limit),a=new Gs(this.grouping,s,t);return this._taskGroupLimit!==void 0&&a.applyTaskLimit(this._taskGroupLimit),new qi(a,i.length)}catch(n){let i="Search failed";return qi.fromError(Ni(i,n))}}parseHideOptions(e){let t=e.match(this.hideOptionsRegexp);if(t!==null){let n=t[1].toLowerCase()==="hide";switch(t[2].toLowerCase()){case"task count":this._queryLayoutOptions.hideTaskCount=n;break;case"backlink":this._queryLayoutOptions.hideBacklinks=n;break;case"postpone button":this._queryLayoutOptions.hidePostponeButton=n;break;case"priority":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("priority",!n);break;case"cancelled date":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("cancelledDate",!n);break;case"created date":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("createdDate",!n);break;case"start date":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("startDate",!n);break;case"scheduled date":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("scheduledDate",!n);break;case"due date":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("dueDate",!n);break;case"done date":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("doneDate",!n);break;case"recurrence rule":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("recurrenceRule",!n);break;case"edit button":this._queryLayoutOptions.hideEditButton=n;break;case"urgency":this._queryLayoutOptions.hideUrgency=n;break;case"tags":this._taskLayoutOptions.setTagsVisibility(!n);break;case"id":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("id",!n);break;case"depends on":this._taskLayoutOptions.setVisibility("dependsOn",!n);break;default:this.setError("do not understand hide/show option",new Cn(e,e))}}}parseFilter(e,t){var i;let n=Io(e);return n!=null?(n.filter?(n.filter.setStatement(t),this._filters.push(n.filter)):this.setError((i=n.error)!=null?i:"Unknown error",t),!0):!1}parseLimit(e){let t=e.match(this.limitRegexp);if(t===null){this.setError("do not understand query limit",new Cn(e,e));return}let n=Number.parseInt(t[3],10);t[1]!==void 0?this._taskGroupLimit=n:this._limit=n}parseSortBy(e){let t=zw(e);return t?(this._sorting.push(t),!0):!1}parseGroupBy(e){let t=Kw(e);return t?(this._grouping.push(t),!0):!1}generateQueryId(e){let t="AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz1234567890";return Array.from({length:e},()=>t[Math.floor(Math.random()*t.length)]).join("")}debug(e,t){this.logger.debugWithId(this._queryId,`"${this.filePath}": ${e}`,t)}};var ri=class{constructor(e=ri.empty){this._source=e}static getInstance(){return ri.instance||(ri.instance=new ri),ri.instance}set(e){this._source=e}query(e=void 0){return new Pn(this._source,e)}hasInstructions(){return this._source.trim()!==ri.empty}},_r=ri;_r.empty="";var Xl=class{constructor({obsidianEvents:e}){this.logger=St.getLogger("tasks.Events");this.obsidianEvents=e}onCacheUpdate(e){return this.logger.debug("TasksEvents.onCacheUpdate()"),this.obsidianEvents.on("obsidian-tasks-plugin:cache-update",e)}triggerCacheUpdate(e){this.logger.debug("TasksEvents.triggerCacheUpdate()"),this.obsidianEvents.trigger("obsidian-tasks-plugin:cache-update",e)}onRequestCacheUpdate(e){return this.logger.debug("TasksEvents.onRequestCacheUpdate()"),this.obsidianEvents.on("obsidian-tasks-plugin:request-cache-update",e)}triggerRequestCacheUpdate(e){this.logger.debug("TasksEvents.triggerRequestCacheUpdate()"),this.obsidianEvents.trigger("obsidian-tasks-plugin:request-cache-update",e)}off(e){this.logger.debug("TasksEvents.off()"),this.obsidianEvents.offref(e)}};var nk=require("obsidian");var rk=require("obsidian");var Oh=class{constructor(e){this.newStatus=e}apply(e){return this.isCheckedForTask(e)?[e]:e.handleNewStatusWithRecurrenceInUsersOrder(this.newStatus)}instructionDisplayName(){return`Change status to: [${this.newStatus.symbol}] ${this.newStatus.name}`}isCheckedForTask(e){return this.newStatus.symbol===e.status.symbol}};function ek(r){let e=[],t=new Le().coreStatuses.map(n=>n.symbol);for(let n of[!0,!1])for(let i of r.registeredStatuses)t.includes(i.symbol)===n&&e.push(new Oh(i));return e}var tk=require("obsidian");function Fo(r,e){return P(this,null,function*(){yield gr({originalTask:r,newTasks:e})})}var Bs=class extends tk.Menu{constructor(t){super();this.taskSaver=t}addItemsForInstructions(t,n){for(let i of t)this.addItemForInstruction(n,i)}addItemForInstruction(t,n){this.addItem(i=>this.getMenuItemCallback(t,i,n))}getMenuItemCallback(t,n,i){n.setTitle(i.instructionDisplayName()).setChecked(i.isCheckedForTask(t)).onClick(()=>P(this,null,function*(){let s=i.apply(t);(s.length!==1||!Object.is(s[0],t))&&(yield this.taskSaver(t,s))}))}};var Zl=class extends Bs{constructor(e,t,n=Fo){super(n);let i=ek(e);this.addItemsForInstructions(i,t)}};var Jl=class{constructor(){this.data=TF}addDataAttribute(e,t,n){this.data[n].addDataAttribute(e,t,n)}addClassName(e,t){let n=this.data[t].className;e.classList.add(n)}},Dh=class{constructor(e,t,n){if(e==="")throw Error("Developer note: CSS class cannot be an empty string, please specify one.");this.className=e,this.attributeName=t,this.attributeValueCalculator=n}addDataAttribute(e,t,n){if(this.attributeName===Dh.noAttributeName)return;let i=this.attributeValueCalculator(n,t);i!==""&&(e.dataset[this.attributeName]=i)}},Ir=Dh;Ir.noAttributeName="",Ir.noAttributeValueCalculator=()=>"",Ir.dateAttributeCalculator=(e,t)=>{let i="far";function s(o){let l=window.moment().startOf("day").diff(o,"days");if(isNaN(l))return null;if(l===0)return"today";let c="";return l>0?c+="past-":l<0&&(c+="future-"),Math.abs(l)<=7?c+=Math.abs(l).toString()+"d":c+=i,c}let a=t[e];if(!Array.isArray(a)&&a instanceof window.moment){let o=s(a);if(o)return o}return""};function Lo(r){return new Ir(r,Ir.noAttributeName,Ir.noAttributeValueCalculator)}function Hs(r,e){return new Ir(r,e,Ir.dateAttributeCalculator)}var TF={createdDate:Hs("task-created","taskCreated"),dueDate:Hs("task-due","taskDue"),startDate:Hs("task-start","taskStart"),scheduledDate:Hs("task-scheduled","taskScheduled"),doneDate:Hs("task-done","taskDone"),cancelledDate:Hs("task-cancelled","taskCancelled"),priority:new Ir("task-priority","taskPriority",(r,e)=>En.priorityNameUsingNormal(e.priority).toLocaleLowerCase()),description:Lo("task-description"),recurrenceRule:Lo("task-recurring"),dependsOn:Lo("task-dependsOn"),id:Lo("task-id"),blockLink:Lo("task-block-link")};function er(r,e){let t=document.createElement(r);return e.appendChild(t),t}var ni=class{static obsidianMarkdownRenderer(e,t,n,i){return P(this,null,function*(){if(!i)throw new Error("Must call the Obsidian renderer with an Obsidian Component object");yield rk.MarkdownRenderer.renderMarkdown(e,t,n,i)})}constructor({textRenderer:e=ni.obsidianMarkdownRenderer,obsidianComponent:t,parentUlElement:n,taskLayoutOptions:i,queryLayoutOptions:s}){this.textRenderer=e,this.obsidianComponent=t,this.parentUlElement=n,this.taskLayoutOptions=i,this.queryLayoutOptions=s}renderTaskLine(e,t,n){return P(this,null,function*(){let i=er("li",this.parentUlElement);i.classList.add("task-list-item","plugin-tasks-list-item");let s=er("span",i);s.classList.add("tasks-list-text"),yield this.taskToHtml(e,s,i);let a=er("input",i);return a.classList.add("task-list-item-checkbox"),a.type="checkbox",e.status.symbol!==" "&&(a.checked=!0,i.classList.add("is-checked")),e.taskLocation.hasKnownPath&&(a.addEventListener("click",u=>{u.preventDefault(),u.stopPropagation(),a.disabled=!0;let l=e.toggleWithRecurrenceInUsersOrder();gr({originalTask:e,newTasks:l})}),a.addEventListener("contextmenu",u=>{new Zl(De.getInstance(),e).showAtPosition({x:u.clientX,y:u.clientY})}),a.setAttribute("title","Right-click for options")),i.prepend(a),i.setAttribute("data-task",e.status.symbol.trim()),i.setAttribute("data-line",t.toString()),i.setAttribute("data-task-status-name",e.status.name),i.setAttribute("data-task-status-type",e.status.type),a.setAttribute("data-line",t.toString()),this.queryLayoutOptions.shortMode&&this.addTooltip(e,s,n),i})}taskToHtml(e,t,n){return P(this,null,function*(){let i=new Jl,s=xr.tasksPluginEmoji.taskSerializer;for(let a of this.taskLayoutOptions.shownComponents){let o=s.componentToString(e,this.queryLayoutOptions.shortMode,a);if(o){let u=er("span",t),l=er("span",u);yield this.renderComponentText(l,o,a,e),this.addInternalClasses(a,l),i.addClassName(u,a),i.addDataAttribute(u,e,a),i.addDataAttribute(n,e,a)}}for(let a of this.taskLayoutOptions.hiddenComponents)i.addDataAttribute(n,e,a);n.dataset.taskPriority===void 0&&i.addDataAttribute(n,e,"priority")})}renderComponentText(e,t,n,i){return P(this,null,function*(){if(n==="description"){t=_e.getInstance().removeAsWordFromDependingOnSettings(t);let{debugSettings:s}=X();s.showTaskHiddenData&&(t+=`<br>\u{1F41B} <b>${i.lineNumber}</b> . ${i.sectionStart} . ${i.sectionIndex} . '<code>${i.originalMarkdown}</code>'<br>'<code>${i.path}</code>' > '<code>${i.precedingHeader}</code>'<br>`),yield this.textRenderer(t,e,i.path,this.obsidianComponent);let a=e.querySelector("blockquote"),o=a!=null?a:e,u=o.querySelector("p");if(u!==null){for(;u.firstChild;)o.insertBefore(u.firstChild,u);u.remove()}e.querySelectorAll("p").forEach(l=>{l.hasChildNodes()||l.remove()}),e.querySelectorAll(".footnotes").forEach(l=>{l.remove()})}else e.innerHTML=t})}addInternalClasses(e,t){function n(i){let s=/["&\x00\r\n]/g,a=i.replace(s,"-");return a=a.replace(/^[-_]+/,""),a.length>0?a:null}if(e==="description"){let i=t.getElementsByClassName("tag");for(let s=0;s<i.length;s++){let a=i[s].textContent;if(a){let o=n(a),u=i[s];o&&(u.dataset.tagName=o)}}}}addTooltip(e,t,n){let{recurrenceSymbol:i,startDateSymbol:s,createdDateSymbol:a,scheduledDateSymbol:o,dueDateSymbol:u,cancelledDateSymbol:l,doneDateSymbol:c}=xr.tasksPluginEmoji.taskSerializer.symbols;t.addEventListener("mouseenter",()=>{function d(y,T,k){T&&y.createDiv().setText(f({signifier:k,date:T}))}function f({signifier:y,date:T}){return`${y} ${T.format(J.dateFormat)} (${T.from(window.moment().startOf("day"))})`}let m=t.createDiv();m.addClasses(["tooltip","pop-up"]),e.recurrence&&m.createDiv().setText(`${i} ${e.recurrence.toText()}`),d(m,e.createdDate,a),d(m,e.startDate,s),d(m,e.scheduledDate,o),d(m,e.dueDate,u),d(m,e.cancelledDate,l),d(m,e.doneDate,c);let g=e.getLinkText({isFilenameUnique:n});g&&m.createDiv().setText(`\u{1F517} ${g}`),t.addEventListener("mouseleave",()=>{m.remove()})})}};var ec=class{constructor({plugin:e}){this.markdownPostProcessor=this._markdownPostProcessor.bind(this);e.registerMarkdownPostProcessor(this._markdownPostProcessor.bind(this))}_markdownPostProcessor(e,t){return P(this,null,function*(){var d;let n=new nk.MarkdownRenderChild(e);t.addChild(n);let i=e.findAll(".task-list-item").filter(f=>{var y;let m=(y=f.textContent)==null?void 0:y.split(`
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-`),u=0,l=[];for(let f=a.lineStart;f<=a.lineEnd;f++){let m=o[f];if(m===void 0)continue;let g=null,y=ae.fromLine({line:m,taskLocation:new ft(new ze(s),f,a.lineStart,u,g),fallbackDate:null});y!==null&&(l.push(y),u++)}let c=new ni({obsidianComponent:n,parentUlElement:e,taskLayoutOptions:new Br,queryLayoutOptions:new Kn});for(let f=0;f<i.length;f++){let m=l[f],g=i[f];if(m===void 0||g===void 0)continue;let y=(d=g.getAttr("data-line"))!=null?d:"0",T=Number.parseInt(y,10),k=yield c.renderTaskLine(m,T),S=g.childNodes;for(let q=0;q<S.length;q=q+1){let re=S[q];re.nodeName.toLowerCase()==="div"?k.prepend(re):re.nodeName.toLowerCase()==="ul"&&k.append(re)}let x=g.querySelectorAll("[data-footnote-id]"),U=k.querySelectorAll("[data-footnote-id]");if(x.length===U.length)for(let q=0;q<x.length;q++)U[q].replaceWith(x[q]);g.replaceWith(k)}})}};var nk=require("@codemirror/view"),ik=require("obsidian");var sk=()=>nk.ViewPlugin.fromClass(Dh),Dh=class{constructor(e){this.view=e,this.handleClickEvent=this.handleClickEvent.bind(this),this.view.dom.addEventListener("click",this.handleClickEvent)}destroy(){this.view.dom.removeEventListener("click",this.handleClickEvent)}handleClickEvent(e){let{target:t}=e;if(!t||!(t instanceof HTMLInputElement)||t.type!=="checkbox")return!1;let n=t.closest("ul.plugin-tasks-query-result, div.callout-content");if(n){if(n.matches("div.callout-content")){let f=`obsidian-tasks-plugin warning: Tasks cannot add or remove completion dates or make the next copy of a recurring task for tasks written inside a callout when you click their checkboxes in Live Preview. 
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+`),u=0,l=[];for(let f=a.lineStart;f<=a.lineEnd;f++){let m=o[f];if(m===void 0)continue;let g=null,y=ae.fromLine({line:m,taskLocation:new ft(new ze(s),f,a.lineStart,u,g),fallbackDate:null});y!==null&&(l.push(y),u++)}let c=new ni({obsidianComponent:n,parentUlElement:e,taskLayoutOptions:new Hr,queryLayoutOptions:new Kn});for(let f=0;f<i.length;f++){let m=l[f],g=i[f];if(m===void 0||g===void 0)continue;let y=(d=g.getAttr("data-line"))!=null?d:"0",T=Number.parseInt(y,10),k=yield c.renderTaskLine(m,T),S=g.childNodes;for(let q=0;q<S.length;q=q+1){let re=S[q];re.nodeName.toLowerCase()==="div"?k.prepend(re):re.nodeName.toLowerCase()==="ul"&&k.append(re)}let x=g.querySelectorAll("[data-footnote-id]"),U=k.querySelectorAll("[data-footnote-id]");if(x.length===U.length)for(let q=0;q<x.length;q++)U[q].replaceWith(x[q]);g.replaceWith(k)}})}};var ik=require("@codemirror/view"),sk=require("obsidian");var ak=()=>ik.ViewPlugin.fromClass(xh),xh=class{constructor(e){this.view=e,this.handleClickEvent=this.handleClickEvent.bind(this),this.view.dom.addEventListener("click",this.handleClickEvent)}destroy(){this.view.dom.removeEventListener("click",this.handleClickEvent)}handleClickEvent(e){let{target:t}=e;if(!t||!(t instanceof HTMLInputElement)||t.type!=="checkbox")return!1;let n=t.closest("ul.plugin-tasks-query-result, div.callout-content");if(n){if(n.matches("div.callout-content")){let f=`obsidian-tasks-plugin warning: Tasks cannot add or remove completion dates or make the next copy of a recurring task for tasks written inside a callout when you click their checkboxes in Live Preview. 
+If you wanted Tasks to do these things, please undo your change, then either click the line of the task and use the "Toggle Task Done" command, or switch to Reading View to click the checkbox.`;console.warn(f),new sk.Notice(f,45e3)}return!1}let{state:i}=this.view,s=this.view.posAtDOM(t),a=i.doc.lineAt(s),o=ae.fromLine({line:a.text,taskLocation:ft.fromUnknownPosition(new ze("")),fallbackDate:null});if(o===null)return!1;e.preventDefault();let l=o.toggleWithRecurrenceInUsersOrder().map(f=>f.toFileLineString()).join(i.lineBreak),c=i.update({changes:{from:a.from,to:a.to,insert:l}});this.view.dispatch(c);let d=t.checked;return setTimeout(()=>{t.checked=d},1),!0}};var Vs=require("obsidian");function Uo(r,e,t){e&&r.push(_F(t))}function _F(r){return`tasks-layout-hide-${r}`}var tc=class{constructor(e){e?this.queryLayoutOptions=e:this.queryLayoutOptions=new Kn}getHiddenClasses(){let e=[],t=[[this.queryLayoutOptions.hideUrgency,"urgency"],[this.queryLayoutOptions.hideBacklinks,"backlinks"],[this.queryLayoutOptions.hideEditButton,"edit-button"],[this.queryLayoutOptions.hidePostponeButton,"postpone-button"]];for(let[n,i]of t)Uo(e,n,i);return this.queryLayoutOptions.shortMode&&e.push("tasks-layout-short-mode"),e}};function ok(r,e,t,n=void 0){let i="";e.isEmpty()||(i+=`Only tasks containing the global filter '${e.get()}'.
 
 `);let s=new Ms("  "),a=new Pn(r,n);if(!a.ignoreGlobalQuery&&t.hasInstructions()){let o=t.query(n);i+=`Explanation of the global query:
 
 ${s.explainQuery(o)}
 `}return i+=`Explanation of this Tasks code block query:
 
-${s.explainQuery(a)}`,i}function tc(r,e,t){let n=new Pn(r,t);return n.ignoreGlobalQuery?n:e.query(t).append(n)}function ok(r){for(let t of ae.allDateFields()){let n=r[t];if(n&&!n.isValid())return!1}let e=r.happensDates.some(t=>!!(t!=null&&t.isValid()));return!r.isDone&&e}function Wo(r){return r.dueDate?"dueDate":r.scheduledDate?"scheduledDate":r.startDate?"startDate":null}function xh(r,e,t,n){let i=r[e];return ck(i,r,e,t,n)}function uk(r,e,t,n){let i=window.moment();return ck(i,r,e,t,n)}function lk(r,e,t,n){return dk(r,e,null)}function ck(r,e,t,n,i){let s=new Nt(r).postpone(n,i);return dk(e,t,s)}function dk(r,e,t){let n=yt.removeInferredStatusIfNeeded(r,[new ae(he(K({},r),{[e]:t}))])[0];return{postponedDate:t,postponedTask:n}}function fk(r,e){if(r){let t=r==null?void 0:r.format("DD MMM YYYY");return`Task's ${e} changed to ${t}`}else return`Task's ${e} removed`}function pk(r,e,t){return`\u2139\uFE0F ${Rh(r,e,t)} (right-click for more options)`}function Rh(r,e,t){let n=Wo(r),i=r[n];return yk(n,i,e,t)}function mk(r,e,t){let n=Wo(r),i=window.moment().startOf("day");return yk(n,i,e,t)}function hk(r,e,t){let n=Wo(r);return n==="scheduledDate"&&r.scheduledDateIsInferred?"Cannot remove inferred scheduled date":`Remove ${gk(n)}`}function TF(r){return vs(r.replace("Date",""))}function gk(r){return r.replace("Date"," date")}function yk(r,e,t,n){let s=new Nt(e).postpone(n,t).format("ddd Do MMM"),a=t!=1?t:"a";return e.isSameOrBefore(window.moment(),"day")?`${TF(r)} in ${a} ${n}, on ${s}`.replace(" in 0 days"," today").replace("in a day","tomorrow"):`Postpone ${gk(r)} by ${a} ${n}, to ${s}`}var rc=class{constructor(e){e?this.taskLayoutOptions=e:this.taskLayoutOptions=new Br}generateHiddenClasses(){let e=[];return this.taskLayoutOptions.toggleableComponents.forEach(t=>{Uo(e,!this.taskLayoutOptions.isShown(t),t)}),Uo(e,!this.taskLayoutOptions.areTagsShown(),"tags"),e}};var Mh=require("obsidian");var ii=class extends Bs{constructor(e,t,n=Fo){super(n);let i=(l,c,d,f,m,g)=>{let y=m(t,f,d);c.setTitle(y).onClick(()=>ii.postponeOnClickCallback(l,t,f,d,g,n))},s=mk,a=uk;this.addItem(l=>i(e,l,"days",0,s,a)),this.addItem(l=>i(e,l,"day",1,s,a)),this.addSeparator();let o=Rh,u=xh;this.addItem(l=>i(e,l,"days",2,o,u)),this.addItem(l=>i(e,l,"days",3,o,u)),this.addItem(l=>i(e,l,"days",4,o,u)),this.addItem(l=>i(e,l,"days",5,o,u)),this.addItem(l=>i(e,l,"days",6,o,u)),this.addSeparator(),this.addItem(l=>i(e,l,"week",1,o,u)),this.addItem(l=>i(e,l,"weeks",2,o,u)),this.addItem(l=>i(e,l,"weeks",3,o,u)),this.addItem(l=>i(e,l,"month",1,o,u)),this.addSeparator(),this.addItem(l=>i(e,l,"days",2,hk,lk))}static postponeOnClickCallback(o,u,l,c){return P(this,arguments,function*(e,t,n,i,s=xh,a=Fo){let d=Wo(t);if(d===null){let g="\u26A0\uFE0F Postponement requires a date: due, scheduled or start.";return new Mh.Notice(g,1e4)}let{postponedDate:f,postponedTask:m}=s(t,d,i,n);yield a(t,m),ii.postponeSuccessCallback(e,d,f)})}static postponeSuccessCallback(e,t,n){e.style.pointerEvents="none";let i=fk(n,t);new Mh.Notice(i,2e3)}};var qo=class{constructor(e){this.label=e,this.start()}start(){!this.recordTimings()||performance.mark(this.labelForStart())}finish(){!this.recordTimings()||(performance.mark(this.labelForEnd()),performance.measure(this.label,this.labelForStart(),this.labelForEnd()),this.printDuration())}printDuration(){let e=performance.getEntriesByName(this.label),t=e[e.length-1];t?console.log(this.label+":",t.duration.toFixed(2),"milliseconds"):console.log(`Measurement for ${this.label} not found`)}labelForStart(){return`${this.label} - start`}labelForEnd(){return`${this.label} - end`}recordTimings(){let{debugSettings:e}=X();return e.recordTimings}};var nc=class{constructor({plugin:e,events:t}){this.addQueryRenderChild=this._addQueryRenderChild.bind(this);this.app=e.app,this.plugin=e,this.events=t,e.registerMarkdownCodeBlockProcessor("tasks",this._addQueryRenderChild.bind(this))}_addQueryRenderChild(e,t,n){return P(this,null,function*(){n.addChild(new Ch({app:this.app,plugin:this.plugin,events:this.events,container:t,source:e,filePath:n.sourcePath}))})}},Ch=class extends Vs.MarkdownRenderChild{constructor({app:t,plugin:n,events:i,container:s,source:a,filePath:o}){super(s);switch(this.app=t,this.plugin=n,this.events=i,this.source=a,this.filePath=o,this.containerEl.className){case"block-language-tasks":this.query=tc(this.source,Tr.getInstance(),this.filePath),this.queryType="tasks";break;default:this.query=tc(this.source,Tr.getInstance(),this.filePath),this.queryType="tasks";break}}onload(){this.events.triggerRequestCacheUpdate(this.render.bind(this)),this.renderEventRef=this.events.onCacheUpdate(this.render.bind(this)),this.reloadQueryAtMidnight()}onunload(){this.renderEventRef!==void 0&&this.events.off(this.renderEventRef),this.queryReloadTimeout!==void 0&&clearTimeout(this.queryReloadTimeout)}reloadQueryAtMidnight(){let t=new Date;t.setHours(24,0,0,0);let n=new Date,i=t.getTime()-n.getTime();this.queryReloadTimeout=setTimeout(()=>{this.query=tc(this.source,Tr.getInstance(),this.filePath),this.events.triggerRequestCacheUpdate(this.render.bind(this)),this.reloadQueryAtMidnight()},i+1e3)}render(i){return P(this,arguments,function*({tasks:t,state:n}){var a;let s=er("div",this.containerEl);n==="Warm"&&this.query.error===void 0?yield this.renderQuerySearchResults(t,n,s):this.query.error!==void 0?this.renderErrorMessage(s,this.query.error):this.renderLoadingMessage(s),(a=this.containerEl.firstChild)==null||a.replaceWith(s)})}renderQuerySearchResults(t,n,i){return P(this,null,function*(){let s=this.explainAndPerformSearch(n,t,i);if(s.searchErrorMessage!==void 0){this.renderErrorMessage(i,s.searchErrorMessage);return}yield this.renderSearchResults(s,i)})}explainAndPerformSearch(t,n,i){let s=new qo(`Search: ${this.query.queryId} - ${this.filePath}`);s.start(),this.query.debug(`[render] Render called: plugin state: ${t}; searching ${n.length} tasks`),this.query.queryLayoutOptions.explainQuery&&this.createExplanation(i);let a=this.query.applyQueryToTasks(n);return s.finish(),a}renderSearchResults(t,n){return P(this,null,function*(){let i=new qo(`Render: ${this.query.queryId} - ${this.filePath}`);i.start(),yield this.addAllTaskGroups(t.taskGroups,n);let s=t.totalTasksCount;this.addTaskCount(n,t),this.query.debug(`[render] ${s} tasks displayed`),i.finish()})}renderErrorMessage(t,n){t.createDiv().innerHTML=`<pre>Tasks query: ${n.replace(/\n/g,"<br>")}</pre>`}renderLoadingMessage(t){t.setText("Loading Tasks ...")}createExplanation(t){let n=ak(this.source,_e.getInstance(),Tr.getInstance(),this.filePath),i=er("pre",t);i.addClasses(["plugin-tasks-query-explanation"]),i.setText(n),t.appendChild(i)}createTaskList(t,n){return P(this,null,function*(){let i=er("ul",n);i.addClasses(["contains-task-list","plugin-tasks-query-result"]);let s=new rc(this.query.taskLayoutOptions);i.addClasses(s.generateHiddenClasses());let a=new ec(this.query.queryLayoutOptions);i.addClasses(a.getHiddenClasses());let o=this.getGroupingAttribute();o&&o.length>0&&(i.dataset.taskGroupBy=o);let u=new ni({obsidianComponent:this,parentUlElement:i,taskLayoutOptions:this.query.taskLayoutOptions,queryLayoutOptions:this.query.queryLayoutOptions});for(let[l,c]of t.entries())yield this.addTask(i,u,c,l);n.appendChild(i)})}addTask(t,n,i,s){return P(this,null,function*(){let a=this.isFilenameUnique({task:i}),o=yield n.renderTaskLine(i,s,a);o.querySelectorAll("[data-footnote-id]").forEach(d=>d.remove());let l=o.createSpan("task-extras");this.query.queryLayoutOptions.hideUrgency||this.addUrgency(l,i);let c=this.query.queryLayoutOptions.shortMode;this.query.queryLayoutOptions.hideBacklinks||this.addBacklinks(l,i,c,a),this.query.queryLayoutOptions.hideEditButton||this.addEditButton(l,i,this.plugin.getTasks()),!this.query.queryLayoutOptions.hidePostponeButton&&ok(i)&&this.addPostponeButton(l,i,c),t.appendChild(o)})}addEditButton(t,n,i){let s=er("a",t);s.addClass("tasks-edit"),s.title="Edit task",s.href="#",s.onClickEvent(a=>{a.preventDefault();let o=l=>P(this,null,function*(){yield gr({originalTask:n,newTasks:yt.removeInferredStatusIfNeeded(n,l)})});new zn({app:this.app,task:n,onSubmit:o,allTasks:i}).open()})}addUrgency(t,n){let i=new Intl.NumberFormat().format(n.urgency);t.createSpan({text:i,cls:"tasks-urgency"})}addAllTaskGroups(t,n){return P(this,null,function*(){for(let i of t.groups)yield this.addGroupHeadings(n,i.groupHeadings),yield this.createTaskList(i.tasks,n)})}addGroupHeadings(t,n){return P(this,null,function*(){for(let i of n)yield this.addGroupHeading(t,i)})}addGroupHeading(t,n){return P(this,null,function*(){let i="h6";n.nestingLevel===0?i="h4":n.nestingLevel===1&&(i="h5");let s=er(i,t);s.addClass("tasks-group-heading"),yield Vs.MarkdownRenderer.renderMarkdown(n.displayName,s,this.filePath,this)})}addBacklinks(t,n,i,s){var c;let a=t.createSpan({cls:"tasks-backlink"});i||a.append(" (");let o=er("a",a);o.rel="noopener",o.target="_blank",o.addClass("internal-link"),i&&o.addClass("internal-link-short-mode");let u;i?u=" \u{1F517}":u=(c=n.getLinkText({isFilenameUnique:s}))!=null?c:"",o.setText(u);let l=this.app.vault;o.addEventListener("click",d=>P(this,null,function*(){let f=yield Xm(n,l);if(f){let[m,g]=f,y=this.app.workspace.getLeaf(Vs.Keymap.isModEvent(d));d.preventDefault(),yield y.openFile(g,{eState:{line:m}})}})),o.addEventListener("mousedown",d=>P(this,null,function*(){if(d.button===1){let f=yield Xm(n,l);if(f){let[m,g]=f,y=this.app.workspace.getLeaf("tab");d.preventDefault(),yield y.openFile(g,{eState:{line:m}})}}})),i||a.append(")")}addPostponeButton(t,n,i){let a="day",o=pk(n,1,a),u=er("a",t);u.addClass("tasks-postpone"),i&&u.addClass("tasks-postpone-short-mode"),u.title=o,u.addEventListener("click",l=>{l.preventDefault(),l.stopPropagation(),ii.postponeOnClickCallback(u,n,1,a)}),u.addEventListener("contextmenu",l=>P(this,null,function*(){l.preventDefault(),l.stopPropagation(),new ii(u,n).showAtPosition({x:l.clientX,y:l.clientY})}))}addTaskCount(t,n){this.query.queryLayoutOptions.hideTaskCount||t.createDiv({text:n.totalTasksCountDisplayText(),cls:"tasks-count"})}isFilenameUnique({task:t}){let n=t.path.match(/([^/]*)\..+$/i);if(n===null)return;let i=n[1];return this.app.vault.getMarkdownFiles().filter(a=>{if(a.basename===i)return!0}).length<2}getGroupingAttribute(){let t=[];for(let n of this.query.grouping)t.push(n.property);return t.join(",")}};var ve=require("obsidian");var ic=class{constructor(e){this._markdown="";this.columnNames=e,this.addTitleRow()}get markdown(){return this._markdown}addTitleRow(){let e="|",t="|";this.columnNames.forEach(n=>{e+=` ${n} |`,t+=" ----- |"}),this._markdown+=`${e}
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+`)}makeRowText(e){let t="|";return e.forEach(n=>{t+=` ${n} |`}),t}};function Tk(r,e){return r.findIndex(t=>t.symbol===e)}function Nn(r){return r===""?r:"`"+(r!==" "?r:"space")+"`"}function wF(r,e){let t=ne.getTypeForUnknownSymbol(r.symbol);r.type!==t&&(t==="TODO"&&r.symbol!==" "||e.push(`For information, the conventional type for status symbol ${Nn(r.symbol)} is ${Nn(t)}: you may wish to review this type.`))}function kF(r,e,t){let n=Tk(r,e.nextStatusSymbol);if(n===-1){t.push(`Next symbol ${Nn(e.nextStatusSymbol)} is unknown: create a status with symbol ${Nn(e.nextStatusSymbol)}.`);return}if(e.type!=="DONE")return;let i=r[n];if(i){if(i.type!=="TODO"&&i.type!=="IN_PROGRESS"){let s="https://publish.obsidian.md/tasks/Getting+Started/Statuses/Recurring+Tasks+and+Custom+Statuses",a=[`This \`DONE\` status is followed by ${Nn(i.type)}, not \`TODO\` or \`IN_PROGRESS\`.`,"If used to complete a recurring task, it will instead be followed by `TODO` or `IN_PROGRESS`, to ensure the next task matches the `not done` filter.",`See [Recurring Tasks and Custom Statuses](${s}).`].join("<br>");t.push(a)}}else t.push("Unexpected failure to find the next status.")}function EF(r,e,t){let n=[];return e.symbol===ne.EMPTY.symbol?(n.push("Empty symbol: this status will be ignored."),n):Tk(r,e.symbol)!=t?(n.push(`Duplicate symbol '${Nn(e.symbol)}': this status will be ignored.`),n):(wF(e,n),kF(r,e,n),n)}function _k(r){let e=new sc(["Status Symbol","Next Status Symbol","Status Name","Status Type","Problems (if any)"]),t=Le.allStatuses(r);return t.forEach((n,i)=>{e.addRow([Nn(n.symbol),Nn(n.nextStatusSymbol),n.name,Nn(n.type),EF(t,n,i).join("<br>")])}),e.markdown}function vk(r,e,t,n){let s=_k(r),a=e.mermaidDiagram(!0);return`# ${t}
 
 ## About this file
 
@@ -352,23 +352,23 @@ ${s}
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 These are the settings actually used by Tasks.
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","Unchecked","x","TODO"],["x","Checked"," ","DONE"],[">","Rescheduled","x","TODO"],["<","Scheduled","x","TODO"],["!","Important","x","TODO"],["-","Cancelled"," ","CANCELLED"],["/","In Progress","x","IN_PROGRESS"],["?","Question","x","TODO"],["*","Star","x","TODO"],["n","Note","x","TODO"],["l","Location","x","TODO"],["i","Information","x","TODO"],["I","Idea","x","TODO"],["S","Amount","x","TODO"],["p","Pro","x","TODO"],["c","Con","x","TODO"],["b","Bookmark","x","TODO"],["f","Fire","x","TODO"],["k","Key","x","TODO"],["w","Win","x","TODO"],["u","Up","x","TODO"],["d","Down","x","TODO"]]}function Ok(){return[[" ","to-do","x","TODO"],["/","incomplete","x","IN_PROGRESS"],["x","done"," ","DONE"],["-","canceled"," ","CANCELLED"],[">","forwarded","x","TODO"],["<","scheduling","x","TODO"],["?","question","x","TODO"],["!","important","x","TODO"],["*","star","x","TODO"],['"',"quote","x","TODO"],["l","location","x","TODO"],["b","bookmark","x","TODO"],["i","information","x","TODO"],["S","savings","x","TODO"],["I","idea","x","TODO"],["p","pros","x","TODO"],["c","cons","x","TODO"],["f","fire","x","TODO"],["k","key","x","TODO"],["w","win","x","TODO"],["u","up","x","TODO"],["d","down","x","TODO"]]}function Dk(){return[[" ","to-do","x","TODO"],["/","incomplete","x","IN_PROGRESS"],["x","done"," ","DONE"],["-","canceled"," 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Statuses",level:"h3",class:"",open:!0,notice:{class:"setting-item-description",text:null,html:`<p>You should first <b>select and install a CSS Snippet or Theme</b> to style custom checkboxes.</p><p>Then, use the buttons below to set up your custom statuses, to match your chosen CSS checkboxes.</p><p><b>Note</b> Any statuses with the same symbol as any earlier statuses will be ignored. You can confirm the actually loaded statuses by running the 'Create or edit task' command and looking at the Status drop-down.</p><p></p><p>See the <a href="https://publish.obsidian.md/tasks/Getting+Started/Statuses">documentation</a> to get started!</p>`},settings:[{name:"",description:"",type:"function",initialValue:"",placeholder:"",settingName:"insertCustomTaskStatusSettings",featureFlag:"",notice:null}]}];var Ir=require("obsidian");var $i=class{validate(e){let t=[];return t.push(...this.validateSymbol(e)),t.push(...this.validateName(e)),t.push(...this.validateNextSymbol(e)),t}validateStatusCollectionEntry(e){let[t,n,i,s]=e,a=[];if(a.push(...this.validateType(s)),t===i&&s!=="NON_TASK"&&a.push(`Status symbol '${t}' toggles to itself`),a.length>0)return a;let o=ne.createFromImportedValue(e).configuration;return a.push(...this.validateSymbolTypeConventions(o)),a.push(...this.validate(o)),a}validateSymbol(e){return $i.validateOneSymbol(e.symbol,"Task Status Symbol")}validateNextSymbol(e){return $i.validateOneSymbol(e.nextStatusSymbol,"Task Next Status Symbol")}validateName(e){let t=[];return e.name.length===0&&t.push("Task Status Name cannot be empty."),t}validateType(e){let t=zt[e],n=[];return t||n.push(`Status Type "${e}" is not a valid type`),t=="EMPTY"&&n.push('Status Type "EMPTY" is not permitted in user data'),n}validateSymbolTypeConventions(e){let t=[],n=e.symbol,i=new De,s=n==="X"?"x":n,a=i.bySymbol(s);return a.type!=="EMPTY"&&(e.nextStatusSymbol!==a.nextStatusSymbol&&t.push(`Next Status Symbol for symbol '${n}': '${e.nextStatusSymbol}' is inconsistent with convention '${a.nextStatusSymbol}'`),e.type!==a.type&&t.push(`Status Type for symbol '${n}': '${e.type}' is inconsistent with convention '${a.type}'`)),t}static validateOneSymbol(e,t){let n=[];return e.length===0&&n.push(`${t} cannot be empty.`),e.length>1&&n.push(`${t} ("${e}") must be a single character.`),n}};var ji=new $i,tr=class extends Ir.Modal{constructor(t,n,i){super(t.app);this.plugin=t;this.saved=!1;this.error=!1;this.statusSymbol=n.symbol,this.statusName=n.name,this.statusNextSymbol=n.nextStatusSymbol,this.statusAvailableAsCommand=n.availableAsCommand,this.type=n.type,this.isCoreStatus=i}statusConfiguration(){return new Qe(this.statusSymbol,this.statusName,this.statusNextSymbol,this.statusAvailableAsCommand,this.type)}display(){return P(this,null,function*(){let{contentEl:t}=this;t.empty();let n=t.createDiv(),i;new Ir.Setting(n).setName("Task Status Symbol").setDesc("This is the character between the square braces. (It can only be edited for Custom statuses, and not Core statuses.)").addText(l=>{i=l,l.setValue(this.statusSymbol).onChange(c=>{this.statusSymbol=c,tr.setValid(l,ji.validateSymbol(this.statusConfiguration()))})}).setDisabled(this.isCoreStatus).then(l=>{tr.setValid(i,ji.validateSymbol(this.statusConfiguration()))});let s;new Ir.Setting(n).setName("Task Status Name").setDesc("This is the friendly name of the task status.").addText(l=>{s=l,l.setValue(this.statusName).onChange(c=>{this.statusName=c,tr.setValid(l,ji.validateName(this.statusConfiguration()))})}).then(l=>{tr.setValid(s,ji.validateName(this.statusConfiguration()))});let a;new Ir.Setting(n).setName("Task Next Status Symbol").setDesc("When clicked on this is the symbol that should be used next.").addText(l=>{a=l,l.setValue(this.statusNextSymbol).onChange(c=>{this.statusNextSymbol=c,tr.setValid(l,ji.validateNextSymbol(this.statusConfiguration()))})}).then(l=>{tr.setValid(a,ji.validateNextSymbol(this.statusConfiguration()))}),new Ir.Setting(n).setName("Task Status Type").setDesc("Control how the status behaves for searching and toggling.").addDropdown(l=>{["TODO","IN_PROGRESS","DONE","CANCELLED","NON_TASK"].forEach(d=>{l.addOption(d,d)}),l.setValue(this.type).onChange(d=>{this.type=ne.getTypeFromStatusTypeString(d)})}),ne.tasksPluginCanCreateCommandsForStatuses()&&new Ir.Setting(n).setName("Available as command").setDesc("If enabled this status will be available as a command so you can assign a hotkey and toggle the status using it.").addToggle(l=>{l.setValue(this.statusAvailableAsCommand).onChange(c=>P(this,null,function*(){this.statusAvailableAsCommand=c}))});let o=t.createDiv(),u=new Ir.Setting(o);u.addButton(l=>(l.setTooltip("Save").setIcon("checkmark").onClick(()=>P(this,null,function*(){let c=ji.validate(this.statusConfiguration());if(c.length>0){let d=c.join(`
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","DONE"],["-","cancelled"," ","CANCELLED"],[">","deferred","x","TODO"],["/","in progress, or half-done","x","IN_PROGRESS"],["!","Important","x","TODO"],["?","question","x","TODO"],["R","review","x","TODO"],["+","Inbox / task that should be processed later","x","TODO"],["b","bookmark","x","TODO"],["B","brainstorm","x","TODO"],["D","deferred or scheduled","x","TODO"],["I","Info","x","TODO"],["i","idea","x","TODO"],["N","note","x","TODO"],["Q","quote","x","TODO"],["W","win / success / reward","x","TODO"],["P","pro","x","TODO"],["C","con","x","TODO"]]}function Ek(){return[[" ","Unchecked","x","TODO"],["x","Checked"," ","DONE"],["-","Cancelled"," ","CANCELLED"],["/","In Progress","x","IN_PROGRESS"],[">","Deferred","x","TODO"],["!","Important","x","TODO"],["?","Question","x","TODO"],["r","Review","x","TODO"]]}function Sk(){return[[" ","Unchecked","x","TODO"],["x","Regular"," ","DONE"],["X","Checked"," ","DONE"],["-","Dropped"," ","CANCELLED"],[">","Forward","x","TODO"],["D","Date","x","TODO"],["?","Question","x","TODO"],["/","Half Done","x","IN_PROGRESS"],["+","Add","x","TODO"],["R","Research","x","TODO"],["!","Important","x","TODO"],["i","Idea","x","TODO"],["B","Brainstorm","x","TODO"],["P","Pro","x","TODO"],["C","Con","x","TODO"],["Q","Quote","x","TODO"],["N","Note","x","TODO"],["b","Bookmark","x","TODO"],["I","Information","x","TODO"],["p","Paraphrase","x","TODO"],["L","Location","x","TODO"],["E","Example","x","TODO"],["A","Answer","x","TODO"],["r","Reward","x","TODO"],["c","Choice","x","TODO"],["d","Doing","x","IN_PROGRESS"],["T","Time","x","TODO"],["@","Character / Person","x","TODO"],["t","Talk","x","TODO"],["O","Outline / Plot","x","TODO"],["~","Conflict","x","TODO"],["W","World","x","TODO"],["f","Clue / Find","x","TODO"],["F","Foreshadow","x","TODO"],["H","Favorite / Health","x","TODO"],["&","Symbolism","x","TODO"],["s","Secret","x","TODO"]]}function Ok(){return[[" ","Unchecked","x","TODO"],["x","Checked"," ","DONE"],[">","Rescheduled","x","TODO"],["<","Scheduled","x","TODO"],["!","Important","x","TODO"],["-","Cancelled"," ","CANCELLED"],["/","In Progress","x","IN_PROGRESS"],["?","Question","x","TODO"],["*","Star","x","TODO"],["n","Note","x","TODO"],["l","Location","x","TODO"],["i","Information","x","TODO"],["I","Idea","x","TODO"],["S","Amount","x","TODO"],["p","Pro","x","TODO"],["c","Con","x","TODO"],["b","Bookmark","x","TODO"],["f","Fire","x","TODO"],["k","Key","x","TODO"],["w","Win","x","TODO"],["u","Up","x","TODO"],["d","Down","x","TODO"]]}function Dk(){return[[" ","to-do","x","TODO"],["/","incomplete","x","IN_PROGRESS"],["x","done"," ","DONE"],["-","canceled"," ","CANCELLED"],[">","forwarded","x","TODO"],["<","scheduling","x","TODO"],["?","question","x","TODO"],["!","important","x","TODO"],["*","star","x","TODO"],['"',"quote","x","TODO"],["l","location","x","TODO"],["b","bookmark","x","TODO"],["i","information","x","TODO"],["S","savings","x","TODO"],["I","idea","x","TODO"],["p","pros","x","TODO"],["c","cons","x","TODO"],["f","fire","x","TODO"],["k","key","x","TODO"],["w","win","x","TODO"],["u","up","x","TODO"],["d","down","x","TODO"]]}function xk(){return[[" ","to-do","x","TODO"],["/","incomplete","x","IN_PROGRESS"],["x","done"," ","DONE"],["-","canceled"," ","CANCELLED"],[">","forwarded","x","TODO"],["<","scheduling","x","TODO"],["?","question","x","TODO"],["!","important","x","TODO"],["*","star","x","TODO"],['"',"quote","x","TODO"],["l","location","x","TODO"],["b","bookmark","x","TODO"],["i","information","x","TODO"],["S","savings","x","TODO"],["I","idea","x","TODO"],["p","pros","x","TODO"],["c","cons","x","TODO"],["f","fire","x","TODO"],["k","key","x","TODO"],["w","win","x","TODO"],["u","up","x","TODO"],["d","down","x","TODO"]]}var Rk=[{text:"Core Statuses",level:"h3",class:"",open:!0,notice:{class:"setting-item-description",text:null,html:"<p>These are the core statuses that Tasks supports natively, with no need for custom CSS styling or theming.</p><p>You can add edit and add your own custom statuses in the section below.</p>"},settings:[{name:"",description:"",type:"function",initialValue:"",placeholder:"",settingName:"insertTaskCoreStatusSettings",featureFlag:"",notice:null}]},{text:"Custom Statuses",level:"h3",class:"",open:!0,notice:{class:"setting-item-description",text:null,html:`<p>You should first <b>select and install a CSS Snippet or Theme</b> to style custom checkboxes.</p><p>Then, use the buttons below to set up your custom statuses, to match your chosen CSS checkboxes.</p><p><b>Note</b> Any statuses with the same symbol as any earlier statuses will be ignored. You can confirm the actually loaded statuses by running the 'Create or edit task' command and looking at the Status drop-down.</p><p></p><p>See the <a href="https://publish.obsidian.md/tasks/Getting+Started/Statuses">documentation</a> to get started!</p>`},settings:[{name:"",description:"",type:"function",initialValue:"",placeholder:"",settingName:"insertCustomTaskStatusSettings",featureFlag:"",notice:null}]}];var Fr=require("obsidian");var $i=class{validate(e){let t=[];return t.push(...this.validateSymbol(e)),t.push(...this.validateName(e)),t.push(...this.validateNextSymbol(e)),t}validateStatusCollectionEntry(e){let[t,n,i,s]=e,a=[];if(a.push(...this.validateType(s)),t===i&&s!=="NON_TASK"&&a.push(`Status symbol '${t}' toggles to itself`),a.length>0)return a;let o=ne.createFromImportedValue(e).configuration;return a.push(...this.validateSymbolTypeConventions(o)),a.push(...this.validate(o)),a}validateSymbol(e){return $i.validateOneSymbol(e.symbol,"Task Status Symbol")}validateNextSymbol(e){return $i.validateOneSymbol(e.nextStatusSymbol,"Task Next Status Symbol")}validateName(e){let t=[];return e.name.length===0&&t.push("Task Status Name cannot be empty."),t}validateType(e){let t=zt[e],n=[];return t||n.push(`Status Type "${e}" is not a valid type`),t=="EMPTY"&&n.push('Status Type "EMPTY" is not permitted in user data'),n}validateSymbolTypeConventions(e){let t=[],n=e.symbol,i=new De,s=n==="X"?"x":n,a=i.bySymbol(s);return a.type!=="EMPTY"&&(e.nextStatusSymbol!==a.nextStatusSymbol&&t.push(`Next Status Symbol for symbol '${n}': '${e.nextStatusSymbol}' is inconsistent with convention '${a.nextStatusSymbol}'`),e.type!==a.type&&t.push(`Status Type for symbol '${n}': '${e.type}' is inconsistent with convention '${a.type}'`)),t}static validateOneSymbol(e,t){let n=[];return e.length===0&&n.push(`${t} cannot be empty.`),e.length>1&&n.push(`${t} ("${e}") must be a single character.`),n}};var ji=new $i,tr=class extends Fr.Modal{constructor(t,n,i){super(t.app);this.plugin=t;this.saved=!1;this.error=!1;this.statusSymbol=n.symbol,this.statusName=n.name,this.statusNextSymbol=n.nextStatusSymbol,this.statusAvailableAsCommand=n.availableAsCommand,this.type=n.type,this.isCoreStatus=i}statusConfiguration(){return new Qe(this.statusSymbol,this.statusName,this.statusNextSymbol,this.statusAvailableAsCommand,this.type)}display(){return P(this,null,function*(){let{contentEl:t}=this;t.empty();let n=t.createDiv(),i;new Fr.Setting(n).setName("Task Status Symbol").setDesc("This is the character between the square braces. 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-show urgency`).setValue(s.globalQuery).onChange(a=>P(this,null,function*(){Ve({globalQuery:a}),Tr.getInstance().set(a),yield this.plugin.saveSettings()}))})),t.createEl("h4",{text:"Task Statuses"});let{headingOpened:n}=X();xk.forEach(i=>{this.addOneSettingsBlock(t,i,n)}),t.createEl("h4",{text:"Date Settings"}),new ve.Setting(t).setName("Set created date on every added task").setDesc(Rt.createFragmentWithHTML(`Enabling this will add a timestamp \u2795 YYYY-MM-DD before other date values, when a task is created with 'Create or edit task', or by completing a recurring task.</br><p>See the <a href="https://publish.obsidian.md/tasks/Getting+Started/Dates#Created+date">documentation</a>.</p>`)).addToggle(i=>{let s=X();i.setValue(s.setCreatedDate).onChange(a=>P(this,null,function*(){Ve({setCreatedDate:a}),yield this.plugin.saveSettings()}))}),new ve.Setting(t).setName("Set done date on every completed task").setDesc(Rt.createFragmentWithHTML('Enabling this will add a timestamp \u2705 YYYY-MM-DD at the end when a task is toggled to done.</br><p>See the <a href="https://publish.obsidian.md/tasks/Getting+Started/Dates#Done+date">documentation</a>.</p>')).addToggle(i=>{let s=X();i.setValue(s.setDoneDate).onChange(a=>P(this,null,function*(){Ve({setDoneDate:a}),yield this.plugin.saveSettings()}))}),new ve.Setting(t).setName("Set cancelled date on every cancelled task").setDesc(Rt.createFragmentWithHTML('Enabling this will add a timestamp \u274C YYYY-MM-DD at the end when a task is toggled to cancelled.</br><p>See the <a href="https://publish.obsidian.md/tasks/Getting+Started/Dates#Cancelled+date">documentation</a>.</p>')).addToggle(i=>{let s=X();i.setValue(s.setCancelledDate).onChange(a=>P(this,null,function*(){Ve({setCancelledDate:a}),yield this.plugin.saveSettings()}))}),new ve.Setting(t).setName("Use filename as Scheduled date for undated tasks").setDesc(Rt.createFragmentWithHTML('Save time entering Scheduled (\u23F3) dates.</br>If this option is enabled, any undated tasks will be given a default Scheduled date extracted from their file name.</br>By default, Tasks plugin will match both <code>YYYY-MM-DD</code> and <code>YYYYMMDD</code> date formats.</br>Undated tasks have none of Due (\u{1F4C5} ), Scheduled (\u23F3) and Start (\u{1F6EB}) dates.</br><p>See the <a href="https://publish.obsidian.md/tasks/Getting+Started/Use+Filename+as+Default+Date">documentation</a>.</p>')).addToggle(i=>{let s=X();i.setValue(s.useFilenameAsScheduledDate).onChange(a=>P(this,null,function*(){Ve({useFilenameAsScheduledDate:a}),yield this.plugin.saveSettings()}))}),new ve.Setting(t).setName("Additional filename date format as Scheduled date for undated tasks").setDesc(Rt.createFragmentWithHTML('An additional date format that Tasks plugin will recogize when using the file name as the Scheduled date for undated tasks.</br><p><a href="https://momentjs.com/docs/#/displaying/format/">Syntax Reference</a></p>')).addText(i=>{let s=X();i.setPlaceholder("example: MMM DD YYYY").setValue(s.filenameAsScheduledDateFormat).onChange(a=>P(this,null,function*(){Ve({filenameAsScheduledDateFormat:a}),yield this.plugin.saveSettings()}))}),new ve.Setting(t).setName("Folders with default Scheduled dates").setDesc("Leave empty if you want to use default Scheduled dates everywhere, or enter a comma-separated list of folders.").addText(i=>P(this,null,function*(){let s=X();yield this.plugin.saveSettings(),i.setValue(Rt.renderFolderArray(s.filenameAsDateFolders)).onChange(a=>P(this,null,function*(){let o=Rt.parseCommaSeparatedFolders(a);Ve({filenameAsDateFolders:o}),yield this.plugin.saveSettings()}))})),t.createEl("h4",{text:"Recurring task Settings"}),new ve.Setting(t).setName("Next recurrence appears on the line below").setDesc(Rt.createFragmentWithHTML('Enabling this will make the next recurrence of a task appear on the line below the completed task. 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${o} ${l}.md`,d=this.plugin.manifest.version,f=De.getInstance(),m=vk(i,f,o,d),g=yield app.vault.create(c,m);yield this.app.workspace.getLeaf(!0).openFile(g)})),a.setTooltip("Create a new file in the root of the vault, containing a Mermaid diagram of the current status settings.")}).infoEl.remove()}insertCustomTaskStatusSettings(t,n){let{statusSettings:i}=X();i.customStatuses.forEach(l=>{Mk(t,l,i.customStatuses,i,n,n.plugin,!1)}),t.createEl("div"),new ve.Setting(t).addButton(l=>{l.setButtonText("Add New Task Status").setCta().onClick(()=>P(this,null,function*(){Le.addStatus(i.customStatuses,new Qe("","","",!1,"TODO")),yield zs(i,n)}))}).infoEl.remove();let a=[["AnuPpuccin Theme",wk()],["Aura Theme",kk()],["Ebullientworks Theme",Ek()],["ITS Theme & SlRvb Checkboxes",Sk()],["Minimal Theme",Dk()],["Things Theme",xk()],["LYT Mode Theme (Dark mode only)",Ok()]];for(let[l,c]of a)new ve.Setting(t).addButton(f=>{let m=`${l}: Add ${c.length} supported Statuses`;f.setButtonText(m).onClick(()=>P(this,null,function*(){yield DF(c,i,n)}))}).infoEl.remove();new ve.Setting(t).addButton(l=>{l.setButtonText("Add All Unknown Status Types").setCta().onClick(()=>P(this,null,function*(){let d=this.plugin.getTasks().map(m=>m.status),f=De.getInstance().findUnknownStatuses(d);f.length!==0&&(f.forEach(m=>{Le.addStatus(i.customStatuses,m)}),yield zs(i,n))}))}).infoEl.remove(),new ve.Setting(t).addButton(l=>{l.setButtonText("Reset Custom Status Types to Defaults").setWarning().onClick(()=>P(this,null,function*(){Le.resetAllCustomStatuses(i),yield zs(i,n)}))}).infoEl.remove()}},$o=Rt;$o.createFragmentWithHTML=t=>createFragment(n=>n.createDiv().innerHTML=t);function Mk(r,e,t,n,i,s,a){let o=r.createEl("pre");o.addClass("row-for-status"),o.textContent=new ne(e).previewText();let u=new ve.Setting(r);u.infoEl.replaceWith(o),a||u.addExtraButton(l=>{l.setIcon("cross").setTooltip("Delete").onClick(()=>P(this,null,function*(){Le.deleteStatus(t,e)&&(yield zs(n,i))}))}),u.addExtraButton(l=>{l.setIcon("pencil").setTooltip("Edit").onClick(()=>P(this,null,function*(){let c=new tr(s,e,a);c.onClose=()=>P(this,null,function*(){c.saved&&Le.replaceStatus(t,e,c.statusConfiguration())&&(yield zs(n,i))}),c.open()}))}),u.infoEl.remove()}function DF(r,e,t){return P(this,null,function*(){Le.bulkAddStatusCollection(e,r).forEach(i=>{new ve.Notice(i)}),yield zs(e,t)})}function zs(r,e){return P(this,null,function*(){Ve({statusSettings:r}),Le.applyToStatusRegistry(r,De.getInstance()),yield e.saveSettings(!0)})}function xF(r){let{settingEl:e,infoEl:t,controlEl:n}=r,i=n.querySelector("textarea");i!==null&&(e.style.display="block",t.style.marginRight="0px",i.style.minWidth="-webkit-fill-available")}var si=require("obsidian");function RF(r){console.error(r),new si.Notice(r+`
 
 This message has been written to the console.
-`,1e4)}var sc=class extends si.EditorSuggest{constructor(t,n,i){super(t);this.settings=n,this.plugin=i,t.scope.register([],"Tab",()=>{var a;let s=(a=this.context)==null?void 0:a.editor;return s?(s.exec("indentMore"),!1):!0})}onTrigger(t,n,i){if(!this.settings.autoSuggestInEditor)return null;let s=n.getLine(t.line);return mv(s,t,n)?{start:{line:t.line,ch:0},end:{line:t.line,ch:s.length},query:s}:null}getSuggestions(t){var c,d,f;let n=t.query,i=t.editor.getCursor(),s=this.plugin.getTasks(),a=s.find(m=>m.taskLocation.path==t.file.path&&m.taskLocation.lineNumber==i.line),o=this.getMarkdownFileInfo(t),u=this.canSaveEdits(o);return((f=(d=(c=bo()).buildSuggestions)==null?void 0:d.call(c,n,i.ch,this.settings,s,u,a))!=null?f:[]).map(m=>he(K({},m),{context:t}))}getMarkdownFileInfo(t){return t.editor.cm.state.field(si.editorInfoField)}canSaveEdits(t){return t instanceof si.MarkdownView}renderSuggestion(t,n){n.setText(t.displayText)}selectSuggestion(t,n){return P(this,null,function*(){var l,c,d;let i=t.context.editor;if(t.suggestionType==="empty"){this.close();let f=new KeyboardEvent("keydown",{code:"Enter",key:"Enter"});(c=(l=i==null?void 0:i.cm)==null?void 0:l.contentDOM)==null||c.dispatchEvent(f);return}if(t.taskItDependsOn!=null){let f=zu(t.taskItDependsOn,this.plugin.getTasks().map(m=>m.id));if(t.appendText+=` ${f.id}`,t.taskItDependsOn!==f)if(t.context.file.path==f.path){let m=t.taskItDependsOn.originalMarkdown,g={line:t.taskItDependsOn.lineNumber,ch:0},y={line:t.taskItDependsOn.lineNumber,ch:m.length},T=t.context.editor.getRange(g,y);if(T!==m){let k=`Error adding new ID, due to mismatched data in Tasks memory and the editor:
+`,1e4)}var ac=class extends si.EditorSuggest{constructor(t,n,i){super(t);this.settings=n,this.plugin=i,t.scope.register([],"Tab",()=>{var a;let s=(a=this.context)==null?void 0:a.editor;return s?(s.exec("indentMore"),!1):!0})}onTrigger(t,n,i){if(!this.settings.autoSuggestInEditor)return null;let s=n.getLine(t.line);return hv(s,t,n)?{start:{line:t.line,ch:0},end:{line:t.line,ch:s.length},query:s}:null}getSuggestions(t){var c,d,f;let n=t.query,i=t.editor.getCursor(),s=this.plugin.getTasks(),a=s.find(m=>m.taskLocation.path==t.file.path&&m.taskLocation.lineNumber==i.line),o=this.getMarkdownFileInfo(t),u=this.canSaveEdits(o);return((f=(d=(c=bo()).buildSuggestions)==null?void 0:d.call(c,n,i.ch,this.settings,s,u,a))!=null?f:[]).map(m=>he(K({},m),{context:t}))}getMarkdownFileInfo(t){return t.editor.cm.state.field(si.editorInfoField)}canSaveEdits(t){return t instanceof si.MarkdownView}renderSuggestion(t,n){n.setText(t.displayText)}selectSuggestion(t,n){return P(this,null,function*(){var l,c,d;let i=t.context.editor;if(t.suggestionType==="empty"){this.close();let f=new KeyboardEvent("keydown",{code:"Enter",key:"Enter"});(c=(l=i==null?void 0:i.cm)==null?void 0:l.contentDOM)==null||c.dispatchEvent(f);return}if(t.taskItDependsOn!=null){let f=Ku(t.taskItDependsOn,this.plugin.getTasks().map(m=>m.id));if(t.appendText+=` ${f.id}`,t.taskItDependsOn!==f)if(t.context.file.path==f.path){let m=t.taskItDependsOn.originalMarkdown,g={line:t.taskItDependsOn.lineNumber,ch:0},y={line:t.taskItDependsOn.lineNumber,ch:m.length},T=t.context.editor.getRange(g,y);if(T!==m){let k=`Error adding new ID, due to mismatched data in Tasks memory and the editor:
 task line in memory: '${t.taskItDependsOn.originalMarkdown}'
 
 task line in editor: '${T}'
 
 file: '${f.path}'
-`;DF(k);return}t.context.editor.replaceRange(f.toFileLineString(),g,y)}else gr({originalTask:t.taskItDependsOn,newTasks:f})}let s=t.context.editor.getCursor(),a={line:s.line,ch:(d=t.insertAt)!=null?d:s.ch},o=t.insertSkip?{line:s.line,ch:a.ch+t.insertSkip}:void 0;t.context.editor.replaceRange(t.appendText,a,o),t.context.editor.setCursor({line:s.line,ch:a.ch+t.appendText.length});let u=this.getMarkdownFileInfo(t.context);this.canSaveEdits(u)&&(yield u.save())})}};var Mk=(r,e)=>{let t,n=new Promise((a,o)=>{t=a});return e(r,a=>{let o=a.map(u=>u.toFileLineString()).join(`
-`);t(o)}).open(),n};var Ck=(r,e)=>{let t=ml({line:"",path:""});return new zn({app:r,task:t,onSubmit:e,allTasks:[]})};var Ak=r=>({createTaskLineModal:()=>Mk(r,Ck),executeToggleTaskDoneCommand:(e,t)=>nh(e,t).text});var ac=class extends Pk.Plugin{get apiV1(){return Ak(app)}onload(){return P(this,null,function*(){St.registerConsoleLogger(),Am("info",`loading plugin "${this.manifest.name}" v${this.manifest.version}`),yield this.loadSettings();let{loggingOptions:t}=X();St.configure(t),this.addSettingTab(new $o({plugin:this})),uw({metadataCache:this.app.metadataCache,vault:this.app.vault,workspace:this.app.workspace}),yield this.loadTaskStatuses();let n=new Ql({obsidianEvents:this.app.workspace});this.cache=new gs({metadataCache:this.app.metadataCache,vault:this.app.vault,events:n}),this.inlineRenderer=new Jl({plugin:this}),this.queryRenderer=new nc({plugin:this,events:n}),this.registerEditorExtension(sk()),this.registerEditorSuggest(new sc(this.app,X(),this)),new hl({plugin:this})})}loadTaskStatuses(){return P(this,null,function*(){let{statusSettings:t}=X();Le.applyToStatusRegistry(t,De.getInstance())})}onunload(){var t;Am("info",`unloading plugin "${this.manifest.name}" v${this.manifest.version}`),(t=this.cache)==null||t.unload()}loadSettings(){return P(this,null,function*(){let t=yield this.loadData();Ve(t),t=X(),_e.getInstance().set(t.globalFilter),_e.getInstance().setRemoveGlobalFilter(t.removeGlobalFilter),Tr.getInstance().set(t.globalQuery),yield this.loadTaskStatuses()})}saveSettings(){return P(this,null,function*(){yield this.saveData(X())})}getTasks(){return this.cache===void 0?[]:this.cache.getTasks()}};
+`;RF(k);return}t.context.editor.replaceRange(f.toFileLineString(),g,y)}else gr({originalTask:t.taskItDependsOn,newTasks:f})}let s=t.context.editor.getCursor(),a={line:s.line,ch:(d=t.insertAt)!=null?d:s.ch},o=t.insertSkip?{line:s.line,ch:a.ch+t.insertSkip}:void 0;t.context.editor.replaceRange(t.appendText,a,o),t.context.editor.setCursor({line:s.line,ch:a.ch+t.appendText.length});let u=this.getMarkdownFileInfo(t.context);this.canSaveEdits(u)&&(yield u.save())})}};var Ck=(r,e)=>{let t,n=new Promise((a,o)=>{t=a});return e(r,a=>{let o=a.map(u=>u.toFileLineString()).join(`
+`);t(o)}).open(),n};var Ak=(r,e)=>{let t=hl({line:"",path:""});return new zn({app:r,task:t,onSubmit:e,allTasks:[]})};var Pk=r=>({createTaskLineModal:()=>Ck(r,Ak),executeToggleTaskDoneCommand:(e,t)=>ih(e,t).text});var oc=class extends Nk.Plugin{get apiV1(){return Pk(app)}onload(){return P(this,null,function*(){St.registerConsoleLogger(),Pm("info",`loading plugin "${this.manifest.name}" v${this.manifest.version}`),yield this.loadSettings();let{loggingOptions:t}=X();St.configure(t),this.addSettingTab(new $o({plugin:this})),lw({metadataCache:this.app.metadataCache,vault:this.app.vault,workspace:this.app.workspace}),yield this.loadTaskStatuses();let n=new Xl({obsidianEvents:this.app.workspace});this.cache=new gs({metadataCache:this.app.metadataCache,vault:this.app.vault,events:n}),this.inlineRenderer=new ec({plugin:this}),this.queryRenderer=new ic({plugin:this,events:n}),this.registerEditorExtension(ak()),this.registerEditorSuggest(new ac(this.app,X(),this)),new gl({plugin:this})})}loadTaskStatuses(){return P(this,null,function*(){let{statusSettings:t}=X();Le.applyToStatusRegistry(t,De.getInstance())})}onunload(){var t;Pm("info",`unloading plugin "${this.manifest.name}" v${this.manifest.version}`),(t=this.cache)==null||t.unload()}loadSettings(){return P(this,null,function*(){let t=yield this.loadData();Ve(t),t=X(),_e.getInstance().set(t.globalFilter),_e.getInstance().setRemoveGlobalFilter(t.removeGlobalFilter),_r.getInstance().set(t.globalQuery),yield this.loadTaskStatuses()})}saveSettings(){return P(this,null,function*(){yield this.saveData(X())})}getTasks(){return this.cache===void 0?[]:this.cache.getTasks()}};
 /*!
  * EventEmitter2
  * https://github.com/hij1nx/EventEmitter2
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-tasks-plugin/manifest.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-tasks-plugin/manifest.json
index 3862571e..93eedfa5 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-tasks-plugin/manifest.json
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-tasks-plugin/manifest.json
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 {
   "id": "obsidian-tasks-plugin",
   "name": "Tasks",
-  "version": "7.6.0",
+  "version": "7.6.1",
   "minAppVersion": "1.1.1",
-  "description": "Task management for Obsidian",
+  "description": "Track tasks across your vault. Supports due dates, recurring tasks, done dates, sub-set of checklist items, and filtering.",
   "helpUrl": "https://publish.obsidian.md/tasks/",
   "author": "Martin Schenck and Clare Macrae",
   "authorUrl": "https://github.com/obsidian-tasks-group",
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/quickadd/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/quickadd/data.json
index 6a62fcae..243b0c5a 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/quickadd/data.json
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/quickadd/data.json
@@ -48,8 +48,9 @@
   "devMode": false,
   "templateFolderPath": "00.01 Admin/Templates",
   "announceUpdates": true,
-  "version": "1.9.1",
+  "version": "1.10.0",
   "disableOnlineFeatures": true,
+  "enableRibbonIcon": false,
   "ai": {
     "defaultModel": "Ask me",
     "defaultSystemPrompt": "As an AI assistant within Obsidian, your primary goal is to help users manage their ideas and knowledge more effectively. Format your responses using Markdown syntax. Please use the [[Obsidian]] link format. You can write aliases for the links by writing [[Obsidian|the alias after the pipe symbol]]. To use mathematical notation, use LaTeX syntax. LaTeX syntax for larger equations should be on separate lines, surrounded with double dollar signs ($$). You can also inline math expressions by wrapping it in $ symbols. For example, use $$w_{ij}^{\text{new}}:=w_{ij}^{\text{current}}+etacdotdelta_jcdot x_{ij}$$ on a separate line, but you can write \"($eta$ = learning rate, $delta_j$ = error term, $x_{ij}$ = input)\" inline.",
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/quickadd/main.js b/.obsidian/plugins/quickadd/main.js
index 9fe67f29..1d58b788 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/quickadd/main.js
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/quickadd/main.js
@@ -11615,15 +11615,25 @@ var QuickAddApi = class {
             plugin,
             choiceExecutor
           ).format;
-          const modelProvider = getModelProvider(model.name);
+          let _model;
+          if (typeof model === "string") {
+            const foundModel = getModelByName(model);
+            if (!foundModel) {
+              throw new Error(`Model '${model}' not found.`);
+            }
+            _model = foundModel;
+          } else {
+            _model = model;
+          }
+          const modelProvider = getModelProvider(_model.name);
           if (!modelProvider) {
             throw new Error(
-              `Model '${model.name}' not found in any provider`
+              `Model '${_model.name}' not found in any provider`
             );
           }
           const assistantRes = await Prompt(
             {
-              model,
+              model: _model,
               prompt,
               apiKey: modelProvider.apiKey,
               modelOptions: settings?.modelOptions ?? {},
@@ -11657,11 +11667,17 @@ var QuickAddApi = class {
             plugin,
             choiceExecutor
           ).format;
-          const _model = getModelByName(model);
-          if (!_model) {
-            throw new Error(`Model ${model} not found.`);
+          let _model;
+          if (typeof model === "string") {
+            const foundModel = getModelByName(model);
+            if (!foundModel) {
+              throw new Error(`Model ${model} not found.`);
+            }
+            _model = foundModel;
+          } else {
+            _model = model;
           }
-          const modelProvider = getModelProvider(model);
+          const modelProvider = getModelProvider(_model.name);
           if (!modelProvider) {
             throw new Error(
               `Model '${_model.name}' not found in any provider`
@@ -17612,6 +17628,7 @@ var DEFAULT_SETTINGS = {
   announceUpdates: true,
   version: "0.0.0",
   disableOnlineFeatures: true,
+  enableRibbonIcon: false,
   ai: {
     defaultModel: "Ask me",
     defaultSystemPrompt: `As an AI assistant within Obsidian, your primary goal is to help users manage their ideas and knowledge more effectively. Format your responses using Markdown syntax. Please use the [[Obsidian]] link format. You can write aliases for the links by writing [[Obsidian|the alias after the pipe symbol]]. To use mathematical notation, use LaTeX syntax. LaTeX syntax for larger equations should be on separate lines, surrounded with double dollar signs ($$). You can also inline math expressions by wrapping it in $ symbols. For example, use $$w_{ij}^{	ext{new}}:=w_{ij}^{	ext{current}}+etacdotdelta_jcdot x_{ij}$$ on a separate line, but you can write "($eta$ = learning rate, $delta_j$ = error term, $x_{ij}$ = input)" inline.`,
@@ -17642,6 +17659,7 @@ var QuickAddSettingsTab = class extends import_obsidian34.PluginSettingTab {
     this.addTemplateFolderPathSetting();
     this.addAnnounceUpdatesSetting();
     this.addDisableOnlineFeaturesSetting();
+    this.addEnableRibbonIconSetting();
   }
   addAnnounceUpdatesSetting() {
     const setting = new import_obsidian34.Setting(this.containerEl);
@@ -17726,6 +17744,16 @@ var QuickAddSettingsTab = class extends import_obsidian34.PluginSettingTab {
       })
     );
   }
+  addEnableRibbonIconSetting() {
+    new import_obsidian34.Setting(this.containerEl).setName("Show icon in sidebar").setDesc("Add QuickAdd icon to the sidebar ribbon. Requires a reload.").addToggle((toggle) => {
+      toggle.setValue(settingsStore.getState().enableRibbonIcon).onChange((value) => {
+        settingsStore.setState({
+          enableRibbonIcon: value
+        });
+        this.display();
+      });
+    });
+  }
 };
 
 // src/logger/quickAddLogger.ts
@@ -19866,6 +19894,11 @@ var QuickAdd = class extends import_obsidian42.Plugin {
       }
     });
     log.register(new ConsoleErrorLogger()).register(new GuiLogger(this));
+    if (this.settings.enableRibbonIcon) {
+      this.addRibbonIcon("file-plus", "QuickAdd", () => {
+        ChoiceSuggester.Open(this, this.settings.choices);
+      });
+    }
     this.addSettingTab(new QuickAddSettingsTab(this.app, this));
     this.app.workspace.onLayoutReady(
       () => new StartupMacroEngine(
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/quickadd/manifest.json b/.obsidian/plugins/quickadd/manifest.json
index 8bd4f36b..f611238d 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/quickadd/manifest.json
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/quickadd/manifest.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
 	"id": "quickadd",
 	"name": "QuickAdd",
-	"version": "1.9.1",
+	"version": "1.10.0",
 	"minAppVersion": "1.6.0",
 	"description": "Quickly add new pages or content to your vault.",
 	"author": "Christian B. B. Houmann",
diff --git a/.obsidian/themes/Minimal/manifest.json b/.obsidian/themes/Minimal/manifest.json
index b85da97f..134b63ca 100644
--- a/.obsidian/themes/Minimal/manifest.json
+++ b/.obsidian/themes/Minimal/manifest.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
 	"name": "Minimal",
-	"version": "7.7.4",
+	"version": "7.7.7",
 	"minAppVersion": "1.6.1",
 	"author": "@kepano",
 	"authorUrl": "https://twitter.com/kepano",
diff --git a/.obsidian/themes/Minimal/theme.css b/.obsidian/themes/Minimal/theme.css
index 73b9c97c..134e48f0 100644
--- a/.obsidian/themes/Minimal/theme.css
+++ b/.obsidian/themes/Minimal/theme.css
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 SOFTWARE.
 
 */
-body{--font-editor-theme:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Inter,Ubuntu,sans-serif;--font-editor:var(--font-editor-override),var(--font-text-override),var(--font-editor-theme)}body{--blockquote-style:normal;--blockquote-color:var(--text-muted);--blockquote-border-thickness:1px;--blockquote-border-color:var(--quote-opening-modifier);--embed-block-shadow-hover:none;--font-ui-smaller:11px;--normal-weight:400;--inline-title-margin-bottom:1rem;--h1-size:1.125em;--h2-size:1.05em;--h3-size:1em;--h4-size:0.90em;--h5-size:0.85em;--h6-size:0.85em;--h1-weight:600;--h2-weight:600;--h3-weight:500;--h4-weight:500;--h5-weight:500;--h6-weight:400;--h1-variant:normal;--h2-variant:normal;--h3-variant:normal;--h4-variant:normal;--h5-variant:small-caps;--h6-variant:small-caps;--h1-style:normal;--h2-style:normal;--h3-style:normal;--h4-style:normal;--h5-style:normal;--h6-style:normal;--line-width:40rem;--line-height:1.5;--line-height-normal:var(--line-height);--max-width:88%;--max-col-width:18em;--icon-muted:0.5;--nested-padding:1.1em;--folding-offset:32px;--list-edit-offset:0.5em;--list-indent:2em;--list-spacing:0.075em;--input-height:32px;--header-height:40px;--metadata-label-width:9rem;--metadata-label-font-size:var(--font-adaptive-small);--metadata-input-font-size:var(--font-adaptive-small);--mobile-left-sidebar-width:280pt;--mobile-right-sidebar-width:240pt;--top-left-padding-y:0px;--image-muted:0.7;--image-radius:4px;--heading-spacing:2em;--p-spacing:1.75rem;--border-width:1px;--table-border-width:var(--border-width);--table-selection:var(--text-selection);--table-selection-border-color:var(--text-accent);--table-selection-border-width:0px;--table-selection-border-radius:0px;--table-drag-handle-background-active:var(--text-selection);--table-drag-handle-color-active:var(--text-accent);--table-add-button-border-width:0px;--file-margins:var(--size-4-2) var(--size-4-12)}.mod-macos{--top-left-padding-y:24px}.is-phone{--metadata-label-font-size:var(--font-adaptive-smaller);--metadata-input-font-size:var(--font-adaptive-smaller)}@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:2),only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio:2){.is-phone{--border-width:0.75px}}body{--base-h:0;--base-s:0%;--base-l:96%;--accent-h:201;--accent-s:17%;--accent-l:50%}.theme-dark,.theme-light{--color-red-rgb:208,66,85;--color-orange-rgb:213,118,63;--color-yellow-rgb:229,181,103;--color-green-rgb:168,195,115;--color-cyan-rgb:115,187,178;--color-blue-rgb:108,153,187;--color-purple-rgb:158,134,200;--color-pink-rgb:176,82,121;--color-red:#d04255;--color-orange:#d5763f;--color-yellow:#e5b567;--color-green:#a8c373;--color-cyan:#73bbb2;--color-blue:#6c99bb;--color-purple:#9e86c8;--color-pink:#b05279}.theme-light,.theme-light.minimal-default-light,body .excalidraw{--bg1:white;--bg2:hsl( var(--base-h), var(--base-s), var(--base-l) );--bg3:hsla( var(--base-h), 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0.35)}.theme-dark.minimal-nord-dark.minimal-dark-black{--ui1:#2e3440}.theme-light.minimal-notion-light{--base-h:39;--base-s:18%;--base-d:96%;--accent-h:197;--accent-s:71%;--accent-l:52%;--bg2:#f7f6f4;--bg3:#e8e7e4;--ui1:#ededec;--ui2:#dbdbda;--ui3:#aaa9a5;--tx1:#37352f;--tx2:#72706c;--tx3:#aaa9a5;--hl1:rgba(131,201,229,0.3)}.theme-dark.minimal-notion-dark,.theme-light.minimal-notion-light.minimal-light-contrast .mod-left-split,.theme-light.minimal-notion-light.minimal-light-contrast .theme-dark,.theme-light.minimal-notion-light.minimal-light-contrast .titlebar,.theme-light.minimal-notion-light.minimal-light-contrast .workspace-drawer.mod-left,.theme-light.minimal-notion-light.minimal-light-contrast .workspace-ribbon.mod-left:not(.is-collapsed),.theme-light.minimal-notion-light.minimal-light-contrast.minimal-status-off .status-bar{--base-h:203;--base-s:8%;--base-d:20%;--accent-h:197;--accent-s:71%;--accent-l:52%;--bg1:#2f3437;--bg2:#373c3f;--bg3:#4b5053;--ui1:#3e4245;--ui2:#585d5f;--ui3:#585d5f;--tx1:#ebebeb;--tx2:#909295;--tx3:#585d5f;--hl1:rgba(57,134,164,0.3)}.theme-dark.minimal-notion-dark.minimal-dark-black{--base-d:5%;--bg3:#232729;--ui1:#2f3437}.theme-light.minimal-rose-pine-light{--color-red-rgb:180,99,122;--color-orange-rgb:215,130,125;--color-yellow-rgb:234,157,53;--color-green-rgb:40,105,131;--color-cyan-rgb:87,147,159;--color-blue-rgb:87,147,159;--color-purple-rgb:144,122,169;--color-pink-rgb:144,122,169;--color-red:#b4637a;--color-orange:#d7827e;--color-yellow:#ea9d34;--color-green:#286983;--color-cyan:#56949f;--color-blue:#56949f;--color-purple:#907aa9;--color-pink:#907aa9}.theme-dark.minimal-rose-pine-dark{--color-red-rgb:234,111,146;--color-orange-rgb:233,155,151;--color-yellow-rgb:246,193,119;--color-green-rgb:47,116,143;--color-cyan-rgb:157,207,215;--color-blue-rgb:157,207,215;--color-purple-rgb:196,167,231;--color-pink-rgb:196,167,231;--color-red:#eb6f92;--color-orange:#ea9a97;--color-yellow:#f6c177;--color-green:#31748f;--color-cyan:#9ccfd8;--color-blue:#9ccfd8;--color-purple:#c4a7e7;--color-pink:#c4a7e7}.theme-light.minimal-rose-pine-light{--base-h:32;--base-s:57%;--base-l:95%;--accent-h:3;--accent-s:53%;--accent-l:67%;--bg1:#fffaf3;--bg2:#faf4ed;--bg3:rgba(233,223,218,0.5);--ui1:#EAE3E1;--ui2:#dfdad9;--ui3:#cecacd;--tx1:#575279;--tx2:#797593;--tx3:#9893a5;--hl1:rgba(191,180,181,0.35)}.theme-dark.minimal-rose-pine-dark,.theme-light.minimal-rose-pine-light.minimal-light-contrast .mod-left-split,.theme-light.minimal-rose-pine-light.minimal-light-contrast .theme-dark,.theme-light.minimal-rose-pine-light.minimal-light-contrast .titlebar,.theme-light.minimal-rose-pine-light.minimal-light-contrast .workspace-drawer.mod-left,.theme-light.minimal-rose-pine-light.minimal-light-contrast .workspace-ribbon.mod-left:not(.is-collapsed),.theme-light.minimal-rose-pine-light.minimal-light-contrast.minimal-status-off .status-bar{--base-h:247;--base-s:23%;--base-l:15%;--accent-h:2;--accent-s:55%;--accent-l:83%;--bg1:#1f1d2e;--bg2:#191724;--bg3:rgba(68,66,86,0.5);--ui1:#312F41;--ui2:#403d52;--ui3:#524f67;--tx1:#e0def4;--tx2:#908caa;--tx3:#6e6a86;--hl1:rgba(126,121,155,0.35)}.theme-dark.minimal-rose-pine-dark.minimal-dark-black{--ui1:#21202e}.theme-dark.minimal-solarized-dark,.theme-light.minimal-solarized-light{--color-red-rgb:220,50,47;--color-orange-rgb:203,77,22;--color-yellow-rgb:181,137,0;--color-green-rgb:133,153,0;--color-cyan-rgb:42,161,152;--color-blue-rgb:38,139,210;--color-purple-rgb:108,113,196;--color-pink-rgb:211,54,130;--color-red:#dc322f;--color-orange:#cb4b16;--color-yellow:#b58900;--color-green:#859900;--color-cyan:#2aa198;--color-blue:#268bd2;--color-purple:#6c71c4;--color-pink:#d33682}.theme-light.minimal-solarized-light{--base-h:44;--base-s:87%;--base-l:94%;--accent-h:205;--accent-s:70%;--accent-l:48%;--bg1:#fdf6e3;--bg2:#eee8d5;--bg3:rgba(0,0,0,0.062);--ui1:#e9e1c8;--ui2:#d0cab8;--ui3:#d0cab8;--tx1:#073642;--tx2:#586e75;--tx3:#ABB2AC;--tx4:#586e75;--hl1:rgba(202,197,182,0.3);--hl2:rgba(203,75,22,0.3)}.theme-light.minimal-solarized-light.minimal-light-tonal{--bg2:#fdf6e3}.theme-dark.minimal-solarized-dark,.theme-light.minimal-solarized-light.minimal-light-contrast .mod-left-split,.theme-light.minimal-solarized-light.minimal-light-contrast .theme-dark,.theme-light.minimal-solarized-light.minimal-light-contrast .titlebar,.theme-light.minimal-solarized-light.minimal-light-contrast .workspace-drawer.mod-left,.theme-light.minimal-solarized-light.minimal-light-contrast .workspace-ribbon.mod-left:not(.is-collapsed),.theme-light.minimal-solarized-light.minimal-light-contrast.minimal-status-off .status-bar{--accent-h:205;--accent-s:70%;--accent-l:48%;--base-h:193;--base-s:98%;--base-l:11%;--bg1:#002b36;--bg2:#073642;--bg3:rgba(255,255,255,0.062);--ui1:#19414B;--ui2:#274850;--ui3:#31535B;--tx1:#93a1a1;--tx2:#657b83;--tx3:#31535B;--tx4:#657b83;--hl1:rgba(15,81,98,0.3);--hl2:rgba(203, 75, 22, 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.mod-left-split,.theme-light.minimal-things-light.minimal-light-contrast .theme-dark,.theme-light.minimal-things-light.minimal-light-contrast .titlebar,.theme-light.minimal-things-light.minimal-light-contrast .workspace-drawer.mod-left,.theme-light.minimal-things-light.minimal-light-contrast .workspace-ribbon.mod-left:not(.is-collapsed),.theme-light.minimal-things-light.minimal-light-contrast.minimal-status-off .status-bar{--base-h:218;--base-s:9%;--base-l:15%;--accent-h:215;--accent-s:91%;--accent-l:64%;--bg1:#24262a;--bg2:#202225;--bg3:#3d3f41;--divider-color:#17191c;--tab-outline-color:#17191c;--ui1:#3A3B3F;--ui2:#45464a;--ui3:#6c6e70;--tx1:#fbfbfb;--tx2:#CBCCCD;--tx3:#6c6e70;--hl1:rgba(40,119,236,0.35);--sp1:#fff}.theme-dark.minimal-things-dark.minimal-dark-black{--base-d:5%;--bg3:#24262a;--divider-color:#24262a;--tab-outline-color:#24262a}
 /* Plugin compatibility */
 
 /* @plugins
@@ -1468,6 +1468,9 @@ settings:
 			-
 				label: Modern wide
 				value: sidebar-tabs-wide
+			-
+				label: Square
+				value: sidebar-tabs-plain-square
 			-
 				label: Underline
 				value: sidebar-tabs-underline
@@ -2119,6 +2122,13 @@ settings:
 		format: hex
 		default-light: '#'
 		default-dark: '#'
+	- 
+		id: cards-background-hover (hover)
+		title: Card background color
+		type: variable-themed-color
+		format: hex
+		default-light: '#'
+		default-dark: '#'
 
 */
 
@@ -2136,6 +2146,22 @@ settings:
 		title: Styled scrollbars
 		description: Use styled scrollbars (replaces native scrollbars)
 		type: class-toggle
+	-
+		id: animations
+		title: Animation speed
+		description: Animation
+		type: class-select
+		default: default
+		options:
+			-
+				label: Normal
+				value: default
+			-
+				label: Disabled
+				value: disable-animations
+			-
+				label: Fast
+				value: fast-animations
 	-
 		id: cursor
 		title: Cursor style
diff --git a/.obsidian/workspace-mobile.json b/.obsidian/workspace-mobile.json
index 909d2933..9686208b 100644
--- a/.obsidian/workspace-mobile.json
+++ b/.obsidian/workspace-mobile.json
@@ -61,20 +61,12 @@
             "state": {
               "type": "markdown",
               "state": {
-                "file": "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-05.md",
+                "file": "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-19.md",
                 "mode": "preview",
                 "source": true
               }
             }
           },
-          {
-            "id": "2e3b89e86b85061a",
-            "type": "leaf",
-            "state": {
-              "type": "thino_view",
-              "state": {}
-            }
-          },
           {
             "id": "95dd8907a411f142",
             "type": "leaf",
@@ -88,6 +80,14 @@
                 }
               }
             }
+          },
+          {
+            "id": "16b24a0a8bd5053a",
+            "type": "leaf",
+            "state": {
+              "type": "thino_view",
+              "state": {}
+            }
           }
         ],
         "currentTab": 4
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
         "state": {
           "type": "backlink",
           "state": {
-            "file": "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-05.md",
+            "file": "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-19.md",
             "collapseAll": false,
             "extraContext": false,
             "sortOrder": "alphabetical",
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@
         "state": {
           "type": "outgoing-link",
           "state": {
-            "file": "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-05.md",
+            "file": "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-19.md",
             "linksCollapsed": false,
             "unlinkedCollapsed": false
           }
@@ -255,32 +255,32 @@
   },
   "active": "6266e3653a250845",
   "lastOpenFiles": [
-    "00.03 News/Emma Stone Has Changed Her Whole Style of Acting. It’s a Wonder to Behold..md",
+    "00.03 News/An Atlanta Movie Exec Praised for His Diversity Efforts Sent Racist, Antisemitic Texts.md",
     "01.02 Home/@Main Dashboard.md",
-    "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-05.md",
-    "00.03 News/Bad Boy for Life Sean Combs’ History of Violence.md",
-    "01.01 Life Orga/@IT & Computer.md",
-    "01.01 Life Orga/@Life Admin.md",
-    "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-04.md",
-    "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-03.md",
-    "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-02.md",
+    "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-19.md",
+    "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-18.md",
     "01.02 Home/@Shopping list.md",
-    "01.02 Home/Life - Practical infos.md",
-    "01.06 Health/2024-07-02 Checkup.md",
-    "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-01.md",
-    "04.03 Creative snippets/Project 2/@Meta Data.md",
-    "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-06-30.md",
-    "02.03 Zürich/Albishaus.md",
-    "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-04-14.md",
-    "03.02 Travels/37 Best Airport Meals Around the World, According to Travel Editors.md",
-    "00.03 News/Neal ElAttrache, Doctor for Tom Brady and Leonardo DiCaprio.md",
-    "00.03 News/Inside Snapchat’s Teen Opioid Crisis.md",
-    "00.02 Inbox/Death on Shishapangma.md",
-    "00.03 News/Joe Biden should drop out.md",
-    "00.03 News/Inside the Slimy, Smelly, Secretive World of Glass-Eel Fishing.md",
-    "00.03 News/Harvard Scientists Say There May Be an Unknown, Technologically Advanced Civilization Hiding on Earth.md",
-    "00.03 News/I Was the Person Who Named the ‘Brat Pack’ - I Stand By It.md",
+    "03.03 Food & Wine/Chicken Schnitzel.md",
+    "03.03 Food & Wine/@Main dishes.md",
+    "00.02 Inbox/2024-07-19.md",
+    "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-17.md",
+    "03.03 Food & Wine/Chilli con Carne.md",
+    "00.03 News/What a Leading State Auditor Says About Fraud, Government Misspending and Building Public Trust.md",
+    "00.03 News/Dear Caitlin Clark ….md",
+    "00.03 News/Frank Carone on Eric Adams’s Smash-and-Grab New York.md",
+    "00.03 News/Super Bowl Strip Tease The NFL and Las Vegas Are Together at Last.md",
+    "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-16.md",
+    "00.03 News/The NYPD Commissioner Responded to Our Story That Revealed He’s Burying Police Brutality Cases. We Fact-Check Him..md",
+    "00.03 News/New Yorkers Were Choked, Beaten and Tased by NYPD Officers. The Commissioner Buried Their Cases..md",
+    "00.03 News/Scenes From the Knives-Out Feud Between Barbara Walters and Diane Sawyer.md",
     "01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md",
+    "00.03 News/The President Ordered a Board to Probe a Massive Russian Cyberattack. It Never Did..md",
+    "00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-15.md",
+    "03.03 Food & Wine/Big Shells With Spicy Lamb Sausage and Pistachios.md",
+    "00.07 Wiki/Romain Gary.md",
+    "05.01 Computer setup/Storage and Syncing.md",
+    "00.03 News/@News.md",
+    "00.03 News/She Made $10,000 a Month Defrauding Apps like Uber and Instacart. Meet the Queen of the Rideshare Mafia.md",
     "00.02 Inbox/Pasted image 20240521223309.png",
     "00.01 Admin/Pictures/Sally/ima10032556959173512188.jpeg",
     "00.01 Admin/Pictures/Sally/IMG_4552.jpg",
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2023-10-28.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2023-10-28.md
index dd3dd3a2..13d9c8e9 100644
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2023-10-28.md	
+++ b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2023-10-28.md	
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ hide task count
 This section does serve for quick memos.
 
 &emsp;
-- [ ] 11:48 :musical_keyboard: [[@Lifestyle|Lifestyle]]: Buy an ampli (Verstaerker): Yamaha A-S301 or Marantz PM6007 📅 2024-07-07
+- [ ] 11:48 :musical_keyboard: [[@Lifestyle|Lifestyle]]: Buy an ampli (Verstaerker): Yamaha A-S301 or Marantz PM6007 📅 2024-12-20
 
 
 %% --- %%
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-05.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-05.md
index a6842fa3..243aa36a 100644
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-05.md	
+++ b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-05.md	
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ Stress: 25
 FrontHeadBar: 5
 EarHeadBar: 20
 BackHeadBar: 30
-Water:
-Coffee: 1
-Steps:
+Water: 3.5
+Coffee: 6
+Steps: 12968
 Weight:
 Ski:
 IceSkating:
-Riding:
+Riding: 2
 Racket:
 Football:
 Swim:
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ This section does serve for quick memos.
 
 &emsp;
 
-Loret ipsum
+🐎: 2 chukkers with [[@Sally|Sally]] at [[Polo Park Zürich|PPZ]]
 
 &emsp;
 
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-06.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-06.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f0d4b1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-06.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+---
+
+title: "🗒 Daily Note"
+allDay: true
+date: 2024-07-06
+Date: 2024-07-06
+DocType: Note
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp:
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+Sleep: 6
+Happiness: 80
+Gratefulness: 90
+Stress: 25
+FrontHeadBar: 5
+EarHeadBar: 20
+BackHeadBar: 30
+Water: 2
+Coffee: 2
+Steps: 5477
+Weight:
+Ski:
+IceSkating:
+Riding:
+Racket:
+Football:
+Swim:
+
+---
+
+%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %%
+
+---
+
+[[2024-07-05|<< 🗓 Previous ]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[@Main Dashboard|Back]]  &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[2024-07-07|🗓 Next >>]]
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Record today's health
+type command
+action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit
+id EditMetaData
+```
+^button-2024-07-06Edit
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-2024-07-06NSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# 2024-07-06
+
+&emsp;
+
+> [!summary]+
+> Daily note for 2024-07-06
+
+&emsp;
+
+```toc
+style: number
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### ✅ Tasks of the day
+
+&emsp;
+
+```tasks
+not done
+due on 2024-07-06
+path does not include Templates
+hide backlinks
+hide task count
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 📝 Memos
+
+&emsp;
+
+This section does serve for quick memos.
+
+&emsp;
+
+
+%% --- %%
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 🗒 Notes
+
+&emsp;
+
+🍽️: [[Chilli con Carne]]
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### :link: Linked activity
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataview
+Table from [[2024-07-06]]
+```
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-07.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-07.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70e63382
--- /dev/null
+++ b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-07.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+---
+
+title: "🗒 Daily Note"
+allDay: true
+date: 2024-07-07
+Date: 2024-07-07
+DocType: Note
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp:
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+Sleep: 8.5
+Happiness: 80
+Gratefulness: 90
+Stress: 25
+FrontHeadBar: 5
+EarHeadBar: 20
+BackHeadBar: 30
+Water: 2.4
+Coffee: 4
+Steps: 12692
+Weight:
+Ski:
+IceSkating:
+Riding: 1
+Racket:
+Football:
+Swim:
+
+---
+
+%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %%
+
+---
+
+[[2024-07-06|<< 🗓 Previous ]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[@Main Dashboard|Back]]  &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[2024-07-08|🗓 Next >>]]
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Record today's health
+type command
+action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit
+id EditMetaData
+```
+^button-2024-07-07Edit
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-2024-07-07NSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# 2024-07-07
+
+&emsp;
+
+> [!summary]+
+> Daily note for 2024-07-07
+
+&emsp;
+
+```toc
+style: number
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### ✅ Tasks of the day
+
+&emsp;
+
+```tasks
+not done
+due on 2024-07-07
+path does not include Templates
+hide backlinks
+hide task count
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 📝 Memos
+
+&emsp;
+
+This section does serve for quick memos.
+
+&emsp;
+
+
+%% --- %%
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 🗒 Notes
+
+&emsp;
+
+🚗: [[@@Zürich|Eglisau]]
+
+🐎: S&B with [[@Sally|Sally]] at [[Polo Park Zürich|PPZ]]
+
+📺: [[Time of the Gypsies (1988)]]
+
+✉️: voeux d’anniv:
+- [[Amaury de Villeneuve|Papa]]
+- [[Laurence Bédier|Maman]]
+- Ana
+- [[Noémie de Villeneuve|Noémie]]
+- Lorena
+- [[Aglaé de Villeneuve|Aglaé]]
+- Pam
+- [[Philomène de Villeneuve|Philo]]
+[[Marguerite de Villeneuve|Marguerite]]/Arnold/[[Dorothée Moulin|Dorothée]]
+- Alex
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### :link: Linked activity
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataview
+Table from [[2024-07-07]]
+```
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-08.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-08.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e92b38dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-08.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+---
+
+title: "🗒 Daily Note"
+allDay: true
+date: 2024-07-08
+Date: 2024-07-08
+DocType: Note
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp:
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+Sleep: 7.5
+Happiness: 90
+Gratefulness: 80
+Stress: 25
+FrontHeadBar: 5
+EarHeadBar: 20
+BackHeadBar: 30
+Water: 3
+Coffee: 5
+Steps: 16113
+Weight:
+Ski:
+IceSkating:
+Riding:
+Racket:
+Football:
+Swim:
+
+---
+
+%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %%
+
+---
+
+[[2024-07-07|<< 🗓 Previous ]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[@Main Dashboard|Back]]  &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[2024-07-09|🗓 Next >>]]
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Record today's health
+type command
+action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit
+id EditMetaData
+```
+^button-2024-07-08Edit
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-2024-07-08NSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# 2024-07-08
+
+&emsp;
+
+> [!summary]+
+> Daily note for 2024-07-08
+
+&emsp;
+
+```toc
+style: number
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### ✅ Tasks of the day
+
+&emsp;
+
+```tasks
+not done
+due on 2024-07-08
+path does not include Templates
+hide backlinks
+hide task count
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 📝 Memos
+
+&emsp;
+
+This section does serve for quick memos.
+
+&emsp;
+
+
+%% --- %%
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 🗒 Notes
+
+&emsp;
+
+🍽️: [[Korean Barbecue-Style Meatballs]]
+
+📺: [[Tokyo Story (1953)]]
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### :link: Linked activity
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataview
+Table from [[2024-07-08]]
+```
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-09.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-09.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..60360765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-09.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+---
+
+title: "🗒 Daily Note"
+allDay: true
+date: 2024-07-09
+Date: 2024-07-09
+DocType: Note
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp:
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+Sleep: 7.5
+Happiness: 80
+Gratefulness: 90
+Stress: 25
+FrontHeadBar: 5
+EarHeadBar: 20
+BackHeadBar: 30
+Water: 4.5
+Coffee: 4
+Steps: 10493
+Weight: 92.7
+Ski:
+IceSkating:
+Riding: 2
+Racket:
+Football:
+Swim:
+
+---
+
+%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %%
+
+---
+
+[[2024-07-08|<< 🗓 Previous ]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[@Main Dashboard|Back]]  &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[2024-07-10|🗓 Next >>]]
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Record today's health
+type command
+action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit
+id EditMetaData
+```
+^button-2024-07-09Edit
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-2024-07-09NSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# 2024-07-09
+
+&emsp;
+
+> [!summary]+
+> Daily note for 2024-07-09
+
+&emsp;
+
+```toc
+style: number
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### ✅ Tasks of the day
+
+&emsp;
+
+```tasks
+not done
+due on 2024-07-09
+path does not include Templates
+hide backlinks
+hide task count
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 📝 Memos
+
+&emsp;
+
+This section does serve for quick memos.
+
+&emsp;
+
+
+%% --- %%
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 🗒 Notes
+
+&emsp;
+
+🐎: 2 chukkers with [[@Sally|Sally]] at [[Polo Park Zürich|PPZ]] –> 1 goal
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### :link: Linked activity
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataview
+Table from [[2024-07-09]]
+```
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-10.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-10.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7d580c58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-10.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+---
+
+title: "🗒 Daily Note"
+allDay: true
+date: 2024-07-10
+Date: 2024-07-10
+DocType: Note
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp:
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+Sleep: 7.5
+Happiness: 80
+Gratefulness: 90
+Stress: 25
+FrontHeadBar: 5
+EarHeadBar: 20
+BackHeadBar: 30
+Water: 2
+Coffee: 4
+Steps: 17580
+Weight:
+Ski:
+IceSkating:
+Riding:
+Racket:
+Football:
+Swim:
+
+---
+
+%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %%
+
+---
+
+[[2024-07-09|<< 🗓 Previous ]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[@Main Dashboard|Back]]  &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[2024-07-11|🗓 Next >>]]
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Record today's health
+type command
+action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit
+id EditMetaData
+```
+^button-2024-07-10Edit
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-2024-07-10NSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# 2024-07-10
+
+&emsp;
+
+> [!summary]+
+> Daily note for 2024-07-10
+
+&emsp;
+
+```toc
+style: number
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### ✅ Tasks of the day
+
+&emsp;
+
+```tasks
+not done
+due on 2024-07-10
+path does not include Templates
+hide backlinks
+hide task count
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 📝 Memos
+
+&emsp;
+
+This section does serve for quick memos.
+
+&emsp;
+
+
+%% --- %%
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 🗒 Notes
+
+&emsp;
+
+🍸: [[Bar am Wasser]]
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### :link: Linked activity
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataview
+Table from [[2024-07-10]]
+```
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-11.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-11.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c2b8c102
--- /dev/null
+++ b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-11.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+---
+
+title: "🗒 Daily Note"
+allDay: true
+date: 2024-07-11
+Date: 2024-07-11
+DocType: Note
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp:
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+Sleep: 7
+Happiness: 80
+Gratefulness: 90
+Stress: 25
+FrontHeadBar: 5
+EarHeadBar: 30
+BackHeadBar: 20
+Water: 3.75
+Coffee: 3
+Steps: 9635
+Weight:
+Ski:
+IceSkating:
+Riding: 1
+Racket:
+Football:
+Swim:
+
+---
+
+%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %%
+
+---
+
+[[2024-07-10|<< 🗓 Previous ]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[@Main Dashboard|Back]]  &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[2024-07-12|🗓 Next >>]]
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Record today's health
+type command
+action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit
+id EditMetaData
+```
+^button-2024-07-11Edit
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-2024-07-11NSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# 2024-07-11
+
+&emsp;
+
+> [!summary]+
+> Daily note for 2024-07-11
+
+&emsp;
+
+```toc
+style: number
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### ✅ Tasks of the day
+
+&emsp;
+
+```tasks
+not done
+due on 2024-07-11
+path does not include Templates
+hide backlinks
+hide task count
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 📝 Memos
+
+&emsp;
+
+This section does serve for quick memos.
+
+&emsp;
+
+
+%% --- %%
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 🗒 Notes
+
+&emsp;
+
+🐎: S&B at [[Polo Park Zürich|PPZ]] with [[@Sally|Sally]]
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### :link: Linked activity
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataview
+Table from [[2024-07-11]]
+```
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-12.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-12.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b4d49f0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-12.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+---
+
+title: "🗒 Daily Note"
+allDay: true
+date: 2024-07-12
+Date: 2024-07-12
+DocType: Note
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp:
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+Sleep: 7.5
+Happiness: 80
+Gratefulness: 90
+Stress: 25
+FrontHeadBar: 5
+EarHeadBar: 20
+BackHeadBar: 30
+Water: 3
+Coffee: 5
+Steps: 12413
+Weight:
+Ski:
+IceSkating:
+Riding:
+Racket:
+Football:
+Swim:
+
+---
+
+%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %%
+
+---
+
+[[2024-07-11|<< 🗓 Previous ]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[@Main Dashboard|Back]]  &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[2024-07-13|🗓 Next >>]]
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Record today's health
+type command
+action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit
+id EditMetaData
+```
+^button-2024-07-12Edit
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-2024-07-12NSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# 2024-07-12
+
+&emsp;
+
+> [!summary]+
+> Daily note for 2024-07-12
+
+&emsp;
+
+```toc
+style: number
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### ✅ Tasks of the day
+
+&emsp;
+
+```tasks
+not done
+due on 2024-07-12
+path does not include Templates
+hide backlinks
+hide task count
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 📝 Memos
+
+&emsp;
+
+This section does serve for quick memos.
+
+&emsp;
+
+
+%% --- %%
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 🗒 Notes
+
+&emsp;
+
+🩺: [[2023-02-25 Polyp in Galbladder|Control scan]]
+
+🍽️: [[Spicy Szechuan Noodles with Garlic Chilli Oil]]
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### :link: Linked activity
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataview
+Table from [[2024-07-12]]
+```
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-13.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-13.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92a4daa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-13.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+---
+
+title: "🗒 Daily Note"
+allDay: true
+date: 2024-07-13
+Date: 2024-07-13
+DocType: Note
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp:
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+Sleep: 8
+Happiness: 80
+Gratefulness: 90
+Stress: 25
+FrontHeadBar: 5
+EarHeadBar: 20
+BackHeadBar: 30
+Water: 3.6
+Coffee: 3
+Steps: 8986
+Weight:
+Ski:
+IceSkating:
+Riding: 2
+Racket:
+Football:
+Swim:
+
+---
+
+%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %%
+
+---
+
+[[2024-07-12|<< 🗓 Previous ]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[@Main Dashboard|Back]]  &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[2024-07-14|🗓 Next >>]]
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Record today's health
+type command
+action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit
+id EditMetaData
+```
+^button-2024-07-13Edit
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-2024-07-13NSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# 2024-07-13
+
+&emsp;
+
+> [!summary]+
+> Daily note for 2024-07-13
+
+&emsp;
+
+```toc
+style: number
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### ✅ Tasks of the day
+
+&emsp;
+
+```tasks
+not done
+due on 2024-07-13
+path does not include Templates
+hide backlinks
+hide task count
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 📝 Memos
+
+&emsp;
+
+This section does serve for quick memos.
+
+&emsp;
+
+
+%% --- %%
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 🗒 Notes
+
+&emsp;
+
+📖: [[Underworld]]
+
+🐎: 2 chukkers with [[@Sally|Sally]] at [[Polo Park Zürich|PPZ]]
+
+🍽️: [[Spicy Coconut Butter Chicken]]
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### :link: Linked activity
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataview
+Table from [[2024-07-13]]
+```
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-14.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-14.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a38e154
--- /dev/null
+++ b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-14.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+---
+
+title: "🗒 Daily Note"
+allDay: true
+date: 2024-07-14
+Date: 2024-07-14
+DocType: Note
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp:
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+Sleep: 7.5
+Happiness: 80
+Gratefulness: 90
+Stress: 25
+FrontHeadBar: 5
+EarHeadBar: 20
+BackHeadBar: 30
+Water: 6.25
+Coffee: 2
+Steps: 6250
+Weight:
+Ski:
+IceSkating:
+Riding: 2
+Racket:
+Football:
+Swim:
+
+---
+
+%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %%
+
+---
+
+[[2024-07-13|<< 🗓 Previous ]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[@Main Dashboard|Back]]  &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[2024-07-15|🗓 Next >>]]
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Record today's health
+type command
+action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit
+id EditMetaData
+```
+^button-2024-07-14Edit
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-2024-07-14NSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# 2024-07-14
+
+&emsp;
+
+> [!summary]+
+> Daily note for 2024-07-14
+
+&emsp;
+
+```toc
+style: number
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### ✅ Tasks of the day
+
+&emsp;
+
+```tasks
+not done
+due on 2024-07-14
+path does not include Templates
+hide backlinks
+hide task count
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 📝 Memos
+
+&emsp;
+
+This section does serve for quick memos.
+
+&emsp;
+
+
+%% --- %%
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 🗒 Notes
+
+&emsp;
+
+🐎: 2 chukkers with [[@Sally|Sally]] at [[Polo Park Zürich|PPZ]]
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### :link: Linked activity
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataview
+Table from [[2024-07-14]]
+```
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-15.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-15.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d100ab28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-15.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+---
+
+title: "🗒 Daily Note"
+allDay: true
+date: 2024-07-15
+Date: 2024-07-15
+DocType: Note
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp:
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+Sleep: 7
+Happiness: 80
+Gratefulness: 90
+Stress: 25
+FrontHeadBar: 5
+EarHeadBar: 20
+BackHeadBar: 30
+Water: 2
+Coffee: 5
+Steps: 13942
+Weight:
+Ski:
+IceSkating:
+Riding:
+Racket:
+Football:
+Swim:
+
+---
+
+%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %%
+
+---
+
+[[2024-07-14|<< 🗓 Previous ]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[@Main Dashboard|Back]]  &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[2024-07-16|🗓 Next >>]]
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Record today's health
+type command
+action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit
+id EditMetaData
+```
+^button-2024-07-15Edit
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-2024-07-15NSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# 2024-07-15
+
+&emsp;
+
+> [!summary]+
+> Daily note for 2024-07-15
+
+&emsp;
+
+```toc
+style: number
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### ✅ Tasks of the day
+
+&emsp;
+
+```tasks
+not done
+due on 2024-07-15
+path does not include Templates
+hide backlinks
+hide task count
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 📝 Memos
+
+&emsp;
+
+This section does serve for quick memos.
+
+&emsp;
+
+
+%% --- %%
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 🗒 Notes
+
+&emsp;
+
+🍽️: [[Big Shells With Spicy Lamb Sausage and Pistachios]]
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### :link: Linked activity
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataview
+Table from [[2024-07-15]]
+```
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-16.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-16.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b312c79a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-16.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+---
+
+title: "🗒 Daily Note"
+allDay: true
+date: 2024-07-16
+Date: 2024-07-16
+DocType: Note
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp:
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+Sleep: 7.5
+Happiness: 80
+Gratefulness: 90
+Stress: 25
+FrontHeadBar: 5
+EarHeadBar: 20
+BackHeadBar: 30
+Water: 3
+Coffee: 4
+Steps: 14236
+Weight: 92.8
+Ski:
+IceSkating:
+Riding:
+Racket:
+Football:
+Swim:
+
+---
+
+%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %%
+
+---
+
+[[2024-07-15|<< 🗓 Previous ]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[@Main Dashboard|Back]]  &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[2024-07-17|🗓 Next >>]]
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Record today's health
+type command
+action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit
+id EditMetaData
+```
+^button-2024-07-16Edit
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-2024-07-16NSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# 2024-07-16
+
+&emsp;
+
+> [!summary]+
+> Daily note for 2024-07-16
+
+&emsp;
+
+```toc
+style: number
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### ✅ Tasks of the day
+
+&emsp;
+
+```tasks
+not done
+due on 2024-07-16
+path does not include Templates
+hide backlinks
+hide task count
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 📝 Memos
+
+&emsp;
+
+This section does serve for quick memos.
+
+&emsp;
+
+
+%% --- %%
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 🗒 Notes
+
+&emsp;
+
+🍽️: [[Korean Barbecue-Style Meatballs]]
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### :link: Linked activity
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataview
+Table from [[2024-07-16]]
+```
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-17.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-17.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8ad86b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-17.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+---
+
+title: "🗒 Daily Note"
+allDay: true
+date: 2024-07-17
+Date: 2024-07-17
+DocType: Note
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp:
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+Sleep: 7.5
+Happiness: 80
+Gratefulness: 90
+Stress: 25
+FrontHeadBar: 5
+EarHeadBar: 20
+BackHeadBar: 30
+Water: 4.5
+Coffee: 5
+Steps: 8204
+Weight:
+Ski:
+IceSkating:
+Riding: 2
+Racket:
+Football:
+Swim:
+
+---
+
+%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %%
+
+---
+
+[[2024-07-16|<< 🗓 Previous ]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[@Main Dashboard|Back]]  &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[2024-07-18|🗓 Next >>]]
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Record today's health
+type command
+action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit
+id EditMetaData
+```
+^button-2024-07-17Edit
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-2024-07-17NSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# 2024-07-17
+
+&emsp;
+
+> [!summary]+
+> Daily note for 2024-07-17
+
+&emsp;
+
+```toc
+style: number
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### ✅ Tasks of the day
+
+&emsp;
+
+```tasks
+not done
+due on 2024-07-17
+path does not include Templates
+hide backlinks
+hide task count
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 📝 Memos
+
+&emsp;
+
+This section does serve for quick memos.
+
+&emsp;
+
+
+%% --- %%
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 🗒 Notes
+
+&emsp;
+
+🐎: 2 chukkers with [[@Sally|Sally]] at [[Polo Park Zürich|PPZ]]
+
+🍽️: [[Chilli con Carne]]
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### :link: Linked activity
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataview
+Table from [[2024-07-17]]
+```
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-18.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-18.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca7db015
--- /dev/null
+++ b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-18.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+---
+
+title: "🗒 Daily Note"
+allDay: true
+date: 2024-07-18
+Date: 2024-07-18
+DocType: Note
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp:
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+Sleep: 7.5
+Happiness: 80
+Gratefulness: 90
+Stress: 25
+FrontHeadBar: 5
+EarHeadBar: 20
+BackHeadBar: 30
+Water: 3.35
+Coffee: 3
+Steps: 8036
+Weight:
+Ski:
+IceSkating:
+Riding: 1
+Racket:
+Football:
+Swim:
+
+---
+
+%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %%
+
+---
+
+[[2024-07-17|<< 🗓 Previous ]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[@Main Dashboard|Back]]  &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[2024-07-19|🗓 Next >>]]
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Record today's health
+type command
+action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit
+id EditMetaData
+```
+^button-2024-07-18Edit
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-2024-07-18NSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# 2024-07-18
+
+&emsp;
+
+> [!summary]+
+> Daily note for 2024-07-18
+
+&emsp;
+
+```toc
+style: number
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### ✅ Tasks of the day
+
+&emsp;
+
+```tasks
+not done
+due on 2024-07-18
+path does not include Templates
+hide backlinks
+hide task count
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 📝 Memos
+
+&emsp;
+
+This section does serve for quick memos.
+
+&emsp;
+
+
+%% --- %%
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 🗒 Notes
+
+&emsp;
+
+📖: [[Underworld]]
+
+🐎: S&B with [[@Sally|Sally]] at [[Polo Park Zürich|PPZ]].
+
+🍽️: [[Chicken Schnitzel]]
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### :link: Linked activity
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataview
+Table from [[2024-07-18]]
+```
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-19.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-19.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2c5f793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/2024-07-19.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+---
+
+title: "🗒 Daily Note"
+allDay: true
+date: 2024-07-19
+Date: 2024-07-19
+DocType: Note
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp:
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+Sleep: 7.5
+Happiness: 80
+Gratefulness: 90
+Stress: 25
+FrontHeadBar: 5
+EarHeadBar: 20
+BackHeadBar: 30
+Water:
+Coffee:
+Steps:
+Weight:
+Ski:
+IceSkating:
+Riding:
+Racket:
+Football:
+Swim:
+
+---
+
+%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %%
+
+---
+
+[[2024-07-18|<< 🗓 Previous ]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[@Main Dashboard|Back]]  &emsp; &emsp; &emsp;  [[2024-07-20|🗓 Next >>]]
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Record today's health
+type command
+action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit
+id EditMetaData
+```
+^button-2024-07-19Edit
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-2024-07-19NSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# 2024-07-19
+
+&emsp;
+
+> [!summary]+
+> Daily note for 2024-07-19
+
+&emsp;
+
+```toc
+style: number
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### ✅ Tasks of the day
+
+&emsp;
+
+```tasks
+not done
+due on 2024-07-19
+path does not include Templates
+hide backlinks
+hide task count
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 📝 Memos
+
+&emsp;
+
+This section does serve for quick memos.
+
+&emsp;
+
+
+%% --- %%
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 🗒 Notes
+
+&emsp;
+
+Loret ipsum
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### :link: Linked activity
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataview
+Table from [[2024-07-19]]
+```
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-03-19 🏠 Arrivée Meggi-mo.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-03-19 🏠 Arrivée Meggi-mo.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 122f1493..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-03-19 🏠 Arrivée Meggi-mo.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
----
-title: "🧚🏼 Arrivée Meggi-mo"
-allDay: true
-date: 2022-03-19
-endDate: 2022-03-20
-CollapseMetaTable: true
----
-
-# Arrivée de [[@@MRCK|Meggi-mo]]
-
-
-- [l] Arrivée à [[@@Zürich|Zürich]] de Meggi-mo, le [[2022-03-19|19/03/2022]].
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-03-24 🎡 Départ de Meggi-mo.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-03-24 🎡 Départ de Meggi-mo.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 0887e8ee..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-03-24 🎡 Départ de Meggi-mo.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
----
-title: "🧚🏼 Départ de Meggi-mo"
-allDay: true
-date: 2022-03-24
-endDate: 2022-03-25
-CollapseMetaTable: true
----
-
-# Départ de Meggi-mo
-
-Départ de ma [[@@MRCK|Meggi-mo]] le [[2022-03-24|24/03/2022]].
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-03-31 🏠 Arrivée de Papa.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-03-31 🏠 Arrivée de Papa.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 052297da..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-03-31 🏠 Arrivée de Papa.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
----
-title: "👨‍👩‍👧 Arrivée de Papa"
-allDay: false
-startTime: 20:25
-endTime: 20:30
-date: 2022-03-31
----
-
-- [l] [[2022-03-31]], arrivée de [[Amaury de Villeneuve|Papa]] à [[@@Zürich|Zürich]]
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-04-04 🗼 Départ Papa.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-04-04 🗼 Départ Papa.md
deleted file mode 100644
index c6442f28..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-04-04 🗼 Départ Papa.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
----
-title: "👨‍👩‍👧 Départ Papa"
-allDay: false
-startTime: 13:30
-endTime: 14:00
-date: 2022-04-04
----
-
-[[2022-04-04]], départ de [[Amaury de Villeneuve|Papa]]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-04-10 🗳️ 1er tour Présidentielle.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-04-10 🗳️ 1er tour Présidentielle.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 43d43410..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-04-10 🗳️ 1er tour Présidentielle.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
----
-
-title: "🗳 1er tour Présidentielle"
-allDay: true
-date: 2022-04-10
-endDate: 2022-04-11
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-1er tour des élections présidentielles à [[@@Paris|Paris]], le [[2022-04-10|10 avril 2022]]; avec [[@@MRCK|Meggi-mo]] dans l'isoloir.
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-04-24 🗳️ 2nd tour élections présidentielles.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-04-24 🗳️ 2nd tour élections présidentielles.md
deleted file mode 100644
index d1cf3be0..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-04-24 🗳️ 2nd tour élections présidentielles.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
----
-title: "🗳 2nd tour élections présidentielles"
-allDay: true
-date: 2022-04-24
-endDate: 2022-04-25
----
-
-2nd tour des élections présidentielles le [[2022-04-24|24 Avril]] à [[@@Paris|Paris]].
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-04-27 📍 Arrivée à Lisbonne.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-04-27 📍 Arrivée à Lisbonne.md
deleted file mode 100644
index edee1338..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-04-27 📍 Arrivée à Lisbonne.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
----
-title: "🛩 Arrivée à Lisbonne"
-allDay: false
-startTime: 16:00
-endTime: 16:30
-date: 2022-04-27
----
-
-Arrival on [[2022-04-27|this day]] in [[Lisbon]].
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-05-01 🏠 Départ de Lisbonne.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-05-01 🏠 Départ de Lisbonne.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e0351d91..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-05-01 🏠 Départ de Lisbonne.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
----
-title: "🛩 Départ de Lisbonne"
-allDay: false
-startTime: 15:30
-endTime: 16:00
-date: 2022-05-01
----
-
-Departure from [[Lisbon]] to [[@@Zürich|Zürich]] [[2022-05-01|this day]].
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-05-15 🏠 Definite arrival of Meggi-mo to Züzü.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-05-15 🏠 Definite arrival of Meggi-mo to Züzü.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 6f2fd72c..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-05-15 🏠 Definite arrival of Meggi-mo to Züzü.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
----
-title: "🧚🏼 Definite arrival of Meggi-mo to Züzü"
-allDay: true
-startTime: 06:30
-endTime: 07:00
-date: 2022-05-15
----
-
-[[@@MRCK|Meggi-mo]] is arriving to [[@@Zürich|Zürich]] for good on [[2022-05-15|that day]].
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-10-14 📍 Weekend à GVA.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-10-14 📍 Weekend à GVA.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e79d478c..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-10-14 📍 Weekend à GVA.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
----
-
-title: "🚆 Weekend in GVA"
-allDay: true
-date: 2022-10-14
-endDate: 2022-10-17
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Weekend à [[Geneva]] avec [[@@MRCK|Meggi-mo]].
-
-&emsp;
-
-Départ: [[2022-10-14]] de [[@@Zürich|Zürich]]
-
-Retour: [[2022-10-16]] à [[@@Zürich|Zürich]]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-10-21 🗼 Weekend à Paris.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-10-21 🗼 Weekend à Paris.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 22a2d918..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-10-21 🗼 Weekend à Paris.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
----
-title: "🗼 Weekend à Paris"
-allDay: true
-date: 2022-10-21
-endDate: 2022-10-24
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Weekend à [[@@Paris|Paris]] avec [[@@MRCK|Meggi-mo]].
-
-&emsp;
-
-Départ: [[2022-10-21]] de [[@@Zürich|Zürich]]
-
-Retour: [[2022-10-23]] à [[@@Zürich|Zürich]]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-11-19 💍 Fiançailles Marguerite & Arnold.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-11-19 💍 Fiançailles Marguerite & Arnold.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b31a67b..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-11-19 💍 Fiançailles Marguerite & Arnold.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
----
-title: "💍 Fiançailles Marguerite & Arnold"
-allDay: false
-startTime: 16:30
-endTime: 15:00
-date: 2022-11-19
-CollapseMetaTable: true
----
-
-Fiançailles de [[Marguerite de Villeneuve|Marguerite]] et [[Arnold Moulin|Arnold]] [[2022-11-19|ce jour]] à [[Geneva|Genève]].
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-12-26 🏠 Papa à Zürich.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-12-26 🏠 Papa à Zürich.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 23127bf4..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-12-26 🏠 Papa à Zürich.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
----
-
-title: "👪 Papa à Zürich"
-allDay: true
-date: 2022-12-26
-endDate: 2022-12-31
-completed: null
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-[[Amaury de Villeneuve|Papa]] arrive à [[@@Zürich|Zürich]] le [[2022-12-26|26 décembre]] à 13h26.
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-12-30 🏠 Stef & Kyna in Zürich.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-12-30 🏠 Stef & Kyna in Zürich.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 143e9fb3..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2022-12-30 🏠 Stef & Kyna in Zürich.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
----
-
-title: "Stef & Kyna in Zürich"
-allDay: true
-date: 2022-12-30
-endDate: 2023-01-05
-completed: null
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Stef & Kyna arrivent à [[@@Zürich|Zürich]] le [[2022-12-30|30 décembre]] avec Swiss le matin.
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-01-23 🩺 Médecin.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-01-23 🩺 Médecin.md
deleted file mode 100644
index c32582d8..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-01-23 🩺 Médecin.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
----
-
-title: Médecin
-allDay: false
-startTime: 11:15
-endTime: 12:15
-date: 2023-01-23
-completed: null
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-[[2023-01-23|Ce jour]], 1er RDV avec [[Dr Cleopatra Morales]].
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-02-06 📍 Genève.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-02-06 📍 Genève.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a48ac3f..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-02-06 📍 Genève.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
----
-
-title: Genève
-allDay: true
-date: 2023-02-06
-endDate: 2023-02-08
-completed: null
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Depart à [[Geneva|Genève]] [[2023-02-06|ce jour]] et retour le [[223-02-07|lendemain]].
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-02-09 🩺 Médecin.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-02-09 🩺 Médecin.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 00dd4061..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-02-09 🩺 Médecin.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
----
-
-title: ⚕ Médecin
-allDay: false
-startTime: 12:15
-endTime: 13:15
-date: 2023-02-09
-completed: null
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-[[2023-02-09|Ce jour]], RDV de suivi avec [[Dr Cleopatra Morales]]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-02-11 💍 Mariage Eloi & Zélie.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-02-11 💍 Mariage Eloi & Zélie.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e20b705..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-02-11 💍 Mariage Eloi & Zélie.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
----
-
-title: "👰‍♀ Mariage Eloi & Zélie"
-allDay: true
-date: 2023-02-10
-endDate: 2023-02-12
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Mariage d’[[Eloi de Villeneuve|Éloi]] avec [[Zélie]] en [[@France|Bretagne]] (Rennes) [[2023-02-11|ce jour]].
-
-&emsp;
-
-🚆: 23h11, arrivée à Rennes
-
-&emsp;
-
-🏨: **Hotel Saint Antoine**<br>27 avenue Janvier<br>Rennes
-
-&emsp;
-
-### Vendredi 10 Février
-
-&emsp;
-
-#### 17h: Mariage civil
-
-Mairie de Montfort-sur-Meu (35)
-
-&emsp;
-
-#### 20h30: Veillée de Prière
-
-Chapelle du château de la Châsse
-Iffendic (35)
-
-&emsp;
-
----
-
-&emsp;
-
-### Samedi 11 Février
-
-&emsp;
-
-#### 14h: Messe de Mariage
-
-Saint-Louis-Marie
-Montfort-sur-Meu (35)
-
-&emsp;
-
-#### 16h30: Cocktail
-
-Château de la Châsse
-Iffendic (35)
-
-&emsp;
-
-#### 19h30: Dîner
-
-Château de la Châsse
-Iffendic (35)
-
-&emsp;
-
----
-
-&emsp;
-
-### Dimanche 12 Février
-
-&emsp;
-
-#### 11h: Messe 
-
-Chapelle du château de la Châsse
-Iffendic (35)
-
-&emsp;
-
-#### 12h: Déjeuner breton
-
-Château de la Châsse
-Iffendic (35)
-
-&emsp;
-
-🚆: 13h35, départ de Rennes
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-02-19 🎞️ Tár @ Riff Raff.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-02-19 🎞️ Tár @ Riff Raff.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 4f2da539..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-02-19 🎞️ Tár @ Riff Raff.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
----
-
-title: 🎬 Tár @ Riff Raff
-allDay: false
-startTime: 20:30
-endTime: 22:30
-date: 2023-02-19
-completed: null
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-[[2023-02-19|Ce jour]], [[Tár (2022)]] @ [[Riff Raff Kino Bar]].
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-03-06 🩺 Médecin.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-03-06 🩺 Médecin.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 9780ae6c..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-03-06 🩺 Médecin.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
----
-title: 🩺 Médecin
-allDay: false
-startTime: 15:00
-endTime: 15:30
-date: 2023-03-06
-completed: null
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-[[2023-03-06|Ce jour]], rdv avec [[Dr Awad Abuawad]]
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-03-11 🏠 Marg & Arnold à Zürich.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-03-11 🏠 Marg & Arnold à Zürich.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e69a2915..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-03-11 🏠 Marg & Arnold à Zürich.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
----
-
-title: 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Marg & Arnold à Zürich
-allDay: true
-date: 2023-03-11
-endDate: 2023-03-13
-completed: null
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Arrivée le [[2023-03-11|11 mars]] de [[Marguerite de Villeneuve|Marg]] et [[Arnold Moulin|Arnold]].
-Départ le [[2023-03-12|lendemain]].
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-03-18 🇨🇭 Molly & boyfriend in Zürich.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-03-18 🇨🇭 Molly & boyfriend in Zürich.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 2f3197c0..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-03-18 🇨🇭 Molly & boyfriend in Zürich.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
----
-title: 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Molly & boyfriend in Zürich
-allDay: true
-date: 2023-03-18
-endDate: 2023-03-20
-completed: null
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Weekend in [[@@Zürich|Zürich]] for [[@@MRCK|Meggi-mo]]‘s cousin Molly and boyfriend. 
-Arrival on [[2023-03-18|18th March]] and departure on Monday [[2023-03-20|20th March]].
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-04-14 🩺 Médecin.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-04-14 🩺 Médecin.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 502d286d..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-04-14 🩺 Médecin.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
----
-
-title: 🩺 Médecin
-allDay: false
-startTime: 11:45
-endTime: 12:15
-date: 2023-04-14
-completed: null
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-[[2023-04-14|Ce jour]], rdv avec [[Dr Cleopatra Morales]]
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-12-21 🏠 Arrivée Papa.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-12-21 🏠 Arrivée Papa.md
deleted file mode 100644
index b0d95b10..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-12-21 🏠 Arrivée Papa.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
----
-title: 🏠 Arrivée Papa
-allDay: false
-startTime: 20:26
-endTime: 21:26
-date: 2023-12-21
-completed: null
----
-
-[[2023-12-21|Ce jour]], arrivée de [[Amaury de Villeneuve|Papa]] à [[@@Zürich|Zürich]]
diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-12-27 🗼 Départ Papa.md b/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-12-27 🗼 Départ Papa.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 544487a5..00000000
--- a/00.01 Admin/Calendars/Events/2023-12-27 🗼 Départ Papa.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
----
-title: 🗼 Départ Papa
-allDay: false
-startTime: 13:30
-endTime: 14:30
-date: 2023-12-27
-completed: null
----
-
-[[2023-12-27|Ce jour]], départ de [[Amaury de Villeneuve|Papa]] de [[@@Zürich|Zürich]] pour [[@@Paris|Paris]]
diff --git a/00.03 News/$100 Million Gone in 27 Minutes.md b/00.03 News/$100 Million Gone in 27 Minutes.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 698740ea..00000000
--- a/00.03 News/$100 Million Gone in 27 Minutes.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
----
-
-Tag: ["🚔", "💸", "🇺🇸"]
-Date: 2023-06-05
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-06-05
-Link: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/05/the-ugly-fight-over-the-brinks-robbery-in-california.html
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-06-05]]
-
----
-
-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-100MillionGonein27MinutesNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# $100 Million Gone in 27 Minutes
-
-[crime](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/tags/crime/) Updated May 25, 2023
-
-## After possibly the most expensive jewelry heist in U.S. history, Brink’s went after the victims.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/398/8b8/80fc560a9edcf5b2055beac1f3735ac4be-brink-1.rsquare.w700.jpg)
-
-California sheriff’s deputies search the back of the Brink’s truck where millions in jewelry were stolen last year. Photo: Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department
-
-Jean Malki was carefully wrapping up a necklace containing more than 25 carats of fancy yellow diamonds, a rare Australian-mined Lightning Ridge black opal, and a deep-magenta Burmese ruby after a long day of sales at the International Gem & Jewelry Show when a bewildering announcement came over the loudspeaker.
-
-Strange and suspicious individuals have been seen hanging around the expo, the show organizer warned, urging people to leave with extreme caution.
-
-Up until then, July 10, 2022, had been a normal day for Malki, a veteran jeweler for 40 years who sold most of his estate collection at shows like this one in San Mateo, California, just south of San Francisco. Malki, who got his first taste of the industry by moving diamonds for Zales, is a traveling salesman who continually packs and unpacks items that are sometimes worth millions apiece. These shows feature dozens of jewelers from all over the country selling everything from decorative beads to rare Rolexes. 
-
-Instead of moving the merchandise himself in his car, Malki had opted for what he thought was the safest possible alternative: a Brink’s armored truck. He handed his entire collection to a Brink’s guard who packed the items into the truck and told Malki he would receive them the following day for another show five hours south in Pasadena.
-
-Soon, Malki learned he had made the wrong decision.
-
-Just after 2 a.m. the next day, at an unremarkable truck stop right at the Los Angeles County line, the guard driving the Brink’s truck went inside to grab a bite. His co-pilot was asleep in a berth in the cab. When the driver returned 27 minutes later, dozens of bags of precious gems and watches sent by Malki and 14 other dealers estimated to be worth up to $100 million were gone.
-
-The heist, by some estimates, is the largest jewelry theft by value in modern U.S. history. In the ten months since, the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department and the FBI have announced no suspects. Even if the thieves are found, it might not help most of the jewelers whose livelihoods were effectively wiped out; they are locked in a bitter legal fight with Brink’s that has prevented them from receiving any insurance money. They say they feel robbed twice: first by the thieves, then by Brink’s refusal to pay them for what they believe is the company’s own negligence.    
-
-Founded in the 19th century, Brink’s has been transporting valuables, mostly cash, between banks for so long that its name is synonymous with high security. Its trucks, a fleet of rolling vaults, have long tempted thieves, from the [1981 heist that killed two police officers and a Brink’s guard](https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/cheri-laverne-dalton-1981-brinks-robbery-suspect-wanted/) in New York to a string of [armed robberies last month in Chicago](https://abc7chicago.com/armored-truck-robbery-calumet-city-il-brinks/13127609/). In the jewelry trade, Brink’s has also become something of a monopoly, according to jewelers. It’s often the only option for shipping valuables securely at shows like the San Mateo expo. (In 2018, the company bought a major competitor, Dunbar, for [$520 million](https://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/baltimore-county/bs-bz-brinks-buys-dunbar-20180814-story.html).) It is so dominant that jewelers and showrunners I spoke with said they fear criticizing Brink’s will lead the company to ban them as customers, which could end their businesses.
-
-The vehicle transporting millions of dollars in jewelry from San Mateo was not one of the company’s famous armored cars but a semitruck. While the cab was armored, according to a review of sheriff’s deputies’ body-camera footage, the trailer actually carrying the valuables was not. There were no surveillance cameras, and an incident report noted the jewelry was secured inside the trailer by a single locking device in the rear. The thieves simply cut the lock, as evidenced by the slivers of metal left behind, and appeared to have taken it with them.
-
-That’s not the level of security the jewelers thought they had signed up for.
-
-The truck’s lock was taken after it was cut. Photo: Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department
-
-“Brink’s was supposed to use an armored truck. They didn’t use an armored truck; they used a trailer to transport our jewelry,” said Ming Cheng, a jeweler who worked the show with his wife. He lost his entire stock in the theft, mostly hundreds of pieces of pearl jewelry. “And only two armed guards — one was sleeping, and one went to get some food, and they didn’t keep an eye on the truck. How could this happen?”
-
-The Brink’s guards seemed just as shocked.
-
-That night, James Beaty had been sleeping in a small compartment behind the seats, taking what Brink’s says was part of the federally required ten hours off per day that limit how much time a driver can be awake on the road. Tandy Motley had been behind the wheel for hours when he pulled into the Flying J truck stop in Lebec. When he came out after his meal, he noticed the red seal wrapping the back of the truck had been torn and was lying on the ground. He called 911.
-
-The guards determined that 24 of the 73 bags Brink’s had initially said were onboard were missing, according to the body-camera footage, though Brink’s would later put the figure at 22.
-
-“Holy shit,” Beaty said after counting. “I’ve been here eight years, and I’ve never seen anything like this.”
-
-They began piecing the night together, telling the two officers who arrived that they thought they had been followed from the show in San Mateo.
-
-“I just had a weird feeling,” said Motley between puffs on his vape, about a figure at the show. “He was staring me right in the eye. And I looked — it’s like why is this guy dogging me? He had a beard, driving a silver SUV. And then just sitting there for like two minutes. And then I was — after that, I was kind of watching to see if anyone was following me … They had to have come in here with a fucking trailer.”
-
-The guards and deputies agreed it appeared to be a calculated theft for another reason: The stolen items were not the most convenient to grab, as the bags from the immediate opening of the back door would have been were the thieves in a hurry to take what they could. The missing bags were stowed further back and had been seemingly handpicked even though the entire load was wrapped in identical, bright-orange heavy plastic bags that concealed what was inside.
-
-“Well, what doesn’t make sense to me is you would think the back half of the trailer would be empty rather than leapfrogging the stuff,” said one deputy.
-
-“As much as they took in a little amount of time — they knew what they was getting,” said Beaty.
-
-Consequently, the guards suggested the thief could have been one of the jewelers. “It almost makes me wonder if the jeweler robbed himself, you know? Like he knew exactly what they had or something, right, for insurance,” said Motley.
-
-Later, Motley said he was worried the suspicion might turn on him. “You know what worries me the most is they always want to blame the employee first,” he confided to one of the deputies.
-
-Each of the 73 bags was labeled with a distinctive colored tag, but it’s in dispute whether those tags denoted value, destination, or ownership. After the deputies arrived, Beaty called the Brink’s guard who had packed up the shipments at the show, whose name was given as Nelson. Based on what Beaty claimed was their conversation, he told deputies the tags indicated value.
-
-“He thinks that all the LAX stuff is what got stolen because it’s the highest value,” Beaty said of Nelson, referring to bags that were headed to Los Angeles International Airport instead of the Pasadena show.
-
-“But that’s right there,” Motley said, confused. “It says LAX on it.”
-
-“I’m just telling you what he said,” Beaty replied, and the contradiction wasn’t pursued any further.
-
-It later was determined that the jewelry stolen was indeed among some of the most expensive pieces being shipped, according to Gerald L. Kroll, the lawyer representing the victims against Brink’s. Taken together, the ease of the theft and the weak security have left some of them believing it was an inside job.
-
-“Reading the police report that we had, it’s just kind of hard to believe it’s just a coincidence that some people decided to rob a Brink’s truck. And they knew when they were going to leave. They knew where they’re going to stop. They knew how long they’re going to stop,” said Malki.
-
-Sergeant Michael Mileski confirmed that the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department Major Crimes Bureau and the FBI were looking into that angle. He said authorities have so far served several warrants at various residences and businesses for records and to search property but have no updates to announce. The lack of answers has allowed rumors to swirl about where the gemstones and watches went, including that some of the pieces ended up in Israel. Others believe the thieves are playing it smart by holding on to the jewelry and will likely do so for years until the spotlight fades.
-
-Bags were stolen from deep inside the truck, suggesting the thieves knew what they were looking for. Photo: Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department
-
-Some of the jewelers learned their collections had been stolen not through Brink’s but through word of mouth. Cheng found out something was wrong when his items didn’t arrive at the Pasadena show and he went to the Brink’s office in downtown L.A. for answers. Even then, he couldn’t get any information. Not until two days after the heist did Brink’s send letters to each jeweler alerting them of a “loss incident.” The company said it couldn’t comment on an active investigation but promised that it “strives to implement the best security practices to protect our customers’ assets.”
-
-Cheng said his takeaway from Brink’s handling of the situation was “they’re hiding something, that’s for sure.”
-
-Brink’s eventually returned with an offer: They would pay the jewelers back the amount they had bought in insurance for the theft but no more. The total the jewelers had purchased from Brink’s, in addition to their own insurance they had elsewhere, was just under $10 million. The majority of the jewelers, who argue that their collections totalled a true value nearly ten times that, scoffed. So two months later, Brink’s sued them in a New York federal court, in part accusing the jewelers of breach of contract and of fraud because they had allegedly undervalued their items. “Brink’s believes that each Defendant seeks to recover more from Brink’s than is permitted under the Contract,” the company wrote in its suit. (Brink’s did not respond to requests for comment.)
-
-The lawyer defending the jewelers sees it differently. “We feel confident that we have enough evidence to prove the purported contract is unconscionable. The clients were told to write down how much insurance they wanted,” Kroll said, not the value of their goods. “The example would be like fire insurance on your home. Who insures 100 percent of their house? Your house might be worth many millions of dollars, but you get to decide how much insurance you want for an event of a fire.”
-
-“Our contracts are clear, easy to read, and, except to Mr. Kroll, uncontroversial,” Brink’s shot back. “The contracts clearly ask our customers to state the actual value of their goods, and explain that we will reimburse losses promptly up to that declared value.
-
-Two weeks later, 14 of the 15 victims countersued Brink’s in Los Angeles County Superior Court, seeking $200 million in total damages. (Since then, three have settled for an undisclosed sum.) They accuse the company of negligence for putting their valuables in a lightly protected truck, especially after being warned of heightened security risk at the expo. The show manager, Arnold Duke, said in an interview that he had alerted the Brink’s guards.
-
-“We say in this case that Brink’s should have paid them the insurance value on day one,” said Kroll. “That’s what the people paid for, and that’s what they expect to see. I think Brink’s is trying to hold that money as a tactic to get these people to capitulate. Most of these people have lost everything. These are mom-and-pop businesses. This is not the lifestyle of the rich and famous.”
-
-“Our customers trust us to cover them for any losses, however unlikely,” Brink’s said. “In turn, we trust our customers to declare the full and correct value of the goods they ask us to transport. According to the information the customers provided to us before they shipped their items, the total value of the missing items is less than $10 million. In this case, we held up our end and fulfilled our contract, promptly settling a claim by one of the affected customers and subsequently settling two more. The others have chosen to litigate, admitting under oath that they undervalued their goods, and even did so regularly. While we are deeply disappointed by this breach of our trust and the plain language of our contracts, the courts have responded favorably to our position, and we remain willing to compensate these customers for the declared value of their goods.”
-
-The lawsuits have also revealed strange inconsistencies in the theft’s timeline. First, that the truck left San Mateo at midnight and arrived 300 miles away at the Flying J truck stop in just two hours — meaning the semi would have had to be going about 150 miles per hour. But in a deposition, the driving guard said they actually left much earlier, at 8:25 p.m. Second, Beaty said in a deposition that he went to sleep at 3:39 p.m. on the day the jewelry was loaded onto the truck and wasn’t woken up until after the heist at almost 3 a.m.
-
-Brink’s in its lawsuit argues that Beaty followed standard company practices and was “in compliance” with federal regulations that allow drivers time to sleep and take breaks. But Kroll said that by the time the truck had pulled into the rest stop just after 2 a.m., Beaty’s ten hours of mandated sleep were up. When deposed by Kroll, Beaty acknowledged that he could have been woken up and outside on guard by then.
-
-Since the lawsuits began, Brink’s has cut off all ties with the jewelers involved and won’t allow them to use their company for security. The jewelers aren’t sure if it’s a lifetime ban. “It’s like you’re killing somebody and then on the day of their funeral, you’ll be the first one to walk in,” said Malki, who is struggling to support three young children.
-
-With no resolution in sight, Cheng is stuck paying rent for an empty showroom because, he said, his landlord won’t let him out of the lease. After immigrating to Los Angeles from Hong Kong, he got into the jewelry business at 21 and learned English from his customers. For the past 30 years, he has flown to a show almost every week, traveling what he estimates as 3 million miles in total. Earlier this month, he started a new job: working six days a week as a sous-chef at a Chinese restaurant.
-
-“I don’t think anybody could prepare for this. What comes worse than death? I think besides death, this is something worse to happen to you,” Cheng said through tears. “I’m 66 years old now — the only thing I know is the jewelry business, I don’t speak very good English, and I wasn’t educated too much. I have to start everything again. If I am young, I can handle it, but it’s been so hard.”
-
-$100 Million Gone in 27 Minutes
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
----
-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.03 News/49ers legend Joe Montana reflects on legacy ahead of Super Bowl.md b/00.03 News/49ers legend Joe Montana reflects on legacy ahead of Super Bowl.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 2925fb75..00000000
--- a/00.03 News/49ers legend Joe Montana reflects on legacy ahead of Super Bowl.md	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,549 +0,0 @@
----
-
-Tag: ["🥉", "🏈", "🇺🇸", "👤"]
-Date: 2023-02-12
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-02-12
-Link: https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/35604915/49ers-legend-joe-montana-reflects-legacy-ahead-super-bowl
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-02-14]]
-
----
-
-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-49erslegendJoeMontanareflectsonlegacyNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# 49ers legend Joe Montana reflects on legacy ahead of Super Bowl
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-**MY LATE FATHER** bought me a Joe Montana jersey when I was a boy. Home red with white stripes. I don't remember when he gave it to me, or why, but I'll never forget the way the mesh sleeves felt against my arms. The last time I visited my mom, I looked for it in her closets. She said it'd been put away somewhere. On trips home I half expect to still see my dad sitting at the head of the long dining room table, papers strewn, working on a brief or a closing argument. He was an ambitious man who had played quarterback in high school and loved what that detail told people about him -- here, friends, was a leader, a winner, a person his peers trusted most in moments when they needed something extraordinary. Lots of young men like my father play high school quarterback, roughly 16,000 starters in America each year. Only 746 men have ever played the position in the modern NFL and just 35 of them are in the Hall of Fame. What my father knew when he gave me that jersey was that only *one* of them was Joe Montana.
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-Tom Brady Sr., bought his son, Tommy, a No. 16 jersey once, too. They sat in the upper deck of Candlestick Park together on Sundays. They looked down onto the field and dreamed. Tommy enrolled as a freshman at Michigan the year Joe Montana retired from football. Forced out of the game by injuries, Montana left as the unquestioned greatest of all time. His reputation had been bought in blood and preceded him like rose petals. Everybody knew. But over time the boy who sat in the upper deck idolizing Montana delivered on his own dreams and built his own reputation. Here, friends, was a threat. The boy, of course, went on to win his own Super Bowls. A fourth, a fifth, a sixth and a seventh. Parents now buy their children No. 12 jerseys because there can only be one unquestioned greatest of all time. No. 16 is no longer what it once was. Joe Montana now must be something else.
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-"Does it bug you?" I ask.
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-"Not really," Montana says.
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-He sits at his desk and taps his fingers on his thumb, counting, keeping track of odds and evens. Placid on the surface, churning beneath the waves.
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-"You start thinking," he says, his voice trailing off.
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-"I wish ... "
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-**MONTANA COMES INTO** his San Francisco office waving around a box of doughnuts he picked up at a hole in the wall he loves. He's got on Chuck Taylors and a fly-fishing T-shirt.
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-"... so chocolate, regular and maple crumb," he says.
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-It's a big day for his venture capital firm and nothing spreads cheer like an open box of doughnuts. He looks inside and chooses.
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-"Maple."
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-It's a tiny office, stark, with mostly empty shelves, a place rigged for work. There's a signed John Candy photo a client sent him -- a nod to a famous moment in his old life -- leaning against the wall. Four Super Bowl rings buy him very little this morning on the last day of the Y Combinator -- a kind of blind date Silicon Valley prom that puts a highly curated group of 400 founders in front of a thousand or so top investors. Each founder gets about a minute and a half to two minutes to pitch investors like Joe. A company founder promises to, say, fully automate the packing process, reducing manual labor from days to hours, a market opportunity of $10 billion. You can hear the nerves in their voices as they talk into their webcam. Some clearly haven't slept in days. Without considering my audience -- 11 plays, 92 yards, 2 minutes, 46 seconds -- I marvel at the insanity of having your entire future determined in an instant.
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-"I know," Montana laughs.
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-His company, Liquid 2, consists of multiple funds. He's got two founding partners, Michael Ma and Mike Miller. Recently he brought in his son, Nate, along with a former Notre Dame teammate of Nate's named Matt Mulvey -- which makes three Fighting Irish quarterbacks. His daughter, Elizabeth, runs the office with a velvet fist. Their first fund is a big success and contains 21 "unicorns," which is slang for a billion-dollar company. They're headed toward 10 times the original investment. Montana, it turns out, is good at this.
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-"You just look at the teams and the relationship of the founders," he says. "How they get along? How long they've known each other?"
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-We take the doughnuts and his computer down the hall to a conference room. Nate and Matt are already there.
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-"So that guy hasn't responded to us," Matt tells him.
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-That guy, Amer Baroudi, is a Rhodes scholar and a founder of a company they love. It's always a dance. Much bigger investors than Liquid 2 are also after these ideas. The guys huddle and decide that No. 16 should write him directly, politely, and tell him they're interested and would love to connect. As he does that, the companies keep presenting new ideas. Microloans in Mexico. A digital bank for African truckers. They're all on their laptops and their phones while the presentations happen on a big screen at the end of the room. His partners keep in touch on a Slack channel. Joe's handle is JCM.
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-One founder developed weapons for the Department of Defense. Another worked for NASA. Every other one it seems went to MIT or Cal Tech. They worked for McKinsey and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. One idea after another, pitched by passionate, interesting people. I can feel Joe vibrating with energy and excitement. He leans over Nate's shoulder with his hand on his back. He rubs his nose, then his chin, then moves his hand over his mouth in concentration. His eyes narrow.
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-He checks his phone and smiles.
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-"Amer," he says.
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-**MONTANA'S CAR IS** parked a block up and we get to an intersection just as the light is changing. A work truck lurches into the intersection and then stops. The driver rolls down the window and sticks out his head. He nods at me.
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-"I might hit *you* ... " he says.
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-He looks at Joe and breaks into a grin.
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-"... but I won't hit him."
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-The Montanas live in a city where it's still common for No. 16 to be the only Niners jersey framed on barroom walls. He's beloved in the 7-mile by 7-mile square where he built his legend and where he and his wife, Jennifer, built their life. The Montana home is just steps from where Joe proposed nearly 40 years ago. Friends joke about how grossly romantic they are, always holding hands, still taking baths together, and one friend said she can actually see Joe's body language change when Jennifer enters a room, as if he knows it's OK to relax. In the car he's always got his hand on her knee. Once during a game he looked at the sideline phone that connected him to the coaches upstairs. He picked it up and, just to see, pressed nine. To his shock he got an outside line and looking around, he dialed Jennifer to say hello. She's always been able to level him out. "The only one that cools him down -- and he doesn't go full Super Bowl mode -- is if my mom's there," Nick Montana says.
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-From one of their roof decks in the Marina district, they can see both bridges, Alcatraz and the old wharfs. After moving around a lot since football ended they've returned here. They know their neighbors. The kid whose family shares a fence line once accidentally threw his USC branded football over that fence. It came hurtling back -- with a note written on the ball that said, "Go Notre Dame. Joe Montana No. 3." It's a beautiful place to call home. Their lives revolve around the kitchen. Jennifer and the two girls make salads. Joe mans the wood burning oven or the grill. The two boys -- "they're useless," Jennifer jokes -- bring wine or lug stuff around. Everyone does the dishes.
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-"They're very Italian," family friend Lori Puccinelli-Stern says. "A lot of everything they do is around a big table with family and friends and them cooking. Cooking together. Eating together."
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-Before they died Joe's parents always lived near them. When he retired, Grammy and Pappy moved up to Napa Valley, too. Pappy coached the boys' and girls' youth sports teams. Most Sundays after football ended they would all gather for huge family dinners. Grammy would make her famous ravioli. Jennifer makes it now.
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-The neighborhood between his office and his home is North Beach, the old San Francisco Italian enclave, and one afternoon he drove me down the main boulevard. We passed Francis Ford Coppola's office and the famous City Lights bookstore, rolling through the trattorias and corner bars of North Beach. Up the hill to the left is the street where Joe DiMaggio grew up. DiMaggio's father, Giuseppe, kept his small fishing boat at the marina where the Montanas now live. Every day, no matter how dark and menacing the bay, Giuseppe DiMaggio awoke before the sun and steered his boat off the coast of California. He gave his son an American first name and wanted for him an ambitious American life. Joltin' Joe realized every dream his dad dreamed but emerged from the struggle a bitter man prone to black moods as rough and unpredictable as his father's workplace.
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-Bitterness is such a common affliction of once-great athletes that it's only noteworthy when absent. Ted Williams burned every family photo. Michael Jordan kept trying to get down to his playing weight of 218 years after his retirement. The story goes that Mickey Mantle used to go sit in his car during rainstorms, drunk and crying, because the water hitting the roof sounded like cheers. Joe and Jennifer's front door is just around the corner, maybe a three-minute walk, from the house DiMaggio bought for his parents with his first big check in 1937 and where he moved when he retired from baseball in 1951. He and Marilyn Monroe spent their wedding night there. The Marina remained full of memories for him. DiMaggio loved to sit alone there and stare out to sea as if looking for a returning vessel. The two Joes knew each other in the 1980s but weren't friends. DiMaggio was much closer to Joe's mother, who worked as a teller at the branch where the Yankee legend banked.
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-"Why did your mom have a job?" I ask as we drive down Columbus Avenue.
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-Joe smiles. His mom was one of a kind. When he was a kid she bleached his football pants at night so he'd always look the best. She found the job herself.
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-"She got tired of just hanging around," he says.
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-**THE FIRST JOSEPH** Montana, Joe's great-grandfather, was born Guiseppi Montani in 1865 in a mountain village in the Piedmont region of Italy. The Montanis had been in their town for generations when Guiseppi left everything behind. He carried only his name, which described the world he'd left behind. In America, the family changed the "i" to an "a" and were now the Montanas of Monongahela City, Pennsylvania, putting down roots in a sooty town with physical but stable jobs. All the men worked in coal and steel. They raised huge American families. Guiseppi died in his home on Main Street and left behind 16 grandchildren, one of them Joe's dad. Two of Joe's grandparents were born in Italy. All four were Italian. His maternal grandmother, who went to Mass every day and spent the rest of her time sewing, always told him stories about her home.
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-"My grandmother came over when she was 12 or 13," he says.
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-"You've been to the town?"
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-"Yeah," he says, "but I'm trying to get back."
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-He regrets not learning Italian as a child when he moved around the ankles and knees of his relatives who parlo'd and prego'd away in the kitchen, a place where flour and water became dough. A few times as an adult he's tried to learn. Taken classes. Bought Rosetta Stone. It just never stuck. Even as he reaches an age where learning new things can hang just out of reach, he remains happiest when he's curious and engaged. It's clear his kitchen in San Francisco is a place where he engages with his ancestors. The old ways matter to him. Once during a commercial shoot at Ellis Island he slipped away to find his family's records. I can picture him in those archives, a public figure on the outside but inside still the boy trying to understand where he came from, why he wanted what he wanted, why he feared what he feared. He inherited his ambition from his father, who inherited it from his grandfather, who pulled up stakes and wrote a new story on top of a rich vein of coal. His inheritance is both a charge and a burden. He's not standing on the shoulders of his ancestors so much as he is bringing them along for the ride -- chasing a dream so big that reaching it would make all their dreams come true as well. His inheritance demanded that he strive for the mountaintop alone -- *Guiseppi Montani* -- and his birthright promises that he be permitted to enjoy reflecting on that climb.
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-His grandmother refused her wealthy grandson's offers of an all-paid return trip to her village, he says. She wanted her memories of the past to remain uncomplicated. Hers was a generation that wanted to keep moving forward, to resist the pull of some older and more limiting story of who they were or what they were capable of becoming. Hers was a devout act of forgetting. Joe understands. He doesn't go home anymore, either.
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-His high school football coach, Chuck Abramski, hated him. Really he hated Joe's father, who wanted to be the primary voice in his talented son's ear, but he took it out on Joe. When Montana refused to quit basketball to join Abramski's offseason workout program, Abramski didn't start him for three games until he looked dumb keeping a phenom on the sideline. When Joey Montana became the Greatest of All Time, his success turned Abramski's coaching career into footnote, a parable about a small man not ready for his moment in the sun. That ate at him. His tombstone says Coach. It was his entire identity. He was a proud man who, when faced with the biggest decision of his professional life, made the wrong one, out of stubbornness and pride, and then doubled down on his mistake over and over again. Every few years he would get quoted in a Montana profile. The last time came in the days before Montana's fourth and final Super Bowl, which he would win.
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-"A lot of people in Monongahela hate Joe," Abramski told Sports Illustrated.
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-He kept going.
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-"If I was in a war," he said, "I wouldn't want Joe on my side. His dad would have to carry his gun for him."
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-"I called him about it," Montana said at the time. "Three times now, I've seen those Abramski quotes around Super Bowl time, about why people hate me. I asked him why he kept saying those things, and he said, 'Well, you never sent me a picture, and you sent one to Jeff Petrucci, the quarterback coach.' I said, 'You never asked.' I mean, I don't send my picture around everywhere. We ended up yelling at each other. We had to put our wives on."
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-Montana showed grace the coach couldn't really bring himself to show. He invited Abramski to Canton, Ohio, for his Hall of Fame induction.
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-"Joe was very gracious to my dad," daughter Marian Fiscus says.
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-Abramski died almost five years ago.
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-Montana doesn't feel nostalgic about his hometown. He left it for good long ago. Once he and his family flew to Pittsburgh for an event. Jennifer and their daughters took a day and drove the 27 miles south to Monongahela to see where Joe grew up. They plugged in the address and ended up at a collapsing house occupied by squatters. Joe stayed behind in Pittsburgh, like his grandmother, looking beyond whatever they might find in the old dirt.
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-**WE GO TO** lunch at a small Italian place near his office on the edge of North Beach and Chinatown. Joe orders the pesto for his pasta. It's not on the menu, but they make it for him. He checks his watch. After lunch he's got a meeting and then he promised to show a neighbor how to make an anchovy dip created 700 years ago two hours south of where Guiseppi Montani lived. Joe's neighbor bought the ingredients and is paying for the lesson with a few Manhattans.
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-Sitting at the table, after we each order a glass of white wine, Joe tells me a story.
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-They were in Italy. Joe and Jennifer, their girls. His parents. Her parents. They got to Sicily, to the town where his mother's family lived. They wandered into a little restaurant on a side street. The owner of the place played a trumpet whenever the mood struck. The grown-ups drank three bottles of wine.
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-The waiter came up to Alexandra. She was 18 months old.
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-"Vino, prego," she said. The adults roared approval.
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-"I can't give you wine," the waiter said kindly.
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-"OK," she replied. "Beer then."
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-The room erupted. The staff loved this big American family. The Montanas ate and laughed. The owner played his horn. Later, the Montanas moved outside and found a nearby park where a man played accordion and local couples danced in the dust. The Montana girls joined in. Joe watched, smiling, holding on to the picture of it in his mind.
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-Back in San Francisco, our wine arrives. Big and crisp. Perfect for lunch. He raises a glass and says "Cheers." We are at a table in the back with me facing the room. I can see the whispers and pointing begin. Depending on when you were born, Joe Montana is either the most famous man in the world or a fading former football star, but he is always Joe Montana. Well, almost always. There's a funny story. A few years back he went to watch a family friend coach a college volleyball game at the University of San Francisco. The gym holds 3,000 people but when the game starts only about 200 are in the seats. Then Joe comes in. A half-hour later the stands are packed, the news of his appearance gone viral in the insular city. The crowd is now rocking, except the camera flashes are all middle-aged men trying to get a shot of Joe pumping his fist.
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-Before the third game the teams take a break.
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-One of the players is freaking out at the size and volume of the crowd.
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-"Where did all these people come from?" she asks in a panic.
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-Her coach apologizes and says it was his fault and he'd invited his very famous friend, Joe Montana. The girl grins and nods.
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-"Oh my god!" she says. "Hannah Montana's dad is here?!"
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-Montana's children say he likes being recognized more now than he did at the peak of his powers. He knows what it is like to be both canonized *and* forgotten. "I can see that heartbreak in my dad a little bit," his daughter, Allie, tells me. "The more distance he gets from his career, the more time he spends reminiscing on stories." But he's learning to make peace with slipping from the white-hot center of the culture, too. His most recent Guinness commercial has him at a bar where he laughs when some young guy asks if he used to play pro tennis.
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-One of the recent California wildfires nearly burned down their big home in wine country. After they'd been evacuated a law enforcement friend called Joe and told him to come immediately if they wanted to save anything. The house held every piece of football memorabilia he owned. His home gym was full of it, floor to ceiling. They rushed in and had only minutes to get what mattered most. He and Jennifer grabbed family photographs and big stacks of the kids' artwork over the years. They turned to go, but Nick stopped them as they headed out the front door. They'd left something priceless and irreplaceable behind, he said. He was right. They went back and carried out cases of Screaming Eagle cabernet and the old Bordeaux.
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-**NOT FIVE MINUTES** later we're at the same table drinking the same crisp white wine from the same delicate stemware when the mood suddenly darkens. The trigger, I think, is a question about the bitterness of DiMaggio, who'd grown up so close to where we sat. Montana chafes at the word, *bitter*, and empathizes with the baseball legend.
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-"Some things stick with you," he says.
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-A neuron fires in whatever part of his hippocampus that's kept him as driven after four titles as he was before one.
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-"Are there things you're still struggling to let go of?"
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-He pauses.
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-"I struggle to try to understand how the whole process took place with me leaving San Francisco," he says. "I should have never had to leave."
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-You wanted an audience with that other Joe Montana? Here he is. In the flesh, vulnerable and wounded, holding his hurt in his hands like a beating heart. Time seems to collapse for him a bit, as if an old wound is being felt fresh. We're at the table waiting on pesto, but he's somewhere else.
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-Jennifer Montana spots these approaching storms faster than anyone else in his life. Some mornings, she says, she sticks out her hand and says, "I'm sorry, my name is Jennifer. I don't think we've met."
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-A black mood can make him shut down.
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-"He's so complex," she says. "Joe, and you'll hear me tell you this so many times, he has so many different personalities. There's two or three main ones. The main one is about kindness. There's a deep, deep kind of love and affection. And then there's a moody, everybody-out-to-get-him kind of personality. It's only true in his mind."
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-He's most sensitive when someone tries to take something from him. At every level he's had to fight his way onto the field. Chuck Abramski wanted to replace him with a kid named Paul Timko. Dan Devine wanted to replace him with Rusty Lisch *and* Gary Forystek. Bill Walsh and George Seifert wanted to replace him with Steve Young. "It's actually what was feeding the beast," Jennifer tells me later. "He continually thinks of himself as the underdog and that they want to take this or that person wants this. They said I can't."
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-He sits at the table now reconstructing a timeline. Chapter and verse. In 1988 and 1989, he led the team to Super Bowl titles. His third and fourth. In 1990 San Francisco was leading the NFC Championship Game deep in the fourth quarter when he got hurt. Steve Young took over and Montana never started for the Niners again.
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-"Why wasn't I allowed to compete for the job?" he says. "I just had one of the best years I'd ever had. I could understand if I wasn't playing well. We had just won two Super Bowls and I had one of my best years and we were winning in the championship game when I got hurt. How do I not get an opportunity? That's the hardest part."
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-As Montana worked to recover, he says Seifert banned him from the facility when the team was in the locker room. Something ruptured inside Joe that still hasn't healed. Those other coaches doubted him, fueled him, even manipulated him, but in the end they never pushed him out of the circle. A team was a sacred thing. Joe's an only child -- an essential detail to understand, former teammate Ronnie Lott says, because he lived so much of his early life in his own head -- and his teammates became his family. All the old Niners knew Joe's parents. They gathered around his mom's table for ravioli. Jennifer made fried chicken for team flights. As much as Joe wanted to win football games he also wanted to belong to his teammates, and they to him.
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-"Why am I not allowed in the facility?" he says. "What did I do to not be allowed in the facility?"
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-Montana did his rehab alone. Isolated and wounded, he faced endless blocks of time. One way he filled it was going to a nearby airport for flying lessons. The 49ers facility was in line with the flight path in and out of the field. Every day he'd take off and from the air he could see *his* team playing without him.
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-"They wouldn't even let me dress."
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-He returned for the final regular-season game of 1992 and played well in the second half. On his last play Seifert wanted a run, according to Montana, who instead threw a touchdown pass. On the sideline, Montana says, Seifert threw his headset down. Word got back to Montana, who has never let that go, either.
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-He sighs.
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-He says he ran into Seifert the night before a funeral for one of the old Niners a few years ago. Jennifer and Joe walked into a hotel bar and there was George and his wife. Jennifer pulled Joe over to say hello.
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-"The most uncomfortable thing I've been through in a long time," he says.
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-They tried to make small talk and then just fell silent.
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-"Inside I think he knows," Montana says, before he moves back to talking about old Italian recipes and family vacations, the storm ebbing away. "You guys won another Super Bowl, but you probably would have two or three more if I'd stuck around."
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-Three more, by the way, would give him seven.
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-**WALMART ONCE PAID** Joe Montana, John Elway, Dan Marino and Johnny Unitas to do an event. The four quarterbacks went out to dinner afterward. They laughed and told stories and drank expensive wine. Then the check came. The late, great Unitas loved to tell this story. Montana grinned and announced that whichever guy had the fewest rings would have to pay the bill. Joe had four, including one over Marino and one over Elway. Elway had two. Unitas said he only had one Super Bowl ring but had of course won three NFL titles before the Super Bowl existed.
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-Marino cursed and picked up the check.
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-*Joe liked being king,* is how his fiercest rival, Steve Young, puts it to me. I sit at a table in Palo Alto with Young, who laughs a little as he describes being around other guys who've dominated his position.
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-"You want to talk about a weird environment," he says. "Go hang out with 10 Hall of Fame quarterbacks. Every one is kind of like ... "
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-Young looks around from side to side at imaginary rivals. Preening stars and maladjusted grinders, insecure narcissists and little boys still trying to earn their father's love, just a whole mess of somewhat unhinged alpha males with long records of accomplishment.
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-"... do we race?" he says.
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-**IN THE PAST** nine seasons, before retiring for the second time in as many years, Tom Brady won four Super Bowls. Montana watched those games, most at his home overlooking San Francisco Bay. He's been known to sometimes yell at the television, not so quietly rooting for the Seahawks or Falcons. In an email to me once, Montana called him "the guy in Tampa" instead of using his name.
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-"He definitely cares," Elizabeth Montana says. "I don't think he would own up to caring, but he gets pretty animated at the Tom Brady comparison and is quick to point out the game has changed so much."
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-Brady was 4 years old when he watched Joe throw the famous touchdown pass to Dwight Clark. He and his parents went together. Tom cried because they wouldn't buy him a foam finger. That was 1982. Montana showed him the way. Both were underrated out of high school and both slipped in the draft because supposed genius coaches didn't quite believe in them.
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-Montana watched Brady's first professional snap in person. The Patriots played in the Hall of Fame preseason game in Canton just two days after Montana stood on stage there and delivered his induction speech. He'd awoken in the dark the night before to write it, finally figuring out a way to say what he felt.
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-"I feel like I'm in my grave in my coffin, alive," he told the crowd. "And they're putting, throwing dirt on me, and I can feel it, and I'm trying to get out."
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-He was 44 years old.
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-They met for the first time not long after that. Montana invited him out to the house and they visited. Nate and Nick remember Brady serving as timekeeper as the brothers tried to see who could hold their breath longer in the swimming pool.
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-Brady won three Super Bowls in four seasons and then stalled. A decade passed. One night, working on a story, I drank wine and smoked cigars with Michael Jordan in his condo. We argued about sports and watched ESPN. A "SportsCenter" poll asked viewers to vote for either Montana or Brady as the greatest quarterback and this set Jordan off. At that moment Brady only had three titles and Montana had four, but the idea of the undefeated nature of time hit Jordan hard. "They're gonna say Brady because they don't remember Montana," he said. "Isn't that amazing?"
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-Brady missed an entire season to an injury and lost two Super Bowls. He looked at his hero's career and saw the warning signs coming true. Once at an event in Boston he got interviewed by positive thought guru Tony Robbins and talked about how he saw injuries derail the career of Montana. His almost religious dedication to prolonging his career was in some part born out of Montana's pain. In 2015, seven months before Montana founded Liquid 2, Brady won his fourth Super Bowl.
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-When Pete Carroll called for the pass that ended up in Malcolm Butler's hands, Montana yelled what everyone else did, but with a little more on the line.
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-"Give the damn ball to Marshawn," he says.
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-In 2016, at Super Bowl 50, the game's greats all returned for a ceremony. It was a big enough deal that Jennifer Montana went into the safe and took out all four of Joe's rings to wear on a safety pin as a brooch. Nearly every living Super Bowl MVP took the field. Montana was cheered. Brady, recently shadowed by deflated footballs, was booed. A month later Brady and Julian Edelman worked out in Brady's home gym. "Houston" was written on a whiteboard. Edelman asked what it meant, and Brady said that's where the Super Bowl was being held that season.
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-"We're gonna get you past Joe," Edelman told him.
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-Brady stared at him.
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-"I'm not going for Montana," he said. "I'm going for Jordan."
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-Brady liked to text Joe from time to time and talk about breaking his record. Joe laughed but his inner circle quietly bristled. I ask Steve Young if Tom Brady knows he's in Joe Montana's head? "I think anybody that traffics in this space knows exactly what's going on," Young says finally. "But everyone has to recognize and appreciate that's how you get there. Joe is not immune."
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-Montana's family is protective of his legacy. His sons accurately point out that no modern quarterback has ever taken hits like the ones their dad absorbed regularly. Jennifer correctly says the game has changed too much to compare eras and that he played in four and won four. But four is still less than still seven. Recently Brady and Montana were voted by the NFL as two of the greatest quarterbacks of all time. "I'm sure there's a kid out there somewhere who's looking at this list, watching tape of me and Joe and making plans to knock both of us down a spot," Brady said.
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-Brady praises Montana as "a killer" in public, but Joe's friends feel like he's made little effort to get to know the older player in real life. They have each other's phone numbers. Something about Brady specifically seems to irritate Montana -- friends say he'd be happy if Patrick Mahomes won eight titles -- but the truth is, the two men are similar, driven by similar emotions to be great. Ultimately Montana may not care about a ring count, but watching himself get knocked down a spot fires deep powerful impulses and trips old wires even now.
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-**IN THE PAST** several years Montana authorized and participated in a six-part docuseries, which came as a shock to people who knew how militantly the quarterback guarded his privacy. The documentary, "Cool Under Pressure," premiered in January 2022, just two months after Brady's own docuseries. The opening narration sets the frame Montana sees for himself: "For decades he was considered the GOAT of quarterbacks. What most don't know is he spent his whole career being doubted."
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-The Montanas watched the first rough cut of the documentary on vacation with their closest couple friends, Lori Puccinelli-Stern and her husband, Peter Stern. Joe puttered around the kitchen because he doesn't like to watch himself, listening from afar. Jennifer sat on the couch and got so nervous she started braiding Lori's hair. Every now and then Lori would hear her quietly say, "Oh my god, he never told me that."
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-For decades she had heard Joe's parents talk about how he'd had to fight through coaches in high school and college. Sitting there watching the film, she realized they hadn't been exaggerating. It shocked the kids, too. They see him as such a conquering hero, preordained, even, that the obstacles placed in his way surprised them. Joe's youngest son started making mental notes about questions he needed to ask about college and his experience with Walsh.
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-"I never knew how s----y he got treated at Notre Dame," Nick Montana says. "I never knew how s----y he got treated at the Niners. My first question was: Why do you still like Bill? He talks about him like he's a god. How are you still cool with that guy?"
-
-Peter, a tough former Berkeley water polo player, looked visibly shaken at the physical punishment Joe absorbed. There's Joe in the back of an ambulance and Joe crawling around on the ground like a war movie casualty and Joe loaded onto stretchers and carts.
-
-The violent league he dominated no longer exists. He got knocked out of three different playoff games with hits that would now be illegal. Jim Burt hit him in 1987, and the camera settles on Montana seeming to mumble. He was knocked cold and taken away in the back of an ambulance. In the fourth quarter of the 1990 NFC Championship Game, he rolled out, dodged Lawrence Taylor and looked downfield. Leonard Marshall hit him from behind, helmet to helmet, driving Montana's head down into the turf. The hit broke his hand, cracked his ribs, bruised his sternum and stomach and gave him a concussion. Steve Young sprinted onto the field in concern and got to Joe first.
-
-"Are you all right, Joe?" he yelled.
-
-"I'll be all right," Joe whispered.
-
-The team doctors asked where he hurt.
-
-"Everywhere," he told them.
-
-Montana, who looked like a golden boy with his hair and his Ferrari, knew the secret to winning football better than anyone. It wasn't athleticism or mental acuity or even accuracy.
-
-"Suffering," Ronnie Lott says.
-
----
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-![](https://a4.espncdn.com/combiner/i?img=%2Fphoto%2F2023%2F0202%2Fr1125718_3999x2664cc.jpg&w=270&h=180&scale=crop&location=origin)
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-**LOTT LEANS IN** across a table in a Silicon Valley hotel lobby, missing finger and all. His eyes dance with aggression and wonder and his voice sometimes drops to a menacing whisper. His friend Joe, back when they were young, loved the suffering, he remembers, because in it lay redemption and victory. Catholicism and football are so alike, it's no wonder so many great quarterbacks rose from industrial immigrant towns perched above rich coal deposits deep in the Pennsylvania ground. But the geographical trope often overshadows how *personal* a quest must be to survive a climb to the mountaintop.
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-"It was his commitment to going to the edge," Lott says, "and part of that going to the edge is: Are you willing to go there because you feel like you can go beyond that? The reason I think Joe has taken that position in his life is that his dad took that position. He taught his son, "Hey, look, you have to be willing to go die for it.'"
-
-Lott knew Joe's parents and is Nick Montana's godfather, a role he takes as seriously as you might expect from a warrior monk. He knows Joe inherited his values and impulses from his dad but any deeper understanding remains out of reach. Montana is as much a messy tangle of pride, longing and striving as you or me or Ronnie Lott. That's part of Montana's inheritance, too. His teammates looked at him and through the glass darkly saw the best version of themselves. That's a quarterback.
-
-Lott's voice cracks.
-
-"I'm always amazed at some of the things that we don't know about his love, his perfection, about his will," he says. "If I knew I was going to die, I'd probably want to sit there and just stare at him. Because he's going to instill something in me that's going to say, 'You've still got another one. You've still got another one. You've still got another one.'"
-
-Ronnie wants to tell me a story that might show what he's struggling to say. Once in the locker room Bill Walsh singled out and berated Bubba Paris for being fat. Then the coach wheeled around to the locker room for a final bit of theatrical punctuation.
-
-"Anyone got anything to say?" Walsh barked.
-
-The whole team stayed quiet. Ronnie. Jerry. Roger. Everyone.
-
-Joe stepped forward. Nobody messed with his team.
-
-"I'm taking care of his fines."
-
-The room fell silent.
-
-"If anybody's got anything to say about it ... " he continued, and nobody said a word -- not even Walsh.
-
-Ronnie is telling this story because something like it happened daily. The often opaque Montana's native tongue is example. He almost got hypothermia during a college game once but still returned to win the game. His body temperature was 96 degrees. Sitting in the Notre Dame locker room, he calmly drank chicken noodle soup until it rose enough for the doctors to let him back in the game. "How many weeks did I see him on Wednesday and say there's no way," Young says. "There are tons of times in games when I thought there was no physical way he could play, and he would play and play well."
-
-In the 1993 AFC title game, Bruce Smith and two teammates drove Montana's head into the ground. Smith heard the quarterback moaning and got concerned. He asked Montana if he was OK but Joe couldn't understand the words.
-
-"The one in Buffalo was a felony," close friend and former teammate Steve Bono says.
-
-The hit ended the Chiefs' playoff run and hurried the end of Montana's career.
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-"He was pretty sure after that Buffalo concussion," Jennifer said.
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-She told him to take his time and to be sure of his decision.
-
-"Do you want me to play?" he asked.
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-"What I don't want you to do is say, 'I retired' and then take it back," she told him.
-
-He played one more season.
-
-He hurts a lot at night now. Sometimes he gets out of bed and sleeps on the floor. After one back surgery his doctors made him sleep in a brace. He hated it. Jennifer would wake up and catch Joe trying to quietly undo the Velcro one microfiber at a time. She knows how to stretch his legs to bring relief and can tell his pain level just by looking at him from across a room.
-
-Montana accepts that pain is the price football extracts. It's easy to imagine why the success of Tom Brady, who got out without any scars, would seem like a violation of the most basic codes of the game. Growing up, Montana idolized Johnny Unitas, who made the plays *and* took the shots. Joe wore No. 19 as a kid. A photo exists of him as a rookie wearing a Niners No. 19, but when camp broke, the equipment managers assigned him No. 16 instead. The next time Montana chose a number again, with the Kansas City Chiefs, he picked No. 19. Years later Joe and John played golf together in North Carolina. On the first tee, Montana confessed that he'd just purchased a Baltimore Colts No. 19 jersey, the only piece of sports memorabilia he'd ever bought.
-
-"You should have called me," Unitas told him. "I'd have given you one."
-
-Football had destroyed Unitas' body and he needed to Velcro his golf club to his hand in order to swing. "Johnny was so bitter against the NFL," Montana remembers, but he also remembers it as a great day, because bitterness and pain seemed like a price both men agreed to pay when they first stepped under center and asked for the ball.
-
-Since his last game Montana has endured more than two dozen surgeries. Maybe the worst was a neck fusion. He stayed in the hospital for about a week, and as he checked out, Jennifer called Lori and Peter and asked them to come meet them at the house. Joe wanted to play dominos. (Joe and Lori play an ongoing game against Jennifer and Peter.) Lori walked in and turned away. Joe looked terrible, thin, wearing a neck brace. He ate a little salad and faded in and out. Lori walked outside and cried. It's like she realized for the first time that even Joe Montana was going to age and die. She turned around to see that Jennifer had followed her. They two women hugged and then Jennifer gestured upstairs.
-
-"If you asked him right now if he would do it again," she said, "he would answer in one second. Absolutely yes."
-
----
-
-**STEVE YOUNG IS** sitting in his Palo Alto office and thinking about why Montana would do it all over again, and why he would, too. There's football memorabilia everywhere on the walls and shelves. The market closes in less than five minutes. As financial news scrolls across a huge screen, he searches for the right way to describe how he feels now about Joe Montana.
-
-"I don't want it to be a weird word," he says.
-
-He's got an idea in mind but is nervous.
-
-"Tenderness," he says finally.
-
-Time has revealed so much to Young, who is probably the most thoughtful member of the Hall of Fame. Namely, that time itself is both the quarterback's greatest enemy and most precious resource. The shiny monument and the inevitable swallowing sand. That knowledge rearranges the past. All those years ago he just wanted snaps with the first team, to be QB1 and take his place atop the food chain. Now he understands. He wasn't trying to take Joe Montana's job. He was trying to kill him, to take away the air in his lungs and the ground beneath his feet, to burn down his home and bury the ashes. He took years away and left blank pages where more Montana legend might have been inscribed. Fans and pundits measure a career in terms of titles and yards and touchdowns. Players get seduced by those, too. But in the end those metrics are merely byproducts of a complicated and deeply personal calculus, each man driven by different inheritances and towards different birthrights. There isn't a number that feels like enough. The goal is always more.
-
-"Every player in history wants to write more in the book," Young says. "I think about that all the time."
-
-His voice gets softer.
-
-"No matter how much you write," he says, "you want to write more."
-
-Young goes quiet.
-
-Then says, "I've talked to you more about this than he and I would ever consider talking about it."
-
-Bill Walsh traded for Young in 1987 because he worried Montana's back injury might end his career. Joe actually thought about retiring then but the competition with Young filled him with determination. When Steve stepped onto the field for his first practice, Montana looked him up and down and said, "Nice shoes." They had No. 16 written on them. The San Francisco trainers had put a pair of Joe's cleats in Steve's locker. The fight was on. Montana held off the younger, more athletic Young until his injury in 1991. If you read Young's autobiography, it's actually a book about Joe Montana.
-
-"I guess in some ways I admire him in a way that no one else can," Young says.
-
-He says he gets it. Montana retired at 38. Brady won three Super Bowls after turning 38. The violence that drove both Steve and Joe into retirement was erased from the quarterback position Tom dominated for 23 seasons.
-
-Montana can only sit and watch.
-
-"I think he thought what he wrote in the book was plenty," Young says, "and I think he's a little surprised it didn't turn out that way. That's why it probably bugs him. If he could ... he wouldn't allow it. With our age, we're stuck. We're in the same boat. I definitely have spent time wanting to write more in the book."
-
-I say something about Brady calling Montana a killer.
-
-"A predator has no feeling," Young says, suddenly defensive of his former rival. "Joe was a good dude. Assassin doesn't work. He's more emotionally athletic than that. An assassin is not emotionally athletic. A predator is not emotionally athletic. You'd be doing him a disservice. You don't get there without being a spiritual, emotional and physical athlete. But that dynamic doesn't rule the day. It's not like that's all you are."
-
-To Young former quarterbacks are virtuoso violinists who have their instrument stripped away just as they master it. He wants another stage. Unitas did, too, and Montana, and Elway, and Marino. One day, so will Brady.
-
-"Everything would be informed by that desire," Young says. "Please give me the violin back. Please ... "
-
-He smiles. Thinks.
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-"The day you retire you fall of a cliff," he says. "You land in a big pile of nothing. It's a wreck. But it's more of a wreck for people who have the biggest book."
-
-His wife has been texting but he got lost in his memories about Joe. Young asks me to tell Montana hello for him and then packs up his stuff to go on the afternoon school run. I turn and look around his office. A framed No. 16 jersey hangs on his conference room wall.
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-![](https://a4.espncdn.com/combiner/i?img=%2Fphoto%2F2023%2F0202%2Fr1125711_1007x807cc.jpg&w=225&h=180&scale=crop&location=origin)
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-**JENNIFER MONTANA MEETS** me in a little breakfast place she likes by the water. She comes into the room with pink Gucci slippers and a wide, friendly smile. It's early in the morning. Her art studio is around the corner, and she does a lot of sculpture and painting. Yesterday she and Joe drove around the city with the windows down. They got to a stoplight and the person a lane over hurriedly rolled his window down, too. He had a few seconds' audience with Joe Montana.
-
-"Thank you for the great childhood," the man said.
-
-We find a corner to talk.
-
-"I think he really fought in the 15 years after retirement," she says.
-
-They met on the set of a razor commercial. He'd been divorced twice. She was the actress tasked with admiring the matinee idol quarterback's close shave. He wanted to ask her out and fumbled hard on the approach, which she found endearing. They've been married nearly 40 years now and are very different. She is lit from the inside with the beatific now. He still has the aspirational immigrant struggle between discovering and remembering imprinted on every cell.
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-"I think the talks that we've had is ... everything is right here," she says. "*You have the world at your feet* and you have to remind him of that on occasion, because the thing that motivates him is not having the world at his feet."
-
-He became a good pilot. For a few years he competed in serious cutting horse events. Neither of those made him feel valuable again. A business he owned with Ronnie Lott and fellow teammate Harris Barton failed. He'd been retired for 20 years, a long gap between successes, before he got into the venture capital world and rediscovered any kind of a familiar rush. That's a lot of wandering. "You've got a family that loves you," she says. "You've got four healthy, beautiful children. We're in love. You've got money in the bank. What could you really want for? But it didn't solve the problem of looking for the next thing."
-
-They experience time differently. She urges him to look at the rising sun and be happy. He loves that view but remains tethered to his own suspicion of happiness, his own belief in the value of suffering. Bridging that tension has been their shared task.
-
-He loved being a dad after football -- although other parents in Napa Valley gossiped about how the intense rust belt sports dad didn't vibe with wine country chill -- and worried a lot about everything he'd missed while winning four Super Bowls. Like a lot of children from his neck of the woods, raised on the dueling icons of the crucifix and the smokestack, he's a complex mix of work ethic and guilt. He wants a big family. He also wants to work hard, to achieve as only an individual can. These days if he's in an honest mood, he'll describe the deep regret he feels about how much football took him away from his kids. Never mind that Jennifer says his guilt is mostly internal and not rooted in the reality of their lives. He *was* there, she insists. Sometimes he got *too* involved when the season ended, stepping back into her world and messing with the system. "To this day it makes him melancholy to think of how much he missed," she says. "And I go, 'Joe, you really didn't.'"
-
-The four Montana children have a complex relationship with their father's fame. His daughters heard all the mean comments kids made, supercharged by jealousy. They were embarrassed at all the attention. About the only two boys in America who didn't want to wear Montana on their backs were Nate and Nick, whose jerseys had their mother's maiden name on them during youth football, trying to find even a sliver of daylight between their father's accomplishments and their own. In hindsight they've come to believe he intentionally dulled his own legend for their benefit. "I think something that over time I appreciate more and more is how much effort he put into family," Nick Montana says. "There's obviously a lot of things he could have done post-career to garner more fame, more wealth, but the most important thing to him was being present for us."
-
-That sentiment makes Jennifer smile. She knows it's true and went against her husband's natural wiring to compete and win. This winter we meet up again at a trendy breakfast spot down in Cow Hollow. She drives the few blocks from their house on her white Vespa. We talk a lot about how he is happy but still has work to do on himself.
-
-"I want him to be content," she says.
-
-Most of the time, he is. Most of the time. Every now and then he'll experience what can best be described as a biological response. He built himself to respond to challenges both real and imagined. Jennifer will be sitting next to him in a car and he'll start gunning the engine, moving in out of traffic, and she'll have to remind him that some other driver isn't trying to race, or to cut him off, or to start some competition on the freeway.
-
-In those moments, she says, "He still hasn't figured it out."
-
-Sometimes Jennifer worries he feels the best part of his life is over and her main role now is to counter that with reminders and activities. His flaws -- the guilt, the pettiness, the occasional dark cloud of blame and paranoia -- are part of why she loves him. He will always be a guy who sees the glass as half-empty. That's what allowed him to become and to be *Joe Montana*. Sometimes she gets tired having to throw boundless positive energy at one of his black moods. But in the end, the complications *are* the man, not some wilderness to hack through while looking for him. The untamed part of him is why she's still here all these years later. "I think we're each other's best friend," she says, "and it's not always pretty, but it's pretty darn good."
-
----
-
-**FIVE YEARS AGO** his father died. They'd been so close. Joe Sr. used to show up at Notre Dame unannounced in the middle of the night, after a six-hour drive, just to take his son and his roommates out to a diner. In 1986, Joe's parents moved full time to California. His mom died in 2004. The family buried Joe Sr. in the rich wine country dirt. Next to Joe's mom. The San Francisco Bay was the home this family had been searching for since Guiseppi Montani set sail in 1887. Four people gave Joe's dad eulogies: his four grandkids. Allie started to break down and Nate moved to the front of the church and stood by her side.
-
-They'd entered the stage of life where people started to fall away. A year after his father died, his best friend, Dwight Clark, died, too, after a battle with ALS. They met as rookies, bonding over beers and burgers at the Canyon Inn by their practice facility. They became legends together, navigating a bitter falling out and ultimate reunion. In the end they kept faith with one another, knowing or maybe learning over the years that what they accomplished meant less to them than the fact that they'd done it together. As Clark slipped away, Montana sat by his bedside. The old Niners worked out a schedule to be sure Dwight was never alone.
-
-When he got the news Joe fell apart. Jennifer called Lori and asked if she could talk Joe down. Sometimes she can get through to him when nobody else can. "I talked to him on the phone for 45 minutes," Lori said, "and he was sobbing so hard he couldn't breathe."
-
-Before he died Dwight had asked Joe to deliver a eulogy. His first draft skimmed along the surface -- there was a limit, he felt, to how deep he could go without just dissolving in public -- but Jennifer told him he needed to rip it up and start again. This wasn't a sports speech. Joe's second draft hit the mark. He was poignant and funny. He said Dwight loved to remind him that, you know, nobody called it "The Throw." Everyone laughed. His voice cracked. Jennifer sat in the audience next to their old friend Huey Lewis. Back in the day, Joe, Dwight and Ronnie sang backing vocals for Lewis' hit song "Hip To Be Square"; that's them crooning, "Here, there, everywhere."
-
-Huey leaned over and told Jennifer he felt sorry that Joe was always the guy who got asked to speak at funerals. After all these years he remains their QB1. Just a few months later, as part of the new stadium in the southern suburbs, the Niners dedicated a new statue to "The Catch." There's Montana with his arms raised in the air. Twenty-three yards away Dwight Clark is frozen in the air with his fingers on the ball. The team asked Joe to speak on behalf of himself and Clark.
-
-"I miss him," Joe said.
-
-Montana spoke with humility -- calling out Eric Wright, whose tackle *after* "The Catch" actually won the game -- and talked about how time and age were ravaging their once strong team. Opponents once lost sleep thinking about the San Francisco 49ers coming into their city and now they were old enough to be dying. They were in that strange transition from people to memories.
-
-"It's truly an honor ... " he said.
-
-Montana looked at the statues of himself and his best friend.
-
-"... to be remembered forever."
-
-His friends felt he was more emotional that day than at the funeral. It was a little chilly with clear skies. Joe looked down to his left and saw Dwight's children. "He was looking in the eyes of mortality," Lori says.
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-![](https://a2.espncdn.com/combiner/i?img=%2Fphoto%2F2023%2F0202%2Fr1125714_2379x1634cc.jpg&w=262&h=180&scale=crop&location=origin)
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-**THE PANDEMIC BROUGHT** everyone home.
-
-For the first time since Allie went to Notre Dame in 2004, minus a couple of summers, all six Montanas were together all the time. What a gift! Empty nesters never get their birds back. And there weren't just six of them anymore. The first grandbaby had been born and another was soon to follow. Everyone worked from home, and three or four nights a week gathered around a big, loud table at Joe and Jennifer's place. Nate usually handled the music unless they watched a game or movie. Joe and Jennifer loved it. They laughed and ate and danced and gave thanks for their growing family. They hung out in the backyard. Joe has every grill imaginable out there, with Jennifer always finding bigger and better ones to work into the mix, so they watched him cook and made cocktails.
-
-Joe asked me once if I knew the quiet sound of a gondola cutting like a blade through the shadow-thrown canals at night. He loves a moment, whether it's cataloging the way ice hits a glass in a Basque beach town or looking over at the sideline and noticing John Candy watching the game. Because he trusts and loves Jennifer, he's trying to learn to better manage the blank spaces between moments, but he does have his own version of contentment. He's a romantic at heart, equally at home in dive bars and triple-deck yachts. They've traveled constantly, with their family, and with friends. Boat trips to the south of France and rain forests in Costa Rica, again and again, and long winding journeys up and down Italy. The whole family met up this last summer in Istanbul where a fan stopped him for a picture in the streets. He shopped in the ancient stalls in the old town souk. They sat at a café where boats nosed up right to the dock. His travel tips for the beaches of Europe belong in a book. They've bungee jumped in New Zealand and ran with Bill Murray at Pebble Beach. Five years ago he did the full five-day climb up Machu Picchu with Jennifer and the kids. Everyone was worried about him, but he tapped into something inside and endured the pain. One foot in front of the other. For a bit the boys had to carry their backpacks, but mostly Jennifer just kept barking at anyone slowing down and Joe marched in determined silence. They made it up and he looked out through the beams of light. He'd earned this moment. At his feet the emerald green grass grew through the stone ruins and around him dark peaks rose in the air like cathedrals.
-
-Once the pandemic travel restrictions loosened the whole family went to the North Shore of Oahu. It's a surfing paradise. They'd booked two weeks. Two weeks turned into a month. They kept traveling together, chasing sunlight and water, Costa Rica, back to Hawaii, down to the islands, then to their little weekend place in Malibu. They surfed, they fished, they played dominos, they ate fresh seafood as the sun sank into the water.
-
-They moved as a pack and that's how I found them when I arrived in San Francisco last summer to meet Montana for the first time. He seemed like a case study in a psychology journal: forced to leave a job he did better than anyone who'd ever come before, forced to try to find a replacement for the time and passion that job required, forced to undertake that search while a kid who grew up idolizing him tore down his record and took his crown. If you wanted to understand the fragility of glory and legacy, Joe Montana isn't *a* person you should talk to about it. He is *the* person.
-
-"Look at Otto Graham or Sammy Baugh," Joe says as we sit in his office during our first meeting, seeing his place in a continuum that existed before he entered it and will exist once he's gone. He knows intellectually that comparison is a foolish talk radio game and yet. A bit later, unbidden, he says he wishes every living human could have the experience of standing on an NFL football field on a Sunday afternoon. Just to experience the way crowd noise can be felt in your body, the sound itself a physical thing, waves and vibrations rolling down the bleachers -- 80,000 voices united coursing right through you. Mickey Mantle sat in the rain in his car looking for that noise. Joe DiMaggio stared out at the San Francisco Bay hoping to hear it come through the fog. Even talking about it gives Montana chills. If the number of titles separates the men on the quarterbacking pyramid, then the memory of the game, the feel of it, connects them. That's Joe's point about Otto and Sammy. "Those guys were so far ahead of the game," he says. "I don't know how you compare them to today's game or even when we played."
-
-It's the moment that matters. Not records. He was fine to let his trophies burn. He misses the moments. The moments are what he thinks about when he sits at home and watches Brady play in a Super Bowl. He's not jealous of the result or even the ring. He's jealous of the experience.
-
-"To sit in rare air ..." Ronnie Lott says, searching for the words.
-
-"... is like being on a spaceship."
-
-Breathing rare air changes you. Every child who's sucked helium from a birthday balloon knows this and so does Joe Montana and everyone who ever played with him. It's the feeling so many kids hoped to feel when they slipped on the No. 16 jersey and let the mesh drape over their arms.
-
-"He breathed rare air with me," Lott says, and the way he talks about air sure sounds like he's talking about love.
-
----
-
-**TOM BRADY RECORDED** a video alone on a beach and again told the world that he was done with football. *For good this time*, he said with a tired smile. His voice cracked and he seemed spent. He's a 45-year-old middle-aged man who shares custody of three children with two ex-partners. Next year he'll be the lead color commentator for Fox Sports. This past year he'd just as soon forget. He retired for 40 days, then unretired and went back to his team, looking a step slow for the first time in his career, and finally retired again. Those decisions set off a series of events that cost him the very kind of family, the very wellspring of moments, that have brought Joe Montana such joy. Brady has fallen off the cliff that Steve Young described and faces the approaching 15 years that Jennifer Montana remembered as so hard. Tom's book is now written. He will leave, as Montana did before him, the unquestioned greatest of all time.
-
-"You cannot spend the rest of your life trying to find it again," Young says.
-
-Stretched out before Brady is his road to contentment. The man in the video has a long way to go. Montana knows about that journey. He understands things about Brady's future that Tom cannot possibly yet know. On the day Brady quit, Montana's calendar was stacked with investor meetings for the two new funds he's raising. When he heard the news, he wondered to himself if this announcement was for real. Brady had traded so much for just one more try. On the field he struggled to find his old magic. His cheeks looked sunken. His pliability and the league's protection of the quarterback had added a decade to his career. But along the way they also let his imagination run unchecked. Brady's body didn't push him to the sidelines. He had to decide for himself at great personal cost. Montana was never forced to make that choice. He had to reckon with the maddening edges of his physical limits but was protected from his own need to compete and from the damage that impulse might do. For all his injuries took from him, they gave him something, too.
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-![](https://a3.espncdn.com/combiner/i?img=%2Fphoto%2F2023%2F0202%2Fr1125706_2428x3600cc.jpg&w=122&h=180&scale=crop&location=origin)
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-**THEY'VE GOT TWO** grandchildren now, Lil Boo and Bella Boo, and a third on the way.
-
-"A boy," Lori says with a grin.
-
-The momentum of the pandemic hasn't stopped. Jennifer has planned a monthlong trip to the coast where Spain and France meet. Everyone is coming. All four kids and the grandbabies. Joe and Jennifer are flying to Paris three days early. Just the two of them, so they can walk alone through the Tuileries Garden, holding hands in the last warm kiss of fall. She's checked the rotating exhibits at the Modern but there's nothing that she's dying to see, so mostly they'll just sleep and walk the city and spend meals talking about what they'll eat next.
-
-"Baguettes in the morning," she says. "Coffee to lunch to dinner."
-
-When Joe and Jennifer take stock, they're pleased. Sure the boys' college football careers didn't end how they wanted, and Joe is still upset the Niners wouldn't sign Nate and give him a chance in the pros, but all four kids have graduated from college. Both girls went to Notre Dame like their dad. Both boys work in venture capital and each has created success on their own. Joe didn't hire Nate until he went out and experienced the startup world himself. They have good manners. The boys -- men -- stand up and shake hands when a stranger comes to their table. Nick, the youngest, just turned 30. When I visited, all four kids were living in the city. Jennifer, who does not pull punches when talking about her complex man, says Joe is happier than he's ever been.
-
-One Sunday when I was in town they had a big family barbecue. The FAM2 text chain came alive with plans and details and instructions. (FAM1 was retired because Nate's girlfriend got added, which required a new group.) They gathered on their big rooftop terrace with views of both bridges. Joe made ribs. Everybody hung out for hours. None of the kids were in a hurry to leave. The two little girls ran around shot from a cannon, demanding attention. His grandchildren are the path to the ultimate contentment Jennifer wants for him. Everyone who knows him says so.
-
-Allie went into labor late at night and she remembers the first time she saw her dad hold the little baby -- "love, wonder, excitement -- literally like a kid who just got the baseball card they had been buying all that gum for ..." -- but also what she described as "profound sadness and longing." Even as he held his family's future in his arms he thought of his mom and dad not getting to meet this baby and, Allie thinks, not getting to see their son be a grandfather.
-
-The grandkids call him Yogi. Jennifer is Boo Boo. He loves it when they teeter down the hall and crawl into bed between them. A few days ago Lil Boo spent four straight nights with them. She is taking swim lessons at a club in their neighborhood. Joe gets her dressed in a cute pink bathing suit and takes her down to the pool. All the other kids have their moms, so that's the scene. A bunch of screaming kids, with their San Francisco mothers in the pool -- plus one former quarterback splashing and smiling.
-
-"It's so interesting to see him with these grandbabies now," Lori says. "He missed all that when his kids were young. He's like a little kid himself. After all the ups and downs, all the surgeries, all the moves, the kids -- you're only as happy as your most miserable child -- right now to me it feels like all the kids are settled, they're all kicking ass. But the biggest change in our 30 years of friendship is them being grandparents -- there's even a new connection between them. When Lil Boo does something hysterical, they'll look at each other with this ... this is the result of us."
-
-On a recent trip to Costa Rica, Joe and Jennifer took Boo out into the surf and gently and carefully got her on a board. Jennifer rode with her while Joe stood behind them, holding tight to the cord, watching with pride. Not long ago Lil Boo announced she wanted to ride on a cable car. This would be Joe's second time on one of them (his first was filming a United Way commercial years ago while Tony Bennett stood next to him and crooned, "I left my heart ... ")
-
-Joe and Jennifer led the little girl outside and toward the closest trolley. The conductor was rushing past them, certainly not going to stop, until he saw *who* was standing there trying to flag him down. He hit the brakes. These are the great joys of being Joe Montana now.
-
-He can make a cable car stop for Lil Boo.
-
----
-
-**NOT VERY LONG** ago Joe wakes up early before work and in the particular quiet of a morning house, he mixes the water and the flour and gets pizza dough made and resting before he heads into the office. Nate and Matt are waiting on him downtown, between the Transamerica building and the trattorias and pool halls of Joe DiMaggio's youth. They have a busy day listening to pitches from founders ahead. It's warm in San Francisco, high 60s and rising, with no marine layer tucking the city into a pocket of grayed white.
-
-They're launching a new fund, designed to push more capital to companies they've already decided to support. Joe is raising the money and he says when that's done he might finally step back from the daily grind. Jennifer doesn't believe that for a moment. A big Post-it note in his office lists the ways in which they're planning to grow, to make the business larger and more complex. That's why Matt is here, to help with the investments but also with the structures and processes of a larger firm.
-
-"We're always going to be innovating," he says.
-
-We're sitting around a conference table. Someone's left two Tootsie Rolls on a Buddhist shrine as a kind of offering. Nate is eating noodles. Joe is talking about how football kept him from studying architecture and design at Notre Dame because those classes met on fall afternoons. He scratches his ear and hunches over the screen. Jennifer told me to correct him when he used bad posture which I obviously do not do.
-
-When the presentations end for the day Joe heads home. FAM2 is a flurry of activity. Tonight is pizza night for the Montana family of San Francisco, California, and it's hard not to think about Guiseppi Montani and whatever his wildest dreams for his descendants might have been when his ship pulled out of the harbor. Later that evening an email arrives on my phone with six pictures attached. I open them. Joe Montana has sent over photographs of his pizzas. There's good mozzarella and fresh basil on one. Thick wedges of pepperoni and mushrooms on another. The crusts look charred and chewy. The next morning he grins and says they turned out pretty well but he still has room to improve.
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-Date: 2023-08-10
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-TimeStamp: 2023-08-10
-Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/29/world/middleeast/iraq-water-crisis-desertification.html
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-^button-AClimateWarningfromtheCradleofCivilizationNSave
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-&emsp;
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-# A Climate Warning from the Cradle of Civilization
-
- Your browser does not support the video tag.
-
-![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/07/25/world/00iraq-water-babylon-drawing/00iraq-water-babylon-drawing-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp)
-
-Every schoolchild learns the name: Mesopotamia – the Fertile Crescent, the cradle of civilization.
-
-Today, much of that land is turning to dust.
-
-[Alissa J. Rubin](https://www.nytimes.com/by/alissa-j-rubin)
-
-Photographs and Video by [Bryan Denton](https://www.nytimes.com/by/bryan-denton)
-
-Alissa J. Rubin and Bryan Denton spent months reporting from nearly two dozen cities, towns and villages across Iraq.
-
-July 29, 2023
-
-The word itself, Mesopotamia, means the land between rivers. It is where the wheel was invented, irrigation flourished and the earliest known system of writing emerged. The rivers here, some scholars say, fed the fabled Hanging Gardens of Babylon and converged at the place described in the Bible as the Garden of Eden.
-
-### Listen to This Article
-
-Now, so little water remains in some villages near the Euphrates River that families are dismantling their homes, brick by brick, piling them into pickup trucks — window frames, doors and all — and driving away.
-
-“You would not believe it if I say it now, but this was a watery place,” said Sheikh Adnan al Sahlani, a science teacher here in southern Iraq near Naseriyah, a few miles from the Old Testament city of Ur, which the Bible describes as the hometown of the Prophet Abraham.
-
-These days, “nowhere has water,” he said. Everyone who is left is “suffering a slow death.”
-
-Image
-
-![Children in a small body of water a few inches deep.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/07/12/multimedia/xxiraq-water-01-hvkg/xxiraq-water-01-hvkg-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Boys searching for fish in the stagnant, shallow waters of a shrinking irrigation canal in a village on the outskirts of Najaf, Iraq.
-
-Image
-
-Desiccated agricultural fields are now a common sight in once-verdant areas of Iraq. In many places, the groundwater has become too salty to drink.
-
-Image
-
-A dead water buffalo in a family’s corral near Basra, Iraq. As water has become scarce, farmers have struggled to keep their herds alive.
-
-You don’t have to go back to biblical times to find a more verdant Iraq. Well into the 20th century, the southern city of Basra was known as the “Venice of the East” for its canals, plied by gondola-like boats that threaded through residential neighborhoods.
-
-Indeed, for much of its history, the Fertile Crescent — often defined as including areas of modern-day Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iran, the West Bank and Gaza — did not lack for water, inspiring centuries of artists and writers who depicted the region as a lush ancient land. Spring floods were common, and rice, one of the most water-intensive crops in the world, was grown for more than 2,000 years.
-
-But now [nearly 40 percent](https://www.planetarysecurityinitiative.org/news/iraqs-growing-desertification-problem) of Iraq, an area roughly the size of Florida, has been overtaken by blowing desert sands that [claim tens of thousands of acres](https://www.unep.org/resources/report/geo-6-global-environment-outlook-regional-assessment-west-asia) of arable land every year.
-
-Climate change and desertification are to blame, scientists say. So are weak governance and the continued reliance on wasteful irrigation techniques that date back millenniums to Sumerian times.
-
-A tug of war over water — similar to the struggles over [the Colorado River in the United States](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/05/22/climate/colorado-river-water.html), the [Mekong in Southeast Asia](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/13/world/asia/china-mekong-drought.html) and the [Nile in northern Africa](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/18/world/middleeast/nile-dam-egypt-ethiopia.html) — has also intensified water shortages for tens of millions of people across the region.
-
-Another culprit is common to large regions of the world: a growing population whose water demands continue to rise, both because of sheer numbers and, in many places, higher living standards, increasing individual consumption.
-
-Here in Iraq, the fallout is everywhere, fraying society, spurring deadly clashes between villages, displacing thousands of people every year, emboldening extremists and leaving ever more land looking like a barren moonscape.
-
-In many areas, water pumped from below the surface is too salty to drink, the result of dwindling water, agricultural runoff and untreated waste. “Even my cows won’t drink it,” one farmer said.
-
-Even in the north, where fresh water has historically been available, well diggers in Erbil, the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan, bore down 580 feet last summer — and still found only salty water.
-
-Iraq is now the fifth most vulnerable country to extreme temperatures, water scarcity and food shortages, [the United Nations says](https://iraq.un.org/en/202663-factsheet-impact-climate-change-environment-idp-and-returnee-locations-integrated-location). Next door in Iran, a province of two million people [could run out of water](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/21/world/middleeast/iran-drought-water-climate.html?searchResultPosition=1) by mid-September, Iranian lawmakers said, leaving few options beyond mass exodus.
-
-And for the rest of the Middle East and some other areas of the world — including parts of Mexico, Pakistan, India and the Mediterranean — Iraq and its neighbors offer an unmistakable warning.
-
-“Because of this region’s vulnerabilities, one of the most vulnerable on the planet, it is one of the first places that is going to show some kind of extreme succumbing, literally, to climate change,” said Charles Iceland, the director of water security for the World Resources Institute, a research organization.
-
-But, he added, “no countries, even the rich countries, are adapting to climate change to the degree they need to.”
-
-### PART 2
-
-## Hotter, Drier, Faster
-
-Video
-
-![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/07/iraw-water-canal-image/iraw-water-canal-image-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg)
-
-An almost empty irrigation canal in Dhi Qar Province.CreditCredit...
-
-Many people in the villages near the Euphrates River remember how, 20 years ago, the date palm trees grew so thick and close together that their leaves blocked the sunlight. The splashing of children in the irrigation canals and the sloshing of water jugs being carted home provided the backbeat of summer life.
-
-Now, the irrigation canals are so dry in summer that the small bridges spanning them are barely necessary and the sounds of daily life signal water’s scarcity: the crackle of brown grasses and the rustle of dried out palm leaves. Some palms have no leaves at all, their bare trunks standing like the columns of ancient ruins.
-
-Water comes from the government in red plastic barrels, in rations of about 160 gallons a month per family. Even when used sparingly, it barely lasts a week in the heat, said Mr. Sahlani, the sheikh and science teacher, who lives in the village of Albu Jumaa. Graffiti scrawled in Arabic on a half-destroyed concrete wall expressed the frustration: “Where is the state?” it read.
-
-As recently as the 1970s and 1980s, Iraq’s water ministry built artificial lakes and dams to hold the immense annual overflow from winter rains and gushing snow melt from the Taurus Mountains, the headwaters of the Tigris and Euphrates.
-
-Even today, traces of Iraq’s greener past can be seen every spring. In the Anbar desert, a brief winter rain can turn the shallow valleys green and speckle them with flowers. Along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, the water still nourishes trees beside the narrow banks, with bands of green fields on either side.
-
-But even those bands have shrunk in recent decades.
-
-The region is [getting hotter — faster](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2021RG000762) — than many parts of the world. By some estimates, the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean could warm by 5 degrees Celsius (9 degrees Fahrenheit) or even more during this century. In the worst months of summer, some places are already [nearly unlivable](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/11/18/world/middleeast/extreme-heat.html).
-
-Precipitation, already low, is expected to wane across the Middle East. The drought gripping Iraq is now in its fourth year, and the country is particularly vulnerable because most of its water comes from rivers that originate outside the country, holding it hostage to the decisions of its neighbors Turkey and Iran.
-
-### PART 3
-
-## Water Wars
-
-Image
-
-So much water has disappeared that many bridges have become unnecessary.
-
-The chokehold on Iraq’s rivers has been tightening for decades.
-
-Since 1974, Turkey has built 22 dams, hydroelectric plants and irrigation projects on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, modeled in part on the Tennessee Valley Authority in the United States.
-
-Then, in the early 2000s, Iran started building more than a dozen smaller dams and tunnels on tributaries to the Tigris, devastating Iraqi provinces like Diyala, which was known just 10 years ago for its peaches, apricots, oranges and dates. The tributaries from Iran are the only source of water in the province, other than the dwindling rainfall.
-
-The impact has been drastic: The water flowing into Iraq has dropped almost 50 percent on the Euphrates and by about a third on the Tigris since major dam building began in the 1970s, according to statistics from Iraq’s water ministry.
-
-Hashem al-Kinani and his family have felt the changes firsthand. For generations, they farmed 20 acres east of Baghdad, on the Diyala border, facing one trial after another.
-
-First, the American invasion and the ouster of Saddam Hussein bit into the state’s support of farmers. Then in 2006, Al Qaeda moved in and killed many local men, leaving their headless bodies in ditches. Hashem lost an uncle, and the family house was bombed by Al Qaeda. Making matters worse, rainfall has become more erratic and gradually diminished. As the Iranian dams came on line, river water became too scarce to grow fruit.
-
-The fig and pomegranate trees have died. His family sold off their 1,500 head of cattle and their sheep, because it was impossible to feed them. He’s not sure how much longer he can hang on.
-
-“Farming is over here,” he said. “I cannot stay, but what can I do?”
-
-Image
-
-The family of Hashem al Kinani has farmed 20 acres east of Baghdad for generations, but over the last two decades water has become too scarce for fruit growing.
-
-Image
-
-An abandoned home in a farming village.
-
-Image
-
-Most of Iraq’s drinking and irrigation water comes from rivers that originate outside the country, holding it hostage to the decisions of neighboring Turkey and Iran.
-
-History is replete with water wars, and one of the earliest recorded conflicts took place here in the Fertile Crescent, where [scribes documented](https://www.worldwater.org/conflict/list/) a fight over water between Sumerian city states more than 4,000 years ago in what is now Iraq.
-
-Many modern nations have gone on the offensive to ensure that their people have enough water. Ethiopia has spent years [building a colossal dam on the Nile](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html), inciting fear and anger from Egypt downstream. China has done the same [with the Mekong](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/12/world/asia/mekong-river-dams-china.html). Central Asian nations have had a long-running feud over the Amu Darya and Syr Darya Rivers, which have been drained to such an extent that by the time they reach the inland Aral Sea, [there is little water left](https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/AralSea).
-
-Worldwide, countries share nearly [900 rivers, lakes and aquifers](https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/transboundary-waters), according to the United Nations, and though a [treaty](https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-5&chapter=27&clang=_en) exists to govern their use, fewer than half of all countries have ratified it. Notably absent from the list are upstream nations like Turkey, Iran and China.
-
-In 2021, Iraq’s water ministry threatened to drag Iran to the International Court of Justice for taking its water. But Iraq’s Shiite-dominated government, which is close to Tehran’s leaders, dropped the issue.
-
-The Kinani family, whose farm withered as Iran built dams, still grows a little wheat, mostly for its own consumption. But the once-clear irrigation canal the farm uses now has nearly stagnant, viscous water with a brownish-green color and a nauseating smell.
-
-“We are irrigating with sewage water,” Mr. Kinani said.
-
-### PART 4
-
-## ISIS RETURNS
-
-Image
-
-A lack of water has complicated security efforts and the continuing battle against a persistent Islamic State insurgency.
-
-Drought brings other, less obvious dangers, too.
-
-In parts of Iraq, rivers and irrigation canals once provided strategic barriers — their waters too wide, fast or deep for extremist fighters to traverse.
-
-Today, if those waters are running at all, they are often low enough to walk across.
-
-Militants who had been pushed back in recent years are taking advantage of the drying landscape to come back and attack with ease, according to Sheikh Muhammed Dhaifan, who has been fighting to keep his tribe northeast of Baghdad from leaving the 44 villages where they have worked the land for generations.
-
-When Al Qaeda seized the tribe’s land in 2005, it used stones to block the irrigation canals fed by the Adaim River and forced many farmers to flee.
-
-After Al Qaeda’s defeat, Sheikh Muhammed persuaded most of his clan to return. But then in 2012, as the Islamic State began to emerge, his tribe was forced to leave again.
-
-Finally, after almost five years, ISIS was vanquished and the villagers began to come back.
-
-Now the chief enemy is drought, stealing not just their livelihoods, but also their sense of safety. In some places, the water hardly covers the pebbles lining the riverbed. ISIS barely has to slow down to get across.
-
-“We used to be protected by the river,” said Sheikh Muhammed. “Now, sometimes they walk, sometimes they drive their motorbikes, the water is so low.”
-
-Last year, Islamic State fighters crossed on foot at night and killed 11 soldiers, many as they slept, at an Iraqi Army outpost on the river’s banks.
-
-This year, the fighters have moved farther east, attacking villages on the Diyala River, which is also low because of drought and Iran’s dams. More than 50 civilians were killed in the province in the first five months of 2023, most by fighters aligned with ISIS.
-
-In the past, the snowmelt and rains sometimes swelled the region’s rivers, prompting Turkey and Iran to share more water with Iraq. But the future looks unlikely to offer much respite.
-
-The current trend of a hotter, drier Iraq — and a hotter Middle East — is expected to last for decades, making the once-fertile crescent less and less livable.
-
-Already, Iraq does not have enough water to meet its needs, [the World Bank says](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iraq/publication/iraq-country-climate-and-development-report). But by 2035 its water deficit could widen significantly, cutting into the country’s homegrown food supply and the economy as a whole.
-
-Pleas to Turkey to share more water have largely gone unheeded.
-
-In the summer of 2022, at the height of last year’s drought, Turkey’s ambassador to Iraq responded to Iraq’s requests for more water by complaining that Iraqis were “squandering” it, calling on the Iraqi government to enact “immediate measures to reduce the waste.” This year, when a similar request came, Turkey shared more water for a month before cutting back again.
-
-Turkey’s complaints about Iraq are not unfounded. Iraq’s irrigation efforts lose large quantities to evaporation and runoff. Water soaks into earthen canals, leaks from rusted pipes and runs off after being used in flood irrigation — the 6,000-year-old method of saturating fields.
-
-The fertilizer in the runoff makes the groundwater saltier. Studies in southern Iraq show large areas with salt levels so high that the water cannot be used for drinking, irrigation or even washing clothes.
-
-Iraq’s population makes the forecast even more dire: It is [one of the fastest-growing](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW?locations=ZQ) in the region.
-
-Mr. Sahlani, the science teacher near Naseriyah, recalled how much of life in rural southern Iraq was lived on the water just 20 years ago. Locals started their days in small boats, pushing off at first light to fish before returning after sunrise to tend the fields. While some still do, the river fish are often too small, their flesh too inundated with pollutants, to make it worthwhile these days.
-
-The changes are especially evident in [the vast marshes of southern Iraq](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/12/travel/iraq-mesopotamian-marshes.html). Some 60 years ago, they were the largest wetlands in western Eurasia. People have lived there for thousands of years.
-
-Saddam Hussein drained the marshes of about 90 percent of their water to deprive his enemies of a place to hide in their thick reeds and small islands. In doing so, he stifled “the lungs of Iraq,” said Azzam Alwash, the Iraqi-American engineer who helped re-flood the wetlands after the United States invasion.
-
-Surprisingly quickly, marine life rebounded, migratory birds returned and so did the people who had left. Once again, the mashouf *—* the long, narrow boats used by the Sumerians — glided through the waterways. Herds of water buffalo flourished.
-
-But years of drought, along with the chokehold on river water from Turkey and Iran, have devastated the marshes again.
-
-“The marshes are drying,” Mohammed Raed, 19, said as he left them behind, walking his family’s emaciated buffalo toward a neighboring province, where there was still the hope of feeding them.
-
-Mr. Sahlani, the science teacher, said people now eyed their upstream neighbors with suspicion, accusing them of taking more water from the irrigation canals than they’re due and then shutting the sluice gates, leaving too little for residents downstream to grow crops.
-
-Without realizing it, he was describing — on a much smaller scale — Iraq’s standoff with Turkey and Iran, which control much of the Euphrates and the Tigris.
-
-“I understand the problem,” said Ghazwan Abdul Amir, the Iraqi water ministry’s director in Naseriyah, adding that the government was hoping to bring more water to residents in the area.
-
-But water is scarce and money is tight, he said: “Maybe next year.”
-
-Fixing Iraq’s outdated farming techniques, which waste as much as 70 percent of the water used for irrigation, according to a study done for Iraq’s water ministry, is paramount. But persuading farmers to change has been slow going. There were just 120 drip irrigation systems allotted to farmers in Mr. Sahlani’s province last year to save water — and the farmers had to pay for them.
-
-Past the urban sprawl of northern Naseriyah, with its small auto repair shops and vegetable stands, the land empties out. Storm clouds gather in the late afternoon but then disperse without shedding a drop. Tufts of grasses, yellow and brown by late June, offer signs that crops grew here not so long ago.
-
-The wind starts early each morning, blowing ceaselessly until dusk. It strips the topsoil, drying the land until all that is left is an earthen dust that piles on the quickly mounting dunes.
-
-A short drive off the highway, deeper into the desert, lies Al Najim, a village being blown off the map. Thirty years ago, it had 5,000 people. Today there are just 80 left. The temperature hovered at 122 degrees.
-
-Qahatan Almihana, an agricultural engineer, pointed at the town’s landmarks: buildings half-covered in sand, doors buried too deep to open. Sand piled halfway up the walls, poured in the windows and weighed down the roofs.
-
-“That was the school,” he said. The teachers stopped coming in early 2022.
-
-Sheikh Muhammad Ajil Falghus, the head of the Najim tribe, was born in the village. “The land was good, the soil was good,” he explained. Until the early 2000s, he said, “we grew wheat and barley, corn and clover.”
-
-Now, all that grows are small groups of tamarisk trees planted as a bulwark against the sands.
-
-“We are living now on the verge of life,” the sheikh said. “There is no agriculture, no planting possible anymore. This is the end of the line, the end of life. We wait for a solution from God, or from the good people.”
-
-Image
-
-The village of Najim is being blown off the map. Thirty years ago, it had 5,000 people. Today, there are just 80.
-
-## A Climate Warning from the Cradle of Civilization
-
-Jane Arraf contributed reporting from Chibayish, Iraq, Falih Hassan from Baghdad, and Kamil Kakol from Sulimaniyah.
-
-Produced by Mona Boshnaq, Michael Beswetherick and Rumsey Taylor. Top illustration Chronicle, via Alamy
-
-Audio produced by Parin Behrooz.
-
-[Alissa J. Rubin](https://www.nytimes.com/by/alissa-j-rubin) covers climate change and conflict in the Middle East. She previously reported for more than a decade from Baghdad and Kabul, Afghanistan, and was the Paris bureau chief. [More about Alissa J. Rubin](https://www.nytimes.com/by/alissa-j-rubin)
-
-A version of this article appears in print on  , Section A, Page 1 of the New York edition with the headline: Mesopotamia, Once Verdant, Is Running Dry. [Order Reprints](https://www.parsintl.com/publication/the-new-york-times/) | [Today’s Paper](https://www.nytimes.com/section/todayspaper) | [Subscribe](https://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp8HYKU.html?campaignId=48JQY)
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-Tag: ["📟", "🌐", "🧑‍💻"]
-Date: 2023-11-19
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-11-19
-Link: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/11/20/a-coder-considers-the-waning-days-of-the-craft
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-12-06]]
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-```button
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-^button-ACoderConsiderstheWaningDaysoftheCraftNSave
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-&emsp;
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-# A Coder Considers the Waning Days of the Craft
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-I have always taken it for granted that, just as my parents made sure that I could read and write, I would make sure that my kids could program computers. It is among the newer arts but also among the most essential, and ever more so by the day, encompassing everything from filmmaking to physics. Fluency with code would round out my children’s literacy—and keep them employable. But as I write this my wife is pregnant with our first child, due in about three weeks. I code professionally, but, by the time that child can type, coding as a valuable skill might have faded from the world.
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-I first began to believe this on a Friday morning this past summer, while working on a small hobby project. A few months back, my friend Ben and I had resolved to create a *Times*\-style crossword puzzle entirely by computer. In 2018, we’d made a Saturday puzzle with the help of software and were surprised by how little we contributed—just applying our taste here and there. Now we would attempt to build a crossword-making program that didn’t require a human touch.
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-When we’ve taken on projects like this in the past, they’ve had both a hardware component and a software component, with Ben’s strengths running toward the former. We once made a neon sign that would glow when the subway was approaching the stop near our apartments. Ben bent the glass and wired up the transformer’s circuit board. I wrote code to process the transit data. Ben has some professional coding experience of his own, but it was brief, shallow, and now about twenty years out of date; the serious coding was left to me. For the new crossword project, though, Ben had introduced a third party. He’d signed up for a ChatGPT Plus subscription and was using GPT-4 as a coding assistant.
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-Something strange started happening. Ben and I would talk about a bit of software we wanted for the project. Then, a shockingly short time later, Ben would deliver it himself. At one point, we wanted a command that would print a hundred random lines from a dictionary file. I thought about the problem for a few minutes, and, when thinking failed, tried Googling. I made some false starts using what I could gather, and while I did my thing—programming—Ben told GPT-4 what he wanted and got code that ran perfectly.
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-Fine: commands like those are notoriously fussy, and everybody looks them up anyway. It’s not real programming. A few days later, Ben talked about how it would be nice to have an iPhone app to rate words from the dictionary. But he had no idea what a pain it is to make an iPhone app. I’d tried a few times and never got beyond something that half worked. I found Apple’s programming environment forbidding. You had to learn not just a new language but a new program for editing and running code; you had to learn a zoo of “U.I. components” and all the complicated ways of stitching them together; and, finally, you had to figure out how to package the app. The mountain of new things to learn never seemed worth it. The next morning, I woke up to an app in my in-box that did exactly what Ben had said he wanted. It worked perfectly, and even had a cute design. Ben said that he’d made it in a few hours. GPT-4 had done most of the heavy lifting.
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-By now, most people have had experiences with A.I. Not everyone has been impressed. Ben recently said, “I didn’t start really respecting it until I started having it write code for me.” I suspect that non-programmers who are skeptical by nature, and who have seen ChatGPT turn out wooden prose or bogus facts, are still underestimating what’s happening.
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-Bodies of knowledge and skills that have traditionally taken lifetimes to master are being swallowed at a gulp. Coding has always felt to me like an endlessly deep and rich domain. Now I find myself wanting to write a eulogy for it. I keep thinking of Lee Sedol. Sedol was one of the world’s best Go players, and a national hero in South Korea, but is now best known for losing, in 2016, to a computer program called AlphaGo. Sedol had walked into the competition believing that he would easily defeat the A.I. By the end of the days-long match, he was proud of having eked out a single game. As it became clear that he was going to lose, Sedol said, in a press conference, “I want to apologize for being so powerless.” He retired three years later. Sedol seemed weighed down by a question that has started to feel familiar, and urgent: What will become of this thing I’ve given so much of my life to?
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-My first enchantment with computers came when I was about six years old, in Montreal in the early nineties, playing Mortal Kombat with my oldest brother. He told me about some “fatalities”—gruesome, witty ways of killing your opponent. Neither of us knew how to inflict them. He dialled up an FTP server (where files were stored) in an MS-DOS terminal and typed obscure commands. Soon, he had printed out a page of codes—instructions for every fatality in the game. We went back to the basement and exploded each other’s heads.
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-I thought that my brother was a hacker. Like many programmers, I dreamed of breaking into and controlling remote systems. The point wasn’t to cause mayhem—it was to find hidden places and learn hidden things. “My crime is that of curiosity,” goes “The Hacker’s Manifesto,” written in 1986 by Loyd Blankenship. My favorite scene from the 1995 movie “Hackers” is when Dade Murphy, a newcomer, proves himself at an underground club. Someone starts pulling a rainbow of computer books out of a backpack, and Dade recognizes each one from the cover: the green book on international Unix environments; the red one on N.S.A.-trusted networks; the one with the pink-shirted guy on I.B.M. PCs. Dade puts his expertise to use when he turns on the sprinkler system at school, and helps right the ballast of an oil tanker—all by tap-tapping away at a keyboard. The lesson was that knowledge is power.
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-But how do you actually learn to hack? My family had settled in New Jersey by the time I was in fifth grade, and when I was in high school I went to the Borders bookstore in the Short Hills mall and bought “Beginning Visual C++,” by Ivor Horton. It ran to twelve hundred pages—my first grimoire. Like many tutorials, it was easy at first and then, suddenly, it wasn’t. Medieval students called the moment at which casual learners fail the *pons asinorum*, or “bridge of asses.” The term was inspired by Proposition 5 of Euclid’s Elements I, the first truly difficult idea in the book. Those who crossed the bridge would go on to master geometry; those who didn’t would remain dabblers. Section 4.3 of “Beginning Visual C++,” on “Dynamic Memory Allocation,” was my bridge of asses. I did not cross.
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-But neither did I drop the subject. I remember the moment things began to turn. I was on a long-haul flight, and I’d brought along a boxy black laptop and a CD-*ROM* with the Borland C++ compiler. A compiler translates code you write into code that the machine can run; I had been struggling for days to get this one to work. By convention, every coder’s first program does nothing but generate the words “Hello, world.” When I tried to run my version, I just got angry error messages. Whenever I fixed one problem, another cropped up. I had read the “Harry Potter” books and felt as if I were in possession of a broom but had not yet learned the incantation to make it fly. Knowing what might be possible if I did, I kept at it with single-minded devotion. What I learned was that programming is not really about knowledge or skill but simply about patience, or maybe obsession. Programmers are people who can endure an endless parade of tedious obstacles. Imagine explaining to a simpleton how to assemble furniture over the phone, with no pictures, in a language you barely speak. Imagine, too, that the only response you ever get is that you’ve suggested an absurdity and the whole thing has gone awry. All the sweeter, then, when you manage to get something assembled. I have a distinct memory of lying on my stomach in the airplane aisle, and then hitting Enter one last time. I sat up. The computer, for once, had done what I’d told it to do. The words “Hello, world” appeared above my cursor, now in the computer’s own voice. It seemed as if an intelligence had woken up and introduced itself to me.
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-Most of us never became the kind of hackers depicted in “Hackers.” To “hack,” in the parlance of a programmer, is just to tinker—to express ingenuity through code. I never formally studied programming; I just kept messing around, making computers do helpful or delightful little things. In my freshman year of college, I knew that I’d be on the road during the third round of the 2006 Masters Tournament, when Tiger Woods was moving up the field, and I wanted to know what was happening in real time. So I made a program that scraped the leaderboard on pgatour.com and sent me a text message anytime he birdied or bogeyed. Later, after reading “Ulysses” in an English class, I wrote a program that pulled random sentences from the book, counted their syllables, and assembled haikus—a more primitive regurgitation of language than you’d get from a chatbot these days, but nonetheless capable, I thought, of real poetry:
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-> I’ll flay him alive  
-> Uncertainly he waited  
-> Heavy of the past
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-I began taking coding seriously. I offered to do programming for a friend’s startup. The world of computing, I came to learn, is vast but organized almost geologically, as if deposited in layers. From the Web browser down to the transistor, each sub-area or system is built atop some other, older sub-area or system, the layers dense but legible. The more one digs, the more one develops what the race-car driver Jackie Stewart called “mechanical sympathy,” a sense for the machine’s strengths and limits, of what one could make it do.
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-At my friend’s company, I felt my mechanical sympathy developing. In my sophomore year, I was watching “Jeopardy!” with a friend when he suggested that I make a playable version of the show. I thought about it for a few hours before deciding, with much disappointment, that it was beyond me. But when the idea came up again, in my junior year, I could see a way through it. I now had a better sense of what one could do with the machine. I spent the next fourteen hours building the game. Within weeks, playing “Jimbo Jeopardy!” had become a regular activity among my friends. The experience was profound. I could understand why people poured their lives into craft: there is nothing quite like watching someone enjoy a thing you’ve made.
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-In the midst of all this, I had gone full “Paper Chase” and begun ignoring my grades. I worked voraciously, just not on my coursework. One night, I took over a half-dozen machines in a basement computer lab to run a program in parallel. I laid printouts full of numbers across the floor, thinking through a pathfinding algorithm. The cost was that I experienced for real that recurring nightmare in which you show up for a final exam knowing nothing of the material. (Mine was in Real Analysis, in the math department.) In 2009, during the most severe financial crisis in decades, I graduated with a 2.9 G.P.A.
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-And yet I got my first full-time job easily. I had work experience as a programmer; nobody asked about my grades. For the young coder, these were boom times. Companies were getting into bidding wars over top programmers. Solicitations for experienced programmers were so aggressive that they complained about “recruiter spam.” The popularity of university computer-science programs was starting to explode. (My degree was in economics.) Coding “boot camps” sprang up that could credibly claim to turn beginners into high-salaried programmers in less than a year. At one of my first job interviews, in my early twenties, the C.E.O. asked how much I thought I deserved to get paid. I dared to name a number that faintly embarrassed me. He drew up a contract on the spot, offering ten per cent more. The skills of a “software engineer” were vaunted. At one company where I worked, someone got in trouble for using HipChat, a predecessor to Slack, to ask one of my colleagues a question. “Never HipChat an engineer directly,” he was told. We were too important for that.
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-This was an era of near-zero interest rates and extraordinary tech-sector growth. Certain norms were established. Companies like Google taught the industry that coders were to have free espresso and catered hot food, world-class health care and parental leave, on-site gyms and bike rooms, a casual dress code, and “twenty-per-cent time,” meaning that they could devote one day a week to working on whatever they pleased. Their skills were considered so crucial and delicate that a kind of superstition developed around the work. For instance, it was considered foolish to estimate how long a coding task might take, since at any moment the programmer might turn over a rock and discover a tangle of bugs. Deadlines were anathema. If the pressure to deliver ever got too intense, a coder needed only to speak the word “burnout” to buy a few months.
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-From the beginning, I had the sense that there was something wrongheaded in all this. Was what we did really so precious? How long could the boom last? In my teens, I had done a little Web design, and, at the time, that work had been in demand and highly esteemed. You could earn thousands of dollars for a project that took a weekend. But along came tools like Squarespace, which allowed pizzeria owners and freelance artists to make their own Web sites just by clicking around. For professional coders, a tranche of high-paying, relatively low-effort work disappeared.
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-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27287)
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-“I should have known he has absolutely no morals—I’ve seen how he loads a dishwasher.”
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-Cartoon by Hartley Lin
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-The response from the programmer community to these developments was just, Yeah, you have to keep levelling up your skills. Learn difficult, obscure things. Software engineers, as a species, love automation. Inevitably, the best of them build tools that make other kinds of work obsolete. This very instinct explained why we were so well taken care of: code had immense leverage. One piece of software could affect the work of millions of people. Naturally, this sometimes displaced programmers themselves. We were to think of these advances as a tide coming in, nipping at our bare feet. So long as we kept learning we would stay dry. Sound advice—until there’s a tsunami.
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-When we were first allowed to use A.I. chatbots at work, for programming assistance, I studiously avoided them. I expected that my colleagues would, too. But soon I started seeing the telltale colors of an A.I. chat session—the zebra pattern of call-and-response—on programmers’ screens as I walked to my desk. A common refrain was that these tools made you more productive; in some cases, they helped you solve problems ten times faster.
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-I wasn’t sure I wanted that. I enjoy the act of programming and I like to feel useful. The tools I’m familiar with, like the text editor I use to format and to browse code, serve both ends. They enhance my practice of the craft—and, though they allow me to deliver work faster, I still feel that I deserve the credit. But A.I., as it was being described, seemed different. It provided a *lot* of help. I worried that it would rob me of both the joy of working on puzzles and the satisfaction of being the one who solved them. I could be infinitely productive, and all I’d have to show for it would be the products themselves.
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-The actual work product of most programmers is rarely exciting. In fact, it tends to be almost comically humdrum. A few months ago, I came home from the office and told my wife about what a great day I’d had wrestling a particularly fun problem. I was working on a program that generated a table, and someone had wanted to add a header that spanned more than one column—something that the custom layout engine we’d written didn’t support. The work was urgent: these tables were being used in important documents, wanted by important people. So I sequestered myself in a room for the better part of the afternoon. There were lots of lovely sub-problems: How should I allow users of the layout engine to convey that they want a column-spanning header? What should *their* code look like? And there were fiddly details that, if ignored, would cause bugs. For instance, what if one of the columns that the header was supposed to span got dropped because it didn’t have any data? I knew it was a good day because I had to pull out pen and pad—I was drawing out possible scenarios, checking and double-checking my logic.
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-But taking a bird’s-eye view of what happened that day? A table got a new header. It’s hard to imagine anything more mundane. For me, the pleasure was entirely in the process, not the product. And what would become of the process if it required nothing more than a three-minute ChatGPT session? Yes, our jobs as programmers involve many things besides literally writing code, such as coaching junior hires and designing systems at a high level. But coding has always been the root of it. Throughout my career, I have been interviewed and selected precisely for my ability to solve fiddly little programming puzzles. Suddenly, this ability was less important.
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-I had gathered as much from Ben, who kept telling me about the spectacular successes he’d been having with GPT-4. It turned out that it was not only good at the fiddly stuff but also had the qualities of a senior engineer: from a deep well of knowledge, it could suggest ways of approaching a problem. For one project, Ben had wired a small speaker and a red L.E.D. light bulb into the frame of a portrait of King Charles, the light standing in for the gem in his crown; the idea was that when you entered a message on an accompanying Web site the speaker would play a tune and the light would flash out the message in Morse code. (This was a gift for an eccentric British expat.) Programming the device to fetch new messages eluded Ben; it seemed to require specialized knowledge not just of the microcontroller he was using but of Firebase, the back-end server technology that stored the messages. Ben asked me for advice, and I mumbled a few possibilities; in truth, I wasn’t sure that what he wanted would be possible. Then he asked GPT-4. It told Ben that Firebase had a capability that would make the project much simpler. Here it was—and here was some code to use that would be compatible with the microcontroller.
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-Afraid to use GPT-4 myself—and feeling somewhat unclean about the prospect of paying OpenAI twenty dollars a month for it—I nonetheless started probing its capabilities, via Ben. We’d sit down to work on our crossword project, and I’d say, “Why don’t you try prompting it this way?” He’d offer me the keyboard. “No, you drive,” I’d say. Together, we developed a sense of what the A.I. could do. Ben, who had more experience with it than I did, seemed able to get more out of it in a stroke. As he later put it, his own neural network had begun to align with GPT-4’s. I would have said that he had achieved mechanical sympathy. Once, in a feat I found particularly astonishing, he had the A.I. build him a Snake game, like the one on old Nokia phones. But then, after a brief exchange with GPT-4, he got it to modify the game so that when you lost it would show you how far you strayed from the most efficient route. It took the bot about ten seconds to achieve this. It was a task that, frankly, I was not sure I could do myself.
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-In chess, which for decades now has been dominated by A.I., a player’s only hope is pairing up with a bot. Such half-human, half-A.I. teams, known as centaurs, might still be able to beat the best humans and the best A.I. engines working alone. Programming has not yet gone the way of chess. But the centaurs have arrived. GPT-4 on its own is, for the moment, a worse programmer than I am. Ben is much worse. But Ben plus GPT-4 is a dangerous thing.
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-It wasn’t long before I caved. I was making a little search tool at work and wanted to highlight the parts of the user’s query that matched the results. But I was splitting up the query by words in a way that made things much more complicated. I found myself short on patience. I started thinking about GPT-4. Perhaps instead of spending an afternoon programming I could spend some time “prompting,” or having a conversation with an A.I.
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-In a 1978 essay titled “On the Foolishness of ‘Natural Language Programming,’ ” the computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra argued that if you were to instruct computers not in a specialized language like C++ or Python but in your native tongue you’d be rejecting the very precision that made computers useful. Formal programming languages, he wrote, are “an amazingly effective tool for ruling out all sorts of nonsense that, when we use our native tongues, are almost impossible to avoid.” Dijkstra’s argument became a truism in programming circles. When the essay made the rounds on Reddit in 2014, a top commenter wrote, “I’m not sure which of the following is scariest. Just how trivially obvious this idea is” or the fact that “many still do not know it.”
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-When I first used GPT-4, I could see what Dijkstra was talking about. You can’t just say to the A.I., “Solve my problem.” That day may come, but for now it is more like an instrument you must learn to play. You have to specify what you want carefully, as though talking to a beginner. In the search-highlighting problem, I found myself asking GPT-4 to do too much at once, watching it fail, and then starting over. Each time, my prompts became less ambitious. By the end of the conversation, I wasn’t talking about search or highlighting; I had broken the problem into specific, abstract, unambiguous sub-problems that, together, would give me what I wanted.
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-Having found the A.I.’s level, I felt almost instantly that my working life had been transformed. Everywhere I looked I could see GPT-4-size holes; I understood, finally, why the screens around the office were always filled with chat sessions—and how Ben had become so productive. I opened myself up to trying it more often.
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-I returned to the crossword project. Our puzzle generator printed its output in an ugly text format, with lines like `"s""c""a""r""*""k""u""n""i""s""*" "a""r""e""a"`. I wanted to turn output like that into a pretty Web page that allowed me to explore the words in the grid, showing scoring information at a glance. But I knew the task would be tricky: each letter had to be tagged with the words it belonged to, both the across and the down. This was a detailed problem, one that could easily consume the better part of an evening. With the baby on the way, I was short on free evenings. So I began a conversation with GPT-4. Some back-and-forth was required; at one point, I had to read a few lines of code myself to understand what it was doing. But I did little of the kind of thinking I once believed to be constitutive of coding. I didn’t think about numbers, patterns, or loops; I didn’t use my mind to simulate the activity of the computer. As another coder, Geoffrey Litt, wrote after a similar experience, “I never engaged my detailed programmer brain.” So what *did* I do?
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-Perhaps what pushed Lee Sedol to retire from the game of Go was the sense that the game had been forever cheapened. When I got into programming, it was because computers felt like a form of magic. The machine gave you powers but required you to study its arcane secrets—to learn a spell language. This took a particular cast of mind. I felt selected. I devoted myself to tedium, to careful thinking, and to the accumulation of obscure knowledge. Then, one day, it became possible to achieve many of the same ends without the thinking and without the knowledge. Looked at in a certain light, this can make quite a lot of one’s working life seem like a waste of time.
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-But whenever I think about Sedol I think about chess. After machines conquered that game, some thirty years ago, the fear was that there would be no reason to play it anymore. Yet chess has never been more popular—A.I. has enlivened the game. A friend of mine picked it up recently. At all hours, he has access to an A.I. coach that can feed him chess problems just at the edge of his ability and can tell him, after he’s lost a game, exactly where he went wrong. Meanwhile, at the highest levels, grandmasters study moves the computer proposes as if reading tablets from the gods. Learning chess has never been easier; studying its deepest secrets has never been more exciting.
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-Computing is not yet overcome. GPT-4 is impressive, but a layperson can’t wield it the way a programmer can. I still feel secure in my profession. In fact, I feel somewhat more secure than before. As software gets easier to make, it’ll proliferate; programmers will be tasked with its design, its configuration, and its maintenance. And though I’ve always found the fiddly parts of programming the most calming, and the most essential, I’m not especially good at them. I’ve failed many classic coding interview tests of the kind you find at Big Tech companies. The thing I’m relatively good at is knowing what’s worth building, what users like, how to communicate both technically and humanely. A friend of mine has called this A.I. moment “the revenge of the so-so programmer.” As coding per se begins to matter less, maybe softer skills will shine.
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-That still leaves open the matter of what to teach my unborn child. I suspect that, as my child comes of age, we will think of “the programmer” the way we now look back on “the computer,” when that phrase referred to a person who did calculations by hand. Programming by typing C++ or Python yourself might eventually seem as ridiculous as issuing instructions in binary onto a punch card. Dijkstra would be appalled, but getting computers to do precisely what you want might become a matter of asking politely.
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-So maybe the thing to teach isn’t a skill but a spirit. I sometimes think of what I might have been doing had I been born in a different time. The coders of the agrarian days probably futzed with waterwheels and crop varietals; in the Newtonian era, they might have been obsessed with glass, and dyes, and timekeeping. I was reading an oral history of neural networks recently, and it struck me how many of the people interviewed—people born in and around the nineteen-thirties—had played with radios when they were little. Maybe the next cohort will spend their late nights in the guts of the A.I.s their parents once regarded as black boxes. I shouldn’t worry that the era of coding is winding down. Hacking is forever. ♦
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-Date: 2023-01-22
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-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-01-22
-Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/16/health/fake-death-romance-novelist-meachen.html?unlocked_article_code=NqBwFoJmCmZRoQqQfeOeRtO9EF8ssQK5AtHwdafIW8YYVjCw-4U7WXAyDqGfojWhyAHq5CBDt8SR3U1KzHPjKVWMv_hTzM2AkLnA4KOBGzybd7OKknD8aRAXevhyPFz79BC5IPYeCBgxYgdGFWF9-QCN6XXA0rfuN-DT5-3p9MSoFTyKlhJIRtxDm-h4aq0xp3HJi2ouweJZlsRPyLxPnB9ih7w_o5969C4EU-0hCz8tUilxwP5K7lcIoSQRBdw7AyIDtx2oZc8glS94iZ-c1dgSyHh5QNfFCy2jgU8sWA0R5dZj1mAZTsc81BDw9QKr6Lmc1aus_z16YkFcsqBAH4pB3P81fxLTFJoZ1w&smid=share-url
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-01-23]]
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-```button
-name Save
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-id Save
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-^button-AFakeDeathinRomancelandiaNSave
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-&emsp;
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-# A Fake Death in Romancelandia
-
-![A portrait of Susan Meachen who wears a wide-neck pink shirt and sits in a park with a lake out of focus behind her, brightly reflecting sunlight.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/13/multimedia/00FAKE-SUICIDE-01-wmfh/00FAKE-SUICIDE-01-wmfh-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
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-Susan Meachen, a romance novelist in Tennessee, has faced questions from police about faking her own death online.Credit...Jessica Tezak for The New York Times
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-The Great Read
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-A Tennessee homemaker entered the online world of romance writers and it became, in her words, “an addiction.” Things went downhill from there.
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-Susan Meachen, a romance novelist in Tennessee, has faced questions from police about faking her own death online.Credit...Jessica Tezak for The New York Times
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--   Published Jan. 16, 2023Updated Jan. 19, 2023
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-### Listen to This Article
-
-*To hear more audio stories from publications like The New York Times,* [*download Audm for iPhone or Android*](https://www.audm.com/?utm_source=nyt&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=fake_death_in_romancelandia)*.*
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-Late Monday morning, two police officers drove up a gravel driveway to a mobile home in Benton, Tenn., a tiny town in the foothills of the southern Appalachians, to question Susan Meachen, a 47-year-old homemaker and author of romance novels.
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-She had been expecting them. For a week, she had been the focus of a scandal within the online subculture of self-published romance writers, part of the literary world sometimes known as “Romancelandia.”
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-The police wanted to talk to Ms. Meachen about faking her own death. In the fall of 2020, a post announcing she had died had appeared on her Facebook page, where she had often described her struggles with mental health and complained of poor treatment at the hands of other writers.
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-The post, apparently written by her daughter, led many to assume she had died by suicide. It sent fans and writers into a spiral of grief and introspection, wondering how their sisterhood had turned so poisonous.
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-But she wasn’t dead. Two weeks ago, to the shock of her online community, Ms. Meachen returned to her page to say she was back and now “in a good place,” and ready to resume writing under her own name. She playfully concluded: “Let the fun begin.”
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-Other writers, seeing this, were not in the mood for fun. Describing deep feelings of betrayal, they have called for her to be prosecuted for fraud, alleging that she faked her death to sell books or solicit cash donations. They have reported her to the F.B.I. cybercrimes unit and the local sheriff and vowed to shun her and her work. Some have questioned whether she exists in real life.
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-Ms. Meachen does exist. In a series of interviews, she said the online community had become a treacherous place for a person in her mental state, as she struggled to manage a new diagnosis of bipolar disorder.
-
-“I think it’s a very dangerous mix-up, especially if you have a mental illness,” she said. “I would log on and get in, and at some point in the day my two worlds would collide, and it would be hard to differentiate between book world and the real world. It was like they would sandwich together.”
-
-Image
-
-A text message from Ms. Meachen to Samantha A. Cole, another romance writer in her Facebook group.Credit...via Facebook
-
-When she was first introduced to “the book world,” as she calls it, she was alone at home for long stretches while her husband, a long-haul truck driver, traversed the country.
-
-She read romance novels, sometimes plowing through more than one a day. She had always been a reader, despite dropping out of school in the ninth grade to marry. The online romance community was a revelation to her, “like an escape, a timeout, a break from everyday reality,” she said.
-
-Over time, though, it began to feel more like quicksand. Over the next three years, she self-published 14 novels and maintained a near-constant social media presence. She was also diagnosed with bipolar disorder, a disease characterized by periods of manic activity that can alternate with deep depression.
-
-The book world made her disorder worse, she said. Writing often sent her into a manic state, and conflicts on the fan pages left her seething. She knew she should walk away, and she tried. But she said it was “an addiction”; every time she tried to log off for good, her phone would ping.
-
-### Dead people don’t post
-
-Romance writers’ groups can be fizzy, exhilarating places. There is sexy cover art. There is snappy industry jargon, like HEA (Happily Ever After), Dubcon (dubious consent) and Reverse Harem (a female protagonist with multiple male love interests.)
-
-At their best, the groups are a fountain of support for “indie” authors, who self-publish their work and help each other with covers and marketing, which is known as “pimping.” At their worst, they can be “epicenters of nonstop drama,” said Sarah Wendell, the co-founder of the romance blog Smart Bitches, Trashy Books.
-
-Ms. Meachen’s fan page, The Ward — a humorous reference to a psychiatric hospital — went in that direction. She complained bitterly about colleagues who, she said, she had helped but had failed to help her in return, and threatened to leave the indie world.
-
-“Every day it got to the point I’d rather be dead than to deal with the industry and the people who swear they are friends,” she [wrote](https://www.facebook.com/groups/1625944067497096/posts/3304801539611332/) in September of 2020. “I’ve had some dog eat dog jobs in my life but this one is by far the most vicious with the least amount of money.”
-
-Image
-
-![Rolling hills outside Benton, Tenn., with a single home on a hill and mountains in the background. A line of flags is slightly out of focus in the foreground.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/13/multimedia/00FAKE-SUICIDE-02-wmfh/00FAKE-SUICIDE-02-wmfh-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Ms. Meachen lives in the tiny town of Benton in the Appalachian foothills in southeastern Tennessee.Credit...Jessica Tezak for The New York Times
-
-She described her psychiatric treatment and alluded to past suicide attempts.
-
-“Dear Scary people in my head, I truly understand we’ve been doing your story for over a year,” she wrote. “Waking me up with muscles screaming at me to get up and finish does not motivate me.”
-
-Ms. Meachen’s psychiatrist, Dr. Niansen Liu, confirmed, with her permission, that she is under his treatment for bipolar disorder and that she has been prescribed medications for anxiety, depression and psychosis. He would not comment further on her case.
-
-Her online friends worried about her, and some reached out to express their concern, but there was a limit to what they could do, said Kimberly Grell, who became friendly with her through writing groups.
-
-“She was becoming pretty chaotic,” Ms. Grell said. “It just seemed like every problem that surfaced with her she was in the middle of, and it turned to where she was the victim of it all.”
-
-She sympathized with Ms. Meachen’s frustration, though, as it became clear that she might not be able to earn money with her writing.
-
-“A lot of people get into this type of business thinking they’re going to make their millions, like Stephen King or James Patterson,” said Ms. Grell, who exited the romance industry last year to sell [beaded jewelry](http://foxwood-designs.weebly.com/#/). “The reality is, it’s a money pit. You are literally tossing your money into a pit hoping someone will find you.”
-
-Ms. Meachen’s husband, Troy, said he came to see the “book world” as a danger to his wife’s welfare.
-
-When she sent out samples of her work to other authors, the responses she got were often “really brutal,” he said. When writing, he said, she had periods of mania and psychosis; sometimes, he would come home and “she would talk like a character from a book, like she was the individual she was writing.”
-
-He worried that it was too dangerous to leave her alone during the day. “It got to the point where it was like, enough is enough,” he said, comparing the community’s effect on her to a whirlpool. “She was going round and round,” he said, “and the bottom was just right there.”
-
-This reached a climax in the fall of 2020, according to Mr. and Ms. Meachen and their 22-year-old daughter, who described the episode on the condition that her name not be used.
-
-It had been a rough few weeks. In August, someone had called police because they feared she would harm herself. On September 10, Mr. Meachen was away, hauling a shipment of chemicals. Their daughter stopped by to check on her mother, and found her semiconscious.
-
-Ms. Meachen had taken a large dose of Xanax, enough to make her “like a limp noodle,” and was “not cognitive or responsive,” Mr. Meachen said. He instructed their daughter to announce her death online, he said.
-
-“I told them that she is dead to the indie world, the internet, because we had to stop her, period,” he said. “She could not stop it on her own. And, even to this day, I’ll take 100 percent of the blame, the accolades, whatever you want to call it.”
-
-The [post](https://www.facebook.com/susan.meachen/posts/pfbid0Z35M43475M5vsLFxmbbX7MrncLWNxZhvr8cVKUMJvMNEVMUAxjwTug3s41gq5pR5l) on Meachen’s page said she had died two days earlier. “Author Susan Meachen left this world behind Tuesday night for bigger and better things,” it said. “Please leave us alone we have no desire in this messed-up industry.”
-
-A follow-up post appeared on Oct. 23. “Sorry thought everyone on this page knew my mom passed away,” it said. “Dead people don’t post on social media.”
-
-Image
-
-Ms. Meachen and her husband of 27 years, Troy. He said he came to see the “book world” as a danger to his wife’s welfare.Credit...via Susan Meachen
-
-### ‘I feel majorly gaslit’
-
-The news of Ms. Meachen’s death radiated out through the fan pages. Ms. Meachen was well known in the community, and had often reached out to new authors, volunteering to provide cover art or help with marketing.
-
-“Susan, I will never, ever forget how kind you were to me,” wrote Sai Marie Johnson, 38, the author of “Embers of Ecstasy,” at the time.
-
-“I only wish you would have known I would have talked you through the night, I’d have defended you against your bullies,” she wrote. “I will do everything I can to make a difference so your death is not in vain.”
-
-Ms. Johnson, who lives in Oregon, was so upset that she reached out to Ms. Meachen’s daughter online and offered to edit her mother’s last book for free, as a tribute. But the damage had been done, she said: Over the months that followed, many members, disgusted by the “Mean Girl”-ness of it all, migrated out of the community or deleted their accounts.
-
-“It caused a huge shift in this community,” Ms. Johnson said. “There was a lot of drama, but this was the tidal wave. Nobody before had gotten so abused that they wanted to commit suicide.”
-
-The subject receded, replaced by other dramas, until Jan. 2, when Ms. Meachen reappeared on her fan page with the news that she was alive.
-
-Ms. Meachen did not see it as a particularly big deal. Eager to resume writing under her own name, she had been considering such a move for about a year, she said. She sat down at the computer, she said, and “hit enter before I could talk myself out of it.”
-
-“I debated on how to do this a million times and still not sure if it’s right or not,” the [post](https://www.facebook.com/groups/1625944067497096/posts/5808796625878465/) read. “There’s going to be tons of questions and a lot of people leaving the group I’d guess. But my family did what they thought was best for me and I can’t fault them for it.”
-
-For the first few hours, the response was muted. Then, as she put it, “all hell broke loose.” Her post was widely shared by Samantha A. Cole, a romance writer from the suburbs of New York City, along with a seething commentary.
-
-“I was horrified, stunned, livid, and felt like I’d been kicked in the gut and the chest at the same time,” wrote Ms. Cole, who previously worked as a police officer, and asked to be identified by her pen name to avoid the notice of people she had arrested.
-
-More than anything, Ms. Cole said, she was hurt. She had gone into a “major funk” for months over Ms. Meachen’s death, worried that she had not been a good friend. Worse, in the recriminations that followed, Ms. Cole was accused on one fan page of bullying Ms. Meachen, something both women said was untrue.
-
-Ms. Cole, who describes herself as “naturally suspicious,” set about documenting Ms. Meachen’s false claims in [a series of screen shots and DMs](https://www.facebook.com/100079582864860/posts/pfbid02pczyXmW2ATJRDyZgrgVU6nb4RMiVC5z4kLyDgaUAutuHaNC7gGpaYFBnsCCE5xQZl/?mibextid=BUZLm6).
-
-Image
-
-An excerpt from Ms. Cole’s Facebook page.Credit...via Facebook
-
-She provided screenshots showing that Ms. Meachen had [appealed to the group for financial help](https://www.facebook.com/100079582864860/posts/pfbid026bsMAjkkBvbFbMdYspsCjHPKuj79z3TEiqwA57Y9v611q5ye116j6PJUHXkG48nwl/?mibextid=Nif5oz) in medical emergencies and noted that she returned to the fan page under a new identity, T.N. Steele, effectively eavesdropping on her own mourners.
-
-“It was important to me because the people that had grieved for her death for so long had a right to know that the whole thing was a hoax,” Ms. Cole said. “That’s what led me to do this, my anger and the sense of betrayal. I needed a way to vent.”
-
-Many authors who are angry say it is because they know so many people struggling with mental illness themselves, and that it is despicable to falsify suicide for any reason.
-
-“I feel majorly gaslit,” said Ms. Johnson, who, last week, filed a report about the incident to the cybercrimes unit of the F.B.I. She added, “It doesn’t seem like she is apologetic, and she is trying to cast blame on people, trying to get them to accept that she had a mental illness.”
-
-As the scandal drew the attention of mainstream media outlets to the romance industry, many of its senior figures drew a weary sigh.
-
-“I do not think it is going to help the romance industry’s persona of being a bunch of overly emotional women,” said Clair Brett, the president of the Romance Writers of America.
-
-### A twinge of remorse
-
-Ms. Meachen watched from Benton while the online backlash made headlines in Greece and Britain and France; reporters from various countries were appearing in her DMs, which stressed her out.
-
-This meant, among other things, that her real-life neighbors might read her novels, which fall on the racier end of the genre’s spectrum. For years, she has carefully separated her two identities — the romance writer and the homebody — but now they were smashing together.
-
-She had not heard again from the police and sounded confident that she would not face charges, saying the family had not received substantial donations after her online death announcement; she had offered the detectives access to her bank accounts to prove it. She did admit feeling remorse for the fans who had grieved her loss.
-
-“I’m sorry for their mourning, but from a legal standpoint, I did nothing wrong,” she said. “Morally, I might have done something wrong. But legally, there’s nothing wrong.”
-
-If Ms. Meachen was on the edges of a literary world before, she is now cast out of it. Her fan page has gone silent. Her inbox is full of angry messages from former friends. Looking back on the whole story, she said she regrets it all, starting with entering the romance groups.
-
-“It wasn’t good for me,” she said. “No, it wasn’t. I wish I had never met the book industry whatsoever.”
-
-She has set aside her plans to resume writing fiction, for now, to deal with more immediate concerns. Someone is impersonating her on social media, issuing comments about the scandal, she said, and hoax Susans were bouncing around the internet saying God knows what.
-
-“That’s what’s so funny about it,” her husband said. “You can be anybody you want to be on the internet.”
-
-Audio produced by Tally Abecassis.
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
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-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
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-Tag: ["🤵🏻", "🇺🇸"]
-Date: 2023-06-11
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-06-11
-Link: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/06/12/a-mothers-exchange-for-her-daughters-future
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-09-27]]
-
----
-
-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-AMothersExchangeforHerDaughtersFutureNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# A Mother’s Exchange for Her Daughter’s Future
-
-“Will I live to see its end?” your mother asks.
-
-She is sixty-nine years old and lies in the hospital room where she has been marooned for the past eight years, shipwrecked in her own body.
-
-“It” is the story that you are now writing—this beginning you have yet to imagine and the ending she will not live to see.
-
-•
-
-Write as if you were dying, Annie Dillard once said.
-
-But what if you are writing in competition with death?
-
-What if the story you are telling is racing against death?
-
-•
-
-In your dreams, you are always running. Running to catch your mother, running to intercept her before she reaches the end.
-
-In your dreams, your mother has no legs, no arms, no spine—no body. She is smooth and pure, a sheet of glass that becomes visible only when it breaks. At which time she disintegrates into smaller and smaller pieces until you are whispering to a sliver on the tip of your finger. That fine fleck of her. What is a mother? you ask. Is this still a mother? Is that?
-
-•
-
-Your mother, who has amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, speaks with her eyelids, using the last muscles over which she exercises twitchy control.
-
-A.L.S. is an insurrection of the body against the mind. It is a mysterious massacre of motor neurons, the messengers that deliver data from brain to organ and limb.
-
-It is a disease that [Descartes](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/11/20/rene-descartes-think-again) would have loved for its brutal division of the mind, “a thinking, non-extended thing,” from the body, an “extended, non-thinking thing.”
-
-•
-
-To speak her mind, your mother is dependent on your body. At her bedside, you trail your finger around a clear-plastic alphabet chart, as if you were teaching her a new language. Blinking is what she has—that raw, moist thwacking.
-
-One day, your mother wants to know what you are writing about.
-
-You tell her that it is about you. The two of you.
-
-“What’s interesting about us?” she asks.
-
-You are in the middle of explaining that you are still working that out when she starts blinking again: “Summery.”
-
-Summer?
-
-You often have trouble communicating. Language warps and tangles between you. Chinese and English. Chinglish and misspelled English. Words that begin in English and wobble into Chinese Pinyin.
-
-Her body, frozen, is still the most expressive thing there is. That singular determination to be understood.
-
-*Summary*, you realize—she is asking for a summary. When you were ten and learning to write in English, she demanded that you write book summaries. Three-sentence précis with a beginning, a middle, and an end. Taut and efficient, free of the metaphors and florid fuss of which you were always so fond.
-
-Before you can ask if that is what she wants now—a synopsis of your unwritten story—there is a stench. It is your mother’s shit, and already a single brown rivulet has seeped down the limp marble of her thigh.
-
-Your mother is a marionette controlled by tubes and wires. To position her in such a way that the health aide can wipe and clean, you must align your body with hers—yours are the limbs that scaffold her limbs, the arm that clasps her arm, the knee that supports her knee.
-
-Your mother’s face is creased in pain. Her teeth are clenched, tiny chipped doors.
-
-The alphabet chart again.
-
-D-E-A-D.
-
-No, you hurry to assure her, as you have a thousand times before. No, discomfort is not death. Discomfort is only temporary.
-
-The creases deepen.
-
-L-I-N-E.
-
-Deadline.
-
-You tell your mother the month and the year that your book is due, and she asks for the exact date.
-
-Most people don’t meet their deadline, you say. You are distracted. There is too much shit. It is a wet, languid mass that has gathered in all her folds. Mud-brown and yellow and green oozing across the loaf of her flesh.
-
-You want to rid your mother entirely of its unacceptability, but that is plainly impossible. Scrub too hard, even with a wet towel, and you will tear the rice paper of her skin. Too lightly and the bacteria left behind will fester into infection. These are the inevitabilities that come from living in a bed for eight years. You want to save your mother from these inevitabilities, just as she wants to save you from your own. But, helplessly and hopelessly, you are both beyond each other’s reach.
-
-I’ll try to make the deadline, you say, as you pull the sheet from underneath her. You are wiping the folds around her pubic bone when she signals with her eyes for you to stop. She is grimacing again, in pain. A kind you would have to crawl into her body to understand.
-
-“Not try. Never try,” she spells out. “You do. Or you don’t.”
-
-•
-
-Not long after you and your mother arrived in the U.S., before your father left for good, a stranger came to the door of your dank studio apartment in New Haven to convince your mother of the existence of God. Plump, dignified, with a loose, expressive face, she was the first American, and the first Black person, you had ever seen up close. “Jehovah’s Witness” meant nothing to your mother, so she took to calling the woman Missionary Lady.
-
-That first day, Missionary Lady came bearing a free Chinese-language picture book in which a white-haired man with benevolent eyes presided serenely over Popsicle-colored sunsets. While your mother presented her with slices of watermelon, the visitor even chimed in with a few halting words of Chinese that she’d picked up in the immigrant-dense neighborhood, only one of which you understood: “Saviour.”
-
-Your mother could have used a savior then. Her marriage was on the verge of dissolution, her visa was about to expire, and she had scarcely two hundred dollars to her name and an eight-year-old daughter in tow.
-
-In the course of several months, Missionary Lady visited weekly. Did your mother confide in her new friend the difficulties of her life? You don’t know. But sometimes, as the light grew dim in the evening, you saw her thumbing through the picture book.
-
-One of those times, when you couldn’t contain yourself any longer, you asked her, “Did Missionary Lady accomplish her mission?”
-
-“It’s a good story,” your mother said, sighing. “But a story can’t save me.”
-
-•
-
-Your mother didn’t believe in God. But she had an iron faith, embodied in a classic fable popularized by [Chairman Mao](https://www.newyorker.com/tag/mao-zedong):
-
-Once upon a time in ancient China, there lived an old man named Yu Gong. His house was nestled in a remote village and separated from the wider world by two giant mountains. Although he was already ninety years old, Yu Gong was determined to remove these obstructions, and he called on his sons to help him. His only tools were hoes and pickaxes. The mountains were massive, and the sea, where he dumped the rocks he’d chipped away, was so distant that he could make only one round trip in a year. His ambition was absurd enough that it soon invited the mockery of the local wise man. But Yu just looked at the man and sighed. “When I die, there will be my sons to continue the task, and when they die there will be their sons,” he responded. The God of Heaven, who overheard Yu, was so impressed with his persistence that he dispatched two deputies to help with the impossible goal, and the mountains were forever removed from Yu’s sight.
-
-The world in which your mother grew up was predicated on the ideals of perseverance and will power. Born of messianic utopianism, its morality was one of extreme polarity. If you didn’t attempt the impossible, you were indolence itself. If you were not flawless, you were evil. If you could not face the prospect of becoming a martyr, you were a coward. If you were not absolutely pure in thought and deed, you were damned. A single moment of lassitude could signal a descent into depravity. Discipline and endurance were destiny.
-
-There was an old adage that your mother repeated for as long as you can remember, as if fingering rosary beads: “Time is like water in a sponge.” You, she implied, wouldn’t have the fortitude to squeeze out every drop. Would you have had the perseverance of Old Man Yu? she was in the habit of asking you, challenging you.
-
-You couldn’t imagine your mother not moving a mountain. The brute, burning force of her striving was its own religion.
-
-•
-
-In China, your mother had been a doctor. In Connecticut, she got a job as a live-in housekeeper. When that job ended, she got another. For years, you wandered like nomads, squatting in immense, remote houses, as disconnected from your idea of home as the country in which you found yourselves.
-
-Not long after you moved into the first house, your mother’s employer gave you a journal with a [Degas](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/04/11/degas-at-moma) ballerina on the cover. One of the first things you recorded in it was the cost of the journal, which you found on the back cover: $12.99, almost twice your mother’s hourly wage. “Dear Diary,” you wrote in an early entry, “How will I fill you up?” The blank face of the page. The empty house of you.
-
-In the residence that physically housed you, you and your mother occupied one room and one bed. You liked to pretend that the room, wrapped in chintz and adorned with prints of mallards, was your private island in the middle of foreign territory. All around you was unrecognizable, ephemeral wilderness, your mother the sole patch of habitable terrain. Only she knew where you came from, was part of your life’s seamless continuity, from the crumbling concrete tenement house where you lived during your first seven years to the studio apartment where the Missionary Lady brought you God and on to the mallards and the chintz. Without your mother, everything was smoke, the true shape of things hidden. A chipped enamelled rice cooker was all you retained of the apartment from which the two of you had been evicted months earlier. Your mother had managed to sneak it into this room and place it under the night table. You recorded this fact in your journal, because it was as if the two of you had got away with something illicit.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27033)
-
-“I wasn’t getting any work done at home, so I thought I’d try somewhere hot, bright, and uncomfortable.”
-
-Cartoon by Asher Perlman
-
-The two of you, feckless as runaway children.
-
-•
-
-When your mother was pregnant in China, she prayed for twins. It was the only permissible subversion of the state’s single-child policy.
-
-Sometimes, in the womb, one twin eats the other, you learned from a medical encyclopedia in your school library. This isn’t exactly true—one twin absorbs the other, who has stopped developing in utero. The medical term for this is “a vanishing twin.” You were not a twin, but the imagined carnage of cannibalism, of one baby devouring the other, stayed in your memory. Both children in the womb *try* to survive. Only one does.
-
-•
-
-You wandered into the plot of your life, half asleep. Like that room you shared with your mother, it didn’t belong to you. One moment you were your mother’s fellow-émigré and co-conspirator, and the next you were a rope pitched into the unknown, braided with strands of her implacable resolve and reckless ambition. You were the ladder upward out of her powerlessness, the towline that pulled the enterprise forward.
-
-You had only partial access to the plan, but your mother hurtled ahead, measuring possibility against potential, maneuvering education and opportunity into position.
-
-Your grades in school were not a measure of your aptitude in language arts or arithmetic but a testament to your ability to hold on to life itself. To grip the rock face, evade the avalanche, and swing yourself up to the next slab. Your mother lived below you, on the eroded slope, the pebbles always slipping beneath her feet, as she spelled out the situation with a desperation that struck you as humiliation: “You go to *school* in America, and I clean *toilets* in America.”
-
-•
-
-Your mother hated nothing so much as cleaning toilets. The injustice of it. Specks of other people’s shit that clung to the bowl’s upper rims, which she had to reach inside with her hands to wipe off.
-
-The toilet bowl was the crucible of indignity, this strange commode you began using only upon arrival in this country.
-
-In the latrine in your tenement in China, everything was steeped and smeared in the natural, variegated brown of feces. But here things were different. Here the gleaming white of the porcelain was accusatory, so clearly did it mark the difference between the disgusting and the pristine, the pure and the wretched.
-
-The first time you clogged the toilet in the bathroom connected to your room—you had not known it was possible to dam up such a civilized contraption with your own excrement—you just stood there, stupefied, as the water rose and poured over the edge. Even before your mother sheepishly borrowed the plunger from her employer, before she hissed that it was enough that she cleaned other people’s shit to earn a living, she couldn’t go around cleaning up yours, too, you felt dipped in an ineradicable disgrace.
-
-•
-
-One of the first stories about survival that you read in the American school your mother sent you to was that of a man who lost everything. You’d thought this was a story about an American god, but your teacher told you that it was also “Literature.”
-
-In the land of Uz, there lived a man named [Job](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/12/16/misery-3). God-fearing and upright, Job had seven sons and three daughters. He owned seven thousand sheep. Then, as the story goes, Satan and God decided to terrorize him. He was robbed of his home, his livestock, his children. Both mental and physical illness tormented him. His entire body was covered in painful boils that caused him to cry, “Why did I not perish at birth and die as I came from the womb?” In the end, when Job maintained his unswerving loyalty to God, everything was returned to him twofold.
-
-In the story of Yu Gong, God rewards an old man who endeavors to do the impossible by helping him to accomplish in one lifetime what should have taken many. In the story of Job, God rewards an old man who maintains his faith against all odds by multiplying his worth.
-
-•
-
-Your mother’s story was different from both Yu Gong’s and Job’s:
-
-Once upon a time there lived a woman who wanted to exchange her present for her daughter’s future. Little did she know that, if she did so, the two of them would merge into one ungainly creature, at once divided and reconstituted, and time would flow through both of them like water in a single stream. The child became the mother’s future, and the mother became the child’s present, taking up residence in her brain, blood, and bones. The woman vowed that she had no need for God, but her child always wondered, Was the bargain her mother had made a kind of prayer?
-
-•
-
-The first time you saw your mother steal, you were eleven and standing in the lotions aisle of CVS.
-
-The air constricted in your lungs as you watched her clutch a jar of Olay face cream, slipping it into her purse, while pretending to examine the bottles on the next shelf over. Her fingers: they moved with animal instinct, deft and decisive, as if trapping prey.
-
-It was your mother who had taught you that it was wrong to steal.
-
-She didn’t shoplift for the same reason that your seventh-grade classmates did. There was no thrill in it for her, of that you were certain. The things she stole were not, strictly speaking, items you or she needed in order to survive. She stole small indulgences that she did not believe she could afford, things that ever so briefly loosened the shackles of her misery.
-
-And, knowing this, whenever you saw her steal you felt a slow, spreading dread, the recognition that there was something in you that could judge your mother, even as you actively colluded with her.
-
-•
-
-What you know of your mother’s childhood can be summarized in a single story that is about not her childhood but her father’s:
-
-There once lived a little boy, the son of impoverished tenant farmers. One day, he was invited to the village fair by the child of his richer neighbor. The neighbor gave the boy a few coins to spend at the fair. Ecstatic, he bought himself the first toy of his life, a wooden pencil, which he hung proudly around his neck the whole day. When he returned home, his parents beat him within an inch of his life. Those coins could have bought rice and grains! Enough to feed the family for a week!
-
-This was the only story your grandfather told your mother of his childhood, and the first time she told it to you, you recognized the echo of every hero tale you were taught as a child. A Communist cadre till the end, your grandfather had run away at age sixteen to join the Party, which had given him the first full belly he had known. Just as important, the Party had taught him how to read, inspired the avidity with which he had marked up Mao’s Little Red Book: his cramped, inky annotations marching up and down the page like so many ants trooping through mountains.
-
-The second time your mother told you the story, you were ten or eleven and she didn’t have to tell it at all. The two of you were at Staples, shopping for school supplies. “*Back-to-school sale*,” the posters all over the store screamed. Four notebooks, four mechanical pencils, your mother had stipulated, but you wanted more. You always wanted more. When you persisted, she had only to look at you and utter the words “You have more than anyone” for you to know exactly whom she was referring to.
-
-The story was growing inside you, just as it had grown in your mother: a cactus whose spines pierced their way through your thoughts.
-
-•
-
-One day, your mother unexpectedly appeared in your reading life as an indigent Austrian immigrant in nineteen-tens New York. The novel was called “[A Tree Grows in Brooklyn](https://www.amazon.com/Grows-Brooklyn-Anniversary-Perennial-Classics/dp/0060736267/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2HK9ZSE26ZC8&keywords=tree%20grows%20in%20brooklyn&qid=1685719621&sprefix=tree%20grows%20in%20brooklyn,aps,89&sr=8-1),” and although you could have found neither Austria nor Brooklyn on a map, the narrative moved through you until you seemed to be living inside it, instead of the other way round.
-
-You read the novel once, twice, three times, swallowed up by the dyad of the plain, timorous, bookish daughter and her fierce and unsentimental working-class mother. The idea that mutual devotion could generate seething resentment and sorrow—it made your heart hammer. The episode that left the deepest impression on you involved a ritual in which the mother allows her daughter to have a cup of coffee with every meal, even knowing that she won’t drink it, will just pour it out. “I think it’s good that people like us can waste something once in a while and get the feeling of how it would be to have lots of money and not have to worry about scrounging,” the mother remarks.
-
-*Scrounging*. Until you read that sentence, you had not realized that that was what you and your mother did. It had never occurred to you that there could be another way for the two of you to live.
-
-Now it seemed that you could be lacking in means yet be in possession of possibilities—this you who was one with your mother but not your mother, who squatted in other people’s houses, who hungered for everything but contributed nothing.
-
-But what did you mean to accomplish by telling your mother that story? Your mother, for whom every story was a tool, for whom *that* story could only be a knife.
-
-How slowly she turned to face you as she said these words: “I know what you are doing. If that’s the mother you want, go out and find her.”
-
-•
-
-You were alone and she was alone. But it was the way the loneliness lived separately in each of you that pushed you both to the brink of disintegration.
-
-Every time she left the house without you to run an errand or to pick up the children who were her charge, you were newly convinced that she would not return. Half of you had departed.
-
-The other half was stranded in that airless prison, with nothing but your journal, your notebooks, and your mechanical pencils.
-
-One day, she let slip something she could only have read in that journal.
-
-When you confronted her about it, she was coolly impenitent.
-
-“Oh, you must have known,” she said briskly.
-
-“Known what?”
-
-“I wouldn’t have read it if I didn’t have to.”
-
-You didn’t know how to respond except to stare at her in amazement.
-
-“Yes,” she doubled down, eyes ablaze. “I wouldn’t have to if you didn’t keep so many secrets.”
-
-Secrets? The only things you had ever kept from your mother were thoughts that you knew were unacceptable: sources of your own permanent self-disgust and shame. Her reading your journal was akin to her examining your soiled underwear.
-
-“You are behaving like a child,” you muttered.
-
-“What did you say?”
-
-You caught a glint in her eye, a primordial helplessness. She had no choice but to unleash upon you, smash her rage into you like countless shards of glass.
-
-Long after you had moved out of that room with the mallards and the rice cooker, the room that fused two into one, you understood that she was not so much beating you into submission as pulling you back into her body. It was an act not of aggression but of desperate self-defense.
-
-•
-
-How old were you the day the two of you found yourselves in that art museum? Old enough that you were interested in things that tested the boundaries of your understanding, old enough to pause for a long while in front of a sculpture—a circle cast in metal, like an oversized clock, inside of which were two simplified figures in profile. One walking from the top, feet mid-stride at twelve o’clock, the other, with the same rolling gait, stepping past six o’clock.
-
-“What are we looking at?” your mother asked, by which she meant, What are *you* looking at?
-
-You were in the habit of puzzling out the right answer, but this time you spoke instinctively.
-
-“Life is not a line but a circle,” you said. You spoke confidently precisely because it was not a great insight. You knew it to be true the way you knew the sky to be blue. “No matter where you are, you can only walk into yourself.”
-
-You had received a scholarship to a fancy boarding school. She had moved from housekeeping to waitressing. Your world had expanded while hers remained suspended.
-
-“A circle?” she said, and then said it again, questing and songlike. “Life is a circle.”
-
-There was a silence during which she tilted her chin and appraised you as if you were one of the figures in the sculpture. “That’s nice,” she said softly, with something akin to wonder.
-
-•
-
-You spent your early twenties waiting for your real life to begin, peering at it, as if through a window. How to break that windowpane? You didn’t know. You were living in New York now, and you had a menial job at the Y.M.C.A. on the Bowery, where you were tasked with putting up multilingual signage. Most days, you had enough downtime to read books purporting to teach you how to write books.
-
-The Y.M.C.A. was next to a Whole Foods, and every day after work you filled up a container with overpriced lettuce, beets, and boiled eggs and slipped upstairs to eat it in the café without paying. One day you were caught and led to a dark, dirty room where a Polaroid of you was snapped and you were told that, if you were ever caught stealing again, the police would be called.
-
-The security guard who caught you, a boy who looked younger than you, couldn’t hide his pleasure when he dumped the untouched food in the trash. Did you steal that, too, he said, smirking, and nodded at the book in your hand.
-
-It was a copy of “[The Writing Life](https://www.amazon.com/Writing-Life-Annie-Dillard/dp/0060919884/ref=sr_1_1?crid=151VIED4XRHE1&keywords=dillard%20writing%20life&qid=1685719706&sprefix=dillard%20writing%20life,aps,82&sr=8-1),” the first book of Annie Dillard’s you’d read. You had just got to the passage where Dillard refers to a succession of words as “a miner’s pick.” If you wield it to dig a path, she says, soon you will find yourself “deep in new territory.”
-
-For you, the path always led back to your mother. How many times did you start a story about a mother and a daughter, only to find that you could not grope your way to an ending? How many times on a Friday after work, as you rode the train from the city to Connecticut, where your mother still lived, did you feel the forward motion as a journey backward through time?
-
-In her presence, you were always divided against yourself.
-
-There was the you who was walking away from her and the you who was perpetually diving back in.
-
-•
-
-Motor neurons, among our longest cells, pave a path of electric signals from brain to body. As A.L.S. progresses, cognitive function usually remains intact, but the motor neurons cease to deliver those signals. Without directives from above, limbs and organs gradually shut down until, at last, the body no longer knows how to inhale air.
-
-You were twenty-five when your mother’s illness was diagnosed, and never had the battle plan been more clear. You moved her into your apartment, one you had selected for the two of you, with a room for her and one for you. You fed her bottles of Ensure by the spoonful—until it had to be pushed through a feeding tube directly into her stomach. You set an alarm clock to wake you whenever you needed to adjust her breathing machine. You took on additional freelance work and began borrowing money from friends; you opted out of medical insurance for yourself until you could afford a part-time home aide, who was subsequently replaced by a full-time one. And then two.
-
-•
-
-The day that the motor neurons in your mother’s body could no longer travel the length of her diaphragm, you received a call from the home aide, telling you that your mother was unconscious and that her skin was turning a translucent shade of blue.
-
-At the hospital, when it became clear that your unconscious mother would die without mechanical ventilation, you were asked to make the choice on her behalf.
-
-Will you save your mother or let her die?
-
-It wasn’t a choice.
-
-Neither of you lived in the realm of choices. This was what you could not find the language to convey when her eyes flapped open, when her mouth dropped and no sound came out. A maimed bird. You had done that. You had done it not by choice but by pure instinct.
-
-There was your mother, locked inside her body. There was her face, the color of cement after rain. There were her eyes: dark, plaintive, screaming.
-
-That was the first terrible day of the alphabet chart, which you had encouraged her to learn while she still had the faculty of speech. Which she had dismissed, along with the use of a wheelchair. Your mother’s belief in the future was always as selective as her memory of the past.
-
-•
-
-At 2 *a.m*., a heavy-footed, uniformed woman came in to change your mother.
-
-“Family members aren’t allowed,” she said.
-
-You posed this as a possibility to your mother and watched her eyes quake.
-
-“We’ll be done in a jiff.”
-
-A jiff—the words knocked around in your head. “In a jiff,” you repeated to your mother. In a jiff, you were pushed out of the room, stumbling down the waxen-floored corridor and wheedling with the charge nurse for permission to be an exception to the rule.
-
-“Really,” the woman said, “we are very experienced here.” She regarded you for a second—the clench of your face, the madness of your eyes. “You can’t care for the patient if you don’t take care of yourself first.”
-
-You walked back to your mother’s room and pulled open the curtain. The aide was gone. The sheets had been changed. A strong antiseptic smell hung heavy in the air. Your mother’s face was twisted and swollen, streaked with secretions gray and green.
-
-You asked if she was O.K., but you didn’t want to know the answer. Or, rather, you already knew it.
-
-“How could you?” your mother replied, through the alphabet chart. “You left me like an animal.”
-
-•
-
-Your mother never liked animals much and barely tolerated the pets of her employers. In the first family, there were two dogs, Max and Willy, a blond and a chocolate Lab, but your mother never called them by their names. To her, they were the Smart One and the Dumb One.
-
-Once, when the six-year-old child she was tasked with caring for asked what her favorite animal was, she answered “panda” without even a pause. You were older, and it had never occurred to you to ask your mother such a question. “Have you ever seen one?” the child continued. “In real life?”
-
-“No,” she responded. “Of course not.”
-
-•
-
-A whiskered doctor with a sagging belly delivers the news that your mother has pneumonia in both lungs and is at grave risk if she doesn’t get a tracheostomy.
-
-Frowning, he speculates that she may not survive the pneumonia, in any case. “Look at her,” he instructs you, his voice raised to be heard above the machines that hum out her life. “Her body is *wasted*.” That word: “wasted.” It is a word you want to eviscerate. A word as savage as “jiff.”
-
-“So what do we do?” you ask.
-
-“We wait.”
-
-She has been placed on two kinds of antibiotics. You ask how long they will take to work.
-
-“*If* they work,” he corrects you.
-
-•
-
-Once upon a time there lived a woman who wanted to collapse time and space. The plan was to exchange her present for her ailing mother’s future. Little did she know that, if she did so, the two of them would merge into one ungainly creature, at once divided and reconstituted, and time would flow through both of them like water in a single stream.
-
-But the stream. How strangely that stream would flow, not forward but in a loop, as the mother became the child’s purpose.
-
-One creature, disassembled into two bodies.
-
-•
-
-Pneumonia, bladder infections, kidney stones: predators that attack your mother’s body with such frequency and ferocity that she is permanently entombed in the womb of her hospital room. The room around which you and a rotation of private aides orbit like crazed, frenetic birds.
-
-You are thirty and have just begun writing for a living. Your mother’s English is not good enough for her to read your magazine articles, but she is interested only in the efficiency of a summary, anyway. Always her first question: Do other people like it? By which she means the people on whom your survival depends.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27483)
-
-“Odd, since neither of us ever overfeeds her by even the smallest amount.”
-
-Cartoon by Julia Suits
-
-When you began writing about her, it did not feel voluntary.
-
-But how it must have struck her: treachery, theft, shame manipulated and exploited.
-
-•
-
-The last time you see your mother alive, you lie. You tell her that you need to leave so that you can check on her belongings at the care facility, but, really, you are hoarding time to work on a story, time that will vanish once the next day begins. She nods. You don’t make eye contact. You can never bear to look her in the eye when you are lying.
-
-The last time you see your mother alive, you lie.
-
-You lied, and she died.
-
-•
-
-Sunlight is a knife in the morning. There is a predatory quality to its intensity. Opening your eyes, you half expect to disappear. To be absorbed into the ether. When, instead, the world appears, you cannot trust it. You have never seen the world without your mother in it. So how can you be sure that you are seeing it or that this is, in fact, the same “it”?
-
-•
-
-Tell the story well enough, because you got to go to school while she scrubbed toilets.
-
-Tell the story well enough so that time and space will collapse and the two of you will course in a single stream, like water. Tell the story well enough to abolish the end.
-
-Tell the story well enough.
-
-Tell the story well enough.
-
-Tell the story well enough.
-
-Tell the story well enough so that both babies will survive.
-
-•
-
-In your new apartment, you live among your mother’s journals, her shoes, her clock, that strange hanging circle, long ago stopped. Sometimes you wonder if you made her up. Her voice in your head: an incessant pull of you to yourself, your most enduring tether.
-
-Tell me a story, the mother inside you says.
-
-What kind of story? you respond.
-
-Something you read that’s interesting but not too complicated. A story that I can understand.
-
-What comes to mind is the story of the octopus.
-
-The kind I used to cook for you? she asks.
-
-Yes, you say. Like the kind you used to soft-boil for me and marinate with vinegar and sesame oil.
-
-But you know animals don’t interest me.
-
-And why is that?
-
-Because I am not a small child.
-
-Right. I am the child, and I want to tell my mother a story about a mother. A mother who also happens to be an octopus.
-
-She rolls her eyes. Oh, how she rolls her eyes.
-
-Once upon a time there lived a mother octopus. For a long time, she roamed alone on the ocean floor, and then one day she became pregnant.
-
-How did she become pregnant?
-
-Not important to the story. What’s important is that she lays eggs only once in her life.
-
-I hope she lays quality eggs, my mother says, grinning.
-
-Well, there are a lot of them, tiny white beads that float free until she gathers them into clusters with her long arms and twists them into braids, which she hangs from the roof of an underwater cave. She is a very resourceful octopus, you see.
-
-It sounds tedious, your mother says. Not unlike this story.
-
-In the sea, there is no time for exhaustion, you continue, faster, trying to breathe it all out before she interrupts you again. Everything is cold, barren, and dark. Death swallows up whatever is not protected. To keep her eggs growing, the mother must bathe them constantly in new waves of water, nourishing them with oxygen and shielding them from predators and debris.
-
-Do all the mothers do this? she asks. Or just this particular octopus?
-
-All the octopuses who are mothers. They don’t move or eat.
-
-This is not the kind of story I had in mind, she remarks.
-
-A good story moves. It glides and slithers like an octopus in a way that is unexpected yet inevitable.
-
-Yes, I know that. You aren’t smarter than me, you know.
-
-I have always known that.
-
-Well, go on and finish it. What happens to the octopus? When does she get to eat? Will her babies survive?
-
-The babies in the eggs get bigger and stronger. They are eager to begin their own lives. But they are also small. The mother knows this. She, too, has become small. She is weaker now. Without food and exercise, her tangle of arms goes dull and gray. Her eyes sink into their sockets.
-
-I don’t think I like where this is going.
-
-Just bear with me a little longer, you say. When the eggs are about to hatch, the mother octopus thrusts her arms to help the babies emerge; she may throw herself rocks, or mutilate herself. She may consume parts of her own tentacles. This is her final act, you see. And then, with her last bit of strength, she uses her siphon to blow the eggs free. Those perfect miniatures of their mother, with tiny tentacles and an inborn sense of what they must—
-
-No! she interrupts. I see what you are doing.
-
-What? you respond. Jesus, what is it?
-
-You are doing the predictable thing. Just what you say a story is not supposed to do.
-
-I don’t know how to tell it any other way, you say quietly.
-
-Why don’t you have a choice? she asks.
-
-Stop it, stop it! you interject. I am talking to my dead mother in a made-up story. You would never use that word: “choice.”
-
-But I am free to do whatever I want now, she says.
-
-Now that you are dead?
-
-Now that I live only in *your* story.
-
-But my story *is* your story, you say. What am I without you?
-
-A thing that moves, your mother answers. A thing that is alive. ♦
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
----
-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
\ No newline at end of file
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----
-
-Tag: ["🤵🏻", "🇺🇸", "🚺"]
-Date: 2023-11-12
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-11-12
-Link: https://www.trulyadventure.us/a-school-of-their-own
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-11-15]]
-
----
-
-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-ASchoolofTheirOwnNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# A School of Their Own
-
-![](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a238ba10abd049ac5f4f02c/295efa1c-225b-4470-b3ce-ab96bd203bea/School+of+Their+Own_Cover.png)
-
-## Fed up with her job and marriage, a mother walks out on her life and enrolls at her daughter’s college. when an unexpected threat arises, she will have to summon the power to stand up and fight the man.
-
-![](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a238ba10abd049ac5f4f02c/16759fe1-c340-4799-8597-2d3c3a226cef/School2.png)
-
-**SHARON SNOW** was nearly 50 years old and a mother of three when she dropped off her youngest daughter, Elizabeth, at Texas Woman’s University in the fall of 1993. As she looked out across the rolling green campus in north Texas, with its famous redbud tree-lined walkways and red-brick buildings, she couldn’t help but note the difference between TWU and the other (co-ed) schools her older daughters had decided to attend. The tour guides remembered her name, the folks in the administration building, she thought, treated her like an actual person and not just another number. And it seemed like women…. Well, they were just everywhere.
-
-![](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a238ba10abd049ac5f4f02c/627f11d2-85d9-455e-954d-c5f6cdf70135/School3.png)
-
-In the classrooms (both as students and professors), in the residence halls, in the gym: everywhere you looked there were women doing what they wanted, unapologetically, and without a man behind them telling them what to do.
-
-Women had never been the authority in Sharon’s family. A good, Christian girl from Fort Worth, she did what was expected of her after high school, marrying and starting a family. Though she reveled in being a mother, being a wife never suited her. Her husband was strict and urged her into a boring corporate desk job that she hated. Now, after 30 years, she stepped foot on campus and realized she wanted more—she wanted this.
-
-A volunteer gig made her think she could be a good social worker, so she quietly investigated the program at TWU. Could she actually go back to school? It had been years since she’d been in a classroom. And what about Elizabeth? Sharon was “scared to death” of what her daughter might think. As much as she ached for this new beginning, she didn’t want to jeopardize Elizbeth’s experience.
-
-It was Elizabeth, however, who encouraged her to take the leap and start her new journey. “She kept calling me and telling me what an amazing time she was having,” Sharon says. And so she finally admitted to her daughter what she had been thinking about: how she wanted to do some good, how she wanted to help people and be free from the suffocating life in the suburbs. Elizabeth was ecstatic.
-
-In the Summer of 1994, right before Elizabeth’s sophomore year began, Sharon left the ’burbs, her husband and her job—all of them for good—and moved into a tiny one bedroom apartment across the street from campus. It smelled like mold, but she didn’t care. It felt like she was finally home, in a place where she could be the silly, passionate and outrageous Texas woman she knew she was.
-
-It was like a plot straight from a fish-out-of-water Hollywood movie: Elizabeth, the cool 19-year-old sophomore volleyball player, and her mom Sharon, the 47-year-old freshman social work student rediscovering herself. Sharon was Elizabeth’s number-one fan, attending all of her volleyball games, cheering her on side-by-side with friends who were twenty years her junior. She discovered a passion for poetry and performed regularly at open mic nights. Her new young friends were in awe of her, and she became a de facto maternal figure, shooting the shit and talking about sex and relationships while everyone passed around a joint.
-
-“I was just out of a 30 year marriage, and for the first time in my life I could sleep with anyone I chose to, and I was very open about it,” she says. “It was a marvel to me. Sex could be just for sex. It could be fun. It was fun. I could be sexy and flirtatious.” Gone was the shy, scared housewife. “It was totally a rebirth.”
-
-That rebirth came complete with a new mentor: Dawn Tawater, a graduate social work student in her late 20s, a mother of three, and a certified badass.
-
-Once a teenage “dropout derelict” who gave birth to her first child at 16, Dawn had sicced Greenpeace on local governments, worked with civil rights leaders at the Dallas Peace Center, and thrown banners off interstates to protest the Gulf War. “I got thrown out of city hall so many times.” Fierce as hell and cuddly as a bag of nails, she had founded the Denton chapter of the National Organization of Women (NOW) while at TWU, where the group organized Take Back the Night marches, fought for a free speech area on campus, and worked with the NAACP to protest a prison where young black men were dying at alarming rates.
-
-![](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a238ba10abd049ac5f4f02c/fd4a6cbc-1401-4a4e-af24-478be1316a34/School4.png)
-
-The university was an oasis. Initially conceived by the state as a place to produce the perfect wives and mothers, by the 60s it had become a haven for women like Sharon and Dawn who wanted more out of life and had a lot more to give. In the late 80s, TWU won a hard-fought battle against budget-conscious lawmakers who proposed the school might be merged with the larger co-ed school across town. In the afterglow, students like Dawn and Sharon thrived, thrilled to be surrounded by women who were eager to learn and break free from their strict conservative pasts. Sharon’s fears of feeling out of place melted away in the classroom where young mothers brought their infants to class without issue and listened intently when she raised her hand to speak. Dawn, meanwhile, continued her work, bolstering the ranks of NOW to fight injustices on and off campus. They had all found this place, the last public women’s university in the country, where women were encouraged to meet their true potential.
-
-Then one day a rumor began to circulate. Sharon shook her head when she heard, confused. She thought: Why would a man sue to get into TWU?
-
-![](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a238ba10abd049ac5f4f02c/cbc6c652-9606-4d6d-b4fa-4c10dab23b8c/page%2Bbreak%2Bmarker.png)
-
-**STEVEN SERLING** didn’t think it was fair. Not one bit. Why would TWU’s courses be closed to simply on the basis of his gender?
-
-The 35-year-old airline mechanic had been accepted as a nursing student, but when Serling was told he wouldn’t be able to change his major or take classes in the liberal arts programs, he balked. Invoking a recent Supreme Court case in which a woman successfully sued for admittance into the Citadel, a public military college in South Carolina, Serling began to press his case. How was it OK for Shannon Faulkner to demand acceptance to an all-men’s school and yet he couldn’t do the same at a women’s school? Steven wrote to state officials, including then-Governor Ann Richards, alleging TWU’s women-only admissions policy was akin to reverse sexism, funded by taxpayers.
-
-Serling seemed to be itching for a fight, and he came out in the press swinging.
-
-“Everyone has special needs,” he said in a newspaper interview. “Women who feel the need for a special environment because they lack self-esteem need to get professional help.” In a *Houston Chronicle* story, he compared his woes to that of racial segregation. “Separate but equal wasn’t appropriate in the South in the 1950s and it shouldn’t be in Texas in the 1990s.”
-
-Steven’s letter-writing campaign caught the attention of state lawmakers, who not only vowed to bring up the issue at the next legislative session but also contacted the TWU Board of Regents directly to let them know the school was swimming in legal hot water and that the legislature would be forced to act. By December, with the next session only one month away, the TWU Board of Regents was feeling the heat.
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-Sharon was walking out of her women’s studies class when her favorite professor pulled her aside and told her about a Board of Regents meeting being held that night. “You need to go to that meeting,” her professor insisted, “and get as many people there as you can.” Ordinarily the agenda for Board of Regents meetings was distributed to students well in advance. However, the editor of the school paper recalls the agenda was faxed to her office after the final issue of the semester had been sent to the press. “I got the gut feeling that they just didn’t want a large crowd at that meeting,” she’d later tell the *Dallas Observer*.
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-Dawn and Sharon feared men would trample all over TWU, taking precious resources that previously were exclusive to women, a rarity in society. Every student leadership position was held by a woman, every sports team was for women–hell, every scholarship was given to a woman. Men dominated all of these opportunities at practically every single Texas state school at the time. Why, students thought, did they need to take TWU’s?
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-It wasn’t just the school’s identity, however, that was at risk. The threat of shutting down the school entirely was very real. Why would the state support two co-ed schools in one small college town? TWU had just fought off a campaign to merge with the University of North Texas by saying it was unique and special because it was a single sex institution. If that distinction went away, what would keep lawmakers from again recommending to shut it down to save money?
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-Sharon, tipped off by her professor, ran to her tiny apartment across the street from campus, opened up her phone book, and called everyone she knew. Once Dawn got word of the mystery meeting, she lit up her phone tree, full of NOW members, passing along word that something big was going down. That evening, on December 9, 1994, through the efforts of Sharon, Dawn and good-old-fashioned landlines, 200 students packed the ground floor of the Administrative Clock Tower. Upstairs, on the top floor, the Board of Regents gathered for its meeting.
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-Students began to trickle upstairs where they finally understood the gravity of the situation. With only a week left of classes in the semester, and with no input or debate, the Board of Regents was about to vote on one of the most consequential parts of TWU’s identity.
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-Friends sent the message back downstairs, and the packed ocean of students, sitting body-to-body, holding hands, burst into tears. “Hell no, we won’t go!” they began to chant. Others began to sing, flabbergasted that the rumors they had heard all semester were now becoming reality. Upstairs, students did their best to convince the Regents to keep the school single sex.
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-They didn’t know it, but that ocean of students, rallied by Sharon and Dawn, were part of the gravitational pull that was creating the third-wave feminist movement. The movement built on the civil rights advances for women in the 60s and 70s but sought to be more intersectional, lifting up the voices of not only white, elite women, but also women of color and women from all economic backgrounds. TWU was the working woman’s university, the students argued, the last public women’s university in the country, which offered affordable tuition to women across the country. Tuition at TWU in 1994 was around $1,200 a semester for an in-state, undergraduate student. Meanwhile, tuition at an elite, private women’s college like Wellesley cost up to $9,000 a semester.
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-It didn’t matter. The meeting was a formality. The public portion ended, and the crowd eventually dispersed. Sharon, Dawn and a handful of other students walked the five minutes to Dawn’s house, just off campus, to commiserate. The phone rang later that night with the official news: it wasn’t even close. By a vote of 6-1, the school would officially begin accepting male students in all programs effective the fall of 1995.
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-A crushing weight settled on Sharon. It was a betrayal. A lesson from her women’s studies class echoed in her mind. Perpetrators groom their targets by making them feel safe. They wait until no one is around to attack. It was happening right now, she thought. Had TWU groomed her? This was supposed to be her safe place, where her voice mattered, but now she wasn’t so sure. All she knew was she had never been angrier. And now she felt she had the tools to do something about it.
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-![](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a238ba10abd049ac5f4f02c/cbc6c652-9606-4d6d-b4fa-4c10dab23b8c/page%2Bbreak%2Bmarker.png)
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-**DAWN’S PLACE,** a three-bedroom house, nestled right behind a TWU high-rise full of classrooms, was old, its white paint cracked and peeling. Its most distinguishing feature was a large concrete porch out front that connected to the living room via handsome French doors. It was the perfect place to hang out, smoke, listen to music, and maybe start a movement. “Everybody who was anybody in feminism, the second wave of the hippie movement, we all knew it all started and stopped at Dawn’s house,” says Tracey Elliott, a TWU and NOW alumna who described Dawn as a mix of Bob Dylan and the Black Panther party.
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-Shell-shocked at the Regent’s decision, Dawn, Sharon, Tracey and the other few women lit up their phone trees again. They weren’t done fighting. The next evening, students overflowed from inside Dawn’s home out onto her porch and front yard. They were starting a protest group, she said, and Protesting 101 with Professor Dawn was officially in session. They went over goals, what to wear to a protest, what your rights were if law enforcement harassed you, how to handle the media, and the basic strategies to keep the public pressure on the administration.
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-The students, many of whom had grown up in conservative households and had never been to a protest before, listened intently as Dawn spoke. “There I was,” Tracey says, “this girl who went to a redneck high school where everyone was wearing ropers and jeans, with the belt to match and all that, and suddenly I’m in this world where I’m surrounded by people listening to the Indigo Girls all day long and talking about all these issues, women’s issues, and how we needed to be part of making a world a better place.”
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-A sheet of paper circulated as Dawn spoke. She told the group to write their names down if they’d be willing, if it ever got to that point, to be arrested. “I explained what civil disobedience was and that these people would have to be willing to go to jail,” she says. About 20 women signed up, including Sharon.
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-Dawn kept the sheet of names to herself and looked up at the crowd. The group would need a name and a mission to be their north star. After a quick vote, the Texas Woman’s University Preservation Society was officially born. Their mission? To preserve, uphold, and progress women’s equality in all facets of society. Their first challenge? Saving their school.
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-![](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a238ba10abd049ac5f4f02c/cbc6c652-9606-4d6d-b4fa-4c10dab23b8c/page%2Bbreak%2Bmarker.png)
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-**FINALS** were only a week away with the holiday break not far behind. Keeping up their momentum was critical. Like army ants at their colony, TWUPS members came and went through Dawn’s house at all hours of the day—the front door always unlocked for easy access. Members laid in the grass in the front yard painting signs for rallies. Inside, Dawn’s kitchen table was turned into a sewing station where sheets found at Goodwill were stitched together into 20-foot banners. Elsewhere, members talked strategy, did radio interviews with morning talk show hosts, and socialized while lounging on the front porch hammock. Two members even got on the phone second-wave feminist icon Gloria Stienem, who wished them luck with the fight.
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-When Dawn was home, it was a full house. She had just separated from her husband, a police officer in Dallas, and was the primary caregiver for her three kids, all under the age of 10. Gillian Williams, a TWU alumni and friend of Dawn’s, recalls playing with the youngsters, sipping on lemonade, and going over the group’s plans. She had spent her time at TWU protesting the lack of women of color in their women’s studies program, so she had her own experience getting the attention of the administration.
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-The night before the first rally, Dawn called Sharon and told her she’d be the one to speak to the crowd. Sharon demurred, unsure of her abilities as a public speaker, but Dawn insisted. It was part of her plan to decentralize the power in the group. “I didn’t want any of that patriarchal, hierarchical shit,” she says.
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-It was a complete 180 from the years of being silenced by her husband. She was in awe of Dawn, this woman with so much raw power inside of her. Dawn was unafraid. So unafraid, in fact, that she’d cede her power to Sharon. What did Dawn see in her? Could she see it in herself? She knew she had a voice, and no matter how terrifying the prospect, it was time to use it.
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-The next day, clad in a custom-made white long-sleeve shirt with their name and logo (the female gender symbol) on the front and their slogan (“Texas Woman’s University - Keep it That Way!”) on the back, Sharon stood up in front of around 400 students and local media. She had stayed up all night working on her speech. In the front row she noticed her daughter Elizabeth. Breathing deeply, she opened her mouth and heard the words tumble out. Gone was the meek housewife. Sharon Snow had something important to say. When she was done, she looked at her daughter in the front row, who was crying. Sharon felt a wave of purpose and energy coursing through her. “This is power,” she thought.
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-![](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a238ba10abd049ac5f4f02c/df223283-6f1b-41bb-b528-87a056e798b2/451777cb-b83d-46a7-a939-3dd1e620d4b6.png)
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-Courtesy of Rebeca Vanderburg
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-For a week the group held rallies, sit-ins and candlelight vigils across campus, giving speeches, waving their homemade signs, and chanting for the Board of Regents to reverse the vote. The Preservation Society organized a “girl-cott” of the bookstore, dressed up “Minerva,” a 15-foot-tall Pioneer Woman statue on campus, in a mourning black hood and cape, and sported their own matching black armbands.
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-But as the rallies continued, the crowds began to shrink, with fewer new faces showing up each time. Dawn and Sharon recognized the group wasn’t growing and needed a new way to get their message out. “I remember thinking we needed more allies and more voices,” another TWUPS member told me. It was time for some civil disobedience.
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-Memories are hazy, but members recall surreptitiously creeping through campus at night, dressed in black, with flashlights, rope and banners in hand. Supportive faculty and buildings with unminded locks gained them access to rooftops and various landings on campus where TWUPS members tied enormous 20-foot banners with messages of resistance to coeducation. *BETRAYED* screamed one dangling from a 21-story residence tower. *REVERSE THE VOTE* read another one, successfully unfurled off a classroom building after a 70-year-old visiting professor caught the students trying to use a credit card to jimmy a door and let them in with his own key. For the young women, all of the undercover operations and sneaking around was exhilarating. Rebeca Vanderbug, one of the younger students in the group, remembers exactly how it felt to her: “It was like ‘Mission Impossible.’”
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-**ROBIN DEISHER** and Amy Nickum, two young Preservation Society members, pressed their bodies to the floor, frozen, as a TWU police cruiser slowly passed beneath them. The pedestrian bridge arching over the main artery of campus had for years greeted students and visitors with its stately letters spelling out the name of the university. Tonight, if they weren’t caught, that would change.
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-Amy had no fear. She knew she wasn’t doing anything wrong. She had never been a bad kid, never stolen anything or defaced property before, especially not at TWU. The school was like a second home to her. As a kid she’d spend hours at the chapel on campus and at the library while her mother completed her PhD. Later, when her mother returned as a professor, it was a no-brainer where Amy would attend college. And so, when the Board of Regents and the likes of Steven Serling were threatening to take her home away, Amy knew what she had to do. “I was going to push back,” she told me. “Hard.”
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-When the coast was clear, Robin and Amy got back to work. They reached down, their arms and heads poking out on either side between the guardrails, and pried off what they had come for. Around the corner, Sharon’s daughter, Elizabeth, waited in the getaway car.
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-Students and faculty the next morning were left agog when they spotted the duo’s handiwork. “It was all over campus, all anyone could talk about!” says Dr. Linda Marshall, Amy’s mother. “Everyone woke up and saw the bridge and said ‘The W and the O are missing! It says Texas Man’s University!’”
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-![](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a238ba10abd049ac5f4f02c/b16c9862-f71c-4dcd-b3ac-94ce7fe68fef/School7.png)
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-Deborah Bono/Courtesy of the Denton Public Library
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-**THE OLD GUARD** was not pleased. The mostly traditional and conservative members of the TWU Alumni Association generally believed in the Preservation Society and their mission but were horrified by the escalating tactics. They thought fighting the Regents in the courtroom and out of the eyes of the press was the more appropriate channel to enact change. The banners, bridge prank and slogans written in shoe polish all over campus windows rankled the older women. To them, the Preservation Society was embarrassing and making their school ugly.
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-Excoriating the increasing militancy of the protests, the alumni formed a group with straight and narrow student leaders and faculty members who together filed a lawsuit against the Board of Regents in an effort to reverse the vote. Even Sharon, who could operate both as a rebel and as a level-headed student, was invited to sign on the lawsuit. Though she maintained her allegiance to TWUPS, she also joined the alumni-led group, signing onto the lawsuit to work the “proper channels” and keep tabs on their efforts. The group argued the Board had violated the Texas Open Meetings Act by not giving the community sufficient notice for a meeting that should have been open to the public. The group also argued that since TWU was chartered by the state legislature as a women’s university, only the legislature, and not the Board, had the authority to change its founding mission of being a school for women.
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-Dawn, through her experience as a radical protestor, knew that asking politely rarely effected change.
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-“The alumni basically had that old-school mindset that we have to be all please-and-thank-you route with this thing,” says Tracey. “Dawn basically said, no, we’re going to take the ‘fuck-you’ route, and that was never going to jive with women who went to TWU in the ‘70s. We were really fighting, and they were not. They were handbag clutchers, and we were not.” Just as they had suspected, winter break killed a lot of momentum for the Preservation Society. The rallies had flamed out and the banners never flew for longer than a day, ripped up and dumped in the free speech area Dawn had procured for the school in years prior. The group needed to change course. “If they’re not gonna let us maintain a symbolic presence,” she asked Sharon, “what do we do?”
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-Dawn knew they needed something big and splashy, something that would look great on the evening news and in the papers.
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-Sharon poured some coffee while Dawn explained. “Do you remember that Kevin Costner movie?” Dawn asked, not quite recalling 1989’s “Field of Dreams.” “If you build it,” she said, reciting the famous line, “they will come.”
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-![](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a238ba10abd049ac5f4f02c/e8da51ca-7cc4-4a75-8f1b-79bdb3721b97/Untitled+design+%2812%29.png)
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-A sign at tent city. Courtesy of Rebecca Vanderburg.
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-“What if we build a tent city?” Dawn asked. It would be their biggest and boldest act of civil disobedience yet. They would literally set up a village of tents on campus and live out of them for as long as they needed, talking to curious lookie-loos, answering questions from students and the media, and, most importantly, applying pressure on the University. Sharon’s eyes lit up with excitement. “Oh my God,” she said. “I love you!”
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-With a new project at hand, the group sprung back to life as students returned from winter break. Flyers with the ominous Kevin Costner phrase covered the school and downtown area, piquing the interest of community members. “The next day people were saying ‘Well what are you going to build? What’s going on?’” Sharon recalls. “It was very cinematic.” The group rounded up all the tents they could find, even pilfering through their families’ camping gear to gather what they needed and got ready to set up their tent city.
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-At 6:30 a.m. in late January 1995, members gathered at Dawn’s house, their cars packed with tents. They talked over their strategy: first, park the cars in the visitors lot, close to the target. Hubbard Lawn was the center of campus and stretched from the library to the student union, the perfect location for maximum exposure. Next, scramble out and set up the tents as fast as possible. Finally, make a scene when administrators and Public Safety show up to try and shut them down.
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-A view of tent city. Courtesy of Rebecca Vanderburg.
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-The drive to campus only took one minute, but it was indelible for Sharon, the most profound moment of her life. As they drove past quiet houses and empty streets, she thought, “I can’t do this. I can’t do this. My momma didn’t raise me to do this.” She was a church-going little kid, not a revolutionary. But as the car pulled up to the center of campus, she thought of herself as something more. A person who believed in women. Someone who could get up in front of hundreds of people and give an impassioned speech. A person with a voice and a cause that mattered. She was at a crossroads. Would she be the little kid in the white patent leather shoes? Or would she be the woman who stood up for what she believed in?
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-She opened the car door and, as her feet hit the ground, she knew.
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-The members flew out of the cars, their tents and other supplies in hand. Tents went up quickly along with handmade signs and a makeshift flagpole, proclaiming their territory and mission. About 15 tents in total were erected. Then…nothing.
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-“We sat around all day,” recalls Dawn. “Like, where are the cops? Where are the pigs? Where’s the fuzz?”
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-The women had assumed once the school awoke DPS would be immediately alerted and Preservation Nation would be stormed and taken down. Instead, administrators let the scene play out. “They’d send pizza out,” Robin says, “and Dawn would say ‘Don’t eat it! They’re trying to win your affection!’ We didn’t accept anything.”
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-Music from Tracy Chapman and Janis Ian filled the air as members painted tents with peace signs and the female symbol. A large white walk-in tent was dubbed “The White House.” Members brought their dogs and kids to play hacky sack, kick ball, dance, and read together. Saul Alinsky’s “Rules for Radicals” was one of Dawn’s favorites.
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-For many of the members, tent city was their new home. “I would wake up at tent city, go home to eat, go to class, and then just come back,” remembers Jennifer Foreman. “My life didn’t stop, it was just like, OK, now I live in a tent.” Not every member slept at tent city, but for those who did, the freezing nights were the hardest to endure. They set up a trash can fire to keep warm, but DPS, who frequently patrolled the area, quickly took it down. With no electrical outlets, campers turned to propane heaters for warmth.
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-![](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a238ba10abd049ac5f4f02c/4062e0e3-0711-48fd-9a2f-a337c1efc8b8/School6.png)
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-Beyond students who would visit for questions, the group fielded media from all over, including a young Scott Pelley, who at the time was assigned in Dallas for CBS. The *Associated Press*, *The New York Times*, *The Chronicle of Higher Education*, and the local NPR affiliate KERA all wanted access. “The Battle of the Sexes,” as one headline put it, now had a headquarters.
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-Perhaps the most endearing of their visitors was a group of elderly women who had driven across the state in an Oldsmobile to drop off cookies and chat, along with an employee over at the local art house theater, who brought leftover popcorn every night.
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-Other visitors, however, were less kind. One night, the women were jolted awake after a car parked nearby turned on their high beams and blasted Pink Floyd’s “Dirty Woman.” On another occassion, someone else drove by, yelled a homophobic slur, and threw a bottle at one of the few male Preservation Society members—a husband whose wife was a student at TWU and TWUPS member. “I had never been called a dyke before!” he recalled years later.
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-Men piled into pickup trucks and mooned the group while shouting they were a bunch of cunts and whores. Sharon and her friends laughed the assaults off, even more sure of their mission to keep men like these out of TWU. “What did they think they were going to do?” Sharon says. “We had just built a city out of tents in the middle of the campus. Were they going to scare us by calling us cunts? Not likely.”
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-![](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a238ba10abd049ac5f4f02c/cbc6c652-9606-4d6d-b4fa-4c10dab23b8c/page%2Bbreak%2Bmarker.png)
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-**TWELVE DAYS** after Preservation Nation was erected, the few students who had braved the 25 degree weather woke up with a start. The smell of smoke wafted through the quiet, frigid night.
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-A fire was burning.
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-A 14-year-old boy, the son of a member who was a single mother, had kicked over a space heater while doing his homework, starting a small fire that burned through the plastic roof of his tent. There were only 3 or 4 people at tent city on this night because of the cold. Rebeca Vanderburg was one of the students there. “It was like, everybody up and out of their tents,” she says, “and oh my God, oh my God.”
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-Dawn and Sharon had questioned whether they should allow kids to spend the night at tent city, especially on school nights, but decided they didn’t want to alienate members who were single mothers. Fearing the ire of his mother more than a potential blaze, the boy used his hands to pat out the fire, burning himself in the process.
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-Dawn knew they had been rankling administrators and members of the alumni-led lawsuit group. The chairwoman of the alumni group, Dr. Bettye Myers, had been by tent city earlier in the week and had a confrontation with Dawn, yelling at her to tell everyone to take down tent city and leave. Dawn refused.
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-In the hours after the fire, administrators finally made their move and demanded tent city be shut down. They said it was no longer a safe environment. The Preservation Society was told they could either take their things and go or tent city would be taken by force. “Bettye stomped out of here and had them do this to us,” Dawn told the Denton Record Chronicle in 1995. “This has nothing to do with safety. The fire was put out with a fire extinguisher. The boy was taken to a doctor and he only suffered minor burns.” It didn’t matter.
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-Everything was coming to a head.
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-Word spread from tent city about the news, and a small group retreated to Dawn’s house. Dawn pulled out the list of the 20 students who said they were willing to get arrested back when the group was formed. Six were standing in front of her. “This is the moment,” Dawn said. Sharon’s daughter Elizabeth, and her roommate Jennifer, wiped the tears from their eyes and found their conviction. Rebecca, sitting on the driveway, worried what her mom and stepdad were going to think when she told them she was arrested. Amy, who had helped snatch the “WO” off the campus bridge, was scared, but her conscience was clear. If she was going to have something on her record, this is what she wanted it for. They decided to get into Robin’s tent, “The White House,” since it was the largest, and not move. Six young women, all between the ages of 18 and 20, would take the final stand for the Preservation Society.
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-Afraid her ex-husband might take her kids away, Dawn couldn’t join them. Instead, she got on the phone and contacted a lawyer to help free the girls after the conflict.
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-For Elizabeth, before any arrests were made, she knew she had to call her mom.
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-**SHARON HUNG UP** the phone at the NordicTrack store where she worked with fellow TWUPS member Robin. “They’re getting arrested in your tent!” she yelled to her.
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-Robin perked up as Sharon raced out of the store. “Good, get in there!”
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-Back at TWU, the six young women made it to “The White House” and held hands in a circle as day made way to evening. They could hear DPS and campus custodial crews tearing down Preservation Nation around them, throwing out the tents they had collected and tearing down their flagpole. Finally, the White House was the only tent left. Time slowed down as the voices of DPS officers began getting louder and louder, telling them to come out. Jennifer remembers their condescending voices well. “Do you girls really want to get in trouble for this?” “We know you’re good girls and just want to come out.”
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-Rebecca remembers DPS finally threatening the group with pepper spray. “My memory is \[they said\] you can either come out of this tent or we’re gonna pepper spray you. And so we’re like, ‘I think we’re not going to get pepper sprayed’ and then they told us we were under arrest and for us to sit down.”
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-Preservation Nation had fallen. The six students hooked arms and walked together as DPS escorted them to the campus station, a mix of uncertainty and dread running through them all. This was Texas in 1995, and not Dallas or Houston, but a small speck of a college town closer to Oklahoma than Austin. Before their time at TWU, before they were inspired by Dawn and all of her fuck-the-man bravado, they would never have dreamed of putting themselves in a situation where they could be arrested. For them, they might as well have been TWU’s Most Wanted.
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-They were put at ease when they found Dawn and a lawyer at the station, ready to fight. “There were no handcuffs or bars or anything,” Elizabeth says. “The lawyer came in and was like, don’t freak out,” Jennifer says. “They’re full of shit, this is not a big deal, don’t be scared by these assholes.” In the end, DPS scolded the group and said they’d be reprimanded by the administration at a later date.
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-By the time Sharon arrived, the young women were free, crying and hugging each other. The shy conservative girls who’d never even considered talking back to authority were long gone. Even though the school was still on track for coeducation, they had at least tried to do something and let administrators know how important it was that there was a school in Texas that let women fight back. “It felt like we had done something big in at least fighting until the last second and feeling some celebration in that,” Jennifer says. “We felt like we won because we didn’t give up.”
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-![](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a238ba10abd049ac5f4f02c/3bf81b77-6ddf-4632-8aa4-5066a7f9cd48/page%2Bbreak%2Bmarker.png)
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-**IN THE END** the administration got its way — but not without an embarrassing fight with a motivated cross section of its student body.
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-The alumni lawsuit also bore no fruit. In 1996, a judge finally ruled that the Board of Regents was within its powers when it voted to make the school co-ed. That same year, however, Lenni Lissberger, the editor of the student newspaper at the time, won a battle to legally make the school more transparent about its business operations. Still fuming that the school had gotten away with the short notice about the regents meeting, she worked with lawyers and lawmakers to draft a bill that requires universities to post notice of their meetings in the county where said meetings will take place, not just in Austin, as the law had previously stated. The bill passed unanimously and is still Texas state law, impacting the entire spectrum of issues at state-funded universities, including those that impact women on campus.
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-Ironically, and perhaps aided by the powerful showing of the group Dawn and Sharon helped lead, opening its doors to men indirectly led to the creation of TWU’s master’s degree program in women’s studies, the first of its kind in the state. Long in gestation, the passion for keeping TWU a place “primarily for women” was the fuel administrators needed to make the program a reality. The same year the school became co-ed, it also began requiring all students to take a women’s studies course, a requirement students must still fulfill before graduating.
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-Steven Serling, the would-be nursing student who had cried reverse sexism, was no doubt aware of the frenzy he inspired. Any preliminary exuberance might well have turned to panic as the dedication of the resistance intensified. Despite technically winning his campaign, Serling never showed up for his first class and was never seen on campus again.
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-In the Fall of 1994, when the Preservation Society was formed, TWU had just over 10,000 students. Today, it has over 16,000, an all-time high. The school still only has women’s sports teams, and the male population has never risen over 10 percent of the student body. I graduated from TWU in 2010, and, as a cisgendered man, I am keenly aware of how complicated my membership is in the long history of an institution created as a space for women.
-
-So why go to a women’s college today, especially one that isn’t even exclusively for women? Preservation Society member Christina Krause Marks told me in anticipation of our conversation that she thought about the people she works with as a therapist who don’t fit so neatly into the male/female construct. “The whole nonbinary perspective has really turned this all on its ear.” She says it’s more important to focus on questioning power structures rather than centralizing the conversation around a she-versus-he scenario, which excludes students that don’t fit that categorization. Back in 1995, she says, “Trans women were not part of the conversation, you know? There are parts of pro-women history that I’m not proud of the more I learn about it.”
-
-For most of the Preservation Society members I spoke to, TWU is a happy memory to revisit. I spoke over the phone with Elizabeth, now a teacher and musician living just outside Austin, with her children popping in occasionally, wondering what was keeping their mom from the dinner table. Sharon pursued her dream of influencing large groups of people and became a professor, first at Virginia Tech and later at the University of Vermont. “I’ve told my students over and over again, you can take over the administration building. Just do it. Just go do it!” Dawn, meanwhile, teaches sociology at Austin Community College, the inkwell of her TWU memories a mix of pride and sadness. “I have to tell you my impression is that I’m sort of the Voldemort of TWU,” she told me the first time we spoke back in 2019, hurt that the school hadn’t ever celebrated the work of the Preservation Society. She presumes it is because she’d been (and still is) critical of the school and is unwilling to dull her edge. “They want to keep things nice, sweet and civil,” she says, a wry smile on her face. “I’m not for the purge or anything like that, but there’s a time and a place.”
-
-It’s easy to see what Dawn sees—a battle lost and a group largely forgotten by a university now only primarily for women. But if you look closer, it’s also easy to see the threads of the Preservation Society’s legacy that have stitched together a thriving university.
-
-In May 2021, TWU celebrated as the Texas Legislature passed legislation establishing TWU as its very own university system, not unlike other state schools who have a main campus and numerous satellites. In addition to the expansion of operations across their three campuses, perhaps this new system cements TWU’s status as a school whose existence isn’t up for debate any longer. The TWU system is the nation’s first and only university system with a focus on women.
-
-![](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a238ba10abd049ac5f4f02c/f2d26ed2-5a12-4087-b638-1d18241f3e5b/School1.png)
-
-For a new generation of bright minds and powerful voices, Texas Woman’s University, once again, has been reborn.
-
-![](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a238ba10abd049ac5f4f02c/a6c7e6cc-3ea5-42cc-9116-e5216b31de34/page%2Bbreak%2Bmarker.png)
-
-*LUIS RENDON* Originally from South Texas, Luis G. Rendon is a journalist living in New York City. He writes about Tejano food and culture for Texas Monthly and Texas Highways.
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-For all rights inquiries, email team@trulyadventure.us.
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-Date: 2023-07-31
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-```button
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-&emsp;
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-# A Small-Town Paper Lands a Very Big Story
-
-Listen to this article.
-
-Bruce Willingham, fifty-two years a newspaperman, owns and publishes the McCurtain *Gazette,* in McCurtain County, Oklahoma, a rolling sweep of timber and lakes that forms the southeastern corner of the state. McCurtain County is geographically larger than Rhode Island and less populous than the average Taylor Swift concert. Thirty-one thousand people live there; forty-four hundred buy the *Gazette*, which has been in print since 1905, before statehood. At that time, the paper was known as the Idabel *Signal*, referring to the county seat. An early masthead proclaimed “*INDIAN TERRITORY, CHOCTAW NATION*.”
-
-Willingham bought the newspaper in 1988, with his wife, Gwen, who gave up a nursing career to become the *Gazette’s* accountant. They operate out of a storefront office in downtown Idabel, between a package-shipping business and a pawnshop. The staff parks out back, within sight of an old Frisco railway station, and enters through the “morgue,” where the bound archives are kept. Until recently, no one had reason to lock the door during the day.
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-Three days a week (five, before the pandemic), readers can find the latest on rodeo queens, school cafeteria menus, hardwood-mill closings, heat advisories. Some headlines: “Large Cat Sighted in Idabel,” “Two of State’s Three Master Bladesmiths Live Here,” “Local Singing Group Enjoys Tuesdays.” Anyone who’s been cited for speeding, charged with a misdemeanor, applied for a marriage license, or filed for divorce will see his or her name listed in the “District Court Report.” In Willingham’s clutterbucket of an office, a hulking microfiche machine sits alongside his desktop computer amid lunar levels of dust; he uses the machine to unearth and reprint front pages from long ago. In 2017, he transported readers to 1934 via a banner headline: “*NEGRO SLAYER OF WHITE MAN KILLED*.” The area has long been stuck with the nickname Little Dixie.
-
-*Gazette* articles can be shorter than recipes, and what they may lack in detail, context, and occasionally accuracy, they make up for by existing at all. The paper does more than probe the past or keep tabs on the local felines. “We’ve investigated county officials *a lot*,” Willingham, who is sixty-eight, said the other day. The *Gazette* exposed a county treasurer who allowed elected officials to avoid penalties for paying their property taxes late, and a utilities company that gouged poor customers while lavishing its executives with gifts. “To most people, it’s Mickey Mouse stuff,” Willingham told me. “But the problem is, if you let them get away with it, it gets worse and worse and worse.”
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27929)
-
-“And how long till they start saying ‘the Great’ after my name?”
-
-Cartoon by Maddie Dai
-
-The Willinghams’ oldest son, Chris, and his wife, Angie, work at the *Gazette*, too. They moved to Idabel from Oklahoma City in the spring of 2005, not long after graduating from college. Angie became an editor, and Chris covered what is known in the daily-news business as cops and courts. Absurdity often made the front page—a five-m.p.h. police “chase” through town, a wayward snake. Three times in one year, the paper wrote about assaults in which the weapon was chicken and dumplings. McCurtain County, which once led the state in homicides, also produces more sinister blotter items: a man cashed his dead mother’s Social Security checks for more than a year; a man killed a woman with a hunting bow and two arrows; a man raped a woman in front of her baby.
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-In a small town, a dogged reporter is inevitably an unpopular one. It isn’t easy to write about an old friend’s felony drug charge, knowing that you’re going to see him at church. When Chris was a teen-ager, his father twice put *him* in the paper, for the misdemeanors of stealing beer, with buddies, at a grocery store where one of them worked, and parking illegally—probably with those same buddies, definitely with beer—on a back-road bridge, over a good fishing hole.
-
-Chris has a wired earnestness and a voice that carries. Listening to a crime victim’s story, he might boom, “*Gollll-ly!*” Among law-enforcement sources, “Chris was respected because he always asked questions about how the system works, about proper procedure,” an officer said. Certain cops admired his willingness to pursue uncomfortable truths even if those truths involved one of their own. “If I was to do something wrong—on purpose, on accident—Chris Willingham one hundred per cent would write my butt in the paper, on the front page, in bold letters,” another officer, who has known him for more than a decade, told me.
-
-In the summer of 2021, Chris heard that there were morale problems within the McCurtain County Sheriff’s Office. The sheriff, Kevin Clardy, who has woolly eyebrows and a mustache, and often wears a cowboy hat, had just started his second term. The first one had gone smoothly, but now, according to some colleagues, Clardy appeared to be playing favorites.
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-The current discord stemmed from two recent promotions. Clardy had brought in Larry Hendrix, a former deputy from another county, and, despite what some considered to be weak investigative skills, elevated him to undersheriff—second-in-command. Clardy had also hired Alicia Manning, who had taken up law enforcement only recently, in her forties. Rookies typically start out on patrol, but Clardy made Manning an investigator. Then he named her captain, a newly created position, from which she oversaw the department’s two dozen or so deputies and managed cases involving violence against women and children. Co-workers were dismayed to see someone with so little experience rise that quickly to the third most powerful rank. “Never patrolled one night, never patrolled one day, in any law-enforcement aspect, anywhere in her life, and you’re gonna bring her in and stick her in high crimes?” one officer who worked with her told me.
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-Chris was sitting on a tip that Clardy favored Manning because the two were having an affair. Then, around Thanksgiving, 2021, employees at the county jail, whose board is chaired by the sheriff, started getting fired, and quitting. The first to go was the jail’s secretary, who had worked there for twenty-six years. The jail’s administrator resigned on the spot rather than carry out the termination; the secretary’s husband, the jail’s longtime handyman, quit, too. When Chris interviewed Clardy about the unusual spate of departures, the sheriff pointed out that employment in Oklahoma is at will. “It is what it is,” he said. In response to a question about nepotism, involving the temporary promotion of his stepdaughter’s husband, Clardy revealed that he had been divorced for a few months and separated for more than a year. Chris asked, “Are you and Alicia having sex?” Clardy repeatedly said no, insisting, “We’re good friends. Me and Larry’s good friends, but I’m not having sex with Larry, either.”
-
-Meanwhile, someone had sent Chris photographs of the department’s evidence room, which resembled a hoarder’s nest. The mess invited speculation about tainted case material. In a front-page story, branded “first of a series,” the *Gazette* printed the images, along with the news that Hendrix and Manning were warning deputies to stop all the “backdoor talk.” The sheriff told staffers that anyone who spoke to the *Gazette* would be fired.
-
-Manning has thick, ash-streaked hair, a direct manner, and what seems to be an unwavering loyalty to Clardy. She offered to help him flush out the leakers, and told another colleague that she wanted to obtain search warrants for cell phones belonging to deputies. When Chris heard that Manning wanted to confiscate *his* phone, he called the Oklahoma Press Association—and a lawyer. (Oklahoma has a shield law, passed in the seventies, which is designed to protect journalists’ sources.) The lawyer advised Chris to leave his phone behind whenever he went to the sheriff’s department. Angie was prepared to remotely wipe the device if Chris ever lost possession of it.
-
-John Jones, a narcotics detective in his late twenties, cautioned Manning against abusing her authority. Jones was the sheriff’s most prolific investigator, regarded as a forthright and talented young officer—a “velociraptor,” according to one peer. He had documented the presence of the Sinaloa cartel in McCurtain County, describing meth smuggled from Mexico in shipments of pencils, and cash laundered through local casinos. Jones had filed hundreds of cases between 2019 and most of 2021, compared with a couple of dozen by Manning and Hendrix combined. The *Gazette* reported that, on December 1st—days after confronting Manning—Jones was bumped down to patrol. The next day, he quit.
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-Within the week, Hendrix fired the department’s second most productive investigator, Devin Black. An experienced detective in his late thirties, Black had just recovered nearly a million dollars’ worth of stolen tractors and construction equipment, a big deal in a county whose economy depends on agriculture and tourism. (At Broken Bow Lake, north of Idabel, newcomers are building hundreds of luxury cabins in Hochatown, a resort area known as the Hamptons of Dallas-Fort Worth.) Black said nothing publicly after his departure, but Jones published an open letter in the *Gazette*, accusing Hendrix of neglecting the case of a woman who said that she was raped at gunpoint during a home invasion. The woman told Jones that she had been restrained with duct tape during the attack, and that the tape might still be at her house. Hendrix, Jones wrote, “never followed up or even reached out to the woman again.” Curtis Fields, a jail employee who had recently been fired, got a letter of his own published in the *Gazette*. He wrote that the sheriff’s “maladministration” was “flat-out embarrassing to our entire county,” and, worse, put “many cases at risk.”
-
-Around this time, Hendrix was moved over to run the jail, and Clardy hired Alicia Manning’s older brother, Mike, to be the new undersheriff. Mike, who had long worked part time as a local law-enforcement officer, owned IN-Sight Technologies, a contractor that provided CCTV, security, and I.T. services to the county, including the sheriff’s department. The Willinghams observed that his new position created a conflict of interest. In late December, the day after Mike’s appointment, Chris and Bruce went to ask him about it. Mike said that he had resigned as IN-Sight’s C.E.O. that very day and, after some prodding, acknowledged that he had transferred ownership of the company—to his wife. He assured the Willinghams that IN-Sight’s business with McCurtain County was “minuscule.” According to records that I requested from the county clerk, McCurtain County has issued at least two hundred and thirty-nine thousand dollars in purchase orders to the company since 2016. The county commissioners have authorized at least eighty thousand dollars in payments to IN-Sight since Mike became undersheriff.
-
-Mike urged the Willinghams to focus on more important issues. When he said, “I’m not here to be a whipping post, because there’s a lot of crime going on right now,” Chris replied, “Oh, yeah, I agree.” The undersheriff claimed to have no problem with journalists, saying, “I’m a constitutional guy.”
-
-State “sunshine” laws require government officials to do the people’s business in public: most records must be accessible to anyone who wishes to see them, and certain meetings must be open to anyone who would like to attend. Bruce Willingham once wrote, “We are aggressive about protecting the public’s access to records and meetings, because we have found that if we don’t insist on both, often no one else will.” The Center for Public Integrity grades each state on the quality of its open-government statutes and practices. At last check, Oklahoma, along with ten other states, got an F.
-
-In January, 2022, Chris noticed a discrepancy between the number of crimes listed in the sheriff’s logbook and the correlating reports made available to him. Whereas he once saw thirty to forty reports per week, he now saw fewer than twenty. “The ones that I get are like ‘loose cattle on somebody’s land,’ all very minor stuff,” he told me. He often didn’t find out about serious crime until it was being prosecuted. In his next article, he wrote that fifty-three reports were missing, including information about “a shooting, a rape, an elementary school teacher being unknowingly given marijuana cookies by a student and a deputy allegedly shooting out the tires” of a car. The headline was “*Sheriff Regularly Breaking Law Now*.”
-
-Two weeks later, the sheriff’s department landed back on page 1 after four felons climbed through the roof of the jail, descended a radio tower, and fled—the first escape in twenty-three years. Chris reported that prisoners had been sneaking out of the jail throughout the winter to pick up “drugs, cell phones and beer” at a nearby convenience store.
-
-Three of the escapees were still at large when, late one Saturday night in February, Alyssa Walker-Donaldson, a former Miss McCurtain County, vanished after leaving a bar in Hochatown. When the sheriff’s department did not appear to be exacting in its search, volunteers mounted their own. It was a civilian in a borrowed Cessna who spotted Walker-Donaldson’s white S.U.V. at the bottom of Broken Bow Lake. An autopsy showed that she had suffered acute intoxication by alcohol and drowned in what was described as an accident. The findings failed to fully explain how Walker-Donaldson, who was twenty-four, wound up in the water, miles from where she was supposed to be, near a boat ramp at the end of a winding road. “Even the U.P.S. man can’t get down there,” Walker-Donaldson’s mother, Carla Giddens, told me. Giddens wondered why all five buttons on her daughter’s high-rise jeans were undone, and why her shirt was pushed above her bra. She told a local TV station, “Nothing was handled right when it came to her.” Giddens suspected that the sheriff’s disappointing search could be attributed to the fact that her daughter was Black and Choctaw. (She has since called for a new investigation.)
-
-Not long after that, the sheriff’s department responded to a disturbance at a roadside deli. A deputy, Matt Kasbaum, arrived to find a man hogtied on the pavement; witnesses, who said that the man had broken a door and was trying to enter people’s vehicles, had trussed him with cord. “Well, this is interesting,” Kasbaum remarked. He handcuffed the man, Bobby Barrick, who was forty-five, then cut loose the cord and placed him in the back seat of a patrol unit. An E.M.S. crew arrived to examine Barrick. “He’s doped up *hard*,” Kasbaum warned. When he opened the door, Barrick tried to kick his way out, screaming “Help me!” and “They’re gonna kill me!” As officers subdued him, Barrick lost consciousness. Several days later, he died at a hospital in Texas.
-
-The public initially knew little of this because the sheriff refused to release information, on the ground that Barrick belonged to the Choctaw Nation and therefore the arrest fell under the jurisdiction of tribal police. The Willinghams turned to the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, a nonprofit, headquartered in Washington, D.C., that provides pro-bono legal services to journalists. (The Reporters Committee has also assisted *The New Yorker*.) The organization had recently assigned a staff attorney to Oklahoma, an indication of how difficult it is to pry information from public officials there. Its attorneys helped the *Gazette* sue for access to case documents; the paper then reported that Kasbaum had tased Barrick three times on his bare hip bone. Barrick’s widow filed a lawsuit, alleging that the taser was not registered with the sheriff’s department and that deputies had not been trained to use it. The suit also alleged that Kasbaum and other officers had turned off their lapel cameras during the encounter and put “significant pressure on Barrick’s back while he was in a face-down prone position and handcuffed.” Kasbaum, who denied the allegations, left the force. The *Gazette* reported that the F.B.I. and the Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation were looking into the death.
-
-Chris and Angie got married soon after joining the *Gazette*. By the time Chris began publishing his series on the sheriff’s department, they were in their late thirties, with small children, two dogs, and a house on a golf course. They once had a bluegrass band, Succotash, in which Angie played Dobro and Chris played everything, mainly fiddle. He taught music lessons and laid down tracks for clients at his in-home studio. Angie founded McCurtain Mosaics, working with cut glass. The couple, who never intended to become journalists, suppressed the occasional urge to leave the *Gazette*, knowing that they would be hard to replace. Bruce lamented, “Everybody wants to work in the big city.”
-
-Five days a week, in the newsroom, Chris and Angie sit in high-walled cubicles, just outside Bruce’s office. The *Gazette’s* other full-time reporters include Bob West, who is eighty-one and has worked at the paper for decades. An ardent chronicler of museum events, local schools, and the weather, West is also known, affectionately, as the staffer most likely to leave his car running, with the windows down, in the rain, or to arrive at work with his toothbrush in his shirt pocket. He once leaned on his keyboard and accidentally deleted the newspaper’s digital Rolodex. One afternoon in May, he ambled over to Angie’s desk, where the Willinghams and I were talking, and announced, “Hail, thunderstorms, damaging winds!” A storm was coming.
-
-Bruce and Gwen Willingham own commercial real estate, and they rent several cabins to vacationers in Hochatown. Chris said, “If we didn’t have tourism to fall back on, we couldn’t run the newspaper. The newspaper *loses* money.” An annual subscription costs seventy-one bucks; the rack price is fifty cents on weekdays, seventy-five on the weekend. During the pandemic, the Willinghams reduced both the publishing schedule and the size of the broadsheet, to avoid layoffs. The paper’s receptionist, who is in her sixties, has worked there since she was a teen-ager; a former pressman, who also started in his teens, left in his nineties, when his doctor demanded that he retire. In twenty-five paces, a staffer can traverse the distance between the newsroom and the printing press—the *Gazette* is one of the few American newspapers that still publish on-site, or at all. Since 2005, more than one in four papers across the country have closed; according to the Medill School of Journalism, at Northwestern University, two-thirds of U.S. counties don’t have a daily paper. When Chris leads tours for elementary-school students, he schedules them for afternoons when there’s a print run, though he isn’t one to preach about journalism’s vital role in a democracy. He’s more likely to jiggle one of the thin metal printing plates, to demonstrate how stagehands mimic thunder.
-
-As the Walker-Donaldson case unfolded, Chris got a tip that the sheriff used meth and had been “tweaking” during the search for her. Bruce asked the county commissioners to require Clardy to submit to a drug test. Urinalysis wasn’t good enough—the *Gazette* wanted a hair-follicle analysis, which has a much wider detection window. The sheriff peed in a cup. Promptly, prominently, the *Gazette* reported the results, which were negative, but noted that Clardy had declined the more comprehensive test.
-
-“This has to stop!” the sheriff posted on the department’s Facebook page. Complaining about “the repeated attacks on law enforcement,” he wrote, “We have a job to do and that is to protect people. We can’t cater to the newspaper or social media every day of the week.” Clardy blamed the *Gazette’s* reporting on “former employees who were terminated or resigned.”
-
-Locals who were following the coverage and the reactions couldn’t decide what to make of the devolving relationship between the *Gazette* and county leadership. Was their tiny newspaper needlessly antagonizing the sheriff, or was it insisting on accountability in the face of misconduct? Craig Young, the mayor of Idabel, told me that he generally found the paper’s reporting to be accurate; he also said that the county seemed to be doing a capable job of running itself. He just hoped that nothing would disrupt Idabel’s plans to host an upcoming event that promises to draw thousands of tourists. On April 8, 2024, a solar eclipse will arc across the United States, from Dallas, Texas, to Caribou, Maine. McCurtain County lies in one of the “totality zones.” According to *NASA*, between one-forty-five and one-forty-nine that afternoon, Idabel will experience complete darkness.
-
-In October, 2022, Chris got another explosive tip—about himself. A local law-enforcement officer sent him audio excerpts of a telephone conversation with Captain Manning. The officer did not trust Manning, and had recorded their call. (Oklahoma is a one-party-consent state.) They discussed office politics and sexual harassment. Manning recalled that, after she was hired, a detective took bets on which co-worker would “hit it,” or sleep with her, first. Another colleague gossiped that she “gave a really good blow job.”
-
-The conversation turned to Clardy’s drug test. As retribution, Manning said that she wanted to question Chris in one of her sex-crime investigations—at a county commissioners’ meeting, “in front of everybody.” She went on, “We will see if they want to write about that in the newspaper. That’s just the way I roll. ‘O.K., you don’t wanna talk about it? Fine. But it’s “public record.” Y’all made mine and Kevin’s business public record.’ ”
-
-At the time, Manning was investigating several suspected pedophiles, including a former high-school math teacher who was accused of demanding nude photographs in exchange for favorable grades. (The teacher is now serving thirteen years in prison.) Manning told a TV news station that “possibly other people in the community” who were in a “position of power” were involved. On the recorded call, she mentioned pedophilia defendants by name and referred to Chris as “one of them.” Without citing evidence, she accused him of trading marijuana for videos of children.
-
-Chris, stunned, suspected that Manning was just looking for an excuse to confiscate his phone. But when he started to lose music students, and his kids’ friends stopped coming over, he feared that rumors were spreading in the community. A source warned him that Manning’s accusations could lead to his children being forensically interviewed, which happens in child-abuse investigations. He developed such severe anxiety and depression that he rarely went out; he gave his firearms to a relative in case he felt tempted to harm himself. Angie was experiencing panic attacks and insomnia. “We were not managing,” she said.
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-That fall, as Chris mulled his options, a powerful tornado struck Idabel. Bruce and Gwen lost their home. They stored their salvaged possessions at the *Gazette* and temporarily moved in with Chris and Angie. In December, the *Gazette* announced that Chris planned to sue Manning. On March 6th, he did, in federal court, alleging “slander and intentional infliction of emotional distress” in retaliation for his reporting. Clardy was also named as a defendant, for allowing and encouraging the retaliation to take place. (Neither he nor Manning would speak with me.)
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-In May, both Clardy and Manning answered the civil complaint in court. Clardy denied the allegations against him. Manning cited protection under the legal doctrine of qualified immunity, which is often used to indemnify law-enforcement officers from civil action and prosecution. She denied the allegations and asserted that, if Chris Willingham suffered severe emotional distress, it fell within the limits of what “a reasonable person could be expected to endure.”
-
-On the day that Chris filed his lawsuit, the McCurtain County Board of Commissioners held its regular Monday meeting, at 9 *A*.*M*., in a red brick building behind the jail. Commissioners—there are three in each of Oklahoma’s seventy-seven counties—oversee budgets and allocate funding. Their meeting agendas must be public, so that citizens can scrutinize government operations. Bruce, who has covered McCurtain’s commissioners for more than forty years, suspected the board of discussing business not listed on the agenda—a potential misdemeanor—and decided to try to catch them doing it.
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-Two of the three commissioners—Robert Beck and Mark Jennings, the chairman—were present, along with the board’s executive assistant, Heather Carter. As they neared the end of the listed agenda, Bruce slipped a recording device disguised as a pen into a cup holder at the center of the conference table. “Right in front of ’em,” he bragged. He left, circling the block for the next several hours as he waited for the commissioners to clear out. When they did, he went back inside, pretended to review some old paperwork, and retrieved the recording device.
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-That night, after Gwen went to bed, Bruce listened to the audio, which went on for three hours and thirty-seven minutes. He heard other county officials enter the room, one by one—“Like, ‘Now is your time to see the king.’ ”
-
-In came Sheriff Clardy and Larry Hendrix. Jennings, whose family is in the timber business, brought up the 2024 race for sheriff. He predicted numerous candidates, saying, “They don’t have a goddam clue what they’re getting into, not in this day and age.” It used to be, he said, that a sheriff could “take a damn Black guy and whup their ass and throw ’em in the cell.”
-
-“Yeah, well, it’s not like that no more,” Clardy said.
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-“I know,” Jennings said. “Take ’em down there on Mud Creek and hang ’em up with a damn rope. But you can’t do that anymore. They got more rights than *we* got.”
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-After a while, Manning joined the meeting. She arrived to a boisterous greeting from the men in the room. When she characterized a colleague’s recent comment about her legs as sexual harassment, Beck replied, “I thought sexual harassment was only when they held you down and pulled you by the hair.” They joked about Manning mowing the courthouse lawn in a bikini.
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-Manning continually steered the conversation to the *Gazette*. Jennings suggested procuring a “worn-out tank,” plowing it into the newspaper’s office, and calling it an accident. The sheriff told him, “You’ll have to beat my son to it.” (Clardy’s son is a deputy sheriff.) They laughed.
-
-Manning talked about the possibility of bumping into Chris Willingham in town: “I’m not worried about what he’s gonna do to me, I’m worried about what I might do to him.” A couple of minutes later, Jennings said, “I know where two big deep holes are here, if you ever need them.”
-
-“I’ve got an excavator,” the sheriff said.
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-“Well, these are already pre-dug,” Jennings said. He went on, “I’ve known two or three hit men. They’re very quiet guys. And would cut no fucking mercy.”
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-Bruce had been threatened before, but this felt different. According to the U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, forty-one journalists in the country were physically assaulted last year. Since 2001, at least thirteen have been killed. That includes Jeff German, a reporter at the Las Vegas *Review-Journal*, who, last fall, was stabbed outside his home in Clark County. The county’s former administrator, Robert Telles, has been charged with his murder. Telles had been voted out of office after German reported that he contributed to a hostile workplace and had an inappropriate relationship with an employee. (Telles denied the reporting and has pleaded not guilty.)
-
-When Bruce urged Chris to buy more life insurance, Chris demanded to hear the secret recording. The playback physically sickened him. Bruce took the tape to the Idabel Police Department. Mark Matloff, the district attorney, sent it to state officials in Oklahoma City, who began an investigation.
-
-Chris started wearing an AirTag tracker in his sock when he played late-night gigs. He carried a handgun in his car, then stopped—he and Angie worried that an officer could shoot him and claim self-defense. He talked incessantly about “disappearing” to another state. At one point, he told his dad, “I cursed our lives by deciding to move here.”
-
-It was tempting to think that everybody was watching too much “Ozark.” But one veteran law-enforcement official took the meeting remarks seriously enough to park outside Chris and Angie’s house at night, to keep watch. “There’s an undertone of violence in the whole conversation,” this official told me. “We’re hiring a hit man, we’re hanging people, we’re driving vehicles into the McCurtain *Gazette*. These are the people that are *running* your sheriff’s office.”
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-On Saturday, April 15th, the newspaper published a front-page article, headlined “*County officials discuss killing, burying Gazette reporters*.” The revelation that McCurtain County’s leadership had been caught talking wistfully about lynching and about the idea of murdering journalists became global news. “Both the FBI and the Oklahoma Attorney General’s Office now have the full audio,” the *Gazette* reported. (The McCurtain County Board of Commissioners declined to speak with me. A lawyer for the sheriff’s office wrote, in response to a list of questions, that “numerous of your alleged facts are inaccurate, embellished or outright untrue.”)
-
-On the eve of the story’s publication, Chris and his family had taken refuge in Hot Springs, Arkansas. They were still there when, that Sunday, Kevin Stitt, the governor of Oklahoma, publicly demanded the resignations of Clardy, Manning, Hendrix, and Jennings. The next day, protesters rallied at the McCurtain County commissioners’ meeting. Jennings, the board’s chairman, resigned two days later. No one else did. The sheriff’s department responded to the *Gazette’s* reporting by calling Bruce’s actions illegal and the audio “altered.” (Chris told me that he reduced the background noise in the audio file before Bruce took it to the police.)
-
-People wanted to hear the recording, not just read about it, but the *Gazette* had no Web site. No one had posted on the newspaper’s Facebook page since 2019, when Kiara Wimbley won the Little Miss Owa Chito pageant. The Willinghams published an oversized QR code on the front page of the April 20th issue, linking to a Dropbox folder that contained the audio and Angie’s best attempt at a transcript. They eventually put Chris’s articles online.
-
-In a rare move, the seventeen-member board of the Oklahoma Sheriffs’ Association voted unanimously to suspend the memberships of Clardy, Manning, and Hendrix. The censure blocked them from conferences and symbolically ostracized them from Oklahoma’s seventy-six other sheriffs. “When one goes bad, it has a devastating effect on everybody,” Ray McNair, the executive director, told me. Craig Young, Idabel’s mayor, said, “It kind of hurt everyone to realize we’ve had these kind of leaders in place.”
-
-Young was among those who hoped that Gentner Drummond, the attorney general, would depose the sheriff “so we can start to recover.” But, on June 30th, Drummond ended his investigation by informing Governor Stitt that although the McCurtain County officials’ conversation was “inflammatory” and “offensive,” it wasn’t criminal. There would be no charges. If Clardy were to be removed from office, voters would have to do it.
-
-Decades ago, Bruce launched “Call the Editor,” a regular feature on the *Gazette’s* opinion page. Readers vent anonymously to the newspaper’s answering machine, and Bruce publishes some of the transcribed messages. When the world ran out of answering machines, he grudgingly upgraded to digital, which requires plugging the fax cable into his computer every afternoon at five and switching it back the next morning. A caller might refer to Nancy Pelosi and Chuck Schumer as “buffoons,” or ask, Why is the Fire Department charging me a fifty-cent fee? There have been many recent messages about the sheriff and the commissioners, including direct addresses to Clardy: “The people aren’t supposed to be scared . . . of you or others that wear a badge.”
-
-Bruce and Gwen worried that the ongoing stress would drive Chris and Angie away from the *Gazette*—and from McCurtain County. Sure enough, they’re moving to Tulsa. Angie told me, “We’re forty years old. We’ve been doing this half our lives. At some point, we need to think of our own happiness, and our family’s welfare.” Bruce protested, but he couldn’t much blame them. ♦
-
-The newspaper managed to secretly record a county meeting and caught officials talking about the idea of killing *Gazette* reporters.
-
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-# A Trucker’s Kidnapping, a Suspicious Ransom, and a Colorado Family’s Perilous Quest for Justice
-
-**“Why haven’t we killed him already?”**. It was one of the few things Orlando León could hear his captors arguing about through the sound of rain pounding on a metal roof in Guatemala. From where he sat with his hands bound in front of him and a hood pulled over his head, he wondered the same thing: *How was he still alive? And how long had he been sitting there*?
-
-A metallic taste filled Orlando’s mouth as blood dripped from the gums where his top four front teeth had once been. It was difficult to see anything through the hood, but Orlando knew he was in a cemetery. Before his kidnappers had shoved him inside a small building, he’d been able to make out the silhouettes of gravestones and crosses when flashes of lightning illuminated them against the dark backdrop of the jungle. Judging from other stories he’d heard about kidnappings in Guatemala, he figured his abductors had already dug an unmarked grave for him.
-
-“What do you want from me?” Orlando asked.
-
-“Shut up, you son of a bitch,” one of the captors said.
-
-The other men inside the room continued arguing in hushed tones before appearing to come to an agreement. Orlando could hear them rustling around. “Use these,” one of them said amid the beeps of cell phones being turned off and on. “They could be tracking us.” Then, before using one from what Orlando presumed to be a bag full of burner phones, the men demanded a number from him.
-
-Thousands of miles away in Aurora, Sylvia Galván Cedillo’s cell lit up with a call from an unknown number in Guatemala. It was October 19, 2014, and it had been almost 12 hours since relatives in Guatemala alerted her that a group of men had snatched her husband from the streets of his ancestral village of Aldea Zarzal. Since then, her house had sounded like an emergency call center. Sylvia and her daughter, 28-year-old Alondra León, tried to find out more about who Orlando had recently been in contact with. And her sons, Chris and Elvis León, then 27 and 30 years old, respectively, had reported the kidnapping to the Aurora Police Department—although, according to the family, Aurora PD failed to take a report once it heard the incident was in Guatemala. Officers instructed them to contact the FBI.
-
-So, the family turned to other officials, including the FBI (who the family says advised them to file a report online but declined to get involved right away), as well as the Guatemalan consulate in Denver, Guatemala’s national police, and local police in the Zacapa region of Guatemala where Orlando had last been seen.
-
-After Sylvia saw the unknown number on her screen, she answered uneasily.
-
-“Call the police again and we’ll kill your husband,” a man said.
-
-A jostling sound obscured the other end of the line before Sylvia heard a familiar voice. “Stop asking around about these guys,” Orlando said to his wife. “Just do what they say!”
-
-Before hanging up, the callers said they’d be in touch. Now the León family felt even more unsettled. How had the kidnappers known they’d been calling police in Guatemala? Later, the family would speculate that alerting both the local and national police put enough pressure on Orlando’s captors to save his life, but in the panic of that day, it seemed that any move might be the difference between life and death. Sylvia couldn’t make sense of it. Why had Orlando been kidnapped? Her husband had simply made a routine trip down to Guatemala to sell used cars from America like he had dozens of times before.
-
-Another call came in after midnight in Colorado. This time, the kidnappers issued instructions: Orlando could live, and they would spare his Guatemalan relatives as well, if Sylvia deposited $7,000 into a specified bank account at Wells Fargo. Sylvia and her son, Elvis, say they didn’t question the request and remember going to a Wells Fargo branch on a Monday morning to pay the ransom.
-
-The promise of the money compelled his captors to let Orlando go free, but while Sylvia and Elvis were at the bank, something else happened: As Sylvia gave a female bank teller the account number, Sylvia divulged that the deposit was a ransom payment. Sylvia asked the teller if she would be willing to share the name and address of the account holder. The bank teller initially declined and cited a privacy policy. But after Sylvia shared details of the family’s plight, the Wells Fargo employee, according to Sylvia and Elvis, discreetly turned her computer screen around so that it faced the mother and son. “This money isn’t going to Guatemala,” the teller said.
-
-Elvis’ and Sylvia’s eyes went wide as they realized their money was being routed to a bank account in the Denver metro area. They weren’t sure yet, but it occurred to them that it was possible Orlando had been kidnapped by associates of the very people who’d hired him to transport cars from Colorado to Guatemala.
-
-![](https://cdn.5280.com/2023/04/Sylvia-and-Orlando-Leon_AmandaLopezPhoto_1M5A9953.jpg)
-
-Orlando León and Sylvia Galván Cedillo this past winter in Colorado. Photo by Amanda López
-
-**Drive along the highways of south Texas,** or in Mexico’s eastern states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and Tabasco, and they’re hard to miss: caravans of used passenger vehicles, usually old pickup trucks, heading southbound toward Central America. Oftentimes, the used autos are piled high with secondhand goods, such as washing machines and motorbikes, and they’re typically hauling a second passenger vehicle behind them with torn pieces of duct tape spelling out “In Tow” on a rear hitch or window. The drivers of these vehicles are transmigrantes, a term derived from a special visa program that the Mexican government devised to allow goods and vehicles to move overland from the United States to Central America along designated highways and without drivers having to pay high import-export fees.
-
-According to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the idea behind the program was to allow families in the United States to move—or transmigrate—across Mexico to Central America while not imposing heavy customs duties on items they brought along with them. Other times, individuals from the United States use the visa to personally transport goods (which they’re not allowed to sell in Mexico) to family members in Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, often during the holiday season. Over the past three decades, though, an entire industry of freelance truckers has arisen around the program and its tax loopholes.
-
-Like many who fall into the transmigrante trade, Enrique Orlando León has Central American roots. A skilled auto mechanic, Orlando grew up in rural Guatemala, moved to the United States in the 1970s, and met his wife, Sylvia, in Los Angeles, where they had three children. In 1995, the family of five moved to Colorado’s Front Range to escape their gang-troubled neighborhood in Southern California.
-
-It was not long afterward that Orlando—now 67 years old, with salt-and-pepper hair often hidden beneath a baseball cap—attended an auto auction in Highlands Ranch, where he met a man who described how he’d been transporting used cars he bought in Colorado to Central America. To cut down on customs fees, the man explained, he’d been using Mexico’s transmigrante program—and was generating handsome profits by selling the vehicles in Guatemala. “You can earn 100 percent returns,” the man told Orlando. “Even up to 200 percent, depending on the type of vehicle.”
-
-Intrigued, Orlando checked out the man’s claims. Not only was it completely legal to use the transmigrante program in this way, Orlando learned, but it was also a classic arbitrage scenario, the term economists use when the same item has different prices in separate markets. Certain types of cars were in much higher demand in Guatemala, with price tags significantly elevated over their counterparts in the United States. And the most sought-after vehicles of all? Toyota pickup trucks—especially Tacomas—which farmers in Guatemala like to use to move materials up and down steep rural roads. “Back then \[in the ’90s and 2000s\], if you found a used Toyota pickup here for $900,” Orlando says, “you could sell it in Guatemala for $3,000.”
-
-As it turned out, Orlando had inadvertently moved his family to an ideal home base for work as a Guatemala-bound transmigrante. For a while, he remembers, Colorado seemed to be a gold mine of cheap Toyota pickups, and his skills as a mechanic paid off when he bought and repaired salvage vehicles from local auto auctions such as Copart, as well as online resources like Craigslist and, later, Facebook Marketplace. With I-25 and I-70 merging in Denver, the Centennial State’s central location also makes it an ideal staging ground for local transmigrantes who make trips to fetch used vehicles in states like Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana.
-
-From the start, Sylvia didn’t love her husband’s new profession. Early on, Sylvia noticed that Orlando’s profits were actually pretty meager after factoring in what he spent on gas, motels, bribes, repairs, and flights home. “And when he left, it was always more work for me to take care of the children,” she says.
-
-Then there were the inherent dangers of the job, which even Orlando readily lists: car accidents, highway robberies, police shakedowns, and running the gauntlet through cartel territory, which could involve payoffs or far scarier run-ins, including kidnappings. To mitigate those risks, transmigrantes stick together in caravans, and it wasn’t long before Orlando befriended other drivers in Colorado—a group he currently estimates to be about 30 strong. Among them is Jorge Reyna, who lives in Capitol Hill and has been doing transmigrante runs since 1987. Like Sylvia, Reyna points out that the financial incentives of transmigrante work don’t always justify the effort or the risk, but he has always had other reasons for doing the trips. “It’s a job that doesn’t enslave you like all those people who work five days a week, eight hours a day, in an office,” Reyna says.
-
-Plus, Reyna explains, being a transmigrante allows Guatemalan-born men like himself and Orlando to maintain a connection with their families and ancestral homelands. “We bring things that help people in Guatemala,” Reyna says. Whenever transmigrantes deliver cars and other requested items, like televisions, washing machines, clothing, and furniture, they’re hauling away America’s detritus for a second life in Guatemala. America’s excess becomes Guatemala’s gain.
-
-“This is a good thing for the people of Guatemala,” Reyna says. After enduring a 36-year civil war that ended in 1996 and resulted in the deaths of as many as 200,000 people, Guatemala has had to play catch-up with the economy of the modern world—and goods from America help in that process. The main problem, as Orlando and Reyna learned, is that not everyone surrounding the transmigrante trade is so noble-minded.
-
-**In 2011, Orlando felt like he’d caught a break.** During his decade-plus of transmigrante runs, it had always been time-consuming work finding leads on used trucks, checking under their hoods, and oftentimes losing bids for those vehicles at auctions. Cheap Toyota trucks were also becoming increasingly difficult to come by. It seemed like transmigrantes across the American West scoured the same auction sites and Facebook pages that Orlando used. Where hundreds of transmigrantes used to cross the Texas border each month in the late 1990s, now hundreds, sometimes thousands, were doing so every week. So, when Orlando met a Guatemalan family in Colorado who wanted to hire him to move their cars and their goods, the Aurora mechanic seized the opportunity to do some contract work.
-
-Over the next three years, Orlando estimates he did half a dozen trips as a hired hand for one family. (*5280* is not naming Orlando’s employers at the request of the León family and because the individuals have not been charged with any crimes.) Orlando says he never examined the cargo in the vehicles that closely, and everything always passed inspections at the U.S.-Mexico border. “But I also never suspected anything was up,” he adds.
-
-That would all change in September 2014, when his Colorado employers asked if he could drive a box truck full of furniture to Guatemala. Orlando initially told them he was busy; he was already planning to transport a school bus he’d bought to resell in Guatemala and had promised to drive the bus in a caravan full of other transmigrantes, including Reyna. But when Reyna heard about his friend’s dilemma and suggested another driver that Orlando could subcontract with to drive the box truck, the Colorado employers gave Orlando the go-ahead.
-
-Later that month, the caravan set off from the Texas border and rumbled southbound through Mexico. Before nightfall, the weather turned rainy, and as the hours stretched on, the box truck got well ahead of Orlando and Reyna. Daylight disappeared as the caravan passed the city of Naranjos in Veracruz. That’s when they saw the brake lights. The word was that there was an accident ahead—and it involved a big rig and a box truck.
-
-By the time Orlando realized his hired driver had flipped his vehicle sideways in a drainage ditch while trying to avoid a wayward semi, Mexican police had already stuck the driver into a hospital-bound ambulance and were working to impound the damaged vehicle. Knowing the Mexican police would likely confiscate everything they could, given the opportunity, Orlando says he paid the cops $600 in cash so they wouldn’t rob the truck he was supposed to deliver to Guatemala. Still, it would take nearly four weeks for Orlando to get the box truck out of the impound lot and tow the wreckage to Guatemala.
-
-Much to Orlando’s relief, Carlos,\* the recipient of the box truck, seemed in relatively good spirits when Orlando handed it off to him near the Mexico-Guatemala border on October 13. To make up for the delay in delivery, Orlando had promised to provide a comparable box truck to make up for the damaged one, and Carlos agreed to the transmigrante’s offer. So, when Orlando traveled six hours away from the border to stay with his sister in Aldea Zarzal, he figured the ordeal was mostly over. A few days later, however, Carlos knocked on Orlando’s sister’s front door at 8:30 a.m. and asked if Orlando had time to grab coffee with him and two of his friends.
-
-As soon as Orlando stepped out into the street, he felt the butt of a pistol slam against his face. A villager would later find Orlando’s teeth lying in the roadside grass. It was only after the Coloradan regained consciousness and found himself in the cemetery that he began to question the legitimacy of the delivery he’d made. *Had Mexican authorities, despite their assurances, stolen anything while the truck sat in impound? And what, exactly, had been inside*?
-
-Even now—years later—Orlando still hears rumors about what may have been concealed in the truck’s cargo, including guns or even up to $2 million in cash hidden inside pieces of furniture. If that much money had gone missing, though, Orlando doesn’t think he’d be alive—or that he’d have been able to negotiate his release for such a comparatively small sum. While his kidnappers originally asked for $15,000, Orlando says he negotiated it down to $7,000 by telling his captors they could keep the school bus he’d driven down to sell in Guatemala. Only in retrospect does it appear that some outside factor—perhaps his family’s calls to local Guatemalan police—saved him from a shallow, unmarked grave.
-
-![](https://cdn.5280.com/2023/04/Orlando_Leon_injuries_courtesy_elvis_leon.jpg)
-
-Photos of Orlando León’s injuries from a Guatemalan police report and an X-ray that he had done after his kidnapping. Photos courtesy of Elvis León
-
-**Orlando managed to escape** Guatemala with his life, but now he craved justice. No sooner had he returned to Colorado than the León family began approaching numerous U.S. law enforcement agencies—and politicians. This included a second conversation with the Aurora Police Department, which did send an officer to the León home on October 26, 2014, to take a report, but only after Morgan Carroll, then a Colorado state senator, had heard about the situation and called the department to ask it to do something. Once again, Aurora Police referred the Leóns to the FBI, who the Leóns say told them that the Wells Fargo account Sylvia and Elvis had deposited money into had multiple account holders. Although the name Sylvia had written down at the bank was a person related to Orlando’s ex-employers, it would be difficult to prove in court who actually received the money. (In a statement to *5280*, the FBI could not “confirm or deny” that the agency ever looked into the matter.)
-
-Orlando then approached the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) after other Guatemalans in Denver suggested that his employers may have been involved in narco-trafficking. The DEA, according to the León family, told them two things: that the agency believed they were in imminent danger and should move, and that it found Orlando’s story too suspicious to accept at face value. This included the fact that Orlando had been kidnapped by a man in Guatemala—Carlos—whom he had delivered vehicles to before and could easily identify. “They basically said that there were a lot of red flags in this story,” remembers Orlando’s son Elvis, who had begun helping his Spanish-speaking parents interface with U.S. law enforcement agencies. “The DEA said that my dad knew more than he was letting on, and unless he confessed that he was selling drugs, or moving money and guns for these guys, that they would not move forward with us.”
-
-While the answer frustrated Orlando, who swore he had no knowledge of illegal activity before his kidnapping, the DEA’s response insulted Elvis. The now 38-year-old Army veteran had served a tour in Iraq and thought his military service would help get agencies like the DEA to take his family’s situation seriously. As Elvis saw it, his father—a permanent legal resident—was inviting powerful federal agencies to pick over the details of his life and work. Orlando himself had also told the DEA that there could’ve been contraband in the cars he’d transported from Colorado. *Why*, Elvis wondered, *was his father being asked to confess to the very things he wanted the feds to investigate*?
-
-It would take finding an agent with personal experience investigating Guatemalan criminal activity in Colorado for Orlando to gain any traction. In 2016, after a year and a half of dead ends with other federal agencies, Elvis and Orlando walked into a U.S. Department of Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) office in Greenwood Village and were directed to Andrew Anderson. The HSI agent had previously investigated another Colorado incident in which unsuspecting drivers moved contraband to Guatemala. That 2010 case [involved a shipping company](https://www.denverpost.com/2010/11/30/feds-probing-aurora-shipper-over-guns-bound-for-guatemala/) called Transportes Zuleta, an unwitting, DHL-type outfit that a number of Colorado-based criminals took advantage of and used to illegally ship guns to Guatemala by hiding weapons inside speakers and televisions. As Anderson worked that case and helped nab one suspect in an undercover gun buy, the white, Spanish-speaking agent came to develop a variety of Guatemalan sources around Denver. “What’s unique about the Guatemalan community here is that they all seem to know each other,” Anderson says.
-
-When Anderson, who is now retired, learned the details surrounding Orlando’s kidnapping, not only did the story of an innocent driver bear resemblances to the Transportes Zuleta case, but Anderson was also able to go back to various sources and vet Orlando’s reputation. “I had several people say, ‘I know that guy; he’s a great guy. He takes cars to Guatemala,’ ” Anderson says. The references matched Anderson’s own sense of the man. “He seemed just to me like an older, hardworking guy,” he says. “I didn’t have any reason to think he was involved in anything.”
-
-The agent felt comfortable enough around Orlando that he decided to take him on a few ride-alongs so that Orlando could help identify the people who’d hired him in Colorado, as well as point out properties where he had picked up vehicles. Anderson recalls some of the locations being isolated pieces of ranchland, making them difficult targets for in-person surveillance.
-
-Surveillance difficulties weren’t the only issue, though. Once Anderson started asking around to see if any of his old sources knew the suspects—and might be willing to gather intel on them—the agent learned that people were intimidated by Orlando’s former employers. The word was they had guns. And money. The federal agent soon began to understand why the León family was so afraid.
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-**By the time Orlando began doing ride-alongs** with Anderson in late 2016, there had already been a number of developments in his kidnapping case south of the U.S. border. Based on a police report that Orlando had submitted before he’d returned to Colorado, the Policía Nacional Civil—Guatemala’s national police—had arrested one of his captors in March 2015. As *La Prensa Libre*, a Guatemalan newspaper, reported, Carlos “was captured in El Molino…. He is accused of having participated in the kidnapping of a businessman in October of 2014.”
-
-When the León family heard the news, Elvis says he and his parents were shocked. “This doesn’t happen in a place like Guatemala,” Elvis says. “No one gets arrested there.” The report was cause for celebration, some of which Elvis captured on video. With his parents’ permission, he had begun filming his family’s experiences for a possible documentary. After leaving the Army on an honorable discharge, Elvis had studied film production at Aurora Community College and Regis University on the GI Bill. With a few documentary shorts in his [portfolio](https://www.storiesbyelvis.com/) (*Cecil & Carl*, a film about an aging gay couple in Denver, played at 50 international festivals and earned eight awards), the budding auteur realized that, in the aftermath of his father’s kidnapping, he had intimate access to one of the most compelling human dramas he could imagine.
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-The project would eventually consume him and grow to include more than 600 hours of footage. But even from the start, Elvis recognized a second incentive to capture video: By documenting the incidents that had started to befall his family in Colorado post-kidnapping, he could gather evidence for law enforcement.
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-Not long after Carlos’ arrest in Guatemala, Sylvia says cars with tinted windows would slowly drive by the family’s Aurora home; in one case, Orlando remembers a vehicle parking directly in front of the house and idling there for hours with its engine on. The couple, who had never owned firearms, started keeping weapons in their house and taking target practice on the weekends. They installed security cameras around the property.
-
-![](https://cdn.5280.com/2023/04/Elvis-Lean_AmandaLopezPhoto_1M5A0423.jpg)
-
-Elvis, Orlando and Sylvia’s son, has documented his father’s ordeal on video. Photo by Amanda López
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-Then the family began getting calls from Guatemala, some of which Elvis captured on video. Orlando’s relatives told him they were receiving death threats—including warnings that they would “eat worms”—and begged Orlando to drop his accusation against Carlos. Another time, Orlando says one of Carlos’ lawyers called him and offered to pay back the ransom money, which he refused. Finally, Orlando says he got three calls from Carlos himself, from inside the jail where he was being held before trial. “In Guatemala, if you pay the police enough money, they’ll let you do anything inside a jail,” Orlando says. “So, Carlos calls me and says, ‘C’mon, how much money do you need?’ And I said, ‘I can’t do anything for you.’ ”
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-The threats to Orlando’s relatives only escalated, and he grew more embittered that the investigation wasn’t going anywhere. Elvis noticed his dad became desperate to gather more evidence. At night, Orlando had begun playing detective, driving around to map out the various homes and companies the Colorado suspects owned. While Orlando never saw any of the suspects, everyone in the León family feared that Orlando’s sleuthing might lead to his death.
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-By mid-2017, the case in Guatemala seemed to have stalled; Carlos’ trial had been delayed for more than two years, and it still wasn’t clear to anyone when or if it would actually happen. The family also heard less and less from HSI, until August 2019, when Anderson delivered bad news: Without any inside sources or a suspect they could flip in Colorado, his agency couldn’t gather enough evidence on Orlando’s ex-employers to continue its investigation.
-
-As disappointing as this development was, Sylvia prayed her husband might take Anderson’s news as a sign to give up his quest for justice. The strange cars driving by the house, the veiled threats, the constant fear—it was getting to her. “We had many fights about this,” she remembers. “I told him, ‘You are free. You are well. Think about how many times they kidnap someone and you never see them again. So please stop for us, OK?’ ”
-
-Orlando remained implacable. He said he had to see his case through. Although Sylvia believed her husband ignored many of her pleas, she was able to get Orlando to agree to one concession: that he wouldn’t leave the United States on transmigrante runs. Per their agreement, he would only take used cars as far Los Indios, Texas, to hand them off to other drivers. After all, she said, the border was dangerous enough.
-
-**The Free Trade International Bridge,** a four-lane highway with barbed wire fences that spans approximately 500 feet across an emerald green section of the Rio Grande between Los Indios, Texas, and Matamoros, Mexico, has traditionally been the only border crossing that transmigrantes could use under Mexico’s visa program. That changed in March 2021, when a second port of entry in Presidio, Texas, opened. Still, Los Indios continues to see the vast majority of transmigrantes. According to data compiled by Cameron County, Texas, around 5,000 transmigrantes enter Mexico through there every month. Those numbers have created a cottage industry in Los Indios, which includes not just rest stops, convenience stores, and dorms for transmigrantes, but also so-called forwarding agencies, which transmigrantes use to pay document fees, get visa paperwork approved by Mexican officials, and get sign-off from U.S. customs agents (who check to make sure vehicles leaving the United States are not stolen).
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-Forwarding agencies are viewed as necessary middlemen who help transmigrantes navigate government bureaucracy. When Orlando and Reyna first started doing their trips, these agencies’ fees were negligible. But starting around 2011, the prices charged by every agency in town began climbing; by 2022, it wasn’t uncommon for a transmigrante to pay almost $500 per vehicle in various fees.
-
-According to [a federal indictment](https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/criminal-charges-unsealed-against-12-individuals-wide-ranging-scheme-monopolize-transmigran-0) unsealed by a U.S. District Court judge in December 2022, there were nefarious reasons behind the price hikes. A group of alleged extortionists, some of whom are U.S. citizens with family ties to the Matamoros-based Gulf Cartel, are accused of coercing Los Indios’ forwarding agencies into a price-fixing scheme. When some industry personnel refused to go along with the conspiracy, things turned violent.
-
-On March 9, 2019, a woman who handled transmigrante paperwork and had refused to pay bribes or engage in price-fixing had driven just beyond the Free Trade International Bridge and was inside Mexican territory when gunshots crackled around her. The woman, whose identity has been concealed in the federal indictment, was shot but survived. Another industry worker she was with, Rocio Alderete, died at the scene.
-
-Eight months later, more bullets: On November 5, 2019, three forwarding agency employees from another company that had refused to go along with extortion demands found themselves in the gunsights of assassins. This time, all three employees who had traveled to the Mexican side of the border died from gunshot wounds.
-
-The killings laid bare a dark side of the transmigrante industry. Everyone, including Orlando and Reyna, heard about them. As the U.S. Department of Justice would reveal in its indictment charging a dozen individuals for 11 crimes, including extortion and money laundering, the accused criminal ring may have siphoned $27 million worth of fees and bribes from transmigrantes since 2011. According to one person *5280* spoke with in Los Indios who asked not to be named because the court cases are still pending, that figure is conservative.
-
-“We do everything we can to reduce border violence,” says HSI acting deputy special agent in charge Mark Lippa, “and we understand that there’s a legitimate means for \[transmigrantes\] to operate in our border area.” For the transmigrante community at large, the indictment signaled that not only were American authorities approving the trade publicly, but they were also finally coming in to protect it.
-
-**Orlando cannot say the same for himself**—in this country or in Guatemala. It is a truth he will likely never get over. On a recent day in early February, Orlando met up with Jorge Reyna at an auto junkyard near Watkins, the two veteran transmigrantes sporting oil-stained sweatshirts to protect themselves against the Eastern Plains’ subfreezing chill.
-
-In a hushed tone, Orlando mentioned that, just the week before, the last active case against his kidnappers had been dropped by a Guatemalan judge. He knew he should have expected this; history was simply repeating itself.
-
-In fall 2017, Orlando had gone to Guatemala to testify in Carlos’ trial. At considerable risk, the then 62-year-old had arranged an in-and-out operation so that he could show up at the courthouse just long enough to take the stand. Less than two weeks later, though, the judge dismissed the case. Prosecutors blamed Sylvia, a key witness, for not testifying in person—she’d been too afraid to go to Guatemala. But rumors also circulated about payoffs to court personnel and threats that influenced other witnesses’ testimonies.
-
-Elvis says that moment, along with HSI’s later decision to drop the case, triggered something of a collapse for the León family. After everything they’d endured, it seemed like everyone had abandoned them. Without a direction or tidy ending, Elvis’ documentary project floundered. “Everyone was always like, *This is amazing. It has Netflix written all over it*,” says Elvis, who has since moved to LA. [But no one would actually write a check.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mwI4hadf-Vw)
-
-Arguments between his parents spiraled. “I’m not remaining silent, because everyone else remains silent,” Orlando would often tell Sylvia as he continued to press Guatemalan police to make arrests. “That’s what has allowed gangs to take over. I have to try to help others so that the same thing that happened to me can’t happen to them.”
-
-“That fight is so big for just one man,” Sylvia would respond.
-
-Not everyone would say Orlando’s crusade is irrational. According to Jeff Brand, a Boston-based psychologist who wrote his doctoral dissertation on [trauma in Guatemala](https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/48169/PDF/1/play/), some people simply cannot “get over” their trauma—nor should they be expected to—especially if they come from a culture fraught with violence. While not remarking on Orlando’s particular case, the psychologist says, “The idea of alleviating trauma symptoms and ‘putting it behind me’ may mean nothing when I know that, at any moment, it could happen to me again, or to the people I love, or to the community I call home.”
-
-But home remains elusive for Orlando. While he’d like to retire in Guatemala someday, it’s still too dangerous for him there. So, he stays in Colorado, where the peril still feels very real—his ex-employer still lives in the Centennial State, and whispers suggest that he’s been asking around for Orlando’s new cell number—albeit maybe less brazen.
-
-As Orlando and Reyna neared the heart of the junkyard, mangy dogs danced around their feet in a sludgy mixture of mud and snow. After sidestepping a piece of plywood, the two men emerged into a clearing filled with nearly a dozen used Toyota trucks with Colorado and Wyoming plates. Orlando smiled wistfully. Soon, these vehicles would be filled with used items and a group of transmigrantes would take them down through Los Indios—more American waste finding a second chance in Guatemala.
-
-Orlando still hopes for another chance, too. “They may be abandoning them,” Orlando says of the cases against two of Carlos’ alleged co-conspirators in Guatemala. “But, in my mind, I know that someone is going to help me find justice one day.”
-
----
-
-*\*Name has been changed due to safety concerns*
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-Link: https://m.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/a-young-mans-path-through-the-mental-health-care-system-led-to-prison-and-a-fatal-encounter/Content?oid=39042218
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-# A Young Man's Path Through the Mental Health Care System Led to Prison — and a Fatal Encounter | Crime | Seven Days
-
-Published September 6, 2023 at 10:00 a.m.  
-Updated September 13, 2023 at 10:09 a.m.
-
-![Mbyayenge "Robbie" Mafuta's yearbook photo - COURTESY](https://media2.sevendaysvt.com/sevendaysvt/imager/u/blog/39042208/crime1-1-8ba7d53afeda25bf.jpg)
-
--   Courtesy
--   Mbyayenge "Robbie" Mafuta's yearbook photo
-
-H e was being hunted — he was certain of it. Bus passengers studied him from the corners of their eyes. Trucks kept circling the block. Strangers hovered close. He heard shouts and screams, spectral sounds usually shrugged off as urban din. But on this windy December night in 2020, the young man took them as clues that assassins were closing in.
-
-He hid inside a downtown café and called Burlington police for help. Soon, nurses at the University of Vermont Medical Center were introduced to Mbyayenge Mafuta. Friends knew him by his nickname, Robbie, which he pronounced in an unusual way, ROW-bee, that sounded like the name of the six-inch Bowie knife he'd begun carrying for protection.
-
-#### about this story
-
-Our reporting is based upon hundreds of pages of court documents, police reports and interviews with Mbyayenge "Robbie" Mafuta and people who know him. *Seven Days* also obtained Mafuta's medical records from his court-appointed attorneys, with Mafuta's permission.
-
-Clinicians sketched a profile of the new patient: 19 years old, Black, clean-shaven, no known psychiatric history. He was paranoid, and likely hallucinating. "I am being followed by a group of people unknown to me," Mafuta told a nurse. She escorted him to Room 37, one of two in the emergency department outfitted with retractable metal screens used to shield medical equipment when patients lash out during a psychotic episode.
-
-A specialist arrived two hours later and began asking questions. The first was easy: Where do you live?
-
-"In my head," Mafuta answered.
-
-Over the next two years, Mafuta's name and face would become familiar to doctors, police, correctional officers and residents of a city increasingly anxious about the interlocking problems of mental illness, homelessness and crime. He would return to the hospital again and again and take to sleeping on downtown park benches. He would be tackled and tased during a publicized run-in with Burlington cops, stoking a policing debate that had been ignited by George Floyd's murder. During a heated local election campaign, city officials would deploy Mafuta as a symbol of decaying public safety.
-
-Then, in a matter of seconds inside a St. Albans prison last December, Mafuta [beat and gravely injured his cellmate](https://m.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/victim-dies-following-alleged-beating-in-vermont-prison-cell/Content?oid=37769211). Mafuta stepped outside their cell that day, dazed and bloody, as prison officers scrambled to save Jeffrey Hall, who subsequently died in a hospital. Last month, Mafuta appeared in a Franklin County courtroom to answer a charge of murder.
-
-The bare facts of the attack seem to point to a dangerous and volatile defendant whose destructive impulses flared in prison. But interviews with Mafuta and people close to him, as well as a review of police records and hundreds of pages of medical charts, reveal a far more complicated chain of events.
-
-This more disquieting account is the story of a young immigrant who endured childhood trauma but matured into a gifted and charismatic teen — only to sink into a quicksand of mental illness and homelessness from which an overtaxed, fragmented network of care was unable to rescue him. His descent offers a telling glimpse into the inadequacies of a system that provides limited support during the early stages of psychiatric illness, forcing the machinery of criminal justice to respond when crises result.
-
-If Mafuta's murder case makes it to trial, his attorneys will seek to convince jurors that he was not guilty because he was insane when he attacked Hall, a finding no Vermont jury has delivered in living memory. Mafuta's future could hinge on what a dozen people in law-and-order Franklin County imagine was going through his mind during a 30-second spasm of violence.
-
-But the path to the events of Cell 17 travels first, two years earlier, through Room 37 in UVM's emergency department, where a frightened teenager went to feel safe.
-
-  
-
----
-
-  
-
-### 'I Had to Grow Up Really Fast'
-
-![Mafuta playing for the South Burlington Dolphins as No. 77 - COURTESY OF SOUTH BURLINGTON DOLPHINS](https://media1.sevendaysvt.com/sevendaysvt/imager/u/blog/39042209/crime1-2-7dabc63d54053d1b.jpg)
-
--   Courtesy Of South Burlington Dolphins
--   Mafuta playing for the South Burlington Dolphins as No. 77
-
-Mafuta was suspicious of the man taking notes. Mafuta had been sitting in the emergency department for more than two hours, exposed in his hospital gown, nervously spinning the identification bracelet around his wrist. His eyes checked the doorway. Even here, he did not know whom to trust.
-
-His interlocutor worked with an [all-hours crisis service](https://howardcenter.org/first-call-for-chittenden-county/) run by Chittenden County's mental health provider, Howard Center. At first, Mafuta evaded the queries. But the therapist, an immigrant like him, specialized in working with young, traumatized adults, and with gentle questioning Mafuta began to reveal some details about his life.
-
-Again and again, Mafuta had lost people close to him: his biological mother, who lived on another continent; a caseworker who died of cancer; a friend who drowned in Lake Champlain. Now he felt alone and unmoored in the place where he'd grown up. Explaining that to the stranger in Room 37 transported Mafuta to the furthest reaches of his memory, to those of the young child who departed the Democratic Republic of the Congo for the United States.
-
-Had they come as refugees? He wasn't sure. He knew he was 5 when he'd said goodbye to his mother and boarded an airplane to Indiana with his father, younger brother and stepmother. He was in elementary school when the family later moved to a brick apartment building in Essex, wedged into a suburban neighborhood of mostly single-family houses.
-
-![Mbyayenge "Robbie" Mafuta' - COURTESY OF SOUTH BURLINGTON DOLPHINS](https://media1.sevendaysvt.com/sevendaysvt/imager/u/blog/39042211/crime1-4-6d3408e9399244e9.jpg)
-
--   Courtesy Of South Burlington Dolphins
--   Mbyayenge "Robbie" Mafuta'
-
-Mafuta, outgoing and adventurous, wandered into the backyards of neighbors. He knocked on doors to ask for rides to school when he missed the bus. Some neighbors invited Mafuta into their homes to play Xbox with their kids. Others yelled at the Mafuta boys for playing with their family's toys, telling police they thought the children might steal them.
-
-Inside the family's sparsely furnished apartment, Mafuta's father, Ponda, expected obedience, Mafuta would later recall. Mafuta had chores by the time he was 8 years old, and when he didn't do them, his father punished him harshly. When Ponda came home one afternoon to discover his son playing in the yard, Mafuta ran inside and pretended to sort the laundry, still dirty. The boy's screams reached the downstairs neighbor, Patrick Graziano, who was accustomed to loud noises from above, but nothing like this.
-
-"You can tell when a child is in fear," he said.
-
-Graziano ran upstairs, pushed open the Mafutas' door and found Ponda swinging a shoe at his son, who had curled defensively in a ball. Graziano pinned the man to the floor. The police took the father away in handcuffs.
-
-It was the first of two times Ponda would face criminal charges for hitting his eldest child. The charges in both cases were later dropped, in one instance because Ponda agreed to go to specialized counseling for refugees and survivors of torture. (The elder Mafuta did not respond to interview requests.)
-
-His son, nevertheless, was taken into state custody. Mafuta recalled moving from "one white house to the next" until he landed at Allenbrook, [a South Burlington group home](https://www.nfivermont.org/services/residential-programs/allenbrook-program/) for teens with behavioral challenges. He'd been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder, and he saw a youth therapist.
-
-Allenbrook had its own strictures. The home ran on a system tied to privileges. Residents gained points for doing their dishes, lost points for taking too long in the shower. Mafuta got in trouble for running away. More than once, he turned up at the playground of the Burlington apartment complex where his family had since moved.
-
-He missed the African dishes his family cooked at home: fufu, pondu madesu. He missed his siblings. Even though Mafuta was scared of his father at times, he missed him, too.
-
-"I had to grow up really fast," he told a caseworker years later.
-
-Most of Mafuta's middle school peers in South Burlington had cellphones. He stole a teacher's so he could have one, too.
-
-![Mafuta with the team - COURTESY OF SOUTH BURLINGTON DOLPHINS](https://media2.sevendaysvt.com/sevendaysvt/imager/u/blog/39042210/crime1-3-f156213f73ea579c.jpg)
-
--   Courtesy Of South Burlington Dolphins
--   Mafuta with the team
-
-In sports, he found an outlet. The group home connected him to a youth football team, [the Dolphins](https://sbdolphins.com/), and coach Rene LaBerge showed him how to channel pent-up aggression into something positive. "I used football as a way to express myself," Mafuta later recalled.
-
-By high school, he was a five-foot-10, 215-pound defensive standout and a frequent presence in opponents' backfields, disrupting plays before they began. He was named [all-state defensive lineman](https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/sports/high-school/football/2018/12/05/2018-vermont-h-s-football-coaches-all-state-teams/2220504002/) on the [inaugural Burlington-South Burlington varsity football squad](https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/sports/high-school/football/2018/08/13/what-know-burlington-south-burlington-football-cooperative/976555002/), the SeaWolves.
-
-Once Mafuta learned to become a teammate, making friends came naturally. He brought dates to school dances and blew curfew to snack at Al's French Frys. He started making rap music with friends, including North Ave Jax, who now plays sold-out shows.
-
-Around that time, Anais Carpentier, a junior, was struggling to find her place after moving to Vermont with her family. Mafuta introduced her to his friends and brought her to hangouts. "I got you," he told her. She'd drop him off at Allenbrook, and they'd lose track of time chatting in the parking lot.
-
-"He's the reason high school wasn't that bad for me," Carpentier said.
-
-Mafuta's senior classmates voted him as having the "most Wolfpack pride" — and roared when the high school principal called his name on graduation day in June 2019. His parents posed for photos alongside him in his cap and gown.
-
-His time at Allenbrook was winding down. Mafuta hoped an athletics scholarship would propel him to college, maybe even Yale University. That didn't pan out, nor could he afford prep school. So as friends embarked for college, Mafuta went instead to Kentucky, where his father had found new work, to try to live with his parents again.
-
-They continued to clash. Just before the pandemic, he moved back to Vermont on his own.
-
-  
-
----
-
-  
-
-### Assassins and a Tapped Phone
-
-![Mafuta and Anais Carpentier - COURTESY](https://media1.sevendaysvt.com/sevendaysvt/imager/u/blog/39042215/crime1-8-3cc3dd5e73fed617.jpg)
-
--   Courtesy
--   Mafuta and Anais Carpentier
-
-The crisis therapist at the hospital in December 2020 wanted to know about those months between Mafuta's return to Vermont and his current, paranoid state. Mafuta, though, was fixated on the previous week. He had been hearing noises inside a recent girlfriend's home, Mafuta explained, but she told him he was imagining them. Then the mysterious troupe began stalking him.
-
-"Writer doubts that this is the first episode," the therapist noted. "It is more likely that he has not revealed it before."
-
-Mafuta had been under enormous stress. After returning to Burlington, he stayed with a friend's mother, who kicked him out because, she said, he kept smoking weed in the house. He bounced from couch to couch. The pandemic hit, and Mafuta began staying in state-sponsored motel rooms. He had no car, and the rooms had no kitchens.
-
-Carpentier visited him in the run-down motels. But he became harder to find, and, at the end of summer 2020, she lost his trail.
-
-A separate friend picked up Mafuta at Oakledge Park one evening. Taylor Chibuzo had only known Mafuta for a couple of years, but he had become her best friend. She'd look in awe at his journals, full of deft drawings and doodles. On this night, Mafuta seemed agitated. As she drove, he directed her to take abrupt turns because someone was following them. He seemed convinced that her phone was tapped. That night, Chibuzo found him standing in her front yard, staring at nothing but the pitch black.
-
-It was the first time Chibuzo had felt uncomfortable around her friend. His paranoia made her wonder about schizophrenia, a disease she knew little about.
-
-It was months before clinicians would deliver such a diagnosis, though [research on schizophrenia](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.686666/full) indicates that Mafuta's age, migrant background and history of childhood abuse put him at a higher risk for developing the disease. But psychosis has many causes, and diagnosing an underlying condition takes time. A hospital psychiatrist who assessed Mafuta that December night wondered whether his symptoms might have been a result of heavy cannabis use. The specialist encouraged him to stay at the hospital until his condition improved.
-
-Mafuta seemed amenable, telling them his assassins would leave his body in a ditch if he returned to the street. Still, just a few hours later, he changed his mind and walked out.
-
-Over the next few days, Mafuta contacted Burlington police repeatedly to express fear that he was being followed. Then someone called 911 from Lakeview Cemetery to report what they believed might be a body. It was Mafuta, alive but face down in the snow next to the grave of his friend who had [drowned in Lake Champlain](https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/2017/07/11/name-oakledge-drowning-victim-released/467961001/) several years earlier. Mafuta refused help but later showed up at the fire department asking for a ride to the emergency room. He left the hospital shortly after, only to return hours later, explaining that he hadn't been in the "right headspace" earlier. He agreed to be admitted to the psychiatric unit.
-
-That day, Mafuta took his first dose of an antipsychotic medication. Over the week that followed, doctors noted that his paranoia seemed to subside. On December 18, he told them that he'd stopped hearing from a joke-telling "imaginary friend" and assured them that he had thrown away the cellphone he believed was tapped. He asked to be discharged.
-
-Doctors urged him to stay a few more days so they could discuss a treatment plan going forward. Mafuta said he would schedule follow-up appointments on his own and sleep at a friend's house. The hospital ordered him a cab to help him get there.
-
-  
-
----
-
-  
-
-### 'Something Must Be Going On'
-
-![Mafuta with his lawyer Paul Groce - JAMES BUCK](https://media1.sevendaysvt.com/sevendaysvt/imager/u/blog/39042212/crime1-5-a0b3e7308f084f9a.jpg)
-
--   James Buck
--   Mafuta with his lawyer Paul Groce
-
-Mafuta had reached a critical juncture. One or two psychotic episodes can cost someone a job, damage relationships and prompt encounters with the police. But intensive, ongoing care can, for some people, reverse that trajectory.
-
-Vermont is the [only state without an intervention program known as coordinated specialty care](https://www.samhsa.gov/blog/new-tool-offers-hope-people-experiencing-early-serious-mental-illness-their-families), which the federal government says is proven to work. It's meant to prevent someone in the early stages of psychosis from spiraling toward deeper trouble. Some Vermont mental health workers, with state support, [have pioneered a similar yet distinct treatment approach](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32152853/) that marshals a team of therapists, family and friends to help a person address their needs. This more collaborative technique is not widely available, however, and most Vermonters do not receive such treatment. Mafuta wouldn't, either.
-
-In the weeks following his December discharge, he had no further contact with the hospital or Howard Center, according to his medical records. Instead, he tried to solve mounting problems on his own.
-
-Mafuta went to Goodwill and asked to be hired back for a job he had abandoned weeks earlier. When the manager said no, according to a police report, he knocked over merchandise and was barred from the property. Mafuta told a South Burlington officer who responded to stay "six feet away." The officer placed a written notice of trespass on the ground.
-
-Soon after, in early January 2021, a Burlington police officer flagged down Mafuta on an Old North End sidewalk while investigating a report that someone resembling him had tried to break into a parked car. Mafuta walked past the officer, who grabbed his shoulder. He told the officer not to touch him. The exchange became heated and turned into a scuffle. Mafuta was [eventually subdued by an electric shock](https://vtdigger.org/2021/02/08/new-footage-shows-moments-before-burlington-officers-shocked-teen-with-stun-gun/). He was booked for assaulting the officer and released.
-
-Three days later, he showed up at the house of a New North End family he didn't know and demanded they let him inside because, he told them, his phone was dead, according to court records. After they shut the door, he broke into their garage and began smashing items. Police arrested him at gunpoint.
-
-That prompted the Chittenden County State's Attorney's Office to ask a judge to detain Mafuta while the cases played out in court. He was locked up for the first time in his life.
-
-Soon, videos of his arrest-by-Taser received extensive news coverage in Burlington.
-
-State's Attorney Sarah George began fielding calls from acquaintances who'd known Mafuta through their work at South Burlington High School. His recent behavior didn't add up, they told her; something must be going on. The calls surprised George: In her experience, people didn't usually speak up for homeless Black men.
-
-The prosecutor said she asked the callers whether they knew anyone who could give Mafuta a place to live and watch over him. None came forward, so Mafuta spent nearly three months imprisoned while awaiting trial. "I don't think our intention was ever to have him be in that long," George said.
-
-Incarceration had a "seriously adverse effect" on Mafuta because of his youthfulness and mental health issues, his public defenders argued in a bid for his release pending trial, which a judge granted in March. They hired a social worker to arrange for a hotel room, provide Mafuta with a cellphone and help him stay on top of his medication.
-
-Meanwhile, a pair of psychiatrists evaluated Mafuta and determined that he was insane at the time of the January incidents. Prosecutors and his public defender began working out a deal to drop the charges in exchange for community treatment.
-
-Then he was accused of another crime.
-
-Mafuta had begun working in the kitchen at Olive Garden in South Burlington following his release but walked off during one of his shifts. When he learned days later that he no longer had a job, he [hijacked a truck in the parking lot with one of its owners still inside](https://www.wcax.com/2021/05/28/milton-man-steals-truck-with-person-inside/) and sped off toward a friend's house. He stopped to let her out, then continued driving until police pulled him over.
-
-This time, a court-ordered psychiatrist concluded that Mafuta had understood his actions and was mentally fit to stand trial for the carjacking charge. He spent another four months in prison, until October 2021.
-
-By then, as word spread of his erratic behavior, many peers were writing him off, his friend Carpentier said. She tried to stick by him, but it was growing more difficult.
-
-Phone conversations with Mafuta devolved into arguments. He cussed her out and accused her of plotting against him. "That had never happened before," she said.
-
-  
-
----
-
-  
-
-### Trusted Voices
-
-A second deal with prosecutors sent Mafuta to treatment court, a community-based program for defendants with mental health conditions or drug addictions. It entailed drug tests, therapy and regular visits before a judge.
-
-He was assigned a caseworker from Howard Center, the county mental health agency. His caseworker tallied Mafuta's strengths: "good energy, trusting, motivated toward change, old soul." For needs, she listed "affection, encouragement." Mafuta said what he needed most was consistency. It had been 10 months and two prison stints since his initial hospital visit.
-
-Treatment court offered structure and supervision. He sought out new work, joined a cooking class and showed up to mandated court hearings.
-
-Still, Mafuta's housing situation was precarious, and he strained to make sense of the waves of psychosis that doctors now suspected were symptoms of schizophrenia.
-
-"I had to be my own father, which is where this voice in my head came from," he told his caseworker. "It is my best friend. I trust this voice more than anything else in the world."
-
-One of the only people outside the system still keeping tabs on Mafuta was a Burlington barber, Tony Clarke. Clarke had met Mafuta years earlier while working with his father at Magic Hat Brewing and had occasionally joined Ponda on visits to Allenbrook group home. After Mafuta returned to Vermont, he and Clarke grew close.
-
-Mafuta was desperate to prove that he could make it on his own. In phone calls with his father, he betrayed little of his troubles. He put on a strong face whenever he spoke to Clarke, too.
-
-Clarke saw through the façade. "I was telling his father, like, 'Yo, shit is *not* good,' and he couldn't believe it," Clarke said.
-
-When Ponda found out his son was homeless, he flew to Burlington and paid a woman from their former church to put up Mafuta, Clarke said. The arrangement ended because, Mafuta said, he was caught smoking weed at that house, too. Mafuta's struggles were stressful for Ponda, Clarke said, "because he wanted to help him but couldn't."
-
-Early one morning, Clarke was taking out the trash from his Main Street barbershop, [Kut Masterz](https://www.instagram.com/kutmasterz_/?hl=en), when he heard someone rapping to himself at a bus stop. He rounded the corner and saw Mafuta, who by then was spending nights at a shelter on Shelburne Road. Clarke invited him inside.
-
-Clarke started swinging by the shelter in case Mafuta needed a ride. Mafuta became a frequent presence at the barbershop, where he could count on food, comfort, conversation and a crisp haircut — usually a flattop or a fade.
-
-When Mafuta said odd things, such as declaring that the left side of his body "walked with death," Clarke would tell him to "knock the bullshit off, man. I know you; this is not you." He didn't know what else to say.
-
-Mafuta relied increasingly on doctors, yet the medication gave him tremors that got so bad in January 2022 that he went to the emergency room. A doctor suggested he stop taking the pills and visit his primary care physician in Colchester.
-
-It's unclear whether he ever followed up. But when Mafuta returned to the UVM Medical Center emergency department again in April 2022, he disclosed that he had not taken his medication in three months.
-
-Mafuta now said the Ku Klux Klan was following him and that his medications were being used for mind control. He tried to "cast spells" on one clinician and told another he might need to harm her so that she would stop writing things down.
-
-"Just kill me now!" he screamed.
-
-He shook the stretcher in his room, slammed a stool on the floor, and ran down a hallway with security and staff in pursuit.
-
-The doctors decided that his threatening words and behavior were grounds for emergency inpatient treatment, otherwise known as involuntary commitment.
-
-He spent another night in an emergency room, waiting for a bed.
-
-  
-
----
-
-  
-
-### 'Swath of Destruction'
-
-![Mafuta being brought into court by Sheriff John Grismore - JAMES BUCK](https://media2.sevendaysvt.com/sevendaysvt/imager/u/blog/39042213/crime1-6-0d19ef6c22deb30d.jpg)
-
--   James Buck
--   Mafuta being brought into court by Sheriff John Grismore
-
-Mafuta ended up at the [Brattleboro Retreat](https://www.brattlebororetreat.org/), a nonprofit psychiatric hospital two hours away.
-
-"Get out," he told the first nurse to enter his room.
-
-He did not want to be in a hospital. His 21st birthday was coming up. He'd only gone to the emergency department in Burlington because he was looking for someplace to sleep, he told another nurse. Being homeless, he said, made his symptoms worse.
-
-He struggled to explain the voices he heard in ways that doctors and nurses could understand — or he'd deny hearing anything. Like many people thought to have schizophrenia, he questioned his diagnosis. In time, Retreat staff persuaded Mafuta to try different antipsychotic medicines, which he said helped settle his mind. He went to peer meetings and made snacks using recipe cards. He wrote poetry.
-
-As his stay neared the one-month mark, Mafuta wanted to return to Burlington so he could take more cooking classes. His treatment team began making plans for his discharge in May 2022.
-
-One of the providers noted that Mafuta might benefit from residential treatment upon release. They placed him in a short-term crisis stabilization center, [ASSIST](https://howardcenter.org/mental-health/home-and-housing-supports/crisis-stabilization-support/), run by Howard Center.
-
-During Mafuta's fourth day at ASSIST, house staffers made him take a Breathalyzer test because they thought, incorrectly, that his drink contained alcohol. Mafuta lost control. He thrust his elbow through a wall, causing his arm to bleed, and smashed a window. Employees hid in their offices while the police came.
-
-The manager said Mafuta had to leave. But, she told police, he was unsafe to be on his own. An officer drove him to the UVM Medical Center.
-
-Later that night, the hospital discharged him. Mafuta was back on the street — what would become his final, crushing stint. At a homeless shelter, he damaged property and was told to leave. He slept outdoors, usually on park benches, and lost track of his medications. His hallucinations became overwhelming, and he got more criminal citations and made more trips to the ER. "I just want to get my fucking medications so I can sleep," he yelled during one visit, before punching a machine. He was given an injection of a powerful antipsychotic drug.
-
-Nighttime could be terrifying. He sought out safety in City Hall Park, a popular homeless hangout, only to wake up to the patter of rain and realize that everyone else had left. Mafuta wandered empty downtown streets, panic mounting, wondering where the other homeless people had gone. "I'm hearing people talking to me," he remembered later. "I'm seeing shadows walk across the streets." He huddled near Wi-Fi hot spots so he could listen to music on his headphones until daybreak.
-
-Feeling suicidal, he jumped in front of traffic on Shelburne Road. He had outbursts at the library and at a pharmacy. He was accused of smashing windows at churches and businesses and of stealing clothes, a phone.
-
-Burlington residents, meanwhile, were losing patience with the sort of public displays of homelessness, disorder and property crime that Mafuta was coming to represent. Those concerns fueled the August 2022 primary battle for Chittenden County state's attorney, in which George's challenger, backed by the Burlington police union, [pledged to clean up the streets by keeping more suspects behind bars](https://m.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/will-public-safety-worries-end-progressive-prosecutor-sarah-georges-sweeping-reforms/Content?oid=36110678).
-
-Mafuta's personal crisis crashed into the politics of public safety during the final 72 hours of the campaign. Police again found Mafuta jumping in front of traffic. The next day, he was removed from a daytime shelter after ripping the door handle from a car in the parking lot.
-
-On the eve of the primary election, Mafuta smashed windows at the bus station downtown, court papers allege. Then, in the early morning hours, he walked to the South End home where one of his former foster families lived. He asked to stay there, but they declined. Mafuta launched rocks through a bedroom window. He went on to damage more than 30 other nearby homes, prosecutors allege.
-
-Voters awoke on primary day to headlines dubbing the vandalism spree a "[swath of destruction](https://www.mychamplainvalley.com/news/local-news/vandal-vuts-swath-of-destruction-through-south-end/)." The phrase had been plucked straight from [a press release](https://www.burlingtonvt.gov/Press/south-end-vandalism-spree-arrest-made) sent out by then-acting Burlington Police Chief Jon Murad. The release noted that Mafuta had accumulated more than 100 "police involvements," including one occasion in which he'd asked police to take him to jail so he could get his medication.
-
-Mayor Miro Weinberger called on authorities to do more to "sustain the peace and safety that this community has long enjoyed."
-
-George, who won reelection, said the police chief spoke dismissively of Mafuta's struggles during an administrative meeting a few days later. "Everybody has mental health issues these days," George said she heard him say.
-
-In an email to *Seven Days*, Murad said he didn't recall his exact words. His point, he said, was that most people with mental illness don't harm others, and those who do must be treated in ways that also preserve public safety. Absent effective treatment, prison is sometimes the only option, Murad wrote. For too long, he added, Mafuta "was able to repeatedly victimize others."
-
-  
-
----
-
-  
-
-### Staring Blankly
-
-![A cell in Northwest State Correctional Facility - LUKE AWTRY](https://media1.sevendaysvt.com/sevendaysvt/imager/u/blog/39042214/crime1-7-8a09c2a2e9bdf588.jpg)
-
--   Luke Awtry
--   A cell in Northwest State Correctional Facility
-
-The vandalism spree convinced Superior Court Judge John Pacht that efforts to help Mafuta in the community were not working.
-
-He ordered Mafuta to be kept at the Vermont Psychiatric Care Hospital in Berlin until a psychiatrist could evaluate whether he needed a prolonged hospital stay. A few weeks later, a state psychiatrist found Mafuta fit to stand trial, and he was transferred to Northwest State Correctional Facility in St. Albans.
-
-"Client will be better served by the correctional facility where he is currently held," a note in his Howard Center file concluded.
-
-The Department of Corrections deemed Mafuta to have "[serious functional impairment](https://doc.vermont.gov/sites/correct/files/documents/SFIDesignationReport_DOC_09-21-2022.pdf)," a designation for prisoners with debilitating mental illness. Only 40 or so Vermont inmates meet the narrow criteria for the designation at any given time. Most are housed at Southern State Correctional Facility in Springfield, which maintains more extensive medical resources, including a residential psychiatric unit.
-
-Mafuta was one of three inmates in St. Albans with the high-needs designation. He met periodically with social workers and a psychiatrist employed by the state's private medical contractor at the time, [VitalCore Health Strategies](https://vitalcorehs.com/), to plan treatment.
-
-He was assigned to a general-population unit with narrow cells and a shared bathroom. Fellow inmates said they soon noticed him acting strangely. He told them he could hear their thoughts. Some days he stared blankly at the wall.
-
-Even so, Mafuta was unusually "genuine," fellow inmate Daniel Mitchell said. The pair sometimes walked circles together around the unit. Mitchell learned that Mafuta didn't have family members who visited or money to buy items from the commissary. He sometimes asked to use other inmates' tablet computers so he could listen to music.
-
-As winter set in, Mafuta was struggling. He asked Mitchell for help getting a job in prison, but Mitchell said the correctional officers didn't think Mafuta was reliable enough. He asked a psychiatrist for a higher dosage of his antipsychotic medication, but records show he was denied; his dosage had just been increased.
-
-Some inmates worried. One spoke to a correctional officer, who told the inmate to put his concerns in writing, according to a court affidavit filed by a Vermont state trooper. The inmate wrote that the way Mafuta looked at him and others "has me thinking he's going to hurt someone really bad." But he never submitted the note.
-
-On December 19, 2022, Mafuta's public defender and a Chittenden County prosecutor told a judge that they were nearing a deal to close his pending cases, so long as they could find him a place to live — typically a condition for release.
-
-Later that day, Mafuta began screaming and throwing things inside his cell. He was taken to the segregation unit and placed on suicide watch because he said he planned to kill himself.
-
-Prison officials returned Mafuta to the main unit the following day at his request, despite his refusal to take some of his medications, medical records show. "He was able to process what happened last night and create a plan," a VitalCore therapist wrote in an email to prison officials.
-
-He was placed in Cell 17 — and assigned a new roommate.
-
-  
-
----
-
-  
-
-### A Scream for Help
-
-Jeff Hall, like Mafuta, had fallen into homelessness in the place where he grew up.
-
-The 55-year-old had attended Burlington High School but did not graduate. He worked for a time stocking shelves at a grocery store but spent much of his adult life in trouble with the law.
-
-His problems in recent years appeared to be intertwined with addiction. By last December, Hall was awaiting trial on several charges, including allegedly stealing a MacBook, $500 Gucci sunglasses and other items from a parked car. Police met the victim at City Hall Park, where she recovered some of her belongings from a cart Hall pushed around.
-
-He had a mixed reputation in prison. One former cellmate recalled Hall fondly. The only frustration, the cellmate said, was Hall's insistence on watching every NASCAR race, even the monotonous qualifying laps. "Doesn't make sense to watch the race if you're not gonna watch the qualifier," Hall would say. Others said they knew Hall for his sticky fingers. He once managed to swipe a cup of Red Bull from a correctional officer's desk, Mitchell said, impressed. Hall's family, through an attorney, declined interview requests.
-
-Prison officials were unaware of any trouble between Mafuta and Hall, according to court records. Four inmates interviewed for this story said the same.
-
-But inmates said they were alarmed by Mafuta's state of mind following his brief time on suicide watch. As Mafuta walked with Mitchell on December 22, Mafuta's distress was obvious. And for the first time, according to Mitchell, his comments suggested violence.
-
-"He was like, 'My voices keep telling me to hurt people ... I keep telling them I don't want to hurt anyone; I'm not a hurtful person,'" Mitchell recalled. "He kept trying to hold them back, basically."
-
-Mitchell gave Mafuta scoops of instant grounds so his friend could make coffee.
-
-Officers soon came to the unit to perform the afternoon head count, during which inmates are told to wait in their unlocked cells. Hall walked back to the one he shared with Mafuta. Seconds later, a scream for help escaped from behind the steel door.
-
-Officers scrambled to find the source. Officer David Lumbra headed first for Cell 12, where he had heard the cellmates were not getting along. But the cries were several cells away.
-
-As Lumbra continued his search, Mafuta walked out of his cell, expressionless, his hands and pants covered in blood, and sat at a nearby table, according to court records and accounts of inmates. The officer looked in, saw Hall on the floor and radioed for backup.
-
-Mafuta sat quietly until officers handcuffed him and hauled him away. He was strip-searched and placed in a cell outfitted with a security camera.
-
-Matt Engels, a longtime prison supervisor and trained EMT, shined a penlight into Hall's eyes. They were dilated and unresponsive, a sign of possible brain injury. An ambulance rushed Hall to the hospital, where he was placed in a medically induced coma. He would [die within three months](https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/obituaries/bfp041179).
-
-State troopers who investigated were escorted by prison staff to Cell 17, which had been cordoned off with evidence tape. They noted bloodstains on the floor and the edge of the metal bunk bed.
-
-They also noticed a separate, lighter stain nearby — a cup of coffee spilled during the rush to aid Hall.
-
-  
-
----
-
-  
-
-### 'He's Gonna Get Smoked'
-
-![Mbyayenge "Robbie" Mafuta' - COURTESY](https://media2.sevendaysvt.com/sevendaysvt/imager/u/blog/39042216/crime1-9-c087a01baf25e06b.jpg)
-
--   Courtesy
--   Mbyayenge "Robbie" Mafuta'
-
-In the days that followed the episode, Mafuta offered varying accounts that are hard to reconcile. He told a psychiatrist by phone that his voices hadn't instructed him to harm anyone. Instead, he knew Hall had been making disrespectful comments and stealing things from other inmates, "so I decided to handle the situation because I thought it was the right thing to do."
-
-That conversation, a week after the attack, took place because corrections staff were concerned that Mafuta needed to be hospitalized; he was refusing his medication and had spent hours the previous day speaking to himself in a mirror. "I'm seeing shit and hearing shit all the time ... You are using my words," a security camera recorded him saying.
-
-Two weeks later, a correctional officer overheard Mafuta speaking to inmates. They were laughing, and Mafuta didn't seem to understand how seriously he'd injured Hall. "What? He's still in the hospital? That's crazy," the officer heard Mafuta say. One of the inmates told investigators that Mafuta said he'd "spazzed out, came to and there was blood all over him."
-
-Investigators have not offered evidence that Mafuta plotted the attack. No one claims to have seen what happened inside the cell. Mafuta declined to talk to the police, and his attorneys instructed him not to answer questions about the encounter during interviews with *Seven Days*.
-
-In August, the state charged Mafuta with [second-degree murder](https://m.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/murder-charge-filed-against-man-accused-of-beating-cellmate/Content?oid=38845019). At his arraignment in St. Albans, Mafuta, who had grown a patchy beard and put on weight, looked older than his 22 years. Shackled and dressed in thin, red prison clothes, he sat quietly as his public defenders entered a not-guilty plea.
-
-This was no longer in Burlington, where prosecutors in George's office had worked with defense attorneys to find ways to limit Mafuta's time behind bars. George had [established a track record](https://m.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/mentally-ill-or-criminal-dismissals-of-murder-cases-spark-firestorm/Content?oid=27715487) of choosing not to pursue murder charges when experts believed the defendant was insane.
-
-Mafuta was flanked by two public officials who were continuing to enforce the law [despite their own alleged misdeeds](https://m.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/franklin-county-states-attorney-resigns-amid-impeachment-probe/Content?oid=38953384). To his left stood Sheriff John Grismore, whom voters elected even as he faces an assault charge for kicking a handcuffed detainee. To Mafuta's right sat Franklin County state's attorney John Lavoie, who at the time was facing impeachment proceedings before the Vermont legislature over his use of crass, racist and sexist language with his employees. Lavoie [submitted his resignation](https://m.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/franklin-county-states-attorney-resigns-amid-impeachment-probe/Content?oid=38953384) hours after Mafuta's arraignment. On Monday, Gov. Phil Scott appointed [former state prosecutor Bram Kranichfeld](https://m.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/prosecutor-turned-priest-named-franklin-county-states-attorney/Content?oid=39032465) as Lavoie's interim replacement.
-
-If Mafuta is found not guilty, or has the charges dismissed because of his mental health, the state will then face another, politically charged question: what to do with him next.
-
-Meantime, other questions surround the case, including whether Mafuta should have returned to general population from mental health watch so soon. The Department of Corrections reviewed its own handling of the matter, including decisions made by its health care contractor, and found no missteps, according to Corrections Commissioner Nick Deml. "There's really nothing in the record that would have led us to a different conclusion," he said.
-
-Independent investigations are standard whenever someone dies in prison. But none was performed in this case because Hall was no longer in state custody when he died months later. Department leaders could have commissioned an independent report anyway but didn't.
-
-Mitchell, Mafuta's prison friend, wonders whether Mafuta should have been incarcerated at all, given his need for psychiatric care. Even Deml acknowledges that his agency is relied on a lot — perhaps too much — to care for sick people.
-
-"I feel like he's gonna get smoked and be in here even longer," Mitchell said, "when he should have never been in here in the first place."
-
-Mafuta spoke to *Seven Days* for three hours over separate phone calls this summer. He frequently struggled to find his words but discussed his relationship with his father, his experiences at the hospital and the desperation he had experienced living on the street.
-
-Asked what he needed during that time, he answered in the present tense, as if he were not sitting behind bars and could remain so for a long time to come.
-
-"I need permanent housing, I need clothes, and I need a way of getting a job so I have money so I can pay for stuff," he said from Southern State Correctional Facility, where he has been held for most of this year in a restrictive unit. "I don't like waking up every day thinking I need to steal or I need to starve."
-
-Mafuta also seemed to acknowledge, in a way he hasn't always, that if he were freed, he would not be able to rebuild his life alone.
-
-"I just don't see myself going anywhere," he said, "if I have to do all this on my own."
-
-A question weighs on his two close friends, Carpentier and Chibuzo: *Could I have done more?*
-
-Chibuzo now lives in West Virginia with her husband. She still thinks about Mafuta every day.
-
-"I still would put everything on it that he's not evil," she said. "I just think, clearly, there's something very, very wrong. And I think he's been trying to tell people."
-
-Carpentier is starting her final semester of college, where she's studying psychology and criminal justice. Her memories of visiting Mafuta in motel rooms inspired her senior thesis: a study of how children in state custody can be better supported into adulthood.
-
-During their final days together in Burlington, Carpentier said, they would sit in her car and she would try, the best way she knew, to get him to open up.
-
-"Where's the kid I know, who always smiled and laughed?" she'd ask, encouragingly.
-
-"Stuff happened, and it changed me," he'd tell her.
-
-"That's pretty much all he would say."
-
-The original print version of this article was headlined "From Room 37 to Cell 17 | A young man's path through the mental health care system led to prison — and a fatal encounter"
-
-&emsp;
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-
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-^button-AcorruptChicagocopdestroyedhundredsoflivesNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# A corrupt Chicago cop destroyed hundreds of lives. Now victims want justice.
-
-CHICAGO – JaJuan Nile was a joker, a picky eater and his mother's only son. Growing up, he dreamed of starting a landscaping business.
-
-But he never got the chance. Instead, a run-in with a now-disgraced Chicago police officer put the 20-year-old behind bars for a crime he didn't commit. It changed the course of his life, his family said.  
-
-Nile was charged with possession of cocaine in 2007 and sentenced to three years in prison. With a felony on his record, he was repeatedly denied jobs and apartments.   
-
-Two years ago, just after he received his certificate of innocence and landed a job, the father of three young kids was fatally shot.  
-
-"He never got to his full potential because of what happened to him. It definitely led him to do other things, led him to get discouraged," his younger sister, Shawntell Nile, told USA TODAY.
-
-Nile was among nearly 200 people who have been cleared of charges tied to former Sgt. Ronald Watts and his Chicago Police Department team. It's the largest series of exonerations in the city’s history, said Joshua Tepfer, a lawyer with the University of Chicago Law School’s Exoneration Project, which has represented most of the victims.  
-
-For almost a decade, Watts and his team preyed on innocent people at the Ida B. Wells Homes public housing project, where they extorted money and planted drugs and guns, knowing their victims – largely Black and low-income residents – wouldn't be believed, said Cook County State's Attorney Kim Foxx.
-
-"He was asking for people to pay a tax, if you will," said Foxx, who has repeatedly sent written statements and held news conferences on the misconduct allegations and the steps her office has taken to rectify the harm Watts and his team caused. "He really carried himself as the top dog in that neighborhood, and people who didn't comply had cases put on them."  
-
-![A vacant lot is seen along Martin Luther King Drive where the Ida B. Wells Homes used to stand in Chicago, on Dec. 10, 2022.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2022/12/13/USAT/af63eaf8-21c8-46f2-8d31-a7634d0ef7d9-XXX_ChicagoMassExoneration_15_dcb.jpg)
-
-A vacant lot is seen along Martin Luther King Drive where the Ida B. Wells Homes used to stand in Chicago, on Dec. 10, 2022. Max Herman, USA TODAY
-
-Watts, an 18-year veteran of the department, had vendettas against some people, Foxx said. Other times he targeted people just because "he could," she said.  
-
-Local and federal law enforcement [were investigating allegations](https://loevy-content-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2022/08/COPA-Report-1087742.SRI_.pdf) of the team's corruption as early as 2004, according to a recently unveiled report from the city's Civilian Office of Police Accountability. That's the same year Watts won "Officer of the Month," according to court filings.  
-
-But it wasn't until 2012 that Watts and a member of his crew, Kallatt Mohammed, [were arrested on federal charges](https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/chicago/press-releases/2012/chicago-police-sergeant-and-officer-charged-with-stealing-5-200-from-individual-they-believed-was-transporting-drug-proceeds) of stealing $5,200 in government funds from an undercover informant. They pleaded guilty and were sentenced to 22 and 18 months, respectively.  
-
-Despite the convictions, local officials did not take action for the hundreds of people who had been arrested by Watts. That is until one victim, Clarissa Glenn, pressed the issue.  
-
-!["Some communities, doors close on us, and you don’t know where to turn," said Clarissa Glenn, 52. She stands on the corner of East 37th Street and South Rhodes Avenue near the former Ida B. Wells Homes Extension where she was once lived. Dec. 10, 2022](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2022/12/13/USAT/b6a25848-ab6c-4378-8d5b-27977e3c015c-XXX_ChicagoMassExoneration_09_dcb.jpg)
-
-"Some communities, doors close on us, and you don’t know where to turn," said Clarissa Glenn, 52. She stands on the corner of East 37th Street and South Rhodes Avenue near the former Ida B. Wells Homes Extension where she was once lived. Dec. 10, 2022 Max Herman, USA TODAY
-
-Spurred by Glenn, lawyers with the Exoneration Project and attorney Joel Flaxman began vetting victims' cases and bringing them to the Cook County State's Attorney's office in 2016. The office launched a comprehensive review of cases the following year, and prosecutors have moved to vacate the convictions in batches through a patchwork of litigation and cooperation with attorneys working on behalf of the victims. 
-
-Since then, prosecutors have moved to dismiss at least 226 convictions and juvenile adjudications connected to Watts and his team. Collectively, the wrongful prosecutions cost 183 people sentences of 459 years in prison (not including pretrial detention), plus 57 probation and 10 boot camp sentences.
-
-An Illinois Court of Claims judge described the scandal as "one of the most staggering cases of police corruption" in Chicago history and said "Watts and his team of police officers ran what can only be described as a criminal enterprise right out of the movie 'Training Day.'" A Cook County Circuit Court judge said officers’ actions resulted in "wrongful convictions." And an Illinois Appellate Court ruling detailed how "corrupt" officers fabricated a case to secure a false conviction.
-
-### About this story
-
-USA TODAY interviewed six people whose lives were upended by Watts and his crew. In the course of securing exonerations, lawyers for the victims have filed a host of documents alleging Watts and other officers fabricated cases. USA TODAY reviewed dozens of the documents, interviewed exonerees and attorneys, and returned to the scene of the since-demolished housing project on Chicago’s South Side.
-
--   **[How victims’ lives were forever changed](https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/nation/2023/02/05/chicago-police-ronald-watts-exoneration-cases/10470598002/#this-ruined-my)**
--   **[What’s next in the fight for justice](https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/nation/2023/02/05/chicago-police-ronald-watts-exoneration-cases/10470598002/#whats-next-in)**
-
-Almost every exoneree has now filed a federal civil rights lawsuit arguing their constitutional rights were violated by Watts, his team and the city of Chicago, Tepfer said.
-
-"It's important to step back and just realize how incredibly awful this is, how sickening it is, and the impact it has not just on these individuals but on the community trust," Tepfer said.
-
-Asked about the exonerations, an attorney for Watts, Thomas Glasgow, said, "I do not believe Mr. Watts has any comment regarding this matter." Watts, 59, is no longer an officer and lives in Arizona. 
-
-In responses filed in court to the federal cases, Watts and other officers have denied they fabricated cases. 
-
-As the city pours millions into legal battles, Watts' victims are still searching for justice.  
-
-Nile won't get that chance. Instead, his sister and children are left with lockets filled with his ashes and an urn on the mantle when his family gathers for their monthly Sunday dinners.  
-
-"I just want people to at least step in our shoes and see how it affected our lives – not only my brother, but us as well," Shawntell Nile said. "It's an ongoing issue that needs to be addressed."
-
-![Shawntell Nile, 33, wears a locket containing her late brother JaJuan’s ashes near the former Ida B. Wells Homes site in Chicago where he lived, on Dec. 10, 2022. JaJuan received a certificate of innocence in 2020.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2022/12/13/USAT/4b3a3a06-7192-4d66-a4b9-915f54674ebc-XXX_ChicagoMassExoneration_20_dcb.jpg)
-
-Shawntell Nile, 33, wears a locket containing her late brother JaJuan’s ashes near the former Ida B. Wells Homes site in Chicago where he lived, on Dec. 10, 2022. JaJuan received a certificate of innocence in 2020. Max Herman, USA TODAY
-
-![‘This ruined my life’](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/indepth-static-assets/uploads/master/10470598002/36becfc6-d67e-4268-9219-9b939d9652c8-corrupt-line.jpg?width=450)
-
-In January 2003, Larry Lomax's younger brother was battling thyroid cancer and needed money. So Lomax, then 45 and a father of four, finished up work at his factory job and took the train more than an hour from Zion, Illinois, to the Ida B. Wells housing project to bring him some cash.
-
-But he never had the chance to give his brother the money.
-
-Lomax was walking up the ramp of his brother's building when officers grabbed him from behind, beat him, knocked out some of his teeth and took the money, according to Lomax's affidavit – a written statement Lomax made to Cook County Circuit Court under oath in his exoneration case.
-
-![Larry Lomax, 65, sits inside his apartment in Waukegan, Illinois, on Dec. 11, 2022.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2022/12/13/USAT/cec59bef-310a-4f1f-89ac-2c67ff446b20-XXX_ChicagoMassExoneration_04_dcb.jpg)
-
-Larry Lomax, 65, sits inside his apartment in Waukegan, Illinois, on Dec. 11, 2022. Max Herman, USA TODAY
-
-At the police station, Lomax asked an officer what he’d been charged with.
-
-"Watts told me that if I would say that the guys I was arrested with had been selling drugs and that I had seen them with the drugs, they would let me go," Lomax said in the affidavit.
-
-He refused and was charged with possession of heroin. He told his public defender he had been framed, but the attorney recommended he take a plea deal, Lomax said. He spent two months in jail and was sentenced to two years probation.
-
-![A photo at the home of Larry Lomax in Waukegan, Illinois, shows Lomax and his brothers at his mother’s home in Jackson, Mississippi, in 1995.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2022/12/13/USAT/fb1cbe93-deb6-41f4-9ecf-7aef3cd52f7e-XXX_ChicagoMassExoneration_06_dcb.jpg)
-
-A photo at the home of Larry Lomax in Waukegan, Illinois, shows Lomax and his brothers at his mother’s home in Jackson, Mississippi, in 1995. Max Herman, USA TODAY
-
-Lomax's brother died of cancer less than a year after the arrest. He lost his job. He couldn't afford his car or rent. And when his youngest daughter was born in 2006, a family member had to take custody of her.
-
-Lomax, who now lives in Waukegan, Illinois, said he eventually found work through Catholic Charities. He joined a therapy group and went every Friday for years.
-
-"This ruined my life," he said. "The thing that hurt me most is I didn’t have nothing to do with this."
-
-Lomax's conviction was vacated in 2018, and he received a certificate of innocence. He hopes to see Watts and his team brought to court someday.
-
-"They got off with a slap on the wrist," he said.
-
-![‘I still haven’t physically recovered’](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/indepth-static-assets/uploads/master/10470598002/36becfc6-d67e-4268-9219-9b939d9652c8-corrupt-line.jpg?width=450)
-
-Derrick Mapp still feels the pain in his side from the day in April 2006 that Watts and another officer punched his ribs over and over again, causing his left lung to collapse.
-
-Mapp was returning to his mother's apartment when Watts and another officer grabbed him, started questioning him about "where the stuff was" and dragged him to the incinerator room, according to an affidavit in his exoneration case.
-
-"They punched on me, punched on me," said Mapp, 49, who still lives on Chicago's South Side. "I told them I didn’t know, so they cuffed me."
-
-![Derrick Mapp, 49, sits at his mother’s home in the Calumet Heights neighborhood of Chicago on Dec. 11, 2022.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2022/12/13/USAT/11a78897-edf6-4f03-b82e-eb9061a1fb99-XXX_ChicagoMassExoneration_01_dcb.jpg)
-
-Derrick Mapp, 49, sits at his mother’s home in the Calumet Heights neighborhood of Chicago on Dec. 11, 2022. Max Herman, USA TODAY
-
-Mapp, then 33, was struggling to breathe when he was taken to county jail, the affidavit said. He was later diagnosed with the collapsed lung and spent more than two months in the hospital, according to hospital records.
-
-Mapp was charged with a felony drug crime. He took a plea deal, was sentenced to four years and was detained about 18 months, leaving his girlfriend alone with their two sons, 11 and 12.
-
-Mapp had been the breadwinner of his family, and he'd worked since he was a kid. But when he got out of jail, he couldn't find a job.
-
-"People didn't trust me," he said, adding, "everything just went backward."
-
-Mapp's conviction was vacated in 2020, and he received a certificate of innocence in 2021.
-
-Derrick Mapp
-
-> I still haven’t physically recovered. I still get scared when I see the police, and that happens often.
-
-Now, Mapp said he gets by on "a little side work" in his neighborhood. He still can't sleep some nights. He tosses and turns.
-
-He's married and has two grandkids. He loves to take them to the park to ride their bikes and throw a baseball. But he doesn't travel too far from home — he's constantly looking over his shoulder and listening for sirens.
-
-"I still haven’t physically recovered," Mapp said. "I still get scared when I see the police, and that happens often."
-
-!['A lie ruined me'](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/indepth-static-assets/uploads/master/10470598002/36becfc6-d67e-4268-9219-9b939d9652c8-corrupt-line.jpg?width=450)
-
-Pregnant and with a 2-year-old daughter at home, Crystal Allen had to trudge through the snow and travel over an hour to get to her probation officer in Chicago. 
-
-She was framed by Watts on felony drug charges in 2007 – not once, but twice, according to affidavits in her exoneration cases – and was sentenced to two years of probation in a city where she no longer lived.
-
-"It was a whole nightmare," Allen recalled, crying. "And he was getting away with it."
-
-![Crystal Allen, 37, stands outside her home in Lafayette, Indiana, on Dec. 13, 2022.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2022/12/13/USAT/19e792de-0863-44e2-a4c0-3f29797751b1-DSCF9369.JPG)
-
-Crystal Allen, 37, stands outside her home in Lafayette, Indiana, on Dec. 13, 2022. Grace Hauck, USA TODAY
-
-In April 2007 when Allen was 22, she was at a relative's apartment to get some belongings for her move to Indiana. She heard a knock on the door, and Watts and another officer barged in, according to an affidavit. When the officers began questioning her, Allen said she gave them the receipt of a clothing store she had just visited to show she had not been in the building long.
-
-"I still ended up going to jail," said Allen, now 37. "I didn’t even know what the charges were."
-
-Crystal Allen
-
-> A lie ruined me – my whole life, my children’s lives.
-
-Watts and his team arrested Allen again that July while she was out on bond. She pleaded guilty to both charges. "My family didn't really have money for me to fight it," she said.
-
-The felony convictions destroyed her relationship with her grandmother and caused her to lose her housing assistance and food stamps, Allen said.
-
-"A lie ruined me – my whole life, my children’s lives," she said.
-
-Last year, Allen's convictions were vacated, and she received certificates of innocence. She rarely returns to Chicago. At home in Lafayette, Indiana, Allen feels more at peace. She has five kids and got married in 2019. She's largely a stay-home mom and works for DoorDash and Walmart delivery to make ends meet.
-
-She thinks about how more than a dozen members of Watts' crew still receive a paycheck from the Chicago Police Department. "I don’t think that that's fair," she said. 
-
-![‘I didn’t get a chance to go to their funerals or say goodbye’](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/indepth-static-assets/uploads/master/10470598002/36becfc6-d67e-4268-9219-9b939d9652c8-corrupt-line.jpg?width=450)
-
-Theodore "Ed" Wilkins, 42, still wakes to cold sweats after nightmares about the first time Watts put drugs on him. He was 23 in June 2003 and preparing to testify to the innocence of a man Watts had framed.
-
-That's when Watts fabricated a heroin case against Wilkins, according to an affidavit in his exoneration case.
-
-Wilkins was falsely arrested by Watts and his crew two more times through 2007 and cumulatively spent nearly four years in custody. He had two kids at the time, and his girlfriend left him, he said.
-
-Later, Wilkins pleaded guilty to separate charges unrelated to Watts.  Because of his prior convictions, prosecutors were able to charge Wilkins with a more serious class of felony that carries harsher punishment. He was sentenced to nine years in prison and three years mandatory supervised release.
-
-"I didn’t know they were going to use the Watts cases to upgrade the charges against me," he said. "It’s a doubling effect, a trickling down of nothing good."
-
-![Ed Wilkins, 42, sits across from the former Ida B. Wells Homes site in Chicago where he once lived, on Dec. 10, 2022.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2022/12/13/USAT/e0dc9b53-8946-457f-b423-16b6860d1ffa-XXX_ChicagoMassExoneration_11_dcb.jpg)
-
-Ed Wilkins, 42, sits across from the former Ida B. Wells Homes site in Chicago where he once lived, on Dec. 10, 2022. Max Herman, USA TODAY
-
-While he was incarcerated, Wilkins said numerous loved ones passed away, including his uncle, cousins and grandmother – his mother figure and best friend.
-
-"I didn’t get a chance to go to their funerals or say goodbye," Wilkins said.
-
-Wilkins was in prison when he started the exoneration process is 2017. His first Watts convictions was vacated in February 2022, weeks before he was set to be released.
-
-He received certificates of innocence in April, a relief not only for him but his three kids, ages 10, 18 and 21.  
-
-"The incarcerations have affected them as well," he said. "They weren’t able to see me like they wanted to."
-
-![‘I was trying to do something right’](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/indepth-static-assets/uploads/master/10470598002/36becfc6-d67e-4268-9219-9b939d9652c8-corrupt-line.jpg?width=450)
-
-Chris Jones forever regrets going home in May 2008 to visit his mother and friends at the housing project where he grew up. The 27-year-old had a young daughter and had just moved in with his aunt in a new area of the city.
-
-He wanted a fresh start. But he didn't get one.
-
-"As soon as I came outside, I got arrested. And I lost a year of my life," said Jones, who still lives on the South Side.
-
-Unlike Watt's typical case, it wasn't just a drug charge. This time, it included a gun.
-
-![Chris Jones sits on the back stoop of his home in the Park Manor neighborhood of Chicago on Dec. 11, 2022.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2022/12/13/USAT/09d6a5b8-910f-4c40-919a-2b829105a720-DSCF9279_1.JPG)
-
-Chris Jones sits on the back stoop of his home in the Park Manor neighborhood of Chicago on Dec. 11, 2022. Grace Hauck, USA TODAY
-
-That day, Jones walked out of his mother's building and saw a group of people gathered, according to an affidavit in his exoneration case. Watts and other officers arrived, detained the group – including Jones – and took them to the station.
-
-At the station, one of the officers "pulled a box out from under one of their desks," Jones' affidavit said. Watts opened it, and a number of "small baggies" tumbled out. Meanwhile, other officers searched the home of Jones' mother, where they claimed to have found a gun.
-
-Jones was charged with manufacturing and delivery of heroin and possession of a gun. Prosecutors later dropped the drug charges. 
-
-"I still don’t know why he did it to me," Jones said.
-
-Jones spent 105 days in pre-trial custody and 234 days in prison, followed by two years of parole. 
-
-"I wish I had just stayed in my aunt’s house," Jones said. "I'm not saying I’m an angel. I’ve done my wrongdoings. But I was trying to do something right."
-
-Chris Jones
-
-> I still don’t know why he did it to me. These are the people who are supposed to serve and protect us.
-
-Like the handful of other Watts victims charged with gun crimes, Jones was labeled a violent felon. Because of that, he's struggled to get jobs and [obtain a passport](https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/2022/06/09/felon-obtain-passport/7534161001/). 
-
-After more than four years of waiting, Jones's conviction was vacated in October. He recently found work as a pawn broker and is expecting a fourth child.
-
-Jones said he is forever distrustful of police – he wouldn't even call for help if someone were to break into his house. He teaches his kids to be wary, too.
-
-With his freedom restored, Jones hopes to get a passport and take his family on vacation.
-
-"I have that choice now."
-
-![‘I was an open target’](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/indepth-static-assets/uploads/master/10470598002/36becfc6-d67e-4268-9219-9b939d9652c8-corrupt-line.jpg?width=450)
-
-Clarissa Glenn wouldn't stand for Watts' lies.
-
-Between 2004 and 2006, Watts and his crew falsely arrested Glenn's boyfriend multiple times when he refused to pay bribes, according to the affidavits of Glenn and her then-boyfriend in their exoneration cases. 
-
-So Glenn reported the crimes to the office that investigates police misconduct. But the officers got wind of the report, according to the affidavits.
-
-"I was an open target," said Glenn, now 51.
-
-![Clarissa Glenn, 52, stands on the corner of 37th Street and South Rhodes Avenue near the former Ida B. Wells Homes Extension in Chicago where she was once lived, on Dec. 10, 2022.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2022/12/13/USAT/8868a90d-7197-4e7c-8988-ea248efbc259-XXX_ChicagoMassExoneration_10_dcb.jpg)
-
-Clarissa Glenn, 52, stands on the corner of 37th Street and South Rhodes Avenue near the former Ida B. Wells Homes Extension in Chicago where she was once lived, on Dec. 10, 2022. Max Herman, USA TODAY
-
-In retaliation, Watts and his crew framed Glenn and her partner, Ben Baker, for a drug case in December 2005, according to Glenn's affidavit. They had three sons at the time.
-
-"My boys were looking out the window seeing me placed in handcuffs and in a police car," she said.
-
-Fearful for the fate of their children, Glenn said she and Baker took a plea deal that sentenced Glenn to one year probation and Baker to four years in prison.
-
-Two of their sons had received scholarships to college. But after the convictions, the boys had to come home to work, she said.
-
-"I'd never been in trouble with the law. I did everything I was supposed to do … and the doors were closed in my face," Glenn said. "No one helped. No one listened. I was lost."
-
-So Glenn contacted her alderman, the Cook County state's attorney and three lawyers to try to expose Watts, clear her name and bring Baker home. Ultimately, she connected the FBI with the informant who brought Watts down.
-
-Clarissa Glenn
-
-> I’d never been in trouble with the law. I did everything I was supposed to do … and the doors were closed in my face. No one helped. No one listened. I was lost.
-
-Glenn received a pardon from the governor of Illinois in 2015. The next year, Glenn's and Baker's cases were vacated, and Baker was released from prison after more than a decade of incarceration. Baker received a certificate of innocence in 2016 and Glenn in 2018.
-
-Glenn said having her named cleared is a "blessing." But she's affected by the Watts ordeal every day.
-
-"What he has done to me ... he broke me," Glenn said, crying. "And there's no way to repair that."
-
-![What’s next in the fight for justice](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/indepth-static-assets/uploads/master/10470598002/36becfc6-d67e-4268-9219-9b939d9652c8-corrupt-line.jpg?width=450)
-
-More than six years since the exonerations began, a handful of Watts' victims are still waiting to have their convictions vacated.
-
-In 2017, the Chicago Police Department placed 15 officers associated with Watts on desk duty. Asked by USA TODAY for an update, department spokesperson Don Terry named the officers and said at least five have resigned since 2018, one was relieved of police powers in October, and nine remain active with the department.
-
-The recent city report – filed in 2021 and [made public last year](https://loevy-content-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2022/08/COPA-Report-1087742.SRI_.pdf) following a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit – recommended the firing of one of Watts' team members for submitting false reports and providing false testimony in the mid-2000s. The officer, Alvin Jones, was promoted in 2014. He resigned in May.
-
-Despite the exonerations, officers named in the federal suits continue to maintain their innocence in responses filed in court. 
-
-"I get a lot of questions from people like, 'Why aren't these cops in jail?'" Tepfer said. "I think those are good questions to ask."
-
-Watts moved to Las Vegas in 2013, according to court filings. He now lives in Arizona.
-
-Beyond Watts and the officer charged in 2012, no other officer on Watts' team has been criminally charged. At least 10 officers [have been barred](https://www.wbez.org/stories/top-cop-10-officers-banned-as-witnesses-remain-fit-for-police-powers/f861c69c-e15f-4766-abc8-a7419255ae9b) from testifying for the Cook County State’s Attorney’s office in criminal cases since 2017. The officers are "not credible," Foxx said.
-
-Foxx said her office is confronting the role it played in the scandal and is reviewing its policies for approving charges in the hopes of preventing future wrongful convictions. But she said the statute of limitations precludes her from charging Watts and the other officers.
-
-"The righteous anger about this is that (Watts) did inflict all of this harm that we all know that he has done and has eluded the ultimate responsibility – not just for shaking down that one informant – but for literally these hundreds of people," Foxx said.
-
-![Cook County State's Attorney Kim Foxx speaks at a news conference, in Chicago on Feb. 22, 2019.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2022/12/14/USAT/600c4d02-7a7e-4c60-8aab-fe4dd82dcbe6-AP19102668123541.jpg)
-
-Cook County State's Attorney Kim Foxx speaks at a news conference, in Chicago on Feb. 22, 2019. Kiichiro Sato, AP
-
-Victims and their families will never be made whole, Foxx said. "But there's something that is owed to them," she said.
-
-Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot has said [Watts "shattered" lives](https://twitter.com/LoriLightfoot/status/1095120116742791168). Her office directed USA TODAY's requests for comment to the Chicago Police Department, which declined to comment further. The Cook County Public Defender's office also declined comment.
-
-Meanwhile, the federal civil rights cases are still in fact-finding, and the officers have maintained their innocence in court filings.
-
-!["This is something that was done to my brother," said Shawntell Nile, 33, who blames Watts and his crew for stealing her brother's life. "We have to keep fighting for him."](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2022/12/13/USAT/e1c3397c-7ddf-451e-be2f-e375e5a25673-XXX_ChicagoMassExoneration_16_dcb.jpg)
-
-"This is something that was done to my brother," said Shawntell Nile, 33, who blames Watts and his crew for stealing her brother's life. "We have to keep fighting for him." Max Herman, USA TODAY
-
-Exonerees who spoke with USA TODAY said the city needs to take accountability for the pain Watts and his team inflicted. There's precedent for it: Chicago [has paid reparations](https://www.chicagotribune.com/la-na-nn-chicago-police-torture-20150506-story.html) to victims of police torture in the past.
-
-"Nobody disputes – from Lori Lightfoot to the state's Attorney's Office, the federal government – that these officers were corrupt," Tepfer said. "And if you can't even do anything about that – where no one even disputes it – why should the community trust you?"
-
-*According to the Chicago Police Department, the nine officers associated with Watts who remain on the force are: Brian Bolton, Miguel Cabrales, Robert Gonzalez, Manuel Leano, Lamonica Lewis, Douglas Nichols Jr., Calvin Ridgell Jr., Gerome Summers Jr. and John Rodriguez.*
-
-*The five officers who resigned are: Alvin Jones, Darryl Edwards, Kenneth Young Jr., Matthew Cadman and Michael Spaargaren. Elsworth Smith Jr. was relieved of police powers.*
-
-*The 10 officers barred from testifying for the Cook County State's Attorney's Office are: Bolton, Edwards, Gonzalez, Jones, Leano, Lewis, Nichols, Ridgell, Summers and Young.*
-
-*All of the officers have been named in numerous federal suits. Attorneys representing some of the officers directed USA TODAY requests for comment to the city of Chicago, which again declined to comment. In responses filed in court, the officers deny allegations of wrongdoing.* 
-
-*Reach out to criminal justice reporter Grace Hauck at [ghauck@usatoday.com](mailto:ghauck@usatoday.com), or follow her on Twitter at [@grace\_hauck](https://twitter.com/grace_hauck).*
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-Published 10:05 am UTC Feb. 5, 2023 Updated 9:04 pm UTC Feb. 8, 2023
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-# A crumbling, long-forgotten statue with an unusual erect phallus might be a Michelangelo. Renaissance scholars want hard evidence.
-
-Some 400 years ago, Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi — whose family would produce two popes, more than a dozen cardinals, and a smattering of statesmen — bought what became known as the Villa Ludovisi from Italy's Orsini family. A sprawling estate on the outskirts of Rome, it included an art collection that drew admirers from across Europe and, most notably, Caravaggio's only ceiling mural.
-
-In a place of honor was a life-size marble statue of the Greek god Pan with a wicked expression, a forked beard, and an 8-inch erect penis leaning left. The cardinal, it appears, built a pillared shrine for it between two majestic cypress trees.
-
-Over the centuries, new research has found, the Ludovisi family's attitude toward the marble god changed. A satyr with an ugly grimace and an imposing phallus? What would the neighbors think?
-
-A sculpted fig leaf covering the uncircumcised penis was last seen in 1885. A row of hedges was planted in front of the statue, allowing it to recede out of view.
-
-By the second half of the 20th century, the hedges were gone and a tree was planted in front of the statue. Artists and scholars continued to copy and study the works of the villa, but the statue left the public record for a century, not drawn or photographed between 1885 and 1985. Pan, the Greek god of woodlands and lust, was left to waste away behind a tree.
-
-When Corey Brennan, a classics professor at Rutgers University, visited the property for the first time, in spring 2010, he didn't know what to do with the statue. The villa's steward at the time, Princess Rita Jenrette Boncompagni Ludovisi, had cleared away the tree a couple of years earlier and brought the sculpture back into public view.
-
-She said the statue was created by Michelangelo Buonarroti, the Renaissance master who painted the Sistine Chapel and etched David out of marble before his 1564 death. She learned this from her husband, Nicolò, who heard it from his grandfather Francesco Boncompagni Ludovisi, whose "depth of historical information, handed down from generation to generation, always is proven to be historically correct and consistent," Princess Rita told Insider.
-
-The statue's provenance was widely accepted by the 1830s, but a group of German scholars later in the 19th century had cast doubt on the attribution. When, in July 2022, a student of Brennan's, Hatice Köroglu Çam, said she was a Michelangelo fanatic, he turned the question over to her.
-
-"See what you can do with it," he recalled telling her.
-
-Çam took on the assignment with relish. Digging into the estate's archives and other historical documents, she found centuries-old private sketches of the statue and correspondences and journal entries describing it.
-
-Over time, the elements had beaten the statue, whittling away some of its fingernails, softening its facial features, and receding the satyr's hairline. But in older sketches, those aspects are more sharply drawn.
-
-The more Çam looked, the more she was convinced the statue was created by the master himself.
-
-## The statue is stuck outdoors amid a messy family dispute over the property
-
-Çam's identification of the statue as a bona fide Michelangelo, argued over the past year and a half in [a four-part, 28,000-word treatise](https://villaludovisi.org/2023/05/05/a-new-self-portrait-of-michelangelo-the-statue-of-pan-at-the-casino-dellaurora-in-rome-part-iv-physical-condition-conservation-mandates/) on Brennan's website dedicated to the history of the Villa Ludovisi comes amid a bitter dispute over what will happen to the opulent property and all its stories.
-
-In 1988, the villa had been passed on to Prince Nicolò Boncompagni Ludovisi, a Roman noble and the heir to the villa.
-
-Fifteen years later, he met Jenrette, who had previously lived as a US Republican Party operative, a congressman's spouse, an author of a tell-all memoir about being the ex-wife of a congressman who cheated on her, a Harvard Business School alumna, and a real-estate mogul. At the time, the prince wanted to develop a hotel, and [a mutual friend asked her to help out](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/11/28/the-renovation-rita-jenrette-princess-italy).
-
-They married in 2009, and the newly named Princess Rita spent a decade and millions of dollars cataloging, cleaning, restoring, and studying the property's artwork and architecture. She brought on Brennan to help bring the villa to its former glory.
-
-The prince left the villa to his wife in his will. But after his death in 2018, his three sons from a previous marriage disputed her ownership. A messy inheritance conflict ensued, complicated by the Italian Culture Ministry's legal control over many of its treasures. Çam got to study the Ludovisi Pan, as the sculpture is known, in July 2022, just months before [the princess was evicted from the property](https://nypost.com/2023/05/13/playboy-princess-i-lost-500m-palace-in-bitter-royal-feud/).
-
-To help settle the estate dispute, an Italian court ordered the property to go up for auction in January 2022, first at $546 million. The Ludovisi Pan, if it's really a Michelangelo, could be worth as much as $100 million, according to Brennan, who noted that [one of the artist's drawings sold last year for $21 million](https://news.artnet.com/market/michelangelo-drawing-breaks-record-2117046). The Caravaggio mural alone, experts opined, was worth $360 million. (The princess [once described the property as](https://www.tatler.com/article/caravaggio-ceiling-fresco-italian-villa-aurora-471-million-ludovisi-family) "a Caravaggio with a house thrown in.")
-
-Hosted on a janky Italian government website alongside apartments and tennis courts, in need of an estimated $11 million in repairs, and with the provision that the Italian Justice Ministry could swoop in and force a sale to the Culture Ministry anyway, the villa attracted no bidders. Five more auctions, with prices successively revised downward, were also unsuccessful.
-
-A seventh auction, with the asking price lowered to $122 million, was scheduled to begin in June. But over the summer, Princess Rita and her stepchildren came to an agreement where they'd put more money into sprucing up the villa and auction it privately. The group hopes to partner with an organization such as Sotheby's or Christie's to sell it properly.
-
-The sale will likely still be difficult. Only a handful of prospective buyers could pay a high price for the villa and provide the necessary upkeep. Some cultural treasures within the property — like the Caravaggio — are physically immovable. And even if the Italian government doesn't ultimately purchase the property, it still has some discretion over how most of the artwork, including the Ludovisi Pan, can be moved or restored. The villa has 40,000 square feet of indoor space, but officials have refused to allow the statue to be moved indoors, where Brennan and Çam — who is now pursuing an art-history doctorate at Temple University — say it needs to be to protect it from further damage. The princess told Insider she hoped a buyer would appreciate the villa's treasures, including the Pan, newly uncovered frescoes, and what she said were the remains of Julius Caesar's estate "where he romanced Cleopatra."
-
-"Now that all heirs have signed a rapprochement, I can only hope that someone purchases our home who appreciates all we have discovered therein, from the archive, to which I have devoted two decades of my life," she said.
-
-The mainstream press has already accepted the Pan statue's attribution to the Renaissance master. [The New Yorker described it](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/11/28/the-renovation-rita-jenrette-princess-italy) as "a statue of Pan by Michelangelo" in 2011 without qualification. CBS News, visiting it in 2017, [said it was a Michelangelo sculpture "in all his glory."](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/principessa-rita-a-fairytale-life/) Earlier this year, [CNN said](https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/20/europe/texas-rita-jenrette-boncompagni-evicted-intl/index.html) it was "recently unearthed" as a Michelangelo. The [New York Post called it](https://nypost.com/2023/05/13/playboy-princess-i-lost-500m-palace-in-bitter-royal-feud/) one of his "masterpieces."
-
-Michelangelo scholars are more skeptical.
-
-William E. Wallace, an author or editor of eight books about the Renaissance artist, viewed the statue on a Jenrette-led tour in 2015 with a group of conservationists**.** He told Insider the sculpture was interesting but "not a great thing." The evidence that Michelangelo created it, he said, simply isn't there.
-
-"They're hopeful that it's a Michelangelo because it'll sell for $50 million. If it's a garden sculpture by nobody, it's $5,000," Wallace said. "So there's a big difference by putting the name like Michelangelo on it. But there's absolutely no evidence whatsoever that he has anything to do with this object."
-
-Whether further examination determines it's a Michelangelo or not, there's no question it's an important sculpture that needs further preservation and study, Brennan said.
-
-"Either way, it's an understudied 16th-century sculpture that needs to come out of the elements," he said.
-
-In its current state, the statue has literally lost its luster. The marble has turned dull. Apparent attempted repairs in previous years have left holes and rusting metal pieces in its face and neck. Cracks are forming on the right testicle.
-
-"There are a lot of cracks, a lot of holes, a lot of metal pieces," Çam said. "But it has a lot of secrets. And it is melting. It's melting in front of the world."
-
-## The family was embarrassed by the phallus, Çam says
-
-For some time, Çam found in her research, visitors to the Villa Aurora, the most prominent part of the Villa Ludovisi, assumed the statue was from ancient Rome.
-
-The earliest reference to it in the Ludovisi archives is in a January 1633 inventory. In the early 1700s, it was cataloged alongside other statues on the property that were thousands of years, not decades, old. It left an impression on Francis Mortoft, who visited the property in 1659. "Wee saw a very ridiculous statue of A satyr, which canot but stir up any man to much laughter in looking on such a Rediculous piece, but yet very excellently well made," he wrote in his journal.
-
-By the mid-1700s, something had changed. Visitors had generally understood that the sculpture was attributed to Michelangelo, according to records unearthed by Çam, even if they thought it wasn't his best.
-
-Writing in his private notes in 1756, Johann Joachim Winckelmann, widely considered the founder of the field of art history, [identified it](https://villaludovisi.org/2023/05/05/a-new-self-portrait-of-michelangelo-the-statue-of-pan-at-the-casino-dellaurora-in-rome-part-iv-physical-condition-conservation-mandates/) as part of "the school of Michelangelo." The Swiss painter and writer Henry Fuseli believed it to *predate* Michelangelo, theorizing it influenced Michelangelo's sculpture of Moses.
-
-Throughout the first half of the 19th century, [visitors generally agreed Michelangelo himself created it](https://villaludovisi.org/2022/11/05/a-new-self-portrait-of-michelangelo-the-statue-of-pan-at-the-casino-dellaurora-in-rome-part-iii-reception/). [Çam found in her research](https://villaludovisi.org/2022/11/05/a-new-self-portrait-of-michelangelo-the-statue-of-pan-at-the-casino-dellaurora-in-rome-part-iii-reception/) that the exceptions were three German scholars who visited between 1836 and 1880s and considered it not a genuine Michelangelo, if "Michelangelo-esque."
-
-The Germans didn't give reasons for their conclusion. Victor Coonin, a professor of Italian Renaissance art at Rhodes College, offered one: It doesn't have that Michelangelo je ne sais quoi.
-
-The Ludovisi Pan is "a wonderful, delightful statue" but is "a little bit lifeless," Coonin said. In his works, Michelangelo investigated his subjects, interested in what makes them profound or beautiful, and invited the viewers of his work into that process. The Ludovisi Pan is not the work of an artist engaged in that kind of exploration, Coonin said.
-
-"That's part of what makes Michelangelo, Michelangelo — that it's about something more than what it appears to be," Coonin said. "And this Pan looks to me rather to be what it purports to be."
-
-The statue does not, at first glance, look like a lot of Michelangelo's other sculptures, especially the full-scale ones. They are typically religious figures in the Christian tradition; their faces look like they've been struck by a heavenly light, in poses that inspire reverence. The Ludovisi Pan stares you down with a cruel laugh, provoking you while resting at ease.
-
-Yet, Çam said, the details are unmistakable.
-
-Take a look at the statue's right hand, she said, which is virtually identical to the right hand on Michelangelo's sculpture of Moses, down to the veins shaped in a diamond pattern. The index and middle fingers are spaced in the same way, she wrote, and the Pan's fingers are buried into the pelt over his shoulder in the same way Moses' is buried into his tangled beard.
-
-The Pan statue, Çam said, also resembles Michelangelo's titanic portrait of David. Each stands in almost the same pose, slightly shifting its weight on the right leg, which is supported by a marble-carved tree stump.
-
-Most compellingly, the Ludovisi Pan appears to be not just any ordinary sculpture by Michelangelo but a self-portrait, Çam said.
-
-She came to that conclusion while looking at other works considered to be Michelangelo's self-portraits, including a mask in his 1533 drawing "The Dream of Human Life." 
-
-"I thought maybe this is Michelangelo's self-portrait because it's almost identical," she told Insider.
-
-Like the artist, the Pan statue has a forked beard, a full lower lip, and "a flattened and broken nose," Çam said. And in [a series of illustrations of grotesque figures](https://villaludovisi.org/2022/09/12/a-new-self-portrait-of-michelangelo-the-statue-of-pan-at-the-casino-dellaurora-in-rome-part-ii-testimonia-sketches-earlier-inventories/) held in Frankfurt's Städel Museum, Michelangelo drew a faun, a half-human, half-goat beast, with a face that looks very similar to the Ludovisi Pan's.
-
-"The depiction of the eyes, the shape of the eyebrows, and the treatment of the lower forehead between the eyebrows are the same," Çam wrote. "Significantly, the long, broken, and wide-shaped nose and wide-shaped nostrils are almost identical."
-
-The ravages of time have made those similarities less clear. But they are striking, Çam told Insider, in early illustrations and photographs of the Pan that she discovered in the Ludovisi family's archives, made when the statue's features were in better condition.
-
-And in a 1723 drawing by the artist Hamlet Winstanley, the figure is presented in a "near-flawless state," she wrote. The statue's potbelly once looked like abs, its smile laughing with you and not at you. That illustration, Çam said, demonstrates similarities to Michelangelo's other works and helps explain why other visitors to the Villa Aurora were so enamored with the work.
-
-We see "the finer details of the Ludovisi Pan that have now largely disappeared," she wrote: the curls of its beard, the hairy animal pelt slung over its right shoulder, and the fur on its goatlike legs, which have become smooth over time.
-
-If the statue is so great, and a possible Michelangelo, then why is it wasting away? Çam theorized that the phallus had something to do with it.
-
-While it was originally covered by a fig leaf — which could be removed if an artist wanted to draw the faun fully nude — it disappeared at some point. Giuseppe Felici, a family archivist, described the statue as "repugnant and obscene" in a 1952 chronicle of the property. The Ludovisi family, Çam surmised, was embarrassed by a large, erect phallus greeting their visitors. They shuffled the statue to less-prominent places on the property and planted some shrubs in front of it.
-
-"It was the Pan's erect phallus that negatively affected its placement and presentation — from at least the early 18th century exhibited with a fig leaf, and eventually positioned behind a tree — at different locations on the property of the Villa Ludovisi," Çam wrote.
-
-Given how prominently the statue was once presented on the Ludovisi estate, it was odd for it to be given the short shrift centuries later, Brennan said. While other sculptures show male genitalia, the Pan is the only statue with a fully erect penis, their research found.
-
-"There was plenty that they boasted about," Brennan told Insider. "The family was really proud of their artwork but not this piece."
-
-That same uneasiness removed the statue from discourse among connoisseurs over whether it was created by Michelangelo, Çam said.
-
-"The phallus is what prevented this sculpture from getting proper recognition, which in turn directly affected its attribution to Michelangelo," she wrote. "Squeamishness about subject matter overshadowed all the stylistic similarities between Michelangelo's works and Pan, derailed its scholarly acceptance, and caused the sculpture to be abandoned to its present fate."
-
-## It's hard to carve a marble statue in secret
-
-The trouble for Çam's theories is that Michelangelo was not some obscure artist whose life and work were shrouded in mystery before his death. He was a rock star. He carved David out of marble when he was 26. He is the best-documented artist of the Renaissance.
-
-Historians have more than 1,000 letters written by or to Michelangelo, in addition to bank records, contracts, and biographies written during his lifetime. In none of them is any reference to a self-portrait Pan obtained by the Orsini family, according to Coonin, the Rhodes College professor.
-
-"That everybody would've ignored it or didn't know about it, that Michelangelo wouldn't have mentioned it to anyone, that nobody mentioned it as being a Michelangelo within Michelangelo's lifetime — I think that that's rather unlikely for such a large and idiosyncratic sculpture to escape complete mention in the literature," he said.
-
-It is Michelangelo's very celebrity that explains why so many features may appear Michelangelo-esque, Wallace, a professor of art history and architecture at Washington University in St. Louis, said.
-
-By the time of his death, many considered him the greatest artist who ever lived. He inspired legions of imitators and students of his work, perhaps including whoever made the sculpture, he said.
-
-"That artist who probably carved that garden sculpture had seen the Moses," Wallace said. "And so when he came to carve hands and the beard, he thought to invoke the greatest master of carving of all time, and he would be praised by his contemporaries for being able to imitate Michelangelo very nicely."
-
-As for the faces looking like Michelangelo's? Çam and Brennan conceded the Pan could be the work of an imitator — perhaps a student in an oedipal struggle with the master — though still of immense historical value. Anyone who spent months carving a big, expensive block of marble to make Michelangelo look like a beast would have shaken up the Italian art scene.
-
-"It's either Michelangelo doing a self-portrait, or it's one of Michelangelo's contemporaries depicting Michelangelo as half goat, half man. And either option is really interesting," Brennan said. "If it's Michelangelo who is portraying himself as such, that's unbelievable. But if someone else, I can't imagine one of his followers saying, 'Oh, here, Michelangelo, I'm your assistant here, and I've created this sculpture of you as the god Pan.'"
-
-Çam and Brennan said they believed the Pan could be one of Michelangelo's early works, from before he became famous. The statue, Çam said, reflects his interest in antiquity and mythology, even if those themes are not as developed as in his later works.
-
-But to Wallace, the simplest explanation is the most likely.
-
-"Everybody in Florence in the 16th century was seeing these drawings by Michelangelo, and they provided artists all kinds of ideas about how to go about carving things," Wallace said. 
-
-Besides, a life-sized marble statue is not exactly the kind of thing you can make discreetly.
-
-"Marble is extremely heavy, expensive, it's hard to move. You need to carve it somewhere and keep it there — marble isn't carved quickly," Coonin said. "And so you'd have to have a piece of marble standing in a studio somewhere that he's working on continuously and never be seen or mentioned by anyone."
-
-As for the family being mortified by the statue's penis? Çam simply hasn't brought enough evidence to support her theory that the Ludovisis demoted it because of its genitals, Wallace and Coonin said**.** Garden statues are rearranged all the time.
-
-"Maybe they got embarrassed by the penis and so they put it out in their garden. I don't know," Wallace said. "All of this sounds very fuzzy."
-
-## 'Found' Michelangelos come and go
-
-In 1996, a sculpture of a young archer displayed in a French Embassy in Manhattan, New York, caught the eye of a young graduate student who thought it looked like the work of one of Michelangelo's contemporaries. Kathleen Weil-Garris Brandt, an art-history professor at New York University, took a look and [thought it was made by Michelangelo himself](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/06/arts/design/06archer.html), perhaps one of his early works. Other scholars were skeptical.
-
-Wallace, as he does here, described it in [a magazine piece](https://www.academia.edu/23738352/They_Come_and_Go_Art_News_96) at the time as "wholly unlikely." He said then, as he does now, that these "new" Michelangelos "come and go."
-
-"On average, a new Michelangelo has appeared every two or three years for the past 75 years," he wrote in the April 1996 issue of ArtNews.
-
-Wallace told Insider he was being "polite" those decades ago. Michelangelo creating the cupid, he said, "is still unlikely and less than likely."
-
-He keeps a list of 200 works that have been attributed to Michelangelo since 1900. Only one — a wooden crucifix in a church in Florence, Italy — has achieved consensus as the real thing, he said.
-
-That graduate student who spotted the archer statue, James David Draper, later got a job as a curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, down the block from the embassy where he first saw the statue. In 2009, [France loaned it to the museum](https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2010/marble-sculpture-attributed-to-michelangelo-on-loan-to-metropolitan-museum-from-french-republic), where it remains. In its [description of the sculpture](https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/236774), the Met elides all debate: It was "only recently it was recognized as Michelangelo's lost Cupid," the museum says. Draper [estimated Michelangelo made the sculpture when he was 15 years old](https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/little-archer-big-mystery-258/), an early age when the historical record is relatively murky. On a recent rainy Sunday, throngs of visitors walked around the statue. They paid more attention to the colorful porcelain works nearby, fired by anonymous artists and also once owned by storied Italian families.
-
-How can we be sure a Michelangelo is a Michelangelo? Michael Daley, an art historian and the editor of ArtWatch UK — who [has extensively argued that the $430 million "Salvator Mundi" painting](http://artwatch.org.uk/problems-with-the-new-york-leonardo-salvator-mundi-part-i-provenance-and-presentation/) is [not a genuine work of Leonardo da Vinci](https://www.insider.com/is-leonardo-da-vinci-salvator-mundi-fake-crystal-orb-2017-10) — told Insider that these things were determined by connoisseurship. If enough Michelangelo experts say a Michelangelo is a Michelangelo, then it's a Michelangelo.
-
-Çam didn't disagree. The visitors of the 18th century, she said, *were* connoisseurs. When the statue was in better shape, they believed it possessed the same divine spark that burned in Michelangelo's other works. But contemporary connoisseurs have different standards. Can the marble be traced to the quarries of Carrara, which Michelangelo prized for its quality material? Are there other documents that can help determine its ownership? Can it be traced to a time when Michelangelo was young, or to when other artists may have been imitating his style?
-
-"The visual/stylistic case is not established for the work being an autograph Michelangelo," Daley wrote in an email. "Essentially, the weakness is that the author's photo-comparisons of details attest at best to work's Michelangelo-like features and in some instances are actually counter-productive."
-
-Wallace said, "It's a matter of weight of opinion over time."
-
-He added: "The weight of opinion over time usually is pretty negative. These things come out as Michelangelo and then they descend. They become followers of Michelangelo, pupils of Michelangelo, anonymous followers of Michelangelo."
-
-The Ludovisi Pan — perhaps because it has been ravaged by the eras, perhaps because it has always looked this way — stares us down.
-
-Its stature has shifted, but it has outlived kings and empires. Across the chasm of time, its smile has widened, turning crueler, mocking our questions.
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-# Adam Sandler doesn’t need your respect. But he’s getting it anyway.
-
-Adam Sandler will be honored by the Kennedy Center with the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor. (Erik Carter for The Washington Post)
-
-## In a rare sit-down interview, the former SNL star and comedy icon reflects on his career as he receives the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor
-
-PITTSBURGH — During every Adam Sandler stand-up show, he straps on his electric guitar and sings a song. Unlike the bite-size ditties he’s peppered through the set about selfies or baggy shorts, this one concerns his late, great “Saturday Night Live” buddy, Chris Farley.
-
-It is a perfect tribute. Sandler, singing softly as he strums in G, captures the complicated beauty of Farley as clips of his most memorable high jinks play on a giant screen behind him. The crowd roars as he references Farley’s electrifying SNL turns as a Chippendales dancer and a motivational speaker “living in a van down by the river.” There is a hush as Sandler slips into the bridge, a peek into his friend’s vulnerability.
-
-*I saw him in the office, crying with his headphones on*
-
-*Listening to a KC and the Sunshine Band song*
-
-*I said, “Buddy, how the hell is that making you so sad?”*
-
-*Then he laughed and said, “Just thinking about my dad”*
-
-Sandler first performed “Farley” in 2015 during a guest spot at Carnegie Hall, a show that inspired him to return to doing stand-up tours. And he played it when he hosted SNL in 2019, choking up visibly.
-
-“Only Sandler could do that,” says Dana Carvey, an SNL star when the younger comedian arrived in 1990. “That’s another gear that Adam has. He’ll be really, really silly. But he’s not afraid to go for sentimentality and earnestness.”
-
-The song, with its mix of low- and highbrow, the profane and poetic, could serve as a four-minute-and-22-second window into why the comedian and actor is being recognized with the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor. And it’s why his friends are glad that, at 56, he’s finally getting his due. All of which may sound strange for someone whose films — generational comedies that include “Happy Gilmore,” “The Wedding Singer” and “Grown Ups” — have earned more than $3 billion at the box office. But for Sandler, popularity and praise have rarely come hand in hand.
-
-That has changed some in recent years. Sandler’s dramatic acting performances in 2017’s “The Meyerowitz Stories,” last year’s basketball drama “Hustle” and especially 2019’s “Uncut Gems” brought unlikely (and ultimately fruitless) Oscar buzz. His 2019 stand-up special “100% Fresh” and 2020’s throwback comedy “Hubie Halloween” confirmed why he’s been packing movie theaters and arenas since the Clinton administration. The Twain puts Sandler in the company of such figures as Eddie Murphy, Carol Burnett and Steve Martin.
-
-And the timing is perfect, says his old boss, Lorne Michaels, himself a recipient of the prize from the Kennedy Center in 2004.
-
-“The nature of comedy is you get the audience, you get the money,” says Michaels, SNL’s creator and executive producer. “Respect is the last thing you get.”
-
-### 
-
-‘Completely new and fresh’
-
-Sandler’s Happy Madison Productions headquarters is in a small building in Pacific Palisades, not far from where he lives with his wife, Jackie, and their daughters, Sadie, 16, and Sunny, 14.
-
-On a recent Friday afternoon, the bearded Sandler enters the room with a slight limp courtesy of hip replacement surgery he had in the fall. A few days earlier, he was in Boston, helping Sadie look at colleges. The next day he’ll go to the Nickelodeon Kids’ Choice Awards with his daughters who will watch him receive the King of Comedy Award and submit to the inevitable sliming. (Sandler is the first person to receive the top comedy honors from Nickelodeon and the Kennedy Center, let alone receive them in the same month.)
-
-Sandler typically doesn’t do interviews like this. He will go on podcasts with buds, sit on the couch on “Jimmy Kimmel Live!” or answer goofy questions on “Entertainment Tonight” (“Who would be at *your* murder mystery party?”) but this — a three-hour drill-down about his career — is not his thing. He can tell you exactly why.
-
-Flash back to 1995 in the SNL offices. Al Franken, the veteran writer and future senator, confronts Sandler and tells him that nobody appreciated his quotes in that TV Guide story. Huh? Sandler checks and sees that the magazine ran a quote from him complaining that “the writing sucks” on the show.
-
-“I go, ‘I never f---in’ said that. I never would say that,’” he remembers now. “So I called the writer. I said, ‘Why did you say I said that?’ And he kind of didn’t want to talk to me. I should have taped the conversation.”
-
-Then, a few months later, came the New York magazine article titled “[Comedy Isn’t Funny](https://nymag.com/arts/tv/features/47548/).” Michaels gave Chris Smith, a writer with the magazine, unfettered access to Studio 8H for weeks. The resulting article mashed the writer’s disgust for the show with anonymous quotes attacking its cast. The harshest mockery was reserved for the boyishly sensitive Farley.
-
-“He came and fake buddied up with us,” says David Spade, who was also in the cast. “We let him in on all these meetings and dinners, and he wrote a s---ty piece to get himself notoriety.”
-
-Asked about his article today, Smith says SNL “was not a happy place at the time.”
-
-By then, Sandler had starred in “Billy Madison,” an instant entry into the teenage canon that debuted at No. 1 at the box office. It also got terrible reviews. *Terrible* reviews*.* It was one of the last times Sandler read what the critics had to say, good or bad.
-
-“When ‘Billy Madison’ came out and I realized I’m going to be in the newspaper, that was a big deal,” he says. “When I was a kid, if I got a couple of hits in baseball and was [in the Union Leader](https://www.unionleader.com/sports/concord-outlasts-goffstown-for-state-little-league-title/article_8b8a6919-f218-5669-beff-61b3b0043e7d.html) — Adam Sandler, you know, shortstop got a single and a double — I got excited. And then I read a couple reviews and I was like, ‘Woof, that hurts.’ I thought they would have a good time with it like I did. And then ‘Happy Gilmore’ was getting trashed and my friends were getting all riled up, and I just said, ‘No, I don’t need to read that stuff.’”
-
-Ultimately, Sandler would respond. Just not to the critics.
-
-“I decided I wanted to talk through what I like to do,” he says. “I like to do my stand-up. I like to do my movies. I was just happy doing that.”
-
-Sandler grew up in Manchester, N.H., the youngest of Judy and Stanley’s four children. They were supportive parents. Judy praised his singing, and the boy would sometimes entertain her by crooning Johnny Mathis from the back seat. Stanley, an electrical contractor, coached his sports teams and bought him an electric guitar at the age of 12. Sandler still takes that Strat out onstage. He named his character in 2022’s “Hustle” after Stanley, who died in 2003.
-
-Growing up, Sandler played basketball for the local Jewish community center team and guitar in bands called Messiah, Spectrum and Storm. He also fell in love with comedy, listening to Steve Martin and Cheech & Chong records, watching “Caddyshack” and “Animal House,” and seeing Eddie Murphy on SNL.
-
-He headed to New York University in 1984 to study acting and was setting up his room in Brittany Hall when Tim Herlihy walked in. Sandler told Herlihy he wanted to be a comedian. Herlihy told Sandler he wanted to study economics and get rich. That first weekend, though, he handed Sandler a few jokes he had scribbled down for him. He’s been a regular writing partner since, from 1995’s “Billy Madison” to “Hubie Halloween.” Elsewhere in the dorm, they met a business major, Jack Giarraputo, and his roommate, Frank Coraci, who was studying film. Another NYU acting student, Allen Covert, also joined the crew. All remain essential partners with the exception of Giarraputo, who left the business in 2014 to spend more time with his family.
-
-Sandler did his first stand-up at 17 at an open mic in Boston. He didn’t realize you had to write material and remembers riffing about his family. At NYU, he became a club regular. At first, he struggled and sometimes even turned on the crowd, until some older comics told him yelling at the audience wasn’t a great strategy.
-
-What he had going for him, even before he had great material, still works for him onstage. There is a natural ease and a likability. He will chuckle as he tells a joke, as if you’re playing pool or getting a burger and your buddy has a funny story to tell you.
-
-“It’s not an affectation,” says Herlihy. “It’s the way his mind works. When he’s laughing, it’s like, ‘Oh, this is a good part.’ Like this guy who lived it can’t even get through it without laughing.”
-
-“As a young person,” adds director Judd Apatow, who roomed with Sandler after NYU but before SNL, “everybody that encountered him thought, ‘This guy is going to be a gigantic star.’ Because he was making us so happy when we hung around with him.”
-
-That personality captured Doug Herzog, then an MTV executive who would later launch “The Daily Show” and “South Park.” In 1987, Herzog had gone to a club to see another act as he scouted for MTV’s “Remote Control” game show. He ended up hiring Sandler, who was still living in his dorm.
-
-“I’m waiting and this kid jumps onstage — sneakers, old-school sweatpants, end-of-the-’80s ratty T-shirt, backwards baseball hat,” says Herzog. “I would say an idiosyncratic kind of vibe and tone. You’re also, like, in the heyday of the Beastie Boys and I was like, ‘Oh, he kind of looks like a Beastie Boy and he’s funny and he’s charming.’”
-
-Sandler’s biggest break came two years later. He and Chris Rock auditioned for SNL with a group of comics. Michaels remembers there were others in the room who were more versatile. But nobody as original.
-
-“Most people audition in the style of things that have already been on the show,” Michaels says. “But what I’m looking for is something that makes you laugh because you haven’t seen it yet. Both of them had that. Adam was truly funny but in a style that was completely new and fresh.”
-
-### 
-
-Friction at SNL
-
-In 2019, Sandler returned to host SNL for the first time and centered his monologue on how much he loved being a cast member. Then he mentioned a question his daughter had asked. “If it was the greatest, Dad, then why did you leave?”
-
-As the piano kicked in, Sandler began a ballad: “I was fired.”
-
-Which is not exactly true. But Sandler’s SNL run, from 1990 to 1995, would see two factions emerge inside 30 Rockefeller Plaza. Those who got it and those who didn’t. Executives were known to lodge complaints about his work. And within the cliquey cast and writers room, there was also a split.
-
-“At read-through, Adam would do an \[Weekend\] Update piece, like where he was a travel guide and the joke would be that he was just not doing what a travel guide is supposed to be doing,” says Robert Smigel, a writer on the show for eight years. “But he was delivering the information with a blissful idiot’s enthusiasm. And it was incredibly funny. And I just remember me and Conan \[O’Brien\] and the nerds — Greg Daniels and \[Bob\] Odenkirk — giggling uncontrollably in one corner of this room. This room that otherwise had a black cloud hanging over it.”
-
-Jim Downey, the legendary writer who had worked with John Belushi, Gilda Radner and Bill Murray, decided early on that Sandler was the closest thing SNL ever had to Jerry Lewis. Those wacky voices, the off-kilter characters. He could also sing, bringing his acoustic guitar onto Weekend Update to do his irresistible tributes to Thanksgiving and Hanukkah (“O.J. Simpson, not a Jew. But guess who is? Hall of Famer Rod Carew — he converted.”) As Downey watched the split, between appreciators and disparagers**,** he developed a term to describe Sandler’s critics. *Half-brights*.
-
-“Ordinary people had no problem with him, and really smart people had no problem,” says Downey. “But there was this group in the middle who would just take great offense at this kind of thing. They thought it was self-indulgent and infantile. And the thing about Adam was: … Most performers — it’s very important that they be respected as intelligent and often more intelligent than they really are. Adam was a guy who did not care if you thought he was smart and, in fact, went out of the way to obscure the fact that he is, I’d daresay, a lot more intelligent than 90 percent of the performers I’ve worked with.”
-
-Sandler’s greatest bits were deceivingly multidimensional. “The Herlihy Boy,” named after his college roommate, was a commercial you would never see. A needy, potentially sociopathic man-child pleads to housesit (“Pleeeeeze … it would mean so much to me if you just let me water your plants”) or walk your grandmother across the street. Every minute or so, the camera pulls back to show Chris Farley as an exasperated older relative who wants you to give the damn kid a break while screaming, pleading and generally Farleying at full blast.
-
-“To me, that was a rhythm piece,” says Sandler. “I’m going to calmly talk, Farley’s going to go f---ing bananas. Camera will zoom back in — calm energy — then widen to a sick man screaming. I knew that had a comedy rhythm to it. I learned that from SNL. I learned what made me laugh. Like [Dan Aykroyd on ‘Fred Garvin, Male Prostitute.’](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jphfMd4_LCs) That rhythm influenced me.”
-
-Sandler’s most famous character may have been Canteen Boy, a voice and persona he would adapt for his hugely successful 1998 film, “The Waterboy,” and bring back nearly 25 years later for “Hubie Halloween.” Canteen Boy is a misfit — always dressed in Boy Scout attire with a baby-talk voice — who is universally mocked but still exudes a boastful pride.
-
-“It wasn’t like a single joke that escalates,” says Smigel. “It was a conversation between a somewhat strange guy and a couple of other people who were perceived as normal. And the other guys are just kind of smirking and making ... comments that they think are going over his head, but they’re not. And the weird guy doesn’t want to let them know that they’re hurting him. So he’s acting like they’re going over his head, for his own dignity’s sake. So that’s a lot going on in a ‘Saturday Night Live’ sketch.”
-
-Canteen Boy, like so many of his ideas, was polarizing. But it was, in a way, a microcosm of Sandler’s time on SNL — the smug, self-assured grown-ups looking down on the goofy kid who was much smarter than they realized.
-
-“Somebody like Franken is like, ‘Really, Canteen Boy?’” says Smigel. “And I literally said to Al, ‘It’s the most complex sketch in read-through.’”
-
-Franken wasn’t the only doubter. NBC’s executives complained, too. Don Ohlmeyer, a network president, targeted Sandler, Farley and Spade. *These guys aren’t funny,* he’d tell Michaels. *I think they are*, Michaels would respond. The execs longed for the past, for Roseanne Roseannadanna or Chevy’s pratfalls. They didn’t understand Sandler singing, “A turkey for me, a turkey for you, let’s eat turkey in a big brown shoe.”
-
-“Whether it’s in painting or in music or in writing, style changes are disruptive,” says Michaels. “And the reaction to Adam on the show, in the world, was growing, but it wasn’t visible in the mainstream because they were all baby boomers.”
-
-“I don’t think I ever met Don Ohlmeyer,” says Sandler. “I shook it off. That’s not what I heard when I walked down the street and some kid talked to me about [Crazy Pickle Arm](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lza3Q57t7YQ). I was going by the response of my New Hampshire friends calling me up, my father telling me his buddy’s kid thought such and such was funny. Or my brother. What he liked. I didn’t take it personally. I didn’t sit there and go, maybe I should change.”
-
-By 1995, he had been at SNL for five seasons when Michaels talked with Sandler’s manager, Sandy Wernick. “Billy Madison” had come out a few months earlier. Wernick told Michaels that Sandler was filming “Happy Gilmore,” in which Sandler played a temperamental failed hockey player who joins the golf tour to save his grandmother from being evicted.
-
-“I said, ‘Listen, I can protect him at the show, at least for now,’” says Michaels. “But they’re so adamant about his not being funny and not being good. So I think — go. He can leave.”
-
-### 
-
-Winning audiences
-
-Losing SNL was scary. “Billy Madison” had done well, but it wasn’t exactly “Ghostbusters.” He wondered whether he would keep getting opportunities.
-
-“Maybe the other companies are going to start saying, ‘Don’t hire him because of this. They don’t like him over there. Maybe there’s a reason.’’’ Sandler says. “I was probably just nervous about that, but I didn’t doubt myself.”
-
-By now, Sandler’s NYU team was humming. Herlihy would write with him. Giarraputo would help produce, do marketing, pitch in on jokes. Coraci came on board to direct “The Wedding Singer” and “Waterboy.” He would later do “Click,” “Blended” and “The Ridiculous 6.” Following Sandler’s lead, they focused on the audience, not the critics.
-
-Test screenings would be key.
-
-“Adam would sneak into the back of the theater and he would listen,” says Giarraputo. “As a comedian, it’s like a live audience — which jokes are working. Sometimes, we would have to open up spaces for jokes because they were laughing so hard.”
-
-So when “Billy Madison” came out and was savaged by critics — Herlihy’s 84-year-old grandfather tried to comfort him after a Long Island Newsday writer compared the film to the horrors of Auschwitz — the gang jumped in a car and sneaked into theaters to watch audiences roar.
-
-Ticket sales kept increasing. Home viewing on videotape, then DVD, was huge. “The Waterboy” made $186 million on a $23 million budget. “Big Daddy,” out in 1999, topped $230 million.
-
-“Everybody wants to be loved,” says Tamra Davis, who directed “Billy Madison.” “But sometimes, it’s like when your parents don’t get your music. I kind of saw it as a badge of glory.”
-
-### 
-
-Moving beyond comedy
-
-In between his career-defining epics “Magnolia” and “There Will Be Blood,” Paul Thomas Anderson decided to write a movie for Sandler. Anderson loved watching a particular Sandler sketch on SNL, “[The Denise Show](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=twIgfEhXvXg),” where Sandler’s scorned ex-boyfriend, Brian, would throw a petulant, self-pitying tantrum. In 2002’s “Punch-Drunk Love,” he cast Sandler as pent-up lonely man Barry Egan opposite Emily Watson, and Sandler was the unexpected recipient of critical praise.
-
-He then branched out into more romantic comedies, including “50 First Dates” with Drew Barrymore and “Just Go With It” with Jennifer Aniston.
-
-That made perfect sense to Queen Latifah, who played his wife in last year’s “Hustle” and remembers laughing at him on SNL.
-
-“I love ‘50 First Dates,’” she says. “Adam knows how to play the romantic comedy, and I think a lot of it is because this is a guy I would like to meet. This is a guy that would make me laugh. This is a guy who’s sweet. This is a guy who has real feelings and gets pissed off.”
-
-Sandler’s dramatic side returned in Apatow’s “Funny People,” the 2009 film in which he played a darker, Rodney Dangerfield-ish version of a comic, and in 2017, when Noah Baumbach wrote a part for him as a musical and sweetly underappreciated house-dad opposite Dustin Hoffman’s narcissistic, insecure patriarch in “Meyerowitz.” Then came 2019’s “Uncut Gems,” a film by Josh and Benny Safdie. They had grown up with Sandler’s comedy albums from the 1990s. They spent years recruiting him to play the deeply flawed Howard Ratner, a jewelry dealer with a gambling addiction and a dissolving marriage.
-
-“There’s this rage and this deep sweetness to him,” says Josh Safdie. “And he’s the only person who could have expressed what made Howard lovable for us.”
-
-That range has also impressed his co-stars.
-
-Jennifer Aniston, who has made three movies with Sandler, including the new Netflix adventure comedy “Murder Mystery 2,” remembers watching Sandler rhyme “deli” with “Arthur Fonzarelli” when he did “The Chanukah Song.”
-
-“I mean, you couldn’t keep a straight face,” she says. “And personally, I think ‘\[You Don’t Mess With the\] Zohan’ is one of the funniest movies and then he has ‘Uncut Gems.’ It’s very rare for actors to be able to hit it out of the park in every genre.”
-
-“I don’t know how he gets there. I have no idea,” says Eric Bogosian, who was [portrayed by Sandler on SNL](https://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/wfpas-monsters-of-monologue-94/2872689) in 1994, and who acted alongside him in “Uncut Gems” 25 years later. “But he does drop into a very centered place and speaks from a kind of authenticity when you watch his scenes.”
-
-Sandler does not look for dramatic roles. He says his wife ultimately convinced him he was right for “Uncut Gems” after he expressed apprehension about the role.
-
-“When I see him like that,” says Jackie in an email, “I let him know why I think he would be great at that specific part and why I think his fans would like to see him be that character. Because people coming up on the street and telling him how much one of his movies meant to them, that’s what drives him.”
-
-Sandler can also take a different approach on a project he’s hired for as an actor than one under Happy Madison Productions. He focuses on his part, not punching up the script or talking through shots or casting. One thing he doesn’t take these roles on for is to show something to his critics.
-
-“But I do think he’s trying to prove something to himself,” says Dustin Hoffman.
-
-“Adam does compete — with himself,” writes Jackie. “He wants to come up with something new that he hasn’t done before.”
-
-In “The Meyerowitz Stories,” Hoffman says, there were times when Sandler would seem unsure of his performance and the older actor would find himself reassuring him.
-
-“What I think he does that is similar to what I try to do is that you think a lot about what you’re to do with this so-called character,” says Hoffman. “And then when you get there, forget it all. What sticks is what then comes out. He’s very alive in the moment and not preplanned.”
-
-Sandler’s material may have changed, but his personality has not. His primary mission is to make you laugh. Whether onstage or in his office, he will talk about his excitement over a project — that “Hustle” is the first Happy Madison production that wasn’t a comedy — but there will never be any whining about not getting an Oscar nomination for “Uncut Gems” or “Meyerowitz.”
-
-“He’s not looking for pats on the back,” says Spade, who remains a close friend. “He’s already won.”
-
-When Sandler was a kid, he just wanted to make it like Rodney, Eddie or Aykroyd. And he did. Then he got to do the roles James Caan or Robert Duvall could pull off. And then he got married and suddenly he had a family. He’ll celebrate his 20th anniversary with Jackie this summer, and more than anyone else she’s the one who counsels, pushes, advises him on what to do. With what roles to take and with the girls and their birthday parties, bat mitzvahs and college tours. At 56, he is both the king of comedy and the dad with every intention of taking off 10 pounds.
-
-Back onstage in Pittsburgh, “Farley” comes late in the gig, but it’s not the finale. Instead, Sandler tells the crowd he loves them and says the next one is for Jackie. And then he’s strumming a familiar tune, “Grow Old With You” from “The Wedding Singer,” only this time he’s not sporting a mullet and Billy Idol isn’t there to offer vocal and moral support. The verses have been changed to match his real life.
-
-*… Now when I get chubby*
-
-*We do the couples cleanse*
-
-*You tell me I should have been nominated*
-
-*For “Hustle” and “Uncut Gems”*
-
-*I said, “I’ll stick with the Kids’ Choice Awards*
-
-*As I grow old with you”*
-
-They are cheering now, with their “Happy Gilmore” hockey jerseys, their memories of Opera Man and that Hanukkah song, and Sandler, from the stage, turns the final line in his song back to the crowd.
-
-*Thanks for growing old — with me.*
-
-The Mark Twain Prize for American Humor ceremony will air at 8 p.m. March 26 on CNN.
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
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-Tag: ["🚔", "🌊", "🛶", "🇹🇹"]
-Date: 2023-12-17
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-TimeStamp: 2023-12-17
-Link: https://projects.apnews.com/features/2023/adrift/index.html
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-CollapseMetaTable: true
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
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-&emsp;
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-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-AdriftNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# Adrift
-
-![A wrecked wooden boat sits on the beach against a purple sky.](https://projects.apnews.com/features/2023/adrift/__cdn__/images/2000.8fb0e3c9a7dcb47dd869.jpg)
-
-BELLE GARDEN, Tobago (AP) –Around 6:30 a.m. on May 28, 2021, a couple of miles from Belle Garden Beach on the Caribbean island of Tobago, a narrow white-and-blue boat drifted onto the horizon.
-
-As it wobbled back and forth, fish gathered, feeding on the barnacles that had grown below the surface.
-
-From a distance, it seemed no one was aboard. But as fishermen approached, they smelled death.
-
-Inside were the decomposing bodies of more than a dozen Black men. No one knew where they were from, what brought them there, why they were aboard — and how or why they died. No one knew their names.
-
-What is clear now, but wasn’t then, is this:
-
-For nearly two years, The Associated Press assembled puzzle pieces from across three continents to uncover the story of this boat — and the people it carried from hope to death.
-
-The vessel that reached Tobago was registered in Mauritania, a large and mostly deserted country in northwest Africa nearly 3,000 miles (4,800 km) away. Evidence found on the boat — and its style and color as a typical Mauritanian “pirogue”— suggested the dead were likely African migrants who were trying to reach Europe but got lost in the Atlantic.
-
-In 2021, at least seven boats appearing to be from northwest Africa washed up in the Caribbean and in Brazil. All carried dead bodies.
-
-These “ghost boats” — and likely many others that have vanished — are in part an unintended result of years of efforts and billions of dollars spent by Europe to stop crossings on the Mediterranean Sea. That crackdown, along with other factors such as economic disruption from the pandemic, pushed migrants to return to the far longer, more obscure and more dangerous Atlantic route to Europe from northwest Africa via the Canaries instead.
-
-Arrivals on the Atlantic route jumped from 2,687 in 2019 to more than 22,000 two years later, according to Spain’s Interior Ministry. But for those to arrive, many more must have departed, said Pedro Vélez, an oceanographer at the Spanish Institute of Oceanography. Vélez wasn’t surprised to learn of migrant boats appearing in the Caribbean – that is where floating devices dropped by scientists on the West African coast naturally drift.
-
-“The sea conditions there are extremely harsh,” he said. “Extremely harsh.”
-
-In 2021, at least 1,109 people died or disappeared trying to reach the Canaries, according to the International Organization for Migration, the deadliest on record. But that’s likely a fraction of the real death toll. The men in the Tobago boat, for example, are not included in this number.
-
-Other estimates are higher. Caminando Fronteras, a Spanish migrants’ rights organization, recorded more than 4,000 dead or missing on the Atlantic route in 2021, with at least 20 boats vanishing after departing from Mauritania.
-
-These migrants are as invisible in death as they were in life. But even ghosts have families.
-
-The AP investigation included interviews with dozens of relatives and friends, officials and forensic experts, as well as police documents and DNA testing. It found that 43 young men from Mauritania, Mali, Senegal and possibly other West African nations boarded the boat. AP has identified 33 of them by name.
-
-They departed the Mauritanian port city of Nouadhibou in the middle of the night between Jan. 12 and 13, 2021. Clothing and DNA testing confirmed the identity of one of the bodies, bringing closure to one family and opening the way for others to seek the same.
-
-The lack of political will and global resources to identify dead and disappeared migrants mean such resolutions, even partial ones, are rare. Each year, thousands of families wonder about the fate of loved ones who left their homes for Europe.
-
-Few ever find out.
-
-This is the story of one boat and the people it carried from hope to death.
-
-## The Discovery
-
-On the morning of May 28, 2021, Lance Biggart got a call from one of his fellow fishermen. A strange boat had appeared.
-
-The 49-year-old Tobago native quickly reached his colleagues aboard his small but speedy boat, the Big Thunder. Dozens of fishermen joined him at the scene, filming the pirogue with their smartphones. Some continued fishing shiny mahi-mahi that had gathered around the corpses, life circling around death.
-
-Biggart remembers being puzzled by how the boat could have survived Atlantic swells.
-
-“A wave came, and the boat rocked so, so badly,” he recalls.
-
-One of the dead men sat by the bow. The fishermen and police wondered if he was the last to die, moving away from the rest of the dead in the bottom of the boat. Biggart and his colleague were asked by the coast guard to tow the pirogue back to shore. A tractor pulled the boat out of the water.
-
-Men in white overalls carefully removed 14 bodies, three skulls and other large bones one by one, placing the remains in 15 bags. Some victims were missing limbs or heads. The sun had mummified some parts, while the salt and water at the bottom of the boat had putrified others.
-
-Recovered from the boat were clothing, 1,000 West African CFA francs (under $2) and a few euros. Police also found half a dozen corroded cellphones with SIM cards from Mali and Mauritania. Tobago’s Cyber Crime Unit extracted a contact list from one of the SIMs.
-
-Police in Trinidad and Tobago passed the numbers on to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which reached out several times to the government of Mauritania. They never got an answer, they said. Mauritania’s Foreign Ministry did not respond to phone calls or repeated requests for comment by email from the AP.
-
-In the weeks that followed, customers stopped buying Biggart’s fish, fearing the dead were victims of some sort of sorcery. Others made unfounded speculations: Were they Ebola victims whose bodies had been thrown in the boat and set adrift?
-
-As a man of the sea himself, Biggart felt responsible.
-
-“I have a friend who went to sea and never came back,” he says. “I don’t know the people and them. But I know the family will be hurting.”
-
-Yet months later, unable to identify the victims, police rebranded the criminal investigation into a “humanitarian” case. The remains were kept at the morgue of the Forensic Science Center in Trinidad.
-
-To this day, there they sit.
-
-## A trail of clues
-
-In 20 years as a forensic pathologist, Dr. Eslyn McDonald-Burris had never seen so many bodies arrive at the local mortuary in Tobago at once. Their apparent African descent reminded her of her enslaved ancestors.
-
-“It’s kind of emotional for me, because I’m thinking why? What is happening here?” asked the soft-spoken Burris, who has since retired. “And then when I started looking at ocean currents. ... It’s the same currents that they used when they brought us here.” She concluded they most likely died of “dehydration and hypothermia as a consequence of being lost at sea.”
-
-Opening the body bags one by one, Burris was opening a small window into each person’s life. She looked for anything to help answer questions: Who were they? Where were they trying to go? What happened on the boat?
-
-One had prayer beads with a crescent and a star, Muslim symbols. Another carried in his pocket a small label with Arabic writing of a water bottle from Mauritania. Yet another wore a watch on his left wrist, still running even though the time and date were wrong. “5:32 Sun,” it read.
-
-Most shared similar traits — “that sort of tall, slender look, long thin face,” Burris says. Many wore several layers of clothing, common for seafaring migrants. A few wore dark green weather-proof jackets and pants, typically used both by fishermen in West Africa and by migrants seeking to avoid detection by port authorities.
-
-As Burris pulled back the layers of clothing, she found soccer jerseys and shorts with the insignia of European teams as well as the Football Federation of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. One man was dressed more formally, wearing a black button-down shirt with thin white stripes.
-
-Another stood out to Burris. “A young man of African descent, slim build, dark complexion,” her autopsy report read.
-
-He had short, dark-brown hair. His ears were “notably very small." His teeth were in good condition. His body was the most mummified of all, and his clothing was still relatively clean, suggesting he may have been one of the last to die.
-
-“Down here we say a ‘sharp boy’,” Burris said, affectionately referring to his style.
-
-He was found wearing distressed jeans, a Nike hoodie and a white patterned T-shirt underneath with some words on it — a lyric to a well-known Lionel Richie song.
-
-It read: “HELLO, IS IT ME YOU’RE LOOKING FOR?”
-
-## An Aunt in France
-
-Thousands of miles away, in the French city of Orléans, May Sow had all but given up hope of finding her nephew alive.
-
-It was mid-January 2021, and Alassane Sow, 30, wasn’t answering his phone, leaving his family in both Mali and France desperate. May searched the internet for any trace of him.
-
-A few days earlier, Alassane had told her over the phone that he was thinking of boarding a boat to Spain and, ultimately, to France to work, as some of his friends had done. His estranged father had also left for Spain. Smugglers charged 1,500 euros, and he had saved some money working as a security guard in Mauritania.
-
-She thought it was a terrible idea. “It’s suicide,” she warned him. A family she knew from the Ivory Coast was mourning a relative who died trying to reach Europe.
-
-Alassane said smugglers told him he would travel on a sturdy boat with a proper engine, not the flimsy overcrowded rubber boats often seen capsizing in the Mediterranean. But even if he made it, she told him, he wouldn’t be allowed to work legally in France.
-
-“When I go to Paris, I see people, migrants sleeping outside, under tents,” May recalled.
-
-Alassane wouldn’t hear of it. After all, his French family had a good life with stable careers that allowed them to send money back to their Mali village of Melga, to support his mother.
-
-Alassane’s grandparents had immigrated to France from the former colony decades ago, leaving their eldest daughter, Alassane’s mother, back in Mali. They had six more children in France, including May.
-
-When May and her siblings tried to bring Alassane’s mother over, she was an adult no longer eligible for family reunification. She applied for a visa for France eight times, only to be rejected each time.
-
-The Sow family in France had tried to support Alassane in two projects back in Mali, in livestock and in commerce. Both ultimately failed in part because of the impact of climate change and a fragile economy in a country plagued by years of conflict and political instability. The convenience store he opened with their help hardly made enough money to feed his family.
-
-He ultimately moved to Mauritania to make roughly 75 euros a month, May said. That wasn’t enough.
-
-May said the “kind, serious and respectful” young man never asked his French relatives for more money. Prosperity was in Europe, and the only way he could afford to get there was by boat.
-
-“I think in his head, he thought he didn’t have a choice,” May said.
-
-![A man stands on the beach wearing a striped button down shirt.](https://projects.apnews.com/features/2023/adrift/__cdn__/images/1200.5df98c905511349928aa.jpg)
-
-May’s nephew Alassane Sow
-
-On the night between Jan. 12 and 13, 2021, he boarded a pirogue in Nouadhibou, Mauritania, headed to Spain’s Canary Islands, his family learned later.
-
-After the initial silence came rumors, including one that his boat had been stopped in Morocco and the migrants sent to prison. May contacted a Malian community representative in Morocco to check prisons and morgues. No trace of Alassane.
-
-She reached out to a page on Facebook called “Protect Migrants not Borders,” used by families of missing migrants to exchange information. That was when May realized her nephew was one of thousands disappearing each year en route to Europe.
-
-Every day people posted about a missing person. Few were ever found.
-
-Any tips she obtained were by word of mouth. There was no official information. She felt helpless.
-
-Alassane’s mother, grandmother and wife held onto hope that he was alive, probably in prison somewhere, and couldn’t call. May was growing increasingly skeptical.
-
-One night, she had a dream. She saw him dead with many people in the water, and she cried out for him.
-
-In her nightmare, Alassane eventually opened his eyes but couldn’t speak. After that, she was sure they had shipwrecked. But she had no proof.
-
-A few months later, her sister shared a news report about a Mauritanian boat found in Tobago with dead bodies inside. Then an AP reporter contacted her asking about the same. Could her nephew be among those?
-
-He left in January. The boat was found in May. But except for the time frame, there was no evidence to suggest it was his boat. After all, the pirogues used by migrants departing Nouadhibou look the same.
-
-## Following the trail
-
-The contact list extracted from one of the SIM cards on a phone in the boat by authorities in Tobago contained 137 names.
-
-The AP went down the list calling the numbers, asking those who replied if they knew anyone missing. One name kept coming up: Soulayman Soumaré, a taxi driver from Sélibaby in southern Mauritania, near the borders with Mali and Senegal.
-
-The AP traveled to Sélibaby, a two-day drive from the fishing town of Nouadhibou on a strip of tarmac that cuts through a bleak desert, and spoke to dozens of relatives and friends to reconstruct what happened.
-
-Soulayman had gone missing a year earlier, along with dozens of other young men from nearby villages. They had taken off from Nouadhibou on a boat carrying 43 people to the Canary Islands on the night of Jan. 12, 2021. It was the same boat that Alassane Sow boarded.
-
-Forty-seven people were meant to have boarded the boat originally. Four men never got on. One, who spoke to the AP on condition of anonymity, confirmed that he and dozens of other relatives, friends and acquaintances from Sélibaby and two nearby villages had traveled to Nouadhibou. There, they waited in apartments arranged by smugglers. He heard more people from a town on the border of Mali and Mauritania would also be getting on the boat.
-
-Finally, on Jan. 12, the smugglers called. They would be leaving for Spain that night.
-
-To avoid attracting authorities’ attention, the migrants split into smaller groups and left separately on different pirogues. They were to meet in the ocean and all transfer to a larger pirogue bound for the Canaries.
-
-In Nouadhibou, hundreds of fishermen zip in and out all day and night, and port authorities struggle to inspect every boat for migrants. But when they saw four men allegedly going fishing without the typical dark green overalls, police stopped them.
-
-Little did they know that their lives had just been spared.
-
-## Families, still waiting
-
-Just as few people in Tobago had ever heard of Mauritania before, families in Mauritania had never heard of Tobago. When shown the island on a map, with the Atlantic Ocean separating both nations, many gasped.
-
-A few miles away from Sélibaby, on a dirt road dotted with goats, lies the village of Bouroudji, home to 11 of the missing young men. AP reporters shared the available information with their mothers: A Mauritanian boat had drifted to Tobago with 14 bodies. One phone retrieved from the boat was linked to the group their sons had traveled with. There were no known survivors.
-
-“They’re all dead,” one mother exclaimed. She covered her face with her hands and left in despair.
-
-Others hung onto hope. Until they saw their sons’ bodies, the mothers said, they could still be alive. They pulled out their cellphones and shared photos of their sons with AP. Among them were two young men named Bayla Niang and Abdoulaye Tall.
-
-Niang’s father, 71-year-old Ciré Samba Niang, said they were desperate for any information.
-
-“There’s people who say they’ve died. There are people who say they are in prison,” he said. “There are others who say, nonsense.”
-
-Niang said he wasn’t aware of his son’s plans. He blamed local unemployment along with better opportunities abroad. Many in his generation had also moved to Europe and made good money for Mauritanian standards.
-
-“If one goes to Europe, in one or two years they’ll be able to build a house (in Mauritania), to buy a car,” Niang said. “The other person sees that and says, ‘I can’t stay here. I have to go, too.’”
-
-![A man relaxing on a field of green.](https://projects.apnews.com/features/2023/adrift/__cdn__/images/1200.63a409b73032ea411d7e.jpg)
-
-![A man standing in a clothing store.](https://projects.apnews.com/features/2023/adrift/__cdn__/images/1200.336ae62df2773f0a4bc0.jpg)
-
-![A close-up selfie of a man in a black jacket](https://projects.apnews.com/features/2023/adrift/__cdn__/images/1200.9843a979a43bcf259106.jpg)
-
-![Three men standing together posing for the camera.](https://projects.apnews.com/features/2023/adrift/__cdn__/images/1200.1787d0ab9de1b00a977f.jpg)
-
-Clockwise starting from the top left: Houdou Soumaré, Cheikh Dioum, Houdou and Soulayman with Djibi Koumé, Soulayman Soumaré. Images courtesy of the families.
-
-In the nearby village of Moudji, the parents of Soulayman Soumaré and his cousins Houdou Soumaré and Djibi Koumé, who had also disappeared, struggled to get on with their lives. One mother was severely depressed and suffering from panic attacks, the villagers said. “You cannot even talk because everyone is so upset,” said Oumar Koumé, the father of Djibi Koumé.
-
-Like the mothers of Bouroudji, Koumé asked to see the bodies found in the boat that reached Tobago.
-
-“If you see someone is dead in front of you, you know it is done. But if you don’t see it, every day there are rumors,” he said. “Your heart aches.”
-
-Adama Sarré is a 46-year-old nurse and single mother. Her 25-year-old son, Cheikh Dioum, is among those who disappeared.
-
-An introvert, Dioum would sometimes stay in his room for days, his mother said. He was upset, frustrated. He had repeatedly asked her for money to travel to Europe. But on her meager nurse’s salary, she had little to give him. She advised patience. She recalled telling him: “Cheikh, go slowly, go slowly. If I work and find money, I will get you a plane ticket and you will go.”
-
-Dioum thought she was lying, she said. He left without saying goodbye.
-
-“I call his phone, it doesn’t work,” she said. “I’m just sitting here.”
-
-## A Survivor’s Account
-
-We may never know what happened to the men as they drifted from Nouadhibou to Tobago. But accounts from survivors of other shipwrecks in the Atlantic offer a clue.
-
-Moussa Sako was rescued by the Spanish Air Force on April 26, 2021. Their boat was spotted by chance more than 310 miles (500km) from the Spanish island of El Hierro — “in the middle of nowhere,” as one of the rescuers described it.
-
-They had set off 22 days earlier from Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania. Only three of 63 people who boarded survived.
-
-Like many on the boat, Sako, an asylum-seeker from Mali, had never seen the ocean. Four men with maritime experience, including a Senegalese “captain,” were in charge of reaching the Canaries. The voyage was to take four to five days.
-
-They were packed like sardines, with Sako squeezed in the middle. The leaking gasoline and salt water in the bottom of the boat burnt their skin, making it painful to sit.
-
-Not long after departing, they ran out of food and water. On the fourth day they ran out of fuel. To slow down their drift and be more visible to rescuers, they made a makeshift anchor by tying the engine and other heavy metal scraps to a rope.
-
-With each day that passed, the boat drifted further. Tensions boiled into arguments. The smugglers, some said, had betrayed them.
-
-More days passed. No rescue came. A growing number of people wanted to cut the rope loose to drift faster. Sako thought they would be better off staying still, where the sea was still calm and they could see some lights at night. But Sako was defeated in a vote. The rope was snipped.
-
-Just as he feared, the wind took them to more agitated waters that poured over their boat. The next evening the first person died, a 20-year-old man. They washed and wrapped his body in Islamic tradition and prayed before throwing it overboard.
-
-By the second week, three to four people were dying every day.
-
-Some had hallucinations. One man jumped to his death thinking they had arrived. Others jumped to end their suffering. Sako, the healthiest, tried to help the others.
-
-“I had four full (layers of clothes) on me,” he recalled. “I would take one off and put it on them ... until I had only one.”
-
-On day 18, he tried to get away from the rotting bodies. But they were everywhere. Only a handful of people were still alive. They hardly spoke.
-
-Sako no longer feared death. He did worry about what would happen afterward.
-
-“I wanted that even if I died, for people to recover (my body) and bury me,” Sako said. “If you disappear in the water, they can look for you for a hundred years.”
-
-Finally, on day 22, a grey plane appeared in the sky above. Then came a helicopter. A rescuer dropped down and pulled Sako and the other two survivors from the corpse-ridden pirogue.
-
-The bodies of 24 people were recovered and buried in the Canaries with case numbers instead of names. The remains of the other 36 were swallowed by the Atlantic.
-
-## (Partial) Answers
-
-The number of people attempting the Atlantic crossing to the Canaries is falling again as Spain and the EU, with help from their African partners, try to close that migration route in a constant cat-and-mouse game. But the reasons pushing these men, women and children to go — a lack of jobs, poverty, violence, climate change — have only gotten worse.
-
-One year after the 43 men departed Nouadhibou, the white-and-blue boat sat abandoned on the side of the road in Belle Garden, much like the case itself.
-
-The clothing, objects and cellphones recovered from the boat and the bodies had been kept in the back of the Scarborough police station in Tobago. Even though it had been cleared for disposal, the officer in charge of storing police evidence had decided to hold onto the items “in case someone came looking for this some day.”
-
-With latex gloves, the officer and an AP reporter cut open the sealed bags, pulling out the decaying evidence on the concrete floor to be documented.
-
-There were the dirty soccer jerseys and shorts of Juventus, Paris St-Germain, Barcelona, Real Madrid and The Football Federation of Mauritania that Burris had noted in her autopsy reports. There were the dark green weatherproof coats and pants so many migrants wear during the crossing. There were the cellphones, so worn out that the devices fell apart at the slightest touch.
-
-After days analyzing photos of the evidence like a puzzle, one T-shirt seemed familiar. In a photo shared by one of the mothers from the Mauritanian village of Bourdouji, 20-year-old Abdoulaye Tall is seen wearing a colorful T-shirt with words on it, but only parts of it were visible: “IS IT ... E ... YOU’RE.”
-
-Suddenly, it came into focus. He was wearing the shirt that had struck Dr. Burris: “HELLO, IS IT ME YOU’RE LOOKING FOR?”
-
-The AP shared its finding, along with photos of the T-shirt, with Tall’s father. He said he was grateful for the information, even though it shattered his hopes.
-
-“It’s obvious he’s dead,” Djibi Tall said. “It’s God’s will.”
-
-The AP also shared photos of the evidence collected in Tobago with other families of the missing in Mauritania, Mali, Senegal and France.
-
-May Sow, the aunt in France, stared at the photos on her phone for days and stayed up late at night. One photo looked familiar: a black striped button-down shirt.
-
-She went back to photos of her nephew from shortly before he disappeared. There it was — the same black striped shirt. He wore it on special occasions.
-
-“I don’t think they had the right to bring things with them, so he must have worn his best clothes,” she said.
-
-She reached out to one of Alassane’s friends in Mauritania who had accompanied him on the first part of the journey to the boat. He confirmed that Alassane had worn the striped shirt underneath a jacket with red pockets. Both were found on one of the bodies.
-
-May Sow was already mourning the loss of her nephew, but her sister was still in denial. Sow reached out to the Red Cross in Senegal for help with a DNA test to confirm. But because Alassane’s mother was from Mali, they couldn’t help.
-
-So in late June, the AP got a saliva sample sent from Alassane’s mother to the Forensics Science Center in Trinidad and Tobago.
-
-Three months later, on Oct. 4, 2022, an email arrived in May Sow’s inbox.
-
-“I regret to inform that the DNA sample result is a positive match.”
-
-![A beach with palm trees at dawn.](https://projects.apnews.com/features/2023/adrift/__cdn__/images/2000.867edaae945036bf6323.jpg)
-
-## Epilogue
-
-Alassane was buried after an Islamic funeral on March 3, 2023, at the Chaguanas Public Cemetery in Trinidad and Tobago. His family, unable to travel, held prayers in both his hometown in Mali and in France.
-
-Of the 43 people believed to have boarded Alassane’s boat, only 14 bodies and skeletal remains were found in Tobago. The Red Cross has collected 51 DNA samples from family members of 26 missing migrants in hopes of identifying the other bodies at the Forensic Science Center in Trinidad. Those results aren’t yet known.
-
-Some things are, in the end, unknowable. It’s possible — probable, even — that the world will never learn what exactly happened during the 135 days and nights that Alassane and the others spent adrift in the Atlantic.
-
-But at least May Sow knows one thing now.
-
-“At least, for my nephew, we have proof that it is him,” she said. “We can pray for him and believe that he is in a good place.”
-
-### More in this project
-
-## Digital Presentation Credits
-
-Text and Visual Reporting: Renata Brito and Felipe Dana
-
-Text Editors: Ted Anthony and Mary Rajkumar
-
-Photo Editors: Enric Marti and Felipe Dana
-
-Motion Graphics: Marshall Ritzel
-
-Creative Direction: Raghu Vadarevu and Nat Castañeda
-
-Design and Development: Linda Gorman, Kati Perry, and Dan Kempton
-
-Project Management: Michelle Minkoff
-
-Audience Coordination and Production: Sophia Eppolito, Alex Connor, Bridget Brown and Akira Olivia Kumamoto
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
----
-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
\ No newline at end of file
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-Date: 2023-06-13
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-Link: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/06/affirmative-action-never-had-a-chance.html
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-&emsp;
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-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
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-^button-AffirmativeActionNeverHadaChanceNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# Affirmative Action Never Had a Chance
-
-## The conservative backlash to the civil-rights era began immediately — and now it’s nearly complete.
-
-[![Portrait of Zak Cheney-Rice](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/f82/42d/433fb889d3edc4b013b86e6487abf09387-ZakCheney-RiceFINAL.2x.rsquare.w168.jpg)](https://nymag.com/author/zak-cheney-rice/)
-
-By , a New York features writer who covers race, politics, culture, and law enforcement
-
-In their original form, affirmative action programs in the 1960s sought to give Black workers access to trade unions. Photo: Higgins/Courtesy of the Special Collections Research Center. Temple University Libraries. Philadelphia, PA.
-
-Arthur Fletcher had already been a Baltimore Colts lineman and an administrator for the state highway department when he started applying for jobs as a football coach in Kansas. It was 1957, three years after the U.S. Supreme Court outlawed *de jure* racial segregation in schools with [*Brown* v. *Board of Education*](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/brown-v-board-of-education). Fletcher lived in Topeka with his wife and five children, and he had $15,000 in debt from an ill-fated side career as a concert promoter. He was building tires for Goodyear to make ends meet, but his odds at landing a coaching job looked promising. He was, after all, the first Black player on the Colts.
-
-But if *Brown* meant progress for millions of students, it meant little for Fletcher’s job prospects. “I presented myself to school board after school board after school board in the state of Kansas, and the answer was, ‘You are ready, but we’re not,’” he said, according to *A Terrible Thing to Waste*, historian David Hamilton Golland’s biography of him.
-
-Fletcher never asked for special treatment. His stepfather was a [buffalo soldier.](https://www.thenmusa.org/articles/buffalo-soldiers/) Self-reliance was the gospel in his childhood home. But everywhere Fletcher looked, bigotry and discrimination were freezing Black Americans out of an equal shot at American prosperity.
-
-Fletcher left Kansas and took his chances in the West Coast–based defense industries, while immersing himself in the world of Republican political organizing. In 1968, he ran for lieutenant governor of Washington and lost. He was nursing his wounds that autumn when the president-elect offered him a job. Richard Nixon had barely won his own race that year. Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy had recently been killed, and America’s streets were smoldering. Neutralizing riots was top of mind for the “law and order” candidate. The solution he chose was “[Black capitalism](https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,901274,00.html).”
-
-“Instead of government jobs, and government housing, and government welfare,” Nixon [said](https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-accepting-the-presidential-nomination-the-republican-national-convention-miami) at the 1968 Republican National Convention, “let government use its tax and credit policies to enlist in this battle the greatest engine of progress ever developed in the history of man — American private enterprise.” His reasoning was that government aid in Black neighborhoods created waste and dependency. To promote equality and quell unrest, Black ghetto-dwellers needed pride of ownership through entrepreneurialism — more Black businesses and Black banks in Black neighborhoods.
-
-The pitch was a natural draw for Fletcher. If Nixon had any doubts about whether he would support his civil-rights agenda, they were swiftly put to rest. “I don’t believe in jumping to welfare when there’s so much work out there,” Fletcher said when Nixon mentioned one of his welfare initiatives.
-
-After he took office in 1969, Nixon appointed Fletcher to be his assistant secretary of Labor, making him one of the country’s highest-ranking Black government officials. At six-foot-four with dark skin and close-cropped hair, Fletcher was a fly in Nixon’s proverbial buttermilk — an administration of slick-haired white guys known by critics as “Uncle Strom’s Cabin,” according to Mehrsa Baradaran, a UC Irvine law professor whose book *The Color of Money* sheds light on this era.
-
-The policy for which Fletcher is remembered, and that earned him the nickname “the father of affirmative action,” was introduced that June. It started as a modest tweak to the federal contracting process. The construction firms and tradesmen who were winning federal contracts at the time were almost all white, a reflection of how segregated local trade unions were. “We even found Italians with green cards who couldn’t speak English, let alone read or write a word, sentence, or paragraph — yet who were working on federal contracts,” Fletcher wrote. Meanwhile, the same contractors were claiming they couldn’t find qualified Black workers, an assertion that Fletcher decided to test by forcing them to integrate. He added a provision to federal contracts that required contractors to set “goals and timetables” for hiring more Black and non-white workers, expressed as percentages that were to be increased over four years.
-
-The [Revised Philadelphia Plan](https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/philadelphia-plan-2/), as his initiative was called, is now considered the first example of “hard” affirmative action implemented by the federal government, a term that acknowledged that merely outlawing legal discrimination was insufficient redress for the wreckage wrought by two centuries of discrimination. Proactive, or “affirmative,” measures had to be taken, too.
-
-“I consider that my little footnote in history,” Fletcher wrote of this fateful decision. “I went into that administration with the conviction that if we could change the role of Blacks in the economy, we’d do nothing short of changing the nation’s culture.”
-
-Not long after, Harvard Law School debuted a parallel initiative known as [the Harvard Plan](https://hls.harvard.edu/today/walter-leonard-champion-of-diversity-in-higher-education-1929-2015/), the core of which was a formula for evaluating applicants that considered their racial background. That plan was later adapted for the school’s undergraduate admissions, leading to explosive growth in the share of minority admits and establishing a pattern that has since been replicated across higher education.
-
-Fifty-four years later, that period of growth is probably ending. In October, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in [*Students for Fair Admissions* v. *Harvard*](https://www.oyez.org/cases/2022/20-1199) and [*Students for Fair Admissions* v. *University of North Carolina*](https://www.oyez.org/cases/2022/21-707), two cases that, when decided in June, are expected to outlaw the consideration of race in school admissions for good and, by extension, kill affirmative action across all sectors of American life.
-
-If all goes as anticipated, this ruling would be the latest anti-civil-rights salvo from a right-wing Supreme Court majority that has already overturned *Roe* v. *Wade*. Several turns have led us to this crossroads. The Court has played a crucial role, narrowing the scope of affirmative action to the point that its original aim — redressing the material deprivation facing Black people and other minorities — has been supplanted by anodyne gestures toward diversity. But there’s also a deeper and more familiar betrayal at work. Affirmative action emerged at a time in American history when Black civil-rights advocates were calling for a comprehensive rewrite of the social contract. The pillars of their [agenda](https://www.prrac.org/pdf/FreedomBudget.pdf) included full voting rights, equal access to education, robust anti-discrimination laws with strong enforcement, universal health care, and a full-employment economy.
-
-In the decades since, we’ve seen those pillars falter and crumble. The Supreme Court has invited the de facto [resegregation](https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/sanantonio-isd-v-rodriguez) of American primary schools and [gutted](https://www.justice.gov/crt/shelby-county-decision) the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Black communities are beset by [police violence](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1821204116) and [mass incarceration](https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2022/05/19/updated_charts/#:~:text=The%20system%20of%20mass%20incarceration,incarcerated%20in%20the%20United%20States.). Black families are afflicted by deadly [health ailments](https://apnews.com/article/black-americans-health-disparities-takeaways-434d87016d1e1e7ebd88752792be9acc) and [unemployment rates](https://www.brookings.edu/2023/02/13/historical-unemployment-for-black-women-and-men-in-the-united-states-1954-2021/) that are singular on the national landscape.
-
-Now we’re heading toward the death of America’s last surviving race-based redistributive program. The controversies surrounding affirmative action have revolved around education — in other words, the legacy of the Harvard Plan — a narrow debate that has foreclosed the possibilities of what affirmative action could have been.
-
-Arthur Fletcher’s Philadelphia Plan is a reminder that even the less ambitious civil-rights advocates once had more expansive dreams than improving diversity in ivory towers and the C-suite. It was ultimately doomed by several overlapping factors: the GOP’s wholesale turn against Black communities, the white working class’s betrayal of their Black peers, and the government’s terror of sparking a backlash from white voters. Alongside the Harvard Plan, it represented the other half of the affirmative-action equation: the idea that the government could help build a Black middle class the same way the labor movement made a white middle class, by creating good-paying jobs for low-skilled workers without a lot of education. And it never had a chance.
-
-The first-ever federal agency for investigating claims of racial discrimination in hiring, known as the [Fair Employment Practices Committee](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/executive-order-8802), was created in 1941. Black workers were being denied jobs en masse despite a boom in the defense industry, and Black labor leader A. Philip Randolph threatened President Franklin D. Roosevelt with a 100,000-strong March on Washington if he did not take executive action. The FEPC managed to head off Randolph’s protest, but otherwise turned out to be functionally useless at stopping discrimination. It was defunct by 1946.
-
-The more forceful equal-opportunity policies of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations were a response to the pressure of the civil-rights movement. Kennedy gave an executive order barring employers from discriminating on the basis of race and required federal contractors to provide equal employment opportunities — meaning not intentionally keeping non-white workers out of a job. Johnson introduced permanent contract bans for scofflaw firms, while the [1964 Civil Rights Act](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/civil-rights-act#:~:text=This%20act%2C%20signed%20into%20law,civil%20rights%20legislation%20since%20Reconstruction.), which he signed into law, made discrimination across a host of categories — race, sex, religion, national origin — illegal in areas including jobs.
-
-But by the time Nixon was sworn in, every major effort by the federal government to make sure employers weren’t freezing Black people out of the job market had fallen short, giving rise to the ominous possibility of Black revolt. Nixon’s first term coincided with the age of Black power, an evolution of the civil-rights movement that was more militant. Its insurrectionary edge was expressed through uprisings in the nation’s Black ghettos, and its intellectual and political sympathies were wrapped up in the revolutionary movements spanning the Global South, especially Africa. These movements were anti-imperialist, and many were Marxist. The specter of a homegrown anti-capitalist insurrection, however small, during the height of the Cold War spooked Nixon, and he responded with a deadly counterintelligence program — [COINTELPRO](https://www.aclu.org/documents/more-about-fbi-spying) — dedicated to neutralizing groups like the Black Panthers. Publicly, however, Nixon adopted a less combative approach to the problem of Black dissatisfaction, which was focused as much on economic inequality as political inequality.
-
-Arthur Fletcher, now known as the “father of affirmative action,” was the face of Richard Nixon’s civil-rights agenda. Photo: Bob Daugherty/ASSOCIATED PRESS
-
-This was where Black capitalism came in. Fletcher sympathized with the anger in the ghetto, but thought that revolution was preposterous. “He was an unabashed capitalist, he was an anti-communist, and he saw fitting into the system as the best way forward for equality between the races,” said Golland, Fletcher’s biographer.
-
-So when contractors started agreeing to the Philadelphia Plan’s terms and setting goals for how they would integrate, Fletcher felt vindicated. He set off on a victory tour with stops in Atlanta, New York, Phoenix, Chicago, and Baltimore, and made syndicated television appearances trumpeting the Nixon administration’s affirmative-action program, which was more aggressive than his Democratic predecessors’. The plan began to spread to other cities.
-
-But with hindsight, it is easy to see his efforts were doomed. His work on Nixon’s behalf did not win him more influence. He’d almost single-handedly made the administration’s civil-rights agenda look sincere, but the president was still courting Jim Crow nostalgists. “A cabinet-level position for a Black man at that time would have undermined the Southern Strategy,” Golland writes, referring to the GOP’s growing dependence on white votes from [former Confederate states](https://belonging.berkeley.edu/new-southern-strategy). Plus, Fletcher’s success was making lots of people mad. “This thing is about as popular as a crab in a whorehouse,” said Everett Dirksen, the Republican Senate minority leader. The Philadelphia Plan was even more poisonous to white labor leaders and rank-and-file tradesmen, whose resistance to integration made them ripe targets for the coalition the GOP was trying to build even as it tried to placate the civil-rights community.
-
-In the spring of 1970, hundreds of pro-war construction workers converged on lower Manhattan and attacked student demonstrators who were protesting the recent killings of four university students at Kent State. These workers were joined a few days later by local longshoremen, white-collar workers, and union leaders in a series of protests against the NYPD’s nonresponse to the student protests. Tens of thousands surrounded City Hall on May 20. Peter J. Brennan, a Nixon supporter who headed the Building and Construction Trades Council of Greater New York, followed up with a visit to the White House, where he presented the president with a ceremonial hard hat. Nixon’s embrace of the so-called “[Hard Hat Rioters](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/hard-hat-riot-1970-pitted-construction-workers-against-anti-war-protestors-180974831/)” enraged civil-rights leaders, but the president was starting to see the future of the GOP in these workers.
-
-Brennan was an innovator in ducking Fletcher’s affirmative-action initiatives. He devised an alternative policy in New York that allowed local construction firms to exempt themselves from the Philadelphia Plan by coming up with their own more flexible integration goals. These so-called “Hometown Plans” were a sham, but they were good news for Nixon — if labor leaders complained to him about Fletcher being overzealous, he could point to this workaround as an alternative.
-
-Still, firms that had failed to uphold their own integration plans were having their contracts terminated. To them, even the most modest requirements — one union was asked to increase its Black membership from six out of 800 — were an intolerable threat to the bottom line. Eventually, white labor leaders turned against Fletcher in force and made Nixon choose between them. “This fellow Fletcher, this appointee of yours, I’m sure you’re not responsible for what he’s doing right now,” said Brennan at a 1971 meeting with Nixon. “People are trying to do the right thing and being harassed.” For his part, Nixon saw Black people as ingrates for not rewarding him with more votes. “We’ve done more than anybody else,” he complained, “and they don’t … appreciate it.”
-
-Fletcher was transferred out of the Labor Department in 1971 and stripped of his enforcement authority. “Fletcher had served his purpose,” writes Golland of how Nixon abandoned him. Meanwhile, the president’s relationship with Brennan was only getting stronger. Nixon agreed to withdraw his support for the Philadelphia Plan if the Labor leader agreed not to endorse his Democratic opponent in the 1972 election. At the time, this was practically unheard of. [Democrats were the party of trade unions](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/01/democrats-paid-a-huge-price-for-letting-unions-die.html) and could reliably count on the vocal support of Brennan and other white union leaders. But the Democratic Party’s association with civil rights under Kennedy and Johnson had caused a rift with the unions, which were now becoming more reactionary thanks, in part, to the Philadelphia Plan. Nixon made a devil’s bargain: Sacrifice Black equality to bring the white working class into the GOP’s tent. As agreed, Brennan declined to endorse George McGovern. He was rewarded by being named Nixon’s new secretary of Labor.
-
-Brennan’s rise effectively killed proactive federal enforcement of affirmative action in the early 1970s. Fletcher stuck around after Nixon’s impeachment to help Gerald Ford, and eventually stumped for the former vice-president during his successful 1976 Republican primary campaign against Ronald Reagan. But Fletcher spent most of his next chapter in the private sector, capitalizing on his GOP connections and association with the Philadelphia Plan to become a prized diversity consultant for Fortune 500 companies seeking to hire more minorities.
-
-Historians see the migration of white working-class voters to the GOP that Nixon brokered as crucial to Donald Trump’s 2016 presidential election. Its consequences include the most committedly right-wing Supreme Court majority in a generation — a cohort that makes no apologies for operating less as dispassionate jurists than as agents of the conservative movement. That Nixon’s Southern Strategy was hastened by an affirmative-action policy that he himself championed shows the deft and cynical way he played on both sides of the racial divide.
-
-The idea that affirmative action would have a major economic component, that a nudge from the government would make Black capitalism an instrument of equality, had failed. And it was not just a Republican failure — as the parties underwent a realignment and Democrats became more fully the party of civil rights, they, too, abandoned the idea of labor-based affirmative action. From then on, affirmative action would increasingly be associated with education, on the assumption that a rite of passage through college would foment a robust Black middle class.
-
-The deprivation that Black Americans faced in the post-Nixon years was relentless. In 1980, the [Washington *Post*](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/09/12/minority-hiring-plan-partial-success-partial-failure/1ef58a32-c840-4f70-9597-6f8387a34653/) sent reporters to check on how Fletcher’s Philadelphia Plan was faring 11 years after its debut. They found a local welder named Ephraim Oakley, who had invested $15,000 in equipment under the impression that the federal government would ensure he could get work. But when he tried obtaining a union card with the local steamfitters, he was turned away. “Because those damned people won’t let me into their union, I’m losing thousands of dollars in work,” he said. “I’m being penalized for being a nigger.” The plan had made some of the trade unions more racially mixed — it was implemented in more than 30 cities — but federal enforcement had fallen by the wayside. “It absolutely failed,” said Golland.
-
-Here was the main problem with “Black capitalism”: There wasn’t enough capital in Black communities to sustain it, ensuring that any asset-holders who set up shop were immediately underwater. Nixon never wanted to fund his initiative, either, making it little more than a politically expedient cover. “Black capitalism was a decoy,” said Mehrsa Baradaran, the Irvine law professor.
-
-Ronald Reagan’s election was accelerating the white working-class [migration](https://www.vanderbilt.edu/unity/2021/04/15/trump-didnt-bring-white-working-class-voters-to-the-republican-party-he-kept-them-away/) to the GOP, a theme of which was the perceived overreach of the civil-rights movement. Cries of reverse discrimination against white Americans echoed across the country, fueled by the metamorphosis in large segments of the economy from blue-collar to white. The middle class was shrinking, the pathways into it narrowing. “In the context of diminishing rewards for the white majority facing a more and more tenuous grasp on the middle class, what is predictable is animosity,” said Touré Reed, who is co-director of the African American Studies Program at Illinois State University.
-
-Meanwhile, other forms of affirmative action were also coming under assault. The first major challenge to affirmative action in higher education came in 1977, when the case of Allan Bakke reached the Supreme Court. Bakke was a white medical-school applicant in California who claimed he had been rejected from UC Davis because of a racial quota. Arguing that “reverse discrimination is as wrong as the primary variety it seeks to correct,” Bakke sought to eliminate the consideration of race in school admissions entirely. In an attempt to appeal to the Court’s conservatives, the lawyer for the school, Archibald Cox, reframed the legal basis for affirmative action by saying it served the interests of schools to allow them to curate a diverse environment. In the summer of 1978, Lewis Powell, the swing vote appointed by Nixon, [split the difference](https://www.oyez.org/cases/1979/76-811): Davis’s quota system had to go, he ruled, but schools could still consider race in admissions as long as promoting diversity was their only objective.
-
-The decision is credited with saving affirmative action in higher education. But it also narrowed its scope, such that its original rationales — redress for past discrimination and the end of material deprivation — were legally invalid and de-emphasized in the public consciousness. And it gave legal heft to trends that were already smothering the redistributive ambitions of the 1960s: a growing consensus that America did not owe anything to Black people.
-
-In [1989](https://www.oyez.org/cases/1988/87-998), the Supreme Court delivered a decisive blow against affirmative action in the building trades when it ruled against the capital of Virginia’s policy of setting aside a percentage of contracts for minority-run firms. The GOP had effectively rebranded such policies as a quota system for unqualified Black people — or “affirmative *Black*\-tion,” as Reed put it, quoting the derisive nickname used by Edward Norton’s neo-Nazi character in *American History X*.
-
-In Texas in 1992, a Republican congressional candidate named [Edward Blum](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/19/us/affirmative-action-lawsuits.html) lost an election. He responded to his defeat by blaming an unfairly drawn district, which made it too easy, in his opinion, for a minority candidate to triumph, and brought his case before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1996. The Court ruled in his favor, citing an illegal racial gerrymander — the first of many legal victories for the conservative activist, who made it his life’s mission to eradicate the consideration of race in any aspect of the law or education.
-
-The national mood was in his favor: California voters passed Proposition 209 the same year as Blum’s first Supreme Court victory, outlawing affirmative action in any state or government institution. According to a 2020 [study](https://cshe.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/publications/rops.cshe.10.2020.bleemer.prop209.8.20.2020.pdf) by researchers at UC Berkeley, Prop 209 led to a “cascade” of Black and Hispanic UC applicants into “lower-quality” public and private schools, resulting in steep long-term declines in their degree-completion rates and wage earnings.
-
-This was all happening amid an influx of Asian immigrants in the 1990s, who were generally wealthier, more highly educated, and more attractive to white-collar employers than their predecessors in the post-1965 wave. White people seeking to justify America’s racial inequities had long pointed to this [cohort](https://www.npr.org/2021/05/25/999874296/6-charts-that-dismantle-the-trope-of-asian-americans-as-a-model-minority) — people with East or South Asian ancestry, often glossing over the more downtrodden Southeasterners and Pacific Islanders — as evidence that racism’s grip had loosened, or to argue that Black people were pathological and so deserved whatever grim fate befell them. But as Asian Americans established themselves in greater numbers, and in some cases started outpacing whites in income and educational achievement, many began to wonder why their successes had not earned them a proportional spot among the country’s elite.
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-The concerns of these Asian American activists dovetailed with decades of white conservative demagoguery, resulting in an almost absurd amount of quibbling over which of the highest-achieving students in the country deserved access to its most exclusive schools. “That’s one of the things I’ve always found personally disturbing about this,” said Reed. “I don’t think that most of the differences between these applicants are actually meaningful.”
-
-Blum helped bring the case of a rejected University of Texas applicant named [Abigail Fisher](https://www.oyez.org/cases/2012/11-345) that ended up before the Supreme Court in 2016. Fisher’s lawyers argued that she was rejected in favor of less qualified minorities, and her defeat, amid revelations that her grades were less than sterling, was met with glee — hashtags like `#StayMadAbby` and pejorative nicknames like “Becky With the Bad Grades” took over social media. But Blum was already preparing his encore. He has since partnered with the ideological descendants of those 1990s Asian American activists, organizing them under the name Students for Fair Admissions, to argue that Harvard has a quota for keeping Asian applicants out. (In its less famous sister case, SFFA has claimed that the University of North Carolina’s recruitment of first-generation and low-income students discriminates against other applicants.)
-
-If Blum’s challenges are successful, the effects would be devastating. Everywhere that such programs have been eliminated, their modest benefits have revealed them as far preferable to their absence: more minorities in jobs and in schools, and with greater access to the trappings of a middle-class life. It would also be a fitting, if grim, end to a policy that has been assailed and chipped away at from its very inception.
-
-By the mid-1990s, Arthur Fletcher, fresh off a position as George H.W. Bush’s chair of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, found himself a lonely defender of the policy he helped create. “I would have been content to remain a footnote in history had the Republican Party, to which I have been loyal for more than fifty years, decided not to use affirmative action as a wedge issue in 1996,” he wrote. “Even my old friend Bob Dole, the Senate majority leader, who strongly supported affirmative action over the years, has turned against it in his drive to win the GOP nomination for president.”
-
-Fletcher [decided](https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/09/us/civil-rights-official-joins-gop-field-for-1996.html) to throw his own hat in the ring as the only pro-affirmative-action Republican presidential candidate. But there was no appetite for what he was offering, 25 years after a GOP administration had made his affirmative-action program a centerpiece of its Black agenda. He technically ran in the 1996 election, but his campaign was doing so poorly that he had to bow out in 1995.
-
-Fletcher died in 2005. His biographer told me his effects included newspaper clippings from almost every single story about [*Grutter* v. *Bollinger*](https://www.oyez.org/cases/2002/02-241), the 2003 Supreme Court case that extended Powell’s decision to preserve affirmative action in higher education. “He wasn’t involved in the case at all, but it mattered to him,” Golland said. He’d also never changed his party affiliation, despite the reality that being a pro-affirmative-action Republican had become an oxymoron. Change from the inside was still possible, Fletcher believed. “From 1976 to 1995, that’s slightly less than 20 years,” Golland said. “Fletcher thought that if the party can change that quickly in such a short period of time, it can also change back.”
-
-It has not changed back. Almost 20 years have passed since Fletcher’s death, and his beloved GOP has migrated even further away from his ideal. For all his misplaced faith in his party, the Kansan knew that Black people faced too many obstacles to become full participants in the economy without help. Today, you can barely find a Republican who’ll acknowledge the problem, let alone be affirmative about solving it.
-
-A big reason why Fletcher’s affirmative-action idea was palatable to Nixon, and why Cox’s diversity rationale appealed to Justice Powell, was because both were a rebuke to the idea that a racially egalitarian America could be achieved through a mix of generous welfare programs and aggressive enforcement of anti-discrimination laws. Black capitalism’s central promise was that simply giving Black people access to the free market could allow them to rise up economically, but even that proved too much for white America. Black capitalism has now been replaced with an even hollower promise of diversity. “The main purpose of ‘diversity’ is to give white people a more diverse experience rather than to give non-white people an equal opportunity,” said Golland, Fletcher’s biographer.
-
-Today, affirmative action gets treated even by Democrats like a child they’re mildly ashamed of. President Joe Biden [supports](https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/executive-order-advancing-racial-equity-and-support-for-underserved-communities-through-the-federal-government/) it, and in 2021 his administration [urged](https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-administration-asks-us-supreme-court-reject-harvard-affirmative-action-2021-12-09/) the Supreme Court not to hear the Harvard case. But while few in the party disparage it, they don’t embrace it, either, likely because of the mixed messages provided by polling. And they certainly haven’t adopted anything resembling an affirmative-action policy for the labor force. Even the most obvious solution to the Supreme Court striking down affirmative action, a renewed push for universal programs like in President Johnson’s Great Society, is complicated by the prospect of a familiar backlash against programs that are often [coded](https://apnews.com/article/fbd5d3c83e3243e9b03e46d7cb842eaa) as helping Black people.
-
-When the *Bakke* arguments were heard in 1977, there was still much to be optimistic about: the major legislative victories of the civil-rights movement were just a decade old, and the new social order it birthed was still taking shape. People [camped](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/10/13/crowd-waits-all-night-for-bakke-arguments/e4090b13-8956-4f47-a204-b31be586528a/) outside the courthouse to see how America’s most powerful institutions would respond to one of its first major challenges, and Powell’s ruling was greeted with relief. We live in a different world now. The anti-civil-rights backlash that followed has since calcified into a dominant theme of our politics. Betrayal of the movement is becoming more complete by the day — losses that we swallow more frequently now than before, but no less bitterly. “I’m assuming a bloodbath is coming,” said Reed. “But we’ll see. I hope not.”
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-# America Has Never Seen a Spectacle Like Messi
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/66d/783/625db3e68cbcdc50f04bb8a9dc7e158b0a-miami-soccer-01.rhorizontal.w700.jpg)
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-Photo: Giorgio Viera/AFP via Getty Images
-
-We’ve been asked to believe before. When the bombastic Swede Zlatan Ibrahimovic came to play in Los Angeles in 2018, it was going to herald a new era for soccer in North America, just as it would when the legendary Ivorian Didier Drogba arrived in Montreal in 2015, and the mercurial Brazilian Kaká in Orlando, and the generationally talented Frenchman Thierry Henry in New York, or the superstar Brit Wayne Rooney in D.C., all of them having followed David Beckham’s lead. The sport was about to take over *any second now* thanks to demographic transformations, a TV-rights revolution, the sheer energy visible in bars and parks and playgrounds every four years during the men’s [World Cup](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/the-last-world-cup.html) — not to mention the [American women’s multiple championship runs](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/07/fifa-world-cup-2023-u-s-womens-team-aims-for-glory-again.html). The era of Pelé’s ill-fated 1975 arrival in Manhattan was ancient history.
-
-In a way, it was all true. American soccer has grown rapidly, and those stars all had something to do with it, as have the improvement of schoolyard culture, increasingly aggressive broadcast deals for the major European leagues, and better-organized training regimes. It just hasn’t been true *enough*.
-
-This time is different.
-
-This month’s arrival of [Lionel Messi](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/06/messi-to-miami-shows-that-major-league-soccer-has-arrived.html) to Miami is already something entirely new. This time, sports in America have shifted, the world’s biggest superstar and most recent World Cup hero having touched down not just in search of an easy career denouement but — as his [debut goal](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6fltq0dn_E), a stunning long-range, game-winning free kick that felt almost scripted, demonstrated — a new paradigm. At minimum, it’s a real reordering of American athletic attention. At least, as long as he stays.
-
-Sometime between his family’s heavily photographed arrival in Fort Lauderdale and the moment his inch-perfect free kick spun into the back of the net as his debut game ended last Friday, it became clear that we are now witness to something novel: a genuine American soccer spectacle.
-
-This Messi is no longer the one who twists world-class opponents into dust for 90 minutes, but still one whose routine moments of transcendent grace and precision force the other 21 players on the field to shape their every movement around him. Before that ball bounced off the net’s pink twine and hit the grass with the final whistle in South Florida, it was evident that this Messi was one who could ensure that even if soccer never comes to dominate in this country like it does elsewhere, it will no longer be ignorable. And if — *if* — he stays long enough to make the spectacle a fixture, and if his glow is as durable as it now seems, the best to ever play the sport could stand to inspire a sea change in the way his new home views it, and how the soccer world views that new home.
-
-There was not ultimately much romance to the 36-year-old Messi’s arrival. His new team’s owners, Beckham and the billionaire Cuban American Mas brothers, had been [pursuing him since 2019](https://theathletic.com/4667336/2023/07/15/lionel-messi-inter-miami-contract/), before his new team Inter Miami even formally existed. Their long-standing promise to Messi’s entourage was that he would forever change the sport by landing in America. They explained their plan to build a new stadium near Miami’s airport, replacing their underwhelming temporary structure in Fort Lauderdale, and to bring some of his old superstar buddies over, too. And they laid out an unheard-of contract reportedly consisting of eventual part ownership of the team on top of a cut of Adidas’s merchandise revenues and of Apple’s broadcasting money — up to $70 million per year, in a league with an average salary of under half a million. Even then, Messi only signed once his relationship with his Qatar-owned superteam in Paris had soured beyond redemption and once it was clear that his old club in Catalonia could no longer afford him. And no one is under any illusions that this experiment would last much more than two years; it may run out after one.
-
-But for the moment, Major League Soccer, the top American league, is suddenly what it’s been trying to become ever since its advent in 1993: one (just not *the*) power center of the soccer world. In recent years, it had come to embrace a new kind of influence, as young, mostly Latin American talents combined with older Euro castoffs and all sorts of Americans to make the league surprisingly competitive, at least enough to regularly ship promising players over to established clubs in Europe. No longer was it so reliant on once-great, near-retirement European players to draw fans. As recently as December, the league was celebrating the news that for the first time, one of its players had won a World Cup: Thiago Almada, a young star for Atlanta United surely headed for a big-money move to Europe soon, had played a few meaningless minutes for Argentina at last year’s World Cup in Qatar.
-
-But now there’s Messi, whose first minutes in Miami pink immediately made the game the most-watched American one ever, by far. Miami’s No. 10 jerseys are on backorder through October; every single ticket for every one of the team’s games for the remainder of the season has seen its price balloon.
-
-1.  ![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/ed1/91d/2b5c4a1219d245c78983fb0e70969b0e76-miami-soccer-08.rhorizontal.w670.jpg)
-    
-    Celebrating with his family during the Leagues Cup 2023 match between Cruz Azul and Inter Miami. (Tap or click to see
-    
-2.  
-3.  Shirts for sale in the Wynwood Art District of Miami.
-    
-4.  
-5.  Celebrating last week’s game-winner.
-    
-6.  
-
-If the non-soccer media has had a hard time explaining the magnitude of Messi’s move, that’s because no clear parallel exists. Messi’s path from too-tiny prodigy in Rosario to once-in-a-lifetime phenom in Barcelona is well known by now even to casual fans. So is his redemption arc for Argentines, his determination to apply his singular sorcery one last time, winning his country its first major trophies in almost 30 years — first the brutal continental Copa America in 2021, then the pyrotechnically dramatic World Cup in 2022. Thus, he completed his journey from “just a little too cold and Spanish” to “deity on the level of Diego Maradona.”
-
-The toxic debates that once dominated soccer’s online fever swamps, over whether Messi or the Portuguese star Cristiano Ronaldo was better, have mostly faded since Messi won the World Cup, occasionally replaced by half-hearted bait: *Okay, but is Messi bigger than Taylor Swift or Beyoncé?* Even those arguments tend to end with images of Argentina’s World Cup celebrations, when an estimated 4 million Porteños [filled the streets of Buenos Aires](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/12/18/argentina-world-cup-win-celebration/). Those revelries weren’t just limited to South America; some of the most buoyant street parties were reported as far afield as [Bangladesh](https://www.marca.com/en/world-cup/2022/12/01/6388c9bcca47413a1f8b459a.html). Within weeks of the news that Messi would be joining Inter Miami, his previously mostly anonymous club became Instagram’s fourth-most-followed American team in any sport, topping every single MLB and NFL franchise. Its [12 million new fans](https://www.instagram.com/intermiamicf/) lapped even the [original Inter](https://www.instagram.com/inter/?hl=en), the historic Milanese side that just this spring finished as the second-best in all of Europe.
-
-And it was not immediately obvious what American viewers, or Messi, could expect when he arrived. Rooney, for one, predicted a rough welcome. Now the coach of D.C. United, the former striker [warned](https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/38020665/lionel-messi-find-easy-mls-wayne-rooney) that Messi “won’t find it easy here. It sounds mad, but players who come in find it’s a tough league — the traveling, the different conditions in different cities, and there’s a lot of energy and intensity on the pitch.” The young Argentine Álvaro Barreal, of FC Cincinnati, meanwhile, [predicted](https://tntsports.com.ar/internacional/messi-tres-goles-por-partido-20230713-0078.html) Messi would score three or four goals per game.
-
-The MLS is a physically demanding league, but not a particularly skilled or fast one compared to the Spanish or French leagues he’d been winning for years. His new team, too, was terrible — when Messi and his former Barcelona teammate Sergio Busquets arrived, Inter Miami hadn’t won since May. But on this question, at least, we have a preliminary answer. Messi scored thrice in his first hour on the pitch (including two goals in his second game on Tuesday night), completely transforming his suddenly high-flying squad and looking a bit like a high-schooler ripping through a middle-school recess game.
-
-What makes his arrival different on the field is the sheer entertainment value of what he can routinely create. With a team geared toward supporting him, he is capable of brilliance that comes from nowhere and which can almost seem routine if you watch enough of him but looks alien if you don’t. Beckham didn’t have that, nor did Rooney. None of their ilk dominated a World Cup half a year before landing Stateside.
-
-Miami, it seems, knew what it was getting. The capital of Latin America has been bathed in the team’s pink, its walls covered in new murals of his face, the Messi family’s every move being tracked minutely enough to cause a social-media and real-life stampede on a Publix in Sea Ranch Lakes when he was spotted shopping for cereal upon arriving.
-
-The city appears intent on projecting to the rest of the country how lucky it should feel that Messi opted for it over the Saudi Arabian siren song that’s luring scores of his would-be peers. That country’s [Public Investment Fund has plowed unprecedented cash](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/02/sports/soccer/saudi-soccer-messi-benzema-ronaldo.html) into its league following Ronaldo’s arrival last year, all in an attempt to improve the country’s reputation by associating it with a popular sport, [like it did with golf](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/06/the-pgas-liv-merger-shows-it-never-had-any-principles.html). Messi, who already had a [$25 million tourism deal](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/18/sports/soccer/lionel-messi-saudi-arabia.html) with the kingdom, was considering one local club’s offer that was reported to reach $1.6 billion over three years. Meanwhile, other teams have spent the summer luring a surprising number of high-level players from England, Spain, Italy, France, and Germany, likely considerably raising the local level of play and significantly destabilizing soccer’s finances and market structure. As I type, Messi’s former team in Paris has been considering an unprecedented Saudi offer of around $300 million for the young French supernova Kylian Mbappe, who would rake in nearly $800 million for one year of work.
-
-Even if Messi vaults the MLS into prime time, the league might not reach elite status on the international stage — not when it’s effectively up against an effectively unlimited cash pit in the Gulf. But some players have already suggested they’d prefer living in Miami or L.A. or New York for a fraction of the ludicrous salaries on offer, and perhaps Messi can hasten that trend. In opting for (still wildly lucrative) Miami, he did not appear to be seeking a role in a geopolitical tug-of-war, but basic happiness, if the smiles that plaster his face every time he’s seen in public now are any indication. The honeymoon period will end eventually, but as rumors fly about which of his other former teammates and friends might soon join him in Florida, he appears more at ease by the minute. ([Jordi Alba? Confirmed.](https://www.intermiamicf.com/news/inter-miami-cf-signs-spanish-international-defender-jordi-alba) Andres Iniesta and Luis Suarez? We’ll see.) As his fans know, a Messi who feels no need to prove anything, who feels appreciated by his team and his teammates, is a Messi at his best, or at least his most entertaining.
-
-And what do Americans want out of their sports if not a great story punctuated by acts of superhuman athleticism? The entertainment we now have on our shores — the glamour and the celebrity and the show — may feel a bit valedictory, a bit too into itself. (As his second game started, DJ Khaled made sure Messi walked out onto the pitch with the producer’s young son at his side, while P. Diddy, Camila Cabello, and Rauw Alejandro watched.) But there’s no doubting [all the eyeballs](https://apnews.com/article/lionel-messi-inter-miami-debut-fan-reaction-0635845e03cc8ad476aa01d47b1d2b44). There, as Messi lined up that final kick on Friday in front of a crowd two-thirds dressed in the team’s pink and one-third in Argentina’s signature sky blue and white, was LeBron James, not far from Kim Kardashian, gaping and filming on his iPhone. As the ball nestled into the upper corner of the net, there was Serena Williams, looking nothing short of astonished. And as the final whistle blew, there was Beckham himself, trying hard not to tear up as Messi beamed.
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-# America’s Surprising Partisan Divide on Life Expectancy
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-POLITICO illustration/Photos by iStock
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-*Colin Woodard is a POLITICO Magazine contributing writer and director of the* [*Nationhood Lab*](http://www.nationhoodlab.org/) *at Salve Regina University’s Pell Center for International Relations and Public Policy. He is the author of six books including* American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America*.*
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-Where you live in America can have a major effect on how young you die.
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-On paper, Lexington County, S.C., and Placer County, Calif., have a lot in common. They’re both big, wealthy, suburban counties with white supermajorities that border on their respective state’s capital cities. They both were at the vanguard of their states’ 20th century Republican advances — Lexington in the 1960s when it pivoted from the racist Dixiecrats; Placer with the Reagan Revolution in 1980 — and twice voted for Donald Trump by wide margins. But when it comes to how long their residents can count on living, the parallels fall apart. Placer has a Scandinavia-like life expectancy of 82.3 years. In Lexington, the figure is 77.7, a little worse than China’s.
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-Or take Maine’s far-flung Washington County, the poorest in New England where the per capita income is $27,437. The county is a hardscrabble swath of blueberry fields, forestland and fishing ports that was ravaged by the opioid epidemic and is almost completely white. It has one of the worst life expectancies in the entire Northeast: 75.5 years. But that’s more than six years better than the equally remote, forested, impoverished, white and drug-battered Perry County of eastern Kentucky.
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-The truth of life expectancy in America is that places with comparable profiles — similar advantages and similar problems — have widely different average life outcomes depending on what part of the country they belong to.
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-Step back and look at a map of life expectancy across the country and the geographic patterns are as dramatic as they are obvious. If you live pretty much anywhere in the contiguous U.S., you can expect to live more than 78 years, unless you’re in the Deep South or the sprawling region I call Greater Appalachia, a region that stretches from southwestern Pennsylvania to the Ozarks and the Hill Country of Texas. Those two regions — which include all or parts of 16 deep red states and a majority of the House Republican caucus — have a life expectancy of 77, more than four and a half years lower than on the blue-leaning Pacific coastal plain. In the smaller, redder regional culture of New France (in southern Louisiana) the gap is just short of six years. So large are the regional gaps that the poorest set of counties in predominantly blue Yankee Northeast actually have higher life expectancies than the wealthiest ones in the Deep South. At a population level, a difference of five years is like the gap separating the U.S. from decidedly unwealthy Mongolia, Belarus or Libya, and six years gets you to impoverished El Salvador and Egypt.
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-It’s as if we are living in different countries. Because in a very real historical and political sense, we are.
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-The geography of U.S. life expectancy — and the policy environments that determine it — is the result of differences that are regional, cultural and political, with roots going back centuries to the people who arrived on the continent with totally different ideas about equality, the proper role of government, and the correct balance point between individual liberty and the common good. Once you understand how the country was colonized — and by whom — a number of insights into Americans’ overall health and longevity are revealed, along with some paths to improve the situation.
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-As I discussed [in a widely read article on gun violence earlier this year](https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/04/23/surprising-geography-of-gun-violence-00092413), when it comes to defining U.S. regions you need to forget the Census Bureau’s divisions, which arbitrarily divide the country into a Northeast, Midwest, South and West, using often meaningless state boundaries and a depressing ignorance of history. The reason the U.S. has strong regional differences is precisely because our swath of the North American continent was settled in the 17th and 18th centuries by rival colonial projects that had very little in common, often despised one another and spread without regard for today’s state (or even international) boundaries.
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-Those colonial projects — Puritan-controlled New England; the Dutch-settled area around what is now New York City; the Quaker-founded Delaware Valley; the Scots-Irish-dominated upland backcountry of the Appalachians; the West Indies-style slave society in the Deep South; the Spanish project in the southwest and so on — had different religious, economic and ideological characteristics. They settled much of the eastern half and southwestern third of what is now the U.S. in mutually exclusive settlement bands before significant third party in-migration picked up steam in the 1840s. In the process — as I unpacked in my 2011 book [*American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America*](https://colinwoodard.com/books/american-nations/) — they laid down the institutions, cultural norms and ideas about freedom, social responsibility and the provision of public goods that later arrivals would encounter and, by and large, assimilate into. Some states lie entirely or almost entirely within one of these regional cultures (Mississippi, Vermont, Minnesota and Montana, for instance). Other states are split between the regions, propelling constant and profound internal disagreements on politics and policy alike in places like Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, California and Oregon.
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-At [Nationhood Lab](http://www.nationhoodlab.org/), a project I founded at Salve Regina University’s Pell Center for International Relations and Public Policy, we use [this regional framework](https://www.nationhoodlab.org/a-balkanized-federation/) to analyze all manner of phenomena in American society and how one might go about responding to them. We’ve looked at everything from [gun violence](https://www.nationhoodlab.org/the-geography-of-u-s-gun-violence/) and [attitudes toward threats to democracy](https://www.nationhoodlab.org/regional-differences-in-perceptions-of-the-threats-to-u-s-democracy/) to [Covid-19 vaccination rates](https://www.nationhoodlab.org/the-american-nations-and-the-geography-of-covid-19-vaccinations/), [rural vs. urban political behavior](https://www.nationhoodlab.org/no-the-divide-in-american-politics-is-not-rural-vs-urban-and-heres-the-data-to-prove-it/) and [the geography of the 2022 midterm elections](https://www.nationhoodlab.org/the-2022-midterms-and-the-american-nations-regional-differences-trump-rural-urban-divide-most-everywhere-with-a-couple-of-important-exceptions/). This summer we’ve been drilling down on health, [including a detailed examination of the geography of life expectancy published earlier this week](https://www.nationhoodlab.org/the-regional-geography-of-u-s-life-expectancy/). Working with our [data partners Motivf](https://www.motivf.com/), we parsed the rich trove of county-level life expectancy estimates calculated from the Centers for Disease Control data for the years 2017-2020 by the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute’s [County Health Ranking and Roadmaps](https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/) project. We wanted to answer the bottom-line question: Is your region helping extend your life or shorten it?
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-The [results show](https://www.nationhoodlab.org/the-regional-geography-of-u-s-life-expectancy/) enormous gaps between the regions that don’t go away when you parse by race, income, education, urbanization or access to quality medical care. They amount to a rebuke to generations of elected officials in the Deep South, Greater Appalachia and New France — most of whom have been Republican in recent decades — who have resisted investing tax dollars in public goods and health programs.
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-“We don’t have these differences in health outcomes because of individual behaviors, it’s related to the policy environments people are living in,” says Jeanne Ayers, who was Wisconsin’s top public health official during the Covid pandemic and is now executive director of [Healthy Democracy Healthy People, a collaboration of 11 national public health agencies](https://www.healthydemocracyhealthypeople.org/about/) probing the links between political participation and health. “Your health is only 10 percent influenced by the medical environment and maybe 20 or 30 percent in behavioral choices. The social and political determinants of health are overwhelmingly what you’re seeing in these maps.”
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-I shared these maps with cardiologist Donald Lloyd-Jones, a past president of the American Heart Association who chairs the preventive medicine department at Northwestern University in Chicago, who said they didn’t surprise him at all. “There’s a reason why the Southeastern portion of this country is called the Stroke Belt: It’s because the rates of stroke per capita are substantially higher there and mirrored by rates of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity and other risk factors.”
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-“The places on [your map](https://www.nationhoodlab.org/the-regional-geography-of-u-s-life-expectancy/) where you see orange and red have structural and systemic issues that limit people’s ability to have socioeconomic opportunity, access health care, or achieve maximum levels of education,” Lloyd-Jones added. “All of these policies affect your health and these disparities in longevity absolutely reflect social and structural and historical policies in those regions.”
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-**At Nationhood Lab** we wondered if all of this is might just be a reflection of wealth. Some [American regions](https://www.nationhoodlab.org/a-balkanized-federation/) have always had higher standards of living than others because their cultures prioritize the common good over individual liberty, social equality over economic freedom and quality services more than low taxes. The Deep South was founded by English slave lords from Barbados who didn’t care about shared prosperity; The Puritan founders of Yankeedom — who thought God had chosen them to create a more perfect society — very much did, and it made the average person materially a lot better off, both then and now. Maybe the differences between the regions would go away if you compared just rich counties to one another or just the poor ones?
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-Nope.
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-We used the prevalence of child poverty as our metric and compared the life expectancy of the least impoverished quartile of U.S. counties — the “richest” ones, in other words — across the regions. As you see in the graphic below, the gaps persisted: 4.6 years between the *rich* counties in the Left Coast and Deep South, for instance. And they got wider from there when we compared the counties with the highest percentage of children living in poverty: a staggering 6.7 years between those same two regions. Further, the life expectancy gaps between rich and poor counties *within* each of these regions varied: It was more than twice as wide in Greater Appalachia (3.4 years) and the Deep South (4.3 years) as in Yankeedom (1.7 years.) We saw similar patterns when we repeated the exercise using education levels. When it comes to life and death, some regions are less equal than others.
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-The same went for relative access to quality clinical care. CHRR assigns every U.S. county a ranking for this based on a combination of 10 factors, including the number of doctors, dentists, mental health professionals, mammography screens, flu vaccinations and uninsured people per capita, as well as how often Medicare enrollees wind up admitted to hospitals with conditions that should be able to be treated on an outpatient basis, an indication the latter services weren’t available. We compared those counties in the top quartiles of this ranking system to one another across the regions and found the gap between them not only persisted, it actually widened, with the Deep South falling about two and half years behind Yankeedom, El Norte and the Far West, 4.4 years behind New Netherland and 5.1 behind Left Coast.
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-We repeated the experiment using counties that fell in the worst quartile for clinical care and saw the gap grow even wider, with Greater Appalachian (74.6) and Deep Southern (74.7) life expectancy in those communities lagging Yankeedom by about 3 years and New Netherland by about five and a half. That there are fewer counties where most people can afford and access top-notch clinical care in these southern regions than the northern and Pacific coast ones isn’t really a surprise: laissez-faire political leaders tend to create systems that have looser health insurance regulations, leaner Medicaid programs and fewer public and non-profit hospitals. That those that do manage to have decent services nonetheless underperform suggests reversing these gaps won’t be easy.
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-Turns out even the “haves” are not doing better in the “laissez-faire” regions. One of the most arresting facts that emerged from our analysis was that the most impoverished quartile of U.S. counties in Yankeedom (ones where around 30 to 60 percent of children live in poverty) have a *higher* life expectancy than the least impoverished quartile of U.S. counties (where child poverty ranges from 3 to 15 percent) in the Deep South by 0.3 years. Those are both big regions (circa 50 million people each) with a wide mix of counties: rural, urban, rich, poor, blue-collar and white-collar, agricultural and industrial. If you compare the poorest category of counties in (completely urbanized) New Netherland to the richest ones in Deep South, the former has a 0.4-year advantage in life expectancy. And people in the Left Coast’s poorest quartile of counties live 2.4 years longer than those in the richest quartile counties in the Deep South.
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-I asked CHRR’s co-director, Marjory Givens, for her reaction to the gaps. “This is logical considering the overall values and variation in health and opportunity of Yankeedom are more favorable than the Deep South or Greater Appalachia,” she said. “There are regions of the country with structural barriers to health, where types of long-standing discrimination and disinvestment have occurred through policies and practices applied and reinforced by people with more power. … Counties in these regions have fewer social and economic opportunities today.”
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-One example: [States that have expanded Medicaid eligibility](https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/medicaid-expansion-has-saved-at-least-19000-lives-new-research-finds#:~:text=The%20lifesaving%20impacts%20of%20Medicaid,for%20older%20adults%20gaining%20coverage.) have seen significant reductions in premature deaths while those that have not have seen increases. At this writing, 11 states still haven’t expanded the state-implemented program even though almost the entire burden of doing so comes from the federal government. All but two of those states are controlled by the Deep South and Greater Appalachia. Just one — Wisconsin — is in Yankeedom, and its Democratic governor has been trying to expand it through a ([vigorously gerrymandered](https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/gerrymandering-loses-big)) Republican legislature. Expansion was a no-brainer for Republican administrations in Michigan, Ohio, New Jersey, New Hampshire and Vermont, but a bridge too far for their colleagues further south.
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-Or take New Netherland, the Dutch-settled area around what’s now New York City. Despite its density, diversity and income inequalities — and contrary to [the “urban hell-hole” rhetoric of the extreme right](https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/greg-gutfeld-our-cities-turning-into-hellholes) — it’s one of the healthiest places to live in the U.S., with an overall life expectancy of 80.9 years. “You can have policies that can meaningfully change life expectancy: reduce drug overdoses, expand Medicaid, adopt gun control, protect abortion and maternal health,” says data scientist Jeremy Ney, author of the [American Inequality](https://americaninequality.substack.com/) data project. “That New Netherland region ticks the box on all five of those.”
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-Before you ask, yes, we also compared just rural and just urban counties across the [American Nations model](https://www.nationhoodlab.org/a-balkanized-federation/)’s regions and the gaps persisted. As expected, life expectancy is better in urban places in all the regions, but the gap between urban and rural counties almost disappeared in Yankeedom — where even the smallest municipalities often have powers comparable to those of counties in other regions — and the Far West. The latter was a bit surprising given the vast open spaces typical of that region, which fosters the social isolation that has contributed to the region’s frighteningly high suicide rates.
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-And, given that Black Americans have a nearly four-year disadvantage in life expectancy compared to whites, we looked at racial disparities across the regions. Echoing what we saw between rich and poor counties, there are big gaps in whites-only life expectancy across the regions, with whites in Greater Appalachia dying 3.6 years sooner than whites in Left Coast and 4.4 years sooner than those in New Netherland. In the Deep South, the region with the distinction of having had the continent’s most repressive formal slave and racial caste systems, the gap with the three aforementioned regions was almost identical — just a tenth of a year better than Greater Appalachia. Three centuries of formal white supremacy hasn’t served whites very well.
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-Five years ago, University of Cincinnati sociologist Jennifer Malat and two colleagues [probed a related question](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28716453/): Given the legacy of white privilege in American society, why do white people have lower life expectancy than their counterparts in Canada and Western Europe, as well as per capita suicide and psychiatric disorder rates far higher than their Black, Asian or Latino peers? Their conclusion: “Whiteness encourages whites to reject policies designed to help the poor and reduce inequality because of animosity toward people of color as well as being unaware that the poor include a great many white people.” Other wealthy countries, they noted, produce poverty rates similar or greater than ours, but they have stronger welfare systems that buffer much of the population from the health problems that often flow from poverty. Whatever the reason, our data definitely show a relationship between social spending and health outcomes for white people across regions.
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-That said, African Americans actually fare a bit better, relatively speaking, in Greater Appalachia (where their life expectancy is 74.2) than in many other regions, including the Deep South (where it’s 73.6) and even the Far West (74.1) and Yankeedom (73.6). But starkest is that the Midlands — home to cities such as Baltimore, Philadelphia and St. Louis with some of the worst racial disparities in the country — becomes the least healthy region for Black people, with life expectancy falling to just 73 years, which is lower than the overall 2020 figure for Peru. By contrast, the super-densely populated New York City region (New Netherland) remains one of the best for Black longevity, at 76.9 years, 3.9 years higher. The bottom line is that Black/white health disparities are real and enormous, but they don’t really explain the big gaps between U.S. regions.
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-Analyzing Hispanic life expectancy provides some fresh twists. Hispanics actually have much higher life expectancy than whites in the U.S. Researchers call this the “Hispanic Paradox” because it confounds the usual associations between socioeconomic status and life expectancy, and they’ve spent considerable time trying to understand why without reaching a solid consensus. It has been established — by demographers [Alberto Palloni and Elizabeth Arias](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15461007/) — that Cuban and Puerto Rican Americans don’t have better life expectancy than whites, but Mexican-Americans do.
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-I share this background because, curiously, we found that Hispanic life expectancy is relatively poor in El Norte (80.7 years) and the Far West (81.1), the two regions where people of Mexican descent presumably form a supermajority of the “Hispanic” population. New Netherland — home to the largest concentration of Puerto Ricans on Earth, including San Juan — isn’t that great either, at 82.7. Surprisingly, southern regions do really well, with Tidewater and New France hitting the upper 80s to top the list, though you might want to take the latter finding with a grain of salt as the number of Hispanics there is pretty small.
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-Keith Gennuso of the University of Wisconsin’s Population Health Institute says the reason Hispanic life expectancy is worse in El Norte is likely linked to centuries of discrimination. “Unjust housing policies and forced land dispossessions, immigration enforcement, racial profiling, taxation laws and historical trauma, among numerous other issues, all act as barriers to equal health opportunities for these populations at the border, with known impacts across generations,” he noted. Other researchers have found the mortality advantage is greatest among Mexicans in communities where they are more insulated from less healthy U.S. dietary and lifestyle choices than those of Mexican descent who have been in the U.S. for decades or centuries.
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-Regional differences persist in other measures of health outcomes that contribute to mortality. With public health researchers at the University of Illinois-Chicago and the University of Minnesota, we looked at several of them and [published our conclusions](https://www.nationhoodlab.org/the-regional-geography-of-unhealthy-living-characteristics/) in [academic journals](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37419166/). Obesity, diabetes and physical inactivity all followed the same general regional pattern, with the bad outcomes concentrated in the Deep South, Greater Appalachia, New France and First Nation at the bottom of the list for all three (and El Norte for diabetes.)
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-“It’s no big surprise when you look at county-level data that the southern regions have higher prevalence of these things, but never has the relationship been so clean as with the American Nations settlement maps,” says lead author Ross Arena, a physiologist at the University of Illinois-Chicago who studies the health effects of exercise.
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-“The gaps you see in life expectancy are just the tip of the iceberg because our health system is really good at keeping unhealthy people alive through medications and surgeries. The regional gap in people’s health span — how many years of your life are you living with a high quality of life with independence and functionality — is probably even greater because it lines up with smoking, access to healthy foods and these other factors.”
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-So how to improve the situation? Lloyd-Jones, the preventive medicine expert at Northwestern University, says it’s all about the policy environment people live in.
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-“If you just want to move the needle on longevity in the short term, aggressive tobacco control and taxation policies are about the quickest way you can do that,” he says. “But for the long term we really have to launch our children into healthier trajectories by giving them great educational and socioeconomic opportunities and access to clean air and water and healthy foods.”
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-Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/interactive/2023/american-life-expectancy-dropping/
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-# America’s epidemic of chronic illness is killing us too soon
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-The United States is failing at a fundamental mission — keeping people alive.
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-After decades of progress, life expectancy — long regarded as a singular benchmark of a nation’s success — peaked in 2014 at 78.9 years, then drifted downward even before the coronavirus pandemic. Among wealthy nations, the United States in recent decades went from the middle of the pack to being an outlier. And it continues to fall further and further behind.
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-A year-long Washington Post examination reveals that this erosion in life spans is deeper and broader than widely recognized, afflicting a far-reaching swath of the United States.
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-While [opioids](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/2019/07/20/opioid-files/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) and [gun violence](https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2022/gun-deaths-per-year-usa/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) have rightly seized the public’s attention, stealing hundreds of thousands of lives, chronic diseases are the greatest threat, killing far more people between 35 and 64 every year, The Post’s analysis of mortality data found.
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-Heart disease and cancer remained, even at the height of the pandemic, the leading causes of death for people 35 to 64. And many other conditions — private tragedies that unfold in tens of millions of U.S. households — have become more common, including diabetes and [liver disease](https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/interactive/2023/nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-kids/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template). These chronic ailments are the primary reason American life expectancy has been poor compared with [other nations](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/life-expectancy-calculator-compare-states-countries/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template).
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-### U.S. life expectancy is falling behind peer countries
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-*\[*[*Compare your life expectancy with others around the world*](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/life-expectancy-calculator-compare-states-countries/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template)*\]*
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-Sickness and death are scarring entire communities in much of the country. The geographical footprint of early death is vast: In a quarter of the nation’s counties, mostly in the South and Midwest, working-age people are dying at a higher rate than 40 years ago, The Post found. The trail of death is so prevalent that a person could go from Virginia to Louisiana, and then up to Kansas, by traveling entirely within counties where death rates are higher than they were when Jimmy Carter was president.
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-Choropleth map of death rates by county
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-This phenomenon is exacerbated by the country’s economic, [political](https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/interactive/2023/republican-politics-south-midwest-life-expectancy/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) and racial divides. America is increasingly a country of haves and have-nots, measured not just by bank accounts and property values but also by vital signs and grave markers. Dying prematurely, The Post found, has become the most telling measure of the nation’s growing inequality.
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-The mortality crisis did not flare overnight. It has developed over decades, with early deaths an extreme manifestation of an underlying deterioration of health and a failure of the health system to respond. Covid highlighted this for all the world to see: It killed far more people per capita in the United States than in any other wealthy nation.
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-Chronic conditions thrive in a sink-or-swim culture, with the U.S. government spending far less than peer countries on preventive medicine and social welfare generally. Breakthroughs in technology, medicine and nutrition that should be boosting average life spans have instead been overwhelmed by poverty, racism, distrust of the medical system, fracturing of social networks and unhealthy diets built around highly processed food, researchers told The Post.
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-The calamity of chronic disease is a “not-so-silent pandemic,” said Marcella Nunez-Smith, a professor of medicine, public health and management at Yale University. “That is fundamentally a threat to our society.” But chronic diseases, she said, don’t spark the sense of urgency among national leaders and the public that a novel virus did.
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-America’s medical system is unsurpassed when it comes to treating the most desperately sick people, said William Cooke, a doctor who tends to patients in the town of Austin, Ind. “But growing healthy people to begin with, we’re the worst in the world,” he said. “If we came in last in the next Olympics, imagine what we would do.”
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-The Post interviewed scores of clinicians, patients and researchers, and analyzed county-level death records from the past five decades. The data analysis concentrated on people 35 to 64 because these ages have the greatest number of excess deaths compared with peer nations.
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-What emerges is a dismaying picture of a complicated, often bewildering health system that is overmatched by the nation’s burden of disease:
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--   Chronic illnesses, which often sicken people in middle age after the protective vitality of youth has ebbed, erase more than twice as many years of life among people younger than 65 as all the overdoses, homicides, suicides and car accidents combined, The Post found.
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--   The best barometer of rising inequality in America is no longer income. It is life itself. Wealth inequality in America is growing, but The Post found that the death gap — the difference in life expectancy between affluent and impoverished communities — has been widening many times faster. In the early 1980s, people in the poorest communities were 9 percent more likely to die each year, but the gap grew to 49 percent in the past decade and widened to 61 percent when covid struck.
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--   Life spans in the richest communities in America have kept inching upward, but lag far behind comparable areas in Canada, France and Japan, and the gap is widening. The same divergence is seen at the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder: People living in the poorest areas of America have far lower life expectancy than people in the poorest areas of the countries reviewed.
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--   Forty years ago, small towns and rural regions were healthier for adults in the prime of life. The reverse is now true. Urban death rates have declined sharply, while rates outside the country’s largest metro areas flattened and then rose. Just before the pandemic, adults 35 to 64 in the most rural areas were 45 percent more likely to die each year than people in the largest urban centers.
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-\[[Have questions about our examination into U.S. life expectancy? Send our reporters your questions.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2023/10/12/questions-answers-life-expectancy/?itid=lk_interstitial_enhanced-template)\]
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-“The big-ticket items are cardiovascular diseases and cancers,” said Arline T. Geronimus, a University of Michigan professor who studies population health equity. “But people always instead go to homicide, opioid addiction, HIV.”
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/VO6BF5IUV67BVOKYEZDU6TFGSY.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-### Loss upon loss
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-The life expectancy in Louisville, where this cemetery lies, is roughly two years shorter than the national average, and the gap has tripled since 1990.
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-Behind all the mortality statistics are the personal stories of loss, grief, hope. And anger. They are the stories of chronic illness in America and the devastating toll it exacts on millions of people — people like Bonnie Jean Holloway.
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-For years, Holloway rose at 3 a.m. to go to her waitress job at a small restaurant in Louisville that opened at 4 and catered to early-shift workers. Later, Holloway worked at a Bob Evans restaurant right off Interstate 65 in Clarksville, Ind. She often worked a double shift, deep into the evening. She was one of those waitresses who becomes a fixture, year after year.
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-Those years were not kind to Holloway’s health.
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-She never went to the doctor, not counting the six times she delivered a baby, according to her eldest daughter, Desirae Holloway. She was covered by Medicaid, but for many years, didn’t have a primary care doctor.
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-She developed rheumatoid arthritis, a severe autoimmune disease. “Her hands were twisted,” recalled friend and fellow waitress Dolly Duvall, who has worked at Bob Evans for 41 years. “Some days, she had to call in sick because she couldn’t get herself walking.”
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/CGCFBQPDBSOEDJRMUKXLKEMX4M_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Two funeral programs on a mantel in Louisville attest to the toll of disease in one American family. Dalton Holloway, 30, died in January, after being diagnosed with lung cancer. His mother, Bonnie Jean Holloway, 61, died in May after years beset by chronic illnesses.
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-The turning point came a little more than a decade ago when Holloway dropped a tray full of water glasses. She went home and wept. She knew she was done.
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-Her 50s became a trial, beset with multiple ailments, consistent with what the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has found — that people with chronic diseases often have them in bunches. She was diagnosed with emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease — known as COPD — and could not go anywhere without her canister of oxygen.
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-Her family found the medical system difficult to trust. Medicines didn’t work or had terrible side effects. Drugs prescribed for Holloway’s autoimmune disease seemed to make her vulnerable to infections. She would catch whatever bug her grandkids caught. She developed a fungal infection in her lungs.
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-Tobacco looms large in this sad story. One of the signal successes of public health in the past half-century has been the drop in smoking rates and associated declines in lung cancer. But roughly [1 in 7 middle-aged Americans still smokes](https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/adult_data/cig_smoking/index.htm?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), according to the CDC. Kentucky has a deep cultural and economic connection to tobacco. The state’s smoking rates are the [second-highest](https://www.cdc.gov/statesystem/cigaretteuseadult.html?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) in the nation, trailing only West Virginia. Holloway began smoking at 12, Desirae said. And for a long time, restaurants still had a smoking section right next to the nonsmoking section.
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-Desirae Holloway, with her 2-year-old daughter Aliana Starks, attends a volleyball game of her 13-year-old daughter, Ahmya Starks in Louisville in September.
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-“Her mother was a smoker, her father was a smoker,” Desirae said. “I think I was the one in the family that broke that cycle. I remember what it was like to grow up in the house where the house was filled with smoke.”
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-In June 2022, Bonnie Jean’s son Dalton, known to his family as “Wolfie” — a smoker, too — went to the emergency room with what he thought was a collapsed lung. After an X-ray, he was prescribed a muscle relaxer. The pain persisted. A second scan led to a diagnosis of lung cancer, Stage 4.
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-Dalton died in the hospital on Jan. 31. He was 30.
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-Desirae Holloway sits with her daughters Aliana and Ahmya at Gallrein Farms in Shelbyville, Ky., in September. Her mother and brother died within months of each other this year.
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-Bonnie Jean Holloway was in a wheelchair at her son’s funeral. Her health deteriorated after that. When hospitalized for what turned out to be the final time, she was diagnosed with mucormycosis, a fungal infection that, according to Desirae, had eaten into her ribs. A scan showed a suspicious spot in her lungs, but she was too weak by then for a biopsy.
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-In her final weeks, Holloway would look into a corner of her hospital room and speak to someone who was not there. The family felt she was speaking to Wolfie.
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-One day, she told Desirae she couldn’t hang on any longer. “Wolfie needs me,” she said.
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-Desirae felt her mother deserved better in life. “Mom, your life was just not fair,” Desirae told her.
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-She died in the hospital on Memorial Day. She was 61.
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-### A milestone missed
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-A concert enlivens the banks of the Ohio River on June 2 in Jeffersonville, Ind., in the shadow of Louisville.
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-In 1900, life expectancy at birth in the United States was 47 years. Infectious diseases routinely claimed babies in the cradle. Diseases were essentially incurable except through the wiles of the human immune system, of which doctors had minimal understanding.
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-Then came a century that saw life expectancy soar beyond the biblical standard of “threescore years and ten.” New tools against disease included antibiotics, insulin, vaccines and, eventually, CT scans and MRIs. Public health efforts improved sanitation and the water supply. Social Security and Medicare eased poverty and sickness in the elderly.
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-The rise of life expectancy became the ultimate proof of societal progress in 20th century America. Decade by decade, the number kept climbing, and by 2010, the country appeared to be marching inexorably toward the milestone of 80.
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-It never got there.
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-Multiple charts showing rates of different causes of death
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-Partly, that is a reflection of how the United States approaches health. This is a country where “we think health and medicine are the same thing,” said Elena Marks, former health and environmental policy director for the city of Houston. The nation built a “health industrial complex,” she said, that costs trillions of dollars yet underachieves.
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-“We have undying faith in big new technology and a drug for everything, access to as many MRIs as our hearts desire,” said Marks, a senior health policy fellow at Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy. “Eighty-plus percent of health outcomes are determined by nonmedical factors. And yet, we’re on this train, and we’re going to keep going.”
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-The opioid epidemic, a uniquely American catastrophe, is one factor in the widening gap between the United States and peer nations. Others include high rates of gun violence, suicides and car accidents.
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-But some chronic diseases — obesity, liver disease, hypertension, kidney disease and diabetes — were also on the rise among people 35 to 64, The Post found, and played an underappreciated role in the pre-pandemic erosion of life spans.
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-Then covid hit.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/4BS5FYGGGGSKGEOE6DWOMLMIB4_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-From left, Mike Lottier, Derrick Jones and Langston Gaither gather at a cigar bar in Jeffersonville, Ind., in June.
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-In 2021, according to the CDC, life expectancy cratered, reaching 76.4, the lowest since the mid-1990s.
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-The pandemic amplified a racial gap in life expectancy that had been narrowing in recent decades. In 2021, life expectancy for Native Americans was 65 years; for Black Americans, 71; for White Americans, 76; for Hispanic Americans, 78; and for Asian Americans 84.
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-Death rates decreased in 2022 because of the pandemic’s easing, and when life expectancy data for 2022 is finalized this fall, it is expected to show a partial rebound, according to the CDC. But the country is still trying to dig out of a huge mortality hole.
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-For more than a decade, academic researchers have disgorged stacks of reports on eroding life expectancy. A seminal 2013 report from the National Research Council, “[Shorter Lives, Poorer Health](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24006554/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template),” lamented America’s decline among peer nations. “It’s that feeling of the bus heading for the cliff and nobody seems to care,” said Steven H. Woolf, a Virginia Commonwealth University professor and co-editor of the 2013 report.
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-In 2015, Princeton University economists Anne Case and Angus Deaton garnered national headlines with a [study on rising death rates](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/a-group-of-middle-aged-american-whites-is-dying-at-a-startling-rate/2015/11/02/47a63098-8172-11e5-8ba6-cec48b74b2a7_story.html?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) among White Americans in midlife, which they linked to the marginalization of people without a college degree and to “[deaths of despair](https://qz.com/583595/deaths-of-despair-are-killing-americas-white-working-class?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template).”
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-The grim statistics are there for all to see — and yet the political establishment has largely skirted the issue.
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-“We describe it. We lament it. We’ve sort of accepted it,” said Derek M. Griffith, director of Georgetown University’s Center for Men’s Health Equity. “Nobody is outraged about us having shorter life expectancy.”
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/AKTYH7LBHTVFVWLV2PFNFV4XPQ_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-The Joslin Diabetes Center sits along a stretch of road in New Albany, Ind., dotted with fast-food restaurants.
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-It can be a confusing statistic. Life expectancy is a wide-angle snapshot of average death rates for people in different places or age groups. It is typically expressed as life expectancy at birth, but the number does not cling to a person from the cradle as if it were a prediction. And if a country has an average life expectancy at birth of 79 years, that doesn’t mean a 78-year-old has only a year to live.
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-However confusing it may be, the life expectancy metric is a reasonably good measure of a nation’s overall health. And America’s is not very good.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/VIT5WGNURMKPSWOBAMMYJPWW34_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-### Losing ground
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-The Jeffersonville waterfront offers a view of the Louisville skyline. The Louisville metropolitan area includes urban, suburban and rural communities that have health challenges typical in the heartland.
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-For this story, The Post concentrated its reporting on Louisville and counties across the river in southern Indiana.
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-The Louisville area does not, by any means, have the worst health outcomes in the country. But it possesses health challenges typical in the heartland, and offers an array of urban, suburban and rural communities, with cultural elements of the Midwest and the South.
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-Start with Louisville, hard by the Ohio River, a city that overachieves when it comes to Americana. Behold Churchill Downs, home of the Kentucky Derby. See the many public parks designed by the legendary Frederick Law Olmsted. Downtown is where you will find the Muhammad Ali Center, and the Louisville Slugger Museum & Factory, and a dizzying number of bars on what promoters have dubbed the Urban Bourbon Trail.
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-This summer, huge crowds gathered on the south bank of the Ohio for free concerts on Waterfront Wednesdays. Looming over the great lawn is a converted railroad bridge called the Big Four, which at any given moment is full of people walking, cycling or jogging.
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-But for all its vibrancy, Louisville’s life expectancy is roughly two years shorter than the national average, and the gap has tripled since 1990. Death rates from liver disease and chronic lower lung disease are up. The city has endured a high homicide rate comparable with Chicago’s.
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-“We have a gun violence epidemic in Louisville that is a public health crisis,” Mayor Craig Greenberg (D) told The Post.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/4C4B2CBWCGINNBMFKOGGT56EHU_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Scott Chasteen, transportation services coordinator for Decatur County Memorial Hospital, transports patient Marilyn Loyd, 70, to her home in rural Greensburg, Ind., in July. Forty years ago, many small towns and rural regions were healthier for adults in the prime of life.
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-In 1990, the Louisville area, including rural counties in Southern Indiana, was typical of the nation as a whole, The Post found, with adults between 35 and 64 dying at about the same rate as comparable adults nationally. By 2019, adults in their prime were 30 percent more likely to die compared with peers nationally.
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-Rates of heart disease, lung ailments and liver failure all were worse in the region compared with national trends. The same is true of car accidents, overdoses, homicide and suicide.
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-And then there’s the rampant disease that’s impossible to miss: obesity.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/BAGZHJJYP7HQCVYKSOOUJGBG44_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-### A shadow upon the land
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-James Dunbar, 28, left, and Josh Vincent, 29, eat at La Catrina Mexican Kitchen in New Albany, Ind., in June. Both men say there are health issues in their families.
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-Every day, the faces of this American health crisis come through the doors of Vasdev Lohano’s exam rooms at the Joslin Diabetes Center in New Albany, Ind.
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-Born and raised in Pakistan, Lohano arrived in the United States in 1994, landing in New York after medical school, where he was astonished by what Americans ate. Processed food was abundant, calories cheap, the meals supersized. Most striking was ubiquitous soda pop.
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-When Lohano visited a fast-food outlet in Queens, he ordered a modest meal, a hamburger and a Coke. The employee handed him an empty cup. Lohano was confused. “Where’s my soda?” he asked. The employee pointed to the soft drink machine and told him to serve himself.
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-“How much can I have?” Lohano asked. “As much as you want,” he was told.
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-“Cancel my burger, I’m just going to drink soda,” he announced.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/2U2FJBJW6BRLIFR5JBVENF442E_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Endocrinologist Vasdev Lohano examines Shannon McCallister, 50, at the Joslin Diabetes Center in June. McCallister weighed 255 pounds before gastric sleeve surgery three years ago. “I firmly believe it added at least 10 years to my life,” she said.
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-Lohano, an endocrinologist whose practice sits a short drive north from Louisville, says he has “seen two worlds in my lifetime.”
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-He means not just Pakistan and the United States, but the past and the present. When he was in medical school in Pakistan, he was taught that a typical adult man weighs 70 kilograms — about 154 pounds. Today, the average man in the United States weighs about 200 pounds. Women on average weigh about 171 pounds **—** roughly what men weighed in the 1960s.
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-In 1990, 11.6 percent of adults in America were obese. Now, that figure is [41.9](https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), according to the CDC.
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-The rate of obesity deaths for adults 35 to 64 doubled from 1979 to 2000, then doubled again from 2000 to 2019. In 2005, [a special report](https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmsr043743?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) in the New England Journal of Medicine warned that the rise of obesity would eventually halt and reverse historical trends in life expectancy. That warning generated little reaction.
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-Obesity is one reason progress against heart disease, after accelerating between 1980 and 2000, has slowed, experts say. Obesity is poised to overtake tobacco as the No. 1 preventable cause of cancer, according to Otis Brawley, an oncologist and epidemiologist at Johns Hopkins University.
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-Medical science could help turn things around. Diabetes patients are benefiting from new drugs, called GLP-1 agonists — sold under the brand names Ozempic and Wegovy — that provide improved blood-sugar control and can lead to a sharp reduction in weight. But insurance companies, slow to see obesity as a disease, often decline to pay for the drugs for people who do not have diabetes.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/YIXFD7IDCMW5AOTFPSVPV75GQY_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-David O’Neil, a patient at the Joslin center, lost a leg to diabetes three years ago.
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-Lohano has been treating David O’Neil, 67, a retired firefighter who lost his left leg to diabetes. When he first visited Lohano’s clinic last year, his blood sugar level was among the highest Lohano had ever seen — “astronomical,” the doctor said.
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-O’Neil said diabetes runs in his family. Divorced, he lives alone with two cats.
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-He said he mostly eats frozen dinners purchased at Walmart.
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-“It’s easier to fix,” he said.
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-Three years ago, he had the leg amputated.
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-“I got a walker, but when you got one leg, it’s a hopper,” he said. “I’ve got to get control of this diabetes or I won’t have the other leg.”
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/TT4H6RVXFXFK4NC5E2AWVFKA34_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-### No simple answer
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-Kader’s Market is one of the few food stores in the West End of Louisville. Shopper Fonz Brown noted: “Down here, you have more liquor stores than places where you can actually buy something to eat.”
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-What happened to this country to enfeeble it so?
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-There is no singular explanation. It’s not just the stress that is such a constant feature of daily life, weathering bodies at a microscopic level. Or the abundance of high-fructose corn syrup in that 44-ounce cup of soda.
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-Instead, experts studying the mortality crisis say any plan to restore American vigor will have to look not merely at the specific things that kill people, but at *the causes of the causes* of illness and death, including social factors. Poor life expectancy, in this view, is the predictable result of the society we have created and tolerated: one riddled with lethal elements, such as inadequate insurance, minimal preventive care, bad diets and a weak economic safety net.
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-“There is a great deal of harm in the way that we somehow stigmatize social determinants, like that’s code for poor, people of color or something,” said Nunez-Smith, associate dean for health equity research at Yale. And while that risk is not shared evenly, she said, “everyone is at a risk of not having these basic needs met.”
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-Rachel L. Levine, assistant secretary for health in the Department of Health and Human Services, said in an interview that an administration priority is reducing health disparities highlighted by the pandemic: “It’s foundational to everything we are doing. It is not like we do health equity on Friday afternoon.”
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-Levine, a pediatrician, pointed to the opioid crisis and lack of universal health coverage as reasons the United States lags peer nations in life expectancy. She emphasized efforts by the Biden administration to improve health trends, including a major campaign to combat cancer and [a long-term, multiagency plan](https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/Federal%20Plan%20for%20ELTRR_Executive%20Summary_FINAL-ColorCorrected_3.pdf?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) to bolster health and resilience.
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-Public health experts point to major inflection points the past four decades — the 1990s welfare overhaul, the Great Recession, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, changes in the economy and family relationships — that have clouded people’s health.
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-It is no surprise, Georgetown’s Griffith said, that middle-aged people bear a particular burden. They are “the one group that there’s nobody really paying attention to,” he said. “You have a lot of attention to older adults. You have a lot of attention to adolescents, young adults. There’s not an explicit focus or research area on middle age.”
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-An accounting of the nation’s health problems can start with the health system. The medical workforce is aging and stretched thin. The country desperately needs [thousands more primary care doctors](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6450307/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template#:~:text=Owing%20to%20disproportionate%20losses%20of,%25%20CI%2C%200.0%2D108.6%20per). The incentives for private companies are stacked on the treatment side rather than the prevention side. Policy proposals to change things often run into a buzz saw of special interests.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/PO2EXEVRGA2YI3YD2ZOMUH6PMA.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Anthony Yelder Sr. runs Off the Corner BBQ in Louisville. Yelder, 43, says he has had three heart attacks, starting when he was 36. He blames working too much, a poor diet, smoking and family conflicts.
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-Michael Imburgia, a Louisville cardiologist, spent most of his career in private medical facilities that expected doctors to see as many patients as possible. He now volunteers at a clinic he founded, Have a Heart, a nonprofit that serves uninsured and underinsured people and where Imburgia can spend more time with patients and understand their circumstances.
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-Health care is “the only business that doesn’t reward for quality care. All we reward for is volume. Do more, and you’re going to get more money,” Imburgia said.
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-Elizabeth H. Bradley, president of Vassar College and co-author of “[The American Health Care Paradox](https://amzn.to/48whgob?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template),” said if the nation’s life-expectancy crisis could be solved by the discovery of drugs, it would be a hot topic. But it’s not, she said, because “you would have to look at everything — the tax code, the education system — it’s too controversial. Most politicians don’t want to open Pandora’s box.”
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/O2YGXIJXBBP2VTYJYO7GXDWWAA_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-### ‘I want to enjoy my pension’
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-James “Big Ken” Manuel contends with chronic illnesses at his home in Louisville.
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-James “Big Ken” Manuel, 67, spent four decades as a union electrician, a proud member of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. He has a booming voice, a ready laugh, a big personality.
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-His life story illustrates a health system built on fragmented and often inadequate insurance, and geared toward treatment rather than prevention. And to the perils of dangerous diets and the consequences of obesity.
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-He was born and raised in Lake Charles, La., when Black families like his in the Deep South had to navigate the racism of the Jim Crow era. But Manuel talks of his blessings. Two loving parents who worked hard. Friends who stayed close for life. A deeply satisfying career.
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-These days, retired, he has a modest aspiration: “I want to enjoy my pension.”
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-For now, it is a challenge to simply get across the room and answer his front door in Louisville’s West End. He needs a walker to get around. Even then, he’s huffing and puffing.
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-One day in late May, Manuel was at the Have a Heart clinic in downtown. That morning, he weighed 399 pounds.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/2YECMFQT3FRH3ECXHQ6GJYT26Q_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Manuel receives medical care at the Have a Heart clinic in Louisville. He says paying for his many medications consumes his pension.
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-He is dealing with, by his account, diabetes, gout, hypertension, congestive heart failure and COPD. And he has been obese since he entered elementary school, “twice the size of regular kids.”
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-“Might not have had a lot of money in the bank, but we had food on the table,” he recalled. “We had all kind of Cajun dishes. Gumbos. Everything with rice. Rice and gravy. Steak and rice. Potato salad. Macaroni and cheese, baked beans. Traditional red beans, black-eyed peas. All that traditional cholesterol, heart-jumping dishes.”
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-He remembered a visit to a doctor about 20 years ago, when his weight was on a trajectory to 500: “Mr. Manuel, I’ve never had a patient as big as you and as healthy as you. But it’s going to catch up with you.”
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-And it did.
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-His insurance was spotty over the years. He wanted bariatric surgery — a proven but costly treatment for morbid obesity — but he said his Louisiana-based union insurance wouldn’t cover it.
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-And when he was out of work, he let his insurance lapse rather than pay the expensive fees for continued coverage. Like so many Americans, he paid for medical care out of his pocket.
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-After he stopped working about seven years ago, he briefly qualified for Medicaid. But then he began collecting Social Security at 62, and his income exceeded the Medicaid eligibility limit.
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-Next, he moved to an Affordable Care Act plan. Bouncing from plan to plan, he negotiated the complexities of being in-network or out-of-network. He eventually found the Have a Heart clinic and continued to go there even after he turned 65 and enrolled in Medicare.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/5Z2H3MKC4TG4MVWUHF7OYHUXFA_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-As he seeks better health, Manuel has a modest wish: “I want to be able to enjoy my pension.”
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-Manuel drove to the clinic one morning with a bag containing all his medicines. Hydralazine. Torsemide. Atorvastatin. Metformin. Carbetol. Benzonatate. Prednisone. Fistfuls of medicine for a swarm of cardiometabolic diseases.
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-“It’s a lot of medicine. And it’s expensive. Eating up my pension,” Manuel said.
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-He was desperate to get stronger, because he was engaged to be married in a few months.
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-“I got to be able to walk down the aisle,” he said.
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-Mary Masden, 60, dated Manuel for years before deciding to get married.
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-She remembers when Manuel had more mobility. He could still dance. She is praying he will be able to dance again someday.
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-“I want him here for another 20, 30 years,” she said. “I don’t want to worry about him not waking up because he can’t breathe.”
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-On Sept. 2, Manuel and Masden were joined in marriage, and he did walk her down the aisle. He thought better of trying to jump, ceremonially, over the broom. He and his bride honeymooned at a resort in French Lick, Ind. The wedding, they agreed, was beautiful.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/VFX56ZIL3L457TJ4UAN3RWB5MA_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-### ‘I’m going to put you in a bubble’
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-Janette Kern wears a pendant with a photograph of her son Donnie DeJarnette, who died two years ago at age 25.
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-The geography of life and death in America has changed in recent generations, with decaying life expectancy in much of rural America. Janette Kern, 49, grew up in one of those patches of rural America, in the hamlet of Little Bend, in Meade County, Ky., west of Louisville. “The boonies,” she said.
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-Today, Kern lives and works at an extended-stay hotel in Clarksville, Ind. Her health is pretty good when she takes her medicine. She has several chronic conditions: hypertension, a thyroid disorder, high cholesterol, and anxiety and depression.
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-In Kern’s family, long lives are not common. Both her parents died at 64. Her father, a truck driver, had diabetes, suffered mini-strokes and died after failing to wake up following a surgical procedure. Her mother died when a blood clot came loose, she said. An uncle died at 64, too, and an aunt at 65.
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-“My family is in their 60s when they’re passing. It’s because of heart disease, diabetes, cancer,” she said.
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-She hopes to break with that family tradition.
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-“I would hope that I would at least make it to 75,” she said.
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-Recently, she had a rude surprise: Trouble filling a prescription. She fears she has been booted off her medical insurance.
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-Millions of people are being purged from Medicaid rolls. Early in the pandemic, states temporarily stopped the usual yearly renewals to determine eligibility for the program, a joint responsibility with the federal government. This spring, [states were allowed to begin](https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2023/03/29/medicaid-pandemic-benefits-ending/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) eligibility renewals again, and Kern hadn’t jumped through the bureaucratic hoops. “I’ve not gotten any paperwork,” she said.
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-At the hotel, she is the friendly face at the front desk or smoking a Marlboro Light outside. Guests checking in may notice a pendant around Kern’s neck featuring a photograph of a young man.
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-It says, “I never walk alone. Donnie walks with me.”
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-Donnie DeJarnette was her firstborn. He was a technician at a car dealership, and had become a father in November 2020. He had long suffered from headaches, his mother said. He had medical insurance but couldn’t afford the co-pays and didn’t see doctors. On Jan. 3, 2021, he was in Meade County when, while talking on the phone with a friend, he collapsed. He died at a hospital hours later from what Kern said was a brain aneurysm. He was 25.
-
-The loss devastated her. She still went to work, then would go home and just lie in bed.
-
-“Part of me died. Until you lose a child, you’ll never know,” she said.
-
-She lost a newborn, Billy, in 1999, to an infection two days after delivery.
-
-She still has her youngest son, Matthew, who is 23.
-
-“I tell him, ‘I’m going to put you in a bubble, so nothing can happen to you,’” she said. “I’ve been pregnant five times, I’ve had two miscarriages, I delivered three, and now I’m down to one.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/WRFKYK4OW2OWTAQKKYYQJ3WXRU_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-### Death in the heartland
-
-Cardiologist Kelly McCants sees patient Tim McIntosh, 57, in Louisville. McIntosh says his parents both had heart issues and his father died at 39. “I’m surprised I made it as long as I have,” he says.
-
-Across the heartland, countless communities are barely hanging on. This has long been a story described in economic terms — hollowed-out factories, bankruptcies, boarded-up downtown storefronts. But the economic challenges of these places go hand-in-hand with physical pain, suffering and the struggle to stay alive.
-
-When economies go bad, health erodes, and people die early.
-
-“The people in our country who are dying are the poor and the marginalized communities,” said Imburgia, the cardiologist. “It’s a money thing.”
-
-The geographical divide in health can be seen within Louisville and reflects America’s history of racial discrimination and segregation.
-
-“Cardiovascular disease, cancers, asthma, diabetes, it’s all higher two- to threefold west of Ninth Street,” said Kelly McCants, a cardiologist and head of Norton Healthcare’s Institute for Health Equity in Louisville. He was referring to the unofficial boundary between the West End, whose residents are mostly African American, and the rest of the city.
-
-A [recent study](https://louisvilleky.gov/center-health-equity/document/2017herpreview-1?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) estimated that residents in some areas of the wealthier East End of town live on average 12 years longer than residents in parts of the West End. The pandemic, in tandem with the 2020 killing of Breonna Taylor in a no-knock police raid, compelled community leaders to confront disparities in life expectancy, said Greenberg, the city’s mayor.
-
-“Where you live, where you’re born, unfortunately and tragically has a huge impact on your life expectancy today. We absolutely need to change that,” Greenberg said.
-
-One of McCants’s recent patients was a young woman with a damaged heart — “advanced cardiomyopathy” — who had a heart pump successfully implanted. But McCants is worried about the patient’s living conditions.
-
-“I’m limited,” he said, shaking his head. “I can be the best doctor ever. Her surgery went well. We got her through all of that. But now she could be readmitted to the hospital because of the housing situation.”
-
-Crystal Narcisse, a colleague of McCants’s at Norton, is an internal medicine physician and pediatrician who focuses on the root causes of patients’ ailments. It’s not enough to focus on the hypertension. What is this patient’s life like*?*
-
-“There’s a reason someone’s blood pressure isn’t under control, or someone’s diabetes isn’t under control,” Narcisse said. “It could be because of depression, or anxiety or \[post-traumatic stress disorder\] or abuse.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/TF4JL2RTSFA6CT2NKIQU2N7F2Y_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Regina Riley-Smith, center in back, gathers with family in Louisville in June. At 48, she struggles with multiple chronic conditions.
-
-One of her longtime patients is Regina Riley-Smith, a 48-year-old working at a General Electric factory, putting hinges on refrigerators. She rises weekdays at 3:45 a.m. to be on the line at GE, clocked in, at 5:35 a.m.
-
-She has transformed herself since a troubled adolescence in Lexington, Ky., where she had a baby at 15 and dropped out of school after 10th grade. The baby went to live with a grandmother while Riley-Smith ran with a wild crowd and became addicted to crack cocaine. Her mother died in 1996, at 64, and her father in 2001, at 65. A few months later, she moved to Louisville, at age 26, and was “re-raised,” as she put it, by an aunt.
-
-She got off drugs, and life has blessed her since. She and her husband have six children and 13 grandchildren, and live in a cozy home in the West End.
-
-She has struggled with multiple chronic ailments: type 2 diabetes, hypertension, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. She could file for disability but, for now, works extra shifts, hoping to pay off debts.
-
-“She stays on my diet,” Riley-Smith said of her doctor. “I’ve backed off the drinks, the sodas. The main thing she’s working on is stopping smoking.”
-
-Riley-Smith is down to half a pack a day of Newport Menthol Golds.
-
-Narcisse, listening to her patient, smiled and said, “I want you to live long. A lot of people are counting on you.”
-
-Riley-Smith wants the same thing but worries about her long-term prospects.
-
-“I feel like I’m short-lived,” she said. “That’s why I live life to the extreme every day. I try not to be angry with nobody. Because I don’t know if I’m going to wake up the next morning.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/W3Z2JRFZAUDHDX7IWCL75QBTXY_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-### One last firefight
-
-Bruce DeArk spent decades as a firefighter in Jeffersonville, Ind. His death from colon cancer was ruled to be in the line of duty.
-
-A health disaster, like misfortune generally, can strike randomly. Although risky behavior — smoking, eating too much, never exercising — can be a major factor in poor health, sickness can arise without any obvious cause, such as some unseen element in the environment.
-
-Then there’s the case of Bruce DeArk of Jeffersonville, Ind., who put his health at risk simply by going to work.
-
-DeArk was the deputy fire chief of Jeffersonville. One day in early 2018, he began feeling nauseated. He thought: the flu? When he began experiencing excruciating pain in his lower abdomen, he suspected appendicitis. He got a scan.
-
-The diagnosis: Stage 4 colon cancer.
-
-“I got in my vehicle to go to hospital and I couldn’t move, I just sat there thinking there is no way!” he later wrote, preparing to advocate for earlier colon cancer screening. “I was 49 yrs old at the time and thought of this disease as an older person disease.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/4XTHUIEBH5TZZDY2BFG2VKBTN4_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-The walls in Janet DeArk's house in Jeffersonville, Ind., are covered with photographs of her late husband, Bruce.
-
-Since 1991, the U.S. cancer death rate has fallen 33 percent, reflecting sharp declines in smoking and new treatments, according to the American Cancer Society. But cancer is mysteriously increasing among people younger than 50, with the highest increase in breast, thyroid and colorectal cancer.
-
-DeArk had excellent insurance and a huge support network. But early last year, after a four-year battle, and escorted by a fleet of police and fire vehicles, DeArk made his final trip home from the hospital and died four days later. He was 53.
-
-He had fought a lot of fires over the decades, enveloped in hazardous smoke. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has declared the occupation of firefighting “carcinogenic to humans,” its highest-risk category. Following an extensive investigation, state officials ruled DeArk’s death was in the line of duty.
-
-“The world has gotten toxic, with building materials, and then you light a match to them,” said his widow, Janet DeArk. “And our food supply has gotten toxic. We just have a very toxic environment.”
-
-She and Bruce married just four months before his cancer diagnosis. Now at 53, living with four large dogs in a house where the walls are covered with photographs of her late husband, Janet has to figure out the rest of her life.
-
-“For the first year after he died, I wanted to die. I did not take care of myself at all,” she said.
-
-She still struggles to get out of bed in the morning, she said, but has no choice — she has four large dogs wanting breakfast.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/3L7SHWXUWPVUEIDBFIQLY7JHEQ_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Janet DeArk, left, and her stepdaughter, Kayla DeArk, prepare for a spin class in June in Louisville. Janet has been exercising more this year as she deals with her grief.
-
-She is trying to heal herself. She vowed to lose some of the weight she had gained during the four traumatic years of watching her husband suffer. She started cycling at 6 a.m. along the Ohio River, and doing spin classes at night.
-
-She told herself: “Start eating better. Start exercising. Get back to who you know you are. But that first year, my entire future was gone. Because Bruce was my future.”
-
-##### About this story
-
-The Washington Post spent the past year examining the nation’s crisis of premature death by analyzing county-level death records from the past five decades, along with U.S. and international life expectancy data, demographic and voting pattern figures, and excess death projections for the United States and other countries. Learn more about how we did our analysis [here](https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2023/10/03/life-expectancy-investigation-analysis-methodology/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template).
-
-##### Credits
-
-Reporting by Joel Achenbach, Dan Keating, Laurie McGinley and Akilah Johnson. Photos by Jahi Chikwendiu. Graphics by Daniel Wolfe. Illustration by Charlotte Gomez.
-
-Design and development by Stephanie Hays, Agnes Lee and Carson TerBush. Design editing by Christian Font. Photo editing by Sandra M. Stevenson. Graphics editing by Emily Eng.
-
-Editing by Stephen Smith, Meghan Hoyer and Wendy Galietta. Additional editing by Melissa Ngo and Phil Lueck.
-
-Additional support by Matt Clough, Kyley Schultz, Brandon Carter, Jordan Melendrez and Claudia Hernández.
-
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-Date: 2023-05-06
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-TimeStamp: 2023-05-06
-Link: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/05/king-charles-ii-coronation-among-the-anti-monarchists.html
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-```button
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-# Among the Anti-Monarchists
-
-## As King Charles III prepares for his coronation, there’s never been a better time to want to abolish the crown.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/d96/586/e4972ae6f76e59945a519841f5a5a18e60-kiing-charles-republic.rvertical.w570.jpg)
-
-Photo-Illustration: Intelligencer; Photo: ARTHUR EDWARDS/POOL/AFP via Getty Images
-
-Republic, the group that wants to abolish the British monarchy, meets in a modern church in an ugly suburb of London, as if to make a point. Two weeks before the coronation of [Charles III](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/coronation-king-charles-controversy-guide.html), 70 people gather to listen to Graham Smith, the CEO of Republic, and the progressive journalist Yasmin Alibhai-Brown. They seem surprised to find news cameras there. Monarchy is sold by the British press as a blend of sacred ritual and cheap soap opera. As an institution, the crown is rarely criticized publicly. When it is, people are curious, like children who have never seen snow.
-
-There are signs, though, that all this is starting to change. At the proclamation of King Charles in Edinburgh last September, a woman held up a sign that read, “Fuck Imperialism, Abolish Monarchy” and was promptly arrested. In Oxford, Symon Hill, a history tutor, shouted, “Who elected him?” and was charged with disorderly behavior. This is not the sort of thing a robust democracy does. *The* *Guardian* [reports](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/may/02/anti-monarchists-receive-intimidatory-home-office-letter-on-new-protest-laws-coronation) that the Home Office has sent letters to Republic warning the group that new rules have taken effect ahead of Charles’s coronation day on May 6 to prevent “disruption.” Protesters could face prison sentences of up to a year for blocking roads and up to six months for locking arms, and are subject to search if suspected of sowing “chaos.” Smith said the letter was “very odd.”
-
-Republicans have long been a beleaguered minority — intellectuals, dissenters, punks, people who do not vote for the ruling Conservative Party. They can do little when monarchy is popular, and a popular monarch does two things: They plausibly mirror the country and pretend they do not want the job. [Elizabeth II](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/09/jokes-queen-elizabeth-death.html) was all but silent — we did not know who she was — which made her a screen onto which certain ideals (stoicism, modesty, decency) could be projected. She also appeared reluctant, so we were grateful and felt sorry for her. Her approval rating upon her death was 80 percent. Charles III is not reluctant. He has fashioned two new crowns and bought two new thrones, and he will crown Camilla, the woman his first wife, Diana, hated, as queen. He mirrors only himself, since few people run [Aston Martins on wine and cheese by-products](https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/king-charles-aston-martin-runs-wine-cheese-homage-james-bond) and wear handmade shoes. Also, he talks a lot. The polls are duly moving away from him. Less than half of British subjects are positive about him, and 42 percent are negative. In the 16-to-24-year-old cohort, it is an abysmal 13 percent positive to 58 percent negative.
-
-It would appear that this is the anti-monarchists’ moment. And there is a precedent. In 1649, we removed Charles I’s head. “I go from a corruptible to an incorruptible crown,” he said, which is certainly a positive spin on entering the afterlife. It was the only English regicide not suspected to be ordered by other members of the royal family, leaving Oliver Cromwell to rule for a time until monarchy was restored in 1660. However, Republic does not endorse regicide: It wants a transition to a parliamentary democracy with an elected head of state and a written constitution. On coronation day, it will hold a demonstration in London, where its members will wear yellow.
-
-But it isn’t clear how persuasive Republic’s arguments will be. Monarchy predates democracy by millennia, and the British love to feel exceptional — only Japan has an older crown.
-
-At the conference, Smith is implacable in his opposition. Everything people find charming about the royals he dislikes. Every argument in their favor “is either wrong in principle, or in fact, or in both.” His argument — that the monarchy is “unaccountable and secretive,” that it “undermines our values and standards” — may seem straightforward and obvious, at least to democratic citizens who do not live under kings and queens. The royals have less accountability than the CIA. They abuse public money: “They routinely take what is ours and treat it as their own,” he says, a sentiment as old as the French Revolution.
-
-For Alibhai-Brown, an immigrant from Uganda, monarchy is “centuries of manipulation of the peoples of this country” by a “totally dysfunctional and quite horrible family.” She met Elizabeth II three times: “I refused to curtsy.” She met Prince Philip too: “He ignored me and said to my husband, ‘Is she yours?’” She remembers a dinner with Charles, at which the playwright Harold Pinter fantasized about decapitating him. They sat near a painting of Charles I. When she reminded Pinter’s widow, the aristocratic novelist Antonia Fraser, of this, “she denied this dinner had ever happened.” Monarchy invites amnesia.
-
-Republic wants people to remember. Alibhai-Brown reminds the attendants of royal cruelty. Elizabeth II’s sister Margaret was forbidden to marry the man she loved, she says, because he was divorced. Nerissa and Katherine, nieces of the late Queen Mother, were institutionalized due to learning disabilities, were abandoned by their family, and even reported dead in Burke’s Peerage. Broken royal bodies, as the novelist Hilary Mantel called them, are strewn everywhere, especially if female: Margaret; Diana; Meghan. The press colludes in this battery.
-
-The Republicans may have an ideal foil in Charles, but in the future they will have to contend with his heirs. More people wanted [Prince William](https://www.thecut.com/2023/01/how-the-royal-family-feels-about-prince-harry-memoir.html#_ga=2.228075487.396439942.1683215862-1598914525.1642106144) to succeed Elizabeth II (37 percent) than Charles (34 percent), and William is plausibly reluctant — he was once described as a man looking like he punched every car door he got out of. He was also raised by police-protection officers and school masters, so he can seem normal. But he has his royal blind spots; chiding [BAFTA](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/feb/03/baftas-2020-prince-william-diversity) for its lack of diversity was both absurd and very funny, since the monarchy is conservative, rich, and very white. Increasingly, Britain isn’t, and still we chased [Meghan](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/03/palace-harry-meghan-princess-christen.html), our biracial princess, away in a self-hating bonfire of the vanities. “I think it’s a bad example for our children,” says one attendee at the Republic conference. “As a mother, I can’t imagine lifting up one child above the others,” an allusion to Prince [Harry](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/01/king-charles-is-ready-to-trash-harry-or-declare-a-truce.html) and his whistleblowing memoir, [*Spare*](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/prince-harry-spare-quiz.html). When William visited the Caribbean in 2022, he practiced empire-core, wearing white, holding hands with Black children through a wire fence, sometimes progressing in an open-top Land Rover.
-
-But it’s not enough to complain; something must be done. In the Q&A session, the Republicans debate strategy. A man fears that Britain is immune to republicanism: “We are more conformist now than we were in the 1930s. It’s like North Korea, the Great Leader.” Some counsel waiting until the crown collapses under its contradictions. Surely there will be a sex tape eventually? Smith says that when Republican arguments are made, people are receptive, like Dorothy waking to the poppy field in Oz: “It needs to be done by us.”
-
-The following week, the *New Statesman*, a left-wing magazine, hosts a debate in Cambridge, a golden university city with swans idling on the river. The proposition is: It’s time to abolish the monarchy. We count the votes before the debate; 176 would abolish the monarchy, 122 would keep it. Anna Whitelock, professor of history of monarchy at City, University of London, gets the debate going with a litany of grievances: “Criticism or debate of the royal family is prohibited in Parliament,” she notes. The royal family is exempt from the 2010 Equality Act — a fact that is both awful and apt. Charles III pays no inheritance tax and no corporation tax. The monarchy is, she says, “an institution that resists scrutiny at the apex of society which, by its very survival, reinforces hierarchy.”
-
-Robert Hardman, a royal correspondent, represents the pro-monarchy side. He is jocular and easy; he knows the royal family and he mirrors them. His argument is: The alternative is worse. Elizabeth II, he says, “was a bucket-list head of state” protecting us “from overmighty despots. No one can get their hands on the armed forces, the honors system, the judiciary, the civil service.” When the French head of state lays a wreath, he says, “half of the people hate the person laying the wreath, and bonus points for anyone who can name more than two Italian presidents.” He concedes that the monarchy is irrational but “so is the boat race, wedding dresses, turkey at Christmas, and hot cross buns.”
-
-He is followed by Gary Younge, a progressive journalist. “For all the talk of modernity and meritocracy,” he says, “the message from the top remains: No matter how hard you graft, sacrifice, innovate, and invest, you will never make it to those snowy white peaks which are reserved for those who were born there. It enshrines the hereditary principle in a system which increasingly enriches the privileged and privileges the rich.” Nor does it make them happy. He reminds the crowd that the Crown Prince of Nepal murdered most of his family in 2001, shot himself, inherited the crown (though in a coma — what a metaphor!), and monarchy was abolished. Younge says he would rather have a referendum than a massacre, summarizing the monarchist argument as “Save us from ourselves!”
-
-The final vote is 202 to 77 for abolition, and the mood in the room is jubilant. But Cambridge is a city of intellectuals and the birthplace of Oliver Cromwell, as Hardman points out, acting very much like someone who has lost a battle but feels pretty confident about winning the war. Despite Republican excitement, the monarchy is sensitive to public opinion and has been unpopular before. If the crown hears Republican complaints and becomes more accountable and transparent to answer them, then that may be enough to avoid a serious reckoning. World War I felled most of the senior crowns of Europe, but not this one. It seems unlikely that any one monarch, even Charles III, can do otherwise.
-
-Among the Anti-Monarchists
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diff --git a/00.03 News/An Icelandic Town Goes All Out to Save Baby Puffins.md b/00.03 News/An Icelandic Town Goes All Out to Save Baby Puffins.md
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-Link: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/icelandic-town-goes-all-out-save-baby-puffins-180981518/
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-&emsp;
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-# An Icelandic Town Goes All Out to Save Baby Puffins
-
-Photographs by [Chris Linder](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/author/chris-linder/)
-
-Two small, round eyes glint like shiny black sequins in the flashlight beam sweeping under the truck bed. It’s a cold, rainy September night, and the dark figure huddled in the shallow space below is barely visible—but for its striking white chest. A young girl in a bright orange jacket crouches on the wet ground nearby, trying to coax the creature out.
-
-It’s well past the hour you’d expect kids their age to be in bed. But 9-year-old Sigrún Anna Valsdóttir, peering under the truck bed, and 12-year-old Rakel Rut Rúnarsdóttir, shining the light, don’t seem to notice the time or the cold. They’re on a mission to rescue a puffling.
-
-[![Cover image of the Smithsonian Magazine March 2023 issue](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/wMsYxxEyrAolr9iUJRWS7X-PtTo=/fit-in/300x0/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/a0/df/a0df34a8-1033-4b09-9a95-9d846d221c2a/mar23_cover_layout_p_2034527123_view.jpg)](https://subscribe.smithsonianmag.com/?idx=476&inetz=article-banner-ad)
-
-![Rakel Rut Rúnarsdóttir proudly holds a puffling she has just rescued.](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/_Ndkn7Y--so7dDz0x_XlyT4bSBY=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(1858x1247:1859x1248)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/17/53/17536dc3-1b82-460d-b9fd-fd7f214a117a/mar2023_e16_puffins.jpg)
-
-Rakel Rut Rúnarsdóttir proudly holds a puffling she has just rescued. The baby birds are often drawn to the most brightly illuminated areas, like this street in the town center. Chris Linder
-
-That’s the name for a baby Atlantic puffin. This one made a wrong turn and got stranded on its maiden flight. Now they need to collect it and send it safely out to sea. There’s an unwritten rule around here, I’m told. You can’t quit until the puffling is safe.
-
-We’re in Vestmannaeyjabaer, a town of some 4,400 people perched on a roughly five-square-mile island off the southern coast of Iceland. The island, Heimaey, is the largest and the only inhabited one in the Westman archipelago—a cluster of volcanic isles, stacks and skerries that’s home to the largest colony of Atlantic puffins on earth.
-
-These chunky black-and-white seabirds with endearing sad clown faces are known and loved worldwide. But nobody loves puffins more than the people of Heimaey. You’re never far from a puffin in this fishing hamlet surrounded by soaring cliffs. When you roll off the ferry from the mainland, one of the first things you see is a stone puffin as tall as a man. Cartoonish puffin schnozzes jut from signposts pointing you around town. You can rest on a puffin park bench or watch kids ride puffin bouncy toys on the playground. Puffin whirligigs spin in the ever-present wind.
-
-![The Vigtartorg playground near the waterfront. Heimaey, which means “Home Island” in Icelandic, abounds with the charismatic seabirds, real and whimsical.](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/ta3cntzoCIP5NUiMh5Xzm7OonJg=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(655x986:656x987)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/41/62/416278c3-a1f7-40ca-8d7d-c30ed3c43e1d/mar2023_e10_puffins.jpg)
-
-The Vigtartorg playground near the waterfront. Heimaey, which means “Home Island” in Icelandic, abounds with the charismatic seabirds, real and whimsical. Chris Linder
-
-![Anton Ingi Eiriksson holds a puffling that he captured the night before.](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/DTJkzRmPAyPsCvrNihTEIFMiAzI=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(656x983:657x984)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/51/7d/517d5566-37cd-422f-985d-53611e4b63e0/mar2023_e12_puffins.jpg)
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-Anton Ingi Eiriksson holds a puffling that he captured the night before. Chris Linder
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-The flesh-and-feather versions spend most of their lives far offshore in the cold waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. But for a few months every year, they come on land to breed. As they strut around their clifftop colonies in tuxedo plumage and with upright stances, puffins look like proud little men. The species’ scientific name, *Fratercula arctica*, means “little brother of the North.” Puffins are *lundi* in Icelandic, and on Heimaey a puffin chick has a special pet name: *pysja*.
-
-In March, as the days lengthen, folks here begin looking forward to the birds’ return. Over the next several weeks, well over a million puffins will arrive in the Westman Islands megacolony. Life partners, separated during their time at sea, will reunite and lay their single egg in an underground burrow dug out of the grassy cliffs. The July sea and sky will churn with birds ferrying food to their hungry chicks.
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-The pufflings emerge at night from their underground digs in late August and September. Most adults have already departed for winter on the open ocean, likely heading for a seabird hot spot southeast of Greenland, along with jaunts from the Arctic to the Mediterranean. Now, it’s time for the chicks to follow the moon lighting their path to the water. For the next few years, the chicks will roam the North Atlantic on their own, possibly crossing the ocean before returning to their birth colony to breed.
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-![maps](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/jxtg_KZqXDijO6v4pkAXzkQ3wWk=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(700x330:701x331)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/2a/f6/2af6387e-a3be-4ce4-a0ac-97d5e23afaeb/map_diptych.jpg)
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-On Heimaey, one of the best places to spot puffins is Storhofdi in the south. The island is also home to volcanoes: The 1973 eruption of Eldfell ruined homes and covered the island in ash. Guilbert Gates
-
-![The lights of Vestmannaeyjabaer, the only town in the Westman Islands. The fishing hamlet is a 40-minute ferry ride from Iceland’s mainland.](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/oEpnMoLevUZ8vvyIQNFLhuJR1QA=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(1651x1109:1652x1110)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/e6/43/e643edc5-3366-49a0-a63a-e006f7769731/mar2023_e11_puffins.jpg)
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-The lights of Vestmannaeyjabaer, the only town in the Westman Islands. The fishing hamlet is a 40-minute ferry ride from Iceland’s mainland. Chris Linder
-
-But on their first flight after leaving the burrow, some young birds get confused by the lights of the town and head inland instead of out to sea. Puffins are amazing swimmers, able to dive up to 200 feet deep, thanks to bones that are dense—unlike the light, airy bones of most birds. But that makes it harder for them to take flight. At sea, the water provides a runway; in the colonies, they can launch from cliffs and catch a breeze. When pufflings land on the streets, however, their new wings are too weak to get them aloft from the flat ground, leaving them vulnerable to cars, predators and starvation.
-
-That’s where Sigrún Anna and Rakel come in. They’re part of the Puffling Patrol, a Heimaey volunteer brigade tasked with shepherding little puffins on their journey. Every year during the roughly monthlong fledging season, kids here get to stay up very late. On their own or with parents, on foot or by car, they roam the town peeking under parked vehicles, behind stacks of bins at the fish-processing plants, inside equipment jumbled at the harbor. The stranded young birds tend to take cover in tight spots. Flushing them out and catching them is the perfect job for nimble young humans. But the whole town joins in, even the police.
-
-No one knows exactly when the tradition started. Lifelong resident Svavar Steingrímsson, 86, did it when he was young. He thinks the need arose when electric lights came to Heimaey in the early 1900s. Saving the young birds likely began as “a mix of sport and humanity,” Steingrímsson tells me in Icelandic translated by his grandson, Sindri Ólafsson. Also, he says, people probably wanted to sustain the population of what was then an important food source. (Puffin hunting remains a cherished cultural tradition here, but today the season length is largely restricted.)
-
-As the town and its lights grew over the years, so did the number of wrong-way pufflings, says Steingrímsson, who once jumped into a freezing cold well to rescue one. These days, however, there are far fewer pufflings to rescue. Major puffin colonies from the British Isles to Norway have been struggling to produce young for years. In the Westman colony— birthplace of nearly one in four puffins in the North Atlantic today—the population has plunged by half since 2003. These heralds of the northern spring are now listed as endangered in Europe by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
-
-A quarter century ago, when Sigrún Anna’s father, Valur Már Valmundsson, was a boy, he rescued as many as 100 pufflings in a night. His daughter and the other kids out tonight won’t see that many in an entire season. That’s one reason they’re so intent on rescuing this one under the truck bed. The girls stand guard as Valmundsson, a burly chef on a commercial fishing boat, rakes a long metal pole toward the little bird. Inch by inch, the puffling backs away.
-
-![Sigrún Anna Valsdóttir keeps her rescue snug. A puffling may travel as far as the Grand Banks, southeast of Newfoundland, and not touch land again for as long as three years.](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/16bLcsUMuzoZMoBxMMd05USZVeQ=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(688x1032:689x1033)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/f9/19/f9199879-712e-4602-8cc8-c529ba168c12/mar2023_e15_puffins.jpg)
-
-Sigrún Anna Valsdóttir keeps her rescue snug. A puffling may travel as far as the Grand Banks, southeast of Newfoundland, and not touch land again for as long as three years. Chris Linder
-
-![a log of puffling measurements and leg bands](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/UoSz368OmyZfe57UL_xqCrNtM1Y=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(688x1032:689x1033)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/49/71/4971cb19-4d4f-4395-9064-94a98ebf630b/mar2023_e14_puffins.jpg)
-
-A log of puffling measurements and leg bands. Chris Linder
-
-Finally, after half an hour, the chick darts out the other side. It moves fast on its two webbed feet, but the girls are faster. Sigrún Anna wraps the bird in her mittened hands and shows it to me with a shy smile. Its sequin eyes sparkle in its gray face as it regards me calmly. Puffins’ kabuki faces, flashy bills and orange feet are attire for breeding, which this chick won’t begin doing until it’s 4 or 5 years old. Tonight, it will sleep on a bed of grass in a cardboard box. Tomorrow, the girl in the bright orange jacket will stand on a cliff on the west side of the island. She’ll toss the puffling into the air and watch it sail off to sea.
-
----
-
-Driving through the wee hours of a cold Nordic night searching for pufflings is a surprisingly warm experience. As they roll up and down the quiet streets, shining flashlights out the car windows, Sandra Síf Sigvardsdóttir and her sister Berglind Sigvardsdóttir talk about everything under the sun.
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-“It’s like going to a shrink in a car,” says Sandra Síf, a vivacious mother of three young girls who works as an aide for people with disabilities. She and Berglind, an EMT and mother of four, have been rescuing baby puffins since they were practically babies themselves, and they began teaching their own children before they were old enough to walk. Their children’s schoolmates call the sisters the Puffling Queens.
-
-Around 1:30 a.m., on one of several nights I spend patrolling with them, two of Sandra Síf’s daughters—Íris Dröfn Guðmundsdóttir, 8, and Eva Berglind Guðmundsdóttir, 5—drowse in the back rows of her minivan. Berglind is out in another car with her 14-year-old son, Arnar Gauti Eiríksson. The sisters chat on the phone and make plans to meet up later, after the children have been put to bed.
-
-![Berglind Sigvardsdóttir shows her 10-month-old niece, Sara Björk Guðmundsdóttir, a puffling that older children in the family rescued and are about to release.](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/oF6UiZQxmPYulZYT91dWxtoZmyc=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(1239x826:1240x827)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/51/78/5178c77b-5433-42c6-b836-eba3c9305963/mar2023_e06_puffins.jpg)
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-Berglind Sigvardsdóttir shows her 10-month-old niece, Sara Björk Guðmundsdóttir, a puffling that older children in the family rescued and are about to release. Chris Linder
-
-We slowly cruise past closed shops and dark restaurants. A man on a street corner waves us over. “Are you searching for pufflings?” he asks. He hands Sandra Síf a chick he just found as he walked home from a wedding. We head toward the harbor, passing kids on scooters. Two teenage boys tote a cardboard box. A car creeps along the waterfront with a small child’s face looking out the back.
-
-Earlier that night, Sandra Síf’s daughters gave me a lesson in how to rescue pufflings. “Bring a flashlight. And gloves. And a box. Look for a beak,” the girls instructed in Icelandic, translated by their mother. “We make a noise with our feet, and then listen.” Why do you do it? I asked them. Why give up sleep for days to prowl around in the dark looking for lost birds? “Because it’s fun,” said Íris Dröfn. “Because they’re so cute,” Eva Berglind chimed in.
-
-“If somebody says, ‘Tell us one thing that’s on your island,’ probably 99.9 percent will say, ‘puffins,’” their mother replies when I ask her later. “Everything here revolves around puffins.”
-
-Now it’s 2 a.m., and we’re still empty-handed. “When I was a kid, they were just pouring down,” Sandra Síf recollects wistfully. Finally, at nearly 2:30 a.m., we spot a puffling amid piles of fishing nets and ropes twisting like snakes. Sandra Síf wakes up Eva Berglind, who climbs out of her car seat and snatches the little bird. She’s just gotten back into her seat when we see another one. She clambers out again.
-
-When the birds are secure in their cartons, I ask Eva Berglind how she feels. “Freezing,” she says, rubbing her hands. “And tired.” The little girl yawns and closes her eyes, a whisper of a smile on her sleepy face.
-
----
-
-A puffling dangles in a duct-tape-wrapped cylinder. It’s part of a weighing contraption in the Puffling Patrol headquarters, where rescuers can bring chicks to be checked out and registered before release. Rodrigo Martínez Catalán, a research assistant with the [South Iceland Nature Research Center](https://www.government.is/topics/foreign-affairs/iceland-in-europe/eea-grants/partnership-opportunities-in-iceland/opportunity/?itemid=e9717a60-9878-11eb-8134-005056bc8c60), frowns as he records the bird’s weight and wing length. Another small one. It will need to stay and be fed until it grows large enough to let go.
-
-Catalán started the 2022 season with high hopes. The breeding catastrophes that had plagued the colony since 2003 had recently started to improve. For the previous few years, most of the Westman Islands megacolony’s 1.1 million burrows had produced big, healthy chicks. The 2021 crop had numbered roughly 700,000, and most were expected to survive.
-
-![Research assistant Rodrigo Martínez Catalán examines a rescued bird](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/npUtxmhIhrygFkJRwx32Kc5oEMk=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(1239x826:1240x827)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/a1/2e/a12ebcb2-875c-4403-9385-47d6da2ff7c3/mar2023_e09_puffins.jpg)
-
-Research assistant Rodrigo Martínez Catalán examines a rescued bird. Chris Linder
-
-![An immature puffling, still covered in down, in the Puffling Patrol operations center at its parent organization, Sea Life Trust.](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/iEa_yqrqF4xRiIh_sRfeFq6e0Cs=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(1593x1062:1594x1063)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/ff/58/ff581fe0-239e-4710-8bf7-d65f64017dd1/mar2023_e17_puffins.jpg)
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-An immature puffling, still covered in down, in the Puffling Patrol operations center at its parent organization, Sea Life Trust Chris Linder
-
-“The parameters were all giving the green light,” said Catalán, a wildlife biologist who moved here from his native Spain. He and colleagues were hopeful that a turnaround was underway. But halfway through the summer of 2022, nearly half the chicks had died—apparently from starvation, Catalán’s boss, biologist Erpur Snær Hansen, tells me. The pufflings Catalán was seeing at the center were lighter than average, with lower odds of surviving their first winter. And the number of rescues was down. The season was beginning to look more like a relapse than a rebound.
-
-Iceland’s puffin population has long waxed and waned, following natural ocean temperature cycles, says Hansen, the nature research center’s director. As Iceland’s chief puffin scientist, Hansen makes a twice-yearly circuit of the nation’s colonies to report on the season’s breeding success. He has compiled more than a century of Westman Islands sea surface temperature and hunting records to create the world’s longest puffin population data set. Historically, reproduction slumped when a warm phase tanked the supply of sandeel—a nutritious, pencil-shaped fish that the Westman Islands megacolony relies on to feed its chicks. Sustained higher temperatures perturb sandeel metabolism and reproduction, causing a scarcity of prey close enough to the colony for parents to reach while tending young. Some years, most chicks have starved. Other years, most of the colony has skipped breeding altogether. Then, when sea surface temperatures moderated, puffling numbers ramped up again.
-
-Puffins are a long-lived species—topping 25 years on average and up to a venerable 36—so colonies can withstand some years of breeding failure and still have adults around to try again. But nothing in the records stretching back to 1880 comes close to the cataclysmic population crash this century, Hansen says. For a decade and a half starting in 2003, chick production was below sustainable population levels. Scientists are investigating the reasons, but it looks like normal fluctuations are being amplified and disrupted by climate change. “We are seeing something extraordinary,” Hansen tells me. “Changes that just slap you in the face, they’re so big.”
-
-![Erpur Snær Hansen](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/UqTaNbZ82uUgXQwy3JHHzFMxnao=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(1239x826:1240x827)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/30/09/3009e793-8b7d-4af8-9317-2055851e3778/mar2023_e08_puffins.jpg)
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-Scientist Erpur Snær Hansen checks instruments recording environmental conditions. Chris Linder
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-![puffin](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/d2u6f71df1kli5qs4BkJKr0mpW4=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(2692x1795:2693x1796)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/b5/e3/b5e38048-2c3b-41b5-b031-63bc2e666c7f/mar2023_e07_puffins.jpg)
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-At sea, a puffin’s dark back helps conceal it from predators above, and its white belly from predators below. An adult’s bright colors appear only in the breeding season. Chris Linder
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-Seabird babies face a tight schedule in the short northern summers. After around six weeks in the egg, pufflings have roughly six weeks to grow and fledge before winter returns. Yet in recent years, puffin breeding in the Westman Islands has sometimes been more than two weeks delayed. Hansen thinks the delays are linked to late starts for the spring ocean productivity cycle. If the puffins began breeding at their usual time while food sources lagged behind, their chicks would arrive without enough to eat. When breeding is postponed, however, chicks are robbed of precious growing time.
-
-Breeding disruptions are also underway in Norway, says Tone Reiertsen, a seabird biologist with the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. In the Barents Sea colony she monitors, the puffins have been prolonging their pre-breeding period, taking more time to fatten up in preparation for the rigors of producing eggs and rearing chicks. But this does not seem to increase the colony’s breeding success, she says. Reiertsen is investigating the grim possibility that the changing environment may exceed breeding puffins’ ability to adapt. “They still try to breed, and the chicks are dying.”
-
-Shifting ocean circulation is at least partly to blame for the puffins’ plight, Hansen and other scientists believe. In the subpolar gyre south of Greenland, cold, nutrient-rich Arctic water mixes with warmer, nutrient-poor water from the south. By controlling the mixture, the gyre governs the annual spring bloom of phytoplankton, the base of the ocean food web. For most of this century, the gyre has been weak, Hansen says—allowing more southern water into the system, which dials back the supply of silicate, a mineral essential for the tiny organisms’ growth. The Westman colony’s breeding disasters correspond to low-silicate years, Hansen’s observations find.
-
-![Puffin on cliff](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/UJqiYVr362rk4vnb_ePUATeo-Js=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(1398x932:1399x933)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/c0/05/c005a838-1fd9-4083-b517-0a34d18ae46a/mar2023_e04_puffins.jpg)
-
-Some rescuers release a puffling by tossing it in the air, while others simply place it on the clifftop, where it launches itself over the edge, catches a breeze and glides down to sea. Chris Linder
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-![Puffin on cliff 2](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/AhS42mGoA9V0vkdK6_whlcKHKOI=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(1239x826:1240x827)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/55/ae/55aeec1d-16c0-4b81-ac2c-c8fdc55023b2/mar2023_e03_puffins.jpg)
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-Offshore, puffins can rise by flapping their wings and paddling their webbed feet across the water. Chris Linder
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-![Puffin on cliff 3](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/H1kaKwWrQfm_vD3zOYPx3heFUwM=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(1402x935:1403x936)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/d3/a9/d3a9089a-fe64-4f13-9c5f-7e3facaeb944/mar2023_e02_puffins.jpg)
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-Takeoff is more difficult from the land. Chris Linder
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-At sea, climate change is increasingly fueling extreme storms that prevent birds from feeding, which causes mass die-offs. Puffins and other seabirds also face threats from overfishing, marine pollution, invasive species and more. Rising numbers of voracious mackerel in Icelandic waters, for instance, may outcompete the puffins’ prey. And some puffins may be exceptionally vulnerable to the changing environment, due to their unusual habit of molting twice—leaving them flightless for more than two months—during their time at sea.
-
-Nonetheless, Hansen says he’s hopeful for Westman Islands puffins’ future, at least in the short term. Both silicate levels and chick production have been ticking up in the past few years. And despite the dramatic drop in 2022, when the total number of pufflings rescued ended up less than half that of the year before, Hansen says it still surpassed the “abysmal horror” years when almost no chicks survived. “There is a real increase,” Hansen says. “It’s really good compared to zero.”
-
----
-
-At a sea cliff called Hamarinn, a parade of families arrives with boxes. Crowds watch as children stand on a low stone wall, flinging chicks skyward to spread their wings and glide down to the water below.
-
-It seems as if all of Heimaey—and then some—is at Hamarinn at some point during my visit. A group of international students from Estonia liberates a puffling found on an island tour. A tourist from Wisconsin snaps photos. Families with members too young or too old for the Puffling Patrol come to watch.
-
-Ágústa Ósk Georgsdóttir and Sunna Tórshamar Georgsdóttir, two sisters in their 20s, are here many days with a trunkload of rescued birds. “I feel proud that I helped it get to the ocean,” Ágústa says as she watches one fly off. “And maybe someday I’ll rescue its pufflings,” Sunna adds. Together, the sisters, who work as caregivers at a nursing home, will rescue 125 pufflings this season.
-
-![Children head to Hamarinn with boxes of pufflings to be released.](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/JOn1Sdc_nak5Fm9qZSZ_AYwzbug=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(1445x963:1446x964)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/c8/77/c8770366-85a6-4b09-99d4-fcbc05f10470/mar2023_e13_puffins.jpg)
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-Children head to Hamarinn with boxes of pufflings to be released. Chris Linder
-
-![Seabird nesting areas along the cliffs of Heimaey. Puffins dig underground burrows in the grassy slopes, often returning to the same nest year after year.](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/Uey6IJyohBL3VMKgcY1MDxD9XLw=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(2636x1983:2637x1984)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/af/76/af76f04b-2a2e-449c-9f4d-48076ac7a959/mar2023_e01_puffins.jpg)
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-Seabird nesting areas along the cliffs of Heimaey. Puffins dig underground burrows in the grassy slopes, often returning to the same nest year after year. Chris Linder
-
-![Sandra Síf Sigvardsdóttir hands her daughter, Eva Berglind Guðmundsdóttir, age 5, a puffling to be released at the Hamarinn sea cliff.](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/lH9EsTmuxPzYi_5b_IW137mtAXo=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(640x427:641x428)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/7e/11/7e11dc44-1444-4a00-b999-d50d34627ec6/mar2023_e18_puffins.jpg)
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-Sandra Síf Sigvardsdóttir hands her daughter Eva Berglind Guðmundsdóttir, age 5, a puffling to be released at the Hamarinn sea cliff. Chris Linder
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-Hope is the thing that drives the people of Heimaey to care for pufflings. I see it in Berglind, who’s taken one of the scrawny ones home to fatten it up. Six times a day, she cuts capelin fish into baby-bird-sized slices and feeds it to the chick. “The pufflings need us to help them,” she says, smiling as we watch the little bird swallow a slice whole and wriggle to work it down. “It’s kind of a mothering instinct thing.”
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-I see that feeling in the tattooed hipster who hops out of his car in the middle of the night to pick up a puffling that has just fallen from the sky. It’s there in the high school girls driving around with a puffling in the back seat—and the schoolgirl bicycling to Hamarinn with a puffling in one hand. It’s shared by the teachers, who put up with sleepy students because they were out late on Puffling Patrol themselves.
-
-The reward is setting a bird free. Íris Dröfn strides with solemn purpose atop the rock wall with a puffin cap on her head and a puffling in her hands. Her youngest sister, 10-month-old Sara Björk, watches wide-eyed, looking eager to get in the game just as soon as she can.
-
-![Triptych Íris Dröfn Guðmundsdóttir demonstrates the popular underhand puffling toss. With her hands holding the bird’s wings tight to its body, she gently swings the puffling down once and then releases it as she swings it upwards.](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/HrVsKevpjuDXtpUVq_aNucqpb4M=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(1935x424:1936x425)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/c1/12/c112f220-1344-442b-8ae8-3d0a761447be/triptych.jpg)
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-Íris Dröfn Guðmundsdóttir demonstrates the popular underhand puffling toss. Chris Linder
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-“She’s got no choice,” Sandra Síf says. “If she’s going to be my baby, she’s got to love pufflings.”
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-It’s a passion Sandra Síf loves to share. Before photographer Chris Linder and I leave the island, she meets us at the ferry with a cardboard box. Inside is a puffling for us to release during our ride.
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-Now, as the promise of spring stirs puffins’ yearning for land, the folks of Heimaey are eager for their return. “It is a big part of the whole summer,” says Jóhann Freyr Ragnarsson, a retired mariner who grew up rescuing pufflings. “It is news in the local newspaper when the first puffins come to the cliffs.”
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-Perhaps a few years from now, one of these returning birds will be the puffling I saw last fall, tossed into the air by a young girl in a bright orange jacket, her arms held aloft as she watched it fly off over the ocean, full of wonder and hope as she saved one small part of the world.
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-TimeStamp: 2023-02-05
-Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2023/02/01/mormon-ponzi-scheme-vegas-fbi/?pwapi_token=eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWJpZCI6IjM2NTY2MzMiLCJyZWFzb24iOiJnaWZ0IiwibmJmIjoxNjc1NDAwNDAwLCJpc3MiOiJzdWJzY3JpcHRpb25zIiwiZXhwIjoxNjc2Njk2Mzk5LCJpYXQiOjE2NzU0MDA0MDAsImp0aSI6IjIzYmVhZDY3LTFlMWItNDE1NS05YmQ1LWFhZGYzODM5NTZiZiIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lndhc2hpbmd0b25wb3N0LmNvbS9kYy1tZC12YS8yMDIzLzAyLzAxL21vcm1vbi1wb256aS1zY2hlbWUtdmVnYXMtZmJpLyJ9.Owk0y8MeX8pxdittn-YdfiBLs8YTnvtpNAIwEDwwhxI
-location:
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-
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-02-06]]
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-&emsp;
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-```button
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-^button-A500millionPonzischemepreyedonMormonsNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# An alleged $500 million Ponzi scheme preyed on Mormons. It ended with FBI gunfire.
-
-## In Las Vegas, a lawyer with huge gambling debts is accused of a financial fraud that left hundreds of victims in its wake
-
-(Washington Post illustration/iStock)
-
-LAS VEGAS — The FBI arrived at the only house on this stretch of Ruffian Road at 1:25 p.m., parking out front of the $1.6 million property, hedged by empty lots of scrub and dust.
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-The three agents approached the camera-equipped doorbell at the home’s perimeter, pressing it once. Then they pushed past an unlocked gate, cut through the courtyard and rapped against the glass French doors of Matthew Beasley’s home.
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-![](https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/MWSHZQIJ45DLZN7NDIJBIPLJ7Y.jpg)
-
-Las Vegas investigative reporter [Jeff German](https://www.reviewjournal.com/local/local-las-vegas/private-and-passionate-jeff-german-loved-his-work-sports-and-family-2645286/) was slain outside his home on Sept. 2; a Clark County official he had investigated is [charged in his death](https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/09/08/las-vegas-journalist-murder-charge/). To continue German’s work, The Washington Post teamed up with his newspaper, the Las Vegas Review-Journal, to complete one of the stories he’d planned to pursue before [his killing.](https://www.reviewjournal.com/crime/homicides/review-journal-investigative-reporter-jeff-german-killed-outside-home-2634323/) A folder on German’s desk contained court documents he’d started to gather about an alleged Ponzi scheme that left hundreds of victims – many of them Mormon – in its wake. Post reporter Lizzie Johnson began investigating, working with Review-Journal photographer Rachel Aston.
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-The Las Vegas attorney, then 49, had been anticipating this visit for months, he would tell an FBI hostage negotiator. He’d already drafted letters to his wife and four children, explaining what he could and describing how much he loved them.
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-On this Thursday in March, Beasley knew his time was up. He placed the letters — along with a note addressed to the FBI and a zip drive of computer files — upstairs on the desk in his office. Then, alone in the house, he went to the front door. He paused, the left side of his body obscured by the door frame.
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-One of the agents — identified only as “J.M.” in a detailed criminal complaint filed March 4 in the U.S. District Court of Nevada — opened his suit jacket and flashed his badge.
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-Beasley stepped fully into the doorway. He held a loaded pistol against his head.
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-“Easy, easy,” yelled J.M.
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-“Drop the gun,” shouted a second agent.
-
-Authorities had long suspected Beasley of running a massive Ponzi scheme with his business partner, Jeffrey Judd, that mainly targeted Mormons, as members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are often called. The investment was pitched as a nearly risk-free opportunity to earn annual returns of 50 percent by lending money to slip-and-fall victims awaiting checks after the settlement of their lawsuits.
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-There was just one problem, the Securities and Exchange Commission charged in a civil complaint. None of it was real.
-
-For five years, the SEC said, Beasley and Judd paid existing investors with money from new clients — a classic Ponzi scheme. The most notorious fraud of this kind, run by [Wall Street financial guru Bernie Madoff](https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/bernie-madoff-dead/2021/04/14/f8e33fa8-c5da-11df-94e1-c5afa35a9e59_story.html?itid=lk_inline_manual_15), cost investors billions of dollars. By comparison, one expert said, the alleged Vegas scam was distinguished less by its size and more by its victims: It came to be known as the “Mormon Ponzi scheme.”
-
-More than 900 people invested their savings — an estimated $500 million — between 2017 and 2022. They included surgeons, real estate developers, Mormon bishops, retirees and stay-at-home mothers. Money poured in from as far away as Singapore, Taiwan and Australia, according to a class-action lawsuit filed in July against Wells Fargo, where Beasley had an attorney trust account to hold and disburse client money. (The bank has moved to dismiss the lawsuit, denying any wrongdoing.)
-
-Some people emptied their retirement accounts, according to more than two dozen interviews with investors by The Washington Post, while others took out a second mortgage on their house.
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-“They’ve destroyed a lot of people’s entire lives,” said Greg Hart, 81, a retired entrepreneur who lives in Buckeye, Ariz., and fears he may be forced to sell his home. “About $2.2 million — 95 percent of our money — was tied up in it. … This has been completely and totally devastating.”
-
-Meanwhile, Beasley, who repeatedly acknowledged that he was running a Ponzi scheme during his confrontation with the FBI, and Judd, who has denied knowingly defrauding anyone, amassed a fortune. They bought luxury vehicles, a private jet, cryptocurrency, and multimillion-dollar properties in California, Nevada and Utah, according to reports by [the court-appointed receiver](https://jjconsulting-receivership.com/), who has recovered about $90 million in investor funds by selling those assets.
-
-Before the FBI arrived at Beasley’s door that day, they’d raided Judd’s $6.6 million mountainside mansion, which overlooked the Las Vegas Strip. There, according to a new court filing, agents confiscated Judd’s cellphones and computers, more than a half-dozen high-end watches, thousands of silver and gold coins, and nearly $400,000 in cash, just a day before the nuptials of his 21-year-old daughter.
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-“The sad thing is he has all of his family in town for that big wedding,” a colleague texted Beasley at 12:07 p.m.
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-“Really surprised they have \[not\] come to me,” Beasley replied three minutes later.
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-But his house was next.
-
-As the FBI agents shouted at him, Beasley said later in an interview with The Post, he pointed the pistol toward the ground.
-
-He was doing what the three agents had asked of him, Beasley said, adding that “I never pointed my gun anywhere except for my head.” The FBI maintains in its criminal complaint, though, that he aimed the weapon at the agents. At least one opened fire, striking Beasley in the chest and shoulder.
-
-He retreated into his home, refusing to come out as the [FBI assembled a SWAT team](https://www.reviewjournal.com/crime/courts/lawyer-shot-by-fbi-agents-accused-of-running-300m-ponzi-scheme-2541707/) and began recording its calls with him. The hostage negotiator tried to persuade him to seek medical care, but Beasley repeatedly threatened to kill himself, saying that he didn’t want to go to prison.
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-“I f---ed this all up …” Beasley told the FBI, which entered transcripts of the conversations into the court record. “And I’m not even talking about today. This was not even close to my worst decision today. My worst decisions happened many years ago.”
-
-Soon after, the line went quiet. Crouched on the floor with the pistol resting on his chest, Beasley had dropped his cellphone, slick with his own blood.
-
-### 
-
-‘Really lucky to be involved’
-
-Ann Mabeus was at a Starbucks on March 3 when her cellphone began blinking with notifications. Then a call rang through.
-
-“Ann,” her friend told the single mother, then 42. “Do you realize that the Humphries’ house is getting raided right now?”
-
-The FBI was also executing a search warrant at the home of Chris Humphries.
-
-Mabeus blanched. Humphries — who has maintained his innocence and sought dismissal of the SEC complaint against him — had been a marketer of the same investment that she’d put most of her money into.
-
-Though they socialized and were members of the same Mormon church, Mabeus and her husband wound up investing through another marketer, Shane Jager, the 47-year-old owner of a pest control company.
-
-Jager had four children about the same age as the Mabeus kids. Like more than a dozen other marketers of the investment, he earned commissions by bringing people in, though he denies in an SEC filing that he knowingly defrauded anyone and accuses Beasley of deceiving him.
-
-Everyone called the operation J&J, referencing two LLCs created by Jeff Judd: J&J Consulting Services and J&J Purchasing.
-
-Jager had told Mabeus about the opportunity to make money in August 2019, during a couples trip to Mexico, she said. She felt flattered to be included.
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-“We were a little nervous, but we trusted him,” Mabeus said. “Because we were friends and belonged to the same church, the red flags were heart-shaped. I was like, ‘Wow. We are really lucky to be involved in this investment.’”
-
-The next month, she and her husband wired over $140,000. Ninety days later, the first interest payment of $18,000 arrived, right on time. The couple continued adding money, until they reached a total of $680,000, she said.
-
-“There was never a hiccup,” Mabeus said. “My bishop was involved and invested, and so were my closest friends. A lot of people were told to keep it quiet.”
-
-When she and her husband, a former Major League Baseball pitcher who worked for a medical device company, divorced in June 2021, Mabeus agreed to take the investment as alimony. She planned to rely on the dividends, along with child support payments, to remain at home with her daughter and three sons. A former elementary school teacher, she hadn’t worked for 13 years.
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-Now, Mabeus hung up the phone, horrified.
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-She tried to call Jager. No answer.
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-“Word is spreading like wildfire,” Mabeus remembered. “People are texting left and right. No one is getting responses.”
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-Maybe it was all a big misunderstanding, she thought. She told herself that she’d know for sure the next day, when the quarterly interest payment was scheduled to hit her bank account.
-
-But when Friday arrived, the money didn’t. All her savings, Mabeus realized, were gone.
-
-### 
-
-‘Gentleman’s investment club’
-
-Matt Beasley’s gambling debts were mounting.
-
-He was big into sports betting, he told the FBI, and by late 2016, he’d paid his bookie the last $40,000 he had. He was being pressured to come up with more, he said, so he decided to get lunch with Judd, a friend and former law client.
-
-Beasley’s path to becoming a Las Vegas lawyer had been a halting one.
-
-He grew up in the Kansas City area, the younger of two children. After his parents’ divorce, he rarely saw his father, a union electrician who went on to remarry four times, according to a psychological evaluation requested by his attorney and entered into the court record. Unmoored, it took Beasley a decade to finish his undergraduate degree, eventually obtaining a finance and management degree from [Park University](https://www.park.edu/) in Missouri.
-
-He moved to Las Vegas in 2004 after graduating from the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. He chose it, he told The Post during three short phone conversations and a series of written messages, because he hadn’t really visited anywhere else.
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-Unlike Judd, Beasley was not Mormon. The two men met through their sons, who played soccer together.
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-“We became friends,” Beasley told The Post, “and then I represented him on a couple pharmacy cases.”
-
-Judd was a native of Las Vegas who’d dabbled in real estate and pharmaceutical sales while his wife, Jennifer, stayed home with their two sons and two daughters.
-
-At lunch, Beasley told Judd that he had an investment opportunity to share: bridge loans for slip-and-fall victims awaiting their settlements.
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-“I just explained it as this type of deal related to lawsuits,” Beasley told the FBI.
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-In an Oct. 6, 2016, email obtained by The Post, Beasley wrote to Judd that he had a client who “wants a $50k loan which will pay back $60k within 45 days.”
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-Judd “thought it was a legitimate investment,” said someone familiar with Judd’s involvement, who spoke on the condition of anonymity for legal reasons.
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-“Man, this is a great idea,” Beasley recalled Judd saying. “Do you know any other attorneys \[so\] we could continue to grow this?”
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-As cash flowed into Beasley’s attorney trust account, he told the FBI, he used it to pay his gambling debts. In all, SEC forensic accounting would show that Beasley sent more than $6.7 million to his bookie.
-
-After a while, Beasley told the FBI, “I realized there’s no going back. … Jeff had more people that were interested in getting in, so I made up more attorney’s deals and I just kept growing it.” Beasley said he never actually talked to other attorneys.
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-He maintained to the FBI that Judd didn’t know it was a Ponzi scheme.
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-In an April SEC complaint against Judd — who received at least $315 million from the alleged scam — the regulatory agency said that he either “knew or was reckless in not knowing … the business was a fraud.”
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-When asked to submit evidence clarifying his status as a “victim,” SEC lawyers said in a July court filing, Judd refused, “asserting his ‘Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination.’”
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-In an email, Judd’s criminal defense attorney, Nick Oberheiden, blamed Beasley for the alleged fraud and took issue with the SEC’s characterization of Judd, saying that “legal terms like ‘knowledge’ and ‘intent’ are complex, technical, and sausage-like: few know what’s really inside.”
-
-As the operation got bigger, so did the men’s lifestyles. Beasley bought a $3.8 million house in South Lake Tahoe, Calif. He bought a $750,000 RV, a $250,000 boat, a $240,000 Bentley Continental and two $25,000 Jet Skis, according to a list of relinquished and seized assets filed in court.
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-Judd, now 50, purchased a 6,330-square-foot home in the gated community of Ascaya, which claimed Las Vegas Raiders owner Mark Davis and Kiss rocker Gene Simmons as residents. He drove a $650,000 Rolls-Royce Black Badge Cullinan and a $400,000 Rolls-Royce Dawn convertible.
-
-“I have the illness,” Judd texted a friend in April 2021, referencing the new Porsche he planned to add to his fleet of cars.
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-The SEC noted that in one text message from October 2020, Judd referenced the investment as “an illegal business.” He also assured potential investors that he’d had discussions with the lawyers Beasley was working with — even though Beasley said he’d never contacted any — and had seen the personal injury settlements and bank statements, the SEC said.
-
-The source familiar with Judd’s involvement called that assertion “an overstatement” unsupported by any real evidence. He also denied Judd was the initiator of nondisclosure agreements intended, the SEC said, to deter clients from contacting the personal injury lawyers listed on their investment contracts, as well as a clause prohibiting them from contacting any parties “without the written consent of Jeffrey Judd.”
-
-“Beasley created excuses for the need to have these,” and Judd had no reason to question it, the person familiar with Judd’s involvement said.
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-Despite the red flags, hundreds of investors were receiving their dividends on time and word was spreading.
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-Marshall Gibbs, a 37-year-old dentist in Cheney, Wash., said it was described to him by marketer Jason Jongeward as a “gentleman’s investment club.” Jongeward has maintained he did not intentionally defraud anyone in SEC filings.
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-“We started chatting, and he said, ‘We have this investment. My wife and I are going to be able to retire early because of it. We just feel so blessed,’” Gibbs said. “I did have my suspicions, but he said his family was in it. That just kept fueling me to add more.”
-
-Gibbs wound up investing $940,000, he said.
-
-The SEC had been investigating J&J since at least December 2020, according to court documents, after a Salt Lake City attorney became alarmed by a friend’s investment paperwork and reported it.
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-Then those same contracts started hitting the desk of an accountant in Washington state.
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-“I started panicking because I realized there were five clients already involved in this stuff, probably blowing their money,” said the accountant, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because of the investigation.
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-He decided to send an email to a New York City-based investment firm that [specializes in exposing fraud](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/01/28/adani-hindenburg-anderson-short-selling/?itid=lk_inline_manual_88).
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-“So many of the details seem incredibly off,” he wrote in the Jan. 11, 2022, email to [Hindenburg Research](https://hindenburgresearch.com/) that he shared with The Post. “I don’t mean to waste your time but I am very concerned there are all kinds of people, small businesses, individuals, etc. that stand to lose tens of millions.”
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-If anyone could help, the accountant thought, it would be this group. In some circles, the people at Hindenburg had come to be known as Ponzi hunters.
-
-### 
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-‘Outrageous claims’
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-They were going to need a private plane.
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-In the month since Hindenburg Research founder [Nate Anderson](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/16/business/short-seller-wall-street-scams-hindenburg.html) had first heard of J&J, his firm had secretly recorded phone conversations with Jongeward, who would later tell the SEC that he was “only trying to help my family and friends.”
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-“We really, really struggled to see the risk,” Jongeward had said during one call with Hindenburg Research. “I think that’s probably why the performance has been — I’ll call it immaculate.”
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-Anderson, 38, who’d once worked with the whistleblower who tried to warn the SEC about Bernie Madoff, said he had immediately spotted the telltale signs of a Ponzi scheme. An online search showed neither Judd nor Beasley had liens listed under their names, which, in a legitimate endeavor, would have ensured legal recourse if the slip-and-fall victims didn’t pay back their loans, Anderson said.
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-The investment also had no website. Spread via word of mouth, it was reliant on the trust that came from a shared religious affiliation, known as [an affinity scam](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/beware-the-ponzi-schemer-next-door/2011/05/03/AFdz8e8F_story.html?itid=lk_inline_manual_97).
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-“The explanation was that it was such a brilliant strategy that they needed to keep it as secretive as possible,” Anderson said. “Litigation finance is a competitive and specialized field. Yet they were claiming to be able to generate five times the returns of everyone else in the industry, with virtually no risk and no defaults. It took very little time to realize this was highly likely to be a complete Ponzi scheme. The challenge was in proving it.”
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-Any evidence that Hindenburg gathered would be [turned over to authorities](https://hindenburgresearch.com/jj-purchasing/), ensuring it would be in line for a government-funded whistleblower award. Under the SEC’s program, the group could stand to receive [up to 30 percent](https://www.sec.gov/whistleblower) of any fines collected, potentially amounting to millions of dollars.
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-The firm wanted to record Judd giving the same pitch as lower-level marketers. To lure him in, it would need something flashy.
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-One of Anderson’s colleagues knew of just the right bait: Mark Holt, a Salt Lake City entrepreneur who owned a private aviation business — and had an unlikely connection to Judd.
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-Holt, a Mormon, had attended Bonanza High School in Las Vegas with Judd. On Facebook, the two men shared more than 40 friends. Holt’s ex-fiancee was a woman Judd had once dated, too.
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-Holt agreed to help out by posing as a “whale” — a wealthy businessman looking for places to invest large sums of money — in his case, $50 million.
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-Holt had been defrauded himself a decade earlier, giving money to a man who promised a 25 percent interest payment if the price of Canadian oil stayed above $30 a barrel. When his returns arrived, Holt decided to bring his mother in. Not long after she’d invested a good chunk of her savings, he said, the man disappeared.
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-Now one of Holt’s private planes would serve as the site of a pitch meeting designed to expose J&J as a Ponzi scheme.
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-On Feb. 17, Holt arrived with a Hindenburg Research whistleblower — identified only as “Mike” in recordings given to the FBI and SEC **—** at Henderson Executive Airport in Nevada, where a parked jet had been rigged with surveillance equipment. Cameras were tucked in a water bottle, a tissue box and a bowl of mints. Audio equipment was inserted into the plane’s overhead lights.
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-They invited marketers Jongeward and Jager on board. Judd didn’t usually do introductory pitches like this, though Holt hoped that their shared history, combined with the plane, would be enough to guarantee a later phone call.
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-Over chicken salads and sandwiches, the men chatted with Holt about being Mormon and tried to sell him on the investment. A former improv comedian, Holt played the part — “mostly excited,” he said, “a little bit cautious, credulous enough.”
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-“I’ve heard some pretty outrageous claims as far as returns go,” Holt, then 48, told the marketers. “So it seems … too good to be true. So maybe you guys can help me understand, wrap my head around it.”
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-“When I first heard about it,” Jager replied, “I thought it was too good to be true, and it took me … about six months to get off the fence and put some money into it. Fast-forward today, almost five years later, it’s never missed a beat. … It’s more or less a friends and family deal.”
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-Marketers Jason Jongeward and Shane Jager meet with Mark Holt on a private plane in Henderson, Nev. (Video: Hal de Becker III)
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-Holt said he still wasn’t sure. He wanted to talk with Judd first.
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-A week later, on Feb. 24, they got on the phone.
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-“Jeff lives high up on the mountain,” Jager explained, his voice tinny as he merged the conference call. “And sometimes cell service isn’t great.”
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-“All right,” Holt said. “Awesome. Okay. This is *the* Jeff Judd, huh?”
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-“Jeff Judd from a long time ago,” Judd replied, laughing.
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-They spent a few minutes catching up on all that had transpired since their graduation from Bonanza High — how Judd had gone to Chile for his mission trip, while Holt had been sent to Portugal. How Judd’s 23-year-old son [was a professional soccer player](https://mobile.twitter.com/prestonjudd10/status/1487996291669843969) for the LA Galaxy, while Holt had a 1-year-old at home, with a second child on the way. Then they turned to business.
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-Judd explained that he had “$475 million under management.”
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-“It’s changed a lot of people’s lives,” Judd said, because the returns are so good. “I wasn’t greedy when I did that. I mean, we pay a high percentage. So my thought process was, ‘It’s not my money. I’m going to make my money on each deal. Then why wouldn’t I pay out a high percentage?’ So that’s the way we set it up.”
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-Judd hit the same points as Jongeward and Jager — little risk, high reward. Holt pretended to mull it over. He said he was considering investing $2 million, to start.
-
-That’d be no problem, Judd agreed.
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-Within a week, the FBI was at Judd’s door. And then they were at Beasley’s.
-
-### 
-
-‘Hey, Dad’
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-The FBI negotiator couldn’t persuade Beasley to surrender.
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-Beasley’s 22-year-old son joined the effort to end the standoff, now in its fourth hour. He’d recorded a message for his father, but Beasley refused to listen to it.
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-Slouched in the entryway, the floor scattered with broken glass from the front door, he fingered the loaded gun. He’d bought the pistol just before his son’s birth, he told the FBI, so he could protect him, no matter what.
-
-Now, Beasley wasn’t sure he could stand up. He’d lost a lot of blood and was in shock. He told the negotiator that he couldn’t face his family.
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-“Your son is still here,” the negotiator said. “He refuses to leave. … Do you want to hear his message?”
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-Finally, Beasley agreed. Over the phone, he heard a recording of his son’s voice: *Hey, Dad, it’s me. … \[We\] are waiting for you outside. I love you and need you to come out. … Everything is going to be okay.*
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-Outside, darkness had fallen. Floodlights were aimed at the house, and the SWAT team was finally ordered to enter and bring Beasley out in handcuffs.
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-He was taken to a hospital before being charged with assault on a federal officer.
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-Since then, he’s been held at Nevada Southern Detention Center in Pahrump, a windblown swath of high desert about 60 miles west of Las Vegas.
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-No criminal charges have been filed against anyone else, including Judd, Humphries, Jager and Jongeward.
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-“We do not comment on potential charges,” said Trisha Young, a spokeswoman for the U.S. attorney’s office in Las Vegas.
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-In an interview with The Post, Beasley said he figures more charges were probably coming.
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-“Almost everything about the shooting has been misrepresented,” Beasley said. “Considering the only charges I have are related to the shooting, I guess I don’t have a problem with being the only one incarcerated. I assume that once charges on the alleged financial crimes come down that I won’t be alone. It is simply illogical to think otherwise.”
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-At Beasley’s initial court appearance, on March 8, his attorney argued that his standoff with the FBI had been a result of a “one-time extreme emotional crisis” and asked that he be released.
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-But Tony Lopez, chief of the white-collar crime section at the U.S. attorney’s office in Las Vegas, objected.
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-“This nine-figure Ponzi scheme is what made the defendant hole up in his house for four hours until the FBI had to literally drag him out,” Lopez told the judge. “He was willing to take his own life rather than answer for his actions.”
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-The consequences of those actions were wreaking havoc on the lives of hundreds of people across the country, including Beasley’s own loved ones.
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-Less than three weeks after the FBI raid, Beasley’s wife divorced him. She moved out of the house on Ruffian Road, which was seized along with millions of dollars in other assets to help repay investors.
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-To support their two younger sons, Beasley’s attorney said in court, his wife had gotten a job working 5 a.m. to 1:30 p.m., Sunday through Thursday. And his oldest son — who had once described his father as his greatest hero on his biography for his university soccer team — had left college to help out at home.
-
-### 
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-‘Survival mode’
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-The mansion had a towering entryway with a chandelier that cast rainbows against the walls on sunny days. It had a soccer field and a basketball court and more garages than most families would ever need.
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-Ann Mabeus hoped this house would save her.
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-It was mid-November, and she was still reeling from the collapse of J&J.
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-She’d been renting a house across town for herself and her kids, but she’d fallen behind on the $3,890 monthly payments. The $3,600 she received in child support each month wasn’t enough to pay her bills.
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-Her church had helped, paying two months of rent and providing donated groceries, which she picked up at the Bishops’ Storehouse, a 24-mile drive away. But Mabeus didn’t have health insurance. She couldn’t afford birthday parties for the kids. She needed to start earning an income again.
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-“I don’t have time to be angry,” Mabeus said. “I’m in survival mode. Everything in my life has to change. I have to learn how to make money.”
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-She’d decided to become a real estate agent. If she sold this mansion — owned by someone whose children she’d home-schooled during the pandemic and who had since moved to Florida — she’d make enough on commission to pay her debts and float her family for a few more months, until she could list more houses.
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-On a dark-skied afternoon just before Thanksgiving, she drove toward a real estate firm, where she’d enrolled in a home-selling course. Outside, the palm trees whipped in the wind, winter rain splashing against the arid ground.
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-Mabeus felt like she was foundering. She often woke up in the middle of the night, panicked and anxious.
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-In class, a presenter promised the aspiring real estate agents that prospecting karma — making connections to sell houses — was a thing.
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-Mabeus rested her chin in her hand, her mind wandering. She had a lot left to do to get the mansion listed and sold. She needed to get landscapers in and a dumpster out. She needed to get an exterior light fixed and the dust and debris swept out of the hallways.
-
-After the class ended, she drove back to the huge house. In the driveway, she checked her cellphone. A friend had texted, asking how she was doing. She set her phone down without replying.
-
-### 
-
-Fearing eviction
-
-In mid-January, Mabeus arrived home to a pink notice on the garage door of her rental.
-
-She’d fallen behind on all her bills, she said. Her bank account was overdrawn. She’d racked up nearly $10,000 in credit card debt. The internet had been shut off, and the electricity was next. She was considering filing for bankruptcy. Her 17-year-old son — with $201.12 in his checking account — had more to his name than she did.
-
-Now, this notice was threatening eviction.
-
-Mabeus had a week to pay the two months of rent she’d missed or risk being booted from her home. She couldn’t afford to pay the $7,780, but she also couldn’t afford to move. A new place meant another deposit and first month’s rent.
-
-The mansion with the chandelier was still a week or so away from being [listed](https://www.aryeo.com/v2/12-highland-creek-dr-henderson-nv-89052-3325672/branded).
-
-She counted the cash in her wallet: $54.
-
-Online, she applied for teaching jobs, food stamps, housing assistance. She had a master’s degree, but couldn’t get a call back about work.
-
-Mabeus’s bishop held an emergency meeting. The church would pay her back rent and take care of the utilities, he told her, but he wanted the family in something cheaper, like a two-bedroom apartment, before her lease ran out on March 1. She had six weeks to figure it out, and she was determined to do so.
-
-On New Year’s Eve, Mabeus had jotted down a list of goals for 2023 in a note on her cellphone. She scrolled through the list again. The final one was the most important. It read: “Stand on my own two feet.”
-
-**About this story**
-
-*Las Vegas investigative reporter* [*Jeff German*](https://www.reviewjournal.com/local/local-las-vegas/private-and-passionate-jeff-german-loved-his-work-sports-and-family-2645286/) *was slain outside his home on Sept. 2*; *a Clark County official he had investigated is* [*charged in his death*](https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/09/08/las-vegas-journalist-murder-charge/?itid=lk_inline_manual_174)*. To continue German’s work, The Washington Post teamed up with his newspaper, the Las Vegas Review-Journal, to complete one of the stories he’d planned to pursue before* [*his killing*](https://www.reviewjournal.com/crime/homicides/review-journal-investigative-reporter-jeff-german-killed-outside-home-2634323/)*. A folder on German’s desk contained court documents he’d started to gather about an alleged Ponzi scheme that left hundreds of victims – many of them Mormon – in its wake. Post reporter Lizzie Johnson began investigating, working with Review-Journal photographer Rachel Aston.*
-
-*Editing by Lynda Robinson, photo editing by Benjamin Hager and Mark Miller, copy editing by Frances Moody and Christopher Rickett, design by Tara McCarty, design editing by Christian Font. Razzan Nakhlawi contributed to this report.*
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-Link: https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119
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-# Ancient inhabitants of the Basin of Mexico kept an accurate agricultural calendar using sunrise observatories and mountain alignments
-
-Edited by Linda Manzanilla, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Mexico, D.F., Mexico; received September 12, 2022; accepted November 11, 2022
-
-December 12, 2022
-
-119 (51) e2215615119
-
-## Significance
-
-Without the navigational and calendric instruments of the 16th century Europeans (like gnomon, compass, quadrant, or astrolabe), the inhabitants of the Basin of Mexico were able to keep an accurate agricultural calendar that allowed them to plan their agricultural cycle to feed one of the largest population densities on Earth, as well as maintaining rituals associated to the solar seasons. To achieve this, they used the rugged topography of the Basin as a precise solar observatory and also built a high-altitude stone causeway for accurate adjustments of their calendar to the solar year. These results underscore how a similar goal, such as adjusting the length of the calendar to the solar year, could be achieved with widely different technologies.
-
-## Abstract
-
-In the hot dry spring of monsoon-driven environments, keeping an accurate calendar to regulate the annual planting of crops is of critical importance. Before the Spanish conquest, the Basin of Mexico had a highly productive farming system able to feed its very large population. However, how they managed to keep their farming dates in synchrony with the solar year is not known. In this paper, we show that the observation of sunrise against the Basin’s eastern horizon could have provided an accurate solar calendar and that some important sunrise landmarks coincide well with the themes of seasonal festivities described in early codices. We also show that a long stone causeway in the summit of Mount Tlaloc aligns perfectly with the rising sun on February 23 to 24, in coincidence with the Basin’s new year in the Mexica calendar. Third, we demonstrate that, when viewed from the sacred Mount Tepeyac in the bottom of the Basin, sunrise aligns with Mount Tlaloc also on February 24. The importance of Mount Tlaloc as a calendric landmark seems to be corroborated by illustrations and texts in ancient Mexica codices. Our findings demonstrate that by using carefully developed alignments with the rugged eastern horizon, the inhabitants of the Basin of Mexico were able to adjust their calendar to keep in synchrony with the solar year and successfully plan their corn harvests.
-
-### Sign up for PNAS alerts.
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-
-In 1519, at the time of the arrival of the Spanish invaders to the Basin of Mexico, the people in the region ran a sophisticated system of agriculture that was able to feed its large human population, estimated by different studies between 1 and 3 million ([1](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r1)). Successful farming in central and western Mesoamerica depended critically on the ability to keep an accurate calendar to predict the seasons. Apart from the wet tropics of the coastal plains of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, all other regions of Mesoamerica, namely the Mexican Altiplano, the Balsas Basin, and the seasonally dry ecosystems of the Pacific slopes of Mexico, share a highly cyclical precipitation pattern with a dry spring followed by a monsoon-type rainy season in summer and early fall. Precipitation-wise, the most unpredictable time of the year is mid-, and in some parts late, spring; the “arid fore-summer” that precedes the arrival of the Mexican monsoon ([Fig. 1](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#fig01) and [*SI Appendix*, Fig. S1](http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#supplementary-materials)). Planting too early, following the cue of a first haphazard early rain, can be disastrous if the true rainy season does not continue. Waiting to plant late, after the monsoon season has clearly started, can expose the corn field, or *milpa*, to an overly short growing season and will also put the crop under competition from weeds that have already germinated. Wild plants in these highly seasonal ecosystems often have traits that allow them to hedge the risk of a false moisture cue. Annual plants often have heteromorphic seeds, some of which germinate with a single rain pulse while others remain dormant and germinate after successive rainfall events ([2](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r2)). Other plants have lignified seed-retention structures that release seeds gradually into the environment as the dry spring progresses ([3](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r3)). Finally, woody perennials often flower in the dry early spring in response to photoperiod, independently of moisture availability, and shed their seeds in late spring or early summer (May–June) when the monsoon season is starting ([4](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r4)). In this latter group, the physiological ability to detect the season independently of precipitation cues is critically important to avoid premature germination. Accurate timekeeping must have also been strategically critical for pre-Hispanic farmers, who, in order to be successful, had to prepare the *milpa* fields before the onset of the monsoon rains and plant as early as possible while, at the same time, being able to disregard false early rainfall signals. In the 16th century, Diego Durán ([5](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r5)) noted the importance that the native calendar had for these communities “to know the days in which they had to sow and harvest, till, and cultivate the corn field.” He also noted as “a very remarkable fact” that the Mexica farmers followed strictly the calendrically based instruction of the elders to plant and harvest their fields and would not start their farming activities without their approval.
-
-Fig. 1.
-
-![](https://www.pnas.org/cms/10.1073/pnas.2215615119/asset/fce2081e-164e-4a0b-9a75-522d4c837988/assets/images/large/pnas.2215615119fig01.jpg)
-
-(*A*) Precipitation pattern in the Basin of Mexico. Blue points: monthly means; orange points: monthly modes; blue shaded area: ±1 SE; light blue area: ±1 SD. (*B*) Pearson skewness, a measure of risk from rare extreme events. Note the high skewness of the dry spring months, March to mid-May (data from years 1952 to 2016, Weather station 9020 Pedregal, *Comisión Nacional del Agua*, Mexico).
-
-Because of the calendar’s importance for societal organization, the early chroniclers of Aztec, or Mexica, civilization, in particular, Bernardino de Sahagún ([6](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r6)) and Diego Durán ([5](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r5)), left behind detailed descriptions of their calendar system. They both underscored the precision of the method used to keep track of seasons and the fact that the Mexica were well aware of the need to adjust their calendar by adding an extra day every four years to the annual count in order to keep the march of the seasons in tune with their calendrical computation. However, other early chroniclers such as Motolinía ([7](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r7)), as well as modern researchers ([8](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r8)–[10](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r10)), have doubted that the Mexica could have had a leap-year count system, and the debate continues to this day. Nevertheless, many modern researchers that doubt the existence of a systematic leap-year count concede that the Mexica calendar was not out of phase with seasonal change along the solar year and that some nonsystematic mechanism must have existed for adjusting the calendar system at irregular intervals ([11](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r11)). The renowned Mexican historian Rafael Tena ([12](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r12)) concluded that “this fascinating problem remains unresolved and open to discussion.”
-
-In order to adjust their calendar, the Mexica would have needed to know the position of the sun on particular dates of the solar year, a feat that could have been accomplished only by marking the sunrise (or sunset) bearing relative to a geographic landmark. Many studies have analyzed the alignment of temples and ceremonial centers with the sun’s azimuthal bearing at sunrise or sunset on culturally relevant dates, so the architectural orientation of major buildings such as the Templo Mayor, and in general the urban design, would reflect important calendar dates ([11](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r11)). This architectural design would have had a great symbolic, ritual, and cultural importance but would have not been the most accurate way of measuring the annual march of time because of parallax error: small shifts in the position of the observer relative to a building or ceremonial structure can project large errors in the distant horizon.
-
-Because Mesoamerican settlements were all located inside the tropics, i.e., south of latitude 23.5°N, the zenithal transition of the sun occurs here twice every year; first, in late May as the sun’s trajectory in the celestial sphere moves northward toward the summer solstice, and then back in late July, as the sun’s trajectory returns southward (the exact date of the zenithal transition depends on the latitude of the site). Two settlements south of the Basin of Mexico—Xochicalco and Monte Albán—had specially constructed “zenith tubes;” vertical shafts perforated on the rock or constructed inside large ceremonial buildings that would project direct sunlight onto an observation chamber belowground ([13](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r13), [14](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r14)). The projection of these solar flecks on the ground would have allowed observers to keep track of exact solar dates and, potentially, to use them for calendric adjustments ([15](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r15)–[17](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r17)). However, no evidence exists that zenith tubes were ever used in the Basin of Mexico, and many scholars believe that the calendar-keepers of Tenochtitlan directly used the sun’s position at sunrise against the prominent peaks on the basin’s mountainous horizon as calendrical landmarks, a “horizon calendar” that provided accurate indicators of specific dates along the solar year ([18](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r18), [19](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r19)).
-
-The use of the landscape as a calendric tool is based on the fact that because of the tilting of the Earth, the point in the horizon from where the sun rises shifts day-to-day along the year ([18](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r18)). In reality, the sun rises due east only during the equinoxes (near March 21 and September 22). In the Northern Hemisphere summer when the North Pole is tilted toward the sun, the sun in the Basin of Mexico will rise north of due east in the celestial horizon, reaching a compass bearing of ca. 65° during the summer solstice. Likewise, in winter, it will rise south of the 90° east bearing, reaching an azimuth of ca. 115° during the winter solstice. The azimuth angle of the sun on the celestial horizon at sunrise is a function of the declination of the Sun from the celestial equator at any given date and the latitude of the observation point ([20](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r20)). If the observer is on a fixed location, say, the Templo Mayor, then latitude is constant and the solar azimuth at sunrise becomes a direct function of the winter-to-summer declination of the sun, which is in turn a function of the date in the solar year. So, by looking at sunrise against a distant mountainous landscape from a fixed point, an observer can keep tab on the days in a year with minimal parallax error.
-
-Landscape features are still often used to mark calendric dates in many traditional villages. Despite modern communications and the standardization of calendric time, many communities still have ceremonies related to planting or harvest that are celebrated when sunrise or sunset is aligned with mountains that act as reference points ([21](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r21)). Using landscape silhouettes in the horizon as a means for keeping count of time and seasons has been so important in the past that some cultures have even built their own calendric reference points to use as a sunrise observatory in flat terrains, like the towers of Chankillo in north coastal Peru, built in the 4th century BCE ([22](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r22)). In the Basin of Mexico, as in many other parts of the Americas, the alignment of the rising sun with mountains seems to have been a common calendric and navigational tool. For example, the *Florentine Codex* ([6](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r6)) (book 11, Eighth Chapter) describes how mineral experts used the alignment of sunrise against surrounding mountains to mark and relocate mineral deposits ([*SI Appendix*, Fig. S2](http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#supplementary-materials)).
-
-## Goals and Hypotheses
-
-The central hypothesis of this study is that the eastern mountain landscape of the Basin of Mexico played a central role as a tool for adjusting the calendar system to the solar year. Many studies have explored the symbolic and ritual importance of mountains as calendric tools. In contrast, we will concentrate on the ecological and agricultural importance of the Basin’s landscape as a tool for accurate calendric adjustments. Our study concentrates on the *xiuhpohualli* or “year count,” the solar calendar that regulated the cycles of agriculture ([*SI Appendix*, endnote 2](http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#supplementary-materials)). We explore four hypotheses: a) The eastern horizon landmarks could have provided a series of reference points that would have allowed the adjustment of the agricultural calendar to the solar year. b) There is evidence in the texts of early chroniclers and codices that the Mexica people were indeed using horizon landmarks to follow the dates of the solar year. c) An ancient construction in the summit of Mount Tlaloc seems to have been used as a fixed solar observatory built for the purpose of calendric adjustments. d) Before the foundation of Tenochtitlan and the establishment of the Aztec dominion in the Basin of Mexico, other large agricultural civilizations that preceded them were also using the Basin’s mountainous horizon for calendric purposes.
-
-## Results
-
-### Sunrise Alignments.
-
-The mountainous landscape east of the Basin of Mexico offers some important topographic markers that could have been used by Mexica astronomers for calendrical purposes. For example, viewed from the top of the Templo Mayor, sunrise during the winter solstice would have broken at an azimuth of 116°22′ and an angular elevation of 3°20′ behind Mount Tehuicocone, a prominence on the northern slope the great Iztaccíhuatl volcano and very close to the “head” of the volcano’s “sleeping woman” silhouette ([Table 1](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#t01) and [Fig. 2*B*](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#fig02)). During the summer solstice, the sun would have been seen rising behind the settlement of Tepetlaoxtoc, in the foothills of the low Sierra de Patlachique, north-east of Texcoco, with an azimuth of 65°04′ and an angular elevation of 10′. On March 16 and September 30, the sun would have been seen rising behind the peak of Mount Tlaloc, close to due east, with an azimuth of 93°17′ and an angular elevation of 2°51′. Finally, on March 1 and October 15, the sun would have been seen rising behind the peak of Mount Telapón with an azimuth of 98°55′ and an angular elevation of 2°45′ (all dates in this study follow the Gregorian calendar established in 1582, not the Julian Calendar used by early 16th century scholars and chroniclers, which differed at that time by 10 d).
-
-Table 1.
-
-Sunrise alignment dates (Gregorian calendar days) between the three main astronomical observation sites in the Basin of Mexico and seven conspicuous landmarks on the Basin’s eastern horizon
-
-|   | Observatories |  |  |
-| --- | --- | --- | --- |
-| Horizon landmarks | Tepeyac | Templo Mayor | Cuicuilco |
-|   | Spring semester (Jan–June) |  |  |
-| Tlamacas | 12-Apr | 1-May | – |
-| Monte Tlaloc | 24-Feb | 16-Mar | 28-Apr |
-| Telapon | 7-Feb | 1-Mar | 14-Apr |
-| Papayo | 7-Jan | 6-Feb | 24-Mar |
-| Iztaccihuatl (head) | – | – | 20-Feb |
-| Iztaccihuatl (peak) | – | – | 18-Feb |
-| Popocatepetl | – | – | – |
-|   | Fall semester (July–December) |  |  |
-| Tlamacas | 2-Sep | 14-Aug | – |
-| Monte Tlaloc | 19-Oct | 30-Sep | 17-Aug |
-| Telapon | 5-Nov | 15-Oct | 31-Aug |
-| Papayo | 7-Dec | 6-Nov | 21-Sep |
-| Iztaccihuatl (head) | – | – | 23-Oct |
-| Iztaccihuatl (peak) | – | – | 25-Oct |
-| Popocatepetl | – | – | – |
-
-Fig. 2.
-
-![](https://www.pnas.org/cms/10.1073/pnas.2215615119/asset/bff76932-5391-4253-9f95-f3ee0aae7780/assets/images/large/pnas.2215615119fig02.jpg)
-
-The eastern horizon of the Basin of Mexico, as viewed from (*A*) Mount Tepeyac, (*B*) Templo Mayor, and (*C*) the pyramid of Cuicuilco. From NE to SE, labels highlight all major horizontal landmarks: Tlamacas (Tm), Mount Tlaloc (Tl), Telapon (Te), Papayo (Pa), Iztaccihuatl (Iz), and Popocatepetl (Po). The simulated solar disks indicate the position of the sun at dawn during the summer solstice (*Left*), equinox (*Center*), and winter solstice (*Right*). Horizon images were obtained using Google Earth©.
-
-Not all these landmark points, however, have the same resolution for the purpose of keeping count of the days in the solar year. The solar azimuth at sunrise will vary at the latitude of the Basin of Mexico from summer to winter forming a wave-like function along the year. The changes in azimuth from one day to the next—i.e., the azimuthal shifts, or difference between the sunrise azimuth one day and that of the previous day—form a similarly shaped function displaced ca. 91 d ([*SI Appendix*, Fig. S3](http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#supplementary-materials)). During the spring equinox the daily azimuthal shift at sunrise will be −0.418° (−25′ d−1). During the fall equinox the azimuthal shift will be numerically similar but opposite in sign (25′ d−1). Near the summer and winter solstices, sunrise will seem to stand still for some 10 d, shifting its sunrise azimuth in 2′ or less per day and appearing to rise in the horizon from the same spot (hence the name *solsticium* in Latin). The angular size of the sun’s disk is ca. 31′, a value only slightly larger than the daily shift in sunrise azimuth during the equinox (25′). This means that an observer seeing the sun rise behind a horizon landmark near the equinox—like, for example, Mount Tlaloc—would see sunrise azimuths shift daily by a value that is 81% as large as the sun’s apparent diameter. In simple terms, there is only 1 d in the spring and 1 d in the fall in which the sun can be seen rising exactly behind Mount Tlaloc. In contrast, during the solstices, when the sun reaches its maximum declination, the sunrise azimuth varies in less than 2′, that is, one-fifteenth of the angular size of the solar disk, an amount that is not perceptible to the naked eye. For a Mexica astronomer following the calendric horizon, during late December and late June, the point of sunrise would seem to stand unchanging for at least 10 d.
-
-It seems, then, reasonable to assume that Mexica astronomers keeping a record of the calendric horizon would have used Mount Tlaloc, the horizontal point of reference nearest to the equinox, as their fundamental tool for calendar counts and calendric adjustments, because this landmark would have given them maximum calendric precision. Following this approach, the number of days in a year could be counted from the day that the sun rises behind Mount Tlaloc in spring to the next springtime sunrise behind Mount Tlaloc. The count would be 365 d: the 18 Mexica “months” of 20 d each plus the 5 *nemontemi*, or “useless” days, at the end of the year. But anyone keeping count of days this way would observe a gradual displacement of the sun’s sunrise position because the true length of the solar year is closer to 365.2422 d. After four years, adding an extra *nemontemi* day to adjust the day count to the horizon calendar would have been necessary in order to keep the sun rising behind the peak of Mount Tlaloc for the same day of the year. This hypothesized adjustment using the distant horizon, however, is only possible, as discussed above, if a landmark point near the equinox is used for the calendric adjustments, so that the precise day of the year can be identified without error.
-
-### Corroborating Evidence: The Florentine Codex.
-
-According to Sahagún’s 1575 description ([6](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r6)), the new year in the Basin of Mexico started on February 2 of the Julian Calendar in use at that time, which translates to February 12 of our current Gregorian calendar. However, comparing dates of historical events between 1519 and 1521 that were recorded both in Mexica codices and in Spanish chronicles, Tena ([23](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r23)) estimated that at the time of the arrival of the first Europeans to Mexico, the first month of the Mexica calendar, *Atlcahualo*, began on February 13 of the Julian calendar or February 23 of the Gregorian calendar. In later papers ([12](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r12), [24](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r24)), Tena added three more days to compensate for the suppression of leap days in the secular years of 1700, 1800, and 1900, arguing that the Mexica calendar year started on February 26. Although his recent correction might be relevant to convert modern dates into the Mexica calendar, it seems clear that in the 16th Century, when the Gregorian calendar was established, the Mexica year started on February 23.
-
-Following Tena’s chronography, viewed from the Templo Mayor sunrise aligned with Mount Tlaloc 5 d before the equinox, at the end of *Atlcahualo*. In his description of the Mexica calendar, Sahagún ([6](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r6)) noted that on *Atlcahualo* the Mexica “celebrated a feast \[…\] to the Tlaloc gods, whom they held to be gods of rain.” The tributes to Tlaloc continued during the dry fore-summer: Sahagún also narrates that at the beginning of the third month—*Tozoztontli* ca. April 4—“a feast was made to a god called Tlaloc, who is the god of rains.” The clear association between Tlaloc, the equinox, and the dry springtime supports the assumption that sunrise behind Mount Tlaloc, viewed from Tenochtitlan, marked the highpoint of Mesoamerica’s premonsoon dry spring and led the people of the Basin to plead to Tlaloc for the arrival of the rains.
-
-Similarly, according to Tena’s chronography, the summer solstice took place toward the end of the sixth month, called *Etzalqualiztli*. At that time, sunrise would have seemed to stand still at an azimuth of ca. 65°. Viewed from the top of the Templo Mayor, sunrise would have taken place behind Tepetlaoxtoc, in the western foothills of the Sierra de Patlachique, across the briny waters of Lake Texcoco where the Basin’s saltworks were ([25](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r25)–[27](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r27)). In coincidence, the first day of the seventh month, called *Tecuilhuitontli*, was devoted to a celebration in honor of *Huixtocihuatl*, the goddess of salt. Close to the summer solstice bearing, further east from the salty lakeshores, there were fertile agricultural terraces with cultivated *milpas*, or cornfields. Sahagún noted that in the eighth month, called *Huey Tecuilhuitl*, the goddess of fresh corn, *Xilonen*, or *Chicomecoatl*, was also celebrated. It does not seem coincidental that the name of Chiconcuac, a settlement found along this summer sunrise view, is derived from the name of this goddess.
-
-The winter solstice occurred close to the beginning of the 16th month, *Atemoztli*, a time in which sunrise seems to stand still at its southernmost azimuth of ca. 116°, on the northern slope of the Iztaccíhuatl volcano, the “sleeping woman” (the name Iztaccíhuatl in Nahuatl means “white woman,” in allusion to the snow-covered silhouette as seen from the Templo Mayor). According to Sahagún, the beginning of the following month, called *Tititl*, was devoted to celebrating *Ilama Tecuhtli* (the Great Lady), also known as *Tona* (Our Mother). The correlation between sunrise close to the woman-like volcano and the celebration of womanhood in general is striking.
-
-In summary, there seems to be a noteworthy association between some elements of the horizon calendar and the feasts and celebrations of each season: the arid spring equinox, when the sun rises behind Mount Tlaloc, was associated with Tlaloc, the god of water and rain. The summer solstice, when sunrise occurs behind the distant salty shores of Lake Texcoco, was associated with salt and summer corn. Finally, the winter equinox, when the sun rises at the side of Iztaccihuatl, the sleeping woman, was associated with womanhood and female gods.
-
-### The Causeway of Mount Tlaloc.
-
-The previous analysis suggests a correlation between the Mexica calendar and the topographic elements of the Basin’s eastern horizon but leaves an important question unanswered, namely that of the calendric role of Mount Tlaloc. It seems very clear that the horizon calendar, as viewed from Tenochtitlan’s Templo Mayor, should have relied strongly on the date of the sun rising behind Mount Tlaloc, as this mountain could have provided, better than any other, the accuracy needed for the precise estimation of the length of the solar year and for leap year adjustments. However, none of the 16th century codices and manuscripts consulted for this study describe this phenomenon in a direct and clear manner, other than a general mention in Sahagún that at the beginning of the third month, close to the alignment date of sunrise with Mount Tlaloc, a feast was made to Tlaloc, the god of rains. If the alignment of sunrise with Mount Tlaloc was indeed an important calendric landmark when viewed from Templo Mayor, a clear mention could have been expected in the ancient codices, including the question of why did the Mexica not use the Mount Tlaloc alignment to mark the beginning of the new year. The answer to this paradox may lie in the ruins of the ceremonial center found at Mount Tlaloc’s peak.
-
-The summit of Mount Tlaloc is crowned by a rectangular walled enclosure about 40 m east–west by 50 m north–south ([Figs. 3*A*](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#fig03) and [4](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#fig04)). This courtyard, or *tetzacualo*, consists of stone walls that have been estimated to have been 2 to 3 m high when originally built, with a ca. 94° east-west azimuth ([28](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r28), [29](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r29)). The eastern side of the precinct opens to a 150 m-long, ca. 6 m-wide, walled straight causeway that has an azimuthal bearing of 101°55′, offset more than 8°southward from the roughly east–west bearing of the enclosure ([Fig. 3*B*](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#fig03)). Because the causeway runs downslope on the western side of the peak, some researchers have wondered whether the causeway was intentionally misaligned with the axis of the enclosure in order to accommodate a particular orientation to the setting sun ([30](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r30), [31](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r31)).
-
-Fig. 3.
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-![](https://www.pnas.org/cms/10.1073/pnas.2215615119/asset/9f5511b0-9be8-4d82-a3f6-bdabc1ac17c7/assets/images/large/pnas.2215615119fig03.jpg)
-
-(*A*) The Mount Tlaloc square courtyard (*tetzacualo*) and stone causeway, photographed using a drone on February 24, 2022. (*B*) Downslope view of the causeway from the *tetzacualo* toward the Basin of Mexico, with Mount Tepeyac indicated (not clearly visible otherwise in the smog of Mexico City). (*C*) Upslope view of sunrise from the base of the causeway toward the *tetzacualo* on February 25, 2022, at 7:20 h Mexico City time (GMT-6). (*D*) Sunrise viewed from Mount Tepeyac on February 26, 2022, at 7:10 h. Note that, because the alignment date was 2 d earlier, the rising sun is displaced ca. 1° north of the peak of Mount Tlaloc, visible in the distance. Photo credits: Ben Fiscella Meissner.
-
-Fig. 4.
-
-![](https://www.pnas.org/cms/10.1073/pnas.2215615119/asset/cf51958f-b311-420f-b7a1-f215679d212a/assets/images/large/pnas.2215615119fig04.jpg)
-
-(*A*) The Mount Tlaloc square courtyard (*tetzacualo*) and stone causeway, vertical projection elaborated from a drone digital image. The stone circle in the upper causeway (S) and the rock platform where Tlaloc’s monolith stood (T), visible in the drone image, together with the dugout well (W), are marked for reference. (*B*) An elevation plan, or longitudinal section, along the main axis of the causeway, shows the angular elevation of the celestial bearing. (*C*) Upslope view along the causeway, showing the alignment of Tlaloc’s monolith in the courtyard with the center of the stone circle in the upper causeway and the existing stone marker in the entrance below.
-
-If viewed upslope, the azimuthal bearing of Mount Tlaloc’s causeway (101°55′) and the angular elevation of 4°02′ above the celestial horizon (allowing for the height of the viewer’s eyes) defines a point in the celestial sphere that aligns with the sun’s apparent position on February 23 to 24 each year. That is, an observer standing at the lower end of the causeway will see the rising sun appear in the center of the upper part of the stone ramp on February 23 or 24, after the last *nemontemi* day and in synchrony with the beginning of Basin’s new year as defined by Tena’s first chronology ([Fig. 3*C*](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#fig03) and [*SI Appendix*, Figs. S4 and S5](http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#supplementary-materials)). The causeway seems to have been constructed as a calendric solar marker with a celestial bearing that allows for leap-year adjustments and indicates the end of the year and the beginning of a new solar year. The idea that the structure was used for precise astronomical observations is further reinforced by the fact that it seems to have had specific sight markers to avoid parallax error. Wicke and Horcasitas ([32](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r32)) described that the causeway had a stone circle in its upper end where, presumably, a monolith could have stood. Correspondingly, it still has a stone square with an erect, 40-cm monolith in its lower end. Jointly, they could have been used as alignment markers (similar to the iron sights of a gun) to further improve alignment accuracy. Almost a century ago, Rickards ([33](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r33)) described the presence of a monolith with the figure of Tlaloc in the center of the *tetzacualo* and aligned with the causeway, as had been described earlier by Durán ([5](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r5)). Although the figure has been removed since ([31](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r31)), it could have functioned as yet another element for precise solar alignments ([Fig. 4](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#fig04)).
-
-The importance of Mount Tlaloc as a solar observatory is enhanced by the fact that the two largest peaks of the Mexican Transversal Volcanic Axis east of the Basin of Mexico are visible from its peak and almost perfectly aligned. Viewed from the center of the stone courtyard, the nearest peak, Matlalcuéyetl or Malinche (19°13.70′, −98°01.94′) has an azimuth of 105°52.7′ while Citlaltépetl or Pico de Orizaba (19°01.78′, −97°16.15′) has an azimuth 105°26.5′. Because the azimuthal difference between the two peaks is less than the angular width of the sun’s disk, viewed at dawn they will seem like a single mountain with two close crests, where sunrise would be seen on February 10. In short, the causeway in Mount Tlaloc marks very precisely the beginning of the Mexica solar year, but the summit courtyard could have been used to identify a precise alignment 15 d before the beginning of the year, during *Izcalli*—the last month of the Mexica calendar.
-
-Ceramic fragments are common in and around the enclosure, and these fragments have been collected by archeologists and dated to the Mesoamerican Classical Period, early Toltec, and Mexica, suggesting that the site was used for ceremonies from the beginning of the Common Era to the collapse of the Mexica Empire in the 16th century ([34](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r34), [35](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r35)). Although the constructions have not been dated with precision, early chroniclers reported that the sanctuary in Mount Tlaloc was used by the Toltecs before the 7th century CE ([36](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r36)) and by the Chichimecs in the 12th century, before the arrival of the Aztecs to the Basin ([37](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r37)). It seems likely, then, that the astronomical use and significance of the Mount Tlaloc causeway, and hence the beginning of the Mesoamerican calendar, preceded the founding of Tenochtitlan and the development of the Mexica civilization.
-
-### Solar Alignment with Tepeyac.
-
-Broda ([21](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r21)) noted that the causeway of Mount Tlaloc points toward Mount Tepeyac, a hill that emerges from the Basin’s sediments south of the Sierra de Guadalupe, a range of basaltic mountains in the center of the Basin of Mexico. Indeed, when viewed from Tepeyac, Mount Tlaloc has an azimuth of 100°54′, very close to the bearing of the causeway on Tlaloc’s peak and an elevation of 2°38′ ([Fig. 2*A*](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#fig02)). Mount Tepeyac (2,280 m) is the southernmost hill of the Sierra de Guadalupe, only 4 km northeast and 7 km east of the pre-Hispanic settlements of Tlatelolco and Azcapotzalco. According to Sahagún ([6](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r6)), the hill had been a place of worship and pilgrimage for the inhabitants of the Basin long before the Spanish Conquest.
-
-Broda’s observation suggests a visual alignment of calendric importance may have existed between the Tepeyac ranges and Mount Tlaloc. Indeed, sunrise alignment with Mount Tlaloc occurs on February 24 (Gregorian date) if viewed from Mount Tepeyac. Like the alignment in the summit’s causeway, the Mount Tepeyac solar alignment date corresponds with that of the causeway and also heralds the beginning of Tena’s new year ([Fig. 3*D*](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#fig03)). It can be hypothesized, then, that before the Mexica built the Templo Mayor, the inhabitants of the Basin of Mexico were using the alignment between Tepeyac and Mount Tlaloc as a fundamental landmark in their horizon calendar. They could have adjusted with precision their agricultural calendar to the solar year based on the sunrise alignment between Mount Tlaloc and Tepeyac.
-
-### Earlier Alignments of Calendric Significance.
-
-Agriculture was already well established in the Basin of Mexico by the first millennium BCE, largely around the Pre-classic Cuicuilco culture in the southwest of the Basin. The Cuicuilco civilization collapsed in the 3rd century CE when the Xitle volcano became active and covered the whole south of the Basin under a mantle of lava ([38](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r38)). Broda ([19](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r19)) has analyzed the horizon calendar as viewed from the main pyramid of Cuicuilco, built ca. 600 BCE, almost nine centuries before the apogee of the Mexica Empire. She concluded that the sunrise alignment with Mount Papayo (azimuth 89.18° when viewed from Cuicuilco) on March 24, close to the equinox, “could have constituted a simple and effective mechanism to adjust for the true length of the solar year, which needed a correction of 1 d every 4 y.” Broda’s studies on Cuicuilco provide strong evidence suggesting that rigorous calendric calculations and leap-year adjustments were at the heart of the development of Mesoamerican agricultural civilizations from very early times and were certainly very important in pre-Classical settlements. In addition to the equinoctial alignment of sunrise with Mount Papayo, the Cuicuilco observatory would have provided good calendric alignments with Mount Telapon (April 14) and with the “head” of the “sleeping woman” profile of the Iztaccihuatl volcano (February 20). The latter date is very close to Tena’s estimate for the beginning of the Mexica calendric year and, because of Iztaccihuatl’s majestic proportions when viewed from the south of the Basin, could also have constituted an important landmark for calendric adjustments ([Fig. 2*C*](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#fig02)).
-
-## Discussion and Conclusions
-
-Many early codices seem to validate the working hypothesis that Mount Tlaloc was instrumental in the establishment of the date of the Basin’s new year and in the adjustments necessary to keep the agricultural calendar in synchrony with the solar year. As discussed previously, Sahagún ([6](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r6)) described how *Atlcahualo*, the first month of the year, was devoted to celebrate the *Tlaloc* gods of rain. Similarly, in Duran’s ([5](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r5)) description of the *nemontemi* days, he reported that the year ended when a sign of the first day of the new year became visible above a mountain peak ([*SI Appendix*, Fig. S6](http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#supplementary-materials)), suggesting the use of a landmark alignment to indicate the beginning of the new year. Similar associations between Mount Tlaloc and the first day of the new year are shown in other ancient codices, such as Codex Tovar, Codex Borbonicus, and the Wheel of Boban ([*SI Appendix*, Figs. S7–S9](http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#supplementary-materials)). The narrow historical relationship between the first month Atlcahualo and Mount Tlaloc has been recently described in detail by Broda ([39](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r39)).
-
-From an ecological perspective, it seems clear that the rugged eastern horizon of the Basin provided precise landmarks that would have allowed to adjust the *xiuhpohualli*, the count of the years, with the true solar calendar. Sahagún’s description of the feasts and ceremonies associated with some of the Mexica “months,” or 20-d periods, coincides well with themes from landmarks visible in the sunrise horizon from the Templo Mayor. Because of its position near the equinox, when viewed from the center of the Basin, Mount Tlaloc seems to have played a very important calendric role. The long causeway at the summit strongly suggests that the ceremonial structure was used as a solar landmark, aligning very precisely with the rising sun on February 23 to 24 and October 19 to 20. The same alignment is found if Mount Tlaloc is viewed from Mount Tepeyac, a holy site whose use as a sacred mount and solar observation post preceded the establishment of the Mexica civilization in the Basin.
-
-These results confirm that, even without the celestial instruments used by Europeans at the time of their arrival (e.g., gnomon, compass, quadrant, and astrolabe), the people in the Basin of Mexico could maintain an extremely precise calendar that would have allowed for leap-year adjustments simply by using systematic observations of sunrise against the eastern mountains of the Basin of Mexico.
-
-## Methods
-
-### Calculation of Azimuths and Elevations.
-
-Coordinates for each site (latitude, longitude, and altitude) were obtained from georeferenced satellite images in Google Earth Pro©. These values were then validated against Mexico's National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics (INEGI) digital topographic charts on a scale of 1:20,000 ([https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/topografia/](https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/topografia/)) and against our own global positioning system (GPS) field readings ([*SI Appendix*, Table S1](http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#supplementary-materials)). Altitude estimations were validated by comparing specific points with NASA’s Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) data on the OpenAltimetry website ([https://openaltimetry.org/](https://openaltimetry.org/)). Spherical trigonometry formulae ([40](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r40)) were used to calculate haversine distance, azimuthal bearing, and angular elevation between pairs of points given the latitude, longitude, and altitude of each point ([*SI Appendix*, Table S2](http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#supplementary-materials)). The calculations were also validated by comparing them with published archeo-astronomic tables by Šprajc ([29](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r29)).
-
-### Astronomical Modeling.
-
-To calculate the position of the sun at any specific day and time, all dates were first converted to Julian Day numbers, a continuous count of days from the beginning of year −4712. The solar coordinates for each specific time were calculated using standard astronomical algorithms ([41](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r41), [42](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r42)), including a) the equation of Kepler (eccentric anomaly), b) solar longitude (corrected by the gravitational influence of the moon and planets), c) eccentricity of the Earth’s orbit, d) relative distance to the sun, e) obliquity of the elliptic, f) equation of time, and g) solar declination. Solar angular elevation values were corrected for atmospheric refraction ([43](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#r43)), assuming a mean atmospheric pressure of 76 kPa and an air temperature at sunrise of 10 °C. Finally, using spherical trigonometry, solar coordinates were converted to local azimuth and elevation coordinates for a specific site on the Earth’s surface. Simulating the position of the sun every second of the day and knowing the elevation of the landscape horizon above the celestial horizon, the time and azimuth of sunrise were calculated for each day of the year. The calculations were programmed in 64-bit Quick-Basic language (QB64; [https://qb64.com/](https://qb64.com/)) and compiled as a stand-alone executable program file for faster processing times. The results of our simulations were checked against NOAA’s Solar Position Calculator ([https://gml.noaa.gov/grad/solcalc/](https://gml.noaa.gov/grad/solcalc/)) to ensure that our results are robust and validate the model.
-
-### Field Validation.
-
-The predictions of the astronomical model were corroborated with field observations. On February 24, 2022, we ascended Mount Tlaloc, camped close to the peak, and climbed to the summit to explore the ancient ceremonial structure. The following day, we ascended the peak once again in the early morning, while still dark, to test the alignment of the rising sun with the stone-walled causeway. We also took ground-level and aerial drone images of the ruins. On the morning of February 26, we visited the sanctuary of Mount Tepeyac at dawn to confirm the alignment of sunrise ca. 1° north of Mount Tlaloc.
-
-## Data, Materials, and Software Availability
-
-All study data are included in the article and/or [*SI Appendix*](http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#supplementary-materials).
-
-## Acknowledgments
-
-E.E. thanks Irene Pisanty and Marisa Mazari, with whom he has maintained for years fruitful discussions and collaborations on the fascinating environmental history of the Basin of Mexico, and Gerardo Bocco for insightful ideas. We want to thank Bárbara Córcega for her logistic and financial support to the Mount Tlaloc expedition. This paper is a result of a sabbatical leave granted to E.E. by the University of California, Riverside, to study the ecology of pre-Hispanic agriculture in Mesoamerica.
-
-### Author contributions
-
-E.E. designed research; E.E., P.E., and B.M. performed research; E.E. and B.M. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; E.E. analyzed data; and E.E. and P.E. wrote the paper.
-
-### Competing interests
-
-The authors declare no competing interest.
-
-## Supporting Information
-
--   [Download](https://www.pnas.org/doi/suppl/10.1073/pnas.2215615119/suppl_file/pnas.2215615119.sapp.pdf)
--   2.08 MB
-
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-42
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-J. Meeus, *Astronomical Algorithms* (Willmann-Bell, Richmond, VA, 1991), p. 428.
-
-43
-
-I. Reda, A. Andreas, *Solar Position Algorithm for Solar Radiation Applications* (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Golden, Colorado, 2008), p. 33.
-
-## Information & Authors
-
-### Information
-
-#### Published in
-
-[![Go to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences](https://www.pnas.org/cms/asset/df8008f7-7e9e-4357-8990-e5c0f6bd0158/pnas.2022.119.issue-51.largecover.png)](https://www.pnas.org/toc/pnas/119/51 "Go to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences")
-
-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
-
-Vol. 119 | No. 51  
-December 20, 2022
-
-#### Classifications
-
-1.  [Social Sciences](https://www.pnas.org/topic/soc-sci)
-2.  [Environmental Sciences](https://www.pnas.org/topic/env-sci-soc)
-
-#### Copyright
-
-#### Data, Materials, and Software Availability
-
-All study data are included in the article and/or [*SI Appendix*](http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.2215615119#supplementary-materials).
-
-#### Submission history
-
-**Received**: September 12, 2022
-
-**Accepted**: November 11, 2022
-
-**Published online**: December 12, 2022
-
-**Published in issue**: December 20, 2022
-
-#### Keywords
-
-1.  [Basin of Mexico](https://www.pnas.org/action/doSearch?AllField=Basin+of+Mexico&stemming=yes&publication=pnas)
-2.  [Mesoamerican calendar](https://www.pnas.org/action/doSearch?AllField=Mesoamerican+calendar&stemming=yes&publication=pnas)
-3.  [pre-Hispanic farming](https://www.pnas.org/action/doSearch?AllField=pre-Hispanic+farming&stemming=yes&publication=pnas)
-4.  [Mount Tlaloc](https://www.pnas.org/action/doSearch?AllField=Mount+Tlaloc&stemming=yes&publication=pnas)
-
-#### Acknowledgments
-
-E.E. thanks Irene Pisanty and Marisa Mazari, with whom he has maintained for years fruitful discussions and collaborations on the fascinating environmental history of the Basin of Mexico, and Gerardo Bocco for insightful ideas. We want to thank Bárbara Córcega for her logistic and financial support to the Mount Tlaloc expedition. This paper is a result of a sabbatical leave granted to E.E. by the University of California, Riverside, to study the ecology of pre-Hispanic agriculture in Mesoamerica.
-
-##### Author Contributions
-
-E.E. designed research; E.E., P.E., and B.M. performed research; E.E. and B.M. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; E.E. analyzed data; and E.E. and P.E. wrote the paper.
-
-##### Competing Interests
-
-The authors declare no competing interest.
-
-#### Notes
-
-This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
-
-### Authors
-
-#### Affiliations
-
-Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521-0147
-
-Climate Science Alliance, San Diego, CA 92169
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-Independent Filmmaker/Photographer, Sioux Falls, SD 57104
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-#### Notes
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Andrew O’Hagan · Off His Royal Tits On Prince Harry · LRB 2 February 2023.md b/00.03 News/Andrew O’Hagan · Off His Royal Tits On Prince Harry · LRB 2 February 2023.md
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-
-Tag: ["🤵🏻", "🇬🇧", "👑"]
-Date: 2023-01-29
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-01-29
-Link: https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v45/n03/andrew-o-hagan/off-his-royal-tits
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-CollapseMetaTable: true
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-&emsp;
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-```button
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-&emsp;
-
-# Andrew O’Hagan · Off His Royal Tits: On Prince Harry · LRB 2 February 2023
-
-Penguins​ are super-parents. When the female provides dinner she doesn’t just reach for the pesto but launches herself into the treacherous, icy depths, returning with a stomach full of half-digested fish to be spewed down the gullet of her needy chick, His Fluffy Eminence, who is then installed in a creche so protective it makes the average nursery look like the workhouse in *Oliver Twist*. Yet, even for penguins, rejection comes: after the winter huddling and the pre-fledge commutes, the deep dives and the exhausting feeds, the mother will waddle off across the tundra, never to be seen by her children again. Abandonment, we understand, is not the deranging catastrophe that wrecks the child’s system of trust, but the crowning achievement of good parenting.
-
-Humans tend to take the whole waddling away thing quite badly. ‘When a child feels abandoned,’ D.W. Winnicott writes in *The Child, the Family and the Outside World,* he
-
-> becomes unable to play, and unable to be affectionate or to accept affection. Along with this, as is well known, there can be compulsive erotic activities. The stealing of deprived children who are recovering can be said to be part of the search for the transitional object, which had been lost through the death or fading of the internalised version of the mother.
-
-We can’t be sure of the effect of the lost mother on the king penguin, but we can be in no doubt that it matters greatly to England’s royal family. In his essay ‘The Place of the Monarchy’, Winnicott helps us gain traction on the problem: ‘It is in the personal inner psychic reality that the thing is destroyed,’ he writes. And later:
-
-> Whereas a monarchy can be founded on a thousand years of history, it could be destroyed in a day. It could be destroyed by false theory or by irresponsible journalism. It could be laughed out of existence by those who only see a fairy story or who see a ballet or a play when really they are looking at an aspect of life itself.
-
-Prince Harry’s mother died when he was twelve years old, and his search for the transitional object has been messed up ever since. In Tom Bradby’s interview with him for ITV, after Harry describes the crash in Paris he immediately speaks of not wanting the same thing to happen to his wife. ‘Shooting, shooting, shooting,’ is the way this ex-soldier describes the actions of the paparazzi that night. He has always believed that Diana was murdered by careless journalists pursuing her for personal profit, and he wants to get rid of these death-eaters before they get anywhere near his wife and children. Journalism for him is a profession opposed to truth. This seems so obvious to him that it acts as a gateway drug to everything else he believes. The art of biography appears to the prince to be a pane of clear glass through which the truth will finally be revealed to the reader. So here it comes: *The Corrections* by Harry Windsor, a postmodern social novel in which the author will confront the twisted evils that harass civilisation and be a living antidote to the poison spread by the *Daily Mail*. It’s an impressive scheme of outrage. Harry’s truth is a cartoon strip of saucy entertainments and shouty jeremiads masquerading as a critique of the establishment, and it simply couldn’t be more riveting. His truth – ‘my truth’ – is much better written than the *Mail*, though guddling in the same sad bogs on the same dark heaths of human experience. Really funny, though. We find him losing his virginity to a horsey woman round the back of a pub. We find him staying up half the night at Eton smoking smuggled-in weed. One time, he takes acid and is so off his royal tits he thinks he’s having a chat with a toilet seat. Another time, his cock nearly drops off at the South Pole when it gets frostbitten. He gets decked by his brother and falls onto a dog bowl, but doesn’t punch him back. Truth is everywhere. Truth is relentless. Truth is a noisy neighbour who just swallowed four disco biscuits and dragged his sound system into the garden for a bit of a social. What’s not to like?
-
-In a world of royal enchantment, competitive PR, national myth-making and pure lies, the truth – if played loud enough – can seem like a human right eclipsing all others, and Harry has worked himself up to the point where truth is life and life is truth. (He’s been in California for a while. He’ll get over it when the tax bill arrives.) The mantra comes towards you waving glow sticks. Harry will allow no contradiction and no variance – ‘Recollections may vary,’ the late queen said – and only when his wider family shows that it ‘deeply appreciates’ the truth of what he’s gone through will ‘reconciliation’ be possible. Harry says, in his Montecito meets TikTok kind of way, that ‘forgiveness is 100 per cent a possibility,’ and that he’s ‘open’ to helping the royal family understand its own unconscious bias. It must be quite annoying, if you’re them. You don’t have to be Baudrillard to feel that Harry’s idea of the truth is simplistic, and that he’s become a bit of a fundamentalist: anything that isn’t ‘my truth’ is automatically part of the big lie. Harry has set out to convince the world that his family are professional liars, with one or two saving graces, such as heavenly anointment. And he’s not wrong.
-
-Diana died in the full glare of the cameras, and Harry and his brother were forced to mourn her in that same light, an experience believed, in the popular mind, to be something that would bind them together for ever. It actually served to cast them out of each other’s sphere as they searched separately for their mother. Their father, a cultured, adult man in a permanent foetal crouch, couldn’t comfort them or share their feelings or join them in trying to alter the future.
-
-> Pa and I mostly coexisted. He had trouble communicating, trouble listening, trouble being intimate face to face. On occasion, after a long multi-course dinner, I’d walk upstairs and find a letter on my pillow. The letter would say how proud he was of me for something I’d done or accomplished. I’d smile, place it under my pillow, but also wonder why he hadn’t said this moments ago, while seated directly across from me … Pa confessed around this time that he’d been ‘persecuted’ as a boy … I remember him murmuring ominously: *I nearly didn’t survive.* How had he? Head down, clutching his teddy bear, which he still owned years later. Teddy went everywhere with Pa.
-
-In this fierce toboggan ride of a book, Harry never says that his mother is dead, only that she has ‘disappeared’. Photographs, images, pieces in the press, the proofs of his and his family’s specialness, are what obsess him and drive him into a spiral of confusion as he fights for control of his life. I would say, right off, that when a mother dies so publicly and so violently, the fight is likely to be with the sibling. Nobody actually shares their parent – that’s just an illusion – and even the healthiest of brothers are parrying with wooden swords. Each child wants to go back, fighting off all monsters, all observers and opportunists, all lovers and all brothers, to be alone with her again.
-
-There has never been a book like this, with its parcelling out of epic, one-sided truths. Most royal biographies, even the lively ones – his mother’s, his father’s, poor old Crawfie’s – were made airless by vapid writing, spurious genuflections before royal protocol, cringing vanity masquerading as public service. Harry does much less of that. He goes in for a Las Vegas-style treatment of the royal problem, with multiple sets, many costumes and guest appearances by everybody from Carl Jung to Elton John. There are overshared war experiences, bouts of snotty complaining, daddy issues, mummy issues, brother issues, bedroom-size issues, whose-palace-is-it-anyway issues, arguments about tiaras, Kate Middleton issues and todger-nearly-dropping-off-in-Harley-Street issues. Harry notarises his pees, his poos, his sweat and his bonks. He reveals the duff present his auntie Margaret gave him for Christmas (‘I was conversant with the general contours of her sad life’). He calls his brother bald. He has trouble showing affection without its being excessive (he hugs his therapist after one session, FedEx-ing the transference before session three) and barely introduces a person into the narrative before shortening their name and making them a ‘legend’. So, we have Chels, Cress, Euge and other colourfully abbreviated lives. Harry wants to love. He wants purpose. He’s nobody’s ‘spare’. He can never quite say it out loud, and neither could his aunt Margaret, but he’s pissed about being number two, and he takes all the unfairness and makes of it a Molotov cocktail. Take that, Camilla! Take that, courtiers and royal correspondents! Take that, Pa, from your ‘darling boy’! You can’t help agreeing with him half the time; the other half is spent worrying how he’ll ever make it through his life, as he mistakes his need to end his pain with the need for a global reset.
-
-Prince Harry has never read a book in his life, so his ghost writer, J.R. Moehringer, invites a round of applause every time he goes all Sartre or Faulkner. The latter provides this volume’s epigraph, ‘The past is never dead. It’s not even past,’ which Harry reveals he found on some brainy quote site on the web (‘Who the *fook* is Faulkner? And how’s he related to us Windsors?’). It’s quite thrilling, Harry as existentialist philosopher, and I was especially pleased with his Heidegger-like handling of the principal problems of time. ‘Could there really be Nothing after this?’ the homework-shy scrum-half writes. ‘Does consciousness, like time, have a stop?’ Such thoughts bring him closer to his mother. ‘Thinking Harry’ is now surrounded by the postcolonial writers we saw on his Netflix series, who are pushing him to enact his fantasy of being a standard-bearer for reformed racists turned brand ambassadors for what is right, what is fair and being Really Sorry about the Past.
-
-He has every right to be angry. People have been falling over themselves to say what a decent cove the king is, but what father – despite a lifetime of kowtowing to his own reality-strapped, unfeeling parents – would tell his 12-year-old in the middle of the night that his mother was dead, then leave him on his own in the bedroom until morning? What sort of father would make his boys march behind their mother’s coffin surrounded by people holding up cameras? Harry might live in a universe of grievances, but none of his family seems able to hug him, to placate him, to come to his side when the press is especially vile, and the combination of these things has been explosive. The queen stuck to tradition. She wouldn’t let William wear his army uniform on his wedding day. When Harry told her, alone by the tailgate of a Range Rover on the Sandringham estate, that he intended to marry Meghan Markle, she dubiously gave her assent, but didn’t embrace him or shake his hand, and I think this gives you the measure of the family. He had to beg her to let him keep his beard for his wedding, though this was a break with tradition. William disapproved, in a way that makes you worry how he’s going to make it through *his* life.
-
-Standing before his mother’s flag-draped coffin, the photogenic young stoic asked himself a question. ‘Is Mummy a patriot? What does Mummy really think of Britain? Has anyone bothered to ask her? *When will I be able to ask her myself?*’ We have waited for a royal person who could ask such questions. He tells us he cares ‘less than nothing’ for his ancestors. Even he wouldn’t say so, but he has a republican’s heart. He’s still trying to prove himself before the world, wielding the wooden sword, being patriotic, sticking up for the queen and his ‘Mother Country’, but the truths unfurled in his book can only reveal the spurious nature of these things. The royal family’s complicity with the press is not temporary and it is not accidental; it means there can be no family, only pairs, or individuals, coiled around courtiers. To think of it as a family is to ignore the poison that courses through the whole thing. Harry wants them to be angrier at the press, to stand up for him and Meghan against it, but he fails to see that his needs, and his wife’s, make his brother and his father dislike him, and so British journalism is left to embody all his feelings of being hunted and isolated, giving the press a force it would not otherwise have had. Harry must be the only person who feels the urge to take Rebekah Brooks seriously. ‘Just don’t read it,’ his father says, and this is taken as a form of negligence, but in fact it’s the only sensible thing Charles says. The press is only as powerful as Harry allows it to be: it’s *his* monster, and he gives it oxygen.
-
-Alot​ of what he says about being the spare makes him seem petty. His brother always gets the better deal, while he is under-regarded, uninvited, last on the list. But why would he want it any other way? There’s a having-your-cake-and-eating it problem: he wants the privilege, the security, the tradition, the whole jamboree, but he also wants the privacy, the ordinariness. There’s an unresolved childishness at play here. He wants to be drinking Smirnoff Ice with his mates, going on the Tube, taking coke, snogging his girlfriend in Soho House, but he also wants the other stuff – the life of the royal, the titles for his kids – and his need for all that threatens to drag his more serious concerns into the shallows. When he was about to introduce Meghan to his dad, he asked her to wear her hair down, because ‘Pa likes it when women wear their hair down.’ She should also avoid wearing too much make-up because ‘Pa didn’t approve of women who wear a lot.’ If you’re Harry, it takes genius to be ordinary, and he’s only halfway there, still agitating for approval. In his account of the years of his trauma, he mentions nothing about what was actually happening in Britain, noticing not one thing about the conditions under which people live. The book makes it clear that Harry has been treated badly, but it also makes clear he thinks about nothing else.
-
-It would displease the prince to think so, but his book’s main contribution to the jollity of nations is journalistic. His truths won’t change the royal family and they won’t bring media fairness. They will fill the papers, though, for a few months, and will add brilliant detail to an already very baroque picture. British journalism should give him an award for services to the industry in a difficult year. I wish his truth-telling would upset the apple cart – and I applaud him and Meghan for calling out the institution – but their problem is that it can’t be mended by minor fixes. Tough call. In the meantime, thanks to him, we know that Camilla is a leaker. We know that Harry wanted to leave school and work in a fondue hut in the ski resort at Lech am Arlberg. We know that his father laughed at the wrong bits while watching an Eton production of *Much Ado about Nothing*. We learn that William had bad breath on his wedding day. We know that the theme of the party where Harry wore a Nazi uniform was ‘Natives & Colonials’. (It doesn’t seem to occur to Harry, by the way, that ordinary people, the ones he plays with becoming, don’t go to parties like that. His brother, he claims, said his outfit was fine. But then William’s own recent birthday party had been themed ‘Out of Africa’. I mean, what the actual fuck? They are a million miles away from the world they wish to join, and ‘sorry’ doesn’t cover it.) His other gifts to journalism – and to Tom Bradby and Anderson Cooper, who interviewed him on *60 Minutes* – are that he asked to see photographs of his dying mother taken on the night she died, and that he later drove through the tunnel at the same speed, wanting to understand ‘the disgraceful carnival atmosphere’.
-
-The British press made him ‘ready for war’. Murdoch’s politics ‘were just to the right of the Taliban’s’, and Harry went to Afghanistan ‘filled with choking rage, always a good precursor to battle’. It’s good to see how much he dislikes Murdoch, but you have to worry for the young man who went to war feeling like that, and who later in this book feels the need to say that he killed 25 members of the Taliban. All this from someone who has spent his adult life, and a whole book, railing against press intrusion and expressing anguish about the security of his family. He seems not to know that when it comes to Afghanistan he is writing about what millions of people feel to be an unjust holy war, and it was insane of Moehringer not to tell him so. *Oh, Harry*, I thought, and I wrote it several times in the margin of his often brilliant book. You don’t have to be damaged to be crass, but it hurts you more if you are.
-
-Harry’s life in the public eye has been one long panic attack, yet his plans to free himself are tangled up with a wish to be equal to the people he grew up with. He wants privilege, but he doesn’t want to play the game. He wants freedom, with none of the rules. Even as a royal author he wants to be different (‘If you like reading pure bollocks then royal biographies are just your thing’). He wishes to enlarge the self, but nobody in the army ever did well out of wanting more selfhood – the idea is to submit yourself to the company. Royals calm themselves with a similar sense of mission. He wants to improve, but the question posed by his book is how he might honestly locate himself. It may be that he is still on the tundra, looking for the mother who is ‘hiding’ – his word – and whose ‘disappearance’ has never really been resolved, even now he has children of his own. He will always be triggered by careless paparazzi shooting and courtiers gossiping and family members serving themselves, but his book, between the lines, shows the core of his despair. Harry remembers his mother’s scent – he took a bottle of her perfume to therapy – and smelling it, begins to remember her, and perhaps sees a way out of the tunnel he’s stuck in. Diana’s perfume was called First. Not second, not third, not apprentice and not spare – First. Harry’s feelings of inferiority, his own faults, his own jealousy, will one day be the materials of his recovery. Meanwhile, he is stuck in the glare of public relations, an amazing projection of the truth.
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Are Helicopter Parents Actually Lazy.md b/00.03 News/Are Helicopter Parents Actually Lazy.md
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-# Are Helicopter Parents Actually Lazy?
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/2c9/224/37f4f19d7c44dc8a59c24e8df1da1a618f-helicopter-parents.rhorizontal.w700.jpg)
-
-Illustration: Hannah Buckman
-
-The other evening, I was over at my friends’ place and we were comparing notes on our seventh-graders. Like in New York City, seventh grade in Montreal marks the traditional start of solo commuting on public transit. My friends’ kid has had some [trouble adapting](https://www.thecut.com/2022/09/the-dread-of-watching-your-kid-start-school.html) to the logistics of getting around alone. For a while, a parent would ride the bus with him, but he wanted to be more independent. He switches buses on the way to school, and that was the tricky part that needed practicing.
-
-So for a week of [morning commutes](https://www.thecut.com/2015/03/11-facts-about-your-soul-sucking-commute.html), his stepdad tailed the bus on his bike, pedaling the snowy Montreal streets to make sure his stepson got off where he was supposed to. One morning, the kid missed his stop, and my friend had to race the bus, ditch his bike at the next stop, and rush on to get him. But now he’s riding alone every morning, a seventh-grader making his way.
-
-As my kids get older, I am learning how labor-intensive it is to teach them to be independent, and I’m beginning to think that we have the helicopter-parent/hands-off-parent binary all wrong. Maybe helicopter parenting is a form of neglect, one that might even be comparable in its harmfulness to the kind of neglect that forces kids to grow up by their own wits. The crisis of teen [mental health](https://www.thecut.com/2022/02/stress-toys-for-kids.html) in the wake of COVID can be explained in all sorts of ways, but a common denominator is that many teenagers feel that they have [no control over their lives](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/why-are-kids-so-sad.html), which is distressing for any human. When you teach a kid to be safely independent, you give them some of that control. Denying a kid that opportunity is cruelty disguised as parental virtue – it’s beyond fucked up and dark, when you really think about it.
-
-I also wonder if we misunderstand some of the motivations for helicopter parenting. We assume it’s an anxiety response, and I’m sure that explains a lot of it, but it’s also the path of least resistance. I’m not one to call people out for being lazy — in Montreal, we prefer to call it “*l’art de vivre*” — but I might have to make an exception here.
-
-“Sometimes it’s harder to parent your kids to become independent than it is to helicopter — it can be exhausting, and it can be time-consuming,” said Dr. Gail Saltz, clinical associate professor of psychiatry at New York-Presbyterian Hospital and host of the [*How Can I Help?*](https://www.iheart.com/podcast/1119-how-can-i-help-with-dr-ga-76281118/) podcast from iHeartRadio. As counterintuitive as it may seem, letting kids make mistakes, and being there to support (and clean up after) them, can be more work than doing everything yourself. “Your kid will leave the house with their shoes on the wrong feet, and you’ll think, *The teacher’s going to see this; what will they think?*” said Dr. Saltz. But the teacher has seen it all, and the kid will realize their feet hurt and figure out that they need to switch their shoes. “Little kids need little tasks,” said Dr. Saltz — like putting on shoes, brushing their own teeth.
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-Many parents instinctively intervene in these simple tasks, but it sets a precedent that can be hard to break later on. It takes a long-term oceanic presence of mind to teach kids independence. It’s not a set of tasks but an entire orientation that has to be maintained over the course of years. Repetition, correction, being available to help if something goes wrong — this is what teaching kids independence requires of us.
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-“Parents who are very involved, wanting to know what their child is doing in the world — that is often considered part of helicopter parenting, but that isn’t necessarily a problem,” said Saltz. “Being involved is distinct from wanting to help a child make all of their decisions. The problem is ‘I will help you do all the things. I will get involved in your conflicts. I will not let you make any mistakes.’” According to Saltz, even parents of young children should avoid approaching parenting as a troubleshooting exercise. Children become accustomed to this degree of parental involvement. The more time parents spend clearing the path for their offspring, the harder it is for children to adapt to facing obstacles on their own.
-
-For parents who can afford to throw money at their problems by [hiring nannies and Ubers to shuttle their kids all over town](https://www.curbed.com/2023/02/upper-east-side-parents-axiety-teens-crime-covid.html), being overprotective is probably as much about expediency as it is about actual worry. It’s more convenient to outsource and schedule than to take the time and mental space to help kids handle anything semi-autonomously. But by failing to take the time to teach our kids to navigate a neighborhood (or load a dishwasher, for that matter), we’re prioritizing our own convenience over the long-term benefits for our kids.
-
-Helicopter parenting is also a way of protecting yourself from the judgment of other parents. In fact, its specter can loom even larger than actual threats to children’s safety. The off-piste vigilance of strangers can make an otherwise safe, ordinary situation spiral into conflict and defensiveness.
-
-Fearful and overprotective strangers can even feel like a threat — especially to parents of color, whose kids are [more likely to be seen as “loitering”](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275120312336?casa_token=6qz1J4Z9VjMAAAAA:PTBXjf2Ve5QiMoMdv-GBTzxJYSrVW_X4GnCyZBiNaYTaTVtXt-_gkcJuWPE1HtNien4qCGfmmSZz) when they’re out in the world. We’ve all read the nightmare stories of mothers having their children put into foster care because their poverty was mistaken for neglect. Many of us have had our own brushes with a stranger on a rampage of carefulness, and it’s enough to make you think twice about letting your kids be independent at a young age.
-
-When my kids were 5 and 2, I was doing fieldwork for my master’s thesis on the weekends while working full time during the week. (Notice how I instinctively position myself as hardworking and overextended so you’ll think I’m a good person worthy of sympathy.) One Sunday in March, I had to conduct an interview at a Tim Hortons, and since my husband was working, I brought the kids. I left them in the car, listening to music they liked — I could see them through the window from where I sat conducting my interview. Wouldn’t you know it, another woman clocked them too. I saw her standing by my car reaching for her phone, and I knew right away It Was Happening. I excused myself from the interview to run outside. She was on the verge of calling the cops, she said, because someone could come grab the kids at any moment. (It’s amazing how abduction by strangers is such a persistent fear among so many parents, when 99 percent of abductors are known to the child they take.) We exchanged words — I instinctively, Canadianly apologized, which I have regretted ever since — and she left.
-
-I’ve thought about that woman for years. She had two teenage daughters with her, who witnessed the whole exchange. No doubt, as they drove away she reiterated to them that she would never have been so negligent with them when they were young. She was demonstrating fitness to them, responsibility, moral fortitude. But nothing had actually happened — no one had been in danger, and no one was saved. Sometimes, I think that as the world becomes increasingly complex and overfull of information, confused people seek out opportunities to feel like they have some idea of what’s going on. The vulnerability of children, as a concept, is not confusing. And that’s how we have found ourselves in a situation where children are overpoliced by strangers in public and parents consider it their duty to protect their kids from obstacles real and imagined.
-
-We really owe it to ourselves and to our kids not to let our style be cramped by the threat of overzealous idiots on the hunt for opportunities to create order in their world. My kids have always been a bit more on the loose than average, and I’ve long harbored a shameful worry: If anything ever happened to them while roaming the neighborhood alone, not only would it be horrible for our family, but it would prove the anxious side right — and I would hate to have to live that down.
-
-It doesn’t take only energy and attention to teach your kids to navigate independence safely. It takes a certain willingness to accept that someone out there might think you’re a bad parent. Allowing imagined judgment to cloud our decision making is like letting an internet comments section make our choices for us. Helicopter parenting is the manifestation of overlapping anxieties about the hazards of the world and about the opinions of other people. It’s also a product of the narcissistic delusion that our children’s (inevitable, developmentally necessary) failures are our own.
-
-This newsletter has never been about giving advice, and I’m not about to start now, but I do have one request to make of all you city-dwelling readers. Next time you see a kid you know walking down the street by themselves, don’t ask them where their parents are. Ask them where they’re headed.
-
--   [Are New Dads OK?](https://www.thecut.com/2023/03/how-can-new-fathers-support-each-other.html)
--   [Cup of Jo’s Joanna Goddard Opens Up About Her Divorce](https://www.thecut.com/2023/02/cup-of-jo-joanna-goddard-divorce-parenting-interview.html)
--   [What If You Just Didn’t Clean That Up?](https://www.thecut.com/2023/02/embracing-mess-vs-cleanliness.html)
-
-[See All](https://www.thecut.com/tags/brooding)
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-Are We Wrong About Helicopter Parenting?
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-# At Sandy Hook, Crime-Scene Investigators Saw the Unimaginable
-
-![A photograph of Detectives Art Walkley and Karoline Keith and Sgt. Jeff Covello, all staring directly into the camera.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/04/23/magazine/23sandyhook-opener/23sandyhook-opener-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Detectives Art Walkley, left, and Karoline Keith and Sgt. Jeff Covello, crime-scene investigators for the Connecticut State Police.Credit...Elinor Carucci for The New York Times
-
-## They Saw the Horrific Aftermath of a Mass Shooting. Should We?
-
-The crime-scene investigators are the ones who document, and remember, the unimaginable. This is what they saw at Sandy Hook.
-
-Detectives Art Walkley, left, and Karoline Keith and Sgt. Jeff Covello, crime-scene investigators for the Connecticut State Police.Credit...Elinor Carucci for The New York Times
-
--   April 20, 2023
-
-### Listen to This Article
-
-Audio Recording by Audm
-
-The crime-scene van was parked next to the black Honda Civic already identified as belonging to the shooter, the yellow tape marking its perimeter juddering in a helicopter gust. Earlier that morning, before the van was cleared to move closer to the school, Jeff Covello, the crime-scene-van supervisor, and his team were crowded around the dry-erase board. Art Walkley, the only one on the van who had so far been inside, sketched out what he said were the two main areas of impact. He arrived with the other first-response officers and stormed the school as children were running out, his gun drawn, ready to kill on sight, in fact quite eager to pull the trigger once he glimpsed Classrooms 10 and 8.
-
-Jeff had never seen Art look the way he did after he came out of the school. It was more of an apparition that climbed back onto the van. The two of them were SWAT for eight years together before Jeff transferred to Major Crimes and brought Art with him. They had taken fire together. They had seen each other become parents. Art had seen Jeff call his wife in the middle of the night to remind her where to find the life insurance. They could all read one another’s minds. Karoline Keith, the senior detective on the van, had already been riding for more than five years when Jeff arrived as the new supervising sergeant. It was Karoline who suggested that Art try to tell them what he saw and sketch it on the board. She hoped it would make it easier once they got inside. Art said he didn’t think there was anything he could say that was going to make it easier.
-
-As detectives for the Connecticut State Police Western District Major Crime Squad, they were all experts in human depravity, but Art was the *death guy*. The one who was lowered into septic tanks to retrieve badly decayed body parts. He had seen everything imaginable and a good deal of the unimaginable. And yet somehow he managed to stay one step ahead of the crowd of ghosts that were always following on their heels from one death scene investigation to the next. But by the look of him now, in the parking lot of [Sandy Hook Elementary on Dec. 14, 2012](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/15/nyregion/shooting-reported-at-connecticut-elementary-school.html), the ghosts had caught up all at once.
-
-SWAT had cleared the building, and the F.B.I. had checked for explosives and ruled out terrorism. Now it was up to them to take the photographs, measure, collect evidence and conduct the exacting work of meticulous reconstruction. As the crime-scene investigators for W.D.M.C. — Eastern District Major Crime would have the shooter’s home; Central District Major Crime had the exterior of the school — they were recognized in the state as being the elite, specially trained detectives that they were. They would note how the shells clustered; how the choreography of the shooter’s movements was revealed by the voids where shells or blood were absent; where someone paused to reload. And then memorialize their work with extensive photographs and video so in court an independent expert could reproduce their calculations and arrive at the same conclusions. That was ultimately the importance of the job: to see, to look — and to do so with grinding duration.
-
-Now, here, where 20 first graders and the principal, the school psychologist and four teachers were lying dead inside, they could maintain the detached forensic mind-set for only so long before the corrosive reality of what happened here began to seep into their Tyvek shells. Dan Sliby looked to have gone into full robot mode. The usual vibrant-prankster energy of Steve Rupsis, who would be on video today, was gone. He, like several others on the van, had a child close in age to the victims inside. Jeff himself, for the time being, was safely immersed in logistics at the little supervisor’s desk where he made out assignments. Calculating what resources they were going to need. Gas for the generators. Gloves. Bootees. All the supplies for who-knew-how-many decontamination stations.
-
-The helicopters were not helping. Karoline thought for sure they were going to slam into one another and rain down another layer of destruction. But even if they crashed down on top of Sandy Hook Elementary, well, then they would handle that too. Jeff had said it a million times: God forbid, if a 747 crashed into the State Police barracks, they would know what to do. The job was the same whether it was one person or six. (Not that they had ever processed a homicide scene with more than two victims.) Their skills were infinitely scalable. Without knowing it, they had been preparing for this day their entire careers.
-
-Image
-
-![An aerial photograph of the parking lot at Sandy Hook Elementary School crowded with vehicles and emergency responders.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/04/23/magazine/23sandyhook-web1/23sandyhook-web1-articleLarge-v2.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-The scene at Sandy Hook Elementary School on the day of the shooting.Credit...Mario Tama/Getty Images
-
-As have the countless other crime-scene investigators who must dwell in the aftermath following each mass shooting. Virginia Tech, Columbine, the Aurora movie theater, the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, the El Paso Walmart shooting, Parkland, Las Vegas, Binghamton, San Bernardino, Sutherland Springs, Thousand Oaks, Virginia Beach, Monterey Park, Santa Fe, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, Uvalde, the Covenant School in Nashville in March and Louisville in April. Each scene of unimaginable horror witnessed by an anonymous team we have chosen, without knowing it, to do the gruesome work of internalizing our national crisis for us.
-
-Among the things the team had trained to do was lower the visor of fog. It came down around the rest of the world and gave them a protective cloak, a kind of insulation, so that like ghoulish astronauts they could descend and still see past the obvious suffering and gore while maintaining the requisite objectivity. Maintaining a barrier against the cross-contamination of their feelings was as important as the masks and bootees. The sooner they could suit up the better.
-
-The job had already destroyed Karoline once. It was difficult to think that just as the shooter was stepping into the lobby, she was sitting in her therapist’s office, talking about how far she’d come over the past two years. She was no longer suffering from panic attacks or seeing things that weren’t there. She had started therapy in 2010, after putting in for a transfer off the van. The simple reason was that she had burned out. The less-simple reason was that she could no longer go for a walk in the woods without mistaking every flesh-colored rock for human remains. At home, she had become controlling and hypervigilant. Texting her partner, Elissa, 50 times a day, even managing the way Elissa walked the dog. She had begun to see the whole world as a potential crime scene.
-
-But when she requested the transfer she was persuaded to stay. She told her major and lieutenant she was burned out. She had to leave the unit. “I love what I do,” she said, “but what I do is killing me.” But they said they couldn’t afford to let her go. Besides, wasn’t she only a couple of years from retirement? It was the soldier mentality, being part of a paramilitary organization, that ended up making her cave and decide to start therapy instead. And she had really been turning a corner until she got back in her car after this morning’s session and heard the police radio blowing up. And then flying triple digits down the back roads until she had wound as far as she could up Riverside Road into the bedlam of frantic parents and hundreds of dazed and helpless cops.
-
-When she got out, a panicked mother grabbed her to ask where to go, saying that she couldn’t find her child. She had heard they were gathering parents in the firehouse, so she brought the mother there, and then she went looking for the van. Going up the hill toward the school, where it was cordoned off, was when she first started hearing numbers. A lieutenant she knew said: *It’s bad, KK. It’s bad.*
-
-**In the lobby** everything had been left as it was. The shot-out windows let in the cold dark of early evening. Broken glass, still scattered on the brown-and-white tiled floor, crunched under the soles of the F.B.I. security detail standing by the front door. It was shortly after 5:30 p.m. on Dec. 20, the sixth day since the shooting, and Attorney General Eric Holder sat before the large TV screen that had been set up expressly for his visit.
-
-A semicircle of folding chairs had been brought in from the cafeteria for the six detectives of the W.D.M.C. van squad; a handful of detectives from Central and Eastern Major Crimes; the F.B.I. special agents who had assisted over the past week; and the attorney general’s chief of staff. Holder had made the rest of the entourage who accompanied him on his visit to Sandy Hook — local and state politicians, including at least one senator, as well as the colonel of the State Police — wait in the line of gloomy black S.U.V.s while he entered to meet with the crime scene unit on their final day.
-
-The TV screen, mutilated by one intolerable, impossible image after another, gave the attorney general just an abbreviated glimpse of the 1,495 photographs taken by Art Walkley over the past week: an uncensored, unredacted view of what they had faced when they first entered the school. As Jeff took Holder through each image, the only other sound in the lobby was the crinkling and uncrinkling of the tarp that hung over the hallway that led down to Classrooms 8 and 10. With each new image the A.G. seemed to grow smaller in his chair.
-
-Image
-
-The lobby of Sandy Hook Elementary School after the shooting.Credit...Art Walkley/Connecticut State Police Western District Major Crime
-
-Image
-
-A hallway at the school after the shooting. The investigator Art Walkley took 1,495 photographs, but only a fraction of them have been shown to the public.Credit...Art Walkley/Connecticut State Police Western District Major Crime
-
-Sitting with Karoline was Sam DiPasquale. As a special-agent bomb tech for the F.B.I., stationed in New Haven, Sam first responded to the shooter’s home on Yogananda Street to check for explosives. After he finished there, after running the robot down the hallway to the mother’s bedroom, where she lay shot dead, he went to the school to see if there was anything he could do to help Jeff. They had known each other forever, having met at co-agency explosives and post-blast training sessions. Jeff’s team helped the New Haven office on several occasions. Sam even had them deputized at one point for a domestic-terrorism case. He would now assist them, making sure they had gas for their generators, making sure their team was fed every day, helping secure unusual equipment. He helped put plywood boards up over the windows in the two classrooms, mostly to protect patrol cops securing the perimeter from the impulse to look. In fact, most of his job was fending off all the captains, and majors, and state’s attorneys, and assistant attorneys general, from trying to see what he had to tell them over and over again they would not be able to unsee.
-
-After 9/11, Sam was embedded with the Navy in Iraq, as part of the bureau’s largely unadvertised C.E.X.C. (Combined Explosives Exploitation Cell), deployed to suicide bombings to collect DNA for its database of bomb makers. He had picked limbs from trees. Defused homemade explosives. But the worst thing he’d ever seen was the inside of an elementary school in Connecticut.
-
-Jeff decided that he and Sam would be the only two permitted to have phones inside, in order to limit photographs. They were the first ones there in the morning, and the last to leave at night. When Sam heard the attorney general was going to be visiting Newtown — a few days after [President Obama spoke at a vigil](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/17/us/politics/bloomberg-urges-obama-to-take-action-on-gun-control.html) at the local high school — he called an F.B.I. buddy he knew would be tasked with the security detail. He said that if possible, the school should be on his itinerary.
-
-Jeff immediately seized on the idea. Sam had found him at one of the decon stations cleaning jewelry. It was something Jeff learned to do from the nurses at Bristol Hospital a million years ago when he was a paramedic. How to clean a piece of jewelry before returning it to the family. It was certainly nothing he learned at the police academy. But being able to perform such a task now, however much of it, was almost soothing after multiple days processing evidence in the tent that was set up initially as the temporary morgue.
-
-Maintaining purpose did not come easily the last seven days and nights. But this was their chance to show the right person what they had seen. And so Sam set about securing everything Jeff said he’d need for the visit. Starting with a giant TV.
-
-> ## ‘We’re going to do this the same way we always do it. We’re just going to do it 26 times.’
-
-After the horrifying PowerPoint slide show, Karoline took Holder and his devastated chief of staff on a walk through the school, holding back the tarp that had concealed the aftermath of where Principal Hochsprung and the school psychologist were shot after running out from a meeting. In the conference room, across from Classroom 8, were 26 banker’s boxes containing each victim’s personal belongings. An old-timer from the van, Ray Insalaco, came in to help box up the desks. It had fallen to him to empty the 20 lunchboxes. His advice to the small crew he brought in: Don’t read the notes. He had already made the mistake when one fluttered out as he was dumping an uneaten lunch into the trash.
-
-*Thank God it’s Friday. Love, Mommy.*
-
-The A.G. and his chief of staff stood looking dumbly at the plain white boxes, each of the children’s bearing a purple-and-green butterfly name sticker that had come off their backpack hooks, until Karoline guided them into Classroom 10. A numbered evidence tag marked where each small body was removed from the defiled carpet. Larger stains divulged where the two teachers fell. This was the same room where Dan Sliby, on their initial walk-through, found himself raging near the body of the shooter. Decades earlier, he was a first-grader in this very room. Pacing around the corpse, he could barely refrain from kicking it in the chest.
-
-By a cluster of desks was the [Bushmaster](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/20/us/politics/sandy-hook-legal-victories.html). Its barrel and muzzle brake were coated in a film of white powder. A less experienced observer might have thought that it was concrete dust from bullets hitting the walls. But Dan was sure, from his time in the Marines, that the chalky residue was baked evaporated blood.
-
-Karoline then steered the attorney general, his stride no longer so firm, into Classroom 8. The room where, days before, their resolve wavered. Where they momentarily lost and regained their sense of purpose. Where they all stood in silent disbelief, a light drizzle on the window ticking off each annihilating second, staring into the tiny bathroom. Where the children were packed in so tightly that the inward-hinged door could not be shut all the way. Where Art, who had seen what he had thought must have been every possible reconfiguration of the human body, did not even understand what he was looking at. And where Karoline found herself doing something that came naturally: holding up an imaginary rifle, pointing it into the bathroom, registering the casings on the carpet to her right where the ejection port would have sent them and noting automatically that this was obviously where the shooter would have been standing when he fired the Bushmaster. It was when she felt Jeff looking at her that she dropped the imaginary gun and left the room.
-
-She went to the next classroom over, which had been spared. She needed a minute to collect herself. Steve Rupsis followed, struggling to keep his head focused on forensics. He kept asking her what he should do. How should I video this, KK? How should I get the overall shot? Should I sketch the lobby and the classrooms separately? Are we going to sketch? Do you want me to sketch? He was spiraling. She told him what she needed was a minute. He backed away.
-
-That was when Jeff, his face tear-stained, gave them the purpose that they would desperately need to get through the next week.
-
-“Look,” he said, “we’re going to do this the same way we always do it. We’re just going to do it 26 times.” *Same thing as always, 26 times.* It became like a mantra. We’re going to do what we always do. Same procedures. Same four overall photos of each room. Same medium shots. Same untold number of close-ups to memorialize every minuscule aspect of the work. They would set up staging tables in the tent for mass processing of the evidence, nothing they’d ever done at this scale. With eight tables it went like an assembly line. Each item photographed against a neutral backdrop. They had a 20-pound roll of butcher paper on the truck just for this purpose. One clean sheet, with a glove change in between, for each item, each piece of clothing. Each small shirt. Each elfin dress. Each backpack. Each barrette. Charm bracelet. Wedding ring. Each bloodied shoe. *Same thing as always, 26 times.*
-
-Jeff reminded them that something like destiny, however grim and profoundly unwanted, had been laid at their feet. That the country, the world, would come looking for answers was not a question. And if anyone was going to provide the answers, at least to what had happened in these rooms, it would be up to them, but only if they kept their heads. This clarity of purpose was what allowed them to move ahead that day, and to continue on, working 12 and 16 hours, only stopping to get in their cars long enough to drive past the procession of garrisoned media trucks and excruciating makeshift memorials, cairns of teddy bears and stuffed hearts, to sleep a few hours before returning the next morning.
-
-**From the very** first, they faced resistance. No sooner had they secured the crime scene than the chief medical examiner showed up, plopped down at one of the teacher’s desks and began telling Jeff’s team not to waste time taking photographs. They did not need to be so *overzealous.*
-
-Because the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner had jurisdiction over all bodies in the state of Connecticut, Jeff’s team was not permitted to move or touch a body until the M.E. first signed off. Normally the crime scene unit obtained permission over the phone, or from a representative on site. They knew the M.E. well enough, from various aspects of death investigations, but Karoline recalled only ever seeing him once at a crime scene in her 13 years on the van. Now here he was, barking unsolicited advice, sitting at the desk of a teacher who still lay on the floor near another teacher with a child’s body in her arms. They all knew what happened here, he said, everyone knew it wasn’t going to go to court, at least not criminal, so his own photographers could take all the necessary pictures once they got the bodies to autopsy. The main priority, he insisted, was getting the bodies back to the families. The governor needed to make a statement.
-
-The need to return the bodies to the families as quickly as possible was obviously more than understandable. But not to conduct a full investigation, not to take photos, was unthinkable. And who the hell knew yet if there was even an accomplice? Who knew anything yet? To cut corners, to not document every centimeter of the scene while it was intact, would itself be criminal: a failure that would only leave the families with unanswerable questions. Their own work told a story that no longer existed on the medical examiner’s metal table.
-
-At 8:35 p.m., the bodies were removed and taken to the O.C.M.E., and the governor informed the parents.
-
-The crew worked on. They were interrupted again and again. One day it was the F.B.I. unit that worked on profiles of shooters and serial killers. Other times it was people they felt had no business being there, enough that they began referring to them as the dog and pony shows. A high-ranking official from the L.A.P.D. showed up out of nowhere wanting a special walk-through. Various brass with various justifications. The problem was that during these interruptions it was not as if they could just step outside for a break. The problem was being forced to stop, but never long enough to go through the tedious steps of decon, the process of changing out of their Tyvek, bootees, hairnets, gloves, having to completely re-suit, and so they ended up just standing around, noticing all the little things they had been trying not to notice. Pokémon cards and Little Mermaid this and that, stuff their own kids had at home. The Christmas projects the children had been working on for their parents. The drawings of stick-figure families huddled on the couch reading. The cups of milk still on the children’s desks along with crayons and scissors and sheets of stiff-bright construction paper: the last thing they would get to do in this life before the strange man with yellow plugs in his ears and a loud gun entered.
-
-Image
-
-One of the few unredacted photographs of Classroom 8, where 15 children and two teachers were killed.Credit...Art Walkley/Connecticut State Police Western District Major Crime
-
-Karoline was stopped short by something one of the kids had written on the board where they put their big goals for the year. This kid’s was to tie their own shoes. There were other, grander ambitions. “I want to read chapter books.” “I want to learn to count numbers.” “I want to write stories wenn I can.” A stick figure in green shoes announced, “cat to loo gokig tosgy,” because all motives were not as easily articulated, or even articulable. It struck her as immensely cruel that this kid had learned to die before they had learned how to tie their shoes. It made her think back to when she herself had learned to tie her own shoes, practicing on her father’s work boot. She saw it vividly now, smelling of diesel and leather, almost as if it were sitting on one of the desks, eyelets waiting to be laced. It was so simple, in the purest sense of having straightforward purpose. How beyond it we were as adults, she thought; you just tied your shoes in the morning without thinking. Even if it was the only part of your day that made sense. Maybe the whole problem was that our goals as adults were far more make-believe than any goals most kids had. You tied your shoes so they stayed on your feet when you ran! Unlike the simple purpose of the bootees she put over her shoes to prevent the bloodied ground beneath her feet from seeping in and contaminating her ability to impassively bear witness.
-
-The strangest interruption had to be when their lieutenant stopped by to let them know not to pay any attention to the news, but apparently there were people in the outside world saying what they were seeing was not real at all, only an elaborate hoax. They had no idea what to make of this intrusion of sinister make-believe.
-
-When they heard Attorney General Eric Holder was coming, the highest-ranking law enforcement agent in the United States, a policymaker of the highest echelon, they knew it was their one chance. To show the scene as they found it. To present the evidence to the right set of eyes. If what they saw did not shake the country out of its denial, nothing would. *We’re pretending things aren’t the way they are,* Jeff said.
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-So there would be no sugarcoating it, not for the attorney general. If they were the ones who would provide the answers that would help break the country from its spell, it first meant waking up the right people. Not the local legislators, not the governor, not the politicians who could all wait in the motorcade fidgeting on their phones with the heat running. It would require only a small but debilitating sample from Art’s camera: a dozen out of the 1,495 seared into his Nikon D300. And they would not present it in a neutral space like the cafeteria. They were going to show him right in the center of the nightmare where they had been working the past hellish week. So he could see it and smell it and feel it under his shoes. So he could see how 80 rounds fired into a three-by-four-foot bathroom trenched the cinder block. How 16 children crammed in that tightly had not had the space to fall where they stood. How innocence could be transformed to gore in an instant.
-
-But even though the attorney general was convinced in this moment, reeling on the threshold of this tiny, obliterated bathroom, that if the American people only saw what he was seeing, Congress would be forced to do the right thing, nothing would change in the end. Tragedy in America would prevail. Some would say nothing has changed because we have not yet been made to see. After each new mass shooting, the question, the debate, returns. [Would seeing the crime-scene photos have an effect](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/30/us/politics/photos-uvalde.html) on the gun crisis in the same way images of Emmett Till’s body in an open coffin had on the civil rights movement? The Sandy Hook photographs have been redacted by Connecticut state law since 2013. Even if the law were to change with the consent of the families of the victims, who pushed for the legal restriction, public viewing of the photographs would require one outlet or another to first make the decision to publicize the images. And in a culture where reality is no longer agreed on, many will not believe what they see unless it is funneled through their propaganda of choice. So until that unlikely moment arrives, the full truth of these images and those of shooting after shooting, for the decade after Sandy Hook and into the future, will live on only in the atrocity exhibition that exists in the memory of those who photograph, measure and collect the foul evidence.
-
-These photographs were taken on Dec. 14, 2012, at Sandy Hook Elementary School by Detective Art Walkley, a crime-scene investigator who documented the immediate aftermath of the shooting. Walkley’s 1,495 photographs were included in the official report released by the Connecticut State Police, but a majority of them were redacted in compliance with a 2013 Connecticut state law passed at the urging of Sandy Hook families. Once the scene was secured, Walkley’s job was to photograph the rooms exactly as they were found. This is the entire sequence of photographs he took in Classroom 10, where five students and two teachers were killed and where the shooter died by suicide.
-
-**The day after** the van crew left the school for the last time, Karoline’s sister and her partner, Elissa, took her out. Elissa drove her to therapy that morning. Then they went holiday shopping, to get her away from the news. Both were keeping a close eye on her, one on either side like her own personal guardrails, back out in a world where Christmas had not been canceled.
-
-She had agreed to go along. To do a little shopping for her nieces and nephews. At first she thought she was fine. But inside the Christmas Tree Shops, that permanent bazaar of candy canes and singing reindeer, she started to feel overwhelmed by the shimmery music, the red tinsel and the horrific crimson bulbs everywhere. The same kind the kids had been working on for one of their projects. Each red ball branded with a small white handprint and left to dry on the sill in the classroom. Each precariously balanced on a Dixie cup, until Karoline sent them flying while trying to string a bullet hole, measuring the trajectory from where the gun might have been fired. She managed to catch them before she had to find out what the sound of the bulbs shattering on the floor might do to her. Now, in the middle of the store, where Bing Crosby was loudest, and her disgust at the lurid make-believe normalcy was ankle-deep, she was hyperventilating. Then she was fleeing outside. Away from the shoppers with their peppermint lattes oblivious to the dark red abyss at their feet.
-
-What she felt more than anything, out here in the shockingly complacent world, was that she belonged back in the school. It did not feel right to have left them behind.
-
-Most homicide reports took three to four months. She still had a number of cases from before waiting on their own reports. By the time she sat down to begin the Sandy Hook report, it was March.
-
-To spare the others, Art and Karoline decided they would be the only ones who would have to look at the photographs. Karoline rearranged her schedule to work nights. She had two screens set up: photographs on one, scene report on the other. On her desk she had her knight’s helmet for company. Elissa had given it to her as a gift; it was just about big enough for a cat. The thought passed through her mind sometimes that she was a knight in a past life, and this helped in a small way to get through it, to lower the visor, to move forward through the awful spell cast by the images.
-
-Art chose to do his end at home, writing a précis of each of the 1,495 photographs that he had taken, working at his dining room table, headphones on, listening to Pachelbel. His wife played it while pregnant with both of their daughters, and recently she and the girls had been listening to it at bedtime, so it was a way to be with them, he supposed, though the truth was it had been hard. He had found to his horror that at first, for a time, he could not even look at them. He could not give them a hug good night. His wife didn’t understand. On Christmas Day, he could not stay in the room to watch them opening their gifts. He could not stop thinking about what the other parents had done with the presents they bought for their children.
-
-Even as they were reliving it, there were people insisting it was not real. The least welcome of all interruptions for the state police now were calls from nutjobs with bizarre questions and accusations. One day when Karoline was leaving a kickboxing class, the instructor introduced her to another woman who had also been at Sandy Hook. Karoline did not recognize the woman, who said she was a trauma nurse at the Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, in Hartford, and had been called to help the medical examiner identify the victims. The woman said she had been in the tent and was having trouble getting the faces of the children out of her head. *What faces?* Karoline thought. And then, after she called the medical examiner, and the director of pediatric trauma at the Children’s Medical Center, and been told that no such person had ever worked at either place, that it was all made up, she confronted the woman, who then broke down and confessed to being a pathological liar. Her real job was at a day care center. It was weird how some people refused to believe, while others who had not seen a thing needed to pretend they had been there.
-
-The work of writing the report was unavoidably retraumatizing. There was no getting around it. But Karoline was all right with it falling to her, in part because it let her return to what she had not felt ready to leave. It allowed her to be back with the children. It also gave her the only degree of purpose she had been able to locate since they had left the school.
-
-Like the red ornaments in the Christmas store, other things had a way of finding her, like getting stuck behind a school bus letting off kids, and of course they would have to be the same age, too small for the ridiculously oversize backpacks. The backpacks left behind in the classrooms were the most haunting remnant of the vanished children. There was also the recurring nightmare in which she was trying to process an active shooting as it unfolded, hiding among the victims, frantically doing her best, trying to take notes, fumbling with evidence bags, sketching what she could, as if processing it would make the shooting stop faster.
-
-In April, she looked up one day and saw a news report: “Just four months after the shocking events at Sandy Hook. … ” The chyron below read: TERROR ATTACK AT BOSTON MARATHON. And she saw Sam DiPasquale on Boylston Street working the blast area for the second bomb. Outside the restaurant with the blown-out windows. This would happen over and over again, too, like the shootings, but all that would come out of it, she thought, were more useless “lessons learned.” Absurd plans to trot out to the public like how teachers or children might disarm a grown man carrying a military-style rifle. The only sure thing was that there would be a next time.
-
-**When the F.B.I.** profilers requested another meeting, Karoline felt herself hitting the wall. She was frustrated to have to break her flow to go share information that she did not feel like sharing. But she and Art put together a presentation, along the lines of what they had made for Holder, but much more “aggressive,” as Karoline put it. She had been looking at the photos for months now.
-
-It was a small group. The major, there to accompany the feds, sat in the back corner of the conference room.
-
-Image
-
-Bullet casings and evidence markers in the main lobby of the school.Credit...Art Walkley/Connecticut State Police Western District Major Crime
-
-After it was done she returned to her desk. Ten or 15 minutes later the major came in looking pale. He looked at her. “Oh, my God,” he said.
-
-She did not even look at him. “Yeah?”
-
-He said, “Well, why don’t you take the rest of the day off?” His sickly pale was seeping into the walls.
-
-She looked at him and said: “Major. I don’t need the rest of the day off. We need a fucking break. We need to be *off call.* You can’t ask us if we want to be off call, because we’re not going to tell you that, we need to be *told* to be off call. We’re soldiers. We’re going to do what we’re told. Today you got to see *some.* A handful of photos, and you’re all blown away. Now you know what I’ve been living.”
-
-She knew it was insubordinate, conduct unbecoming, but she honestly no longer cared. At this point the protective fog was gone, as if the roof had come off the barracks and the blades of a falling helicopter had blown it out to sea.
-
-**The problem was** that it was going to happen again. There had even been a threat against the new school where the surviving children had been moved. Not that Karoline feared they wouldn’t be able to do the job. They would. They would get back on the van; they would be the ones to go back out.
-
-But despite all of the elite training they had, there was none for how to stay sane. She was having heart palpitations. Her general anxiety was heightened. She had become hypervigilant again and more controlling at home. One of the few things that gave her a sense of purpose was when the detective over at Troop A, Rachael Van Ness, a liaison for the families, would call with the most solemn of requests, from a parent who wanted to know where their child had been standing when they had been shot. In that case, Karoline would go back and check the sketch maps and provide the measurements, from one wall to the other, to fix the exact place, so the parents could return before the school was razed and stand where their own flesh had been terrorized and murdered.
-
-On occasion, Rachael would call to ask if Karoline had found something that had not followed a child to autopsy. Things that might have sounded insignificant, like a pencil, or a thermos, but Karoline knew there were no insignificant requests. She would happily drop everything to help by going back into her notes, exhibit reports, the shattering trove of Art’s photos. She would start with the encompassing overall shots, zero in on the mediums, and then the close-ups, until she could find the exact location where the child had been. On the dozen or so occasions when she found something, even if it was small, like a special eraser, it made her feel good.
-
-One day she received a request from this same detective from Troop A, whose job, Karoline felt, must have been infinitely more difficult than hers, not one she would have traded for in a million years. In this instance, a grandmother wanted a piece of jewelry that hadn’t come home with her granddaughter’s things. A tiny heart pendant. The kind that was split in half. The grandmother had one half, and the girl had the other. It was only the size of a pinkie nail. The girl had apparently worn it all the time.
-
-After not finding it in any of the photos, she went down to the evidence room, where Steve Rupsis was evidence officer when he wasn’t on the van, and they pulled the bullet shrapnel. It had all been preserved. Right down to the smallest fragments of copper and lead that Dan Sliby had had to chisel up out of the dense matrix of dried blood inside the bathroom. Then they dumped it out and sorted and picked through it, every piece, to see if the pendant had been swept up with the shrapnel from Classroom 8. Because that was where the girl and her half of the heart had been.
-
-They did not find it. They never would.
-
----
-
-Jay Kirk is the author of [“Avoid the Day: A New Nonfiction in Two Movements.”](https://www.harpercollins.com/products/avoid-the-day-jay-kirk?variant=32131170697250) This is his first feature article for the magazine.
-
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-Date: 2023-01-22
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-Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/01/19/grizzly-bear-missing-toes/?pwapi_token=eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWJpZCI6IjM2NTY2MzMiLCJyZWFzb24iOiJnaWZ0IiwibmJmIjoxNjc0MzEyNDA0LCJpc3MiOiJzdWJzY3JpcHRpb25zIiwiZXhwIjoxNjc1NTIyMDA0LCJpYXQiOjE2NzQzMTI0MDQsImp0aSI6IjI5OTNlMjFjLWRlZDEtNDVjMC05N2RkLTRiMjY2NWU4OTQyMSIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lndhc2hpbmd0b25wb3N0LmNvbS9jbGltYXRlLWVudmlyb25tZW50LzIwMjMvMDEvMTkvZ3JpenpseS1iZWFyLW1pc3NpbmctdG9lcy8ifQ.rm7WFZAm7w4nz0X6HxyHZSoZiSfnSPCg_ePgUMw94Vo
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-&emsp;
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-# Bears were mysteriously missing toes. These scientists cracked the case.
-
-## A Canadian biologist went on a half-decade quest to solve the mystery of the missing grizzly digits. ‘I did a number of things I never thought I was going to do as a scientist.’
-
-(Washington Post illustration; iStock)
-
-Clayton Lamb didn’t think much of the missing toe at first.
-
-The Canadian biologist was moving a snoozing bear with conservation officers in [Fernie](https://tourismfernie.com/), a ski resort town tucked in the mountains of British Columbia. A tourist from Australia stood on a deck nearby, snapping photos of the hulking grizzly.
-
-The team had tranquilized the animal to haul it away from a manicured lawn when Lamb saw it: A piece of its paw was gone.
-
-[Grizzlies lead rough lives](https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/11/12/grizzly-bears-washington-cascades-restoration/?itid=lk_inline_manual_4), brawling and biting one another. “So the missing toe of one bear wasn’t necessarily a red flag for us,” Lamb said.
-
-But while doing field work for his PhD at the University of Alberta, he later saw another bear without all its digits, in the province’s Elk Valley region. Then another. Then another.
-
-The sample size was small — four bears. But the pattern was unmistakable. Why were so many bears missing so many toes?
-
-“We had absolutely no idea,” said Lamb, now a postdoctoral fellow at the University of British Columbia. “And we had, at the time, essentially no leads as to what it could be.”
-
-Two grizzly bears investigating a small animal trap in 2018 in British Columbia. (Video: Clayton Lamb)
-
-The discovery sent Lamb on a half-decade quest to unravel the mystery of the missing bear toes. The pursuit would not only divert him from his PhD work on grizzly reproduction and survival but would lead him to press for public policy changes.
-
-“Part of what makes a grizzly bear a grizzly bear is their very long claws,” he said. “It’s just something essential.”
-
-### 
-
-A bear claw caper
-
-From their muscular shoulders to their huge paws, grizzlies are built for digging.
-
-The bears tunnel underground to build dens and to search for roots, rodents and other morsels to eat. The grizzly’s pronounced shoulder hump is one of the easiest ways tell it apart from a black bear. A grizzly without intact paws simply can’t eat or hibernate as well.
-
-The first question for Lamb’s team: Are some grizzlies simply born this way? Veterinarians who reviewed the paws quickly ruled out any birth defects. X-ray images showed bone fragments, a sign of a wound that had healed.
-
-So something had torn them off. The fractures were too straight and clean for the toes to have been bitten or ripped off by another animal. The linear breaks suggested a human cause.
-
-Lamb’s team turned to traps. Every winter in British Columbia, trappers set hundreds of mousetrap-like devices baited and fastened to trees to capture and kill bushy-tailed, weasel-like animals called martens for their fur. Growing up in the province, Lamb used to trap for beavers, otters and raccoons with his cousin.
-
-To see if bears were too inquisitive for their own good, Lamb installed motion-sensor cameras near four traps that were rigged to remain open, to prevent any further grizzly injuries.
-
-Within two weeks, grizzlies visited all four traps, tripping two of them. Asking around, Lamb heard reports from hunters and trappers from as far as Wyoming and Finland of brown bears getting their feet caught in traps meant for smaller mammals.
-
-But could a trap meant for such a tiny creature really hurt a grizzly? Lamb’s team hooked up a dead bear’s paw to a trap attached to his pickup truck to see how much force it would take to break a toe.
-
-“I did a number of things that I never thought I was going to do as a scientist,” he said.
-
-The traps weren’t strong enough to sever a bear toe right away, Lamb and his team wrote in [a paper](https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wsb.1343) published in August in the Wildlife Society Bulletin. But Lamb’s team showed the devices could cut off the circulation of blood, causing tissue to die and drop off — eventually.
-
-“It’s fair to assume that there’s quite a bit of suffering over the weeks or months that these toes are actually falling off,” Lamb said. “It’s not an instant thing.”
-
-### 
-
-‘The ethical thing to do’
-
-The missing toes aren’t a big enough issue to cause a population decline, according to Luke Vander Vennen, a wildlife biologist for the province who collaborated with Lamb in the grizzly research.
-
-But the lost digits are “certainly not the kind of outcome that we’re comfortable accepting as the regular course of business.”
-
-Amputated toes aren’t just bad for bears. They could have consequences for people living in bear country, too.
-
-One of the four bears Lamb found without all its digits was later captured by conservation officers after wandering onto a farm. Another was killed after breaking into a calf pen on a ranch. And a third is suspected of attacking a human.
-
-Bears that get caught in traps may just be more curious to begin with. Or, Lamb said, injured bears without the full use of their paws to dig for meals may take more risks in pursuit of food.
-
-One solution would be to ban trapping in November, when many grizzlies are still active. But some in the fur business worried that delaying trapping until the deep winter would be dangerous because of the risk of avalanche in bear country.
-
-“That would be a fairly blunt instrument to a problem that we can likely solve with a bit more of a nuanced approach,” said Doug Chiasson, executive director of the Fur Institute of Canada, which represents and set standards for trappers.
-
-Another idea for keeping bear claws intact is to place a plate on the traps with an opening big enough for a marten to squeeze through but too small for a grizzly’s foot.
-
-Based on Lamb’s work, trapping licenses in southeast British Columbia started requiring these constraints in recent years. The measure, he said, is “a stopgap as we work on a few more options.”
-
-For Tim Killey, a trapper who leads the British Columbia Trappers Association, another trade group, preventing bears from being ensnared is important for the industry to keep its “social license” in the face of anti-fur sentiment.
-
-“It’s the ethical thing to do,” he added.
-
-Right now, it’s tough to know whether the requirements are working, said Vander Vennen, who used donated lumber to build about 100 boxes himself.
-
-“They’re not hard to build. Once you get set up to do them, then they can go pretty quick.”
-
-So far, he added, no new bears have come in with missing toes.
-
-*This article is part of Animalia, a column exploring the strange and fascinating world of animals and the ways in which we appreciate, imperil and depend on them.*
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-Date: 2023-04-16
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-TimeStamp: 2023-04-16
-Link: https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/books/a43530028/barack-obama-reading-list/
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-
-# Behind the Scenes of Barack Obama’s Reading Lists
-
-As a journalist covering the book-publishing industry, when an editor reaches out to me about a story, it’s usually because there’s something dark lurking under the cover. The (now failed) [Penguin Random House/Simon & Schuster](https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/books/a40861332/penguin-random-house-simon-schuster-trial/) merger was a messy game of corporate maneuvers with the potential to leave employees and authors in the dust. [The *New York Times* best-seller list](https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/books/a42189320/the-new-york-times-best-seller-lists-explained/) is calculated with a secret formula that authors and publishers regularly attempt to cheat.
-
-I usually have anonymous sources falling all over themselves to spill industry secrets, so you can imagine that when I was assigned to investigate the methodology behind Barack Obama’s annual lists of book recommendations, I set out to expose a secret apparatus of industry shenanigans. What I found was much more shocking.
-
----
-
-President Barack Obama released his first official list of book recommendations in summer 2009, a few months after taking office. He continued to share summer reading recommendations throughout his presidency, with the exception of 2012 and 2013, when one can imagine he was swept up in his day job. In 2017, after leaving office and undoubtedly regaining some free time for leisure reading, the former president also began releasing a best-books-of-the-year list, alongside similar roundups for movies, television, and music.
-
-For some, Obama’s recommendations have become highly anticipated. Julianne Buonocore, founder of the book and lifestyle blog [The Literary Lifestyle](https://www.julesbuono.com/), said that she and her 800,000+ monthly readers eagerly await Obama’s book list each year. “First, it’s exciting to see which books you’ve read that a former president has read too, and second, he always offers an array of diverse reads, so you know you’re also bound to find something new and impactful to read next,” Buonocore said.
-
-![us politics obama shopping](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/president-barack-obama-shops-at-politics-and-prose-news-photo-1680875089.jpg?resize=980:* "US-POLITICS-OBAMA-SHOPPING")
-
-Obama shopping at Politics and Prose, an independent bookseller in Washington, D.C.
-
-JIM WATSON//Getty Images
-
-Although the lists are generally well received among anyone not naturally inclined to hate Barack Obama for unrelated political reasons, not everyone believes the authenticity of his recommendations. “I do not think the list is entirely real, in that he actually sits down and reads all these books and then chooses his favorites,” said Grace Astrove, [bookstagrammer](https://www.instagram.com/gracieisbooked/?hl=en) and director of development at Magazzino Italian Art. “I think he does read, of course, but with his schedule and responsibilities, there’s just no way. It seems more likely that the highly curated list is put together from his team’s suggestions, and then they all work to choose the best ones that correspond with his important agenda or other trends happening in the world.”
-
-For skeptics like Astrove, there’s the looming question of whose influence impacts Obama’s selections. Sources I spoke to in the publishing industry were quick to distance themselves from the insinuation that they play any role in it. When asked whether they pitch books to the former president’s team for consideration, Carisa Hays, vice president, director of publicity at Random House Publishing Group (and Obama’s in-house publicist for his own books), responded, “The books that he chooses for his annual reading list are all his personal choices, and as a publisher we don’t influence his choices. His choices are his own.”
-
-Random House, as well as the other publishers I reached out to, declined to comment on whether or not they’ve ever pitched a book to Obama for consideration. Still, it’s hard to imagine that any publicist with the opportunity to get their book into the hands of the former president doesn’t try. Given the lucrative boost in sales and publicity that an Obama pick would no doubt confer, why wouldn't they?
-
-Eric Schultz, who was a senior advisor and deputy press secretary to President Obama, says that emails from book publicists have “no bearing on what he chooses to read and release as part of his reading list.” Rather, Obama’s taste “is a reflection of the inputs he has.” When pressed, Schultz was adamant that those who suspect the former president of outsourcing his recommendations are misguided. While Schultz freely admits that staff members contribute to planning the announcements and creating promotional elements like social-media graphics, he said, “these lists come from him. This is not a staff-led exercise, and I think if it was, it wouldn’t pass the smell test. These lists wouldn’t be as salient or get as much traction if it wasn’t coming from him directly.”
-
-> > "This is not a staff-led exercise, and I think if it was, it wouldn’t pass the smell test."
-
-According to Schultz, the richness of Obama’s reading recommendations are a reflection of the man himself and his community. You don’t need *The New York Times Book Review* or Susie from book club to get recommendations when you’re constantly surrounded by some of the most interesting people in the world. As Schultz pointed out, “Being a former president, one of the perks is access to people and communities and stories from every corner of the planet, in every industry, in every sector, in every vector… Whether it’s people in business or sports or his daughter or other friends, these are all people that he hears about books from.”
-
-The titles that Obama selects are incredibly diverse both in subjects and in authors, varying widely from the boring political tomes written by old white men that you might imagine dwelling on the nightstands of former presidents. Of the 13 titles included in Obama’s [Favorite Books of 2022](https://bookriot.com/barack-obamas-favorite-books-of-2022/), there are nine works of fiction and four works of nonfiction, including books by eight women and eight BIPOC authors. There’s a novel about a dystopian school for mothers; a graphic novel about labor and survival in Canada; a journey through the history, rituals, and landscapes of the American South; and a beautifully crafted short-story collection. As someone who spent the better part of a decade working in Big Five book publishing (the five largest publishing houses: Penguin Random House, HarperCollins, Simon & Schuster, Macmillan, and Hachette), I can tell you that the former president has impeccable taste.
-
-It’s easy to imagine certain celebrity-book-club teams setting representation quotas to avoid potential Internet backlash, but according to Schultz, Obama “releases lists that are not monolithic because his actual reading diet isn’t, either. It’s simply a reflection of what he is reading and not necessarily a check-the-box exercise or anything like that.”
-
-No one I reached out to for this story had any information that would contradict Schultz’s assertions.
-
-According to the authors I spoke with whose books have appeared on Obama’s lists of summer and end-of-year recommendations, the news came as a huge surprise. [Rumaan Alam](https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/books/a34659332/rumaan-alam-have-one-on-me-interview/), whose novel *Leave the World Behind* was on the summer 2021 list, said that when he found out, his reaction was “disbelief.” [Alam](https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/books/a34701608/have-one-on-me-rumaan-alam/) said, “I had no idea that my book would be on this list—I was at the beach with my kids and a friend texted me saying ‘Congratulations.’ I had no idea what he was referring to—but what a wonderful surprise.”
-
-For *New Yorker* staff writer Patrick Radden Keefe, the shock of landing on Obama’s list has come not once but twice—a not uncommon occurrence among the former president’s presumed favorite authors, such as [Emily St. John Mandel](https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/books/a38441193/emily-st-john-mandel-interview-station-eleven-hbo/) (author of *The Glass Hotel,* listed in 2020, and *[Sea of Tranquility](https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/books/a39630494/emily-st-john-mandel-sea-of-tranquility-interview/),* listed in 2022) and Colson Whitehead (author of *The Underground Railroad,* listed in 2016, and *[Harlem Shuffle](https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/books/a37548524/colson-whitehead-harlem-shuffle-book-interview/),* listed in 2021).
-
-“I had no inkling in advance, either time,” said Radden Keefe. “With *Say Nothing*, it hadn’t even occurred to me that the book might be on the list. Then with *Empire of Pain*, I assumed there was no chance it would make the Obama list because *Say Nothing* had.” Radden Keefe has a hunch that “the lists aren’t made by committee; it’s one guy’s reading habits, albeit a guy who reads pretty widely, is an immensely gifted writer himself, and happens to be the former president of the United States.”
-
-Having previously run social media for a Big Five book publisher, I can add that we were never told of the president’s selections in advance—something that often happened for major celebrity-book-club announcements or awards, in order for us to prepare marketing and public-relations materials.
-
-The question of how the most powerful man on the planet found time to read *Fates and Furies* amid major world events like the Arab Spring and the killing of Osama bin Laden is a perfectly valid reason for skepticism—the guy was and is busy!—but Schultz says Obama found time to read because he sees reading as necessary, and he makes it a priority on his schedule. “He considered \[reading\] part of being a good leader, part of being a good president, part of being a good father, a good husband, and a good man,” Schultz said.
-
-![us president barack obama visits the pra](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/president-barack-obama-visits-the-prairie-lights-bookstore-news-photo-1680879645.jpg?resize=980:* "US President Barack Obama visits the Pra")
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-Obama visiting the Prairie Lights bookstore in Iowa City, Iowa.
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-SAUL LOEB//Getty Images
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-Obama has echoed this sentiment throughout his career. In a 2017 interview with *The New York Times*’s then chief book critic, [Michiko Kakutani](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/books/transcript-president-obama-on-what-books-mean-to-him.html), on what books mean to him (that interview’s sheer existence is proof of him prioritizing books and reading while in office), Obama shared how he loved reading as a child and rediscovered reading and writing in college and as a way to rebuild himself. When he moved to New York City as a young man in the early 1980s, he said, books “reintroduced me to the power of words as a way to figure out who you are and what you think, and what you believe, and what’s important.”
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-As a politician, he’s constantly placed an emphasis on the power of books to bring us together. Schultz explains, “At his core, Barack Obama is a storyteller, and he puts enormous weight on how these authors and artists tell stories through books, music, or television and film. He especially values stories that reflect our ideals, our hopes, our dreams, our challenges, our opportunities.”
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-Regardless of whether the former president gets help compiling his recommendations or whether he accepts the occasional pitch from a former staffer’s book publicist, the fact that he promotes reading at all is a big win for anyone who believes in the power of books to bring us together.
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-> > "At his core, Barack Obama is a storyteller."
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-Astrov, albeit skeptical that a president would be able to prioritize reading while in office, still gushed about how much she enjoys Obama’s annual recommendations. “Regardless of if it is real,” she said, “it is very significant and so wonderful to have an influential, male, BIPOC role model who promotes reading to millions. The list is effective in so many ways; I don’t necessarily care how it is created.”
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-The feeling of connection between two people who love the same book is not one often felt between ordinary citizens and high-ranking government officials, but I can honestly say that when Obama announced [Lauren Groff](https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/books/a21603777/lauren-groff-interview-florida/)’s achingly beautiful novel *Fates and Furies—*my favorite book of 2015—as *his* favorite book of 2015, I felt I learned more about him as a person than I had from any profile, speech, or campaign ad.
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-Imagining that a political consultant might have picked that book for him broke my heart, but it turns out I didn’t need to worry. After weeks of reaching out to publishers, authors, and book insiders, I could not find a single source with knowledge that the former president’s book recommendations are engineered by anyone other than himself. I may have set out to write an exposé, but what I found was so much more shocking: a positive publishing story filled with authenticity.
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-For one moment, I give you permission to forget about [book bans](https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/books/g39908103/banned-books/), [unlivable industry salaries](https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/books/a43478293/costs-becoming-a-writer/), and [diversity problems](https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/books/g32800352/books-by-black-authors/). For one minute, I give you permission to be grateful that one of the most influential people on the planet makes it a priority not just to promote books but to be personally moved by them.
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-I, for one, can’t wait to find out what he’s reading this summer.
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-![Headshot of Sophie Vershbow](https://hips.hearstapps.com/rover/profile_photos/85b2c7c0-39b1-46e4-b784-a954004a985f_1660158362.file?fill=1:1&resize=120:* "Headshot of Sophie Vershbow")
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-Sophie Vershbow is a social media strategist and freelance journalist in NYC; her work has appeared in *The New York Times*, *Vogue, Vulture, Literary Hub,* and more.
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-# Benjamin Netanyahu’s Two Decades of Power, Bluster and Ego
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-![A portrait of Netanyahu composed of various images of his face collaged together.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/10/01/magazine/01oct-netanyahu/01oct-netanyahu-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
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-Credit...Photo illustration by Lola Dupre
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-The nation’s current crisis can be traced back, in ways large and small, to the outsize personality of its longest-serving prime minister.
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-Flanked by two bickering ministers, Benjamin Netanyahu appeared to shrivel in his seat. It was late July in the Knesset, the last week before the summer recess, but there was no anticipatory buzz in the air. While lawmakers were preparing to vote, anti-government protesters, walled off from Parliament by newly installed barbed wire, chanted *“Busha!”* — “Shame!”
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-Sitting to Netanyahu’s left was Yariv Levin, Israel’s dour justice minister, a man “with less charisma than that of a napkin,” in the mordant opinion of Anshel Pfeffer, a Haaretz journalist and Netanyahu biographer. To Netanyahu’s right was Yoav Gallant, a former major general who serves as Israel’s defense minister. The two ministers hail from the right-wing Likud party, as does Netanyahu himself. But their consensus — much like every other consensus in the country — had splintered. Levin’s camp was bent on using the government’s majority to pass a package of bills that would do away with judicial oversight in the country and concentrate power in its hands. Gallant’s camp, seeing the extraordinary blowback that the bills had touched off around the nation, worried that this was a step too far.
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-The manner of the proposed legislative package (unilateral; rushed through) and scope ([total overhaul of the system](https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-judiciary-crisis-explainer.html)) had managed to rattle a public that had already accepted the most extremist coalition in Israeli history. Israel has no written constitution. Its Parliament is largely toothless as a check on power: The governing coalition has the majority and the means to impose its decisions there. Now it was proposing to neutralize the only curb to executive overreach: the country’s Supreme Court.
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-Hundreds of thousands of [protesters have poured onto the streets](https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/judicial-coup/2023-09-23/ty-article/.premium/israelis-protest-against-netanyahu-for-38th-week-ahead-of-yom-kippur/0000018a-c34d-d3ca-a9ef-c3ed2ee10000) of Tel Aviv and other Israeli cities every Saturday since the legislation was introduced in January. The energy and breadth of the protest movement has been staggering. To see this human wave surge through blocked highways shouting “Democracy!” is to glimpse Israeli society in all its variety: There are white-coat groups (doctors) and black robes (lawyers), Brothers and Sisters in Arms (military reservists), Handmaids (women’s groups), students, teachers, young people, academics, anti-occupation activists, “religious Zionist democrats,” high-tech workers and civil servants.
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-Image
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-![An aerial view of demonstrators on the streets of Tel Aviv.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/10/01/magazine/01mag-Netanyahu-04/01mag-Netanyahu-04-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
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-Demonstrators opposed to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s judicial overhaul in July.Credit...Yair Palti/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images
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-With the proposed judicial overhaul came ominous warnings from Moody’s and other financial agencies about a “deterioration of Israel’s governance” and a downgrading of the country’s credit outlook. Foreign investments were pulled; the shekel depreciated. Military reservists threatened to not show up for duty. Panicking, Netanyahu, Israel’s longest-serving prime minister, [suspended the legislation in March](https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/03/27/world/israel-protests-netanyahu). But this prompted his base to rebel, calling it a “surrender.” As one Likud lawmaker posted on Twitter, “You voted right and you got left.” The pressure on Netanyahu closed in from all sides. “If it were up to Bibi, the overhaul would simply disappear, but he can’t because the genie is now out of the bottle,” Tal Shalev, a political reporter for Walla News, told me.
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-By July, Netanyahu calculated that he was paying a steep public cost and getting nothing in return. Suspending the legislation had been a strategic mistake, his advisers reasoned: If the other side realized that the “unilateral threat is real” — that the government was willing to pass bills without seeking wider approval from the opposition — “they’ll move to compromise,” a source close to Netanyahu told me earlier that month. The judicial overhaul was back on the table.
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-The issue before Parliament now, as Netanyahu sat between his squabbling ministers, was an amendment that would bar the Supreme Court from using a standard of reasonableness to reverse government decisions. Gallant was desperate for a last-minute compromise, concerned about military disunity. Levin was steadfast in his intention to push the law through.
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-“Give me something!” Gallant pleaded over Netanyahu’s head.
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-Netanyahu sat there, mute and impassive, uncharacteristically careless about the optics. Though he prefers not to be seen wearing his eyeglasses, enlarging the font of his speeches to 24, he kept them on this time.
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-Shortly after 3:30 p.m., the Knesset speaker announced a roll-call vote, to the sound of jeers. One by one, the coalition members stated “In favor” while the opposition members all rose from their seats, some pounding their fists, others calling out “Shame!” and stalked out of the plenum, refusing to vote. “There is no prime minister in Israel,” Yair Lapid, the head of the opposition, said to reporters outside. “Netanyahu has become a puppet on a string of messianic extremists.”
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-As soon as the vote passed, 64-0, lawmakers made a beeline to Levin’s desk, where, beaming, they took selfies with him. Few noticed the man who rose from his chair, folded his eyeglasses and, looking “mortified,” as one observer put it, quietly made for the doors.
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-**Netanyahu thinks of** himself in Churchillian terms. He would like to be remembered as the leader who faced down the Iran menace, the savior of Israel in the face of forbidding odds for the Jewish people. But the country’s 75th year will be noted for something quite different. Its democracy is dimming; the public has never been more divided. Netanyahu has pushed Israel to the brink, gradually and then suddenly.
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-In 1996, when he first moved into the prime minister’s residence, Netanyahu was 46, broad faced, with appealing asymmetrical eyes (one hooded, the other wide open) — the first head of the country to be born after its founding, in 1948, and one who brought an unapologetic outlook toward Israel’s occupation of the West Bank. Now 73, he is besieged on multiple fronts. He [stands trial in three cases of corruption](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/03/world/middleeast/netanyahu-corruption-charges-israel.html) that were rolled into one indictment in 2019 — charges he denies. Though his wife, Sara, is not a defendant, two of the cases feature her. Reports of their dealings, and those of their elder son, Yair, have the trappings of a royal soap opera: a steady supply of Champagne, cigars and expensive jewelry; demands for fawning press coverage; flagrant interference in matters of appointments and policy. These days, his gait is halting; his shoulders are hunched. His eyes sag. Try as his aides might, they have no way to spin this: The man looks exhausted.
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-The judicial overhaul has now jeopardized every one of his perceived accomplishments, including Israel’s economic success and its international standing. Netanyahu is “in a Job-like state,” Nahum Barnea, a veteran columnist for Yedioth Ahronoth, told me. His coalition members embarrass him on a daily basis. His legal woes are mounting. On top of which, Barnea added, “He can’t travel to the White House, and it’s killing him.” (Netanyahu’s meeting with President Biden on Sept. 20 was the first since [Netanyahu’s re-election](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/03/world/middleeast/israel-netanyahu-election.html) last November and came on the sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly.) Still, many who know Netanyahu well rebuff the suggestion that he is losing control. “That’s like saying that Orban or Erdogan has lost control,” a former senior aide to Netanyahu told me recently.
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-But while the judicial overhaul is unpopular — only one in four Israelis wants it to proceed, according to a recent survey by the Israel Democracy Institute — it hasn’t diminished the passion of Netanyahu’s core supporters. In a recent poll measuring suitability to lead the country, he and Benny Gantz, who heads the centrist National Unity party, were tied with 38 percent each. (By comparison, Lapid, the current opposition leader, trailed them with 29 percent.) For vast parts of the country, from the Jewish settlements in the West Bank to ultra-Orthodox enclaves to Israel’s impoverished development towns, he remains “King Bibi.”
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-His status is such that his personal base of supporters is far greater than that of his party. Campaign posters from 2019 showed him shaking hands with Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin, with the caption “Netanyahu: A Different League.” For his electorate, he is exactly that: a once-in-a-generation leader, suave and polished, speaking a refined American English, and also a bare-knuckled sabra who has shown no qualms about taking on Barack Obama, the Palestinian leadership and the U. N. Security Council. “He has turned himself into a symbol for entire sectors of the public that are drastically different from him but that are willing to die for him,” Zeev Elkin, a former Likud minister under Netanyahu who is now chairman of National Unity, told me.
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-Netanyahu is secular and Ashkenazi (of Jewish European origins); he comes from a liberal milieu in Jerusalem that is similar to the social elites against which he, and his voters, rail. He is erudite, thorough, lonesome and vengeful. He is prone to grandiloquence, but then so are his admirers: “I look at Bibi and think that he’s a rare man, and we should thank God every day for giving us such a gift,” Benny Ziffer, a friend of his, told me.
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-One of Netanyahu’s main achievements in office has been overseeing Israel’s transformation into a country with one of the highest per-capita investments in start-ups in the world; a second has been forging relations with the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Sudan and Morocco. Each achievement has asterisks attached. In the early 2000s, he served as finance minister in the government of Ariel Sharon; he spurred growth in part by slashing large annual subsidies to the ultra-Orthodox. He then led Likud to its worst-ever defeat in an election. Lesson learned: Never again would he dare cross the Haredim, or ultra-Orthodox. As prime minister, Netanyahu has since doled out more annual subsidies and additional inflated budgets to the Haredim than any leader before him. A Haredi family in which the father is unemployed (as more than half of Haredi men are) now receives four times more financial assistance than a non-Haredi Jewish household, one research institute found.
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-Admirers credit Netanyahu with “changing the paradigm” around the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Boaz Bismuth, a Likud lawmaker, told me. Netanyahu did so by effectively bypassing the Palestinians and signing normalization agreements with other Arab countries in the region. But those agreements, known as the Abraham Accords, are the diplomatic end result of an arms deal in which Israel would provide nearly all signatories with [licenses to its powerful cybersurveillance technology Pegasus](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/28/magazine/nso-group-israel-spyware.html), as an investigation in this magazine revealed last year. “He made use of knowledge and technologies to get closer to dictators,” a former senior defense official told me. A normalization agreement with Saudi Arabia, which Netanyahu is eager to advance, would be even more consequential. But such a deal would entail concessions to the Palestinians, something that his extremist coalition partners would no doubt torpedo.
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-Netanyahu’s impressive endurance in office is, in part, a reflection of his enlarged base. The Likud electorate has historically been the Mizrahi (Jews of Middle Eastern and North African descent), the religiously observant, the noncollege-educated and the poor. But it has expanded to include Israelis who support his conservative economic agenda and others who cite his reluctance to go to needless wars and his international connections, Mazal Mualem writes in “Cracking the Netanyahu Code.” Netanyahu has refashioned Likud from a hawkish yet liberal party into a populist party wholly in his thrall.
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-But a broadened Likud base, even when combined with ultra-Orthodox allies, still doesn’t amount to a majority in Parliament. For that, Netanyahu turned to the far right. Last year, he orchestrated an [alliance between two competing hard-right factions](https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-meets-ben-gvir-smotrich-in-bid-to-press-far-right-merger/) in order to guarantee that their joint list made it to the Knesset and into his governing coalition. One faction, led by Bezalel Smotrich, an ultranationalist zealot and Israel’s current finance minister, represents the interests of the growing settler movement, which numbers more than 600,000 in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. The second, headed by Itamar Ben-Gvir, a man [convicted of support for a terrorist organization,](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/02/27/itamar-ben-gvir-israels-minister-of-chaos) is an offshoot of a virulent racist movement founded by the Brooklyn-born rabbi, Meir Kahane. Under Netanyahu, the Israeli left has not only diminished but is regarded by much of Israeli society as illegitimate: not Jewish enough, not patriotic enough.
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-“There has always been this dualistic element in covering Netanyahu,” Shalev, the Walla journalist, says. “Netanyahu the politician versus Netanyahu the statesman; the responsible Netanyahu versus the corrupt Netanyahu; Netanyahu in English versus Netanyahu in Hebrew; Dr. Netanyahu, Mr. Bibi. There was always this dissonance. But he managed to synchronize it so that you at least knew what his goals were.” She went on: “At the start of this government, Bibi laid out four goals” — preventing a nuclear Iran, restoring security, bringing down the cost of living and expanding Israel’s diplomatic ties — “and every day something happens that is counterproductive to those goals. You no longer understand what he is doing.”
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-If the various components of the judicial overhaul pass, Israeli democracy will be in peril: The courts will be powerless, a government-appointed authority will be tasked with overseeing broadcast media, a parallel system will be set up for the ultra-Orthodox, who will be exempt from military conscription and whose children will receive only minimal education in core subjects such as math and science. The experiment of finding a balance between the Jewish and the democratic aspects of the state will be tipped toward the former.
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-Netanyahu, more than anyone, is responsible for this transformation: a leader whose blend of staying power, deep suspicions and legal entanglements have hollowed out the political discourse in his country. These days, Israeli society can be seen as a reflection of Netanyahu and his neuroses; an entire political class is now devoted to burrowing into his psyche for clues on how far he is willing go.
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-Netanyahu declined to speak to me for this article. In response to a detailed fact-checking request, Netanyahu’s office offered only this statement: “Your questions indicate a malicious and farcical hit job aimed at smearing a strong conservative Israeli prime minister. Such a compilation of regurgitated and tired lies — all of which have previously been discredited — is not worthy of our response.”
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-But in speaking to more than 50 people around Netanyahu — childhood acquaintances, friends, current and former associates, outside observers, critics and biographers, some of whom asked to remain anonymous to talk about sensitive matters — what emerged was a portrait of a remarkable yet flawed man whose vision for Israel has become clouded by self-interest; a leader who has fallen prey to the idea that, in the words of his wife, “Without Bibi the country is lost.”
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-**Cela Netanyahu** predicted that her middle son, nicknamed Bibi after a cousin with the same name, would become a painter. The historian Benzion Netanyahu told an interviewer in 1998 that his son was suited for the role of foreign minister. (The compliment was barbed: Netanyahu was already prime minister at the time.) In “Bibi: My Story,” his 2022 memoir, which he wrote longhand in English, Netanyahu underplays his privilege: military service in the elite Matkal Unit; university studies at M.I.T.; a job at the prestigious Boston Consulting Group. “I had taken all these decisions with an attitude of ‘What the hell, let’s give it a try and see what happens,’” he writes.
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-Tragedy soon brought his life into focus. On July 4, 1976, as the United States celebrated its bicentennial, an Air France flight taking off from Tel Aviv was diverted to Entebbe, [Uganda, by Palestinian and German terrorists.](https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/11/archives/drama-in-hijacking-of-jet-to-uganda-a-long-week-of-terror-and.html) An Israeli commando force raided the airfield where the hostages were held. More than 100 hostages were successfully liberated, but an Israeli officer was killed in the rescue. Netanyahu was living in Boston at the time with his then wife, Miki Weissman, whom he started seeing while both were still in high school. He went by the name Ben Nitay and worked as a consultant. That summer night, the couple’s phone rang. As he picked up the receiver, he recalls in his memoir, he told Miki: “It’s Iddo, to tell me that Yoni is dead.” His premonition proved right. Iddo, his younger brother, was on the line from Jerusalem. Yoni, their older brother, had been killed in the raid.
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-Bibi and Yoni shared an extraordinary bond. “I think I love him more than anyone else in the world,” Yoni wrote in a letter to his girlfriend in 1964. At times, they were each other’s sole family. Their parents left Israel with them when they were young, after Benzion failed to secure an academic position. They resorted to a lengthy American exile, with Benzion working first at Dropsie College in Pennsylvania and later at Cornell. The parents were notoriously absent, spending months abroad and leaving Netanyahu with friends.
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-“Bibi spent the whole summer in Israel alone when he was 13, and they didn’t bother calling him more than once,” someone who knew him as a child recently recalled. Bibi “was different from all of us from a very young age in his over-independence,” he went on. “What you see is a lonely person. He didn’t have this thing that the rest of us had” — a warm parental presence.
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-Benzion, who died in 2012 at age 102, was an intransigent, difficult man. But the boys “worshiped him,” Dan Netanyahu, a cousin, told me. For Bibi, “the image of the father remains a guiding light,” his friend Ziffer says.
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-As a young man, Benzion evangelized the views of Ze’ev Jabotinsky, the leader of the right-wing Revisionist movement. Jabotinky believed in territorial maximalism, which he considered a “revision” to the too-compromising interpretation of Zionism advocated by the country’s founding generation. He viewed Jewish history as an ongoing series of catastrophes. Toward the end of the Second World War, he “regarded the Palestinian leadership as a continuation of the Nazis — the embodiment of evil,” Adi Armon, a scholar of Jewish history and author of essays on the elder Netanyahu, published in Haaretz, told me. Bibi has inherited much of his father’s pessimistic worldview. Friends recall him warning against Israel’s peace treaty with Egypt, which became a singular diplomatic and strategic milestone.
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-He also took on his father’s resentments. “Netanyahu presents this impressive combination of a strongman who’s also a victim,” Barnea says. It’s a paradox typical of right-wing leaders in the West, Barnea adds, but in Netanyahu’s case, “I think it truly represents what he thinks of himself.”
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-The night in 1976 when he heard of Yoni’s death, Bibi drove seven hours to Ithaca, N.Y., to break the news to his parents. Benzion greeted him with a surprised smile, but “when he saw my face, he instantly understood,” Netanyahu writes in his memoir. “He let out a terrible cry like a wounded animal.” The Netanyahu family founded a think tank in Yoni’s name, the Jonathan Institute, for the study of terrorism. The institute would lend Netanyahu gravitas and connections; it would also help start his political career. People who knew Netanyahu at the time say that were it not for Yoni’s death, they doubt whether he or his parents would even have returned to live in Israel.
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-To ease his foray into politics, Netanyahu took up work as a marketing executive at one of Israel’s largest furniture manufacturers. The decision appears to have been mostly financial. But the salesman in him, who pitches people using hyperbole and deception, has never quit. His stage presence and his easily digestible, good-versus-evil outlook on the Middle East set him apart when he began his career as a young diplomat. By 1982, he was back in the United States, serving as deputy ambassador to Washington during the early years of the Reagan administration. The jingoism of that time has remained a Netanyahu trademark: “It is not the Jews who usurp the land from the Arabs, but the Arabs who usurp the land from the Jews,” he writes in his memoir, adding, “The Jews are the original natives, the Arabs the colonialists.”
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-In 1984, Netanyahu was named as Israel’s permanent representative to the United Nations, and he later threw himself into defending the right-wing policies of Yitzhak Shamir, the prime minister, with gusto and skill. He became a fixture on “Nightline” and U.S. news, learning to present his best side to the camera: the one that hid the scar on his lip (a result of a childhood game involving an electric socket). During one memorable appearance, at the height of the gulf war, air-raid sirens sounded while he was on the air from Jerusalem. Rather than cut the interview short, Netanyahu — ever attuned to ratings — suggested that they keep rolling with gas masks on. Larry King told Vanity Fair that women used to stop by the studio to inquire about his dashing guest from Israel.
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-Netanyahu’s first marriage ended when Miki, pregnant with their daughter, discovered that he had been carrying on an affair with Fleur Cates, a British-German student he had met at Harvard Business School. He and Cates — who, the Israeli tabloids were scandalized to note, was not Jewish when they met — married in 1981. After Netanyahu’s stint at the United Nations ended, in 1988, the couple moved to Tel Aviv. They lived rent-free in a seafront apartment belonging to the Australian billionaire John Gandel, two independent sources told me. This was an early indication of Netanyahu’s cozying up to moneyed friends, a pattern that would come back to haunt him. His thriftiness is, by now, infamous. “He is stingy to the point of extreme,” Uzi Arad, Netanyahu’s former national-security adviser, who has since turned into a critic, told me. “He cannot pay for his lunches!” A former employee of Benzion’s recalled of Bibi, with whom she also worked for a while, “He was a person who walked around without a wallet.”
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-As Netanyahu and Cates settled in Tel Aviv, Netanyahu quickly established himself on the Likud roster. He showed little reverence for party seniority. “His innovation was that he moved from the outside in,” Elkin, the former Likud minister, told me. He set up marathon sessions with many of the 2,500 voters who made up the committee that determined the party’s list for Parliament.
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-But he soon encountered a problem: A group of well-connected and much admired second-generation politicians, known as the Likud “princes,” had their own ambitions. They included Ehud Olmert, Dan Meridor and Benny Begin. “One day I get a phone call, and it’s Bibi,” Olmert recalled recently. “He wants to come see me. So I meet him, and he tells me: ‘Listen, there are only two people who can run this country. Me and you. Let’s make a deal. I don’t need more than one term. I’ll take a term, and you take a term.’ He tells me, ‘Just don’t go against me.’ I told him: ‘What are you talking about? Is this a private bargain? Besides, I’m in no rush.’ So we say goodbye, and I tell him that I support him.” A few days later, Olmert says, he recounted that conversation to Meridor. Meridor told Olmert: “He told *me* that there were only two people who could run this country. Him and me.” Later, Olmert ran into Benny Begin, who said: “He told me that it was him and *me*.”
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-Netanyahu dispensed with the princes — one after another. He has done the same with every other rival who has threatened to gain prominence. “He always took care to decapitate those who grew strong,” Elkin told me.
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-By 1992, Labor had overturned Likud’s political dominance. Rabin was elected prime minister and embarked on historic peace talks with the Palestinian leader, Yasir Arafat. A year later, Netanyahu clinched the Likud chairmanship, ousting Shamir, his former boss. He set about excoriating the peace talks, and the subsequent Oslo Accords, every chance he had. Not that he had many: Rabin, Arafat and Israel’s foreign minister, Shimon Peres, shared a Nobel Peace Prize in 1994 and were exalted internationally. The Israeli media, which had previously celebrated its young, Americanized diplomat, became critical of him. “The only game in town was Oslo,” Pfeffer says.
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-Yet Netanyahu soon won the opinion on the street. Mass-casualty suicide bombings by Palestinian terrorists on Israeli buses and on bustling promenades turned the Israeli public against the recently signed treaty. Netanyahu presented himself as a bellicose alternative to the left-wing government’s concessions. He installed himself at the sites of the attacks, lambasting Rabin. In October 1995, he gave an infamous balcony speech at a Jerusalem protest in which some protesters carried signs of Rabin dressed as a Nazi. Netanyahu later claimed that he did not witness such incitement from his perch, though other Likud politicians who were present sensed what was brewing and walked away. A month later, a Jewish extremist assassinated Rabin at the end of a peace rally in Tel Aviv.
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-In elections held the following year, Netanyahu defied the polls and a newly hostile press and triumphed over Peres. For right-wing voters, this was a deliverance from the Oslo debacle. For the left, there was no recovering from the bloodied circumstances that brought about his rule.
-
-**One paradox of** Netanyahu’s time in office is that although he is venerated in Israel for his presence on the world stage, he has made few friends there. According to Aaron David Miller’s “The Much Too Promised Land,” an exasperated Bill Clinton came out of their first meeting in 1996 fuming to aides: “Who the \[expletive\] does he think he is? Who’s the \[expletive\] superpower here?” Clinton’s secretary of state, Madeleine Albright, used to describe Netanyahu unfavorably as an “Israeli Newt Gingrich” and felt condescended to, Miller, who worked for her, has written. In 2011, President Nicolas Sarkozy of France was caught on mic complaining to President Barack Obama, “I cannot bear Netanyahu, he’s a liar.” Obama responded, “You’re fed up with him, but I have to deal with him even more often than you.”
-
-That May, Netanyahu traveled to Washington for a scheduled meeting with Obama in the Oval Office. From the outset, their relationship had been strained. During their first meeting in office, two years earlier, according to Netanyahu’s memoir, he expected pleasantries when Obama suddenly turned to him.
-
-“Bibi,” he recalled Obama saying. “I meant what I said. I expect you to immediately freeze all construction in the areas beyond the 1967 borders. Not one brick!”
-
-Netanyahu tried to deflect with the usual shtick. “Israel,” he told Obama, “is willing to begin unconditional peace talks with the Palestinians immediately.”
-
-But Obama was undeterred. Coming from Chicago, he told Netanyahu, he knew how to deal with tough opponents. “He then said something out of character that shocked me deeply,” Netanyahu writes. He doesn’t specify what it was, but in Mualem’s book, Michael Oren, a former Israeli ambassador to the United States, described the moment: “I know how to deal with people who oppose me,” Obama reportedly said and then made a slashing gesture across his throat.
-
-Now Netanyahu was stunned again. The day before they met, Obama reiterated in a speech his demand for Israel to withdraw from the occupied territories in the West Bank.
-
-“I was absolutely furious,” Netanyahu wrote. In front of a roomful of reporters, he seemed to lecture Obama, saying, “It’s not going to happen.”
-
-Obama was understandably dubious when, in 2013, John Kerry, his secretary of state, pressed him to begin peace talks between Israel and the Palestinians. Still, Obama told Kerry to proceed. The issue of Palestinian refugees became a major flashpoint. At stake was whether Israel would grant refugees who had fled or been expelled from the country during its war for independence in 1948 a “right of return,” as the Palestinians demanded.
-
-Speaking via video conference from Paris, Kerry and Martin Indyk, the U.S. special envoy for Israeli-Palestinean negotiations, proposed to Netanyahu that Israel would take in a symbolic number of refugees and contribute to a fund that would provide further compensation. Netanyahu then asked to take a break. When it was time to resume, half an hour later, the Israeli negotiators “came into the room, and said, ‘We’re very sorry, the prime minister is indisposed,’” Indyk recalls. Netanyahu had reportedly gone over the details of the refugee agreement with his media adviser, who told him that it was a “complete disaster” and that the Israeli public “would never accept it,” Indyk says.
-
-“It was at that point that he apparently had a breakdown,” Indyk adds. “The pressure came not because we were putting the screws on him, but because he was thinking of the politics of it and how he would try to sell it.” This wasn’t the first time that Netanyahu had taken ill at critical junctures. At least a dozen people, including his friend Ziffer, told me about health problems he has experienced when he was under intense pressure.
-
-In the summer of 2013, U.S. negotiators drew up a document that would serve as a basis for a final peace deal. Its language said that Israel would retreat to its pre-1967 borders with “reality-driven swaps”: Israel’s largest settlement blocs would be left in place in exchange for other territory. This time, though he has never publicly acknowledged it, Netanyahu was willing to accept the terms.
-
-Tzipi Livni, a centrist politician who served as Israel’s chief negotiator for peace, told me, “Netanyahu agreed to the American paper that was based on the ’67 borders.” This seems almost unimaginable in hindsight: that Netanyahu, who has done more than any other leader to entrench Israel’s occupation of the West Bank, agreed to the framework for a historic peace agreement that would have ended it. The deal never materialized, Livni added, in part because Mahmoud Abbas, the president of the Palestinian Authority, never gave his response. Soon after the paper circulated, Abbas announced a reconciliation between his Fatah party and Hamas, which Israel considers a terrorist organization. This buried any prospects for a deal. Indyk confirmed that Netanyahu appeared open to accepting the 1967 outline. But he has since come to believe that Netanyahu never intended to follow through. “He saw the ’67 language. The question was, Was he serious about it? My view is that both leaders were not serious. They were ready to blame the other.”
-
-Biden, Indyk says, agrees. He “doesn’t think Netanyahu’s serious when it comes to peacemaking. He admires Netanyahu’s political skill but is skeptical about his statesmanship.”
-
-Talk to Netanyahu’s longtime observers, and you come away convinced that he is a heartfelt ideologue, his father’s son. Talk to others, and he’s a calculated pragmatist. He has been compared in the Israeli press to a “weather vane” blowing with the wind. He advocated a nation-state law that relegates Arab Israelis (who make up 21 percent of the public) to second-class citizenship but was also responsible for passing an unprecedented $3 billion program to improve living conditions in Arab communities. He used to endorse a two-state solution (publicly, at least), before announcing his intention to annex parts of the West Bank when it became politically expedient. He reassured protesters that he would not pass the judicial overhaul unilaterally, then watched as his Likud base responded with outrage and announced that it would move forward anyway.
-
-What the left “doesn’t get,” a source close to Netanyahu says, “is that he’s very flexible, and he will switch, but for him there are issues and then there are politics.” The source adds: “Iran is the big issue for him. His thinking is, Everything else I have to navigate to thwart that danger; if I’m not here, then I can’t deal with this big issue. Saudi Arabia is also very big for him right now. Principles are big issues, and the rest is pragmatism.”
-
-The most consistent he has been on any issue is on the prospects of a nuclear Iran. But that has proved a colossal failure. At least three former Mossad chiefs have called Netanyahu’s actions on Iran dangerous. In 2015, he blindsided Obama by speaking out in Congress against the United States’ [signing “a very bad deal” with Iran,](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/15/world/middleeast/iran-nuclear-deal-israel.html) even though a deal was imminent and Democratic support was all but ensured. In fact, according to Indyk, while Netanyahu knew that the United States and Iran had been negotiating, he himself was blindsided by the nuclear agreement. “He was screaming at Kerry the day after the framework deal was announced,” Indyk says. “He was furious.” Three years later, at Netanyahu’s urging, President [Trump pulled out of that agreement](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/world/middleeast/trump-iran-nuclear-deal.html). Iran now has enough enriched uranium to produce “several” bombs, the director-general of the International Atomic Energy Agency warned earlier this year. Iran’s enrichment is “100 percent the result of the U.S. pulling out of the agreement,” Tamir Hayman, a former Israel military intelligence chief and the managing director of the Institute for National Security Studies, told me. Hayman called the pullout from the deal a “grave mistake,” adding, “We retreated from Plan A without having a Plan B in place.”
-
-Elkin, the former Likud minister, believes that Netanyahu’s sole governing ideology is his own survival. “He began with a worldview that said, ‘I’m the best leader for Israel at this time,’” Elkin says. “Slowly it morphed into a worldview that said, ‘The worst thing that can happen to Israel is if I stop leading it, and therefore my survival justifies anything.’ From there, you quickly reach a worldview of ‘The state is me.’ He believes in it wholeheartedly.”
-
-**It’s impossible to** grasp Netanyahu’s complex brew of self-regard and insecurity without understanding his marriage to his third and current wife, Sara. In one astonishing recording from 2002, released by the public broadcaster Kan, Sara can be heard lashing out at those who have criticized her husband: “Bibi is bigger than this country!” she declares. “People here want to be slaughtered and burned? Why should he even bother? We’ll move abroad, and the whole country can burn.”
-
-In reporting for this article, I tried to resist the “family narrative” that characterizes much of the reporting on Netanyahu, which presents him as a kind of pawn, an unwitting captive of his wife’s and elder son’s demands. But while its conclusion may be faulty, implying that Netanyahu is somehow subservient, I have become convinced that his family plays a significant role in his decision-making and, ultimately, in how the country is run. The stories range from the salacious to the serious: from allegations that Sara had routinely underpaid, overworked and verbally abused employees of the prime minister’s residence to reports in The Washington Post that she used to take suitcases of dirty laundry on her husband’s official flights to Washington so as to enjoy the free dry-cleaning services offered to official guests of the White House. Netanyahu has denied all of these claims.
-
-He met Sara Ben-Artzi in 1988 on a layover at Amsterdam’s Schiphol Airport. She was 30 and a flight attendant; he was 39 and Israel’s deputy foreign minister. They went out on several dates, but according to Ben Caspit’s “The Netanyahu Years,” there was no great chemistry. Soon after that, he told friends that they broke up. By 1991, they had reunited. They married in March of that year at his parents’ house in Jerusalem; Sara was visibly pregnant.
-
-Two years later, Netanyahu shocked the nation when he went on the air and confessed to having cheated on his new wife. In the aftermath of the affair, there were reports in the Israeli press about rumors that Sara had agreed to take him back only after making him sign some sort of secret agreement stipulating that he could not have contact with other women without her knowledge and could go hardly anywhere without her. She also intervened at work. “Sara was shot into the Prime Minister’s Office as from a cannon,” Caspit writes in his book. The former senior aide to Netanyahu told me, “Our whole goal was to build a layer of defense around Bibi to protect him from Sara’s madness and allow him to do his work.” The portrait that emerges from such stories is of a scorned, grifting, raging woman. In various successful lawsuits and investigative reports over the years, this portrait appears to bear out.
-
-Since his indictment in 2019, Netanyahu’s bond with Sara seems to have hardened. In their view, they are victims of a state plot to unseat them. The state prosecution claims that from 2011 to 2016, Netanyahu accepted a steady supply of cigars, cases of Champagne and jewelry from [Arnon Milchan, an Israeli film producer in Hollywood,](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/24/world/middleeast/israel-netanyahu-corruption-milchan.html) and James Packer, an Australian billionaire. In exchange for these presents, estimated to have been worth hundreds of thousands of dollars, the prosecution says that Netanyahu lobbied U.S. officials to help Milchan renew his U.S. visa and tried to lighten his tax burden in Israel. (Milchan and Packer are not on trial, and Packer has not been accused of a quid pro quo.) A former Netanyahu spokesman who turned state witness in 2018 told prosecutors that he had learned of “a method, let’s say, in which, on every visit abroad, the Netanyahu family was attached to a walking credit card on two legs” — meaning to local benefactors.
-
-In 2021, an unusual video went viral in Israel. Set against a black background, it featured the account of a man named David Artzi. Artzi, the former deputy head of Israel Aerospace Industries, met with David Shimron, Netanyahu’s cousin who was then his private lawyer in 1999. Shimron, Artzi claimed, had recently been fired by another client, and in trying to illustrate to Artzi that he was still in demand, he brought up his work with Netanyahu. He opened his briefcase and pulled out a contract that he had drawn up between Sara and Bibi. “So I read it over carefully, slowly, slowly, and I almost faint,” Artzi recalled. It was 15 pages long and, according to Artzi, stated that “he would have no credit cards, only she would, and that if he needed money she would give it to him in cash.” It also outlined Sara’s veto power over appointments including the military’s chief of staff, the head of Shin Bet and the head of the Mossad, Artzi said. Shimron denies Artzi’s account and has since sued him for libel. In testimony early this year, Sara Netanyahu said that “this agreement did not exist,” and Netanyahu called Artzi’s account a “gross lie.”
-
-But the former senior defense official said he was convinced of Sara’s power. He told me that he had spoken to someone who had witnessed Netanyahu grilling a candidate for a sensitive role about personal “loyalty.” The former Netanyahu spokesman told the investigative program “Hamakor,” “There is an agreement that the innermost appointments in the bureau don’t pass without a green light from Sara Netanyahu.”
-
-However shaky the beginning of their relationship, by now there is no question that Netanyahu is deeply committed to his wife. Pfeffer, Netanyahu’s biographer, told me: “Sara is the most hated woman in Israel. If he divorced her, he would probably be more popular. He loves her. She’s a problem in many ways, but he also relies on her.” He works tirelessly to clear her name and to get her the plaudits he feels she deserves. His efforts have embroiled him in one of the corruption cases for which he’s under indictment.
-
-Known in Israel as Case 4000, it details allegations that, in exchange for giving the owner of the news site Walla regulatory benefits, Netanyahu had sought favorable coverage for himself and his family, claims that the defendants have denied. Many of the demands, according to the indictment, had to do with Sara. (Walla ran stories about her “fashionable makeover,” lighting Hanukkah candles with Holocaust survivors and attending a Mariah Carey concert.)
-
-Critics of Netanyahu argue that his insistence on forging ahead with the judicial overhaul stems from his legal woes. Netanyahu and his inner circle reject the argument. But Elkin, the former Likud minister, recalled that Netanyahu summoned him to his office in 2020, as his trial got underway. Earlier, Netanyahu signed a power-sharing agreement with the centrist Gantz, whereby he would serve first in rotation as prime minister and Gantz would serve second. Now Netanyahu told Elkin that he wished to renege on that agreement. “I was very much opposed, and told him why,” Elkin says. “He listened and nodded and then he said something I will never forget. He said, ‘If I don’t call an election now, I won’t get to nominate the next state prosecutor.’ He was willing to risk *everything* just to save his own skin.”
-
-**If you were** to identify a turning point in Netanyahu’s 16-year rule, the election of 2015 would be it. The previous year, Netanyahu called for the dissolution of Parliament over disagreements with his center-left coalition partners, including their attempts to pass a law that would curb the influence of a free newspaper bankrolled by the U.S. mogul Sheldon Adelson that was widely seen as friendly to Netanyahu. That decision reflected his growing obsession with his own press coverage and a sharp rightward turn in his political calculus. Told by the news media and many advisers that he was facing defeat, Netanyahu ended up winning that election decisively — thanks in large part to a by-now infamous video in which he warned against the voting rights of a fifth of the public: “Arab voters are coming out in droves to the polls. Left-wing organizations are busing them out.” Netanyahu’s scare-tactics campaign that year was the brainchild of his son Yair, together with two of Yair’s friends from the military spokesperson’s unit who now run Netanyahu’s social media strategy.
-
-Two days after the election, according to Netanyahu’s former senior aide, “he called his advisers into a meeting and told them that one person was in charge of this victory. Then he turned to Yair. Some people in the room were shocked.” Before that night, the former aide continued: “Sara and Yair kept telling him that he was all-powerful, but he didn’t think so. He was like me and you. After that win, he really started to believe that he was above the country.” That year, Netanyahu not only served as Israel’s prime minister but also held the positions of foreign minister, health minister and communications minister. “He no longer speaks in years but in decades,” the columnist Yossi Verter wrote in Haaretz.
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-With Yair’s backing, Netanyahu realized that by playing to his base’s resentments, he could simply write off the political center. His close adviser Natan Eshel admitted as much. “This public — I call it the non-Ashkenazi camp — what gets it going?” Eshel said in a tape released by the magazine program “Uvda” in 2020. “We’ve managed to fuel this, this hate. It’s what unites us.”
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-Long before the invention of Trumpism, there was Bibism. It, too, has been marked by a strain of grievance politics and a galvanizing of the ranks against perceived elites. But the election of Trump, which happened to coincide with the start of the police investigations into Netanyahu, has bolstered Netanyahu’s confrontational styles. With Trump, in general, “Netanyahu got everything he wanted,” Amit Segal, a political reporter for Channel 12, told me in 2021. Israel got a pass on settlement construction in the West Bank and signed normalization accords with four Arab states; the United States withdrew from the Iran agreement and [moved its embassy to Jerusalem.](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/13/world/middleeast/jerusalem-embassy-israel-independence.html) “Our years together were the best ever for the Israeli-American alliance,” Netanyahu writes in his memoir.
-
-Netanyahu’s attacks on the courts have since grown constant (“ginned-up cases”; “attempt to overthrow the government”), as have those on veteran Israeli journalists (“a woman of the extreme left”; “ leaders of an orchestrated rebellion”). In recent years, he has shunned Israeli mainstream media, opting instead for Facebook Live videos and frequent “exclusive” interviews with Channel 14, a media outlet that he has personally helped elevate into one of the most-watched news programs in the country. His inner circle has changed, too, from an abundance of freethinking policy advisers to a narrow group of loyalists. Behind all these decisions, insiders say, lurks the figure Yair Netanyahu.
-
-In a country in which the American alt-right is largely unfamiliar, Yair Netanyahu is a fan of Breitbart News, Mark Levin and Ben Shapiro. He is embraced by the Fidesz party of Viktor Orban in Hungary, where earlier this year he attended a conference on the media and denounced a “global elite” and a state of “Sorosization” with seemingly little awareness of the antisemitic overtones. At 32, he has never held down a job that wasn’t directly connected to his father.
-
-Whatever caution Netanyahu still possesses in attacking opponents is wholly lacking from his son’s arsenal of obscenities. Yair has tweeted that two Israeli news channels were an “existential threat to the State of Israel as much as Iran!” and compared protesters against the judicial overhaul to Nazi storm troopers. Yair reportedly urged his father to push through the controversial legislation despite wide public disapproval. This spring, after heated arguments at home, Bibi and Sara ordered Yair off social media, according to reporting by Shalev, the Walla journalist. His Twitter presence went down to zero posts a day from 77. And then, for the next couple of months, Yair disappeared from public view. He has left the country, shuttling between Puerto Rico and Miami, where, according to Caspit, he has been getting help with job referrals from Jared Kushner, Trump’s son-in-law. (Kushner’s father, Charles, is a longtime family friend of Netanyahu’s.) In April, during a news conference, Netanyahu was asked about Yair’s degree of influence. “Zero,” he replied.
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-**In mid-August,** as lawmakers scampered for their summer vacations, the Netanyahus visited the northern township Ramot, on the Golan Heights. It’s a quiet, pastoral place, with rolling farmland and gravelly roads. But when Bibi and Sara arrived with a long police motorcade, a thousand anti-government protesters awaited them, carrying Israeli flags and blowing bicycle horns. Tensions were palpable throughout the country. In July, as the judicial overhaul resurfaced, Netanyahu fainted. Several days later, he was fitted with a pacemaker. Doctors revealed a history of heart problems that had been kept from the public.
-
-In early September, Israel’s Supreme Court heard petitions against the amendment to strike down the court’s ability to cite “extreme unreasonableness” in government decisions. For the first time in Israel’s history, [all 15 justices convened for a single case.](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/12/world/middleeast/israel-supreme-court-power-limit.html) Leading economists caution that without the standard of reasonableness, Israel will experience an increase in political and public corruption. Several Likud lawmakers have already indicated that if the court rules against the proposed amendment, they might not abide by the ruling. This would throw the country into an unprecedented constitutional crisis. On Sept. 28, the court was scheduled to hear a challenge to another law, which [protects the prime minister from being removed](https://en.idi.org.il/articles/50968#:~:text=On%20August%203%2C%202023%2C%20Supreme,Law%3A%20The%20Government%20relating%20to) from office on grounds of incapacitation. It’s this law that Netanyahu is said to care about most, though there is little evidence to support his fear that he would be ousted. Israel’s attorney general has warned that passing the law was a “flagrant misuse” of Parliament’s authority.
-
-Still another court hearing looms. Until now, during the three years of his trial, Netanyahu has resisted taking a plea bargain, which would most likely require him to admit wrongdoing and thus avoid prison time but force him out of political life for years. His former senior aide told me that Sara wouldn’t let him consider such a deal: “She is clinging to power at all costs.” Things may be different now. Next year, the prosecution is expected to wrap up its side of the hearings, and Netanyahu will be called to take the witness stand. It’s a prospect he dreads. “His close associates have told me that he doesn’t want to testify,” Shalev, the Walla reporter, says. “There are gaps between the things he told police and what his lawyers wrote in their defense, and he doesn’t want those gaps to be exposed. It will make him out to be a liar.”
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-Observers who follow the trial closely say that he might accept a plea bargain this time. Especially if Israel and Saudi Arabia manage to reach a normalization agreement — an agreement that, by all accounts, Netanyahu is desperate to sign. Perhaps then the historical record will show a palpable achievement: something to distract from the crisis in his own country that he has helped engineer. For years, liberal Israelis were afraid that a right-wing coalition would come along and annex West Bank settlements. “Then came the twist,” the author Etgar Keret wrote earlier this year. “Instead, the settlers annexed the country.”
-
-These may be the twilight months of Israel’s longest-serving leader, then, a feeble coda to two decades’ worth of power and bluster and ego.
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-This summer, a TikTok video that the Netanyahus posted from their vacation in Ramot piqued the ire of the protesters. The Netanyahus are sitting at a small dining table, a bottle of rosé chilling in a cooler beside them. Netanyahu wore Barbie-pink sunglasses, and took them off for the camera. “I don’t see the world in rose-colored glasses,” he says smiling, in a rehearsed tone. “I want to assure you: Things are much better. It’s fun to spend a few days in the Sea of Galilee!”
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-“And the Golan Heights!” Sara chimes in. “The country belongs to all of us.”
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-“Enjoy yourselves!” Netanyahu says.
-
----
-
-Ruth Margalit is a contributing writer living in Tel Aviv. She last wrote a cover story about a decade-old murder that has consumed Israel.
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-A version of this article appears in print on  , Page 41 of the Sunday Magazine with the headline: Bibiland. [Order Reprints](https://www.parsintl.com/publication/the-new-york-times/) | [Today’s Paper](https://www.nytimes.com/section/todayspaper) | [Subscribe](https://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp8HYKU.html?campaignId=48JQY)
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-Advertisement
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-[SKIP ADVERTISEMENT](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/27/magazine/benjamin-netanyahu-israel.html?unlocked_article_code=nLCbuNBiLVuFjr-bjyatdkjrn0oLh3CQmbIh609yAyjmU0rX5Lw8HsJVZck43ebf1ONkwp22N6NEBZ4A8xmI_jSEAa77SARUgERYJMhvhcR1RYyy8dOLkWCIRpixr23B_1w6ySFDZE5V_CuWy-BME28T2-g9mFoc7Wy7gFSJV1Lls54RbqZ0Tlhi4w_wC2XzvHCy1vwKraO_pI-vqTOTqDiDsrT1bfX3HxuSo4f2we7wtvaUsxmNO7eVHLxOJTx8duk0FMyKwRkq7Qs5Ulh-f76UINxzvGlUE16rdwBDz7PU97Fe1a9L8I3JG8cshEjguh4H3lQe7eVlrYeTIDxQbciw1aY&smid=url-share#after-bottom)
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-```button
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-# Bill Watterson’s Life After “Calvin and Hobbes”
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-“Nothing is permanent. Everything changes. That’s the one thing we know for sure in this world,” Calvin says to Hobbes in the first panel of a two-panel strip that ran in more than two thousand newspapers on Monday, July 17, 1995. The two friends are in a wagon, plummeting perilously forward into the unseen—a common pastime for them. Outside the world of the cartoon, it’s less than half a year before Bill Watterson, thirty-seven at the time, will retire from producing his wildly beloved work. “Calvin and Hobbes,” which débuted in 1985, centered on six-year-old Calvin and his best friend, Hobbes, a tiger who to everyone other than Calvin appears to be a stuffed animal. Six days a week, the strip appeared in short form, in black-and-white, and each Sunday it was longer and in color. The second panel of the July 17th strip is wide, with detailed trees in the foreground, the wagon airborne, and Calvin concluding his thought: “But I’m still going to gripe about it.”
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-After retiring, Watterson assiduously avoided becoming a public figure. He turned his attention to painting, music, and family life. He kept the work he made to himself; he gave few, but not zero, interviews. (When asked in an e-mail interview that ran in 2013 in *Mental Floss* why he didn’t share his paintings, he replied, “It’s all catch and release—just tiny fish that aren’t really worth the trouble to clean and cook.”) Still, now and again his handiwork appeared. He wrote twice about Charles M. Schulz, the creator of “Peanuts,” whom he never met. For the charity of the cartoonist Richard Thompson, who had been given a diagnosis of Parkinson’s, Watterson illustrated three strips for “Pearls Before Swine,” by Stephan Pastis, and also donated a painting for auction. In other words, he came out for the team.
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-In 2014, he gave an extensive and chatty interview to Jenny Robb, the curator of the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library and Museum, on the occasion of his second show there. Robb asked if he was surprised that his strip was still so popular. “It seems the less I have to do with it, the higher the strip’s reputation gets!” he said. In the interview, he comes across as levelheaded, not egotistical, not very pleased with electronic devices, the Internet, the diminished size of cartoons—and also quietly intense, like the dad figure in the strip, who enthusiastically sets out on a bike ride through heavy snow. As a college student at Kenyon, Watterson spent much of a school year painting his dorm-room ceiling like that of the Sistine Chapel, and then, at the end of the year, painted it back dorm-room drab.
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-My ten-year-old daughter makes a detailed argument (it involves bicycles, ropes, and scratch marks) that Hobbes is indisputably real; millions of us have the more decisively illusory experience of having grown up with Watterson. But we haven’t! Will we be disturbed if, now that time has passed, he has changed? When word came out that Watterson was releasing a new book this year—“The Mysteries,” a “fable for grown-ups,” written by Watterson and illustrated in collaboration with the renowned caricaturist John Kascht—there was more than passing interest. There were also very few clues about the content, save that there’s a kingdom in trouble, living in fear of mysteries. With a different artist, I might interpret this as an enticement, but it seems more likely that Watterson is merely averse to marketing—he did no publicity for his first “Calvin and Hobbes” collection, and fought for years to prevent Hobbes and Calvin from appearing in snow globes, on pajamas, on chip-bag clips, on trading cards. (“If I’d wanted to sell plush garbage, I’d have gone to work as a carny,” he once said.) Yet Calvin and Hobbes are still everywhere, and forever young. Somewhere on the outskirts of Cleveland, their creator is probably irked that his old characters are pouncing into all these reviews of this other endeavor. As Calvin put it, the universe should have a toll-free hotline for complaints.
-
-“The Mysteries” is clothbound and black, about eight inches square, with gray endpapers. The title font looks medieval; the text font looks contemporary. Words appear on the left page of each spread: one or two sentences in black, surrounded by a field of white. The images appear on the right, taking up most of the page, framed by a thick black line. Some of the illustrations appear to be photographs of small clay sculptures alongside elements composed in graphite and maybe paint—but the materials aren’t specified. Think Chris Van Allsburg’s “Jumanji” gone darker, crossed with Fritz Lang’s “Metropolis.” The characters, unnamed, are drawn from that strange eternal medieval world of fantasy: knights, wizards, a king; peasants with faces like Leonardo grotesques, wearing kerchiefs or hoods. There are forty-three sentences in total, and one exclamation point. The magic of condensation that is characteristic of cartoons is also here, in a story with a quick, fairy-tale beginning: “Long ago, the forest was dark and deep.”
-
-It all sounds rather sombre, but also it doesn’t take long to read it nine or ten times. (The illustrations, slower to process, do much of the storytelling work.) The story is: Unseen mysteries have kept the populace in a state of fear. In response, a king bids his knights to capture a mystery, so that perhaps its “secrets could be learned” and its “powers could be thwarted.” When mysteries are caught, the public finds them disappointing, ordinary. One illustration is of a vender at a newspaper stand, looking askance. Below him are newspapers with headlines such as “So what?,” “Yawn,” and “Boring.” But modern technologies begin to appear: cars, skyscrapers, televisions. Mastering the secrets of the mysteries brought about a lot of technological marvels, and made the people less fearful. Or you might say insufficiently fearful: the woods are cut down, the air becomes acrid, and eventually the land looks prehistoric, desiccated, hostile to life. In one read, “The Mysteries” is a nephew of Dr. Seuss’s “The Lorax.”
-
-It’s also kin to the ancient story of Prometheus, a myth we now associate with technological advancements. Prometheus took pity on the struggling humans, and stole fire from the gods to share it with them. And how has that magnificently useful fire gone for the humans? Pretty well by some measures, pretty catastrophically by others. If only humans heeded the warnings within mysteries as well as they followed the blueprints for making Teflon pans and missiles. I don’t think I’ll spoil the plot of “The Mysteries” if I say that the story finds a distinctive and unsettling path to its final three words, which are “happily ever after.”
-
-“It’s a funny world, Hobbes,” Calvin says, plummeting again down a hill in a wagon with his friend. “But it’s not a hilarious world,” he says, as they fall out of their wagon. “Unless you like sick humor,” Hobbes says after he and Calvin have both crashed to the ground.
-
-Watterson has said, of the illustrations in “Calvin and Hobbes,” “One of the jokes I really like is that the fantasies are drawn more realistically than reality, since that says a lot about what’s going on in Calvin’s head.” Only one reality in “Calvin and Hobbes” is drawn with a level of detail comparable to the scenes of Calvin’s imagination: the natural world. The woods, the streams, the snowy hills the friends career off—the natural world is a space as enchanted and real as Hobbes himself.
-
-Enchantment! If disenchantment is the loss of myth and illusion in our lives, then what is the chant that calls those essentials back? An ongoing enchantment is at the heart of “Calvin and Hobbes.” It’s at the heart of “Don Quixote” and “Peter Pan,” too. These are stories about difficult and not infrequently destructive characters who are lost in their own worlds. At the same time, these characters embody most of what is good: the gifts of play, of the inner life, of imagining something other than what is there. If “The Mysteries” is a fable, then its moral might be that, when we believe we’ve understood the mysteries, we are misunderstanding; when we think we’ve solved them and have moved on, that error can be our dissolution.
-
-Calvin offers the means of enchantment for seeing reality properly. This is well illustrated in the June 3, 1995, daily. (The brief black-and-white weekday strips of “Calvin and Hobbes” often feel as whole as the epic Sunday ones.) Calvin is digging a deep hole and Hobbes asks why. Calvin answers that he’s looking for buried treasure. Has he found any? Calvin replies, “A few dirty rocks, a weird root, and some disgusting grubs.” In the final panel, Hobbes: “On your first try??” Calvin: “There’s treasure everywhere!”
-
-While rereading “Calvin and Hobbes” comics for this piece, I was surprised that almost all of them were not entirely forgotten. If I saw them on a crowded subway platform, I would recognize them, even after years of separation. Some of the silliest and most untethered of the strips have stayed with me the most: one in which Hobbes repeats the word “smock” again and again, just happy to say it; another in which Calvin writes down, “How many boards would the Mongol hoard, if the Mongol hordes got bored?”—then crumples up the paper.
-
-Watterson has written, “Whenever the strip got ponderous, I put Calvin and Hobbes in their wagon and send them over a cliff. It had a nice way of undercutting the serious subjects.” “The Mysteries” doesn’t entirely lack that lightness—the contrast of modern and medieval in the illustrations is often funny—but humor is not its main tool. Reading “The Mysteries” after rereading “Calvin and Hobbes” reminded me of the Brothers Grimm story “The Goblins.” Goblins steal a mother’s child and replace it with a ravenous changeling. When the woman asks a neighbor for advice on how to get her child back, she is told to make the changeling laugh, because “when a changeling laughs, that’s the end of him.” She makes him laugh (by boiling water in eggshells? A trick perhaps lost across the centuries), and the goblins take the changeling away and return her child. She counters tragedy with a deliberate silliness—and it succeeds, even as the dark persists. In that sense, the old strip and the new fable work best, maybe, together. I’m also reminded of the strip in which Hobbes says, “I suppose if we couldn’t laugh at things that don’t make sense, we couldn’t react to a lot of life.”
-
-One of the cozy pleasures of “Calvin and Hobbes” is the prominence of the seasons. This was felt even more acutely when the comics appeared daily in the paper, as they did throughout my childhood, when my brother used to call the Sunday comics insert “the intellectual pages.” (Now we both read the nearly comic-free online news instead of the material papers, into which, Watterson has said, “little jokes” were placed as a respite from “atrocities described in the rest of the newspaper.”) In the fall, a leaf pile transforms into a Calvin-eating monster; in winter, Calvin sculpts a snowman swimming away from snow-shark fins; spring is rainy, and in summer the days are just packed. Time hurries along through the year, but the years never pass—a great comfort. In “The Mysteries,” time’s arrow can’t be missed for a moment. Though the story starts in the misty forever-medieval, it quickly javelins forward. By its close, aeons have passed, and the perspective is no longer even earthbound. The book reads like someone saying goodbye. The outcome feels inevitable.
-
-Calvin isn’t the only comic-strip character who doesn’t age. The characters in “Peanuts” never grow up, either. Schulz drew the strip for fifty years, and the final strip was published the day after he died. George Herriman drew “Krazy Kat” for more than thirty years, through to the year of his death, 1944. The characters in “Krazy Kat” also didn’t age or really change much: Krazy Kat is a black cat forever in love with Ignatz, a white mouse who serially hits Krazy with bricks, an action that Krazy misinterprets as a sign of love. Watterson has expressed admiration for both Schulz and Herriman. Yet Watterson, after ten years, moved on to other interests.
-
-“Schulz and Peanuts: A Biography,” by David Michaelis, makes vivid that no amount of success ever separated Schulz from his sense of himself, carried over from childhood, as a lonely and overlooked “nothing.” In 2007, Watterson reviewed the biography for the *Wall Street Journal*, and reminded readers that “Peanuts” had as much darkness—fear, sadness, bullying—as it had charm. “Schulz illustrates the conflict in his life, not in a self-justifying or vengeful manner but with a larger human understanding that implicates himself in the sad comedy,” Watterson wrote. “I think that’s a wonderfully sane way to process a hurtful world.” Herriman, born in the nineteenth century in New Orleans to a mixed-race family, often presented himself, in his adult life, as Greek. It would be oversimplifying to say that Herriman’s background fuelled “Krazy Kat,” just as it would be oversimplifying to say that Schulz was forever a Charlie Brown—but it would be delusional to think that the persistent situations and sentiments of those comics weren’t inflected by their makers’ lives. As Krazy Kat put it, in that magic mixed-up Kat language, “An’ who but me can moddil for me, but I!”
-
-Watterson must have been working out something in his strip, too. By his own account, he had a pretty nice childhood, with supportive parents and a house that bordered a mysterious wood. It’s possible that Watterson quit because he tired of the demanding work, or because he’d said all he had to say, or because he was worn out by the legal battles over his characters. But maybe he just changed. Growing up is always a loss—a loss of an enchanted way of seeing, at the very least—and for some people growing up is more of a loss than for others. Perhaps part of what drove Watterson, “Ahab-like” by his own telling, back to the drawing board with his boy and his tiger day after day was a subconscious commitment to staying a child. Maybe he chose to stop publishing because, in some way, for whatever reasons, he became O.K. with growing up.
-
-In a Sunday strip on April 22, 1990, Calvin’s dad tells Calvin and Hobbes a bedtime story, by request, that is about Calvin and Hobbes. All he does, pretty much, is describe, to his rapt audience, the first part of their actual day. Calvin complains that his dad ends the story too early, that he hasn’t even gotten to lunchtime. His dad says the story has no end, because Calvin and Hobbes will go on writing it “tomorrow and every day after.” The friends are pleased to learn they’re in a story that doesn’t end.
-
-Here’s another story, kindred to “The Mysteries,” about a knight who journeys into a dark and unknown wood. The first scene of “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,” which is thought to have been written in the late fourteenth century, takes place in Camelot during New Year’s festivities. A good time, with feasting and friends, is interrupted by the arrival of a stranger: a massive knight, whose skin and hair are all green, who is dressed all in green, who is riding an all-green horse. The knight carries a huge axe and makes a strange proposal, in such a way that the honor of the whole court feels at stake. He invites someone to swing at his neck with his axe; in return, he will have a chance, a year and a day later, to swing the same axe at the neck of the volunteer, who ends up being Sir Gawain. The resonance of the story with facing the perils of a dark and unknown wood, of nature itself, is pretty clear.
-
-Gawain chops off the head of the Green Knight, who then picks up his head; says, See you in a year; and rides away. Pretty quickly, the feasting and the merry mood return. How, I remember thinking the first time I read the tale, could this possibly end? It’s not satisfying if the Green Knight is killed, or if Gawain is. Maybe both of them die, I supposed.
-
-But no. Gawain keeps his word, despite the perilous terms. En route to his meeting with the Green Knight, in the Green Chapel, he tries to behave well with the seductive wife of the lord who graciously hosts him. Then he bravely bares his neck for the terrifying Green Knight—but he learns it was an enchantment! To me, the ending follows from both good behavior and enchantment—good behavior being something Calvin despises, and enchantment being the realm in which he is king. ♦
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-Date: 2023-07-17
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-TimeStamp: 2023-07-17
-Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/interactive/2023/chris-evert-martina-navratilova-cancer
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
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-```button
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-^button-BitterrivalsBelovedfriendsSurvivorsNSave
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-&emsp;
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-# Bitter rivals. Beloved friends. Survivors.
-
-*Deep Reads features The Washington Post’s best immersive reporting and narrative writing.*
-
-There is an audible rhythm to a Grand Slam tennis tournament, a *thwock-tock, tock-thwock* of strokes, like beats per minute, that steadily grows fainter as the field diminishes. At first the locker room is a hive of 128 competitors, milling and chattering, but each day their numbers ebb, until just two people are left in that confrontational hush known as the final. For so many years, Chris Evert and Martina Navratilova were almost invariably the last two, left alone in a room so empty yet intimate that they could practically hear what was inside the other’s chest. *Thwock-tock*.
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-They dressed side by side. They waited together, sometimes ate together and entered the arena together. Then they would play a match that seemed like a personal cross-examination, running each other headlong into emotional confessions, concessions. And afterward they would return to that small room of two, where they showered and changed, observing with sidelong glances the other’s triumphalism or tears, states beyond mere bare skin. No one else could possibly understand it.
-
-Except for the other.
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-“She knew me better than I knew me,” Navratilova says.
-
-They have known each other for 50 years now, outlasting most marriages. Aside from blood kin, Navratilova points out, “I’ve known Chris longer than anybody else in my life, and so it is for her.” Lately, they have never been closer — a fact they refuse to cheapen with sentimentality. “It’s been up and down, the friendship,” Evert says. At the ages of 68 and 66, respectively, Evert and Navratilova have found themselves more intertwined than ever, by an unwelcome factor. You want to meet an opponent who draws you nearer in mutual understanding? Try having cancer at the same time.
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-“It was like, are you *kidding* me?” Evert says.
-
-The shape of the relationship is an hourglass. They first met as teenagers in 1973, became friends and then split apart as each rose to No. 1 in the world at the direct expense of the other. They contested 80 matches — 60 of them finals — riveting for their contrasts in tactics and temperament. After a 15-year rivalry, they somehow reached a perfect equipoise of 18 Grand Slam victories each.
-
-On some slow or rainy day, when the tennis at Wimbledon is banging and artless as a metronome or suspended by weather, do yourself a favor. Call up highlights of Evert and Navratilova’s match at the 1981 U.S. Open. They are 26 and 24 years old, respectively, honed to fine edges. It’s as if they were purposely constructed to test each other — and to whip up intense reactions from their audiences, the adorable blond American middle-class heroine with the frictionless grace against the flurrying Eastern European with sculpted muscles who played like a sword fighter.
-
-Evert played from a restrained conventional demeanor, with ribbons in her hair, earrings in her ears. Yet she was utterly new. Audiences had never seen anything quite like the compressed lethality of this two-fisted young woman, who knocked off the legendary Margaret Court at the age of just 15 in 1970. She was a squinteyed, firm-chinned executioner who delivered strokes like milled steel.
-
-She had mystique. And she refused to be hemmed in. As she held the No. 1 ranking for five straight years, she reserved the right to court romantic danger with a bewildering array of famous men, not all of them suitable for a nice Catholic girl, from the surly Jimmy Connors to superstar actor Burt Reynolds — and to put them second to her career. Her composure cloaked one of the toughest minds in the annals of sport, and her .900 winning percentage remains virtually unrivaled in tennis history.
-
-Navratilova was her inverse, a gustily emotional left-handed serve-and-volleyer who challenged every traditional definition of heroine with an edgy militancy. Her game had an acrobatic suppleness that was also entirely novel — never had a female athlete moved with such airborne ease. Or acted so honestly. Navratilova was as overtly political as Evert was popular. Her defection from communist Czechoslovakia in 1975 was an act of unimaginable bravery, and her struggle to win acceptance from Western crowds was compounded by her defiant inability to censor herself or mask her homosexuality. Advised to put a man in her box at Wimbledon, she refused. Once, when asked whether she was “openly” gay, she shot back, “As opposed to closedly?”
-
-More prideful generations can’t comprehend how in the vanguard Navratilova was when she came out in 1981 or the price she paid in lost endorsements. The New York Times that year announced that homosexuality was “the most sensitive issue in the sports marketplace, more delicate than drugs, more controversial than violence.” Male sportswriters fixated on the veins in her arms. Newsweek veered out of its way to accuse her of “accentuating some lifestyle manifesto.” She repaid them all by becoming the first female athlete to win a million dollars in prize money in a single year.
-
-Small wonder Evert and Navratilova’s matches seemed like such colossal encounters. As they competed, the TV cameras zeroed in on their faces and found mother-of-dragons expressions, a willingness to play to ashes. That too was new.
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-It once had been considered “unnatural” for a woman to contend with such unembarrassed intensity. As Evert’s own agent said in 1981, female sports stars were expected to be “ladylike” and not too “greedy” in their negotiations, while their male counterparts could win “every nickel and feel quite comfortable about it.” Not anymore. Evert and Navratilova had established their common right “to go to the ends of the earth, the absolute ends of the earth, to achieve something,” Evert says.
-
-By the time Evert and Navratilova retired from singles play, in 1989 and 1994, respectively, they had reached a mutual understanding. Not only were they level with an equal number of major titles, but the rivalry was so transcendent, it had become a kind of joint accomplishment.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/LPR6MTCAYFA3DG6OPUBGSZQVSE.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Martina Navratilova, left, won her first U.S. Open title over Chris Evert in 1983. (Bettmann Archive)
-
-After their retirements, they followed strangely similar courses. They were neighbors in Aspen, Colo., and Florida, at times living just minutes from each other. Evert’s longtime base is Boca Raton, while Navratilova has a home in Miami Beach as well as a small farm just up the road in Evert’s birthplace of Fort Lauderdale, where she keeps a multitude of chickens. “She brings me eggs,” Evert says. Each eventually went into tennis broadcasting, which meant they continued to meet at Grand Slam fortnights. “Our lives are so parallel, it’s eerie when you think about it,” Navratilova says.
-
-They became the kind of friends who talked and texted weekly, sometimes exchanging black-box confidences deep in the night. And who could tease each other with a mischief they wouldn’t tolerate from anyone else. On Navratilova’s 60th birthday, she received a Cartier box from Evert. Inside was a necklace with three rings of white gold, signifying the two and their long friendship. “I guess I’m kind of the guy in our relationship, giving her jewelry,” Evert cracks.
-
-The parallels were funny, until they weren’t.
-
-In January 2022, Evert learned that she had Stage 1C ovarian cancer. As Evert embarked on a grueling six cycles of chemotherapy, Navratilova pulled the Cartier necklace from her jewelry box and put it on, a talisman. “I wore it all the time when I wanted her to get well,” Navratilova says. For months, she never took it off.
-
-Only one thing made her remove it: radiation. In December 2022, Navratilova received her own diagnosis: She had not one but two early-stage cancers, in her throat and breast.
-
-“I finally had to take it off when I got zapped,” Navratilova says.
-
-On a late spring day, Evert and Navratilova sat together in an elegant Miami hotel, both finally cancer-free at the end of long dual sieges. Evert was just a few weeks removed from her fourth surgery in 16 months, a reconstruction following a mastectomy she underwent in late January. Navratilova had just finished the last session of a scorching protocol of radiation and chemo, during which she lost 29 pounds. She toyed with a plate of gluten-free pasta, happy to be able to swallow without pain.
-
-They were finally ready to look over their shoulders and tell some stories. New stories but also some old ones that felt fresh again or came with a new frankness.
-
-Evert recalled the day she phoned Navratilova to tell her she had cancer.
-
-“She was one of the very first people I told,” she says.
-
-Wait a second.
-
-Is Evert saying that the rival who dealt her the deepest professional cuts of her life, whose mere body language on the court once made her seethe, was among the very *first* people she wanted to talk to when she got cancer? It’s one thing to share a rich history and be neighbors and swap gifts and teasing, but they are *those* kinds of confidantes?
-
-And is the same true for Navratilova, that Evert — whose mere existence meant that no matter how much she won, she could never really win, who at one point dominated her with an infuriating superciliousness — was among the *first people* she called when she got *cancer*? Is that what they are saying?
-
-Indeed, it is.
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-“When I called her, it was a feeling of, like, coming home,” Evert says.
-
-Hang on, you say.
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-Go back.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/3LO26XIIW55YQS7RH2CCTISDJY.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Evert and Navratilova won the Wimbledon women's doubles title in 1976. (Popperfoto/Getty Images)
-
-### Guts and glory, together and apart
-
-They met Feb. 25, 1973, in the player lounge of a Florida tour stop. Evert, 18, was playing backgammon with a tournament official at a table by a wall. Though she had been a top player for two years by then, she was by nature shy and felt isolated by her fame and the circumscribing stereotype that came with it. Sports Illustrated would paint her as a “composite of Sandra Dee, the Carpenters, and yes, apple pie,” which she dealt with by cultivating a clamped, sardonic purse of the mouth.
-
-Evert glanced up and saw a new girl approaching, pale and plump as a dumpling, with a guileless face beneath a mop of hair. “Hi, Chris!” she recalls Navratilova blurting.
-
-From the 16-year-old Navratilova’s point of view, it was Evert who spoke first, giving her a sweet murmured “Hi” and a small wave. *Oh, my God, Chris Evert said hello to me*, Navratilova thought. Navratilova recognized Evert from the pictures she pored over in World Tennis magazine, one of the few subscriptions she could get in her home village of Revnice, outside of Prague.
-
-Let’s stipulate that the greetings were simultaneous, the reflexive reactions of two girls who were the antithetical of mean, more sensitive than their other competitors ever realized, “both always underestimated in our empathy,” as Navratilova says. And who had the mutual desire to break the “taboo” of competition, as Evert once called it, that inhibited so many girls.
-
-Later in the tournament, Evert spotted Navratilova again. “Picture this,” Evert says. Navratilova was walking straight through the grounds in a one-piece bathing suit and flip flops, oblivious to stares at her crisscrossing tan lines. It was Navratilova’s first trip to the United States; she was granted an eight-week leave by the communist Czechoslovakian government to try her game against the Western elites’, and she was determined to luxuriate in it. *She’s got guts*, Evert thought.
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-Their first match a month later, in Akron, Ohio, on March 22, 1973, is crystal to them both a half-century later. Though Evert won in straight sets, Navratilova pushed her to 7-6 in the first. “Five-four in the tiebreaker,” Navratilova says instantly, as soon as it’s mentioned, bristling, “And I actually had a set point.”
-
-Evert had never faced anything like it. The curving lefty serve caromed away from her, and so did the charging volleys. “She had weapons that I hadn’t seen in a young player — ever,” Evert says. Two things gave Evert relief: Navratilova’s lack of fitness — she had put on 20 pounds in four weeks on American pancakes — and her emotionalism. “She was almost crying on the court in the match, you know, just moaning,” Evert says. Nevertheless, Evert had never felt such a formidableness from a new opponent and never would again. “Overwhelming” is the word Evert searches for — and finds. “More than any player coming up in the last 40 years.”
-
-To Navratilova, it was equally memorable, for the simple reason that she had nearly taken a set off Evert. “For me, that was unforgettable. But, yeah, I made an impression. … I was pretty confident that I would beat her one day. I just didn’t know how long it would take.”
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-Friendship was easy enough at first — so long as Evert was winning. She won 16 of their first 20 matches. In their first Grand Slam final, at the 1975 French Open, she smoked Navratilova 6-2, 6-1 in the second and third sets after casually sharing a lunch of roasted chicken with her.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/7Z4RI7BLZ27LGNLH6SM55IN6OM.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Evert defeated Navratilova in the 1975 French Open final, her second straight title in Paris. (AP)
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-Evert was so utterly regnant and aloof in those days she seemed to Navratilova like a castle with a moat. She had a forbidding self-containment, a stony demeanor that one competitor from the 1970s, Lesley Hunt, likened in Sports Illustrated to “playing a blank wall.”
-
-Navratilova could not fathom how Evert cast such a huge projection with such an unprepossessing figure. “I was like, ‘Holy s---, how does she do it?’ ” Navratilova remembers. Evert stood just 5-foot-6 and weighed a slim-shouldered 125 pounds. But she had a superb economy of motion — and something else. One day Navratilova watched fascinated as Evert practiced against her younger sister Jeanne Evert, who also played on the tour. Both Everts had two-handed backhands, and they wore skirts with no pockets. Which meant that to hit a backhand, someone had to drop the ball she carried in her left hand and it would bounce distractingly around her feet. As Navratilova watched, she realized with growing amusement that Chris was engaged in a subtle contest of will.
-
-“It was kind of a mental fight,” Navratilova recalls. “Who was going to hit the first ball? Because whoever didn’t hit first would have to drop their ball.” Chris never missed the chance to hit first. “It was a small thing, but it took a steely determination,” Navratilova says. “And she never missed.” It registered. By the end of the session Navratilova understood that Evert’s greatest weapon was “her brain.”
-
-Navratilova herself was so mentally distractible that she would follow the flight of a bird across the stadium sky. Her thoughts and feelings seemed to blow straight through her, unfiltered. Evert could not help but be disarmed by this openhearted, unconstrained young woman who seemed hungry to experience … everything. Pancakes. Pool time. Freedom. Friendship. Fast cars.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/Z6TYF425ZENMBQ7AXONPFOK6XY_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Navratilova took the 1978 Wimbledon title by defeating Evert. (Professional Sport/Popperfoto/Getty Images)
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-Evert’s urge to befriend Navratilova won out over her reserve. Evert invited her to be her doubles partner and even took her on a double date, with Dean Martin Jr., son of the entertainer, and Desi Arnaz Jr., Martin’s actor friend and pop-band collaborator. The teen idols squired Evert and Navratilova to a drive-in movie.
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-Evert and Navratilova traveled together, practiced together, even brunched before they met in finals. “I was a tough nut to crack,” Evert observes. “But she was so innocent and almost vulnerable when she was young, I trusted being safe with her.”
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-Over dinners and glasses of wine, Navratilova discovered the mutinous side of Evert, which expressed itself with an unsuspected saltiness. Evert delighted in telling Navratilova scandalously dirty jokes. The outward banality of the girl hurling herself off the pedestal compounded Navratilova’s outbursts of laughter. “The curtain would fall,” Navratilova says, “and the funny Chris came out. The filter was gone. The walls were gone. And that’s when I realized she just kept the cards close to her chest. But she was soooo mischievous underneath it all.”
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-By 1976, however, Navratilova began to score more victories over Evert. In that year’s Wimbledon semifinals, it was all Evert could do to hold her off, 6-3, 4-6, 6-4. “I was nipping at her heels,” Navratilova says. “I was becoming a threat.”
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/NZCPX7ZV64WXZOW2M67N2CD47Y.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Evert was No. 1 in the world in early 1977, while Navratilova was ranked second. (AP)
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-Which is when all the trouble started and they entered the narrowest part of the hourglass. Evert believed she had gotten too close to Navratilova. She broke up their doubles partnership. “She ditched me,” Navratilova says.
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-Evert did it politely, telling Navratilova she would have to find another partner because she wanted to focus on her singles. But it stung. And Navratilova knew the real reason. “Chris, by her own admission, could only be close friends with people who never had a chance of beating her,” Navratilova says.
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-Evert hated to play someone she cared about — hated it. “I thought, ‘God, I can’t be emotional towards these people,’ ” Evert says now. “… It was easier not to even know them.”
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-Evert’s on-court demeanor was a facade, developed to please her father and coach, Jimmy Evert, a renowned teaching pro at the public Holiday Park in Fort Lauderdale. Jimmy was a man of such rigor and unbending rectitude that he refused to raise his $6 hourly fee for lessons because of his daughter’s success. But he was not right about everything. He demanded that Chris commit to tennis to the exclusion of all else — friends were incompatible with rivals, he told her. “I was raised in a house that did not encourage relationships,” she says. And he brooked no dissent. “It was a fearful sort of upbringing,” she adds. The result was a young woman who beneath her stoicism roiled with insecurity and anxiety.
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-Navratilova observes that, in its way, Evert’s childhood was as stifling as her own had been in Czechoslovakia. “We are much more the same than different, really,” she says. “So much of it was imposed on both of us, one way or the other, with her Catholic, proper girl upbringing and me being suppressed by communism.”
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-Evert convinced herself that she and Navratilova had become too familiar with each other and that it cost her an edge.
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-So “I separated myself from her,” Evert says.
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-It was bad timing for Navratilova, who was feeling doubly cut off. A year earlier, she had defected. Czech authorities had increasingly expressed the ominous sentiment that Navratilova was getting too Americanized — partly thanks to her budding friendship with Evert — and she feared they were about to choke off her career.
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-Navratilova struggled with homesickness; concern for her family, whom she would not see for almost five years; mastering a new language (she studied English by watching “I Love Lucy” reruns); and the stresses of hiding her homosexuality. As she related in her autobiography, by the time Evert ditched her at the U.S. Open, “I was a walking candidate for a nervous breakdown.” She lost in the opening round to a grossly inferior player, Janet Newberry, and dissolved into sobs on national television.
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-But Navratilova emerged from the catharsis a firmer character. She watched with a mounting, gnawing dissatisfaction as Evert dominated the Grand Slams, challenged only by Evonne Goolagong. At one point, Navratilova heard Evert talk in an interview about how her rivalry with Goolagong was “defining” her.
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-Navratilova bridled at the statement. “I remember thinking, what about *me*?” Navratilova recalls.
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-When it finally came, Navratilova’s breakthrough — and the role reversal — was breath-snatching. By 1981 she had developed some armor. Training with Nancy Lieberman, the former basketball great, she dropped her body fat to 8 percent. Lieberman told her she had to get “mean” about Evert and showed what she meant by being intentionally rude to Evert in player lounges. Evert would start to greet them, and Lieberman would turn her back or say frostily, “Are you talking to me?” It quietly infuriated Evert. “They weren’t very nice to me,” Evert says. “I mean, Nancy taught her to hate me.”
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-From 1982 to 1984, it was Navratilova’s turn to be cold. She reached 10 Grand Slam finals — and won eight of them. In that stretch, she beat Evert 14 straight times, with an abbreviating serve-and-volley power that seemed almost dismissive. “She was in the way of me getting to No. 1,” Navratilova says. “So I kind of created that distance. She was my carrot when I was training. You know, I would imagine beating Chris. She became the villain, even though she really wasn’t.”
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-Evert struggled not to lose heart, especially when Navratilova beat her by 6-1, 6-3 in the 1983 U.S. Open. “It was not a good feeling to know that I wasn’t even in the game,” Evert says. About to turn 30, she had fallen behind in a variety of ways, from her fitness to the fact that Navratilova was using a graphite racket while she still used wood. She was also trying to sort her personal life and separated from her husband of five years, British player John Lloyd.
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-Navratilova paraded her triumph by whipping around in a white Rolls-Royce convertible, one of six cars in her garage. She won so much that by 1984 it made her generous again. She now trained with a more amiable tennis tactician named Mike Estep, and her partner, Judy Nelson, a former Texas beauty contestant, liked Evert and worked to repair the relationship. At Wimbledon that July, after beating Evert, 7-6 (7-5), 6-2, to even their all-time match record at 30-30, Navratilova was sensitive to Evert’s quiet devastation. Navratilova said sweetly into the victor’s microphone, “I wish we could just quit right now and never play each other again because it’s not right for one of us to say we’re better.”
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-“So does that mean she’s retiring now?” Evert said in a news conference afterward, wisecrackery intact.
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-Navratilova’s dominance of Evert that summer made her more of an antiheroine than she had ever been — and resulted in one of the most wounding days of her career. On the afternoon of the 1984 U.S. Open final, they had an interminably tense wait as Pat Cash and Ivan Lendl engaged in a five-set men’s semifinal that went to two tiebreakers and lasted nearly four hours. There was nothing to do but stare into space or chat. Evert became starving. Navratilova, who had a bagel, split it and handed her half.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/RANEGEVFECNGRS4ZK26RZEZG64_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-The 1984 U.S. Open final was one of their classic battles. (Leo Mason/Popperfoto/Getty Images)
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-When they finally took the court, they needed a while to find their form — and then they suddenly went into full classic mode. When Evert began to lace the court with passing shots as if she was running out clotheslines, taking the opening set 6-4, the crowd leaped to its feet and roared like jet engines.
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-But when Navratilova took the second set 6-4, there came a smattering of boos. As Navratilova turned the match in her favor, some grew surly. They began to applaud her errors and cheered when she double-faulted. When she won it with a knifing volley, 4-6, 6-4, 6-4, there was a barely polite ovation.
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-Navratilova was unstrung by the rejection. As Estep gave her a congratulatory hug, she burst into tears in his arms. “Why were they so against me?” she asked Estep. The answer: Because she had won too much against Evert. It was Navratilova’s sixth straight Grand Slam victory — and the most ambivalent feeling she ever had. She buried her head in a towel, shoulders quivering.
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-One person knew how Navratilova felt that day: Evert. For years she had lived with the “ice maiden” label and frigidness from crowds that considered her too impassive. Goolagong, the wispy, ethereal Australian, had always been more favored by fans, to the point that on one occasion Evert came back into the locker room after a loss and flung her rackets to the floor and spat bitterly, “Now I hope they’re happy.”
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-Evert and Navratilova wanted to be appreciated for who they were. But it felt impossible with all the media caricatures of them as princesses, robots, “Chris America” vs. the foreigner, the delicate sweetheart vs. the bulging lesbian. “All that stuff hurt,” Navratilova says.
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-Evert refused to play into any of the tropes that day — or any other day. For which Navratilova felt deeply grateful. “Chris *never* did anything to make it worse, you know?” Navratilova says.
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-At some point in the wake of that difficult year, they struck a private agreement: They would not respond to the stereotypes or any egging on from the media or their own audiences. If either had a question about something, she would speak directly to the other, “so that we knew where we stand,” Navratilova says.
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-Early in 1985, Evert beat Navratilova for the first time in over two years, at the Virginia Slims of Florida. “Nobody beats Chris Evert 15 times in a row,” she deadpanned.
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-The renewal set up another masterpiece, the 1985 French Open final. The match is a fascinating revisit — and reveal. After they took the court, what’s striking is how they had borrowed from each other, forced the other to adapt. It’s Navratilova who wins some of the longest baseline rallies and Evert who presses the net first on some points. Navratilova has fully appropriated imperiousness, blond and bejeweled, diamonds in her ears, gold bracelets and rings. Evert is the one who is stripped down — her hair is shorn short, and there is nothing on her wrist but a sweatband. It’s clear she had gone back to work, developed ropes of muscle in her arms and stealthily broadened her game over those two seasons of losses.
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-Right hand against left, they went at each other like flashing sabers.
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-As their rallies wore on, they played with apparent curiosity. “There had been so many matches. How do you surprise one another?” Navratilova says. “How do you find something new or different? When you know everything already?” Sometimes, as the ball flew, one of them would just nod before it landed and acknowledge that it was too good with a “Yep.”
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-Evert would never be better; she found ways to wrong-foot the charging, slashing Navratilova. She always had been irritated by the shoulder swagger Navratilova could show after a great point, but she was fully capable of her own show of supremacy, and she showed it here, with the head tossing of an empress and a mincy little walk that could only be called a sashay.
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-A point-blank volley exchange at the net, won by Evert, had broadcaster Bud Collins screaming: “OHHHHHH! Eyeball to eyeball!” On one exchange, the force of Evert’s shot knocked the racket from Navratilova’s hand and sent her sprawling to the red clay. On match point, she lured Navratilova to the net with a short forehand, then pivoted to deliver an unfurling backhand winner up the line past a diving Navratilova, through an opening as narrow as one of her old hair ribbons. And it was over. Evert had won, 6-3, 6-7 (7-4), 7-5.
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-The embrace at the net is one of their enduringly favorite pictures. They threw their arms over each other’s shoulders, mutually exhausted yet beaming over the quality of the tennis they had just played. “You can’t tell who won,” Navratilova says.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/USA2SDF3ISU4MEA6OFNWJEY2FI.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Their embrace at the net after the 1985 French Open final is one of their favorite images. (Jacqueline Duvoisin/Sports Illustrated/Getty Images)
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-It seemed as if they no longer were playing against each other so much as *with* each other. And that’s how it stayed. From then on, their locker room atmosphere became more than just companionable. It was … consoling. Someone would win and someone would lose, and the loser would sit on a bench, head dangling, and the other, unable to look away, would drift over and sit down. Sometimes, hours afterward, one of them would open her tennis bag and find a sweet note in it.
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-“We were the last two left standing,” Evert says. “… I saw her at her highest and at her lowest. And I think because we saw each other that way, the vulnerable part, that’s another level of friendship.”
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-In 1986, Navratilova was scheduled to return to Czechoslovakia for the first time since her defection to play a match for the U.S. Federation Cup team. “Will you come?” she asked Evert. “I don’t know how they’ll treat me.” Evert was nursing a knee injury, but she went. Navratilova was overjoyed to be teammates for a change. “We could be happy at the same time for once,” she says. Evert was rewarded with an extraordinary experience: She watched her friend get a standing ovation from crowds standing three deep while Czech officials stared at their shoes.
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-At Evert’s final Wimbledon in 1989, one more remarkable scene played out between them. Evert by then was flagging, her intensity worn thin. In the quarterfinals she was in danger of an undignified loss to unseeded, 87th-ranked Laura Golarsa. She trailed 5-2 in the third set, just two points from defeat. *This isn’t how I want to go out*, she thought grimly. Navratilova, watching on TV in the player lounge, stood up and dashed out to courtside. She took a seat in the grandstand.
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-“*Come on*, Chrissie!” Navratilova’s voice rang out.
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-Evert had just a moment to feel moved. Touched. Just then Golarsa delivered a volley. On a dead run, Evert chased it. Stretched out, pulled nearly into the stands, her backhand fully extended, Evert drove a screaming pass down the alley that curled around the net post and checked the opposite corner, a clean winner. Navratilova shrieked with the thrill of it like a little girl. Evert swept the rest of the set and won it 7-5, arguably the most astonishing comeback of her life.
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-“She’s got my back,” Evert says now. “I’ve got hers.”
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/BP4KSEAU34I6HMRAFSKQY7ZSMM&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-The players joked with Police Constable Les Bowie at Wimbledon in 1985, when Navratilova defeated Evert in the final. (Dave Caulkin/AP)
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-### ‘Cancer makes you feel alone’
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-Friendship is arguably the most wholly voluntary relationship. It reflects a mutual decision to keep pasting something back together, no matter how far it gets pulled apart, even when there is no obligatory reason, no justice-of-the-peace vow or chromosomal tie.
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-Evert and Navratilova just kept finding reasons to hang on to the relationship. To the point that they became hilariously entangled in each other’s personal affairs. It’s a fact that Navratilova set up Evert with the man who remains the most important one in her life, Andy Mill. Toward the close of Evert’s playing career, Navratilova knew Evert was lonely and depressed after her divorce from Lloyd, which caused Jimmy Evert to briefly stop speaking to his daughter. Navratilova invited Evert to spend Christmas with her in Aspen. She took her skiing and to a New Year’s party at the Hotel Jerome, where she knew there would be good-looking men in droves. That night Evert met the impossibly handsome Mill, who the next day gallantly coached Evert down a steep slope, skiing backward and holding her hands.
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-At the end of the week, as Navratilova packed to leave for the Australian Open, Evert appeared in her doorway. “Do you mind if I stay on for a few days?” Evert asked. Navratilova arched an eyebrow and smiled. “Sure.” With the house to herself, Evert had her first tryst with Mill, causing the gentleman to exclaim the next morning, “My God, I’m with Chris Evert in Martina Navratilova’s bed.” Evert’s 1988 wedding to Mill marked the rare occasion when Navratilova wore a skirt. Years later, Navratilova was still teasing Evert. “I should have put that bed on eBay.”
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-In 2014, when Navratilova wed longtime partner Julia Lemigova, she did not have to debate whom to choose as maid of honor. Evert was by her side. “But of course,” Navratilova says.
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-Navratilova had never properly told Evert how much her unwavering support against homophobia had meant. Especially in crucial moments such as 1990, when Australian champion Margaret Court called Navratilova a “bad role model” for being gay. “Martina is a role model to *me*,” Evert snapped back publicly. As Navratilova put it, Evert was “gay-friendly before it was okay to be.” It made Navratilova’s public life incalculably more bearable. “It was more than nice,” Navratilova says now of Evert’s stance. “It was *huge*.” On matters of character, Navratilova says, Evert “underrates herself.”
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-Here’s where they stood when the cancers came. Evert had just finished rearing three adored sons to adulthood and was resolutely single again, after a psychological reckoning. Her long emotional containment finally imploded in 2006: She left Mill for former pro golfer Greg Norman; a terrible mistake, the union lasted just 15 months. Determined to know herself better, she went into counseling “to figure out what makes me tick and how I’m wired, why I’m wired the way I am and why I have made mistakes the way I have” and emerged with a piercing self-honesty. She reestablished a closeness with Mill and reinvested herself in her second calling as a mentor to young prodigies at the developmental tennis camp she founded, the Evert Tennis Academy. At over 60, she could still go for two hours on a court with women a third her age.
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-Just down the freeway from her, Navratilova had found her “anchor” with Lemigova, with whom she step-mothered two daughters and cared for an assortment of animals: donkeys, goats, dogs and exotic birds, including a talkative parrot named Pushkin. One of the most broadly read great athletes who ever lived, she absorbed tomes such as Timothy Snyder’s account of encroaching fascism, “The Road to Unfreedom,” with a lightning intelligence that could light up a hillside.
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-In February 2020, a funeral notice appeared in the Fort Lauderdale papers: Mass for Jeanne Evert Dubin would be said at 10 a.m. at St. Anthony’s Church. Evert had watched with mounting grief as her precious younger sister fought ovarian cancer until her arms were bruised by needles and ports and she wasted to less than 80 pounds.
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-Sitting in a pew was Navratilova, who would spend the next 12 hours by Evert’s side. She attended the graveside services, then sat with Evert and her family at home until 10 that night.
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-Nearly two years after Jeanne’s death, in November 2021, Evert got a call out of the blue from the Cleveland Clinic. Genetic testing that Jeanne had undergone during her illness had been reappraised with new study, and she had a BRCA1 variant that was pathogenic. The doctor recommended that Evert get tested immediately. The very next day Evert got a test — and she, too, was positive for the BRCA1 mutation. Her doctor, Joe Cardenas, recommended an immediate hysterectomy.
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-Evert called Navratilova and told her about the test and that she was scheduled for surgery and further testing. “It’s preventive,” Evert told her reassuringly. On the other end of the phone, she heard Navratilova exhale, “Ohhhhhhhhh,” a long sigh of inarticulate dismay. In 2010, Navratilova had been diagnosed with a noninvasive breast cancer after making the mistake of going four years without a mammogram. Her cancer was contained — but still. Navratilova wouldn’t feel comfortable for Evert until all the tests had come back.
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-“The first thing, the very first thing I thought of was, if I’m going to go through these trenches with anybody, Martina would be the person I’d want to go through them with,” Evert says. “Because she’s … strong. She doesn’t take any nonsense from people. She just gets the job done. And I think that’s the mentality I had.”
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-When Evert’s pathology report came back after the surgery, however, she felt anything but strong: Surgery revealed high-grade malignancy in her fallopian tubes. Evert would have to undergo a second surgery, to harvest lymph nodes and test fluid in her stomach cavity, to determine what stage she was. Jeanne’s cancer had not been discovered until she was Stage 3; “I knew that anything Stage 3 or 4, you don’t have a good chance,” Evert says.
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-For three days, Evert waited for the results with the understanding that they were life-or-death. “Humble moment,” Evert says. “You know, just because I was No. 1 in the world, it doesn’t — I’m just like everyone else.”
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-Evert got unfathomably lucky. The cancer hadn’t progressed. Had she waited even three more months to be tested, it probably would have spread. As soon as she was able, Evert would go public with her diagnosis to encourage testing. An estimated 25 million people carry a BRCA mutation, and like her, 90 percent of them have no idea. “I had felt fine, I was working out, and I had cancer in my body,” she says.
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-Evert still had a hard road ahead, with six cycles of chemo, but her chances of recovery were 90 percent. Her eldest son, Alex, moved in to support her daily care and even designed a workout regimen so she could sweat out the poisons. Mill took her to every chemo treatment and held her hand. Her good friend Christiane Amanpour, also diagnosed with ovarian cancer, sent her healing ointments from Paris. Her youngest sister, Clare, flew in monthly to nurse her through the sickish aftereffects, even climbing into bed with her.
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-But nothing can really make cancer a collective experience; it’s an experiential impasse. Everyone responds differently to the treatment and the accompanying dread. Late at night, Evert would be sleepless from the queasiness and a strange sense of small electric shocks biting into her bones. She would have to slip out of bed and walk around the house, by herself with it. “Cancer makes you feel alone,” Evert says. “Because it’s like, nobody can take that pain from you.”
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-Compounding Evert’s sense of aloneness was the abruptness with which she had toppled from a sense of supreme athletic command to feebleness. There was one person who could understand that. “What can I do for you?” Navratilova asked. They were in a room of just two, all over again. “I can tell her my fears,” Evert says. “I can be 100 percent honest with her.”
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-Navratilova came by the house and called regularly, but she also knew how to “lay back.” Sometimes she would call and Evert would answer right away. And sometimes it would take three or four days before she answered. It felt, in a way, like the old locker room days when she knew Evert was laboring with a loss. “I think because we were there for each other before, we kind of knew what to do or what not to do, instinctively, even though this was a first,” Navratilova says.
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-In the middle of Evert’s treatments, a gift arrived from Navratilova. It was a large piece of art. The canvas was lacquered with Evert’s favorite playing surface, red clay, and painted with white tennis lines, on which a series of ball marks were embedded, including one that had ticked the white line. The piece was by Navratilova herself, who in retirement took up art. The canvas was really a portrait — of Evert, of the exquisite, measured precision of her game. A tribute. Evert immediately hung it in a primary place in her living room.
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-After every cycle of treatment, Evert would rebound with a tenacity that astounded Navratilova. She would plead with her doctors, “Can I get on a treadmill?” Just days removed from an IV, she would start power walking again or riding her beloved Peloton bike until she was slick with sweat. She even did light CrossFit workouts with weights. “She’s an *animal*,” Navratilova observes admiringly.
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-By the summer 2022, Evert was healthy enough to go back to work as a broadcaster (although with a wig), and in November she joined Navratilova in a public appearance at the season-ending WTA Finals in Fort Worth. The pair went shopping together for cowboy boots and hats, strolling through the Fort Worth Stockyards historic district. And that’s when Evert delivered a piece of news that undid Navratilova. “I’m having a double mastectomy,” Evert said. She explained that her BRCA mutation meant she was at high risk of developing breast cancer on top of the ovarian.
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-Navratilova was so affected, she burst into tears. “It was such a shock to me because I thought she was done,” she says, and as she retells the story, she weeps again. She had watched Evert go public with her diagnosis and slug her way through chemo, and she hoped she was past it. Now she would face more months of convalescence. “I knew what she was going through publicly and privately,” Navratilova says, “and it just knocked me on my ass.”
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-Navratilova was still grappling with Evert’s news when she was floored by her own cancer diagnosis. During the Fort Worth trip, Navratilova felt a sore lump in her neck. She wasn’t taking any chances and underwent a biopsy when she got home. Evert got a text from Navratilova. *Can you call me as soon as possible? I need to talk to you*. Evert checked her phone and saw that Navratilova had also tried to call her. Evert thought, *Oh, s--t. That’s not good.*
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-Navratilova’s sore lump proved to be a cancerous lymph node. Like Evert, she had to undergo multiple lumpectomies and further tests, with a frightening three days waiting for the results, worried that it had advanced into her organs. “I’m thinking, ‘I could be dead in a year,’ ” she says. She distracted herself by thinking about her favorite subject, beautiful cars, and browsing them online.
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-Which car am I going to drive in the last year of my life, she asked herself. A Bentley? A Ferrari?
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-The verdict when the testing came back was a combination of relief and gut punch. The throat cancer was a highly curable Stage 1, but the follow-up screening also revealed she had an early-stage breast cancer, unrelated to her previous bout. She was so stunned she had a hard time even driving herself home. But by the time Evert reached her by phone, Navratilova was in an incredulous, fear-fueled rage. “I sensed that it really pissed her off more than anything,” Evert says. “She was *mad* about it.”
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-“Can you believe it!” Navratilova stormed. “It’s in my throat. And then they found something in my breast.”
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-For a minute, the two of them considered the bizarreness of both fighting cancer at the same time. Navratilova had always chased Evert, but she didn’t want to chase her in this pursuit. “Jesus. I guess we’re taking this to a whole new level,” Navratilova said.
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-And then they both started giggling.
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-“Because it was just so ironic,” Evert says.
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-But then Navratilova grew serious again. She admitted to Evert, “I’m scared.”
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-It was the same sudden whiff of mortality, the same *you’re not so special after all* jolt that Evert had gotten. “As a top-level athlete, you think you’re going to live to a hundred and that you can rehab it all,” Navratilova says. “And then you realize, ‘I can’t rehab this.’ So sharing that fear was easy — easier with her than anybody else.”
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-Navratilova’s cancer was not as dangerous as Evert’s, but it was more arduous. It required three cycles of chemo, 15 sessions of targeted proton therapy on her throat, 35 more proton treatments on the lymph nodes in her neck and five sessions of conventional radiation on her breast. Navratilova arranged to do it at Memorial Sloan Kettering hospital in New York, hunkering down at a friend’s vacant apartment.
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-Unbelievably, Navratilova chose to undergo most of it alone. She wanted to protect her family from worry over her. “You just keep it in because you don’t want to affect the people around you.” She also wanted to cultivate her former big-match mentality, to focus on the fight. “Even just answering the question when somebody says, ‘Can I get you anything?’ it takes energy,” Navratilova says now. “And it’s just easier to not have to think what you’re going to say or to deny help 10 times.”
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-The proton treatments were a series of slow singes. Her sense of taste turned to ashes, and swallowing felt like an acid rinse. As her weight plunged, she shivered on the cold medical tables, unable to get warm, to the point that she wore a ski vest to the hospital. She developed deep circles under her eyes from insomnia.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/I4G6UOJNHYNTWUISMWYSS3H55M_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Navratilova took on Mount Kilimanjaro to raise money for Laureus Sport for Good in 2010. (Chris Jackson/Getty Images for Laureus)
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-As the poisons mounted in her, it was as if she aged 50 years overnight. “Everything felt just *wrong*,” she says. This was a woman who had trekked up Mount Kilimanjaro at the age of 54, reaching 14,000 feet before she was felled with a case of pulmonary edema. At 65, she could still do 30 push-ups in a row. Now she needed two hands to drink a glass of water.
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-Evert had an almost intuitive sense of when to check up on Navratilova. Just when she would be near despair, not trusting herself to drink from a glass with one quivering hand, the phone would buzz, and it would be Evert. “What stands out is the timing,” Navratilova says. “It was always spot on. Like she knew I was at a low point. I don’t know how she knew, but she did. It was like some kind of cosmic connection. Because it was uncanny.”
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-Evert would be briskly sympathetic and to the point. “Don’t tough it out,” she would say, then just listen. There was no need for question or explanation. There was just understanding. “It was always there,” Navratilova says. “So we didn’t have to, like, try to find it.”
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-Sometimes the only sound on the line would be two people breathing, wordless with mutual comprehension.
-
-Evert says, “With all the experiences we had, winning and losing and comforting each other, I think we ended up having more compassion for each other than anybody in the world could have.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/NQG74HDR4W2UWEU6EBPEBUGI7Q_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-“I think we ended up having more compassion for each other than anybody in the world could have,” Evert said. (Marvin Joseph/The Washington Post)
-
-### Their finest rally
-
-As Evert and Navratilova finish picking over lunch salads, their senses of renewal in the Miami sunshine make them seem almost radiant. Life feels clearer, “uncluttered,” Evert says. From a distance, they cut the figures of teenagers. Evert is as neatly trim as ever, an impression enhanced by her newly grown pixie-length platinum hair. Navratilova, too, is slender as a youth. Only up close do you see lingering creases of fatigue around their eyes and sense the scars beneath their clothes and the tentativeness of their confidence.
-
-Evert admits she is “hesitant” to say her cancer is really gone. “It could come back. Look, it could come back. It’s cancer, right? It’s always peripheral.” Navratilova agrees. She compares it to waking up on the morning of an important match, a Wimbledon final, with the reverse of anticipation. For the first few seconds of semiconsciousness after opening her eyes she feels peace, and then the awareness of something important and pending seeps in. And then it hits her: *cancer*. “It’s always hovering,” Navratilova says. “You just put it out of sight. You go on with what you’re doing.”
-
-The way they go on is as follows. They go public with their diagnoses and accounts of treatment because all those years that they were clashing over trophies, they also had a sense of a larger public responsibility, to “the game or women athletes or women,” as Navratilova says. A sense that it wasn’t enough just to be great; they also had to be good for something. “To help,” Evert says.
-
-They work out as much as the doctors allow, maybe even a little more than they advise, at first provisionally and then with growing defiance, even though each of their bodies is “still fighting the crap that’s inside it,” as Navratilova says, in her case doing just two push-ups and going skiing before her radiation was done. (“Skiing! During radiation!” Evert crows in disbelief.) They lift weights above their shoulders though the sore scars in their chests aren’t entirely healed, and they hit on the tennis court, though in Navratilova’s case, the effort to chase a ball even two steps leaves her winded, and in Evert’s, it makes her feel clumsy-footed and angry, until she reminds herself, *Chrissie, who do you think are*? And then she calls Navratilova, and they both laugh at themselves in this companionable frailty.
-
-There are statues of Arthur Ashe at the U.S. Open, Fred Perry at Wimbledon, Rod Laver at the Australian Open and Rafael Nadal at the French Open. The blazers who run the major championships have not yet commissioned sculptures of these two women, who so unbound their sport and gave the gift of professional aspiration to so many. Yet who exemplify, perhaps more than any champions in the annals of their sport, the deep internal mutual grace called sportsmanship.
-
-But then, they don’t need bronzing. They have something much warmer than that. Each other.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/OB2LL7IJUFQBQEQXXXP3KQDLUQ.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Evert and Navratilova traveled to Boston for an award banquet in June 2023. (Courtesy of Chris Evert)
-
-&emsp;
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-Tag: ["📈", "🇺🇸", "🗽", "🏪"]
-Date: 2023-10-15
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-10-15
-Link: https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20231005-bodegas-the-small-corner-shops-that-run-nyc
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-10-24]]
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-&emsp;
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-```button
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-```
-^button-BodegasThesmallcornershopsthatrunNYCNSave
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-&emsp;
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-# Bodegas: The small corner shops that run NYC
-
-(Image credit: Pierina Pighi Bel)
-
-![A bodega in New York City](https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0gjrv16.jpg "A bodega in New York City")
-
-Want to feel like a local in one of the world's most international cities? Head to these beloved neighbourhood stores spearheaded by Hispanic entrepreneurs.
-
-I
-
-It's 07:00 in Brooklyn's East Flatbush neighbourhood and Yovanna Melo is busy answering the phone while jotting down breakfast orders. Every morning, calls from busy New Yorkers in English and Spanish come into her *bodega* (a small neighbourhood grocery store), asking for *beiconeganchí* (bacon, egg and cheese melts), *pavo dulce* (honey turkey sandwiches) and *pan con bistec* (Cuban-style steak rolls) to help them power "The City That Never Sleeps". 
-
-Berlin has its [Spätis](https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20211021-spatis-the-convenience-stores-that-rule-berlin), Japan has its [convenience stores](https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20190610-the-unique-culture-of-japanese-convenience-stores) and New York City has its beloved bodegas. According to the city's Health Department, some 7,000 bodegas dot the city, and you can hardly walk two blocks without stumbling upon one of these handy, all-in-one convenience stores that have historically been owned by members of the Hispanic community. Many are open 24/7; some feature friendly felines behind the counter; and, in a city where space is at a premium and large supermarkets can be hard to come by, all are stocked with a mixture of everyday items like eggs, tinned foods, snacks, beer, cleaning supplies, toiletries and lottery tickets. 
-
-"What I like most about being a *bodeguera* (bodega owner) is giving people that confidence. It pleases me to know that I serve them well," said Melo, who has owned [El Vacilón](https://maps.app.goo.gl/Zxx5YneSZnmf6s4t7) (The Shindig) with her husband for 20 years since she moved to New York City from the Dominican Republic.
-
-![Melo and her husband have run El Vacilón in Brooklyn for 20 years (Credit: Pierina Pighi Bel)](https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0gjrv3b.jpg "Melo and her husband have run El Vacilón in Brooklyn for 20 years (Credit: Pierina Pighi Bel)")
-
-Melo and her husband have run El Vacilón in Brooklyn for 20 years (Credit: Pierina Pighi Bel)
-
-Like so many bodegas, El Vacilón isn't just a store. Melo knows many of her customers by name, trusts them to come back to pay for sandwiches and goods if they don't have the time or money and even lets families drop their children at the shop while they run errands. These neighbourhood landmarks are also known to let customers send packages there and hold onto keys in lieu of a doorman. In fact, to truly understand how New York City runs and how it's changed with each successive wave of immigration, it's important to understand bodegas and the communities they serve. 
-
-**The origin of bodegas** 
-
-According to Carlos Sanabria, author of the book [The Bodega: A Cornerstone of Puerto Rican Barrios](https://centropr-archive.hunter.cuny.edu/publications/centro-press/all/bodega-cornerstone-puerto-rican-barrios-justo-mart%C3%AD-collection), these neighbourhood shops likely originated with Spanish and Cuban immigrants in the early 1900s. As Puerto Ricans began migrating to New York City in large numbers in the 1920s (after the island became part of the US in 1917), they took over the stores, which came to be known as bodegas, a Spanish word that initially meant "wine cellar" or "warehouse". While many NYC grocery stores continued to be owned by Irish, Italians, Jews, Greeks, Germans and other immigrants, these small corner shops became especially associated with the Puerto Rican community. 
-
-Bodegas provided food from the island that was hard to find, like dried codfish, papaya and guava preserves, plantains, chorizo sausages, spices, green banana cakes and *mondongo* (tripe), among others. They also carried other items like religious candles and recordings of Puerto Rican and Latin music.
-
-"By the late 1920s, there were an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 Puerto Ricans living in New York, and they were served by more than 200 bodegas and *colmados* (bodegas in the Dominican Republic)," writes Andrew F Smith in [New York: A Food Biography](https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781442227125/New-York-City-A-Food-Biography).
-
-![Bodegas have long served as communal living rooms for members of New York's Latino community (Credit: David Grossman/Alamy)](https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0gjrvcq.jpg "Bodegas have long served as communal living rooms for members of New York's Latino community (Credit: David Grossman/Alamy)")
-
-Bodegas have long served as communal living rooms for members of New York's Latino community (Credit: David Grossman/Alamy)
-
-After World War Two, Sanabria says the Puerto Rican population in NYC increased to more than 600,000, and their bodegas began to spread from East Harlem in Manhattan and Gowanus in Brooklyn into neighbourhoods like the Lower East Side, Spanish Harlem, the Upper West Side, the South Bronx and Williamsburg. Like a communal living room, bodegas served as vital centres for Puerto Rican immigrants to socialise, get information about employment or housing, or buy goods on credit if they were short on money. 
-
-"Bodegas became the social hub, the social network. Anything that was happening, you could find out in the bodega, even the bad rumours," said documentary filmmaker Lilian Jiménez. "Bodegueros were highly respected and people trusted them. My mother would say, 'If you ever get into trouble, run to the bodega'." 
-
-**Bodegas today** 
-
-Many bodegas have changed in recent decades with the city's shifting social and demographic trends. When early Puerto Rican bodega owners decided to retire, many of their children didn't necessarily want to take over the family business, so they sold their bodegas to Dominicans, who started arriving in New York City in large numbers in the 1980s*.* Today, the amount of Dominican immigrants in NYC is [nearly seven times](https://www.nyc.gov/assets/immigrants/downloads/pdf/Hispanic-Immigrant-Fact-Sheet.pdf) that of elsewhere in the US, andaccording to Christian Krohn-Hansen, author of the book [Making New York Dominican: Small Business, Politics, and Everyday Life](https://www.pennpress.org/9780812244618/making-new-york-dominican/), by 1991, Dominicans owned roughly 80% of the Latinx-owned bodegas in NYC. 
-
-Just as their Puerto Rican predecessors did, Dominican bodegueros cater to their fellow compatriots, selling dishes like the popular *mangú* (boiled mashed plantains), *arroz con habichuelas* (rice and beans), chicken *chicharrones* (fried pork belly or rinds), *frituras* (fried treats), sausages, fried cheese and sauteed onions.
-
-![In addition to everyday items, many Dominican-owned bodegas also serve traditional Dominican dishes (Credit: Pierina Pighi Bel)](https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0gjrvml.jpg "In addition to everyday items, many Dominican-owned bodegas also serve traditional Dominican dishes (Credit: Pierina Pighi Bel)")
-
-In addition to everyday items, many Dominican-owned bodegas also serve traditional Dominican dishes (Credit: Pierina Pighi Bel)
-
-Mexicans, who started arriving in large numbers to NYC in the late 1980s, also now own many bodegas. There are even some "bodegas/taquerías" that sell tacos, notes Zilkia Janer in her book [Latino Food Culture](https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/latino-food-culture-9780313087905/). Other bodegas are now owned by Yemenis and East Asians, too. 
-
-According to the [NYC Department of Health](https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/cdp/healthy-bodegas-rpt2010.pdf), a bodega is now defined as any store under 300 sq m that sells milk, meat or eggs but is not a specialty store (bakery, butcher, chocolate shop, etc) and doesn't have more than two cash registers. But ask many New Yorkers and they'll offer a more colourful explanation of what makes a bodega a bodega.
-
-"If there is not a cat, it's not a bodega," said Melisa Fuster, author of the book [Caribeños at the Table: How Migration, Health, and Race Intersect in New York City](https://uncpress.org/book/9781469664576/caribenyos-at-the-table/), referring to the many bodegueros who let their felines roam inside their stores. Back when Fuster, who is Puerto Rican, used to live in New York, she said, "I would go to bodegas for specific Puerto Rican food that I would not see at supermarkets, like *platanutres* (plantain chips), *[sancochos](https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230915-sancocho-a-panamanian-chicken-and-vegetable-soup)* (stews); it was a little bit of nostalgia," she recalled. 
-
-While these uniquely New York establishments face threats like gentrification and rising rents, they continue to power the city.
-
-![Many bodega owners let their cats roam free in their stores (Credit: Paul Matzner/Alamy)](https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0gjrvrj.jpg "Many bodega owners let their cats roam free in their stores (Credit: Paul Matzner/Alamy)")
-
-Many bodega owners let their cats roam free in their stores (Credit: Paul Matzner/Alamy)
-
-"Bodegas are the most resilient establishments, so they survive," said Rachel Meltzer, author of the research paper [Bodegas or Bagel Shops? Neighborhood Differences in Retail and Household Services](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0891242411430328). "They can exist in a really small space, and adapting their products to their communities' demands is not very costly. Also, NYC is so big and dense that in a small radius around a bodega, you will have a ton of people, so it is economically viable." 
-
-For Melo, bodegas embody the rapid pace of the city, allowing New Yorkers to dash in for a quick coffee or call ahead for a hot sandwich that's ready when you run in. 
-
-"\[New Yorkers\] don't want to go to the supermarket because they have to stand in a long line to pay for a gallon of milk, so they go to a bodega because it's faster," she said. 
-
-According to Radhames Rodriguez, who moved from the Dominican Republic in 1985 and now owns the [Pamela Green](https://pamelasgreendeli.square.site/) bodega in the Bronx, ultimately what makes these stores unique is the intimacy between bodeguero and bodega customer.
-
-![One of Rodriguez's favourite parts about being a bodeguero is interacting with people from the neighbourhood (Credit: Pierina Pighi Bel)](https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0gjrvsp.jpg "One of Rodriguez's favourite parts about being a bodeguero is interacting with people from the neighbourhood (Credit: Pierina Pighi Bel)")
-
-One of Rodriguez's favourite parts about being a bodeguero is interacting with people from the neighbourhood (Credit: Pierina Pighi Bel)
-
-"When you go to a bodega, they greet you, ask how are you doing, how is your family doing. I already know how my customers like their coffee and their sandwiches. There is a very close integration with people," said Rodriguez, who founded the [United Bodegas of America](https://unitedbodegasofamerica.net/) (UBA) association in 2018 to offer bodegueros better access to security cameras and protection from robberies, among other purposes. 
-
-But despite adversities, he loves working at his bodega. "For me, it is like therapy. I love contact with people. Behind the counter, I feel like Frank Sinatra singing at a concert. I love greeting and serving clients; it gives me great satisfaction," he said. 
-
-Ask any New Yorker and they'll tell you this is a city of neighbourhoods. So for visitors, there is perhaps no better way to make this endlessly big, multicultural metropolis somehow feel like home than by stopping into your local bodega for a chat. Whether you're grabbing a morning sandwich or some late-night ramen, chances are you'll come away with a smile – and feeling more like a local in the process.
-
-*Join more than three million BBC Travel fans by liking us on* [*Facebook*](https://www.facebook.com/BBCTravel/)*, or follow us on* [*Twitter*](https://twitter.com/BBC_Travel) *and* [*Instagram*](https://www.instagram.com/bbc_travel/)*.*
-
-*If you liked this story,* [*sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter*](https://cloud.email.bbc.com/SignUp10_08) *called "The Essential List". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.*
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-;
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Britain is writing the playbook for dictators.md b/00.03 News/Britain is writing the playbook for dictators.md
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-
-Tag: ["🗳️", "🇬🇧", "🫅🏼", "🌐"]
-Date: 2023-05-23
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-05-23
-Link: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/05/21/britain-is-writing-the-playbook-for-dictators/
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-^button-BritainiswritingtheplaybookfordictatorsNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# Britain is writing the playbook for dictators
-
-During my two decades in tech I’ve seen governments manufacture public outrage to serve their desire for control more times than I can count. There’s a predictable pattern that starts with a complex social problem receiving widespread attention. Everyone acknowledges the gravity of the issue. There is a rush to “do something”. 
-
-But “something” too often involves magical thinking and specious “solutions”. Frequently, technology is painted as both cause and solution. Problems are presented as existing “online” and thus their solution is framed as technological. This almost always involves some combination of expanding surveillance and curbing the fundamental human right to privacy and free expression. 
-
-The Online Safety Bill [is a perfect example](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/07/12/online-safety-bill-could-lead-biggest-curtailment-free-speech/). Under the pretext of protecting children, its provisions could lead to the implementation of government-mandated mass surveillance applications on every UK smartphone. These would scan every message you send. 
-
-The opaque databases and error-prone AI technology that would power this surveillance regime could lead to the mass deplatforming of millions of people based on unreliable algorithmic systems. Such a system would also introduce vulnerabilities and flaws that would inevitably be exploited by hostile states and hackers. 
-
-While politicians have denied for months that the Bill will break encryption, the Home Office has been quite clear that it believes end-to-end encryption is enabling child abuse on the internet. 
-
-The cynicism of this argument is made clear when we recognise that the Government has reduced support for measures protecting children that seem more likely to work. Early intervention services spending was slashed by 50 per cent from 2011 to 2021; referrals to children’s social care rose 9 per cent in 2021-22 alone. 
-
-There’s no way to square this with the idea that protecting children is the first priority, rather than a pretext for government-mandated mass surveillance.
-
-As written, experts agree the Bill would nullify end-to-end encryption, which Signal and other apps use to ensure that only you and the people you’re talking to read your messages. 
-
-This encryption is what stands between citizens and the criminals, scammers and (sometimes) regimes that would dearly love to have access to their innermost thoughts.
-
-This would make Britain a global role model for repressive regimes. If the UK declares that it’s fine to surveil all communications, it will set a precedent others will follow. 
-
-It will have written the playbook by which authoritarians around the world could justify similar systems, where phones could automatically report citizens to the government if they write “Hong Kong Democracy”, “Ukraine Invasion”, “LGBTQ resources” or whatever else a government decides to ban. Being the first country to mandate such systems would be a stain on Britain’s legacy. 
-
-Whatever happens, Signal is committed to ensuring people everywhere have the ability to communicate privately. When the Iranian government blocked Signal, we recognized that the activists, journalists and citizens in Iran who needed privacy were not represented by the authoritarian state. We worked to set up proxies and other means to help them access Signal. 
-
-If the Online Safety Bill is passed, we promise that we will do everything in our power to ensure that the British people have access to safe and private communications. But we [will not undermine or compromise](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/02/24/signal-threatens-shut-britain-online-safety-bill/) the commitments we have made to you, no matter what the Government says.
-
-However bleak the prospect, I remain optimistic that it will not come to this. The cynical and unworkable reality of the Bill is becoming clearer, and well informed politicians are moving to remedy its most troubling provisions. 
-
-The Online Safety Bill is part of a pattern. But it’s a pattern we can stop here. There are real measures that the Government can take to protect children and I sincerely hope that Parliament will look to address them, rather than stripping away privacy and other fundamental rights.
-
----
-
-*Meredith Whittaker is president of the Signal Foundation*
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Bull elephants – their importance as individuals in elephant societies - Africa Geographic.md b/00.03 News/Bull elephants – their importance as individuals in elephant societies - Africa Geographic.md
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-
-Tag: ["🏕️", "🐘", "🇧🇼"]
-Date: 2023-03-13
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-TimeStamp: 2023-03-13
-Link: https://africageographic.com/stories/bull-elephants-their-importance-as-individuals-in-elephant-societies/
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-&emsp;
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-# Bull elephants – their importance as individuals in elephant societies - Africa Geographic
-
-![Elephant bull](https://africageographic.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/20160320-Elephant-Khumaga-001.jpg)
-
-Image source: Dr Kate Evans, Elephants for Africa
-
-*Written by Dr Kate Evans, [Elephants for Africa](http://www.elephantsforafrica.org/)*
-
-**It has long been recognised that older female elephants are pivotal to elephant ecology and herd survival (McComb *et al.* 2011; Foley *et al.* 2008; Moss *et al.* 2011), but what of older males?** Longevity in males is associated with size (the older the bull, the taller he is), dominance, prolonged musth periods and reproductive success (Hollister-Smith et al. 2007). Until recently, the social life of bulls has drawn less interest from researchers and tourists alike, being viewed as solitary when not having random associations with other bulls or joining female herds for mating opportunities.
-
-The realisation of the importance of the social ecology of male elephants and the role of older males in their society came at a considerable cost when wildlife areas in South Africa, that had introduced young Kruger cull orphans without the social structure of older individuals, lost an incredible amount of rhino due to male adolescent elephant attacks. These young males were hitting puberty and immediately going into musth (a condition not generally experienced until a male elephant is in this mid to late twenties) as there were no older bulls to suppress it.
-
-Coming into premature musth, they sought out reproduction opportunities, and when the young female elephants showed no interest they turned their attention to rhinos; these unusual interactions turned aggressive which often resulted in the death of the rhino. The introduction of older bulls into these areas soon put a stop to most of this ‘delinquent’ behaviour (Slotow *et al.* 2000; Slotow & van Dyk 2001).
-
-This period of adolescence is one of enormous change for young males, hitting puberty at the average age of 14 years (Short, Mann & Hay 1967; Lee 1986) and becoming independent of their herd by their early twenties (Poole 1989). It is a time of transition for bulls from leaving their herd to joining bull society.
-
-Not only are they leaving their natal herd, but they are also leaving their natal area (Moss 1988), and so the knowledge of where to go for food and water – which they will have learned during their time with their herd – will be of limited use to them as they explore new areas.
-
-How best do you learn where resources are in these new areas? Perhaps the easiest way to learn is from those that have thrived there – the larger, and therefore older, bulls that show by their physical presence that they know where good resources are.
-
-![Elephant herd at river](https://africageographic.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2013-02-029.jpg)
-
-Image source: Dr Kate Evans, Elephants for Africa
-
-Our studies on male elephants in the Okavango Delta and subsequently the Makgadikgadi Pans National Park in Botswana has shown that male elephants are selective of who they spend time with, choosing to be in groups with males of a similar age (Evans & Harris 2008) which, when you are trying to assert yourself in your new social network, would be the best place to be as these are the individuals with whom you want to establish the social hierarchy.
-
-Not only do they choose which age groups to hang out with they are also selective of the individual they spend time with, forming bonds with particular individuals (Pitfield 2017). However, when we looked at who their nearest neighbours were when in all-male groups, we found that males of all ages prefer to be closest to those in the older age classification (>36 years of age) – those that are often referred to as past their reproductive prime and surplus to the biological needs of the population.
-
-Our research in the Okavango Delta was focused in a bull area, with the majority of sightings being of males and a healthy population of older individuals. However, this changed over time with the western Delta becoming wetter from 2008 onwards, with more permanent water resources becoming available and an increase in females. We then started seeing less of the older males and wondered where they were going.
-
-Males are often referred to as higher risk-takers and more exploratory, and thus it is no surprise that it is the males that are leading the way of the expansion of the Botswana elephants into historical rangelands.
-
-At the same time, we noticed the large bulls were frequenting our study area in the western Delta less, and reports were coming to us about large aggregations of males in the Makgadikgadi Pans National Park, south of the Delta.
-
-In 2012 we moved to this area to retain our focus on bull elephant ecology in a bull area – to further our understanding of bull social ecology and the role of bull areas and to address the increasing issue of human-elephant competition in the area.
-
-In 2009, the Boteti River started to flow again after a hiatus of some 18 years, this vital resource of water drew in elephants and other wildlife, alongside the human population. While an obvious valuable physical resource for elephants, it soon became apparent that it serves as an important social resource, with male elephants spending a lot of time here interacting with other males (not just drinking and bathing), with aggregations of 100 males not an uncommon sighting.
-
-![Elephant crossing over fence](https://africageographic.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/imj_14-09-015.jpg)
-
-© Jess Isden
-
-Here the majority of our sightings are of male elephants (98% of all sightings), and again we are seeing that the older bulls are playing an essential role in bull society. It may well be that these large numbers at the river allow them to select who to hang out with. Given the close proximity to community lands, and the predominance of older bulls raiding the crops (Stevens 2018), it may also be that younger bulls are learning the value of human habitation to their dietary requirements by spending time with these older males.
-
-The management and conservation of elephants is always a hot topic of debate, from the effects of large offtake due to poaching and or management strategies, which individuals to hunt and who to translocate. Historically these decisions have been based purely on numbers with herd integrity being taken into account in later years.
-
-As we learn more about the social requirements of male elephants, we must consider these in the management and conservation decisions we make; the importance of the older individual to ‘normal’ society and the importance of bonds in the stability of populations.
-
----
-
-**Referenes**
-
-• Evans, K. & Harris, S. (2008). Adolescence in male African elephants, *Loxodonta africana*, and the importance of sociality. **76**, 779-787  
-• Foley, C., Pettorelli, N, & Foley, L. (2008) Severe drought and calf survival in elephants. Biology Letters **4**(5) 541-544  
-• Hollister-Smith, J., Poole, J.H., Archie, E.A., Vance, E.A., Georgiadis, N.J., Moss, C.J. & Alberts, S.C. (2007). Age, musth and paternity success in wild male elephants, *Loxodonta africana*. *Animal Behaviour*, **74,** 287-296  
-• Lee, P.C. (1986) Early social development among African elephant calves. *National Geographic Research,* **2**, 388-401.  
-• McComb, K., Moss, C., Durant, S.M., Baker, L. & Sayialel, S. (2001) Matriarchs as repositories of social knowledge in African elephants. *Science,* **292**, 491-494.  
-• Moss, C. (1988) *Elephant Memories*. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.  
-• Moss, C. J., Harvey C., & Lee, P.C. eds. (2011) The Amboseli elephants: a long-term perspective on a long-lived mammal. *University of Chicago Press*   
-• Pitfield, A.R. (2017) *The social and environmental factors affecting the life of bull African elephants (*Loxodonta africana*) in a ‘bull area’ – a social network analysis*. MSc Thesis. University of Bristol. pp87  
-• Poole, J.H. (1989) Announcing intent: the aggressive state of musth in African elephants. *Animal Behaviour*, **37**, 140-152.  
-• Short, R.V., Mann, T. & Hay, M.F. (1967) Male reproductive organs of the African elephant. *Journal of Reproductive Fertility*, **13**, 517-536.  
-• Slotow, R. & Van Dyk, G. (2001) Role of delinquent young “orphan” male elephants in high mortality of white rhinoceros in Pilanesberg National Park, South Africa. *Koedoe,* **44**, 85-94.  
-• Slotow, R., Balfour, D. & Howison, O. (2001) Killing of black and white rhinoceroses by African elephants in Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park, South Africa. *Pachyderm*, **31**, 14-20.  
-• Stevens, J. (2018) Understanding human-elephant interactions in and around Makgadikgadi Pans National Park, Botswana. PhD Thesis, University of Bristol. pp243
-
-**To comment on this story:** [Download our app here](https://africageographic.com/app/about/ "Download our app") - it's a troll-free safe place 🙂.![](https://africageographic.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/AG_White_v1_lr.jpg)
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-
-&emsp;
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-Tag: ["🧪", "🌍", "🇬🇱", "☀️"]
-Date: 2023-09-01
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-09-01
-Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/interactive/2023/greenland-ice-sheet-drilling-bedrock-sea-rise/
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-09-18]]
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-
-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-BuriedundertheiceNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# Buried under the ice
-
-A thin, dark fracture had appeared deep in the ice, making it impossible to drill. The team’s engineers were trying to repair the hole, but it was far from clear whether the fix would work. Schaefer’s hopes — and research that could help predict the fate of [Greenland’s ice sheet](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/08/29/greenland-ice-sheet-sea-level/) and its contribution to [rising seas](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/04/10/sea-level-rise-southern-us/) — clung to the smallest possible chance that the team might still find what they came for.
-
-Now, Schaefer would have to leave with his mission unfinished. A family emergency had called him home to New York, and a helicopter was waiting to take him back to civilization.
-
-“The timing feels completely wrong,” said Schaefer, a climate geochemist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and the lead investigator for the project known as [GreenDrill.](https://greendrill-cosmo.ldeo.columbia.edu/) “We have been working toward getting that bedrock for literally years. … It’s pretty heartbreaking now to leave.”
-
-A view of the edge of the Greenland ice sheet June 1, 2023 in the vicinity of Prudhoe Dome, Greenland. (Sarah Kaplan/The Washington Post)
-
-Joerg Schaefer before departing the Agile Sub-Ice Geological (ASIG) drill camp.
-
-A helicopter is used to transfer supplies from the Winkie drill camp to the ASIG drill camp.
-
-The drilling expedition this spring was only the third time in history that researchers had tried to extract rock from deep beneath Greenland’s ice. Scientists have less material from under the ice sheet than they do from the surface of the moon. But Schaefer believes the uncharted landscape is key to understanding Greenland’s past – and to forecasting the future of the [warming Earth.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/07/12/climate-change-flooding-heat-wave-continue/)
-
-[The Greenland Ice Sheet](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/01/18/greenland-hotter-temperatures/?utm_source=twitter&utm_campaign=wp_main&utm_medium=social) contributes more to rising oceans than any other ice mass on the planet. If it all disappeared, it would raise global sea levels by [24 feet](https://nsidc.org/learn/parts-cryosphere/ice-sheets/ice-sheet-quick-facts), devastating coastlines that are home to about half the world’s population. Yet computer simulations and modern observations alone can’t precisely predict how Greenland might melt. Researchers are still unsure whether [rising temperatures](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/08/03/july-blows-away-temperature-records-testing-key-climate-threshold/) have already pushed the ice sheet into irreversible decline.
-
-![](https://gfx-data.news-engineering.aws.wapo.pub/ai2html/greendrill/DTD3QNLVQBCCHGXNUWXUK32PLQ/locator-greenland-xxsmall.png?v=13)
-
-GREENLAND
-
-Greenland’s bedrock holds the ground truth, Schaefer said. The ancient stone that underlies the island is solid, persistent and almost unmovable. It was present the last time the [ice sheet completely disappeared](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/07/20/greenland-ice-melt-history-global-warming/), and it still contains chemical signatures of how that melt unfolded. It can help scientists figure out how drastically Greenland may change in the face of today’s rising temperatures. And that, in turn, can help the world prepare for the sea level rise that will follow.
-
-Schaefer trudged to the drill tent to say goodbye. Inside, four engineers were troubleshooting yet another problem with their massive machine.
-
-“So, you’re leaving us?” asked Tanner Kuhl, the project’s lead driller.
-
-“I’m not thrilled about it,” Schaefer said. He clapped Kuhl on the shoulder. “Keep fighting.”
-
-The team was running out of time and money to get through the last 390 feet of ice. Success would require drilling faster than they ever had before. But no one was prepared to give up – not yet. Too much had been invested in their five-year, multimillion-dollar project to collect bedrock samples from around Greenland. Too much was at stake, as human-made pollution [warms the Arctic](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/06/06/arctic-sea-ice-melting/) at a pace never seen before.
-
-Reluctantly, Schaefer clambered into the helicopter. He watched as the ground fell away, and the GreenDrill encampment shrank to a tiny splotch of color amid the endless white.
-
-He could only imagine what secrets lay beneath that frozen surface. He could only hope — for his own sake, and for the planet’s — that those secrets would someday be known.
-
-The morning of Schaefer’s arrival on the ice sheet, three weeks earlier, was luminous and still. Barely a breeze jostled the helicopter that carried him to the field camp in northwest Greenland. Beneath him, the glittering expanse of the Prudhoe Dome ice cap resembled the ocean: Beautiful. Mysterious. Mind-bendingly huge.
-
-Theoretically, Schaefer had already grasped this. The dome’s size was one reason it had been selected as a GreenDrill sampling site — the first of three strategic locations around Greenland where he and his colleagues planned to drill for bedrock samples over the next few years. Yet Schaefer was still stunned as the helicopter touched down on the dome’s summit. Despite a decades-long career in polar science, this was his first time on an ice sheet.
-
-“It’s a monster,” he thought. Schaefer tried to imagine all that ice melting and flowing into the ocean. The catastrophic possibility made him shiver.
-
-He knew that such a disaster had happened before. In 2016, Schaefer and his close colleague Jason Briner, GreenDrill’s co-director and a geology professor at the University at Buffalo, were part of a team that analyzed the single bedrock sample that had been previously collected from beneath the thickest part of the ice sheet. The rock contained chemical signatures showing it had been exposed to the sky in the past 1.1 million years. In a [paper they published](https://cosmo.ldeo.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Publications/Schaefer%20et%20al.%20-%202016%20-%20Greenland%20was%20nearly%20ice-free%20for%20extended%20periods%20during%20the%20Pleistocene.pdf) in the journal Nature, the scientists concluded that almost all of Greenland — including regions now covered by ice more than a mile deep — must have melted at least once within that time frame.
-
-“That was a game changer,” said Neil Glasser, a glaciologist at Aberystwyth University who has followed Schaefer’s research. “It said that the Greenland ice sheet is far more dynamic than we had ever thought.”
-
-​​Camp Manager Troy Nave provides ground support for supplies transferred via helicopter from the Winkie Camp to the ASIG drill camp.
-
-Gear boxes at the ASIG drill camp.
-
-Driller Forest Rubin Harmon clears snow outside the ASIG drill tent.
-
-The findings ran counter to many scientists’ belief that Greenland has been relatively stable throughout recent geologic history, as the Earth oscillated between ice ages and milder warm periods known as [interglacials.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/07/09/why-the-earths-past-has-scientists-so-worried-about-sea-level-rise/) If the ice sheet could melt at a time when global temperatures never got much higher than they are now, it was a worrying harbinger of what ongoing human-caused warming might bring.
-
-For Schaefer and Briner, the discovery also underscored how bedrock could complement findings from [ice cores](https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/national/science/arctic-sea-ice-expedition-to-study-climate-change/) — the long slices of frozen material that had traditionally been the focus of polar science. For decades, scientists had studied air bubbles trapped in ice to uncover crucial clues about the climate at the time the ice formed.
-
-Yet ice cores, by their very nature, could only reveal what happened during the colder phases of Earth’s history. They couldn’t answer what Schaefer said is arguably the most important question facing humanity now: “What happened when it got warm?”
-
-With GreenDrill — which is funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation — he and Briner aimed to open up a new kind of record, one that didn’t melt away. By collecting bedrock samples from around the island, they could gain a clearer picture of exactly when the ice sheet last vanished and what parts of Greenland melted first.
-
-But to get those rocks, they would need to survive for more than a month in one of the most remote and hostile places on Earth.
-
-The effort was shaping up to be harder than anyone had anticipated. It took seven plane trips for the team to haul GreenDrill’s equipment onto the ice sheet. Twice they were delayed by blizzards. Then a windstorm halted work on the drill for three full days.
-
-The scientists who oversaw camp setup — Lamont Doherty geologist Nicolás Young and University at Buffalo PhD student Caleb Walcott — already looked exhausted as they welcomed Schaefer to the ice.
-
-They watched Schaefer’s helicopter depart in a whirl of windblown snow. Then Young and Walcott led him to one of about a dozen yellow tents that had been staked onto the ice — Schaefer’s home for the next three weeks. Its insulated double walls were designed to keep temperatures inside just above freezing. A cot lined with an inflatable sleeping pad would keep him off the frigid tent floor.
-
-Next door stood the larger kitchen tent, which was equipped with propane stoves and a single space heater — the only heat source they would have on the ice. The nearby storage tent was stocked with hundreds of pounds worth of beans, granola bars and other nonperishable foods.
-
-Dozens of green, black and red flags marked paths through the camp; in case a blizzard made it hard to see their tents, the team members were to follow the flags to safety.
-
-As they headed toward the drill tent, Schaefer heard the growl of engines and the whine of machinery. Yet he was unprepared for what he saw when he peered inside.
-
-The machine was state of the art; whereas older drills would take years to cut through 1,600 feet of ice, [ASIG](https://icedrill.org/equipment/agile-sub-ice-geological-drill) could achieve the same feat in a matter of weeks. It was one of few drills in the world that could extract bedrock from deep beneath an ice sheet. Yet it had been used successfully just once before, and never in Greenland.
-
-For the first time – but not the last — Schaefer found himself wondering, “What on Earth did we do to get this enterprise up here?”
-
-“Maybe something goes wrong?” he thought. “Maybe we don’t get through this ice.”
-
-But he was reassured by the unflagging support of the National Science Foundation and the unflappable competence of the GreenDrill team. Briner, the project’s co-director, was a leading scholar of Arctic ice. Kuhl, an engineer with the U.S. Ice Drilling Program, had overseen the only other successful ASIG project, in Antarctica. His partner, Richard Erickson, had more than two decades of experience in minerals drilling. The camp manager, technician Troy Nave, had spent a combined 34 months living at the poles.
-
-And then there was Allie Balter-Kennedy, Schaefer’s former PhD student who had defended her dissertation just a month earlier. Though she was many years his junior, Balter-Kennedy had spent much more time doing remote field work. It was she who explained to Schaefer how to stay warm at night — by sticking a bottle of boiling water in his sleeping bag — and who tempered his frustration every time a storm threw a wrench in their plans.
-
-“They are just the ultimate professionals,” Schaefer often said of his colleagues. If any group could pull off such a far-fetched experiment, he thought, this one would.
-
-When Schaefer thought about the research that had led him to this remote corner of the planet, it struck him as something out of a fairy-tale.
-
-The story began a long time ago, in a distant corner of the universe, amid the death throes of ancient suns.
-
-When stars explode, they send sprays of high energy particles into the cosmos. A few of these cosmic rays are able to make it through Earth’s atmosphere and reach the ground below. And when those particles encounter rocks, they can interact with certain elements to create rare chemicals called cosmogenic nuclides.
-
-These nuclides accumulate in surface rocks at predictable rates. Some are also radioactive, and they decay into new forms on distinctive timelines. This allows scientists to use them as molecular clocks. By counting the numbers of nuclides within a rock, scientists can tell how long it has been exposed to cosmic ray bombardment. And by comparing the ratios of various decaying elements, they can determine when ice began to block the rock’s view of the sky.
-
-With this technique, ordinary rocks are transformed into something almost fantastic. They are witnesses, capable of remembering history that occurred long before any humans were around to record it. They are messengers, carrying warnings of how the ice — and the Earth — could yet transform.
-
-“It’s like a magic lamp,” Schaefer said. “It’s pretty crazy that a little piece of rock can tell you the story of this massive sheet of ice.”
-
-Camp manager Troy Nave gathers snow that he will melt into water for drinking and washing.
-
-Schaefer, second from left, laughs with glacial geologist Allie Balter-Kennedy.
-
-But cosmogenic nuclides are difficult to study; Schaefer had spent much of his career helping to develop the equipment and techniques needed to detect a few tiny nuclides in a piece of ancient rock.
-
-And — as Schaefer was now learning — rocks from [beneath an ice sheet](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2021/03/15/greenland-ice-sheet-more-vulnerable/) are immensely challenging to obtain.
-
-Days at the GreenDrill field camp began at 6:30 a.m., as Schaefer woke to the sound of engineers turning on the ASIG generators. He dressed quickly in the cold, and grabbed coffee and breakfast in the kitchen tent. With a satellite phone, he checked in with the National Science Foundation support team and got an updated weather forecast: Usually windy. Sometimes snowy. Almost always well below zero degrees Fahrenheit.
-
-Then he bundled back up and headed outside to start work.
-
-Until the drillers hit bedrock, the scientists’ primary task was to collect the ice chips pushed up by the Isopar drilling fluid. Schaefer, Young and Balter-Kennedy took turns scooping the ice into small plastic bottles. Back at their lab, they would analyze those samples for clues about Greenland’s temperature history — research that would complement their bedrock analysis.
-
-The rest of their time was spent shoveling in a Sisyphean effort to keep the camp from being buried by the endlessly swirling windblown snow.
-
-Fifteen miles away, Briner and his student Walcott had set up another camp closer to the edge of the ice sheet. There, the team was using a smaller [Winkie drill](https://icedrill.org/equipment/winkie-drill) to collect a second sample from beneath a much thinner part of the ice cap.
-
-In each sample, the team planned to analyze as many as six different cosmogenic nuclides, but they would focus on two: beryllium-10 and aluminium-26.
-
-When cosmic rays strike a rock, radioactive aluminum accumulates at a much faster rate than beryllium. Yet aluminum-26 also decays faster once the rock has been covered up by ice. If a sample has relatively little aluminum-26 compared to beryllium-10, it suggests that site has been buried under ice for hundreds of thousands of years. But if Schaefer and Briner found a high ratio of aluminum-26 to beryllium-10, it would mean the site had been ice-free in the more recent past.
-
-With that analysis, the researchers would then be able to compare the exposure histories of each drilling site. They could determine how much warming it previously took for the ice sheet to retreat the 15 miles between Winkie and ASIG, which would give them a sense of how fast Prudhoe Dome might disappear someday.
-
-“That’s a really important element of GreenDrill,” Briner said. “We’re drilling more than one site so we can look at different parts of the ice sheet … and we can ask, ‘What does it say about the shape of the whole ice sheet if this part is gone?’”
-
-Shovels at the ASIG drill camp.
-
-Schaefer organizes supplies.
-
-The drill tent at the ASIG camp. Scientists would have to drill through about 1,600 feet of ice to reach the bedrock below.
-
-As Schaefer settled into the rhythm of camp, his body adjusted to the incessant polar sunlight and the relentless manual labor, leaving his mind free to wander. Often, he found himself fixating on the ice sheet — its incomprehensible vastness, its unfathomable fragility. How could something this immense and forbidding be so vulnerable? How could a landscape so obviously capable of killing a person be at risk because of humanity?
-
-Yet in the years since Schaefer and Briner published their 2016 paper, Greenland’s vulnerability had become more and more clear. This year was shaping up to be one of the island’s worst, with melting in the southern part of the ice sheet [on track to set a new record](https://nsidc.org/greenland-today/).
-
-Meanwhile, research showed how the melting process is self-reinforcing: Dark pools of water on Greenland’s surface absorbed the sun’s heat, rather than reflecting it. The diminishing height of the ice sheet exposes the surface to the warmer air at lower altitudes. If the ice shrinks far enough, it could enable the rising ocean to infiltrate the center of the island, which is below sea level. That warmer water would melt the ice sheet from below, accelerating its decline.
-
-Under the worst case warming scenarios, the melting Greenland ice sheet [is expected to contribute as much as half a foot to global sea level rise](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_09.pdf) by the end of the century. It would swamp Miami, submerge Lagos and deluge Mumbai. In New York City, where Schaefer lives with his wife and two children, coastal flooding would inundate the subways, destroy sewers and power plants and wash away people’s homes.
-
-This knowledge made Schaefer’s quest feel less like a fairy-tale than a medical drama — an urgent effort to understand the sickest part of Earth’s embattled climate system.
-
-“We are basically taking biopsies,” he said, “which will hopefully tell us how sensitive the patient is to ongoing warming — and how much warming is fatal.”
-
-As soon as he saw the looks on the drillers’ faces, Schaefer realized something had gone terribly wrong.
-
-For three weeks, they’d been making slow but steady progress through the ice sheet, reaching nearly 1,300 feet below the surface. But suddenly, the pressure in the borehole started to drop. The Isopar wasn’t able to push the ice chips up through the drill rod, and Kuhl feared the fluid must be leaking through a crack in the hole.
-
-Schaefer knew the word “fracture” was like “Voldemort” – the name of the villain in the “Harry Potter” series. Like the name, a fracture inspired so much dread that the scientists avoided even mentioning it.
-
-Yet there was no denying the thin, dark fissure in the ice that appeared about 250 feet down when Schaefer dropped a camera into the borehole. His heart sank. If they couldn’t find a way to isolate the fracture, they wouldn’t be able to maintain enough pressure to push chips out of the hole, and drilling would grind to a halt.
-
-The fracture in the ice was spotted about 250 feet below the surface.
-
-![](https://wp-stat.s3.amazonaws.com/2023/anthropocene/line-top-left-new.png)
-
-“Basically game over,” Schaefer wrote in his waterproof field notebook.
-
-He went to bed that night with his mind racing. The fracture shouldn’t have happened, he thought. Ice was supposed to be able to withstand pressures far greater than what Kuhl and Erickson were using. Did this mean the ASIG drill didn’t work as well in Greenland? Would it threaten all of the other drilling they had planned?
-
-The next morning, he woke to the howling of the wind.
-
-High winds at GreenDrill’s ASIG drill camp during the middle of the night. In summer, the sun never sets.
-
-Another unseasonable blizzard had descended on Prudhoe Dome, blotting out the endless icescape with an impenetrable cloud of white. When Schaefer peered out of his tent, he could barely see the colored safety flags that were supposed to guide him through camp.
-
-The team gathered in the kitchen tent, listening to the eerie whistle of snow blowing over ice and the snapping of flags in 50 miles-per-hour gusts.
-
-Schaefer got a satellite message from Briner: Conditions were even worse at the Winkie Camp, where the fierce wind had ripped a hole in their kitchen tent, scattering supplies and burying cooking equipment in snow.
-
-It wasn’t safe to work on the fracture. It wasn’t safe to even be outside for more than a few seconds. All they could do was wait for the storm to end.
-
-Schaefer tried to combat the growing worry that he had led his team into disaster. He had underestimated the complexity of drilling through so much ice. He hadn’t reckoned with the possibility of so much bad weather.
-
-In his lowest moments, it felt as though Greenland had been conspiring against him.
-
-But after three days, the wind finally died down. The air cleared. And Kuhl had come up with a plan to fix the fracture.
-
-The engineers could deepen the upper part of the borehole, which was sealed with the aluminum casing, so that the casing extended to cover up the crack. They could also switch the way Isopar circulated through the borehole to minimize pressure on the ice.
-
-It took the drill team two days to make the repair. A week after the fracture first appeared, they tried refilling the borehole with fluid. It held. The project was still alive – but just barely.
-
-Schaefer got more good news the following ­day, when Briner arrived from the Winkie camp.
-
-“I brought you a present,” Briner said, grinning. He opened a long cardboard box to reveal 79 inches of sediment and pebbles mixed with chunks of a large bolder. Despite the blizzard, the Winkie team was able to extract their rock core from beneath 300 feet of ice.
-
-“Are you kidding me?” Schaefer gasped. The sediments could include traces of plants and other clues to the [ancient Greenlandic environment.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/12/07/greenland-dna-study-mastodon/) And the boulder pieces contained plenty of quartz — perfect for cosmogenic nuclide analysis. It would give the team crucial clues about what had happened at the ice sheet’s vulnerable outermost edge.
-
-Schaefer reached out to shake hands with Elliot Moravec, the lead Winkie driller. “Thank you man,” he said. “That’s a really great sample.”
-
-Detail of a core sample from the Winkie drill camp.
-
-Jason Briner, center, shows core samples from the Winkie drill camp to Balter-Kennedy, left, and Schaefer.
-
-Briner carries core samples as he departs the Winkie drill camp on the edge of the ice sheet.
-
-With the Winkie core in hand, Moravec and his partner Forest Rubin Harmon were also free to help Kuhl and Erickson keep the ASIG machinery running.
-
-Yet now the team had another enemy: time. There was less than a week until they were supposed to start taking down the camp. They also had to redrill through the frozen ice shavings that fell into the borehole during the repair process. Yet they couldn’t go too fast, or they risked triggering another fracture.
-
-“It’s slow motion, drilling through the slush,” Kuhl said, shouting over the whine of the drill.
-
-Then the noise stopped. Kuhl and Erickson peered into the borehole: They’d hit another blockage.
-
-Kuhl grimaced. “There’s almost no chance we get this done now,” he said. “But who knows? We’ll keep trying and maybe something will work.”
-
-Researchers Joerg Schaefer and Jason Briner confer outside the ASIG drill tent.
-
-By the time Schaefer was set to depart, progress was still painfully slow.
-
-“Leaving these guys alone now feels really shitty,” the scientist said. But his family needed him at home, and flights out of Greenland were so infrequent there was no option for him to take a later plane.
-
-Schaefer shook his head. Three weeks ago, he thought this was a medium-risk, high-reward project – that the effort and expense were absolutely justified by the scientific value of the rocks they would uncover.
-
-Now, knowing the true level of risk, facing down the very real probability of failure, he couldn’t avoid the question: Was it all worth it?
-
-The Manhattan streets were packed with people, ringing with conversation and birdsong. The air was warm. The late spring breeze was gentle.
-
-Yet Schaefer felt ill at ease as he paced the rooms of his narrow New York apartment. His mind was still 2,500 miles away.
-
-Back at Prudhoe Dome, Balter-Kennedy was overseeing the last-ditch efforts to salvage GreenDrill’s field season. She sent Schaefer daily updates via satellite messenger, but the news wasn’t good. On Friday, the drillers only managed to cut through about 40 feet of ice. On Saturday, they pulled up the entire apparatus and switched to a different type of drill rod — to no avail.
-
-Sunday morning in New York dawned sunny and mild. In Greenland, it was the last day before planes were supposed to start taking their equipment off the ice. The complex operation could not be delayed — and even if that was an option, conditions would soon become too warm for the team to safely drill.
-
-By the time his phone buzzed with Balter-Kennedy’s regular evening check-in, Schaefer was braced for failure. He had already rehearsed what he would tell the team: This didn’t change how hard they worked, or how much he appreciated them. They’d tried to do something no one had done before. They had learned valuable lessons for next year. And the world desperately needed the information buried beneath Greenland’s ice — no matter the risk, their efforts were worth it.
-
-​​Driller Elliot Moravec keeps systems flowing at the ASIG drill camp.
-
-A 360-degree camera lowered into the ice sheet borehole shows the progress of the ASIG drill. (Joerg Schaefer)
-
-Detail of the control panel for the ASIG drill.
-
-But when Schaefer answered the satellite call, Balter-Kennedy was ecstatic. The team got through more than 150 feet of ice that day — an all-time record for the drill they were using. They were 90 percent of the way to bedrock.
-
-Schaefer felt as though his heart had stopped beating. The rest of the conversation was a blur, as Balter-Kennedy explained how the engineers finally overcame the blockages that had slowed their progress. Erickson, the longtime minerals driller, suggested they try using a drill bit that is usually reserved for rocks. It was an outside-the-box suggestion from someone unaccustomed to drilling through ice — but it worked.
-
-“The ASIG is back in the race,” Schaefer said that night. “And with all the overwhelm and confusion that I have inside me, it’s clearly much, much better than the big emptiness I would have if it would be called off.”
-
-Still cautious, he added: “Which of course, can still occur. The slightest problem now and it’s over. But they are within striking distance. It could still happen.”
-
-Nave handles supplies transferred via helicopter from the Winkie drill camp to the ASIG drill camp.
-
-The next day, Schaefer had to hold himself back from bombarding Balter-Kennedy with requests for updates. Instead, his thoughts drifted to the laboratories at Lamont Doherty where his team would analyze the GreenDrill bedrock — if they ever got it.
-
-He could already imagine the steps that would come next.
-
-First, the scientists would slice samples from the main core. Next would be a weeks-long chemical procedure designed to rid the sample of unwanted material, leaving behind only the elements the scientists had chosen to analyze. Finally, the samples would be sent to labs in California and Indiana, where they’d be shot through particle accelerators and weighed to determine the proportion of cosmogenic nuclides.
-
-Within about six months, the GreenDrill team would know when the ASIG bedrock last saw daylight. And those results would illuminate whether Prudhoe Dome’s future is simply grim — or completely catastrophic.
-
-Schaefer hoped he would find that the ASIG site hadn’t been ice-free since the interglacial periods that punctuated the Pleistocene epoch, more than 100,000 years ago. But it was possible that this region melted during the [Holocene,](https://www.episodes.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2008%2Fv31i2%2F016&itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) the 11,700-year stretch of mild temperatures that began at the end of the last ice age and continues through today.
-
-“That would be another level of devastating,” Schaefer said. Modern temperatures are quickly surpassing anything seen during the Holocene epoch. If Prudhoe Dome couldn’t survive those conditions, then under human-caused climate change, it may soon be doomed.
-
-Five days after Schaefer’s departure, ASIG hit the bottom of the ice sheet — 1,671 feet below the surface. Now the drillers would switch to a bit that could cut cores out of rock, while Balter-Kennedy and Walcott scrambled to pack up the rest of the camp. All Schaefer could do was wait.
-
-He alternated between agitation and exhaustion — first pacing his apartment, then collapsing on the couch, then springing up to pace again. On a whim, he wandered into the soaring Gothic sanctuary of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine. It had been Balter-Kennedy’s idea: when he complained of his helplessness on one of their satellite calls, she jokingly suggested he could pray for the team.
-
-So, although it had been years since he set foot in a church, he paused to light a candle for GreenDrill.
-
-Departing the ASIG camp. Days later researchers would finally extract more than a dozen feet of bedrock from beneath the ice.
-
-Finally, in the very early hours of Wednesday morning, he got the messages he had been waiting for.
-
-“We have 3 m of bedrock!!!”
-
-“Going down for 4.5 now”
-
-Hands shaking with adrenaline, Schaefer could barely type his response.
-
-“Ukidin?? Not real! Omg! YESYEYES!! WowFantastic!!!U literally change Ice/Sheet Science! All undercyour lead! That’s why u joined!”
-
-“Gogogo!”
-
-A few hours later, Balter-Kennedy called on the satellite phone. In her usual, even-keeled tone, she described how the drillers worked through dinner and deep into the night. They had nearly 10 feet of sediment and another 14.5 feet of pristine bedrock — more material than Schaefer even dreamed was possible.
-
-But when she hurtled into questions about departure logistics, Schaefer interrupted her. He wanted to make sure she had a chance to appreciate the moment. “You guys just opened a new era,” he said.
-
-Afterward, he pulled up the voice notes app on his phone.
-
-“What can I say?” he murmured into the microphone. “Science — it’s not well paid. It has a lot of problems. But it’s so fulfilling.”
-
-Schaefer thought of the bedrock that Balter-Kennedy described to him: gorgeous cylinders of pale gray quartz and glittering chunks of garnet. These were their “moon rocks,” he said — the first material from an unexplored landscape.
-
-It seemed fitting that the project’s youngest scientists — Balter-Kennedy and Walcott — oversaw the breakthrough. They had poured so much of themselves into this experiment. Their careers, and their lives, would be shaped by what was learned.
-
-And now that GreenDrill had proven it was possible, the next generation of researchers would be able to collect even more samples from underneath the ice. They could peer into history no human had witnessed. They could start asking the questions that only rocks can answer.
-
-What they find will almost certainly be frightening, Schaefer knew. It will shed new light on the [dangers facing humanity](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/07/31/july-hottest-month-extreme-weather-future/). It will highlight the urgency of tackling problems science alone can’t solve: how to transition away from polluting fossil fuels, how to protect vulnerable people from climate disasters like sea level rise. There was far more work to be done.
-
-But for now, in the darkness of his apartment, he simply basked in the joy of discovery.
-
-“It all worked out,” he said, his voice slurred by tears and exhaustion. “And the entire, the entire —” he paused. “It was worth it.”
-
-Segments of a core sample of bedrock from the ASIG drill camp - now at Lamont-Doherty Earth observatory.
-
-An aerial view of the ASIG drill camp.
-
-##### About this story
-
-The image of the expedition camp, displayed at the beginning of the article, is a composite image based on drone footage. Editing by Katie Zezima, Monica Ulmanu, Joseph Moore, Amanda Voisard, John Farrell and Adrienne Dunn.
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
----
-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
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diff --git a/00.03 News/C.T.E. Study Finds That Young Football Players Are Getting the Disease.md b/00.03 News/C.T.E. Study Finds That Young Football Players Are Getting the Disease.md
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-
-Tag: ["🥉", "🏈", "🇺🇸", "😵‍💫"]
-Date: 2023-12-04
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-12-04
-Link: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/11/16/us/cte-youth-football.html
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-12-28]]
-
----
-
-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-YoungFootballPlayersAreGettingtheDiseaseNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# C.T.E. Study Finds That Young Football Players Are Getting the Disease
-
-They all died young. Most played football. Only a few came close to reaching the pros.
-
-But like hundreds of deceased N.F.L. players — including the Pro Football Hall of Famers Mike Webster, Junior Seau and Ken Stabler — they, too, had C.T.E., the degenerative brain disease linked to repeated hits to the head. For now, it can be positively diagnosed only posthumously.
-
-The brains of Wyatt and 151 other young contact-sport athletes, both men and women, are part of a study recently released by researchers at Boston University.
-
-From a journal entry written by Hunter Foraker:
-
-“I need to remember to ask if I can be tested for borderline personality disorder +/or bipolar disorder. This is because of my extreme highs + lows.”
-
-![](https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-09-22-cte-young/_images/hunter-2.png)
-
-From lyrics written by Meiko Locksley:
-
-“I remember mental illness had me livin low / I remember thinkin I had to go”
-
-![](https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-09-22-cte-young/_images/lyrics-meiko-highlight2.png)
-
-Excerpt from an essay written by George Atkinson III:
-
-The families of five of these athletes — Wyatt, Meiko, Hunter and the twin brothers Josh and George — spoke extensively about the downward spirals, the confusing diagnoses and the heartache of loss and regret.
-
-Hunter’s Parents
-
-![](https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-09-22-cte-young/_images/foraker-portrait-cc-2.jpg)
-
-Wyatt’s Parents
-
-![](https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-09-22-cte-young/_images/bramwell-portrait-cc-2.jpg)
-
-Meiko’s Parents
-
-![](https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-09-22-cte-young/_images/locksley-portrait-cc-2.jpg)
-
-Josh and George’s Father
-
-![](https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2023-09-22-cte-young/_images/atkinson-portrait-cc-2.jpg)
-
-And they pondered a complicated question, fraught with implications for parents everywhere:
-
-If you could do it again, would you let your child play tackle football?
-
-The answers varied, which gets to the heart of a risk-versus-reward dilemma. There is a line between the love of a game and the dangers it presents, and even those who have lost a child cannot agree where it is.
-
-But as we learn more about what contact sports can do to the brain, it may be harder to justify letting children play.
-
-And when it comes to football in this country, that presents an especially difficult choice.
-
-An American Ritual
-
-It is hard to imagine their childhoods without football. This is America, and football is laced into its cultural soul.
-
-Lives spin around the game: afternoon practices, Friday night games, Saturdays and Sundays spent huddled around televisions.
-
-Start them young in tackle football. Watch their faces as they put on the pads. Watch their helmets jiggle as they run down the field. Watch them collide with the others.
-
-Watch them get up and do it again. And again. And again.
-
-How dangerous could it be? They are so small. So young. So resilient. They seem so happy.
-
-Wyatt Bramwell dreamed of playing football at the University of Missouri and then the N.F.L.
-
-Meiko Locksley was a former college football player and the son of Michael Locksley, who is now the head football coach at the University of Maryland.
-
-Hunter Foraker played at Dartmouth College before quitting over concerns about concussions.
-
-Josh and George Atkinson III were twins who played for the University of Notre Dame. Their father, George Atkinson, is a former Oakland Raiders defensive back known as the “Hit Man.” His sons died by suicide less than a year apart.
-
-All young athletes get hurt. There are times when the situation becomes scary. The crowd moans, then hushes. Coaches and trainers run out. Players silently kneel. Who is hurt? How bad is it?
-
-There is worry, there is empathy, there is relief. The game goes on.
-
-Those are just the injuries that get noticed. There is no counting the ones that don’t. Every smack of the head. Every jar of the brain. For some players, maybe most, they may never add up to anything serious, or maybe not for many years.
-
-For others, they multiply quickly.
-
-When is a battered helmet merely the mark of a gritty, hard-hitting player, and when is it a cracked shell hiding something damaged and darker?
-
-‘He Wasn’t the Same Kid’
-
-Each athlete had his unique struggles. Most families did not connect the dots to C.T.E., with symptoms that can include impulsivity, moodiness and memory loss.
-
-Meiko Locksley fought deep bouts of paranoia. Wyatt Bramwell was a model student in high school who became uncharacteristically rebellious. Hunter Foraker, haunted by nightmares, abused alcohol as his problems deepened. Josh and George Atkinson III had suicidal thoughts after their mother’s death.
-
-The families shared at least one thing: a growing concern that something was wrong with their child. Was it a passing phase or an ominous sign? Was it due to football or something else?
-
-There were desperate searches for answers. Interventions. Professional help. But these were a different kind of sports injury, not the broken bones or the torn ligaments that were relatively easy to diagnose.
-
-In some cases, the kids themselves became worried, wondering what was wrong with their minds. They said so, sometimes to their parents, sometimes to doctors.
-
-Sometimes in a journal or a college essay. Sometimes in song lyrics. Sometimes in suicide notes.
-
-Wyatt Bramwell sent the most direct message, through the video that he recorded on his phone for family and friends moments before he died. All of the families in the study had that sudden, shattering moment. George Atkinson felt it twice: Josh’s death by suicide in 2018 and then George III’s less than a year later.
-
-Amid all the struggles by the young men and their families to try to fix what they could not explain, there came the worst possible news.
-
-‘We Should Have His Brain Donated’
-
-Today’s athletes play in an era of heightened awareness of the dangers of concussions and of the cumulative effects of hits to the head.
-
-It is different than 20 years ago, when most research focused on deceased N.F.L. players, including Hall of Famers, whose lives had unraveled because of damage to their brains.
-
-Now, families of young athletes who never came close to fame or fortune are approaching researchers, donating their children’s brains in a desperate search for answers.
-
-A positive C.T.E. diagnosis can be both illuminating and painful.
-
-It can be a relief for a family to have a scientific explanation for the struggles of their child. It can be oddly comforting to know that symptoms may have gotten worse, since C.T.E. is a progressive disease.
-
-But it also may raise more tangled, philosophical questions about what the families might have done differently.
-
-‘Would I Let Him Play Football Again?’
-
-Some families are haunted by regrets and what-ifs. They want others to learn from their loss. But what is the lesson?
-
-For some, answers are hard.
-
-The researchers behind the study of the young athletes believe the more years of tackle football that someone plays, at any age, the higher the likelihood the person will develop C.T.E.
-
-Only a small percentage of youth football players will play in college or in the pros. But as the study shows, they can still become afflicted with C.T.E.
-
-So researchers recommend that families delay the start of tackle football, to limit exposure.
-
-Many of the families from the study now agree. Atkinson, the former Raiders player who still works for the team, thinks tackle football should not be played until high school. So does Kia Locksley, the wife of Maryland’s coach.
-
-Several parents said that they cringe when they drive past fields of young children who are wearing helmets and pads and tackling one another.
-
-What ties them all together is that their children are gone. And they don’t wish that on anyone else.
-
-*If you are having thoughts of suicide, call or text 988 to reach the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline or go to* *[SpeakingOfSuicide.com](https://www.speakingofsuicide.com/resources/)* *for a list of additional resources.*
-
-The 152 brains in the Boston University study belonged to contact-sport athletes who died before turning 30. They were donated between 2008 and 2022 to the [UNITE Brain Bank](https://www.bu.edu/cte/brain-donation-registry/brain-bank/).
-
-Additional footage and photography from the Bramwell, Foraker and Locksley families; Getty Images.
-
-Project Credits
-
-### Reporting
-
-Joe Ward  
-John Branch  
-Kassie Bracken
-
-### Video Editing
-
-Ben Laffin  
-Meg Felling
-
-### Cinematography
-
-Alfredo Chiarappa  
-Andrew Cagle
-
-### Production Manager
-
-Caterina Clerici
-
-### Design and Development
-
-Rebecca Lieberman
-
-### Graphics
-
-Jeremy White
-
-### Editing
-
-Mike Wilson  
-Hanaan Sarhan  
-Evan Easterling
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
----
-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
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diff --git a/00.03 News/California vs. Florida, Newsom vs. DeSantis Two Americas.md b/00.03 News/California vs. Florida, Newsom vs. DeSantis Two Americas.md
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-
-Tag: ["🗳️", "🇺🇸", "☀️", "🌊"]
-Date: 2023-01-22
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-01-22
-Link: https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2023-01-18/florida-anti-california-newsom-desantis
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-01-25]]
-
----
-
-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-CaliforniavsFloridaTwoAmericasNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# California vs. Florida, Newsom vs. DeSantis: Two Americas  
- - Los Angeles Times
-
-Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis has spent the weeks since his reelection warring with “woke” enemies: picking [a $2-billion fight](https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2022/12/01/florida-desantis-blackrock-esg-woke/10812382002/) with the world’s largest money manager over its environmental policies and vowing to go to court [to defend a new law](https://www.politico.com/news/2022/11/17/florida-anti-woke-law-block-colleges-education-00069252) that blocks teaching about racial oppression and white privilege.
-
-California Gov. Gavin Newsom has spent time since his reelection attacking DeSantis — on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/GavinNewsom/status/1601253727117012992) and in an [op-ed](https://fortune.com/2022/11/14/california-ideological-attacks-esg-investing-defy-free-market-taxpayers-losing-out-h-republican-economy-gavin-newsom/) and spoken [comments](https://twitter.com/GavinNewsom/status/1603497635926929408) — while promising to make his own state a haven for many of the practices the Florida Republican opposes.
-
-“He’s cruel,” the Democrat said of DeSantis in a recent interview. “I have no respect for bullies and people who’ve made their entire political careers on attacking vulnerable communities.”
-
-“If Gov. Newsom is looking for any pointers on successful governance, he can follow Florida’s lead,” DeSantis’ spokeswoman Lindsey Curnutte said in response to Newsom’s comments.
-
-The states are becoming two of the nation’s biggest ideological rivals. Superman has Bizarro, a powerful antagonist who resembles him from afar but has the opposite instincts. Florida and California have each other.
-
-Advisors to Newsom and DeSantis, who are coming off landslide reelection victories, expect competition to escalate between the two governors, who could at some point run for president. But their differences are greater than one contest between two men. They also reflect widening national schisms over culture, lifestyle and the definition of freedom — between those who see institutions as forces to lift people up and those who see them bearing down on people.
-
-From a distance, the two coastal states look similar: beaches and natural disasters; kitschy theme parks full of tourists; orange groves paved over by housing developments; and populations that swell with people from elsewhere seeking to remake themselves in places unburdened by their pasts. But their differences have often come to dominate the national conversation in recent months.
-
-“California represents to the right: high taxes, Hollywood, strange parades in San Francisco where the drag queens not only read stories, they prance,” said Diane Roberts, a Florida-based author and DeSantis critic who writes about her state’s culture and history. “Whereas in Florida, we’re investigating a drag queen Christmas show.”
-
- ![Side-by-side closeups of Govs. Ron DeSantis and Gavin Newsom speaking](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/c6ed101/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3072x1951+0+0/resize/1200x762!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fd1%2F03%2Fcb7f540d4c318f0378f9a949a8af%2Fla-me-baranak-col.JPG)
-
-Gov. DeSantis, left, sees the forces of change embraced by Gov. Newsom as a form of oppression.
-
-(Associated Press)
-
-Newsom sees [demographic and cultural changes](https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-01-06/newsom-second-inauguration-california) as part of a progression toward a more equitable society, and views the biggest challenges as the systemic hurdles that have kept women, people of color and other marginalized groups from full participation in American society. He has promoted California as a refuge for people seeking abortion rights and gender-affirming care for children, while vowing to make the state a leader in reversing climate change and workplace inequities.
-
-He sells California as a place that is valued for that openness as he works to attract tech companies and other innovators who want to make money on the shift toward green energy while tapping into a more educated workforce that leans progressive.
-
- [![Text that says "United States of California"](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/a3ceef1/2147483647/strip/true/crop/5559x1755+3+0/resize/510x161!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fbb%2F0a%2Fb6443d95403ea4aff51626a35fd8%2Fus-of-ca-stack-wide.jpg)](https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-09-07/the-united-states-of-california-a-series-exploring-the-states-vast-impact-on-the-nation)
-
-*No state has had a bigger impact on the direction of the United States than California, a prolific incubator and exporter of outside-the-box policies and ideas. This occasional series examines what that has meant for the state and the country, and how far Washington is willing to go to spread California’s agenda as the state’s own struggles threaten its standing as the nation’s think tank.*
-
-Recently, Newsom released a plan to [cap oil industry profits](https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-12-05/newsom-gas-price-profits-penalty) and visited the U.S.-Mexico border to emphasize support for asylum seekers and push for changes to federal immigration law. And his second term, he has said, will be about implementing programs he started in his first term to reduce the drug addiction and homelessness that contribute to the Fox News caricature of his state as out of control.
-
-DeSantis sees the forces of change embraced by Newsom as their own form of  
-oppression. He defined Florida in his recent inaugural speech as “a refuge of sanity” and “a citadel of freedom.”
-
-He campaigned on his [resistance to COVID-19 vaccine and mask mandates;](https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2022-03-03/florida-gov-desantis-berates-kids-for-wearing-masks) championed laws that forbid discussing LGBTQ issues in public kindergarten through third grade; and restricted teaching about racial oppression throughout the public education system. All of those stances, he argues, empower parents and attract businesses.
-
-His allies say they see Florida, where the Republican edge has been modest for decades, as a fully red state since DeSantis won reelection by nearly 20 percentage points. That included a victory in Miami-Dade, the most Latino county in the state, just weeks after he used taxpayer money to ship unsuspecting Central American migrants from Texas to Martha’s Vineyard in Massachusetts.
-
-DeSantis has also been eager to fight what he calls “woke capitalism”; he signed a bill in April to revoke Disney’s special tax status after the company criticized Florida’s “[Don’t Say Gay” law.](https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-03-28/dont-say-gay-bill-signed-by-florida-gov-ron-desantis)
-
- ![Parkgoers walk past Cinderella Castle at Disney World](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/285c5b6/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4944x3080+0+0/resize/1200x748!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F2e%2F0d%2Fde90970549c2b7ae5af343b795be%2Ffeaf60b5bb28420c8af31a1f2f40d152.jpg)
-
-Gov. DeSantis signed a bill in April to revoke special tax status for Disney World and other company properties in Florida after Disney criticized the state’s “Don’t Say Gay” law.
-
-(Joe Burbank / Orlando (Fla.) Sentinel)
-
-His advisors and allies predict this term will feature swipes at tech companies that have drawn complaints of censorship from the right. A former DeSantis advisor also expects the governor to delve deeper into gender issues, including potential legislation to restrict youth attendance at drag shows. Two medical boards appointed by DeSantis voted last year to ban gender-affirming treatment for minors.
-
-The state announced in December that it would pull $2 billion in investments from [BlackRock,](https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2022-12-09/column-with-no-cogent-policies-to-offer-gop-steps-up-its-attack-on-environmentally-wise-investing) the world’s largest money manager, because the firm considers social and environmental impact in its investment decisions.
-
-Despite the rhetoric and their relative popularity, neither governor can claim unmitigated success.
-
-A key part of DeSantis’ law against public school discussions of white privilege and racial oppression was tossed in court; the Legislature may need to backtrack on stripping Disney of its special tax status to avoid saddling taxpayers with nearly $1billion in Disney debt; and homeowner insurance companies are imposing 30% rates hikes or leaving the market entirely, due in large part to hurricanes that have been made more ferocious by climate change.
-
-Disney, meanwhile, has delayed plans to move thousands of its theme park employees from California to Florida, hurting the latter’s development goals.
-
- ![A person in a plastic raincoat wheeling their belongings along a wet street past a cluster of tents on a sidewalk.](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/b827427/2147483647/strip/true/crop/5395x3657+0+0/resize/1200x813!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F92%2Ffe%2F2baddf4145ef86980edee768d067%2F1237839-me-0105-venice-homeless-gem-014.jpg)
-
-Neither Newsom nor DeSantis can claim unmitigated success: California is battling homelessness that has crippled major cities including Los Angeles, above; and a court has tossed out a key part of Florida’s law against public school discussions of white privilege and racial oppression.
-
-(Genaro Molina / Los Angeles Times)
-
-Newsom is battling a homelessness crisis that has crippled major cities, an energy crisis that threatens the state’s prosperity and a water crisis that has failed to abate. After decades of population growth, [the state is seeing more people leave](https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-07-29/california-exodus-continues-l-a-san-francisco-lead-the-way) for other states than are coming in from elsewhere.
-
-Florida is attracting some of them. And many are still going to Texas, which for more than a decade has positioned itself as California’s chief sparring partner.
-
-Texas leaders have actively promoted their state’s business-friendly climate, which includes no income tax, low regulations and cheap land. They sued to block Obamacare and pushed boundaries on abortion restrictions. The moves were all part of a conscious effort to make Texas a national leader in the development of conservative causes, said Kenneth P. Miller, a professor at Claremont McKenna College and the author of “Texas vs. California: A History of Their Struggle for the Future of America.”
-
-“Florida wasn’t really on the radar screen until Ron DeSantis single-handedly made Florida a rival to California,” Miller said.
-
-In previous eras, governors with national ambitions generally presented themselves as moderates who could rise above the partisan fray. Texas Gov. George W. Bush marketed himself as a “compassionate conservative” and touted the benefits of immigration in his presidential run. Arkansas Gov. Bill Clinton pushed for a “third way” with a more business-friendly Democratic Party.
-
-But in a closely divided and increasingly partisan country in which the number of states under single-party rule is at [a 70-year high,](https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-11-17/life-red-states-blue-states-different) many governors have gambled on a different approach, selling their states as national models of left- or right-wing governance.
-
-South Dakota Gov. Kristi Noem, another potential candidate for national office, has defended her state’s strict abortion ban, and signed a law that bars transgender kids from participating in sports according to their gender identity. Moderate Republican governors in Massachusetts and Maryland are being replaced by liberal Democrats who promise more aggressive policies on equity and civil rights.
-
-The result is that more Americans live in ideological fortresses — with millions feeling isolated as political minorities if they happen to live in a state run by an opposing party.
-
- ![A boat cruising through a marina lined with palm trees](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/c6bd4f2/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1474x962+0+0/resize/1200x783!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fde%2Ff3%2F7a51f9b3436492c051874f5a0425%2Fap22286674399770.jpg)
-
-In Florida, Democrats were more than twice as likely as Republicans to ponder leaving the state, according to an October poll of voters.
-
-(Jay Reeves / Associated Press)
-
-In California, for example, 70% of Republicans are interested in moving out of the state, compared with just 27% of Democrats; and in Florida, 49% of Democrats and just 19% of Republicans said they would ponder leaving, Miller found in [an October poll](http://s10294.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Red-States-Blue-States-and-the-Nation_11.7.pdf) of voters from the two states as well as Texas and New York.
-
-Members of the minority parties in California and Florida cited politics ahead of the economy when asked for the top reason they would consider leaving.
-
-In reality, few people move for political reasons, given the constraints of jobs, housing and family ties. But Americans increasingly see themselves as part of national red or blue teams — a change from the past, when politics and culture were based more on region than political party, said Jacob M. Grumbach, author of “Laboratories Against Democracy,” a book about the nationalization of state politics.
-
-With fewer news outlets covering local and state issues, voters, donors and party activists are increasingly responding to politicians like DeSantis and Newsom, who focus on national issues that resonate with like-minded partisans on social media.
-
-DeSantis is all but certain to [run for president](https://www.latimes.com/politics/newsletter/2022-11-16/essential-politics-erin-ron-desantis-biden-2024-election-trump-essential-politics) in 2024. Newsom has said he will not run in 2024, but he could change his mind if President Biden opts out, or may try his hand in 2028. An election featuring either man would probably offer a referendum on the culture and politics of his state.
-
-But it’s not just governors looking to move up. School boards and other local officials — especially on the right — are also weighing in on hot-button national issues like critical race theory, whether it’s being taught in their districts or not.
-
-Grumbach said it’s likely to stay that way for the foreseeable future — with nearly every political contest providing a cultural referendum on issues that often have little specific policy content, like whether to wear a mask in public or how people should engage in a multicultural society.
-
-“Even running for local dogcatcher,” Grumbach said, “you better have an opinion on the national tug-of-war issues.”
-
-*Times staff writer Taryn Luna contributed to this report.*
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-Date: 2023-04-30
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-TimeStamp: 2023-04-30
-Link: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/05/08/can-charles-keep-quiet-as-king-coronation
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-# Can Charles Keep Quiet as King?
-
-When King Charles III was a young prince, in the early nineteen-fifties, he sometimes propelled a ride-on toy around Windsor Castle, one of several royal residences where he spent his childhood. Pedalling furiously, he hardly registered the spectacular works from the Royal Collection on the walls. “It’s just a background,” Charles later recalled. His attention was arrested, however, by one unusual portrait: of King Charles I, displayed in the Queen’s Ballroom. The sensitive and reflective prince, who was born in 1948 and who by the age of seven was being tutored by a governess in the history of the nation—and of his historic family—was fascinated by the painting. “King Charles lived for me in that room in the castle,” he later said.
-
-Titled “Charles I in Three Positions,” and painted in the sixteen-thirties by Van Dyck, the work offers three representations of the elegant monarch: in profile, facing forward, and in three-quarter view. With his long, flowing hair cut fashionably shorter on one side, he is depicted wearing three distinct robes and three ornate lace collars, and he is accessorized with the blue sash of the Order of the Garter, Britain’s oldest chivalric order. The painting was made about a decade after Charles’s accession, in 1625, and was used as a blueprint for a marble bust by Bernini. Charles I—who was devout, reserved, and convinced of his right to absolute power as the head of the Stuart dynasty—was a great patron of the arts. Among other extravagant commissions, he asked Rubens to decorate the ceiling of the grand Banqueting House, in London’s Palace of Whitehall, with canvases illustrating heavenly approval of James I, his father.
-
-The triple portrait may have commanded the young Prince Charles’s attention because of his royal precursor’s lurid fate: Charles I had the distinction of being the only British king to be tried for treason and executed. He was sentenced to death by a High Court of Justice, set up by a Parliament that he had antagonized by dissolving it repeatedly, which helped bring about devastating years of civil war. On November 18, 1648—nearly three hundred years to the day before the birth of Charles, on November 14th—the King’s opponents argued in the House of Commons that “the Person of the King may and shall be proceeded against in a way of justice for the blood spilt.” After a brief trial, the royal head was publicly severed from the royal shoulders, on a scaffold outside the Banqueting House. The monarchy was abolished a week later, the office of the king declared by the Commons as “unnecessary, burdensome, and dangerous to the liberty, safety, and public interest of the people of this nation.” The Puritan republic lasted only eleven years, after which Parliament voted to install on the throne Charles II, the licentious eldest surviving son of the deposed king. But the powers of the restored monarchy were more limited, and by the late seventeenth century the Glorious Revolution had affirmed the idea that British kings and queens retain their crowns only by the consent of the people.
-
-Van Dyck’s triple portrait is, on its own terms, irresistibly suggestive of the psychological complexity of its royal subject. The king in profile has a heavy brow: he appears thoughtful, even melancholy. The three-quarter king, who wears a dandyish pearl earring, has a faraway look in his eye, and a faint smile plays at the corner of his mouth. The forward-facing king appears supremely self-assured, even arrogant. For the young Charles, the principal fascination of the triple portrait may well have been in its proto-photographic quality—a high-class mug shot of a king ultimately judged to be a criminal. But the portrait might also have suggested to the Prince—who would already have learned that he was destined to become Britain’s third King Charles—that to be a monarch is to be a divided self, in a role that is sometimes precariously split among the constitutional, the institutional, and the personal. Being a king is not just one thing.
-
-After Queen Elizabeth II died, at the age of ninety-six, on September 8, 2022, King Charles III delivered a televised speech—his first public address as monarch. His eyes were rheumy and his complexion florid; his hair, thoroughly silver, was brushed as carefully as it had been in 1953 when, as a fidgety four-year-old, he had endured his mother’s almost three-hour-long coronation service, in Westminster Abbey. “Queen Elizabeth’s was a life well lived, a promise with destiny kept,” he said, in a speech that was praised for its emotionality and steadiness. He also proclaimed, “That promise of lifelong service I renew to you all today.”
-
-The Queen’s astonishing longevity in the role of monarch—she lasted for seventy years, a full seven years longer than Queen Victoria—has a corollary in Charles’s own, less triumphant statistical attributes. He is the oldest British monarch to have ascended to the throne, at seventy-three. (His wife, Camilla, who has been given the title of Queen Consort, is a year older.) Charles, whose coronation is scheduled for May 6th, has been the longest-serving Prince of Wales, a title bestowed on him by the Queen when he was an introverted nine-year-old. Already the Duke of Cornwall, a title that he had received upon his mother’s accession, he learned of this latest honor while at prep school. Invited to watch the televised announcement in his headmaster’s study, Charles was mortified by the congratulations of his fellow-pupils. It was, he later said, the moment when he first saw clearly the “awful truth” of his singular fate.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27426)
-
-“Attention, passengers, this train will be running express to whichever stop is after yours.”
-
-Cartoon by Asher Perlman
-
-Has it really been so awful? Perhaps. Unlike the former Prime Minister Boris Johnson, Charles didn’t dream as a child of being “World King,” and he has long made it clear that he considers his birthright a burden. “Nobody knows what utter hell it is to be the Prince of Wales,” he has reportedly complained. Although Charles is literally the most entitled man in the land, a royal can feel like an anachronism, and he apparently feels a kinship with certain other Britons who are marginalized. Paddy Harverson, the Prince’s former communications secretary, says that Charles has a particular fondness for the sheep farmers of remote Cumbria, “because they are about the most forgotten community you can find.”
-
-Tom Parker Bowles—Charles’s godson, and later his stepson—grew up thinking that Charles’s name was Sir, because that’s all anyone ever called him. Yet Sir suffers from a peculiar aristocratic version of impostor syndrome. He is wise enough to know that, in almost any room he enters other than one occupied by members of his family, he is likely to be the only person present whose power and influence derive entirely from his birth. Indeed, if Charles checked his privilege, there would be nothing left of him—just a crumpled pile of ermine and velvet, and a faint whiff of Eau Sauvage.
-
-Harverson says that Charles’s self-consciousness about being a royal drove him to become “the hardest-working man I know,” adding, “First thing in the morning, he does his exercises and has his abstemious breakfast, working on his papers over breakfast. Before he goes to bed, any time up to midnight, he’ll be doing more work—and all the points in between.”
-
-At the beginning, this work was rather nebulous. The position of Prince of Wales has no specified constitutional purpose or duties, as Charles discovered as a young man, when he instructed his staff to research precedents and possibilities, and found no guidance. During his twenties, he spent several years in the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy. In a speech that he delivered at his alma mater, the University of Cambridge, on the eve of his thirtieth birthday, he admitted, “My great problem in life is that I do not really know what my role in life is.” He added, “Somehow I must find one.” Charles, who subsequently told an interviewer that it would be “criminally negligent” of him to do nothing, has started more than a dozen charities, including the Prince’s Trust, and has served as the patron of scores of others. He has spoken out for decades on causes about which he is passionate, from organic farming and town planning to education and alternative medicine, leveraging his fame in a way that is constitutionally denied to the monarch, who must remain staunchly apolitical. (Luckily for the Queen, her chief passion was horses.) A few years ago, he urgently summoned the composer Andrew Lloyd Webber to his office to present an idea. “He was worried about . . . the fact that there wasn’t enough access for young people to go and learn how to play the church organ,” Lloyd Webber told the Washington *Post.* In April, 2021, Charles marked International Organ Day with a message to the Royal College of Organists, urging its members to secure the future viability of what, as he reminded them, Mozart had described as the “King of Instruments.”
-
-Charles could have spent his anticipatory decades like some former heirs to the throne: devoting himself to hunting and wenching. To be fair, he’s done a bit of both. He was an avid foxhunter until the activity was outlawed, in 2005; he characterized it as reflecting “man’s ancient, and, indeed, romantic relationship with dogs and horses.” As for other romantic relationships: long before Prince Harry spilled his guts, in a tell-all memoir, “Spare,” about losing his virginity in a field behind a pub, Charles’s sanctioned biographer, Jonathan Dimbleby, wrote humidly in 1994 of his subject’s deflowering at Cambridge by an early paramour, described as a “young South American” who had “instructed an innocent Prince in the consummation of physical love.”
-
-But, in general, Charles has conducted his role as monarch-in-waiting with laudable earnestness. One need not go so far as to say that he has the makings of a saint—as the Reverend Harry Williams, a former dean of the chapel at Trinity College, Cambridge, once did—to believe that the country could have done much worse. Kings can be dreadful. Until the birth of Prince William, in 1982, the world was just one helicopter accident or foxhunting tumble away from the prospect of King Andrew I.
-
-People who know Charles sometimes describe him as a cuckoo in the royal nest—someone quite unlike the other members of his family. He inherited neither the stoicism of his mother nor the emotional imperviousness of his father, Prince Philip. Charles was born into a family so formal and hidebound that, when the newly crowned Queen Elizabeth ordained that her children would no longer be expected to bow or curtsy when entering her presence, the move was seen as wildly progressive. Whereas his bold younger sister, Anne, used to march up and down in front of the sentries at Buckingham Palace in order to oblige them to present arms, as if darting before automatic sliding doors in a hotel lobby, Charles cringed at his own authority. As a young man, he considered himself “a ‘single’ person that prefers to be alone and is happy just with hills or trees as companions.” Later, Charles was indelibly defined in contrast with his first wife, Princess Diana, who was “the great, emotional, open, sensitive one,” as Catherine Mayer, one of Charles’s more subtle recent biographers, observes. “The irony is that he was seen as this stone creature, but in fact he’s far more like her than like other members of his own family, in many ways.”
-
-Charles readily prioritizes intuition over analytic thought, especially if it’s his own intuition that’s being prioritized. “He doesn’t allow debate,” Tom Bower, the author of a mostly-warts biography, says. “It’s his droit du seigneur—he doesn’t like contradiction, whether within his causes or his office.” He’s not exactly an intellectual, but he is a reader, especially of history, and compared with his parents and his siblings he’s a raving brainbox. A first-gen university student who benefitted from a bespoke affirmative-action program—no other first-year student at Trinity College had his own set of rooms, and a detective on hand—Charles is a passionate defender of the cultural canon. He knows by heart long passages of Shakespeare, which, as he told Dimbleby, can “in moments of stress or danger or misery” give “enormous comfort and encouragement.” (It’s not hard to see how certain stylings of the Bard—“This royal throne of Kings, this sceptred isle”—might buck up a demoralized monarch-to-be.)
-
-Like the works of Shakespeare, or church-organ music, the monarchy is something that once was inarguably valued but now must make a case for its relevance. It is no secret that Charles believes the modern world to have gone to hell, in any number of ways; although such thinking is not unusual for a septuagenarian, few individuals can be as invested in the matter as Charles, whose whole gig is to be a symbol of tradition. Twenty years ago, a letter that he had written emerged in the course of an employment lawsuit brought by a former employee at Clarence House, his royal residence in London, and his words betrayed a similarly intemperate view of contemporary culture. “What is wrong with people nowadays?” he wrote. “Why do they all seem to think they are qualified to do things far above their capabilities?” He went on to blame “a child-centered education system which tells people they can become pop stars, high court judges, or brilliant TV presenters or infinitely more competent heads of state without ever putting in the necessary work or having the natural ability.” He concluded with a grand flourish: “It is a result of social utopianism which believes humanity can be genetically engineered to contradict the lessons of history.” Charles did not dilate further on what those lessons might be. But it’s safe to assume that they’d justify one of the most notorious compromises struck between the claims of the genetic and of the social: the existence of a hereditary sovereign within a constitutional monarchy.
-
-“This is a call to revolution”—so reads the grabby first sentence of “Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World,” a book that Charles published in 2010. The future king was quick to clarify that the sort of revolution he was calling for was not the monarch-deposing kind. He went on, “The Earth is under threat. It cannot cope with all that we demand of it. It is losing its balance and we humans are causing this to happen.” We must, he wrote, embark on a “Sustainability Revolution.”
-
-Charles has long held strong views on environmental matters: in the seventies, he warned of the dangers of pollution, and by the early eighties he had become an outspoken advocate of organic farming and a critic of industrial agribusiness. At the time, he was often dismissed as a crank. A 1984 article in the *Daily Mirror* imagined the future king sitting “cross-legged on the throne wearing a kaftan and eating muesli”—little realizing how mainstream these activities would become, except for the throne-sitting. In a 1982 speech, Charles lamented, “Perhaps we just have to accept that it is God’s will that the unorthodox individual is doomed to years of frustration, ridicule, and failure in order to act out his role in the scheme of things, until his day arrives, and mankind is ready to receive his message.”
-
-Ian Skelly, one of Charles’s two co-authors on “Harmony” and a writer who has helped him with speeches, says, “A lot of people have quietly realized that he was right all along about a lot of this. There’s always a lot of people who did take him seriously, but the vast majority thought he was up there in the trees with the fairies.” Charles’s criticisms of factory farming and of the use of artificial pesticides have become widespread, though the sustainability practices reportedly carried out at Highgrove, his beloved country residence in Gloucestershire, are beyond the capacities of most farmers: according to Tom Bower, a team of four gardeners lie face down on a trailer as it is dragged by a slow-moving Land Rover, so that they can pull up weeds.
-
-Charles has also been unafraid to criticize powerful bodies of experts such as the British Medical Association, whose ire he earned forty years ago by unfavorably contrasting contemporary medicine with ancient folk healing, in particular homeopathy, and by comparing the modern medical establishment to “the celebrated Tower of Pisa—slightly off balance.” (A doctor with the B.M.A. subsequently declared homeopathy to be “nonsense on stilts.”) He is notoriously hostile to modern architecture, and, in a vitriolic 1987 speech to a gathering of distinguished British planners and designers, he proclaimed, “You have, ladies and gentlemen, to give this much to the Luftwaffe—when it knocked down our buildings, it didn’t replace them with anything more offensive than rubble. *We* did that.” Charles’s remarks bring to mind the Internet era’s Godwin’s law, which holds that once an argument escalates online someone inevitably invokes the Nazis; usually, though, the comparison is not in the Nazis’ favor. Once, while on a tour of a fifty-story office building that César Pelli had designed for the Canary Wharf area of London, Charles querulously asked, “Why does it need to be quite so high?” This remark prompted another member of the tour—the art historian Roy Strong—to observe that, if people had thought that way in the Middle Ages, there would be no spire atop Salisbury Cathedral. Charles made no reply—but, then again, we know how he feels about the Tower of Pisa.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27666)
-
-“It’s like you’re reading my mind.”
-
-Cartoon by Roland High
-
-Such rampant position-taking was often understood to be evidence of a butterfly mind, flitting from one issue to another. As Dimbleby, his biographer, put it, “He approached new ideas like a swimmer diving among rocks: sometimes he discovered a pearl and sometimes he banged himself on the head.” The press portrayed Charles as “the meddling prince,” suggesting that his interventions—including unsolicited memos to government ministers—both undermined professional expertise and ran counter to his future role. The King now has a weekly audience with the Prime Minister, during which he can quietly offer advice. (“Back again? Dear, oh dear” was Charles’s rather ungracious greeting to the hapless Liz Truss in October.) But the British monarch is, by convention, obliged to sign into law whatever the government puts in front of him, whether he agrees with it or not.
-
-Charles is easy to condemn as out of touch. Bower’s book devilishly recounts an occasion when the Prince’s kitchen staff left him some cold cuts for a late supper. He shrieked with horror and called for Camilla’s aid—apparently, it was his first encounter with cling film. Having spent a lifetime being characterized by the press as a fogy, an oddball, or a nostalgist, Charles had an opportunity, in “Harmony,” to present a self-portrait, and a self-defense. In the book, he seeks to demonstrate how his apparently disparate concerns—architecture, farming, climate change—are in fact linked. Each of them, he argues, is an expression of the absence of “harmony”—a concept that he defines as “the active state of balance which is just as vital to the health of the natural world as it is for human society.” In many ways, the book is profoundly conservative: an idyllic image of crofters’ huts in the Yorkshire Dales is paired with a dystopian shot of tower blocks and industrial chimneys in Dundee, Scotland, as if the former could perform the same function as the latter. But “Harmony” is also surprisingly radical in its rejection of the inevitability of consumer capitalism. “Real wealth is good land, pristine forests, clean rivers, healthy animals, vibrant communities, nourishing food and human creativity,” Charles writes. “But the money managers have turned land, forests, rivers, animals and human creativity into commodities to be bought and sold.”
-
-Ian Skelly says of Charles, “He’s met every expert you can imagine, and is deeply informed about a massive range of subjects.” Skelly notes, “He says he can’t remember anything, but don’t talk to him about sheep! Don’t talk to him about flora and fauna.” Charles’s concern and commitment are transparently heartfelt, even if his solutions can seem arcane: it was recently announced that his vintage Aston Martin has been converted to run on surplus wine and leftover cheese whey.
-
-Charles is known to have some frugal habits—he gets his clothes patched rather than having them replaced. Still, in other respects, his life is one of excess. The *Guardian* recently estimated that the King’s privately held assets, which include property, jewelry, horses, and vintage cars, have a collective value of nearly two and a quarter billion dollars. (In an indignant response, the Palace said that the figures were “a highly creative mix of speculation, assumption and inaccuracy,” but declined to offer an accurate tally.) And though only the most uncompromising of republicans would deny that a king needs a castle, or two, Charles has access to more palatial homes than the most advantageously equipped plutocrats. His estates range from Windsor Castle to Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle—and those are just the ones that he’s recently taken over from the Queen. The monarch does not pay an inheritance tax. For many Britons, it can feel strange to be lectured on the need to reduce consumption by someone whose family has arrogated so much to itself.
-
-“Harmony” is perhaps most valuable for revealing how Charles would prefer to be understood: as a philosopher-king who, unlike a politician vulnerable to the whims of an electorate, is in a position to take the long view. “ ‘Harmony’ was seen by some people as an environmental book, but it’s not just that,” Tony Juniper, an environmentalist and the book’s other co-author, says. “It’s a philosophy book about the place of people in the universe.” Charles describes ancient practices—the geometrical patterns of sacred architecture; farming techniques that respected rather than depleted the soil—that underscore how humanity once saw itself as integrated with Nature rather than elevated above her. (For the King, Nature is capitalized and female.) Khaled Azzam, the director of the Prince’s Foundation School of Traditional Arts, in London, which since 2005 has taught subjects as diverse as illuminated-manuscript-making and the principles of Islamic architecture, says, “His Majesty has always been interested in humanity as a whole, not humanity in its fragmented form.”
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-As Charles sees it, human civilization made its first errant turn in the seventeenth century, with the onset of the scientific revolution and the subsequent prioritizing of rationalism and secularism over other systems of thought. He writes reverently of Indigenous cultures, noting that the Kogi people, of present-day Colombia, see themselves as an “Elder Brother” created “to protect the Earth, whom they inevitably call the Mother”; they must also contend with “a Younger Brother, a wayward creature . . . whose ways must be curbed before it is too late.” The Charles of “Harmony” is given to pronouncements like this: “The Enlightenment caused wonderful things to happen, but I do wish that the champions of mechanistic science would be more prepared than they are to accept that it also brought downsides.”
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-It does not seem coincidental that, in Charles’s time line of history, things started to go downhill around the period when people began chopping off the heads of monarchs. Jonathan Healey, a professor of history at Oxford University and the author of “The Blazing World: A New History of Revolutionary England, 1603-1689,” says that, in the tumultuous years of the early seventeenth century, when religious authority was being questioned, Charles I was also invested in the concept of harmony—which, as Healey points out, is another word for “order.” “It hinges on everyone knowing their place,” he explains. “The peasants don’t question who is in charge, and they are happy. They are fed and they are looked after by the aristocracy, but they don’t criticize them.”
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-Unlike Charles I, Charles III has shown a passionate concern for members of society who lack opportunities for education or professional advancement. More than a million young people have received financial support from the Prince’s Trust to, say, start a business or further their education. But believing that everyone deserves an equal opportunity to make the best of her life is not the same as believing that everyone can—or should—rise to the top. In “Harmony,” Charles suggests that the happiest, most just, and most sustainable framework for humans is built on traditional values of community, with individuals enjoying the satisfactions of labor and the consolations of nature within a sturdy social structure. He writes most glowingly of the sorts of rural communities that would have been common in the time of Charles I: sheep farmers who produce mutton, “a once commonly eaten meat that has a really delicious flavor and texture,” belong to a “harmonious pattern of existence and production that not only sustains many of the landscapes that help to define our identity and nurture our very souls, but also sustains entire communities of people.”
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-The kinds of pre-industrial societies that Charles admires were headed by a lord of the manor, who, in turn, deferred to a king. Although it might not be entirely fair to describe Charles as feudalism-curious, his world view does appear to incorporate an implicit defense of his monarchical position. As Charles seems to see it, a king should be a benign convener at the head of a natural hierarchy. “Studying the properties of harmony and understanding more clearly how it works at all levels of creation reveals a crucial, timeless principle: that no one part can grow well and true without it relating to—and being in accordance with—the well-being of the whole,” he writes in his book.
-
-At a gathering a few years ago, Charles was introduced to Thomas Kaplan, an American businessman and the founder of Panthera, a nonprofit devoted to the preservation of lions, tigers, and other big cats. Kaplan says, “I realized I had a few minutes, max, to have his attention, and I put it to him very simply—I told him that you have to see cats as an umbrella species for vast ecosystems. Cats need two things to thrive: they need land to roam, and they need food. If you have the flora and fauna to support the very top of the food chain, *by definition* you have a thriving ecosystem.” Several months later, Kaplan learned that Charles had essentially repeated his case on behalf of big cats while on a visit to government officials in South America. Kaplan was impressed: “It told me that, when he is touched by something, it registers, and that he has a remarkable capacity to apply it.” But it’s no surprise that Kaplan’s pitch would resonate with Charles. The lion is the king of the jungle. When the King is thriving, it follows that all is also well in his dominion.
-
-While Charles struggled to find his individual purpose as Prince of Wales, he was obliged to carry out his dynastic purpose by producing an heir. His marriage to Diana, Princess of Wales, was no more a love match than was Charles I’s arranged union, in 1625, with Henrietta Maria, the fifteen-year-old youngest daughter of the late King of France. (In time, they grew closer, partly because of a mutual love of art. It can happen.) Diana had initially seemed to share at least some of Charles’s enthusiasms: she submitted with apparent contentment to his love of the outdoors, even allowing herself to be taught to fish. And she promptly produced two sons, William and Harry. But when the marriage was still young it became clear that she had no interest in Charles’s devotion to the gardens at Highgrove, and that she was bored by and resentful of the books he read and the friends he kept. Although Charles rekindled an affair with his old girlfriend Camilla Parker Bowles—“Do you seriously expect me to be the first Prince of Wales in history *not* to have a mistress?” he reportedly once said—he was pained by the catastrophic failure of a marriage that he imagined he could never escape. “How awful incompatibility is,” he wrote to a friend, five years after the wedding. “How dreadfully destructive it can be.”
-
-The Prince and Princess of Wales separated in 1992 and were divorced in 1996; a year later, Diana died, in a car accident in Paris. In a sense, the tragedy offered Charles a kind of liberation; as Catherine Mayer points out, Charles “appears to be sensitive to accusations that he benefited from Diana’s death, perhaps not least because on some level he may fear that is true.” His continued compatibility with Camilla was formalized by marriage in 2005, as the couple entered a late-in-life period of domestic fulfillment conducted across their multiple domiciles. By the mid-twenty-tens, it looked as if the future king was about as happy as a man apparently not congenitally disposed to happiness could be.
-
-Lately, though, family affairs have become considerably less harmonious. There is the issue of Charles’s own wayward Younger Brother, Prince Andrew, whose grubby dealings with the late sex offender Jeffrey Epstein brought the Royal Family into disrepute even before Andrew settled a multimillion-dollar lawsuit with Virginia Giuffre, who alleged that she had been sexually assaulted by him when she was a teen-ager. (He has denied the charges.) Andrew is reportedly “bewildered” that King Charles has not yet shared any of his inheritance from the Queen—primogeniture is a bummer—and appalled by the possibility that he may have to move out of Royal Lodge, the thirty-room country house where he has lived, with his mother’s forbearance, for nearly two decades. Andrew is only sixty-three, which means that the British monarch, whether that be Charles or William after him, will likely be managing the Andrew problem for decades to come.
-
-“Charles I in Three Positions,” by Van Dyck, hangs at Windsor Castle, where King Charles III spent much of his youth.Art work by Anthony Van Dyck / Courtesy Royal Collection Trust / © His Majesty King Charles III 2023
-
-Then, there is Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex—that other troublesome Younger Brother. Harry’s de-facto abdication from the Royal Family for a royalties-underwritten life in California with his American wife, Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, has caused the King both private pain and institutional agita. “Spare,” Harry’s memoir, is too literary to sound much like Harry actually wrote it, but a woeful lament attributed to Charles—“Please, boys, don’t make my final years a misery”—sounds altogether authentic. It was a stroke of either Machiavellian genius or clerical obliviousness for the Palace to schedule the coronation so that it coincides with the fourth birthday of Prince Archie, Harry’s firstborn, thereby providing the perfect excuse for one or both Sussexes to skip the ceremonials in favor of sun-dappled festivities in Montecito. It did not bode well when, in late March, Prince Harry made a brief surprise visit to the United Kingdom—in order to appear at the High Court in a case against Associated Newspapers, which owns the *Daily Mail*—and the King was said to be too “busy” to see him. In the end, Harry confirmed that he would attend the coronation, but without Meghan or their children.
-
-When Charles I ascended to the throne, there remained the shadow cast by a charismatic, long-reigning female monarch, Queen Elizabeth I, who had died twenty-two years earlier; similarly, Charles III’s mother has set an unmatchable example. It’s easy to forget now that Queen Elizabeth II’s popularity dipped substantially during periods of her reign. She was criticized in the nineteen-eighties and nineties, not least for her perceived responsibility for the failure of three of her four children’s marriages. All that, though, had become ancient history by the time she died. Charles I may be the only monarch ever to have been canonized in the Church of England—he is known by some High Anglicans as Charles the Martyr—but Queen Elizabeth II ended her reign enjoying the secular version of sainthood: near-universal acclaim.
-
-Charles has never had polling numbers that approached his mother’s. He and Camilla were recently heckled by protesters while on an official visit to Colchester. Though there currently appears to be little appetite for overthrowing the monarchy, there are indications that, for younger Britons, the whole shebang is irrelevant. There are no glamorous teen-age or twentysomething royals for the TikTok generation to scroll through, and the publication of “Spare”—which notes that Charles didn’t hug Harry when Diana died—didn’t help the King’s personal standing. According to one recent poll, only a third of eighteen-to-twenty-four-year-old Britons want the monarchy to continue.
-
-The new Prince and Princess of Wales, William and Kate, are popular, but they are now in their forties. Some people who know the King say that, despite the inevitable brevity of his own reign, he will not be heavy-handed in directing William. Paddy Harverson, the King’s former communications secretary, says, “I would expect him very confidently to allow William to define his own role, as indeed Charles himself was.” Charles has expressed satisfaction that William has taken up protection of the environment as a cause by launching the Earthshot Prize, to encourage sustainable technologies. Before the publication of “Spare,” Charles also praised Harry’s commitment to green causes, in Africa in particular. Given that Charles is an advocate for the controversial idea of population control—in “Harmony,” he writes that “perhaps the time has come . . . to think very carefully how large our families should be”—he has surely been pleased by Harry and Meghan’s publicly stated choice to limit their number of offspring to two.
-
-Charles is more popular than he once was, in part because he was once so very unpopular—but also because the institution of the monarchy has a quasi-magical power. The percentage of people who thought that Charles would make a good king nearly doubled upon the death of Queen Elizabeth. Becoming king is transformational; being crowned king will likely be even more so. “He becomes essentially a new person,” Hugo Vickers, the author of “Coronation: The Crowning of Elizabeth II,” says. “They go into Westminster Abbey as one person, in a sense, and come out another.”
-
-All the same, Charles remains the familiar figure he has been for decades; wearing the crown will not alter his fundamental character. When, in the days after the Queen’s death, he took part in ceremonies establishing his kingship, he got into not one but two altercations with malfunctioning pens, and his irascible response the second time—“I can’t bear this bloody thing, what they do . . . every stinking time”—was recognizable to anyone who has spent time observing him. As his biographer Catherine Mayer puts it, “The world is against him—even *inanimate* objects are against him. That is absolutely central to his personality.” Although it’s impossible to imagine that King Charles will leave his heartfelt opinions at the door, it is similarly unimaginable that he would precipitate a constitutional crisis by refusing to grant royal assent to the government’s legislation, as his fictionalized stand-in did in “King Charles III,” Mike Bartlett’s celebrated blank-verse play, from 2014. This past October, the U.K. government let it be known that it would prefer the King not to attend the *cop*27 climate conference, in Egypt, even though he had attended *cop*26, in Scotland, in 2021. Charles complied. But, a few days before the conference, he convened two hundred politicians and activists for a reception at Buckingham Palace—a regal act of climate-change pre-gaming. “He must find it very difficult to shut up,” Ian Skelly says. “Being King doesn’t stop him caring. I think what we’ll see in the future is an expression of that care, but in a different way.”
-
-The King’s coronation will be a more modest affair than that of his mother, in keeping with his stated desire for a “slimmed down” monarchy. But, as always with matters related to the monarchy, “slimmed down” is a relative term. Whereas more than eight thousand guests attended the late Queen’s coronation, a mere two thousand will be invited to Westminster Abbey this time, with peers of the realm reportedly obliged to draw lots for seats, and other dignitaries jostling for invitations. Prince William will have a ceremonial role, as will Prince George, the nine-year-old heir to the heir, who—being exactly the age that Charles was when he acknowledged the “awful truth” of his monarchical fate—will surely experience his own moment of reckoning.
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-Charles will subtly put his stamp on the coronation. The Palace has said that he will be anointed with animal-cruelty-free oil—it will contain no products from civet cats or sperm whales. The formulation, which will include essences of jasmine, orange blossom, and neroli, will incorporate oil made from olives grown in Jerusalem, not far from the burial place of Charles’s paternal grandmother, Princess Alice. Charles has commissioned a new anthem from Andrew Lloyd Webber, adapted from the Nature-personifying words of Psalm 98: “Let the rivers clap their hands; let the hills be joyful together before the Lord.” In a harmonious confluence, restoration work conducted in Westminster Abbey a decade ago will allow spectators and television viewers to see the Cosmati Pavement—a thirteenth-century mosaic floor, in front of the high altar, upon which part of the ceremony is performed. For the late Queen’s coronation, and for many generations before, the mosaic was covered with carpeting. The pavement, an intricate pattern of circles and squares, is understood by scholars to represent the interdependence of Heaven and earth. During the ceremony, the throne will be placed at the center of the pavement, symbolizing the relationship between the monarch and God. “It’s a representation of his role—he is bringing Heaven and earth together,” Azzam, of the Prince’s Foundation School of Traditional Arts, says. “He’s standing on the geometry that he has been teaching all his life, and he’s fulfilling his role as king.” In light of Charles’s mystical proclivities, he’s bound to find the symbolism meaningful. If he once regarded his future role as monarch as an unsought fate, Charles III will surely be inspired by the confirmation that, even within the prosaic limits of a constitutional monarchy, there’s a divinity that has shaped his end.
-
-By the conclusion of the ceremony, Charles will have been equipped with glittering royal regalia: the Sovereign’s Sceptre, which symbolizes the temporal power of the monarch; the Sovereign’s Orb, which symbolizes that the monarch’s power is derived from God; and St. Edward’s Crown. The regalia are modelled on objects used since medieval times, but were in fact manufactured in 1661. They were commissioned by Charles II for his own spectacular coronation—the celebration of the monarchy’s restoration after what became known retrospectively as the Interregnum. The medieval originals had been melted down in the first flush of republican victory following the execution of Charles I, when it was thought that they wouldn’t be needed anymore.
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-After Charles III began studying art and came to appreciate the glories of the Royal Collection that had surrounded him as a child, he surely would have been struck by the remarkable portrait of Charles II, his second eponym, painted by John Michael Wright in the sixteen-seventies. It shows the King seated on a throne, his feet in high-heeled shoes balanced on a cushion, and his shapely, spread legs adorned in white hose. He is dressed in the Order of the Garter costume: voluminous cloth-of-silver breeches and a shirt lavishly decorated with lace, on top of which he wears red Parliamentary robes edged with ermine. Charles II—who dispelled the austerity of the Puritans by revitalizing the arts, had more mistresses than anyone could keep track of, and granted a royal charter that helped set the transatlantic slave trade in motion—appears as the picture of monarchical authority, orb in one hand and scepter in the other. The portrait offers none of the suggestive ambivalence of “Charles I in Three Positions” which so captured the young Prince Charles’s attention when he saw it on the wall at Windsor Castle. What the portrait does offer is an illustration of the monarchy’s remarkable capacity for regeneration, for good or for ill—a capacity that King Charles III will have new occasion to ponder, now that his own head finally bears the weight of the crown. ♦
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-Date: 2023-09-17
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-# Can We Talk to Whales?
-
-> Ah, the world! Oh, the world!
-> 
-> *—“Moby-Dick.”*
-
-David Gruber began his almost impossibly varied career studying bluestriped grunt fish off the coast of Belize. He was an undergraduate, and his job was to track the fish at night. He navigated by the stars and slept in a tent on the beach. “It was a dream,” he recalled recently. “I didn’t know what I was doing, but I was performing what I thought a marine biologist would do.”
-
-Gruber went on to work in Guyana, mapping forest plots, and in Florida, calculating how much water it would take to restore the Everglades. He wrote a Ph.D. thesis on carbon cycling in the oceans and became a professor of biology at the City University of New York. Along the way, he got interested in green fluorescent proteins, which are naturally synthesized by jellyfish but, with a little gene editing, can be produced by almost any living thing, including humans.
-
-While working in the Solomon Islands, northeast of Australia, Gruber discovered dozens of species of fluorescent fish, including a fluorescent shark, which opened up new questions. What would a fluorescent shark look like to another fluorescent shark? Gruber enlisted researchers in optics to help him construct a special “shark’s eye” camera. (Sharks see only in blue and green; fluorescence, it turns out, shows up to them as greater contrast.) Meanwhile, he was also studying creatures known as comb jellies at the Mystic Aquarium, in Connecticut, trying to determine how, exactly, they manufacture the molecules that make them glow. This led him to wonder about the way that jellyfish experience the world. Gruber enlisted another set of collaborators to develop robots that could handle jellyfish with jellyfish-like delicacy.
-
-“I wanted to know: Is there a way where robots and people can be brought together that builds empathy?” he told me.
-
-In 2017, Gruber received a fellowship to spend a year at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. While there, he came across a book by a free diver who had taken a plunge with some sperm whales. This piqued Gruber’s curiosity, so he started reading up on the animals.
-
-The world’s largest predators, sperm whales spend most of their lives hunting. To find their prey—generally squid—in the darkness of the depths, they rely on echolocation. By means of a specialized organ in their heads, they generate streams of clicks that bounce off any solid (or semi-solid) object. Sperm whales also produce quick bursts of clicks, known as codas, which they exchange with one another. The exchanges seem to have the structure of conversation.
-
-One day, Gruber was sitting in his office at the Radcliffe Institute, listening to a tape of sperm whales chatting, when another fellow at the institute, Shafi Goldwasser, happened by. Goldwasser, a Turing Award-winning computer scientist, was intrigued. At the time, she was organizing a seminar on machine learning, which was advancing in ways that would eventually lead to ChatGPT. Perhaps, Goldwasser mused, machine learning could be used to discover the meaning of the whales’ exchanges.
-
-“It was not exactly a joke, but almost like a pipe dream,” Goldwasser recollected. “But David really got into it.”
-
-Gruber and Goldwasser took the idea of decoding the codas to a third Radcliffe fellow, Michael Bronstein. Bronstein, also a computer scientist, is now the DeepMind Professor of A.I. at Oxford.
-
-“This sounded like probably the most crazy project that I had ever heard about,” Bronstein told me. “But David has this kind of power, this ability to convince and drag people along. I thought that it would be nice to try.”
-
-Gruber kept pushing the idea. Among the experts who found it loopy and, at the same time, irresistible were Robert Wood, a roboticist at Harvard, and Daniela Rus, who runs M.I.T.’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Thus was born the Cetacean Translation Initiative—Project *CETI* for short. (The acronym is pronounced “setty,” and purposefully recalls *SETI*, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence.) *CETI* represents the most ambitious, the most technologically sophisticated, and the most well-funded effort ever made to communicate with another species.
-
-“I think it’s something that people get really excited about: Can we go from science fiction to science?” Rus told me. “I mean, can we talk to whales?”
-
-Sperm whales are nomads. It is estimated that, in the course of a year, an individual whale swims at least twenty thousand miles. But scattered around the tropics, for reasons that are probably squid-related, there are a few places the whales tend to favor. One of these is a stretch of water off Dominica, a volcanic island in the Lesser Antilles.
-
-*CETI* has its unofficial headquarters in a rental house above Roseau, the island’s capital. The group’s plan is to turn Dominica’s west coast into a giant whale-recording studio. This involves installing a network of underwater microphones to capture the codas of passing whales. It also involves planting recording devices on the whales themselves—cetacean bugs, as it were. The data thus collected can then be used to “train” machine-learning algorithms.
-
-The scientist David Gruber explains the mission of Project CETI, and what his team has learned about how whales communicate.
-
-In July, I went down to Dominica to watch the *CETI* team go sperm-whale bugging. My first morning on the island, I met up with Gruber just outside Roseau, on a dive-shop dock. Gruber, who is fifty, is a slight man with dark curly hair and a cheerfully anxious manner. He was carrying a waterproof case and wearing a *CETI* T-shirt. Soon, several more members of the team showed up, also carrying waterproof cases and wearing *CETI* T-shirts. We climbed aboard an oversized Zodiac called *CETI* 2 and set off.
-
-The night before, a tropical storm had raked the region with gusty winds and heavy rain, and Dominica’s volcanic peaks were still wreathed in clouds. The sea was a series of white-fringed swells. *CETI* 2 sped along, thumping up and down, up and down. Occasionally, flying fish zipped by; these remained aloft for such a long time that I was convinced for a while they were birds.
-
-About two miles offshore, the captain, Kevin George, killed the engines. A graduate student named Yaly Mevorach put on a set of headphones and lowered an underwater mike—a hydrophone—into the waves. She listened for a bit and then, smiling, handed the headphones to me.
-
-The most famous whale calls are the long, melancholy “songs” issued by humpbacks. Sperm-whale codas are neither mournful nor musical. Some people compare them to the sound of bacon frying, others to popcorn popping. That morning, as I listened through the headphones, I thought of horses clomping over cobbled streets. Then I changed my mind. The clatter was more mechanical, as if somewhere deep beneath the waves someone was pecking out a memo on a manual typewriter.
-
-Mevorach unplugged the headphones from the mike, then plugged them into a contraption that looked like a car speaker riding a broom handle. The contraption, which I later learned had been jury-rigged out of, among other elements, a metal salad bowl, was designed to locate clicking whales. After twisting it around in the water for a while, Mevorach decided that the clicks were coming from the southwest. We thumped in that direction, and soon George called out, “Blow!”
-
-A few hundred yards in front of us was a gray ridge that looked like a misshapen log. (When whales are resting at the surface, only a fraction of their enormous bulk is visible.) The whale blew again, and a geyser-like spray erupted from the ridge’s left side.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27506)
-
-“This is the exact moment I asked you to water my plant.”
-
-Cartoon by Jonathan Rosen
-
-As we were closing in, the whale blew yet again; then it raised its elegantly curved flukes into the air and dove. It was unlikely to resurface, I was told, for nearly an hour.
-
-We thumped off in search of its kin. The farther south we travelled, the higher the swells. At one point, I felt my stomach lurch and went to the side of the boat to heave.
-
-“I like to just throw up and get back to work,” Mevorach told me.
-
-Trying to attach a recording device to a sperm whale is a bit like trying to joust while racing on a Jet Ski. The exercise entails using a thirty-foot pole to stick the device onto the animal’s back, which in turn entails getting within thirty feet of a creature the size of a school bus. That day, several more whales were spotted. But, for all of our thumping around, *CETI* 2 never got close enough to one to unhitch the tagging pole.
-
-The next day, the sea was calmer. Once again, we spotted whales, and several times the boat’s designated pole-handler, Odel Harve, attempted to tag one. All his efforts went for naught. Either the whale dove at the last minute or the recording device slipped off the whale’s back and had to be fished out of the water. (The device, which was about a foot long and shaped like a surfboard, was supposed to adhere via suction cups.) With each new sighting, the mood on *CETI* 2 lifted; with each new failure, it sank.
-
-On my third day in Dominica, I joined a slightly different subset of the team on a different boat to try out a new approach. Instead of a long pole, this boat—a forty-foot catamaran called *CETI* 1—was carrying an experimental drone. The drone had been specially designed at Harvard and was fitted out with a video camera and a plastic claw.
-
-Because sperm whales are always on the move, there’s no guarantee of finding any; weeks can go by without a single sighting off Dominica. Once again, though, we got lucky, and a whale was soon spotted. Stefano Pagani, an undergraduate who had been brought along for his piloting skills, pulled on what looked like a V.R. headset, which was linked to the drone’s video camera. In this way, he could look down at the whale from the drone’s perspective and, it was hoped, plant a recording device, which had been loaded into the claw, on the whale’s back.
-
-The drone took off and zipped toward the whale. It hovered for a few seconds, then dropped vertiginously. For the suction cups to adhere, the drone had to strike the whale at just the right angle, with just the right amount of force. Post impact, Pagani piloted the craft back to the boat with trembling hands. “The nerves get to you,” he said.
-
-“No pressure,” Gruber joked. “It’s not like there’s a *New Yorker* reporter watching or anything.” Someone asked for a round of applause. A cheer went up from the boat. The whale, for its part, seemed oblivious. It lolled around with the recording device, which was painted bright orange, stuck to its dark-gray skin. Then it dove.
-
-Sperm whales are among the world’s deepest divers. They routinely descend two thousand feet and sometimes more than a mile. (The deepest a human has ever gone with scuba gear is just shy of eleven hundred feet.) If the device stayed on, it would record any sounds the whale made on its travels. It would also log the whale’s route, its heartbeat, and its orientation in the water. The suction was supposed to last around eight hours; after that—assuming all went according to plan—the device would come loose, bob to the surface, and transmit a radio signal that would allow it to be retrieved.
-
-I said it was too bad we couldn’t yet understand what the whales were saying, because perhaps this one, before she dove, had clicked out where she was headed.
-
-“Come back in two years,” Gruber said.
-
-Every sperm whale’s tail is unique. On some, the flukes are divided by a deep notch. On others, they meet almost in a straight line. Some flukes end in points; some are more rounded. Many are missing distinctive chunks, owing, presumably, to orca attacks. To I.D. a whale in the field, researchers usually rely on a photographic database called Flukebook. One of the very few scientists who can do it simply by sight is *CETI*’s lead field biologist, Shane Gero.
-
-Gero, who is forty-three, is tall and broad, with an eager smile and a pronounced Canadian accent. A scientist-in-residence at Ottawa’s Carleton University, he has been studying the whales off Dominica since 2005. By now, he knows them so well that he can relate their triumphs and travails, as well as who gave birth to whom and when. A decade ago, as Gero started having children of his own, he began referring to his “human family” and his “whale family.” (His human family lives in Ontario.) Another marine biologist once described Gero as sounding “like Captain Ahab after twenty years of psychotherapy.”
-
-When Gruber approached Gero about joining Project *CETI*, he was, initially, suspicious. “I get a lot of e-mails like ‘Hey, I think whales have crystals in their heads,’ and ‘Maybe we can use them to cure malaria,’ ” Gero told me. “The first e-mail David sent me was, like, ‘Hi, I think we could find some funding to translate whale.’ And I was, like, ‘Oh, boy.’ ”
-
-A few months later, the two men met in person, in Washington, D.C., and hit it off. Two years after that, Gruber did find some funding. *CETI* received thirty-three million dollars from the Audacious Project, a philanthropic collaborative whose backers include Richard Branson and Ray Dalio. (The grant, which was divided into five annual payments, will run out in 2025.)
-
-The whole time I was in Dominica, Gero was there as well, supervising graduate students and helping with the tagging effort. From him, I learned that the first whale I had seen was named Rita and that the whales that had subsequently been spotted included Raucous, Roger, and Rita’s daughter, Rema. All belonged to a group called Unit R, which Gero characterized as “tightly and actively social.” Apparently, Unit R is also warmhearted. Several years ago, when a group called Unit S got whittled down to just two members—Sally and TBB—the Rs adopted them.
-
-Sperm whales have the biggest brains on the planet—six times the size of humans’. Their social lives are rich, complicated, and, some would say, ideal. The adult members of a unit, which may consist of anywhere from a few to a few dozen individuals, are all female. Male offspring are permitted to travel with the group until they’re around fifteen years old; then, as Gero put it, they are “socially ostracized.” Some continue to hang around their mothers and sisters, clicking away for months unanswered. Eventually, though, they get the message. Fully grown males are solitary creatures. They approach a band of females—presumably not their immediate relatives—only in order to mate. To signal their arrival, they issue deep, booming sounds known as clangs. No one knows exactly what makes a courting sperm whale attractive to a potential mate; Gero told me that he had seen some clanging males greeted with great commotion and others with the cetacean equivalent of a shrug.
-
-Female sperm whales, meanwhile, are exceptionally close. The adults in a unit not only travel and hunt together; they also appear to confer on major decisions. If there’s a new mother in the group, the other members mind the calf while she dives for food. In some units, though not in Unit R, sperm whales even suckle one another’s young. When a family is threatened, the adults cluster together to protect their offspring, and when things are calm the calves fool around.
-
-“It’s like my kids and their cousins,” Gero said.
-
-The day after I watched the successful drone flight, I went out with Gero to try to recover the recording device. More than twenty-four hours had passed, and it still hadn’t been located. Gero decided to drive out along a peninsula called Scotts Head, at the southwestern tip of Dominica, where he thought he might be able to pick up the radio signal. As we wound around on the island’s treacherously narrow roads, he described to me an idea he had for a children’s book that, read in one direction, would recount a story about a human family that lives on a boat and looks down at the water and, read from the other direction, would be about a whale family that lives deep beneath the boat and looks up at the waves.
-
-“For me, the most rewarding part about spending a lot of time in the culture of whales is finding these fundamental similarities, these fundamental patterns,” he said. “And, you know, sure, they won’t have a word for ‘tree.’ And there’s some part of the sperm-whale experience that our primate brain just won’t understand. But those things that we share must be fundamentally important to why we’re here.”
-
-After a while, we reached, quite literally, the end of the road. Beyond that was a hill that had to be climbed on foot. Gero was carrying a portable antenna, which he unfolded when we got to the top. If the recording unit had surfaced anywhere within twenty miles, Gero calculated, we should be able to detect the signal. It occurred to me that we were now trying to listen for a listening device. Gero held the antenna aloft and put his ear to some kind of receiver. He didn’t hear anything, so, after admiring the view for a bit, we headed back down. Gero was hopeful that the device would eventually be recovered. But, as far as I know, it is still out there somewhere, adrift in the Caribbean.
-
-The first scientific, or semi-scientific, study of sperm whales was a pamphlet published in 1835 by a Scottish ship doctor named Thomas Beale. Called “The Natural History of the Sperm Whale,” it proved so popular that Beale expanded the pamphlet into a book, which was issued under the same title four years later.
-
-At the time, sperm-whale hunting was a major industry, both in Britain and in the United States. The animals were particularly prized for their spermaceti, the waxy oil that fills their gigantic heads. Spermaceti is an excellent lubricant, and, burned in a lamp, produces a clean, bright light; in Beale’s day, it could sell for five times as much as ordinary whale oil. (It is the resemblance between semen and spermaceti that accounts for the species’ embarrassing name.)
-
-Beale believed sperm whales to be silent. “It is well known among the most experienced whalers that they never produce any nasal or vocal sounds whatever, except a trifling hissing at the time of the expiration of the spout,” he wrote. The whales, he said, were also gentle—“a most timid and inoffensive animal.” Melville relied heavily on Beale in composing “Moby-Dick.” (His personal copy of “The Natural History of the Sperm Whale” is now housed in Harvard’s Houghton Library.) He attributed to sperm whales a “pyramidical silence.”
-
-“The whale has no voice,” Melville wrote. “But then again,” he went on, “what has the whale to say? Seldom have I known any profound being that had anything to say to this world, unless forced to stammer out something by way of getting a living.”
-
-The silence of the sperm whales went unchallenged until 1957. That year, two researchers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution picked up sounds from a group they’d encountered off the coast of North Carolina. They detected strings of “sharp clicks,” and speculated that these were made for the purpose of echolocation. Twenty years elapsed before one of the researchers, along with a different colleague from Woods Hole, determined that some sperm-whale clicks were issued in distinctive, often repeated patterns, which the pair dubbed “codas.” Codas seemed to be exchanged between whales and so, they reasoned, must serve some communicative function.
-
-Since then, cetologists have spent thousands of hours listening to codas, trying to figure out what that function might be. Gero, who wrote his Ph.D. thesis on vocal communication between sperm whales, told me that one of the “universal truths” about codas is their timing. There are always four seconds between the start of one coda and the beginning of the next. Roughly two of those seconds are given over to clicks; the rest is silence. Only after the pause, which may or may not be analogous to the pause a human speaker would put between words, does the clicking resume.
-
-Codas are clearly learned or, to use the term of art, socially transmitted. Whales in the eastern Pacific exchange one set of codas, those in the eastern Caribbean another, and those in the South Atlantic yet another. Baby sperm whales pick up the codas exchanged by their relatives, and before they can click them out proficiently they “babble.”
-
-The whales around Dominica have a repertoire of around twenty-five codas. These codas differ from one another in the number of their clicks and also in their rhythms. The coda known as three regular, or 3R, for example, consists of three clicks issued at equal intervals. The coda 7R consists of seven evenly spaced clicks. In seven increasing, or 7I, by contrast, the interval between the clicks grows longer; it’s about five-hundredths of a second between the first two clicks, and between the last two it’s twice that long. In four decreasing, or 4D, there’s a fifth of a second between the first two clicks and only a tenth of a second between the last two. Then, there are syncopated codas. The coda most frequently issued by members of Unit R, which has been dubbed 1+1+3, has a cha-cha-esque rhythm and might be rendered in English as click . . . click . . . click-click-click.
-
-If codas are in any way comparable to words, a repertoire of twenty-five represents a pretty limited vocabulary. But, just as no one can yet say what, if anything, codas mean to sperm whales, no one can say exactly what features are significant to them. It may be that there are nuances in, say, pacing or pitch that have so far escaped human detection. Already, *CETI* team members have identified a new kind of signal—a single click—that may serve as some kind of punctuation mark.
-
-When whales are resting near the surface, their exchanges can last an hour or more. Even by human standards, sperm-whale chatter is insistent and repetitive. “They’re talking on top of each other all the time,” Gero told me.
-
-A snatch of dialogue recorded between two members of Unit R runs as follows. (Both Roger and Rita are adult females.)
-
-> Roger: 1+1+3  
-> Rita: 1+1+3, 1+1+3  
-> Roger: 9I  
-> Rita: 1+1+3  
-> Roger: 10I  
-> Rita: 1+1+3, 1+1+3  
-> Roger: 11I  
-> Rita: 1+1+3  
-> Roger: 10I, 11I, 1+1+3  
-> Rita: 1+1+3
-
-The “conversation” continues along much these same lines, until Rita finally changes her tune:
-
-> Rita: 1+1+3  
-> Roger: 12R, 10I, 10I, 9I, 9I  
-> Rita: 9I, 8I
-
-Not long ago, suffering from writer’s block, I asked ChatGPT if it could rewrite “Moby-Dick” from the whale’s perspective. The chatbot began modestly. “As an A.I. language model, I can certainly attempt to rewrite a small excerpt,” it told me. Then it launched into what it titled “Moby-Dick—The White Leviathan’s Tale.”
-
-In Moby-Dick’s “Moby-Dick,” the plot turned on an unfortunate case of mistaken identity. Some other whale had gnawed off Ahab’s leg; the white whale was as innocent as the driven snow.
-
-“My heart was one of peace, my spirit one with the rhythm of the currents,” ChatGPT wrote:
-
-> I knew not of the vendetta forming against me, for I was but a creature of instinct, a guardian of the seas. But Captain Ahab’s thirst for vengeance loomed large, and I became the object of his undying rage. The scar he bore from a previous encounter with my kind had branded me as his ultimate adversary. In his eyes, I represented a force of nature that defied his understanding, a living enigma of the ocean’s might.
-
-In paragraph seven, I was surprised—and excited—to see the whale/bot allude to the problem of interspecies communication:
-
-> Deep within the abyss of the sea, I pondered the futility of the captain’s quest. I longed to communicate with him, to show him that my kind, too, had emotions and families to protect. But the language barrier between our worlds remained an insurmountable chasm.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27086)
-
-Cartoon by Zoe Si
-
-As anyone who has been conscious for the past ten months knows, ChatGPT is capable of amazing feats. It can write essays, compose sonnets, explain scientific concepts, and produce jokes (though these last are not necessarily funny). If you ask ChatGPT how it was created, it will tell you that first it was trained on a “massive corpus” of data from the Internet. This phase consisted of what’s called “unsupervised machine learning,” which was performed by an intricate array of processing nodes known as a neural network. Basically, the “learning” involved filling in the blanks; according to ChatGPT, the exercise entailed “predicting the next word in a sentence given the context of the previous words.” By digesting millions of Web pages—and calculating and recalculating the odds—ChatGPT got so good at this guessing game that, without ever understanding English, it mastered the language. (Other languages it is “fluent” in include Chinese, Spanish, and French.)
-
-In theory at least, what goes for English (and Chinese and French) also goes for sperm whale. Provided that a computer model can be trained on enough data, it should be able to master coda prediction. It could then—once again in theory—generate sequences of codas that a sperm whale would find convincing. The model wouldn’t understand sperm whale-ese, but it could, in a manner of speaking, speak it. Call it ClickGPT.
-
-Currently, the largest collection of sperm-whale codas is an archive assembled by Gero in his years on and off Dominica. The codas contain roughly a hundred thousand clicks. In a paper published last year, members of the *CETI* team estimated that, to fulfill its goals, the project would need to assemble some four billion clicks, which is to say, a collection roughly forty thousand times larger than Gero’s.
-
-“One of the key challenges toward the analysis of sperm whale (and more broadly, animal) communication using modern deep learning techniques is the need for sizable datasets,” the team wrote.
-
-In addition to bugging individual whales, *CETI* is planning to tether a series of three “listening stations” to the floor of the Caribbean Sea. The stations should be able to capture the codas of whales chatting up to twelve miles from shore. (Though inaudible above the waves, sperm-whale clicks can register up to two hundred and thirty decibels, which is louder than a gunshot or a rock concert.) The information gathered by the stations will be less detailed than what the tags can provide, but it should be much more plentiful.
-
-One afternoon, I drove with Gruber and *CETI*’s station manager, Yaniv Aluma, a former Israeli Navy *SEAL*, to the port in Roseau, where pieces of the listening stations were being stored. The pieces were shaped like giant sink plugs and painted bright yellow. Gruber explained that the yellow plugs were buoys, and that the listening equipment—essentially, large collections of hydrophones—would dangle from the bottom of the buoys, on cables. The cables would be weighed down with old train wheels, which would anchor them to the seabed. A stack of wheels, rusted orange, stood nearby. Gruber suddenly turned to Aluma and, pointing to the pile, said, “You know, we’re going to need more of these.” Aluma nodded glumly.
-
-The listening stations have been the source of nearly a year’s worth of delays for *CETI*. The first was installed last summer, in water six thousand feet deep. Fish were attracted to the buoy, so the spot soon became popular among fishermen. After about a month, the fishermen noticed that the buoy was gone. Members of *CETI*’s Dominica-based staff set out in the middle of the night on *CETI* 1 to try to retrieve it. By the time they reached the buoy, it had drifted almost thirty miles offshore. Meanwhile, the hydrophone array, attached to the rusty train wheels, had dropped to the bottom of the sea.
-
-The trouble was soon traced to the cable, which had been manufactured in Texas by a company that specializes in offshore oil-rig equipment. “They deal with infrastructure that’s very solid,” Aluma explained. “But a buoy has its own life. And they didn’t calculate so well the torque or load on different motions—twisting and moving sideways.” The company spent months figuring out why the cable had failed and finally thought it had solved the problem. In June, Aluma flew to Houston to watch a new cable go through stress tests. In the middle of the tests, the new design failed. To avoid further delays, the *CETI* team reconfigured the stations. One of the reconfigured units was installed late last month. If it doesn’t float off, or in some other way malfunction, the plan is to get the two others in the water sometime this fall.
-
-A sperm whale’s head takes up nearly a third of its body; its narrow lower jaw seems borrowed from a different animal entirely; and its flippers are so small as to be almost dainty. (The formal name for the species is *Physeter macrocephalus*, which translates roughly as “big-headed blowhole.”) “From just about any angle,” Hal Whitehead, one of the world’s leading sperm-whale experts (and Gero’s thesis adviser), has written, sperm whales appear “very strange.” I wanted to see more of these strange-looking creatures than was visible from a catamaran, and so, on my last day in Dominica, I considered going on a commercial tour that offered customers a chance to swim with whales, assuming that any could be located. In the end—partly because I sensed that Gruber disapproved of the practice—I dropped the idea.
-
-Instead, I joined the crew on *CETI* 1 for what was supposed to be another round of drone tagging. After we’d been under way for about two hours, codas were picked up, to the northeast. We headed in that direction and soon came upon an extraordinary sight. There were at least ten whales right off the boat’s starboard. They were all facing the same direction, and they were bunched tightly together, in rows. Gero identified them as members of Unit A. The members of Unit A were originally named for characters in Margaret Atwood novels, and they include Lady Oracle, Aurora, and Rounder, Lady Oracle’s daughter.
-
-Earlier that day, the crew on *CETI* 2 had spotted pilot whales, or blackfish, which are known to harass sperm whales. “This looks very defensive,” Gero said, referring to the formation.
-
-Suddenly, someone yelled out, “Red!” A burst of scarlet spread through the water, like a great banner unfurling. No one knew what was going on. Had the pilot whales stealthily attacked? Was one of the whales in the group injured? The crowding increased until the whales were practically on top of one another.
-
-Then a new head appeared among them. “Holy fucking shit!” Gruber exclaimed.
-
-“Oh, my God!” Gero cried. He ran to the front of the boat, clutching his hair in amazement. “Oh, my God! Oh, my God!” The head belonged to a newborn calf, which was about twelve feet long and weighed maybe a ton. In all his years of studying sperm whales, Gero had never watched one being born. He wasn’t sure anyone ever had.
-
-As one, the whales made a turn toward the catamaran. They were so close I got a view of their huge, eerily faceless heads and pink lower jaws. They seemed oblivious of the boat, which was now in their way. One knocked into the hull, and the foredeck shuddered.
-
-The adults kept pushing the calf around. Its mother and her relatives pressed in so close that the baby was almost lifted out of the water. Gero began to wonder whether something had gone wrong. By now, everyone, including the captain, had gathered on the bow. Pagani and another undergraduate, Aidan Kenny, had launched two drones and were filming the action from the air. Mevorach, meanwhile, was recording the whales through a hydrophone.
-
-To everyone’s relief, the baby began to swim on its own. Then the pilot whales showed up—dozens of them.
-
-“I don’t like the way they’re moving,” Gruber said.
-
-“They’re going to attack for sure,” Gero said. The pilot whales’ distinctive, wave-shaped fins slipped in and out of the water.
-
-What followed was something out of a marine-mammal “Lord of the Rings.” Several of the pilot whales stole in among the sperm whales. All that could be seen from the boat was a great deal of thrashing around. Out of nowhere, more than forty Fraser’s dolphins arrived on the scene. Had they come to participate in the melee or just to rubberneck? It was impossible to tell. They were smaller and thinner than the pilot whales (which, their name notwithstanding, are also technically dolphins).
-
-“I have no prior knowledge upon which to predict what happens next,” Gero announced. After several minutes, the pilot whales retreated. The dolphins curled through the waves. The whales remained bunched together. Calm reigned. Then the pilot whales made another run at the sperm whales. The water bubbled and churned.
-
-“The pilot whales are just being pilot whales,” Gero observed. Clearly, though, in the great “struggle for existence,” everyone on board *CETI* 1 was on the side of the baby.
-
-The skirmishing continued. The pilot whales retreated, then closed in again. The drones began to run out of power. Pagani and Kenny piloted them back to the catamaran to exchange the batteries. These were so hot they had to be put in the boat’s refrigerator. At one point, Gero thought that he spied the new calf, still alive and well. (He would later, from the drone footage, identify the baby’s mother as Rounder.) “So that’s good news,” he called out.
-
-The pilot whales hung around for more than two hours. Then, all at once, they were gone. The dolphins, too, swam off.
-
-“There will never be a day like this again,” Gero said as *CETI* 1 headed back to shore.
-
-That evening, everyone who’d been on board *CETI* 1 and *CETI* 2 gathered at a dockside restaurant for a dinner in honor of the new calf. Gruber made a toast. He thanked the team for all its hard work. “Let’s hope we can learn the language with that baby whale,” he said.
-
-I was sitting with Gruber and Gero at the end of a long table. In between drinks, Gruber suggested that what we had witnessed might not have been an attack. The scene, he proposed, had been more like the last act of “The Lion King,” when the beasts of the jungle gather to welcome the new cub.
-
-“Three different marine mammals came together to celebrate and protect the birth of an animal with a sixteen-month gestation period,” he said. Perhaps, he hypothesized, this was a survival tactic that had evolved to protect mammalian young against sharks, which would have been attracted by so much blood and which, he pointed out, would have been much more numerous before humans began killing them off.
-
-“You mean the baby whale was being protected by the pilot whales from the sharks that aren’t here?” Gero asked. He said he didn’t even know what it would mean to test such a theory. Gruber said they could look at the drone footage and see if the sperm whales had ever let the pilot whales near the newborn and, if so, how the pilot whales had responded. I couldn’t tell whether he was kidding or not.
-
-“That’s a nice story,” Mevorach interjected.
-
-“I just like to throw ideas out there,” Gruber said.
-
-> “My! You don’t say so!” said the Doctor. “You never talked that way to me before.”
-> 
-> “What would have been the good?” said Polynesia, dusting some cracker crumbs off her left wing. “You wouldn’t have understood me if I had.”
-> 
-> *—“The Story of Doctor Dolittle.”*
-
-The Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (*CSAIL*), at M.I.T., occupies a Frank Gehry-designed building that appears perpetually on the verge of collapse. Some wings tilt at odd angles; others seem about to split in two. In the lobby of the building, there’s a vending machine that sells electrical cords and another that dispenses caffeinated beverages from around the world. There’s also a yellow sign of the sort you might see in front of an elementary school. It shows a figure wearing a backpack and carrying a briefcase and says “*NERD XING*.”
-
-Daniela Rus, who runs *CSAIL* (pronounced “see-sale”), is a roboticist. “There’s such a crazy conversation these days about machines,” she told me. We were sitting in her office, which is dominated by a robot, named Domo, who sits in a glass case. Domo has a metal torso and oversized, goggly eyes. “It’s either machines are going to take us down or machines are going to solve all of our problems. And neither is correct.”
-
-Along with several other researchers at *CSAIL*, Rus has been thinking about how *CETI* might eventually push beyond coda prediction to something approaching coda comprehension. This is a formidable challenge. Whales in a unit often chatter before they dive. But what are they chattering about? How deep to go, or who should mind the calves, or something that has no analogue in human experience?
-
-“We are trying to correlate behavior with vocalization,” Rus told me. “Then we can begin to get evidence for the meaning of some of the vocalizations they make.”
-
-She took me down to her lab, where several graduate students were tinkering in a thicket of electronic equipment. In one corner was a transparent plastic tube loaded with circuitry, attached to two white plastic flippers. The setup, Rus explained, was the skeleton of a robotic turtle. Lying on the ground was the turtle’s plastic shell. One of the students hit a switch and the flippers made a paddling motion. Another student brought out a two-foot-long robotic fish. Both the fish and the turtle could be configured to carry all sorts of sensors, including underwater cameras.
-
-“We need new methods for collecting data,” Rus said. “We need ways to get close to the whales, and so we’ve been talking a lot about putting the sea turtle or the fish in water next to the whales, so that we can image what we cannot see.”
-
-*CSAIL* is an enormous operation, with more than fifteen hundred staff members and students. “People here are kind of audacious,” Rus said. “They really love the wild and crazy ideas that make a difference.” She told me about a diver she had met who had swum with the sperm whales off Dominica and, by his account at least, had befriended one. The whale seemed to like to imitate the diver; for example, when he hung in the water vertically, it did, too.
-
-“The question I’ve been asking myself is: Suppose that we set up experiments where we engage the whales in physical mimicry,” Rus said. “Can we then get them to vocalize while doing a motion? So, can we get them to say, ‘I’m going up’? Or can we get them to say, ‘I’m hovering’? I think that, if we were to find a few snippets of vocalizations that we could associate with some meaning, that would help us get deeper into their conversational structure.”
-
-While we were talking, another *CSAIL* professor and *CETI* collaborator, Jacob Andreas, showed up. Andreas, a computer scientist who works on language processing, said that he had been introduced to the whale project at a faculty retreat. “I gave a talk about understanding neural networks as a weird translation problem,” he recalled. “And Daniela came up to me afterwards and she said, ‘Oh, you like weird translation problems? Here’s a weird translation problem.’ ”
-
-Andreas told me that *CETI* had already made significant strides, just by reanalyzing Gero’s archive. Not only had the team uncovered the new kind of signal but also it had found that codas have much more internal structure than had previously been recognized. “The amount of information that this system can carry is much bigger,” he said.
-
-“The holy grail here—the thing that separates human language from all other animal communication systems—is what’s called ‘duality of patterning,’ ” Andreas went on. “Duality of patterning” refers to the way that meaningless units—in English, sounds like “sp” or “ot”—can be combined to form meaningful units, like “spot.” If, as is suspected, clicks are empty of significance but codas refer to something, then sperm whales, too, would have arrived at duality of patterning. “Based on what we know about how the coda inventory works, I’m optimistic—though still not sure—that this is going to be something that we find in sperm whales,” Andreas said.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a25122)
-
-“But with traffic I rarely make it past twenty miles per hour.”
-
-Cartoon by Sofia Warren
-
-The question of whether any species possesses a “communication system” comparable to that of humans is an open and much debated one. In the nineteen-fifties, the behaviorist B. F. Skinner argued that children learn language through positive reinforcement; therefore, other animals should be able to do the same. The linguist Noam Chomsky had a different view. He dismissed the notion that kids acquire language via conditioning, and also the possibility that language was available to other species.
-
-In the early nineteen-seventies, a student of Skinner’s, Herbert Terrace, set out to confirm his mentor’s theory. Terrace, at that point a professor of psychology at Columbia, adopted a chimpanzee, whom he named, tauntingly, Nim Chimpsky. From the age of two weeks, Nim was raised by people and taught American Sign Language. Nim’s interactions with his caregivers were videotaped, so that Terrace would have an objective record of the chimp’s progress. By the time Nim was three years old, he had a repertoire of eighty signs and, significantly, often produced them in sequences, such as “banana me eat banana” or “tickle me Nim play.” Terrace set out to write a book about how Nim had crossed the language barrier and, in so doing, made a monkey of his namesake. But then Terrace double-checked some details of his account against the tapes. When he looked carefully at the videos, he was appalled. Nim hadn’t really learned A.S.L.; he had just learned to imitate the last signs his teachers had made to him.
-
-“The very tapes I planned to use to document Nim’s ability to sign provided decisive evidence that I had vastly overestimated his linguistic competence,” Terrace wrote.
-
-Since Nim, many further efforts have been made to prove that different species—orangutans, bonobos, parrots, dolphins—have a capacity for language. Several of the animals who were the focus of these efforts—Koko the gorilla, Alex the gray parrot—became international celebrities. But most linguists still believe that the only species that possesses language is our own.
-
-Language is “a uniquely human faculty” that is “part of the biological nature of our species,” Stephen R. Anderson, a professor emeritus at Yale and a former president of the Linguistic Society of America, writes in his book “Doctor Dolittle’s Delusion.”
-
-Whether sperm-whale codas could challenge this belief is an issue that just about everyone I talked to on the *CETI* team said they’d rather not talk about.
-
-“Linguists like Chomsky are very opinionated,” Michael Bronstein, the Oxford professor, told me. “For a computer scientist, usually a language is some formal system, and often we talk about artificial languages.” Sperm-whale codas “might not be as expressive as human language,” he continued. “But I think whether to call it ‘language’ or not is more of a formal question.”
-
-“Ironically, it’s a semantic debate about the meaning of language,” Gero observed.
-
-Of course, the advent of ChatGPT further complicates the debate. Once a set of algorithms can rewrite a novel, what counts as “linguistic competence”? And who—or what—gets to decide?
-
-“When we say that we’re going to succeed in translating whale communication, what do we mean?” Shafi Goldwasser, the Radcliffe Institute fellow who first proposed the idea that led to *CETI*, asked.
-
-“Everybody’s talking these days about these generative A.I. models like ChatGPT,” Goldwasser, who now directs the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing, at the University of California, Berkeley, went on. “What are they doing? You are giving them questions or prompts, and then they give you answers, and the way that they do that is by predicting how to complete sentences or what the next word would be. So you could say that’s a goal for *CETI*—that you don’t necessarily understand what the whales are saying, but that you could predict it with good success. And, therefore, you could maybe generate a conversation that would be understood by a whale, but maybe you don’t understand it. So that’s kind of a weird success.”
-
-Prediction, Goldwasser said, would mean “we’ve realized what the pattern of their speech is. It’s not satisfactory, but it’s something.
-
-“What about the goal of understanding?” she added. “Even on that, I am not a pessimist.”
-
-There are now an estimated eight hundred and fifty thousand sperm whales diving the world’s oceans. This is down from an estimated two million in the days before the species was commercially hunted. It’s often suggested that the darkest period for *P. macrocephalus* was the middle of the nineteenth century, when Melville shipped out of New Bedford on the Acushnet. In fact, the bulk of the slaughter took place in the middle of the twentieth century, when sperm whales were pursued by diesel-powered ships the size of factories. In the eighteen-forties, at the height of open-boat whaling, some five thousand sperm whales were killed each year; in the nineteen-sixties, the number was six times as high. Sperm whales were boiled down to make margarine, cattle feed, and glue. As recently as the nineteen-seventies, General Motors used spermaceti in its transmission fluid.
-
-Near the peak of industrial whaling, a biologist named Roger Payne heard a radio report that changed his life and, with it, the lives of the world’s remaining cetaceans. The report noted that a whale had washed up on a beach not far from where Payne was working, at Tufts University. Payne, who’d been researching moths, drove out to see it. He was so moved by the dead animal that he switched the focus of his research. His investigations led him to a naval engineer who, while listening for Soviet submarines, had recorded eerie underwater sounds that he attributed to humpback whales. Payne spent years studying the recordings; the sounds, he decided, were so beautiful and so intricately constructed that they deserved to be called “songs.” In 1970, he arranged to have “Songs of the Humpback Whale” released as an LP.
-
-“I just thought: the world has to hear this,” he would later recall. The album sold briskly, was sampled by popular musicians like Judy Collins, and helped launch the “Save the Whales” movement. In 1979, *National Geographic* issued a “flexi disc” version of the songs, which it distributed as an insert in more than ten million copies of the magazine. Three years later, the International Whaling Commission declared a “moratorium” on commercial hunts which remains in effect today. The move is credited with having rescued several species, including humpbacks and fin whales, from extinction.
-
-Payne, who died in June at the age of eighty-eight, was an early and ardent member of the *CETI* team. (This was the case, Gruber told me, even though he was disappointed that the project was focussing on sperm whales, rather than on humpbacks, which, he maintained, were more intelligent.) Just a few days before his death, Payne published an op-ed piece explaining why he thought *CETI* was so important.
-
-Whales, along with just about every other creature on Earth, are now facing grave new threats, he observed, among them climate change. How to motivate “ourselves and our fellow humans” to combat these threats?
-
-“Inspiration is the key,” Payne wrote. “If we could communicate with animals, ask them questions and receive answers—no matter how simple those questions and answers might turn out to be—the world might soon be moved enough to at least start the process of halting our runaway destruction of life.”
-
-Several other *CETI* team members made a similar point. “One important thing that I hope will be an outcome of this project has to do with how we see life on land and in the oceans,” Bronstein said. “If we understand—or we have evidence, and very clear evidence in the form of language-like communication—that intelligent creatures are living there and that we are destroying them, that could change the way that we approach our Earth.”
-
-“I always look to Roger’s work as a guiding star,” Gruber told me. “The way that he promoted the songs and did the science led to an environmental movement that saved whale species from extinction. And he thought that *CETI* could be much more impactful. If we could understand what they’re saying, instead of ‘save the whales’ it will be ‘saved by the whales.’
-
-“This project is kind of an offering,” he went on. “Can technology draw us closer to nature? Can we use all this amazing tech we’ve invented for positive purposes?”
-
-ChatGPT shares this hope. Or at least the A.I.-powered language model is shrewd enough to articulate it. In the version of “Moby-Dick” written by algorithms in the voice of a whale, the story ends with a somewhat ponderous but not unaffecting plea for mutuality:
-
-> I, the White Leviathan, could only wonder if there would ever come a day when man and whale would understand each other, finding harmony in the vastness of the ocean’s embrace. ♦
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
----
-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
\ No newline at end of file
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+++ b/00.03 News/Can a Film Star Be Too Good-Looking.md	
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 Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: 🟥
+Read:: [[2024-07-09]]
 
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Chariot-Racing Hooliganism The Nika Riots of Constantinople.md b/00.03 News/Chariot-Racing Hooliganism The Nika Riots of Constantinople.md
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-
-Tag: ["📜", "🇹🇷", "🏰", "🐎"]
-Date: 2023-06-27
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-06-27
-Link: https://antigonejournal.com/2021/09/nika-riots/
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-07-19]]
-
----
-
-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-Chariot-RacingTheNikaRiotsofConstantinopleNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# Chariot-Racing Hooliganism? The Nika Riots of Constantinople
-
-***Dan Billingham***
-
-Constantinople’s Nika Riots of 532 may seem like a dark precursor to the so-called Dark Ages of the early medieval period. A tempting assumption to make is that a bout of collective madness and lack of societal restraint caused the grumbles of chariot-racing fans to escalate to the point of laying waste to large parts of the city and thousands dying. Sixth-century Constantinople was far from a place of anarchy, however. It was one of the most sophisticated cities on the planet, with a social order underpinned by a vast legal code. The Nika Riots were, in fact, more ofa sudden social implosion fuelled by mismanagement from an earnest emperor trying to do his best but failing disastrously.
-
-Around a century after the Nika Riots, the sport of chariot racing was in terminal decline. That was anything but inevitable. It had already enjoyed a key cultural role in the ancient world for over a millennium. Its glorious era at Rome’s Circus Maximus was transported to the hippodrome of Constantinople, where it enjoyed several more centuries in the limelight.
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/antigonejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/PanC.png?resize=700%2C463&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
-
-*The ruins of the Hippodrome,* *Onofrio Panvino, 1580.*
-
-Chariot-racing fans were, well, fanatical. Packing the great arenas to cheer on their favourite faction (team) was just one part of it. Merchandise such as statuettes of famous charioteers were popular, and curse tablets have been discovered on which fans would implore gods to wreak all manner of injustice and havoc on an opposition faction. Idolatry was granted to the brave charioteers, along with money that is staggering even in comparison to the earnings of modern sportspeople. 
-
-This level of enduring fanaticism makes the poet Juvenal’s infamous line that the people “anxiously hopes for just two things: bread and circuses” totally understandable. The popularity of chariot racing was so extreme, however, that it would be wrong to think cynical emperors were merely orchestrating spectacles for an intellectually vacant populace. Emperors mostly sought to harness for their own benefit a powerful popular interest in the sport – an exercise which, as Justinian showed in 532, could go disastrously wrong too.
-
-Violence would appear to be a natural consequence of such fanaticism. This wasn’t noted to be a major problem at Rome’s Circus Maximus*.* Casual violence began to become more associated with chariot racing from the fourth century, however, and continued as Constantinople assumed Rome’s mantle. By the late fifth century, gangs formed within groups of fans that resemble modern-day football ultras. Several high-profile riots occurred during the reign of the Emperor Anastasius (491–518). The toll of several of these events was significant, with around 3,000 fans of the Blue faction killed in an ambush from fans of the Green faction in 501, but still there had been nothing quite on the scale of the Nika Riots.
-
-Their potential for organised violence made chariot-racing factions a force to be reckoned with. How this force played into Byzantine politics is subject to scholarly debate. In his 1976 work *Circus Factions,* Alan Cameron dismissed earlier suggestions that the factions were aligned with different social groups or followed the religious divides of the era. He saw them as a social ill akin to modern-day football hooliganism with limited political impact.
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/antigonejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Char.jpg?resize=624%2C564&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
-
-*Mosaic of the Reds, 3rd-century AD Rome (National Archaeological Museum of Spain, Madrid).*
-
-The sociopolitical identity behind and between the factions does appear to have been muddled, but perhaps this is because the factions were too big even to fit within major social or religious fault lines. Blue was blue and Green was green. How people could declare allegiance to a colour is baffling for historians used to hunting for clear social explanations, but the popularity of the sport was such that people were generally confronted with that choice. Green supporters were accused of being Jews, Samaritans and blasphemers by an envoy of Justinian in the hippodrome in the build-up to the Nika Riots. That they walked out *en masse* in disgust at these accusations shows they identified as none of these.
-
-Choosing which faction to side with became a major political decision for emperors. The varied conclusions they came to supports the idea there was no obvious social or religious dividing lines between the factions. Theodosius II (408–50) was an enthusiastic supporter of the Greens and changed the seating arrangements at the hippodrome to favour them. His successor Marcian then grew weary of the faction arrogantly thinking they could have everything their own way and barred all Greens from public office. Anastasius tried to stay neutral after taking the throne in 491 as Greens and Blues continued to bicker and riot. He eventually decided that the safest bet was to declare his support for a much less popular faction, the Reds.
-
-There was no doubt at all which side Justinian, the emperor at the time of the Nika Riots, favoured. John Malalas, a key chronicler of the period, introduces him as follows:
-
-In appearance he was short, with a good chest, a good nose, fair-skinned, curly-haired, round-faced, handsome, with receding hair, a florid complexion, with his hair and beard greying; he was magnanimous and Christian. He favoured the Blue faction.
-
-There can be few examples in history of a leader’s favourite sports team being listed as such a vital characteristic. Justinian’s wife, the empress Theodora, was also a Blue, despite the fact her father had trained bears belonging to the Green faction.
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/antigonejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Theod.png?resize=700%2C529&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
-
-*Detail of the 6th-century mosaics in the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna, depicting the Empress Theodora; Dolce & Gabbana Fall/Winter 2013 Fashion Collection, inspired by the aesthetic.*
-
-The imperial couple’s clear preference for one faction was perhaps the first mistake leading to the Nika Riots. Another key source, Procopius’ *Secret History* (Ἀπόκρυφη Ἱστορία, *Apocryphē Historiā*), written later in the sixth century, suggests that Justinian permitted the Blues to engage in a free-for-all and plunder at will. He is almost certainly wrong; some of the claims in his sensationalist critique of the imperial couple could come straight out of a modern fake news playbook, most notably that in her younger years, the Empress Theodora gained fame in Constantinople’s theatres by filling her private parts with rice on stage and having geese pick the grains out. We do not know whether the frequent claim she had been a prostitute as well as a stage actress is correct. The veracity of the story is besides the point to some extent – it was included no doubt as an easily memorable claim that would be repeated with enthusiasm, and chimed with a suspicion that many people had about the empress, true or not.
-
-Similarly, the claim in *Secret History* that due to Justinian’s favouritism of the Blues, “everything was everywhere thrown into disorder,” is difficult to take literally. Procopius alleges that the authorities did nothing to punish violent supporters of the Blues who killed at will, corrupted the judiciary, violated the sanctity of churches, stole property, dishonoured children and forced women to sleep with their slaves – all while the Blue supporters received funding from the imperial treasury. It seems inconceivable that Justinian should permit total anarchy in the capital city given his obsession with the Law. He had spent most of his five-year reign working on a mammoth legal code that detailed, among a vast number of things, minute details of property law, such as sub-letting rights, obstructions of sunlight from extensions, and the liability for injuries inflicted by four-legged animals. Linking all manner of hideous crimes that violated moral codes to the faction was a crude attempt to fling further muck at Justinian.
-
-*Secret History* was written perhaps as late as two decades after the Nika Riots, giving Procopius the opportunity to concoct a narrative in which the troubles seemed an inevitable result of a policy failure. The *Chronicle* of John Malalasis an interesting counterpoint in its total omission of any mention of the chariot-racing factions between Justinian taking the throne in 527 and 532. The war with Persia is covered in detail, as are various diplomatic exercises and public works in Constantinople; a few sentences are even devoted to a travelling Italian showman who appeared on the streets of Constantinople with a psychic dog in 529. When the chronicle reaches January 532, the reader is thrust straight into the trouble, with the escape of two faction members just before their scheduled execution for murder described as a “pretext for rioting”
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/antigonejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Just.jpg?resize=700%2C436&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
-
-*Justinian and his court, San Vitale, Ravenna.*
-
-Malalas was receptive to trotting out the imperial line, so we cannot presume either that the riots were entirely spontaneous and unforeseen. Indeed he reports that before taking the throne himself, Justinian as a co-emperor instigated a crackdown on faction-related rioting across the Empire, which again contradicts the narrative of Procopius. That actual events were between the two contrasting portrayals seems a prudent assumption. As ludicrous as some of the details in the critique of Procopius are, that Justinian indulged the Blue faction more than he should have, despite attempts to curb the worst excesses, seems the likely kernel of truth around which his wild accusations could revolve.
-
-That Justinian made his favouritism clear most probably emboldened the Blues. Not to the point that they turned the social order on its head in an orgy of crime as Procopius suggests, but probably to the extent that they felt entitled to push grievances to the emperor. Thus, when chariot-racing fans pleaded with the emperor to pardon the two convicts who escaped the hangman’s noose on the night of 10 January 532, they would have been confident of a response.
-
-Justinian’s reaction was to continue to seek a middle ground between pandering to the powerful factions but showing some firmness. As Geoffrey Greatrex explains in *The Nika Riot: A Reappraisal* (1997), it proved to be a disastrous attempt to steer a way through a crisis that resulted only in turning it into something vastly more serious. Refusing to entertain the demands of the factions to pardon the convicts (his stick) added fuel to the fire, and the horrendous decision to continue to hold planned chariot races in the following days (his carrot) led to him accidentally stacking it high.
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/antigonejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Const.png?resize=700%2C793&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
-
-*The imperial complex in Justinian’s Constantinople*
-
-A crowd of up to 100,000 people cried out for the release of the two convicts at the hippodrome the following Tuesday, and the unique scene then unravelled of the Blues and the Greens uniting in a call for justice. *Nika* (νίκα, the Greek imperative for “win!”) became the slogan of their struggle. Having failed to gain a response from the emperor, they simply took matters into their own hands. They marched that evening to the praetorium of the city prefect, burnt the building down and released the two prisoners held inside there.
-
-After all of this, Justinian showed a bizarre level of blind optimism by deciding to continue with more planned racing on the Wednesday. It didn’t go well. No doubt sensing the weakness of the emperor, the supporters torched the hippodrome and made new demands. They called for the dismissal of three key imperial officials, and as the disturbances continued, Justinian eventually acquiesced.
-
-Relenting in the face of fierce violence failed to stop the riots there though. Justinian had cut away much of his own authority with his slow and botched response, and after attempts were made to depose him for Probus, he had to battle to get it any of it back. This led to widespread destruction as troops engaged rioters and a mass slaughter of Greens in the hippodrome after the emperor had bought the Blues back to his side with gold coins.
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/antigonejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Hipp2.jpg?resize=700%2C371&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
-
-*The surviving walls of the hippodrome.*
-
-Greatrex is dismissive of suggestions that hostile senators sought to orchestrate the trouble to dispose Justinian. The eruption of violence was organic. That the rioters did not stop after their demands were accepted shows that they were largely motivated by the power of their own destructive force. They lacked all signs of clear leadership. Getting outmanoeuvred by a rabble must have been a deep embarrassment for Justinian.
-
-It is worth considering how an emperor who was known to be studious and enjoyed considerable military success could miscalculate so spectacularly. A firm response either to free the convicts or crush trouble at its first sign would probably have avoided such a calamitous outcome. It seems likely that Justinian received conflicting advice from his palace. Given her famous rallying cry that she would prefer death to fleeing the throne as the imperial purple “would make the noblest funeral shroud”, the Empress Theodora could have been a voice urging a confrontation with the rioters. Other advisers may have highlighted the pragmatism behind Justinian’s support for the Blue faction and urged against confrontation.
-
-The ending of the riots showed that while the unity between the Blues and Greens made the trouble so threatening, the division between the factions, imaginary as it was in many ways, came back to doom the uprising. Justinian’s grand chamberlain, the eunuch Narses, warned the Blues that a Green was about to take to the throne and bought their loyalty with gold coins, isolating the Greens, who were promptly slaughtered in cold blood.
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/antigonejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/640px-PalazzoTrinci026-edited-1.jpg?resize=477%2C220&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
-
-*Bas-relief of a chariot race, 3rd century AD, Circus Maximus, Rome.*
-
-In an era when protest movements can seem to develop rather suddenly, it is worth considering what lessons may be drawn from the remarkable events of Constantinople in 532. One that may frighten leaders in any age is the incredible momentum the riots developed. Given that there was no major existential threat to the Byzantine Empire at the time, it is difficult to ground the violence in a particular historical context. The spectacular failure of Justinian to get a grip on events is a lesson to heed in any crisis situation. Being ahead of events and making firm and clearly communicated decisions are all key. Indecision in the hope that things blow over does not help.
-
-If Procopius’ portrayal of the sinister power of the Blue faction has a modicum of truth, Justinian also seems to have fallen into a trap of a poor, or at least unreliable, choice of political bedfellows. Their influence on the streets of Constantinople must have been extremely useful to the future emperor when he was an heir to his uncle Justin’s throne and was thus seeking to secure a platform of power. Justinian’s failed attempt to push back against their influence shows that by the time he had realised that a confident bunch of street gangs could also be a nuisance, it was too late.
-
-While the disaster of the riots pushed him to the brink, the wider record of Justinian’s reign provides a cheerful footnote: however astonishing a setback is, you can work to redeem yourself. Constantinople was largely laid to waste by the riots, with the Hagia Sophia among the many buildings destroyed. Justinian’s restoration of the church gave it the magnificentstructure that survives today – a feat he repeated across the city by initiating other grand works. Having vanquished the rebellion in horrific circumstances, Justinian secured his place on the throne. The military successes later in his reign saw the Byzantine Empire recover lost territories in Italy and North Africa. After the blot to his early record, he presided over a golden age.     
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/antigonejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/DBi.jpg?resize=269%2C269&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
-
----
-
-*Dan Billingham is a journalist and Durham University history graduate. He recently completed an unpublished novel based on the dramatic events of the Nika Riots.*
-
----
-
-**Further Reading**
-
-Beyond the ancient accounts of Procopius and John Malalas, the following works give ruther details about the Nika Riots and their broader content.
-
-Fik Meijer, *Chariot Racing in the Roman Empire* *(Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, MD, 2010).*
-
-*Geoffrey Greatrex,* *“The Nika Riot: A Reappraisal”,* *JHS* *117* *(1997) 60*–*86.*
-
-*Alan Cameron, Circus* *Factions:* *Blues and Greens at Rome and Byzantium* *(Oxford UP, 1976).*
-
-*S**tella Duffy, The Purple Shroud* *(Virago, London, 2012).*
-
-*Jeffrey Larson, The Emperor, the Church, and Chariot Races: the Imperial Struggles with Christianity and Entertainment in Late Antique Constantinople* *(Masters thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012).*
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
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----
-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.03 News/Chasing Chop Suey Tracing Chinese Immigration Through Food.md b/00.03 News/Chasing Chop Suey Tracing Chinese Immigration Through Food.md
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-Tag: ["🎭", "🧑🏼‍🍳", "🇨🇳", "🇺🇸"]
-Date: 2023-11-19
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-11-19
-Link: https://sundaylongread.com/2023/11/17/chasing-chop-suey-tracing-chinese-immigration-through-food/
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
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-
-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-12-06]]
-
----
-
-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-TracingChineseImmigrationThroughFoodNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# Chasing Chop Suey: Tracing Chinese Immigration Through Food
-
-> The hyphen always seems to demand negotiation.
-> 
-> Fred Wah
-
-“OKAY, so what should I do?” I ask. I’m staring at my mom’s kitchen counter, which has been overtaken by ingredients: onions, celery, carrots, bean sprouts, cremini mushrooms, chicken breasts, green onions, and a brimming bowl of *su choy*.
-
-“Start with the mushrooms,” Mom says. “I would cut them into thin slices and then in half…” She watches me begin to cut a fat mushroom into half-centimeter thick slices. “You want to use a sharper knife?” she asks. I’m not cutting them thin enough. To make chop suey right, every element must be finely slivered. For a while we work in silence, piling up the cut vegetables into small mountains. 
-
-“Really, the dish to me is not that appealing, it’s just shredded vegetables,” she says. We’re both getting fatigued from the chopping. 
-
-“So, are you at all excited about this… or not?” I ask.
-
-“Yeah,” she says. “It’s very nostalgic. … It reminds me of Dad’s restaurants.” 
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/gg-bow-tie-profile.jpeg?resize=1024%2C721&ssl=1)
-
-Gung gung in 1967
-
-Together we are trying to recreate chop suey, a dish I’ve never tasted, but one that my late grandfather prepared thousands of times in his restaurants in Canada. I thought that making this dish would somehow enable me to feel, taste, and smell a piece of this distant past, and come closer to drawing a portrait of my fading family history. We’ve consulted family members and plumbed Mom’s memories to cobble together what we think is an accurate recipe. But I’m learning that chop suey does not conform to finite instructions.
-
-Today, chop suey is nebulous in meaning. Unless you are over the age of fifty, you probably have never heard of it. Or your closest reference might be from musical artists ranging from Louis Armstrong to the Ramones to System of a Down, who have all included “Chop Suey” in their song titles, none with any clear connection to the dish. (System of a Down’s bassist admitted that the band wanted to call their song “Suicide,” but to avoid controversy used chop suey because “it was suicide cut in half.”)  History’s long game of telephone has altered, erased, and appropriated chop suey, to reach the ultimate sign of age—obscurity. But by the middle of the 20th century, it was a staple at North American Chinese restaurants, including my late grandfather’s. Tracing the dish’s history offers an outline to understand early Chinese immigration and the path my family took to create a new home.
-
-After finishing chopping the vegetables, we slice chicken breasts and marinate the wisps of meat in sugar, soy sauce, chicken bouillon, oil, salt, white pepper, and cornstarch. We heat a large pan with oil and when it starts to bubble around the edges, add the chicken. After blanching the vegetables, we mix them together with aromatics and the meat with liberal swigs of soy sauce. Mom gets a little overzealous with the spices and drops in more bouillon, pepper, and various powders from our cabinet. A sprinkle of bean sprouts is added at the last minute. 
-
-We carry our bowls of rice laden with generous scoops of chop suey to the kitchen table. Hunched over my bowl, letting the steam touch my face, I take a bite. The dry rice has been soaked in thick salty gravy, the chicken is tender and sweet, and the vegetables satisfyingly crunch. It goes down easy—I keep taking piping hot gulps of this mild, yet comforting mixture. It is not especially remarkable, but it does taste good.
-
-I ask Mom if eating the dish is conjuring any feelings for her. I don’t know what I’m expecting, maybe some kind of revelation or a forgotten memory of her father finally come to the surface. She tilts her head and pouts her lips, a look that I’ve come to know as her feeling-sorry-for-me face. “It’s just chop suey. Sorry, Mormei.”
-
----
-
-My grandfather, Ken Gain Sui Louie (whom I called *gung gung)*, had a particular way of carrying himself—posture straight, hands clasped behind his back, and step buoyant. His shock of white hair was neatly combed to the side. He nearly always wore a button-up shirt. When he died, I saved one from the donation pile—beige linen with tortoiseshell buttons. When we went to Chinese restaurants, he would always comment on the establishment’s customer service and food quality.  He couldn’t help but closely observe the world he had occupied for over 30 years. Did they bring iced water right away? Were the vegetables fresh? Was there chicken in the sweet and sour balls, or was it all fried batter? Were the dishes steaming or did they arrive lukewarm? Were the portions generous? Did you get complimentary rice?
-
-I struggle to imagine what life was like for *gung gung* beyond generalities. I never had the chance to eat at any of his restaurants. Growing up, he was always the hero in our family story; the relative I was told to show utmost respect to because he was the reason I was here. For many years, I couldn’t see him as anything but a static figure—an old man with decades of history I couldn’t comprehend. But whenever my family talks about his restaurants and the food he made, his history crystallizes—I can see the gleaming Formica countertop and the dozens of pies in their display case; I can hear the *order-ups* and the chime of the service bell; and I can smell the steaming plates of chop suey, egg fooyong, chow mein, breaded shrimp, and sweet and sour pork spareribs—flying out of the kitchen and under the forks of lucky customers. 
-
-These days chop suey and the restaurants that serve it are disappearing. It saddens me. I am sentimental for this era because it contains all the stories I have about my grandfather*.* But while these fond historical renderings are comforting, when I open myself to the full picture of the past, I must reconcile the reality in which these restaurants were born. Not for a love of food or a passion for cooking—but for survival.  
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/gg-counter.jpeg?resize=1024%2C975&ssl=1)
-
- Behind the cashier counter at Exchange Café in 1962.
-
-*Gung gung* immigrated from Guangdong, a coastal province in Southern China, in 1950 to the Canadian prairies. The story goes, the day he got off the train in Moosomin, Saskatchewan, after a one-month journey from China, he wandered into his uncle’s café on Main Street during the lunchtime rush. No time to spare, his uncle gave him a hasty welcome, handed him an apron, and asked him to start clearing dishes. This was the beginning, at age 22, of his career as a restaurateur.
-
-Back in Toison, Guangdong, *gung gung* spent long days tending to his family’s rice paddy, and never learned how to cook*.* In Canada, everything he knew about cooking he absorbed by watching. “He was smart and alert enough that he would keep his eyes and ears open, and he would just pick it up and then he would go try it himself and learn from his mistakes,” my Uncle Lloyd tells me, recounting an explanation his father gave him years ago. 
-
-This account seems inconceivable to me, a fable in a storybook. But this kind of immigration story was common at the time. “There’s really not that much choice,” Mom explains. “It depended on where his relatives were and who was willing to sponsor him. He had to buy papers to come in those days, the relative had to say that \[he was\] their son.”
-
-The story of my grandfather’s life in Canada was not unusual. Beginning in the mid-19th century, Chinese immigrants, mostly young men, made the journey to North America. In 1852, the population of Chinese immigrants in the United States was approximately 25,000. By 1890, this number had grown to over 100,000. The men at this time were mainly from the Guangdong region and came to the United States or Canada, which in their eyes represented “Gold Mountain”—a place of abundance, prosperity, and a chance for a better life. This is a simplified version of Chinese immigration history, a sunny account of the immigrant’s plight, which becomes more abstract in each retelling passed down to each new generation.
-
-There is a more complicated narrative of this history: a series of events, circumstances, and misfortunes that help explain the inception of Chinese American cuisine—and the rise of one particular dish—chop suey. A stir-fry of vegetables, bean sprouts, and meat, all coated in gravy, proliferated across North America. Of all the meals that could have been popularized, why chop suey? Like any artifact, the closer you look, the more details you catch. And it turns out within chop suey’s composition, there lies a story that spans centuries and reveals the intricacies of Chinese American identity. 
-
----
-
-To understand the origins of chop suey, one must understand the origins of the first Chinese immigrants. 
-
-The foundation for chop suey begins before the California Gold Rush, in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of Guangdong, where the Pearl River meets the South China Sea. (Toison, where my grandfather was from, was one of the poorest counties in this area.) 
-
-Beginning in the mid-17th century the PRD was a significant harbor that connected the area to global trade. In defiance of the Ming and Qing dynasties, which prohibited contact with foreign merchants, locals took to smuggling and trading anyway, taking advantage of backwater channels and their distance from Beijing. Though the PRD is not a region rich in agriculture or resources, locals were enterprising and found ways to survive. 
-
-But floods and droughts in the mid-19th century changed everything, damaging harvests and prompting famine and vicious turf wars for arable land. On the opposite side of the Pacific Ocean, Californians were striking gold. Many people from the PRD fled to Hong Kong, which was now under British rule and prospering as a new trading hub. A great exodus of Chinese laborers, often from Toison, then sailed to California. For a time, they were sustained by mining gold and were able to send money back to their families. 
-
-“Toison was kind of fortunate because it was unfortunate,” says Anne Mendelson, a culinary historian and the author of the comprehensive book, [*Chow Chop Suey*](https://cup.columbia.edu/book/chow-chop-suey/9780231158602). “Poverty was a great incentive to look for work opportunities overseas. But these intense clan and family loyalties would bring them back in intervals to their wives and families where they would beget more children, hopefully sons, who would carry on what came to be a tradition.”
-
-After the gold rush, many of these Chinese men remained in North America as transcontinental railroad workers. At first, Chinese were welcomed by Americans. They filled a gap in the labor market, willing to do undesirable and backbreaking work that Americans weren’t. But supplying cheap labor was not enough to buoy goodwill forever. The majority white population began to resent Chinese workers, and hostility and racism grew rampant. What followed were a slew of discriminatory laws that prohibited Chinese laborers from immigrating. In 1882, the U.S. Chinese Exclusion Act was passed and in 1885, Canada followed suit, implementing an exorbitant head tax to discourage immigration. 
-
-“These laws were meant to hound them out of the country,” explains Mendelson. “That led \[them\] to say, I am not a laborer—I run a laundry, I run a restaurant. They could say they were heads of small businesses. That saved a lot of people from being deported.”
-
-Forced out of other professions and into the fringes of society, many Chinese opened restaurants. At the same time, America was becoming more urbanized, paving the way for the restaurant industry. Chinese restaurant owners tapped into this burgeoning American consumerism. “They eventually realized that they could make their food more appealing to Americans, if they performed a little plastic surgery, if they made it sweeter,” says Mendelson. “They fashioned this new cuisine, which gave real pleasure to millions of Americans, and it was a lifeline.”
-
-When anything diffuses into the zeitgeist, there is a collective impulse to attach an origin story, a flattened explanation of history that’s easy to understand. I imagine this is what happened to chop suey. It developed an American mythos: chop suey was conceived in New York to serve a visiting Chinese dignitary; chop suey was invented by Chinese miners in California as a leftover stew; chop suey was the brainchild of one Chinese man in San Francisco… None of these stories have ever been corroborated, but they all added to the chop suey craze of the 20th century. 
-
-“I think it’s an English transliteration of the Cantonese pronunciation of *tsap seui*, which is just basically random stuff stir-fried together,” Michelle T. King, a history professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, tells me. “The other thing is chop suey as a concept is very large and capacious. So really anything could go in that, right?”
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/bel-air-inside.jpeg?resize=721%2C1024&ssl=1)
-
-*Gung gung spent a few years moving between various small-town cafés in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, picking up work where he could find it. Finally, he settled in Brandon, a larger town west of Winnipeg, where he co-owned and managed a restaurant before opening his own.*
-
-That wasn’t always the case. Chop suey wasn’t entirely fabricated in America. The method (stir-frying) has existed in China for centuries, and the contents of what goes into chop suey were once much different. “I don’t think it’s necessarily just a cooking technique. It’s also a set of ingredients,” says Heather Lee, Assistant Professor of History at NYU Shanghai. “I would see the sort of classic traits of a pre-chop-suey-fad version is that you would have entrails or giblets, and it would be cooked with aromatics pretty quickly. I’ve never of course seen the dish on a menu in a Southern Chinese restaurant. I don’t think that typically would’ve made it out of home cooking.” 
-
-Somewhere along the way, *tsap seui* became chop suey, no longer a basic home meal for Southern Chinese, but the gold star on menus across mom-and-pop Chinese restaurants in North America, with an entirely different appearance. When chop suey took off it was modified for the Western palate: it became sweeter, a thick gravy was added, local ingredients were used, and nothing but soy sauce contributed to the flavor. Can the dish really be called Chinese food if it’s been Americanized? 
-
-Those who dismiss chop suey as inauthentic Chinese food have well-founded reasons. Chinese cooking traditions are vast and varied. And yet, the dish became a stand-in for all Chinese cuisine in North America. It is this kind of reduction and ignorance that cultural preservationists fight against. It’s dangerous to believe a singularity to be a symbol of an entirety. 
-
-Grace Young, a culinary historian and author of three cookbooks, describes to me the concept of yin-yang harmony in Chinese cooking, a philosophy embodied by the balance of opposites. “Ingredients are divided as yin ingredients \[and\] yang ingredients,” Young explains. “Cooking techniques are divided by yin and yang; so steaming, boiling, poaching would be yin, and yang would be stir-frying, deep-fat frying, \[and\] pan frying. 
-
-“There’s never a time when you create a meal where all the cooking would be all yang.”
-
-While this only begins to scratch the surface of Chinese cooking techniques, it gives an indication of how immeasurably complicated and nuanced it can be. “Chop suey has nothing to do with traditional cooking, and chop suey has nothing to do with yin and yang. But the main thing is it gave the Chinese a way to survive,” says Young. 
-
-I agree with Young that chop suey is far from traditional, but I am also fascinated by the factors that led to its creation in America. Chop suey became—much like the dish itself—a mixture of innovations, histories, and cultures.
-
-“The thing about Chinese restaurants today is people complain about this being authentic or that being inauthentic or whatever,” King tells me. “And it’s like, look, people are just trying to make a living. They sell what sells.” 
-
-> What is Chinese cooking? The answer to that question is so fragmented now. The word authentic needs five sets of quotation marks around it.
-> 
-> Anne Mendelson
-
----
-
-In the basement of 17 Mott Street in Manhattan, you’ll find a dining room that can’t be more than 500 square feet. Slim red booths line the walls, with smaller tables crammed in the center. The wait staff weave expertly through the chaos, dressed in matching light blue collared shirts, each one stitched with the words “Wo Hop” over the heart. I can hear familiar kitchen music— the clang of a pot, the hiss of a wok, the clatter of tableware, and the muffled parley between cooks and waiters. Hundreds of one-dollar bills are scotch-taped along every inch of the walls, mementos from customers who’ve been coming to this institution for over eighty years for chop suey fare. Each dollar bill has a handwritten message scrawled in sharpie. *We came here after getting engaged… Here’s to many more NYC firsts together…My dad brought me here in the 1970s, now I’m here with my wife…*
-
-Ming Huang, the manager of 17 [Wo Hop](https://www.wohop17.com/), strides effortlessly between the front register, kitchen, and dining floor, anticipating the needs of the restaurant and its customers. Huang has worked at Wo Hop since 2006, and managing this operation is muscle memory. “I see people, they come happy, and they leave happy. Means our hard work pays off,” he tells me. This tried-and-true aim of keeping the customer happy is essentially Wo Hop’s ethos. It’s what has allowed them to survive since 1938 and maintain devotees from unlikely corners of America. 
-
-I place my order: fried pork dumplings, beef chow fun, chicken chow mein, and orange chicken. I notice chop suey is not on the menu. When I ask, I’m told they took it off about fifteen years ago because it wasn’t popular with the newer generation. This omission is telling, given that Wo Hop is one of the last remaining chop suey-style restaurants in Manhattan’s Chinatown. But an establishment like this can call itself “chop suey-style” even if it doesn’t serve the dish. Chop suey is indicative of a certain era and taste. It is more of a genre than a finite item. It’s these vinyl booths and checkered floors. It’s sweet and sour sauce, egg foo young, and spareribs. It’s deep-fried noodles, oversized egg rolls, and superfluous shrimp. Chop suey-style is the earliest form of Americanized Chinese food. Wo Hop fits the bill for the slice of history I’m looking for. Sitting in this restaurant that has been unchanged for over 80 years, I can almost imagine that it’s *gung gung* behind the counter shouting orders and quality checking each dish.
-
-All the food arrives at once. The dumplings are deep-fried to a crisp and the filling is a generous heap of salted pork. The beef chow fun and chicken chow mein are faultless, coated with the exact right amount of sauce and meat. But the crowning point of the meal is the orange chicken: one flattened chicken breast; breaded, deep fried, sliced, and served in a gelatinous, orange-flavored sweet and sour sauce.
-
-“The food has not changed that much in terms of the taste and the quality,” says David Leung, the grandson of one of the early shareholders of Wo Hop. “I think that’s pretty important for any kind of restaurant where there’s consistency, \[people\] can rely on it. It’s kind of like going home again.” 
-
-Wo Hop is a living museum, a re-enactment of a bygone time. “There’s no replacing the history that we have,” Leung says. “It’s something that I would be afraid to erase from the lexicon of history in New York City.” 
-
----
-
-After *gung gung’s* uncle took him under his wing in 1950, he caught on fast. He spent a few years moving between various small-town cafés in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, picking up work where he could find it. Finally, he settled in Brandon, a larger town west of Winnipeg, where he became a part-owner of his first restaurant in 1952, called Exchange Café. It took him six years to save enough money to bring my mom and grandmother over from China.
-
-Mom and Uncle Lloyd grew up in his restaurants and have vivid memories of his cooking, although he tended to save his finest work for home, particularly on special occasions. “When we had a dinner party, Dad would bring out all the best,” Mom explains. “He would go and buy filet mignon and slice them and make pan-fried filet mignon with broccoli instead of just strips of flank steak, you know? And then he’ll make abalone and mushrooms and he would get all the best ingredients. He roasted duck—” 
-
-“Oh, his crab was the best!” Uncle Lloyd interjects.
-
-“And the crab! Oh, crab sautéed with black bean sauce and egg. Oh, so good. Succulent!” Mom recalls. 
-
-The food my grandparents cooked at home wasn’t always this extravagant. Normally the dishes they made were traditional and simple— steamed beef, rice, fermented vegetables, congee. They didn’t use as much oil, salt, and sugar as the food *gung gung* was cooking for his customers. 
-
-“When I was a kid though, I always thought that the restaurant food was Chinese food,” says Uncle Lloyd, who is roughly five years younger than Mom and lives in Winnipeg now. “I didn’t know the difference between Western Canadian-Americanized Chinese food versus authentic. Those terms were new to me until I was older. I always just thought that this is Chinese food and then at home was just, home food.” 
-
-I ask him if he liked the restaurant food better. “Yes I did. Because I was born here and so that is what I grew up knowing, and whenever \[Mom and Dad\] would cook at home, the authentic stuff, I would be typical, you know, North American kid going, ‘Oh, what is that? That looks gross.’” 
-
-“But that’s Uncle Lloyd being a picky eater!” Mom teases. “I liked the food at home much better. It was authentic.” 
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Bel-air-interior-table.jpeg?resize=720%2C1024&ssl=1)
-
-Gung gung in the front lobby of Belair Restaurant in 1966
-
-Eventually*, gung gung* became manager of Exchange Café. In 1967, he led the effort to rebrand the cafe as Belair, serving both classic diner food and a handful of Chinese dishes. While Belair was located in downtown Brandon, in 1970 *gung gung* had the idea to open another restaurant on the east end of town. He transformed a space attached to a gas station into Kenny’s Townhouse Inn, catering to the working-class crowd—hospital staff and power plant workers. In the early days, as a gesture of goodwill, *gung gung* had the idea of sending over a Christmas Eve food package to the power plant nearby. In the box, he included breaded pork spareribs, egg rolls with plum sauce, and deep-fried jumbo shrimp. The workers were so touched by the gesture they pitched in tips for Kenny (as they called him) and repaid the favor tenfold by coming back regularly to the quaint and reliable booths of the Townhouse Inn. 
-
----
-
-There is no clear record of the trends in the openings and closings of chop suey-style restaurants since their emergence in the late-19th century. However, in 2018, [a group of student researchers at UCLA compiled data](http://conniewenchang.bol.ucla.edu/menus/index.html) from the [New York Public Library’s menu archives](https://menus.nypl.org/) and determined that the phrase “chop suey” was the 3rd highest in frequency after “chicken” and “rice” on Chinese restaurant menus during the decade of 1910-1919. From 1980-1989, the top three words were “sauce,” “chicken,” and “beef.” Chop suey disappeared entirely from the top 12 frequently used words on this group of menus.
-
-This shifting public opinion can be traced back to the 1960s. “Food writers wanted to show that they didn’t have the same plebian taste as everybody else,” explains Mendelson. “They started to point out restaurants that they said were more authentic than the chop suey joint. A great amount of scorn was heaped on chop suey and the sweet and sour and so forth.”
-
-Look to a [1925 issue of the *New York Times*](https://www.nytimes.com/1925/12/27/archives/chop-sueys-new-role.html?searchResultPosition=27). Columnist Bertram Reinitz wrote, “chop suey has been promoted to a prominent place on the midday menu. … This celestial concoction is no longer merely a casual commodity. It has become a staple.” Flash forward to 1961 in a [*The Villager* “Table Topics” column](https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=tv19610223-01.1.10&srpos=2&e=------196-en-20--1--txt-txIN-chop+suey-------New+York%e2%80%93--) by Eugene P. Lambinns: “numerous supposedly adventurous souls seldom get beyond chop suey… This is truly unfortunate as…the Chinese cookbook produces a host of epicurean dishes surpassed in culinary art only by the French.” 
-
-This was the beginning of the demise of chop suey, and the mom-and-pop establishments that served it. King explains chop suey’s wane is due to a couple of factors. For one, new Chinese immigrants coming from Northern China introduced different styles of the cuisine. There’s also been a push for more traditional Chinese food among the current generation of Chinese Americans, who are looking to get back to their roots, but not looking to maintain their parents’ shops. “As second generations get the education that their parents want them to have,” King explains, “they don’t want to take over a restaurant and do the backbreaking work.” 
-
-King also predicts that in the future Chinese American food will grow increasingly corporatized.
-
-According to an [industry report by IBIS World](https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/chinese-restaurants-industry/#IndustryStatisticsAndTrends) in 2022, it’s estimated PF Chang’s and Panda Express accounted for 28% of the Chinese restaurant market in 2022. The same report assessed that within the Chinese restaurant industry last year, there were 23,661 enterprises (a company that manages one or more locations) and 26,586 establishments (physical businesses), meaning a high percentage of businesses are part of a chain. This number is only expected to grow. 
-
-“These restaurants are painful for me because it’s corporate Chinese American food, right?” Young remarks. “It’s a very different feeling than mom-and-pop restaurants.”
-
----
-
-In 1974, *gung gung* opened his last restaurant, Kam Lung, along with several community stakeholders. Kam Lung mirrored the shifting attitude towards Chinese food that was taking place across North America. Old-fashioned dishes like chop suey and egg fooyong were swapped for modern dishes like Cantonese chow mein, butterfly shrimp, lemon chicken, and beef tenderloin and broccoli. At Kam Lung the waiters wore crisp white shirts and black vests, and the hostess at the front wore a *cheongsam*.
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/kam-lung-opens-newspaper.jpeg?resize=1024%2C817&ssl=1)
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/brandon-sun-Jun-19-1974-p-8.png?resize=1024%2C775&ssl=1)
-
-A large-scale Chinese restaurant had never existed in Brandon until Kam Lung. It was higher-end and could serve over 150 customers. The opening landed a two-page spread in the *Brandon Sun* accompanied with pictures of the restaurant’s interior. After the opening, lines to get a table went out the door. 
-
-*Gung gung* retired in the mid ’80s and sold Kam Lung. It has since changed ownership multiple times, and I’ve heard its glory days are over. *Gung gung* died in 2020 at 92, having never left Brandon. 
-
----
-
-In opposition to corporatization, a new type of independently owned Chinese American restaurant has emerged, an evolution evident in New York City. Following in the footsteps of mom-and-pop chop suey joints, these restaurants are serving up new interpretations of Chinese American cuisine.  
-
-“There’s nothing more American than turning \[something\] into a sandwich and mimicking a McDonald’s item,” says Calvin Eng, owner of the Cantonese American restaurant [Bonnie’s](https://www.bonniesbrooklyn.com/) in Williamsburg, which he opened in December 2021. He’s referring to the “Cha Siu McRib,” an item on the menu he claims embodies what his restaurant is all about: Cantonese flavors, American presentation. “When you eat it, you’ll still get the hot mustard, still get the cha siu glaze, which is made with fermented red tofu and malto, the two traditional ingredients in cha siu sauce, just presented differently in a more playful way.” 
-
-At Bonnie’s, named after his mother who taught him Cantonese home cooking, Eng combines Cantonese flavors, methods, and ingredients with unexpected American influences. He felt like no one else was doing it at the time.“It was an opportunity, but also a responsibility,” he says. 
-
-The Cha Siu McRib lives up to Eng’s hype. Presented on a tender burger bun and speared with a steak knife, this juxtaposition continues through its flavors—tart from the pickle, sweet from the pork glaze, and spicy from the hot mustard.
-
-“Nostalgia is my favorite ingredient,” Eng says. “Food is great when you hit certain memory points.” 
-
-Eng is what Mendelson describes as a “fashionable experimenter.” She has seen a trend in chefs who “have their own, if not revolutionary, at least innovative take on Chinese cuisine—inventing their own kinds of interchange or hybridization.” 
-
-Eng recognizes this culinary shift but suggests it is owed to a changing Chinese American identity. “The latest wave of Cantonese cooking \[is\] the style of restaurant owned by the American-born Chinese kids,” he says. “It’s people born in the eighties and nineties in America to immigrant families who want to pursue cooking and the food of their culture and their heritage.”
-
-On the other side of the East River, [Potluck Club](https://thepotluckclubny.com/), another Cantonese American restaurant, appears to confirm Eng’s second-generation theory. Conceived by five friends who grew up in Chinatown in the nineties, their tagline is “new*ish* take on old classics.” 
-
-“We wanted to build something in our community in Chinatown, that was for our generation,” says Cory Ng, one of the founders. 
-
-Potluck Club’s identity is embedded in Chinatown and the American-born Chinese experience. The interior pays homage to Hong Kong pop culture. A wall displays stills from films like *Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon*, *Rush Hour*, and *Kung Fu Hustle*. A retrofitted vending machine contains an array of stuff that Ng says “you would have at your grandma’s house growing up”— cartons of Vita drinks, Tiger Balm, Haw Flakes, and various herbal remedies.
-
-Potluck Club’s mission goes beyond making good food; it was formed in response to Chinatown’s decline. “I hope that we continue to bring energy and renaissance to Chinatown and we inspire more of our generation \[of\] Chinese Americans to bring energy back into our community,” Ng says.
-
-If Bonnie’s signature item is the Cha Siu McRib, Potluck Club’s is their salt and pepper chicken with scallion biscuits. “We merge both worlds, right?” Ng explains. “Chicken and biscuits is one of the most southern American things. But when you have it in our place, it’s chicken and biscuits, the Cantonese way.” 
-
-When I try it, the chicken is fried to a crisp and generously coated in salt and white pepper. The biscuits are flaky and soft, and the folded-in scallions make the starchy compound savory. It’s served with a chili-plum jam that adds a welcome sweetness. 
-
-I have no room for dessert but have to order the pineapple soft serve with *bolo bao* crumble. *Bolo bao* are Hong Kong-style pineapple buns. *Gung gung* would always save me one from his bakery haul because he knew they were my favorite. Whenever I eat this sweet soft bun with golden crumbly topping, packaged in slippery cellophane, I’m transported. The pineapple bun feels like an anachronism from my childhood, unchanged and dependable. And here it is on Potluck Club’s menu, albeit in crumble form, on top of a swirl of Dole Whip. 
-
- **It’s a beautiful pairing, an unfamiliar familiar mouthful. For me, this dessert is Chinese American.**
-
-Modern Chinese American restaurant owners are serving food that represents their experience in America. The same could be said for chop suey-era cooks, who adapted their food to the conditions presented to them. The difference is that now Chinese Americans have more agency. They control the narrative, a luxury not given to generations before. Yet, chop suey paved the way for this culinary convergence. Without it, who’s to say if Chinese American cuisine would exist as we know it? It was merely the first domino of a run that is still falling. 
-
-What is authentic Chinese American food? That question has many answers. To be Chinese American is not either/or, is not one more than the other, is not an annulment of identity, is not ambiguous. It is both Chinese *and* American. There are no binaries when it comes to who you are, and the same goes for food. Authentic Chinese American food is an expression of lived experience, and no one’s is exactly the same.
-
-I could never know the full picture of my grandfather’s life. What I have pieced together is a sketch. I have felt around the dark room of his past, held its objects, breathed in the dust, and stumbled looking for the door. I have always been afraid of staying in that room for too long, fearing all I would discover was evidence of suffering. But what finally got me to stay inside was chop suey. The dish, in all its mixedness, contradictions, and uncertainty, is one way I can understand history’s dialectical oppositions. I can feel guilt and gratitude; pity and admiration; elation and remorse. I can accept that *gung gung*’s life was both one of loss and one of sustenance.
-
----
-
-I return to Wo Hop nearly a year after I first descended the stairs of 17 Mott. I am here with a singular goal: try chop suey. I called ahead to see if they’d do it, and they gave me a somewhat reassuring, “OK.” I slip into a side booth and watch a group of six waiters silently making dumplings before the lunch-time rush. Twelve hands move in automatic choreography. A spoonful of meat goes into a circle of dough. Powdered fingers fold and seal into half-moons.
-
-A waiter comes promptly to take my order. I’m nervous. I ask for chicken chop suey. “You want chop suey?” the waiter asks, dubious. I nod. He scribbles into his notepad and collects my menu. 
-
-I wait for the chop suey with trepidation. Eventually, without ceremony, the waiter slides an oval dish of chicken chop suey under my nose. It is both exactly what I expected, and totally surprising. There are ingredients I anticipated: onions, chicken breast, bean sprouts, celery. But other additions create a chewier texture: canned mushrooms, snow peas, bamboo shoots, and *yu choi*. There’s more gravy than I could have imagined, and it’s very mild, just soy sauce and a hint of sugar. I quietly eat the dish that has been prepared for me. 
-
-As I take my last mouthfuls, I am met with a feeling of finality. I pay the bill and climb back up the stairs into the sun. 
-
-In a daze, I find myself walking to Columbus Park. I see children climbing the play structure, families facing-off in ping pong, and old Chinese men and women huddling around stone tables playing cards and mahjong. 
-
-I let the gentle cacophony of the park wash through me and head north. Waiting for the light at Bayard and Mulberry, I glance at a row of benches within the park’s boundary. Sitting there is *gung gung,* reading a Chinese newspaper, legs crossed, and his favorite flat cap perched on his head. I watch as he folds the paper vertically, then horizontally into a neat square. He looks up in my direction— but doesn’t see me. Which one of us is the ghost here? The light changes. I cross, knowing now, I am full.
-
-*All photos courtesy of **the Louie family**. This story was made possible by the support of **Sunday Long Read subscribers** and publishing partner **Ruth Ann Harnisch**. Edited by* ***Kiley Bense****. Designed by **Anagha Srikanth**.*
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-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/unnamed-2.jpg?resize=3166%2C2261&ssl=1)
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-## Mormei Zanke
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-Mormei Zanke (she/her) is a Canadian journalist and poet who lives in Brooklyn. She earned her MFA in Literary Reportage at NYU’s Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute. Her poems and writing have appeared in publications including The Globe and Mail, KGB Lit, Kyoto Journal, and PRISM international.
-
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-Date: 2023-04-10
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-04-10
-Link: https://www.propublica.org/article/clarence-thomas-scotus-undisclosed-luxury-travel-gifts-crow
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
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-&emsp;
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-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-ThomasAcceptedLuxuryTripsFromGOPDonorNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# Clarence Thomas Secretly Accepted Luxury Trips From Major GOP Donor
-
-ProPublica is a nonprofit newsroom that investigates abuses of power. Sign up to receive [our biggest stories](https://www.propublica.org/newsletters/the-big-story?source=www.propublica.org&placement=top-note&region=national) as soon as they’re published.
-
-**Update, April 7, 2023:** Since publication, [Justice Clarence Thomas has made a public statement](https://www.propublica.org/article/clarence-thomas-response-trips-legal-experts-harlan-crow) defending his undisclosed trips.
-
-In late June 2019, right after the U.S. Supreme Court released its final opinion of the term, Justice Clarence Thomas boarded a large private jet headed to Indonesia. He and his wife were going on vacation: nine days of island-hopping in a volcanic archipelago on a superyacht staffed by a coterie of attendants and a private chef.
-
-If Thomas had chartered the plane and the 162-foot yacht himself, the total cost of the trip could have exceeded $500,000. Fortunately for him, that wasn’t necessary: He was on vacation with real estate magnate and Republican megadonor Harlan Crow, who owned the jet — and the yacht, too.
-
-![](data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27400%27%20height%3D%27401%27%20style%3D%27background%3Argba%28127%2C127%2C127%2C0.07%29%27%2F%3E)
-
-Clarence Thomas and his wife, Ginni, front left, with Harlan Crow, back right, and others in Flores, Indonesia, in July 2019. Credit: via Instagram
-
-For more than two decades, Thomas has accepted luxury trips virtually every year from the Dallas businessman without disclosing them, documents and interviews show. A public servant who has a salary of $285,000, he has vacationed on Crow’s superyacht around the globe. He flies on Crow’s [Bombardier Global 5000](https://defense.bombardier.com/en/aircraft/global-5000) jet. He has gone with Crow to the Bohemian Grove, the exclusive California all-male retreat, and to Crow’s sprawling ranch in East Texas. And Thomas typically spends about a week every summer at Crow’s private resort in the Adirondacks.
-
-The extent and frequency of Crow’s apparent gifts to Thomas have no known precedent in the modern history of the U.S. Supreme Court.
-
-These trips appeared nowhere on Thomas’ financial disclosures. His failure to report the flights appears to violate a law passed after Watergate that requires justices, judges, members of Congress and federal officials to disclose most gifts, two ethics law experts said. He also should have disclosed his trips on the yacht, these experts said.
-
-Thomas did not respond to a detailed list of questions.
-
-In a [statement](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23741877-harlan-crow-statement), Crow acknowledged that he’d extended “hospitality” to the Thomases “over the years,” but said that Thomas never asked for any of it and it was “no different from the hospitality we have extended to our many other dear friends.”
-
-Through his largesse, Crow has gained a unique form of access, spending days in private with one of the most powerful people in the country. By accepting the trips, Thomas has broken long-standing norms for judges’ conduct, ethics experts and four current or retired federal judges said.
-
-“It’s incomprehensible to me that someone would do this,” said Nancy Gertner, a retired federal judge appointed by President Bill Clinton. When she was on the bench, Gertner said, she was so cautious about appearances that she wouldn’t mention her title when making dinner reservations: “It was a question of not wanting to use the office for anything other than what it was intended.”
-
-Virginia Canter, a former government ethics lawyer who served in administrations of both parties, said Thomas “seems to have completely disregarded his higher ethical obligations.”
-
-“When a justice’s lifestyle is being subsidized by the rich and famous, it absolutely corrodes public trust,” said Canter, now at the watchdog group CREW. “Quite frankly, it makes my heart sink.”
-
-> When a justice’s lifestyle is being subsidized by the rich and famous, it absolutely corrodes public trust. Quite frankly, it makes my heart sink.
-
-—Virginia Canter, former government ethics lawyer
-
-ProPublica uncovered the details of Thomas’ travel by drawing from flight records, internal documents distributed to Crow’s employees and interviews with dozens of people ranging from his superyacht’s staff to members of the secretive Bohemian Club to an Indonesian scuba diving instructor.
-
-Federal judges sit in a unique position of public trust. They have lifetime tenure, a privilege intended to insulate them from the pressures and potential corruption of politics. A code of conduct for federal judges below the Supreme Court requires them to avoid even the “appearance of impropriety.” Members of the high court, Chief Justice John Roberts has written, “consult” that code for guidance. The Supreme Court is left almost entirely to police itself.
-
-There are few restrictions on what gifts justices can accept. That’s in contrast to the other branches of government. Members of Congress are generally prohibited from taking gifts worth $50 or more and would need pre-approval from an ethics committee to take many of the trips Thomas has accepted from Crow.
-
-Thomas’ approach to ethics has already attracted public attention. Last year, Thomas didn’t recuse himself from cases that touched on the involvement of his wife, Ginni, in efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election. While his decision generated outcry, it could not be appealed.
-
-Crow met Thomas after he became a justice. The pair have become genuine friends, according to people who know both men. Over the years, some details of Crow’s relationship with the Thomases have emerged. In 2011, The New York Times [reported](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/19/us/politics/19thomas.html) on Crow’s generosity toward the justice. That same year, Politico [revealed](https://www.politico.com/story/2011/02/justice-thomass-wife-now-lobbyist-048812) that Crow had given half a million dollars to a Tea Party group founded by Ginni Thomas, which also paid her a $120,000 salary. But the full scale of Crow’s benefactions has never been revealed.
-
-Long an influential figure in pro-business conservative politics, Crow has spent millions on ideological efforts to shape the law and the judiciary. Crow and his firm have not had a case before the Supreme Court since Thomas joined it, though the court periodically hears major cases that directly impact the real estate industry. The details of his discussions with Thomas over the years remain unknown, and it is unclear if Crow has had any influence on the justice’s views.
-
-In his [statement](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23741877-harlan-crow-statement), Crow said that he and his wife have never discussed a pending or lower court case with Thomas. “We have never sought to influence Justice Thomas on any legal or political issue,” he added.
-
-In Thomas’ public appearances over the years, he has presented himself as an everyman with modest tastes.
-
-“I don’t have any problem with going to Europe, but I prefer the United States, and I prefer seeing the regular parts of the United States,” Thomas said in a recent interview for a documentary about his life, which Crow helped finance.
-
-“I prefer the RV parks. I prefer the Walmart parking lots to the beaches and things like that. There’s something normal to me about it,” Thomas said. “I come from regular stock, and I prefer that — I prefer being around that.”
-
-### “You Don’t Need to Worry About This — It’s All Covered”
-
-Crow’s private lakeside resort, Camp Topridge, sits in a remote corner of the Adirondacks in upstate New York. Closed off from the public by ornate wooden gates, the 105-acre property, once the summer retreat of the same heiress who built Mar-a-Lago, features an artificial waterfall and a great hall where Crow’s guests are served meals prepared by private chefs. Inside, there’s clear evidence of Crow and Thomas’ relationship: a painting of the two men at the resort, sitting outdoors smoking cigars alongside conservative political operatives. A statue of a Native American man, arms outstretched, stands at the center of the image, which is photographic in its clarity.
-
-![](data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27400%27%20height%3D%27331%27%20style%3D%27background%3Argba%28127%2C127%2C127%2C0.07%29%27%2F%3E)
-
-A painting that hangs at Camp Topridge shows Crow, far right, and Thomas, second from right, smoking cigars at the resort. They are joined by lawyers Peter Rutledge, Leonard Leo and Mark Paoletta, from left. Credit: Painting by Sharif Tarabay
-
-The painting captures a scene from around five years ago, said Sharif Tarabay, the artist who was commissioned by Crow to paint it. Thomas has been vacationing at Topridge virtually every summer for more than two decades, according to interviews with more than a dozen visitors and former resort staff, as well as records obtained by ProPublica. He has fished with a guide hired by Crow and danced at concerts put on by musicians Crow brought in. Thomas has slept at perhaps the resort’s most elegant accommodation, an opulent lodge overhanging Upper St. Regis Lake.
-
-The mountainous area draws billionaires from across the globe. Rooms at a nearby hotel built by the Rockefellers start at $2,250 a night. Crow’s invitation-only resort is even more exclusive. Guests stay for free, enjoying Topridge’s more than 25 fireplaces, three boathouses, clay tennis court and batting cage, along with more eccentric features: a lifesize replica of the Harry Potter character Hagrid’s hut, bronze statues of gnomes and a 1950s-style soda fountain where Crow’s staff fixes milkshakes.
-
-![](data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27400%27%20height%3D%27286%27%20style%3D%27background%3Argba%28127%2C127%2C127%2C0.07%29%27%2F%3E) ![](data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27400%27%20height%3D%27286%27%20style%3D%27background%3Argba%28127%2C127%2C127%2C0.07%29%27%2F%3E)
-
-First image: A lodge at Topridge where Thomas has stayed. Second image: Thomas fishing in the Adirondacks. Credit: First image: Courtesy of Carolyn Belknap. Second image: Via NYup.com.
-
-Crow’s access to the justice extends to anyone the businessman chooses to invite along. Thomas’ frequent vacations at Topridge have brought him into contact with corporate executives and political activists.
-
-During just one trip in July 2017, Thomas’ fellow guests included executives at Verizon and PricewaterhouseCoopers, major Republican donors and one of the leaders of the American Enterprise Institute, a pro-business conservative think tank, according to records reviewed by ProPublica. The painting of Thomas at Topridge shows him in conversation with [Leonard Leo](https://www.propublica.org/article/dark-money-leonard-leo-barre-seid), the Federalist Society leader regarded as an [architect of the Supreme Court’s recent turn](https://www.propublica.org/article/dark-money-leonard-leo-barre-seid) to the right.
-
-In his statement to ProPublica, Crow said he is “unaware of any of our friends ever lobbying or seeking to influence Justice Thomas on any case, and I would never invite anyone who I believe had any intention of doing that.”
-
-“These are gatherings of friends,” Crow said.
-
-Crow has deep connections in conservative politics. The heir to a real estate fortune, Crow oversees his family’s business empire and recently [named](https://www.hbscdallas.org/s/1738/cc/21/page.aspx?sid=1738&gid=23&pgid=71466) Marxism as his greatest fear. He was an early patron of the powerful anti-tax group Club for Growth and has been on the board of AEI for over 25 years. He also sits on the board of the Hoover Institution, another conservative think tank.
-
-A major Republican donor for decades, Crow has given more than $10 million in publicly disclosed political contributions. He’s also given to groups that keep their donors secret — how much of this so-called dark money he’s given and to whom are not fully known. “I don’t disclose what I’m not required to disclose,” Crow once [told](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/05/us/politics/05thomas.html) the Times.
-
-Crow has long supported efforts to move the judiciary to the right. He has donated to the Federalist Society and given millions of dollars to groups dedicated to tort reform and conservative jurisprudence. AEI and the Hoover Institution publish scholarship advancing conservative legal theories, and fellows at the think tanks occasionally file [amicus briefs](https://www.hoover.org/news/hoover-senior-fellows-file-supreme-court-amicus-brief-case-challenging-president-bidens) with the Supreme Court.
-
-> I prefer the RV parks. I prefer the Walmart parking lots to the beaches and things like that. There’s something normal to me about it. I come from regular stock, and I prefer that — I prefer being around that.
-
-—Clarence Thomas
-
-Listen to Thomas speak, from the documentary “Created Equal.”
-
-On the court since 1991, Thomas is a deeply conservative jurist known for his “originalism,” an approach that seeks to adhere to close readings of the text of the Constitution. While he has been resolute in this general approach, his views on specific matters have sometimes evolved. Recently, Thomas [harshly criticized](https://news.yahoo.com/thomas-criticizes-previous-high-court-173603914.html) one of his own earlier opinions as he embraced a legal theory, newly popular on the right, that would limit government regulation. Small evolutions in a justice’s thinking or even select words used in an opinion can affect entire bodies of law, and shifts in Thomas’ views can be especially consequential. He’s taken unorthodox legal positions that have been adopted by the court’s majority years down the line.
-
-Soon after Crow met Thomas three decades ago, he began lavishing the justice with gifts, including a $19,000 Bible that belonged to Frederick Douglass, which Thomas disclosed. Recently, Crow gave Thomas a portrait of the justice and his wife, according to Tarabay, who painted it. Crow’s foundation also gave $105,000 to Yale Law School, Thomas’ alma mater, for the “Justice Thomas Portrait Fund,” tax filings show.
-
-Crow said that he and his wife have funded a number of projects that celebrate Thomas. “We believe it is important to make sure as many people as possible learn about him, remember him and understand the ideals for which he stands,” he said.
-
-To trace Thomas’ trips around the world on Crow’s superyacht, ProPublica spoke to more than 15 former yacht workers and tour guides and obtained records documenting the ship’s travels.
-
-On the Indonesia trip in the summer of 2019, Thomas flew to the country on Crow’s jet, according to another passenger on the plane. Clarence and Ginni Thomas were traveling with Crow and his wife, Kathy. Crow’s yacht, the Michaela Rose, decked out with motorboats and a giant inflatable rubber duck, met the travelers at a fishing town on the island of Flores.
-
-![](data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27400%27%20height%3D%27286%27%20style%3D%27background%3Argba%28127%2C127%2C127%2C0.07%29%27%2F%3E) ![](data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27400%27%20height%3D%27286%27%20style%3D%27background%3Argba%28127%2C127%2C127%2C0.07%29%27%2F%3E)
-
-First image: From left, Crow, Paoletta, Ginni Thomas and Clarence Thomas in Indonesia in 2019. Clarence Thomas flew to the country on Crow’s jet, according to another passenger on the plane. Second image: A worker from Crow’s yacht ferries Thomas and others on a small boat in Indonesia. Credit: via Facebook
-
-Touring the Lesser Sunda Islands, the group made stops at Komodo National Park, home of the eponymous reptiles; at the volcanic lakes of Mount Kelimutu; and at Pantai Meko, a spit of pristine beach accessible only by boat. Another guest was Mark Paoletta, a friend of the Thomases then serving as the general counsel of the Office of Management and Budget in the administration of President Donald Trump.
-
-Paoletta was bound by executive branch ethics rules at the time and told ProPublica that he discussed the trip with an ethics lawyer at his agency before accepting the Crows’ invitation. “Based on that counsel’s advice, I reimbursed Harlan for the costs,” Paoletta said in an email. He did not respond to a question about how much he paid Crow.
-
-(Paoletta has long been a pugnacious defender of Thomas and [recently testified](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23742060-paoletta-testimony-20220427) before Congress against strengthening judicial ethics rules. “There is nothing wrong with ethics or recusals at the Supreme Court,” he said, adding, “To support any reform legislation right now would be to validate these vicious political attacks on the Supreme Court,” referring to criticism of Thomas and his wife.)
-
-The Indonesia vacation wasn’t Thomas’ first time on the Michaela Rose. He went on a river day trip around Savannah, Georgia, and an extended cruise in New Zealand roughly a decade ago.
-
-![](data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27400%27%20height%3D%27416%27%20style%3D%27background%3Argba%28127%2C127%2C127%2C0.07%29%27%2F%3E)
-
-During a New Zealand trip on Crow’s yacht, Thomas signed a copy of his memoir and gave it to a yacht worker. Credit: Obtained by ProPublica
-
-As a token of his appreciation, he gave one yacht worker a copy of his memoir. Thomas signed the book: “Thank you so much for all your hard work on our New Zealand adventure.”
-
-Crow’s policy was that guests didn’t pay, former Michaela Rose staff said. “You don’t need to worry about this — it’s all covered,” one recalled the guests being told.
-
-There’s evidence Thomas has taken even more trips on the superyacht. Crow often gave his guests custom polo shirts commemorating their vacations, according to staff. ProPublica found photographs of Thomas wearing at least two of those shirts. In one, he wears a blue polo shirt embroidered with the Michaela Rose’s logo and the words “March 2007” and “Greek Islands.”
-
-Thomas didn’t report any of the trips ProPublica identified on his annual [financial disclosures](https://www.courtlistener.com/person/3200/disclosure/30783/clarence-thomas/). Ethics experts said [the law](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23740274-financial_disclosure_filing_instructions#document/p28) clearly requires disclosure for private jet flights and Thomas appears to have violated it.
-
-![](data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27400%27%20height%3D%27300%27%20style%3D%27background%3Argba%28127%2C127%2C127%2C0.07%29%27%2F%3E) ![](data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27400%27%20height%3D%27300%27%20style%3D%27background%3Argba%28127%2C127%2C127%2C0.07%29%27%2F%3E)
-
-Thomas has been photographed wearing custom polo shirts bearing the logo of Crow’s yacht, the Michaela Rose. Credit: via Flickr, Washington Examiner
-
-Justices are generally required to publicly report all gifts worth more than $415, defined as “anything of value” that isn’t fully reimbursed. There are exceptions: If someone hosts a justice at their own property, free food and lodging don’t have to be disclosed. That would exempt dinner at a friend’s house. The exemption never applied to transportation, such as private jet flights, experts said, a fact that was made explicit in recently updated [filing instructions](https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/financial_disclosure_filing_instructions.pdf) for the judiciary.
-
-Two ethics law experts told ProPublica that Thomas’ yacht cruises, a form of transportation, also required disclosure.
-
-“If Justice Thomas received free travel on private planes and yachts, failure to report the gifts is a violation of the disclosure law,” said Kedric Payne, senior director for ethics at the nonprofit government watchdog Campaign Legal Center. (Thomas himself once reported receiving a private jet trip from Crow, on his disclosure for 1997.)
-
-The experts said Thomas’ stays at Topridge may have required disclosure too, in part because Crow owns it not personally but through a company. Until recently, the judiciary’s ethics guidance didn’t explicitly address the ownership issue. The recent update to the filing instructions clarifies that disclosure is required for such stays.
-
-How many times Thomas failed to disclose trips remains unclear. Flight records from the Federal Aviation Administration and FlightAware suggest he makes regular use of Crow’s plane. The jet often follows a pattern: from its home base in Dallas to Washington Dulles airport for a brief stop, then on to a destination Thomas is visiting and back again.
-
-ProPublica identified five such trips in addition to the Indonesia vacation.
-
-On July 7 last year, Crow’s jet made a 40-minute stop at Dulles and then flew to a small airport near Topridge, returning to Dulles six days later. Thomas was at the resort that week for his regular summer visit, according to a person who was there. Twice in recent years, the jet has followed the pattern when Thomas appeared at Crow’s properties in Dallas — once for the Jan. 4, 2018, [swearing-in](https://twitter.com/SenTedCruz/status/949083663915995136/photo/1) of Fifth Circuit Judge James Ho at Crow’s private library and again for a conservative think tank conference Crow hosted last May.
-
-Thomas has even used the plane for a three-hour trip. On Feb. 11, 2016, the plane flew from Dallas to Dulles to New Haven, Connecticut, before flying back later that afternoon. ProPublica confirmed that Thomas was on the jet through Supreme Court security records [obtained by](https://fixthecourt.com/usms-all/) the nonprofit Fix the Court, private jet data, a [New Haven plane spotter](https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=968235546589129) and another person at the airport. There are no reports of Thomas making a public appearance that day, and the purpose of the trip remains unclear.
-
-Jet charter companies told ProPublica that renting an equivalent plane for the New Haven trip could cost around $70,000.
-
-On the weekend of Oct. 16, 2021, Crow’s jet repeated the pattern. That weekend, Thomas and Crow traveled to a Catholic cemetery in a bucolic suburb of New York City. They were there for the unveiling of a bronze statue of the justice’s beloved eighth grade teacher, a nun, according to Catholic Cemetery magazine.
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-![](data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27400%27%20height%3D%27267%27%20style%3D%27background%3Argba%28127%2C127%2C127%2C0.07%29%27%2F%3E)
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-Thomas attended the 2021 unveiling of a statue of his eighth grade teacher. Credit: via Catholic Cemeteries of the Archdiocese of Newark
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-As Thomas spoke from a lectern, the monument towered over him, standing 7 feet tall and weighing 1,800 pounds, its granite base inscribed with words his teacher once told him. Thomas told the nuns assembled before him, “This extraordinary statue is dedicated to you sisters.”
-
-He also thanked the donors who paid for the statue: Harlan and Kathy Crow.
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-Do you have any tips on the courts? Josh Kaplan can be reached by email at [joshua.kapl\[email protected\]](https://www.propublica.org/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#4923263a213c286722283925282709393b26393c2b25202a2867263b2e) and by Signal or WhatsApp at 734-834-9383. Justin Elliott can be reached by email at [\[email protected\]](https://www.propublica.org/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#f9938c8a8d9097b9898b96898c9b95909a98d7968b9e) or by Signal or WhatsApp at 774-826-6240.
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-Matt Easton contributed reporting.
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-Design and development by [Anna Donlan](https://www.propublica.org/people/anna-donlan) and [Lena V. Groeger](https://www.propublica.org/people/lena-groeger).
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-Link: https://www.eater.com/23815671/branson-missouri-dinner-theater-live-music-performance-dolly-parton-stampede
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-```button
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-^button-CometoBransonMissourifortheDinnerTheaterNSave
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-&emsp;
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-# Come to Branson, Missouri for the Dinner Theater, Stay for the Real Show
-
-You can’t smell the horseshit, until it’s the only thing you can.
-
-I’m walking along a lengthy pathway, toward a building that looks much like the big white plantation houses that litter the American South, when I notice that it is lined with hydrangeas that are, for early April, uncharacteristically bright. I lean closer, touching a cluster of blue petals, and realize they are made from silk before the oppressive smell of manure suddenly makes sense. As I turned the corner, I entered the Horse Walk, a corridor of outdoor stalls showcasing the “32 magnificent horses” that are the backbone of the show at Dolly Parton’s Stampede, the crown jewel of Branson, Missouri’s thriving dinner theater scene.
-
-Depending on who you ask, Branson is either the Live Music Capital of the World or Baptist Vegas. Home to a little more than 12,000 people year-round, it’s a place that sits right at the heart of the Bible Belt while [boasting more theater seats](https://www.bransontourismcenter.com/articles/bransonarticle87#:~:text=Situated%20within%20a%20days%20drive,dollars%20into%20the%20local%20economy.) than Broadway in New York City.
-
-Dinner theater has all but disappeared across the United States, even at the cheesiest tourist destinations, but in Branson dinner and a show thrives, even outside of the traditional dinner theater setting. At Mel’s Hard Luck Diner, a ’50s-themed diner that’s the “home of the Singing Servers,’’ waiters serenade the crowd with show tunes and pop hits, reaching for soaring high notes over the clatter of silverware on plates. At Fall Creek Steak & Catfish House, servers playfully toss soft yeast rolls to patrons as they sit at their tables. And of course, there are also the celebrity restaurants — Guy Fieri’s Branson Kitchen and Paula Deen’s Family Kitchen — that offer their own distinct connection to the world of entertainment. Even at Billy Gail’s Restaurant, a local mini-chain and popular breakfast spot, everyone stops and stares as servers bring out massive 14-inch pancakes that drape over the edges of a regular dinner plate. Here, every single meal has some element of showmanship, and the people who work in these establishments are determined to make sure that you have a good time — even if you don’t want to.
-
-But I was there to have a good time. Growing up in Northeast Texas, I heard stories about the Stampede and the magic shows and the theme parks from friends who vacationed in Branson. It was only about a five-hour drive, a reasonable road trip in this part of the country, but for whatever reason, my family never planned a trip there. It has since loomed large in my mind as a mythical place of sparkle and showmanship, where big hair, rhinestones, and country music are always fashionable, and in fact preferable, to the [minimalist austerity that’s eternally en vogue](https://harpersbazaar.com.au/the-rise-of-minimalism/). And as I planned my itinerary, I looked forward to immersing myself in the kitschy themed shows set against the backdrop of the beautiful Ozarks, in the name of childhood nostalgia.
-
-  ![A waiter in a ‘50s-style polka dot dress at Mel’s Hard Luck Diner singing into a microphone as they deliver a milkshake in a retro fountain glass.](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/5pGiFWVI2u8-AU5oNvK9xkzus7s=/0x0:1500x1500/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1500x1500):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24823448/2_Eater_Dinner_Theater_Lily_Qian_Hard_Luck_Diner.png)Lily Qian
-
-Still, I was aware that the Branson of today has a decidedly mixed reputation. Those who love it say that it’s a wholesome destination for good, clean, Christian fun in the Ozark Mountains, while its critics would suggest that it’s a haven for aging white baby boomers who are clinging to their God, their guns, and their wistfulness for a bygone era. In the midst of a 35,000-square-foot arena on the city’s theater-packed Strip, Dolly Parton’s Stampede is proof that it’s both — and a whole lot more.
-
-Stepping inside the building, I’m directed to walk through the gift shop before claiming my souvenir boot-shaped mug at the bar. But despite looking and functioning like a bar, there is no alcohol to be found anywhere here. There is, however, a menu of mocktails, which I decide is better than nothing. Moments later, a bartender fills my mug with a Stampede Stomp, a concoction of Sprite, orange juice, grenadine, and cranberry juice that recalls a virgin tequila sunrise and is so sweet my teeth ache with every sip. I head to my seat on the “North” side of the building, a fact that becomes important when I realize that, like at [Medieval Times](https://www.eater.com/pop-culture/23296830/medieval-times-dinner-tournament-show-worth-it-as-an-adult), the crowd here is divided into distinct camps that cheer for their own team of actors as they compete in a variety of silly games and perform acrobatic stunts, feats of horsemanship, and songs and dances.
-
-This dividing line, a flight of stairs separating the two sides, makes a whole lot more sense and feels so much more fraught considering that this place used to be called Dolly Parton’s Dixie Stampede. Its main attraction was a show about the Civil War in which people whooped and hollered as actors wearing Confederate soldier uniforms paraded around the arena on horseback. In 2018, [that all changed:](https://www.knoxnews.com/story/entertainment/2018/01/09/dolly-partons-dixie-stampede-gets-name-change-now-called-stampede/1017388001/) Dolly dropped the “Dixie” from the Stampede, and the show was scrubbed of any Civil War references. But the vestiges of the old show are still here, and it’s perhaps not a surprise that many people, including the family that entered the building just before me, are actively excited to sit on the South side of the building. I was also not surprised that the hooting and hollering on that side was much more fervent than that coming from my compatriots in the North. I am [not the only person who has noticed this phenomenon](https://slate.com/culture/2017/08/visiting-dolly-partons-dinner-show-dixie-stampede.html).
-
-Spectacle, and indeed, magic, has always been part of Branson’s story. According to local lore, in 1541, Spanish explorers went spelunking in Marvel Cave, what would eventually become the town’s first major tourist attraction, in search of gold — and as some legends say, the fountain of youth. Branson sits in the basin of the White River, which snakes through the Ozarks and offered a trade route from the eastern United States to the rapidly growing West after Missouri became a state in 1821. In 1882, a man named Reuben Branson opened a general store in the town that would eventually bear his name; Branson was officially incorporated in 1912.
-
-  ![The statue standing in front of Billy Gail’s advertises the restaurant’s towering stacks of fluffy pancakes. In the background, the restaurant looks warm and inviting.](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/cy9cup7JDuzBpDjTRcUFmJlCFh8=/0x0:1500x1500/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1500x1500):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24823486/3_Eater_Dinner_Theater_Lily_Qian_Billy_Gails.png)Lily Qian
-
-In 1946, a Chicago couple named [Mary and Hugo Herschend took their first vacation to Branson](https://www.news-leader.com/story/news/local/ozarks/2014/12/06/woman-behind-silver-dollar-city/20021773/) and fell in love with the region’s natural beauty. By 1950, Hugo Herschend had purchased a long-term lease on Marvel Cave, and Mary and the couple’s children would run it in the summers while Hugo worked [his day job at the Electrolux company](https://www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2014/05/07/the-wild-ride-of-the-herschends-when-amusement-parks-are-the-family-business/?sh=a2e06237022d) to make ends meet. The cave was already a budding tourist attraction, with people lining up to walk through its impressive stalactites and rock formations, but under the Herschends, its popularity flourished.
-
-An entertainment empire was born.
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-In 2023, Herschend Family Entertainment is [the “largest family-owned themed attractions organization in the country](https://www.hfecorp.com/about-us/),” per the company. Marvel Cave remains an attraction, along with thrill rides and shows and old-timey demonstrations of glass blowing and candy-making, as does the frontier-themed Silver Dollar City, which opened in Branson in 1960. It also owns the Harlem Globetrotters and operates a massive portfolio of theme parks, resorts, and attractions, in Branson and beyond, all of which promise good, clean fun. Herschend Family Entertainment’s most notable attractions are the ones the company co-owns with Dolly Parton, including her Dollywood theme park in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, and Dolly Parton’s Stampede locations in Branson, Pigeon Forge, and Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.
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-The Dolly’s Stampede location in Branson debuted in 1987 and is widely considered to be the best dinner attraction in town. It arrived at a boom time for Branson. Nearly 20 years after the Presley family (no relation to Elvis) opened Presleys’ Country Jubilee, the town’s first live music theater, a new crop of country music stars like Charley Pride, Barbara Mandrell, and Kenny Rogers looked to the city as a place to revitalize their careers as they aged out of Nashville. Many artists, including Pride and Rogers, owned and performed at their own theaters. Other theaters, like Mickey Gilley’s Grand Shanghai Theatre, hosted Branson’s equally popular magic shows, featuring illusionists like Kirby Van Burch and Rick Thomas, along with a number of variety and comedy shows.
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-Now, most of those artist-owned theaters have shuttered or been sold to new operators. Billboards for the Ukrainian comedian Yakov Smirnoff brag that he is the only remaining “national celebrity” in Branson after all these years. Magic shows, however, endure — there are still nearly a dozen illusionists performing in theaters across the city.
-
-It’s easy to get caught up in the carefully constructed magic of the Stampede if you don’t think too hard about the metaphorical Mason-Dixon line in the room. There are flashy costumes, spackled in rhinestones, and beautiful horses capable of legitimately impressive feats. And yes, the songs are corny, but you can’t deny that they’re catchy. At one moment in the show, as I’m dunking a buttery biscuit into my bowl of creamy vegetable soup, a woman rides two horses at the same time, standing up, through a ring of fire. Stunned, my own hoots and hollers leave my mouth before my modesty can catch them. And every time the host, wearing a sequined vest and heavily affected Southern accent, says the word “stampede,” I dutifully, but joyfully, stomp my feet on the floor with the crowd.
-
-It’s all going great until about 45 minutes into the show, when the music takes a dramatic turn and a man wearing a “buckskin costume” decked in neon beads and a braided wig parades into the arena with his version of a war whoop. The host tells us that Native Americans, in the past, lived lives “steeped in mystery and magic,” and as stirring instrumental music plays, a trained bird soars across the arena. There is no explanation for what exactly they mean by “magic,” and fortunately, this part of the show is brief. Less than five minutes later, the show lurches forward to address the Westward Expansion (aka colonization) with a jaunty song. The scene has been [roundly criticized](https://fight4loop.org/dolly-parton-is-a-settler-too) by Native activists.
-
-Ultimately the intended message of the show at Dolly Parton’s Stampede — once the pig races and the rescue dog derby have finished, and the South has been declared the winner under a set of rules I don’t fully understand — is one of purported unity.
-
-At the end, the actors shed their red (North) and blue (South) costumes, and don red, white, and blue outfits decked out with twinkling colored lights; they hoist American flags into the air as they parade around the arena on horseback. The cheery announcer reminds us that, despite our positions on opposite sides tonight, we’re all on the same side in real life, because we’re all good-hearted Americans. The subtext: Despite the country’s deep political divide, there’s nothing that the magic of eating a meal and singing a song together can’t fix. Dolly’s patriotic anthem “Color Me America” blares in the background, and a man a couple of seats down from me stands and places his U.S. Navy veteran’s baseball cap over his heart, a tear glinting in his eye. At the same time, a cast member in the now dimly lit arena whisks away a bucket of horseshit.
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-Then, “God Bless America’’ rings out over the speakers, and as the horses triumphantly gallop around the arena and digital fireworks scatter across the videoboard, I’m suddenly reminded that I am in Missouri, a place that passed some of [the country’s harshest restrictions on gender-affirming care](https://www.npr.org/2023/04/24/1171293057/missouri-attorney-general-transgender-adults-gender-affirming-health-care), both for trans adults and children, about a week earlier. The day after my dinner, [a judge halted the law](https://apnews.com/article/transgender-hormones-puberty-republican-lawsuit-health-care-d92ae32d850851556bd69347a4e3ceb3), setting up a court battle that will likely drag on for months.
-
-While you’re visiting, Branson all but demands that you forget that politics exist altogether. That is, of course, unless you want to shop at the Trump Store, which is exactly what it sounds like. Or if you want to buy yourself your very own Confederate flag from the Dixie Outfitters shop that sits just before the highway on your way out of town. Or if you want to buy any number of Bible-verse-emblazoned souvenirs from one of the explicitly Christian-themed shows, like *Queen Esther*, which plays at the popular Sight and Sound Theater.
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-The next day, after eight full hours of totally sober sleep, I drive to Branson’s second-most-lauded dinner theater. Also operated by Herschend Family Entertainment, the Showboat Branson Belle is a hulking vessel, powered by five enormous diesel electric propulsion motors and two 16-foot paddle wheels. Inside, it can hold about 700 passengers, all of whom file into this floating theater twice a day for a few hours of dancing, music, and — what else? — magic. (Fortunately, this time, it is just regular magic that involves playing cards and rope tricks, not the incredibly dubious “[Magical Native American](https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MagicalNativeAmerican)” variety.) Our master of ceremonies for my lunchtime cruise is Christopher James, a magician-cum-real estate agent who has the unenviable task of firing up the crowd as they tuck into a three-course meal. There is, yet again, not a single drop of alcohol on this boat.
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-An effervescent waitress named Tamara approaches my seat, and cheerfully asks if I’d like ranch or blue cheese dressing for the salad that’s about to hit the table. I request ranch, and when it arrives, I notice that it’s from a bottle and not homemade — a Southerner can always tell — which feels a little chintzy for someone who’s paid nearly $100 to sit in the Captain’s Club, the boat’s premium seats that offer both a balcony view of the show and “premium protein options,” per my menu. But as soon as I smell the chargrilled steak coming towards me, I am starving. Served with a couple of roasted potato chunks and a pile of limp green beans, this steak is the best meal I will have the entire time I am in Branson.
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-  ![A spot illustration depicts the Showboat Branson Belle, a hulking vessel powered by five enormous diesel electric propulsion motors and two 16-foot paddle wheels. The boat has multiple stories, ornate wooden railings, and enough space to hold 700 passengers.](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/gdDHyUr8HEXw8F5UJbEUp9EbQ2I=/0x0:1500x1500/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1500x1500):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24823455/4_Eater_Dinner_Theater_Lily_Qian_The_Showboat.png)Lily Qian
-
-After lunch service, there’s a short intermission where guests are encouraged to get up and walk around on the outer decks of the boat, which offer expansive views of the actually stunning Table Rock Lake. I’m examining rock formations and staring into the still water when an announcer calls us back into the theater because the show is about to begin. When I return to my seat, there’s a thin slice of gooey butter cake topped with strawberry sauce waiting for me. It tastes like the inside of a refrigerator, and I make the mistake of looking out the window as the boat motors across the water while I chew my first bite. The Showboat Singers launch into a classic rock medley, somehow flowing Journey’s “Open Arms” seamlessly into Lynyrd Skynyrd’s “Sweet Home Alabama,” and the motion sickness hits. After a few minutes of deep breathing with my eyes closed, I successfully manage to stop looking out the window, and my nausea subsides.
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-It returns a few moments later, when one of the Showboat Singers introduces the Christian portion of the program. When I reserved my ticket for the Showboat Branson Belle, it promised only that I could expect an “incredible musical variety show,” not a religious experience. Yet, moments after they wrap up a medley of Elton John songs, the Showboat Singers return to the stage in angelic, all-white costumes, and sing a stirring rendition of “Amazing Grace.” The show ends after a patriotic medley complete with “God Bless the USA.” In the crowd, seated patrons jump to their feet to salute the digital flags on the Showboat’s video screen. “This is a place to put aside our differences, to laugh and sing,” says Christopher James, ending the show. “To me, that’s what makes Branson magical.”
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-There’s no way to make someone feel more catered to, more served, especially en masse, than to entertain them while feeding them. This kind of immersive service demands a perfect, relentless veneer of cheeriness from the city’s performers and servers, many of whom [struggle to find affordable housing in the city where they work](https://apnews.com/article/music-virus-outbreak-branson-mo-state-wire-e142ce4984037a566bcd5e022b4a9cd7). You haven’t lived until you’ve seen a singing magician try to prod a bunch of uncomfortably sober octogenarians into a gag that requires audience participation. What is less compelling, though, is the sense of insidious nostalgia that permeates Branson and its attractions. Whether it’s the 1800s at Stampede or the rockin’ ’50s at Mel’s Hard Luck Diner, the message is clear: Branson offers a wholesome, clean alternative to the sin-riddled entertainment that’s being pumped into our homes every single day via the television and our cell phones. But what, exactly, does wholesome mean in a place like Branson?
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-In reality, very little. There’s no swearing in the shows, but if you want to go buy a “FJB” T-shirt, you can just head to the Trump Store. There’s no alcohol in the theaters, but you can buy a bottle of booze to drink in the privacy of your timeshare at any gas station in the area. As someone who grew up in the Baptist church, the description of Branson as “Baptist Vegas” feels especially correct. It’s not that there is no sinful behavior, just that it’s hidden away out of sight in favor of a meticulously crafted image that exalts God, guns, and country. If you look closely at all, though, you realize that image is mostly another magic trick, smoke and mirrors hiding something more sinister.
-
-That’s especially true when you consider just how much real estate in Branson is devoted to schemes seemingly designed to part tourists from their money. Downtown, you have to [physically dodge](https://www.news-leader.com/story/news/local/ozarks/2018/07/24/better-business-bureau-branson-timeshares-deceiving-consumers/825403002/) people selling [questionable timeshares](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bd2bbHoVQSM) to browse the quaint shops. Most of the folks selling cheap tickets to tours and shows are, actually, representatives for companies hoping to sucker you into a multi-hour pitch about their properties. Here, high-pressure sales tactics are a feature, not a bug, and it’s easy to find yourself roped into a long conversation about some crap you don’t want to buy just by saying “Hi” to a friendly looking stranger. It is, truly, a huckster’s paradise.
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-It’s also happy to sell you a reality where, for a few weekends each year, you can pretend that your whole world is a white, Christian, conservative utopia as you have a little good, clean fun among the tree-draped Ozarks. But as those lush trees part to make way for a sea of billboards advertising Reza the Illusionist and a slew of ramshackle purple buildings hawking timeshares and half-price tickets, the horseshit is inescapable.
-
-*Lily Qian is a NYC-based illustrator with a passion for both traditional analog and digital techniques. Lily’s had the honor and pleasure of working on a variety of projects in editorial, books, publishing, advertising, fashion and beauty. She lives and work in Brooklyn with her lazy cat assistant, Walnut.*
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-# Confessions of a McKinsey Whistleblower
-
-[World](https://www.thenation.com/subject/world/) / [Feature](https://www.thenation.com/content/feature/) / September 5, 2023
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-Inside the soul-crushing, morally bankrupt, top-secret world of our most powerful consulting firm.
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-![](https://www.thenation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/LANE-Lovely-McKinsey-ILLO.jpg)
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-Illustration by Tim Lane.
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-In the summer of 2015, when I was 21 years old, I found myself working at one of America’s most notorious jails.
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-I was interning for McKinsey & Company, the elite management consulting firm. We had been tasked with helping reduce violence at [Rikers Island](https://gothamist.com/news/we-will-close-rikers-elected-officials-blast-back-at-mayor-adams), New York City’s main jail complex. Multiple members of the team had seen combat in Iraq and Afghanistan. I was the youngest by a few years.
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-When I arrived, McKinsey had been embedded at Rikers for nine months. Corruption, violence, and a reliance on torturous solitary confinement plagued the jail. One day, around a dozen of us met in a conference room to discuss the highest-profile recent victim of the inhumanity at Rikers: [Kalief Browder](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/06/before-the-law). Browder had been held at Rikers for three years for allegedly stealing a backpack when he was 16. He spent roughly two years in [solitary confinement](https://www.thecity.nyc/2023/1/17/23559414/solitary-confinement-rikers-jail-people-go-crazy-in-there) and attempted suicide multiple times. Browder never went to trial and was eventually released.
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-We watched [surveillance-camera footage](https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/exclusive-video-violence-inside-rikers) of Browder that had recently been published by *The New Yorker*. In one video, Browder, who is in handcuffs, is thrown to the ground by a guard; in another, he is brutalized by around 10 other incarcerated teenagers as guards neglect to control the situation.
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-I probably had the most radical views of any of the 18 or so McKinsey staff then on the project. In college, I had cofounded a student group dedicated to prison reform. I’d fancied myself a leftist firebrand who might help inject some humanity into how Rikers was run.
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-I had spent only a few weeks working for “the other side,” but after seeing the footage of the teenagers assaulting Browder, I was ready to “crack some skulls” and said as much to my team. (The guard assaulting Browder angered me, but—good management consultant that I was— I’d determined that beating up the teens would be the most efficient way to end the overall violence.)
-
-#### Current Issue
-
-[![Cover of October 2/9, 2023, Issue](https://www.thenation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/cover1002.jpg)](https://www.thenation.com/issue/october-2-9-2023-issue/)
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-A senior partner in the room who came by only occasionally was taken aback by how much we had internalized Rikers’s culture of brutality and accused us of having “gone native.” One reason for this might have been that, although we interviewed dozens of Rikers staffers (some of whom I remember referring to mealtimes at the jail as “feedings”), not once, to my recollection, did we talk to a single incarcerated person.
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-Soon after I started at Rikers, Browder [hanged himself](https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/kalief-browder-1993-2015). He was 22, just a year older than I was.
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-Despite all of McKinsey’s supposed efforts, the use of force by guards at Rikers has only [increased since 2016](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/06/nyregion/rikers-island-violence-guards.html), reaching what a federal monitor called an “all-time high” in 2020. In 2021, slashings and stabbings were up more than 1,000 percent from 2011. In 2019, ProPublica found that McKinsey had “rigged” its [violence-reduction numbers](https://www.propublica.org/article/new-york-city-paid-mckinsey-millions-to-stem-jail-violence-instead-violence-soared). (McKinsey denied this.) And in May 2022, New York City [stopped using McKinsey’s system](https://www.thecity.nyc/2022/5/18/23126067/nyc-jails-scrap-pricey-consultant-plan-as-deaths-mount) for classifying detainees. In the end, the city spent $27.5 million on McKinsey’s services, with precious little to show for it. McKinsey, on the other hand, collected its money and moved right along.
-
-Founded in 1926, McKinsey is still widely considered the most prestigious consulting firm in the field. It reported more than $15 billion in revenue in 2022 and employs 45,000-plus people in 133 offices around the globe. McKinsey says it’s served more than 3,000 clients, including nearly every one of the world’s 100 largest corporations.
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-What does McKinsey do? Generally, it deploys teams of sleep-deprived, overeducated young people to solve tough problems for organizations—typically for-profit businesses, though the firm also serves many [governments](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/14/sunday-review/mckinsey-ice-buttigieg.html) and [large nonprofit organizations](https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/12/13/21004456/bill-gates-mckinsey-global-public-health-bcg). If you’re a CEO who wants help evaluating whether to enter a new market or lay off thousands of employees, you might hire McKinsey.
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-McKinsey made the prescient decision to avoid credit for its work, keeping its client and project lists secret. In practice, this has insulated the company from the disasters it was party to, such as the [collapse of Enron](https://www.theguardian.com/business/2002/mar/24/enron.theobserver). (This secrecy also serves to deter nearly all current and former McKinsey employees from speaking to reporters, meaning that, despite my best efforts, some of the details in this piece are based solely upon my own recollections.)
-
-## Popular
-
-McKinsey’s recruiting materials offer you the chance to “Change the world. Improve lives.” Naïve as it seems in hindsight, I came to McKinsey believing those words. But after a year and a half there, I eventually understood that not only does McKinsey fail to make the world better—it often colludes with those who make the world worse.
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-![Emmanuel Macron’s government handed hundreds of millions of dollars to McKinsey and other consulting firms.](https://www.thenation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Lovely-Macron-getty.jpg)
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-**Raking it in:** Emmanuel Macron’s government handed hundreds of millions of dollars to McKinsey and other consulting firms. (Joel Saget / AFP)
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-The Rikers project was what ultimately convinced me to intern with McKinsey. The prospect of getting to directly influence reforms at a major jail was thrilling. Working in government—for much less pay and prestige—sounded stultifying. By contrast, McKinsey’s pitch seemed like a dream come true.
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-That pitch goes something like this: You may think that you can’t have it all—that a career dedicated to the social good requires giving up some money and status. But McKinsey says you *can*. You’ll make less than a banker and work more than a software engineer, but you’ll be respected, collaborate with brilliant people, cash a fat paycheck, and still get to do good.
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-To convince idealistic(ish) candidates, McKinsey exaggerates how much of its work benefits society. At the time I applied, two of the four practice case studies on McKinsey’s website involved governments or nonprofits, but during training, I remember being told that only about 10 percent of the firm’s work was in those sectors.
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-McKinsey leaves nothing to chance when making the hard sell. All the “offerees” are flown to their would-be office for a “celebration weekend.” You’re put up in a fancy hotel and wooed by existing consultants. On Friday night, the participants take over a fancy restaurant. The food is excellent, and the bar is open.
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-#### More From This Issue
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-I went to the Philadelphia office, which had a tradition in which employees roast their colleagues with limericks. (Sample lines: “And now they’ve set their wedding date, / All because the period was late.”) Each new recruit was given a mini bottle of champagne upon accepting their offer. I think I was the last to accept mine, which I did via—you guessed it—a limerick.
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-My summer at Rikers was difficult. I struggled with the content and the quantity of the work, as well as the crushing reality of attempting to fix a systemically fucked institution by making marginal changes.
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-At the end of the standard 10-week internship, McKinsey wasn’t sure about me. I was given the unusual choice to extend my internship for two weeks or return to college without a full-time offer. I bailed on a planned family vacation and took the extension, joining a different team at Rikers. Each day, we met at 5:30 am and ordered takeout breakfast at Nick’s Gourmet Deli in Queens, a few blocks from the three-lane bridge to Rikers. We were trying to develop plans for a “model facility” at the George R. Vierno Center, one of the 10 jails on the island.
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-I had spent most of the previous 10 weeks working with members of Rikers’s administrative staff at the Department of Corrections headquarters. Now I worked “behind the gate.” Each morning, I removed my belt and sent my laptop bag and breakfast through an X-ray machine before proceeding to our team room, a dim, cramped office. The two associates on my team were both ex-Marines. (One went on to work in a senior role for Arkansas Republican Senator Tom Cotton.)
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-My memory of the content of my work during this period is a bit hazy because of the sleep deprivation and stress, but my willingness to show up before dawn was likely the decisive factor in securing my offer of a full-time job. For all the effort McKinsey seems to put into finding the “smartest” people, one’s capacity to suffer and to sustain inhuman hours is probably a better predictor of success than one’s intelligence.
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-I thought it was ironic that I came into the internship as a borderline prison abolitionist and ended it by receiving a job offer in a warden’s conference room. But by the end of that summer, I had grown to like many of the people running Rikers, bonding with the jail’s most senior uniformed officer over our mutual love of Led Zeppelin. It was an early lesson that interpersonal kindness is not the same as actual goodness.
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-I also liked and respected my McKinsey colleagues and felt I had learned a lot. What’s more, I sensed an opportunity around the corner. McKinsey has extremely high expectations for its consultants: that they should work 60-plus hours every week, make zero mistakes, and always remain poised in front of clients. But if you stick it out for two years, you’ll be ushered into a world with even more money, prestige, and power—either through the lucrative “exit opportunities” that McKinsey provides or through the equally plush jobs within the company itself.
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-I finished my senior year, and in September 2016, I started full-time at McKinsey. With a year of distance from the pressures of the internship, returning felt good.
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-There was a strong drinking culture at the Philly office. Friday evening’s “wine time” bled into happy hours at nearby bars, dinners out, and late-night dancing. One colleague quipped that at McKinsey, “alcoholism was overrepresented and under-discussed.”
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-![Current and former McKinsey exeuctives almost always find a prized seat at the table, no matter which political figures—from Barack Obama to Angela Merkel to Donald Trump Jr.—are sitting at the head of it.](https://www.thenation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Lovely-McKinsey_cronies.jpg)
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-**Power players:** Current and former McKinsey executives almost always find a prized seat at the table, no matter which political figures—from Barack Obama to Angela Merkel to Donald Trump Jr.—are sitting at the head of it. (left to right: Chip Somodevilla / Getty; Rainer Jensen / Getty; Manish Swarup / AP)
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-The day after Donald Trump’s 2016 election victory, I was working for a client out of McKinsey’s D.C. office. The vibe there was shockingly normal, but I felt like the world was ending and that I was the only one who knew or cared.
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-In January 2017, I was offered a project with a federal agency I knew little about: Immigration and Customs Enforcement. I’d be working on “talent management” with the human resources team at ICE’s Washington headquarters.
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-This was in the final days of Barack Obama’s administration, and ICE was not yet a [household name](https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/hamedaleaziz/trump-ice-biden-future). Obama had done a good job of convincing young lefties like me that his administration was humane. (In reality, Obama [deported more people](https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/the-trump-administrations-immigration-jails-are-packed-but-deportations-are-lower-than-in-obama-era/2019/11/17/27ad0e44-f057-11e9-89eb-ec56cd414732_story.html) in his first three years than Trump did over the same period of his term.) Even though Trump had put anti-immigrant politics at the heart of his campaign, the fact that I was about to work for his administration’s immigration enforcement agency didn’t really register. I didn’t like what I had learned about ICE during the single weekend I was given to decide whether to join the project, but I figured it would be an opportunity to see how a federal agency operates.
-
-Working at ICE headquarters was surreal. We were functionally the equivalent of full-time ICE employees—we even had ICE e-mail addresses—but there were limits. I didn’t have the security clearance to walk the halls alone, so a vetted McKinsey colleague would escort me to our team room. As with the contract at Rikers, my four-person team was supposedly managing an “organizational transformation.” The goals we were given included “Arrest more people with available resources” and “Remove people faster.” Such blunt language should have been a red flag, but I told myself that ICE would only be deporting people with serious criminal records—an [Obama-era policy](https://theintercept.com/2017/05/15/obamas-deportation-policy-was-even-worse-than-we-thought/) that didn’t thrill me but was one that I could live with.
-
-Then Trump decided to target [nearly all undocumented immigrants](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/26/us/trump-immigration-deportation.html) for deportation and directed ICE to hire 10,000 additional deportation officers, which would have nearly tripled existing staffing levels. Though none of this was at odds with the “remove people faster” directive, the intensity of the push unsettled us. Many of the team members had attended the Women’s March, which I had found reassuring. The fact that people who had marched against Trump proceeded to embed themselves in the agency at the center of his agenda is, in a sense, all you need to know.
-
-![McKinsey embedded itself within Donald Trump’s government to help ICE ramp up its deportation machine.](https://www.thenation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Lovely-TrumpMcKinsey-getty.jpg)
-
-**Willing partners:** McKinsey embedded itself within Donald Trump’s government to help ICE ramp up its deportation machine. (Saul Loeb / AFP via Getty Images)
-
-It didn’t take long for me and many of my colleagues to start freaking out. During meals and Uber rides, I vented my fears and objections to the work, which were largely echoed by my peers. Had we not been the type of people to jump through every hoop on the path to conventional success, a mutiny might have been brewing. Instead, we had a conference call.
-
-One February morning, the roughly 15 of us working on the team got on the phone with Richard Elder, then a senior partner managing the relationship with ICE. He compared our work for ICE to previous projects implementing Obamacare, which he said many McKinsey employees objected to but worked on nevertheless.
-
-“The firm does execution, not policy,” Elder said. This was a common refrain at McKinsey. At Rikers, I had asked my team about the possibility of eliminating cash bail, which would have reduced the number of people passing through the jail at the time by roughly 45,000, or [well over half](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/19/nyregion/rikers-island-inmate-population.html), and was told that ideas like this were “out of scope” because the firm “doesn’t do policy.”
-
-If we just do execution, I asked, what would have stopped us from helping Nazis more efficiently procure barbed wire for their concentration camps? In response, I recall Elder muttering about McKinsey being a values-based organization. (Elder has not responded to requests for comment.)
-
-McKinsey does indeed tout its values. As a McKinsey spokesperson emphasized in response to questions for this article, many offices hold an entire “Values Day” each year. But when I was there, none of these values addressed McKinsey’s role in, and effect on, the world. They focused instead on doing right by your clients and colleagues. (The firm’s stated purpose is now “to help create positive, enduring change in the world,” but I never heard this language used to justify our work.) Elder’s comments contributed to my growing feeling that McKinsey was an amoral institution willing to do almost anything for almost anyone who will pay them.
-
-My job was to model how to hire enough new ICE agents to comply with Trump’s executive order. I was terrified of what would happen if the agency actually hired 10,000 new deportation officers. I recall there being a consensus that ICE agents were already the least competent and least respected federal law enforcement officers. How much worse would things get if ICE had to lower its hiring bar further? And what kind of people would want to join an agency that Trump had made the focal point of his white nationalist administration?
-
-I raised these concerns on my team, and one of the partners bristled, saying that his cousin was a Border Patrol agent and a good guy, not some retrograde caveman.
-
-I would often spend my nights reading about the impacts of ICE, like the story about a man who killed himself after being [deported six times](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/23/mexican-man-deported-suicide-trump-tijuana), or the one about a longtime resident [torn from his community](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/27/us/immigration-trump-illinois-juan-pacheco.html). I lay awake in a suite in the D.C. Park Hyatt that I could never afford on my own. My work no longer seemed innocuous; it felt instead like I was laying the groundwork for a humanitarian disaster.
-
-One day as I was leaving ICE headquarters, I saw that a small protest had formed outside the building. I ducked out a side exit, terrified of being spotted by the activists, who could have been my comrades if I’d made different choices. One of McKinsey’s more-touted values asked us to uphold the “obligation to dissent.” (“The obligation to dissent has long been one of McKinsey’s core values alongside those focused on client service and talent development,” the McKinsey spokesperson told me.) But I came to feel that McKinsey is structured to resist any type of dissent. Aside from speaking up in a meeting, asking to leave the project, or complaining to an ombudsman that McKinsey’s own code of conduct says “cannot take action to address any questions or concerns you may have” except in exceptional circumstances, there was no way to meaningfully push back. And besides, I couldn’t point to any violations of McKinsey’s values at ICE, because there weren’t any.
-
-I remember venting about the ICE work to a partner who wasn’t on the project. He encouraged me to sabotage things from within. At first I thought he was joking, but he—an immigrant himself—seemed serious.
-
-I considered leaking information to a newspaper. But the early weeks of the Trump administration were plagued with [so many scandals](https://www.npr.org/2017/02/04/513473827/yes-all-this-happened-trumps-first-2-weeks-as-president) that nothing I could share seemed like it would make a difference. If I left the project early, I would be replaced by someone who likely would have fewer objections to the work. I decided that the best I could do was adamantly push ICE to adopt the longest possible hiring timeline and to ignore attrition when it set hiring targets.
-
-My team included people like a former diplomat and a West Pointer who identified as a staunch Democrat. I liked these colleagues more than the members of any other team I worked on. But they were apparently more sanguine about the work—as evidenced by the fact that all of them are still at McKinsey.
-
-I learned to hide behind spreadsheets and slide decks. I spent the remaining weeks on the ICE project building hiring models I hoped would never become reality. (Trump never got the [money needed](https://www.govexec.com/management/2018/05/ice-cancels-proposed-contract-help-hiring-thousands-deportation-officers/148638/) for the plans, though ICE didn’t need to expand to [conduct atrocities](https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kendalltaggart/here-are-thousands-of-documents-about-immigrants-who-died).)
-
-During my final week at ICE, my project manager informed me that the partner there wanted to extend my time. My manager told him that “this project is killing Garrison” and recommended to him that I not stay on, out of concern for my mental health. If an extension had been offered, I think I might have agreed to it, because I felt obligated to advocate the least harmful hiring options to ICE leadership, even though my manager was right: The work was sending me into a deep depression.
-
-I was disturbed to learn how much worse McKinsey’s contributions became after I left. [Reporting](https://www.propublica.org/article/how-mckinsey-helped-the-trump-administration-implement-its-immigration-policies) from ProPublica and *The* *New York Times* found that the firm helped increase arrests and speed up deportations. Some of its advice was so extreme that it made even ICE staff uncomfortable. (McKinsey called the reporting false, though ProPublica said the firm provided next to no evidence to back this up.)
-
-After participating in three banal projects in the private sector, I was advised to give notice. Honestly, it came as a huge relief. My exit came sooner than it did for most—McKinsey and I clearly weren’t a good match—but turnover was so common that it brought no real shame.
-
-In December 2018, I met some of my former colleagues for dinner in New York. One of them had landed his “dream job” and signed a lease for a ridiculously expensive apartment. When the talk turned to politics, I remember him drunkenly proclaiming, “All I know is my life is amazing, and I want nothing to change.” People chastised him, but I appreciated the honesty—I couldn’t help but notice that everyone else at the table who postured as a progressive had gone on to work at a private equity firm or a hedge fund.
-
-![McKinsey was hired to transform the culture at Rikers Island. Instead, consultants embraced the brutality of the prison.](https://www.thenation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Lovely-Rikers_demo-ap.jpg)
-
-**Culture warriors:** McKinsey was hired to transform the culture at Rikers Island. Instead, consultants embraced the brutality of the prison. (Jake Offenhartz / AP)
-
-For years, I hesitated to go public with my experience. I was ashamed of the work I had done. I was also afraid of getting sued or smeared, and I didn’t want to alienate one of the most powerful companies on Earth; the nonprofit I later worked at was cofounded by a McKinsey alum and had three other McKinseyites serving as advisers or board members.
-
-I ultimately chose to be a source for Walt Bogdanich and Mike Forsythe’s excellent book, *[When McKinsey Comes to Town](https://bookshop.org/p/books/when-mckinsey-comes-to-town-the-hidden-influence-of-the-world-s-most-powerful-consulting-firm-michael-forsythe/18369941)*, and to out myself as the author of an [anonymous *Current Affairs* exposé](https://www.currentaffairs.org/2019/02/mckinsey-company-capitals-willing-executioners) about the company.
-
-In June 2019, I was arrested along with 35 others for blocking traffic outside an ICE detention facility in Elizabeth, N.J., an act of [civil disobedience](https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/never-again-means-close-camps-jews-protest-ice-across-country-n1029386) organized by the immigrant advocacy organization Never Again Action. These days, I regularly wear an “Abolish ICE” shirt and loudly speak out against the agency. My interest in the issue is genuine—I think ICE provides no social value and mostly serves to terrorize immigrants. But deep down, I think some part of it is also motivated by guilt.
-
-McKinsey promises its consultants that they won’t have to work for [clients they disagree with](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/29/business/mckinsey-tobacco-juul-opioids.html). But this pushes ethical responsibility downward onto each individual, and only a tiny minority of the consultants need to be willing to do a project for it to be carried out.
-
-What’s more, though McKinsey promotes itself as a vehicle for public service, in practice, it stacks the deck heavily in favor of power and money. I remember my staffing manager once telling me that if I wanted to serve a nonprofit client, I would have to take a 25 percent pay cut for the duration of the engagement.
-
-McKinsey is also the most tight-lipped of the consulting firms. You’re never supposed to name your clients, not even to your romantic partner or to other members of the firm (though those rules were routinely broken). This secrecy protected me the way it protects McKinsey: I didn’t have to disclose to anyone that I worked for ICE. In fact, I *couldn’t*.
-
-I now think consultants should act as if they’ll have to justify their work to friends and family. They should, at the very least, be able to justify it to themselves. Looking back, I know I can’t.
-
-McKinsey won’t truly reform itself, because it neither needs to nor wants to. As the world’s largest private partnership, it can’t be taken over by shareholder activists. All it needs to sustain itself is its client base and its recruiting pipeline from elite universities. The past few years of critical attention have done little to affect either. In 2021, then–managing partner Kevin Sneader [told the *Financial Times*](https://www.ft.com/content/63f24181-aee0-49f4-9966-a447d79692f0) that the firm had lost “very, very, very few clients” and just had its “best recruiting year ever.”
-
-Even the mild reforms that Sneader implemented—some of which would have made it easier for me to object to the ICE project—faced a backlash from McKinsey’s senior partners. Though they didn’t overturn his changes, they voted him out after just one term (which hasn’t happened since 1976) and replaced him with [Bob Sternfels](https://www.wsj.com/articles/mckinsey-names-bob-sternfels-as-firms-new-global-managing-partner-11615383076), whose leadership represents a return to the status quo ante.
-
-In an ideal world, McKinsey and other management consultancies wouldn’t exist, at least not in anything close to their current form. In the meantime, there are some ways to penalize a firm that has largely escaped accountability.
-
-The first is that governments can investigate McKinsey. There are recent precedents for this. In 2020, the federal government’s procurement arm terminated a host of McKinsey contracts after its inspector general caught the firm lobbying to help it [sidestep contracting regulations](https://www.gsaig.gov/sites/default/files/audit-reports/A170118_1.pdf), and in April 2022, the Food and Drug Administration announced that it would not issue any [new contracts](https://www.nbcnews.com/news/fda-halt-mckinsey-contracts-federal-probes-opioid-work-rcna26160) to McKinsey pending the outcome of a congressional investigation into its relationship with the agency. That same month, Sternfels was brought before the House Oversight Committee to explain the firm’s role in helping to [fuel the opioid epidemic](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/29/business/mckinsey-opioid-crisis-opana.html).
-
-In December, after ProPublica published its [investigations into McKinsey’s work](https://www.propublica.org/article/mckinsey-never-told-the-fda-it-was-working-for-opioid-makers-while-also-working-for-the-agency) for the FDA and for the opioid manufacturers that the FDA regulates, Congress [enacted a law](https://www.propublica.org/article/congress-mckinsey-fda-purdue-pharma-conflicts) attempting to limit conflicts of interest at federal contractors.
-
-The second way to penalize McKinsey lies with the prestigious universities that the firm so obsessively recruits from. Schools could [ban McKinsey](https://www.browndailyherald.com/article/2018/09/calvelli-19-bcg-ban-consulting-groups/) from recruiting on campus or could provide dossiers to prospective candidates outlining the firm’s troubling conduct—a counterweight to the deluge of glossy pamphlets that promise you the ability to do well by doing good.
-
-A senior partner once told a writer, “There is no institution on the planet that has more integrity than McKinsey.” But I never felt worse about my professional life—or my role in the world—than while I was there. Nonetheless, my stint at McKinsey probably improves my employment prospects overall.
-
-My time at McKinsey led to the *Current Affairs* essay that launched my journalism career. It also led to the piece you are reading now. If I ever crawled back to the corporate world, McKinsey would be the credential that most validates me as a “smart, competent person” to a recruiter. Some of them would likely see it as a promising sign of my ruthlessness—always a prized asset in the pursuit of profit.
-
-Nothing short of a full de-McKinsey-fication of society will change the fact that, no matter what damage the firm does, its brand benefits the people who work there. We will know things have improved only when the name “McKinsey” on a résumé becomes what I learned it should be: a source of shame.
-
-##### [Garrison Lovely](https://www.thenation.com/authors/garrison-lovely/)
-
-Garrison Lovely is a freelance journalist. His work has been featured in *Jacobin*, *Current Affairs*, and *New York Focus*, among other places.
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-# Conservatives Have a New Master Theory of American Politics
-
-> “The long march through the institutions” is a self-fulfilling prophecy.
-
-By , who’s been a New York political columnist since 2011.  He writes the newsletter &c.
-
-Earlier this year, I was introduced to a Republican at a small gathering. I asked him what he made of the new theory sweeping the right, which held that radical leftists had conducted a “long march through the institutions,” seizing control of American culture, education, and business, and thus forcing Republicans to use government to dislodge their power.
-
-This theory has largely been associated with the new, Trumpier factions of the right that have risen up as alternatives to traditional conservatism. Since the man I met was exactly the sort of Republican the Trumpists are plotting to displace from power — (Jewish coastal elitist, donor, mortified by Donald Trump, vocally pro–gay marriage yet intrigued by Ron DeSantis, etc.) — I assumed he would express either ignorance of the long-march theory or else outright opposition.
-
-Instead, to my surprise, the only portion of my account he questioned was the word “theory.” To his mind, the long march and its grim implications for the party’s strategy were simply an obvious truism. The idea has spread so rapidly through the conservative elite that, before it has even gotten a name, the segments of the party most predisposed against it have adopted it.
-
-[Ron DeSantis](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/ron-desantis-trumpism.html) has placed this theory at the center of his governing vision (“elected officials who do nothing more than get out of the way are essentially greenlighting these institutions to continue their unimpeded march through society,” he writes in his campaign book.) [Donald Trump](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/06/gop-republican-party-fbi-authoritarian-acceleration.html) is personally sub-ideological, but the intellectuals around him have embraced it too.
-
-Two new books expound upon Longmarchism, as you might call it. *America’s Cultural Revolution: How the Radical Left Conquered Everything*, by [Christopher Rufo](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/07/christopher-rufo-and-the-critical-race-theory-moral-panic.html), attempts a sweeping historical theory tracing the ascent of a brand of left-wing identity politics from the 1960s New Left to its present position (according to Rufo) of dominance of the commanding heights of American society.
-
-*Up From Conservatism: Revitalizing the Right After a Generation of Decay*, a collection of essays edited by the Claremont Institute’s Arthur Milikh, uses the long march as its premise and proposes an array of retaliatory actions.
-
-Rufo’s version, which is the most developed iteration of the theory, posits that the 1960’s far left hit a wall when the working class failed to support its revolutionary program, and instead decided to gain control of society from above by burrowing into its elite sectors. Rufo initially, [erroneously](https://www.city-journal.org/article/laying-siege-to-the-institutions), attributed this strategy to the Italian communist Antonio Gramsci, before correctly crediting his disciple Rudi Dutschke, who proposed a “long march through the institutions.”
-
-The notion that ex-hippies have burrowed into the Establishment (especially universities) has been floating around the right for many years. But it was only at the tail end of the Trump administration that a more comprehensive version of the idea suddenly burst forth into the frontal cortex of the conservative mind. Longmarchism served as an all-purpose explanation of everything that angered the right during the Trump era: the belligerence of the news media, increasingly overt hostility from respectable Americans, and the final collapse into failure of the Trump administration. All these vexing developments could be explained by the single phenomenon of the left having successfully taken over America’s institutions.
-
-And accepting this theory, in turn, implied a new focus for Republicans if and when they next gained control of government. The left’s long march had given it control of nongovernmental organs of power, from which position it had waged relentless guerrilla war that had rendered Trump impotent and finally defeated. The right’s new task was to use government power to strike back.
-
-We should begin by acknowledging that the theory contains elements of reality. Conservatives are not fantasizing when they perceive that their beliefs are being anathematized by elites and elite institutions. Over the last couple decades, polarization has injected politics into peoples’ lives to a much greater extent — during the 1990s, it was common, even in Washington, D.C, to attend a party and never discuss politics. Simultaneously, the increasingly liberal cast of college-educated Americans has made all sorts of elite institutions more liberal even as they have grown more political. It is a real sea change in American life for giant corporations to endorse a left-wing group like Black Lives Matter.
-
-This trend exploded during the Trump administration. From a liberal point of view, the mobilization of Blue America looked like a necessary response to the national emergency of a bigoted authoritarian running loose through the West Wing. But it is easy to see how conservatives could perceive the same thing as something like a hostile conspiracy. “Conservatives have come to feel that practically everything that can reasonably be called an ‘institution’ — from sports journalism to the federal bureaucracy — is against them,” writes Richard Hanania in Milikh’s compendium.
-
-Since 2020, Rufo has done a fair amount of legwork digging up documentation of the [often-ridiculous Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion programs](https://www.thecut.com/article/diversity-equity-inclusion-industrial-companies.html) spreading through corporate, educational, and government human-resources departments. He fleshes out his theory with a series of historical synopses of left-wing theorists like Herbert Marcuse and Derrick Bell that take their ideas seriously. Rufo is also at least intermittently capable of recognizing deep disagreements within the left, a refreshing counterpoint to the common practice among right-wing polemicists of lumping together everything to the left of the Republican Party.
-
-But Longmarchism suffers three serious defects which, working in conjunction, transform a reasonable set of objections to left-wing social-justice fads run amok into a paranoid, authoritarian ideology.
-
-First, the Longmarchers are prone to catastrophizing. It is not just that left-wing ideas are spreading — those ideas are literally tantamount to Soviet-imposed totalitarianism. “Although the left-wing cultural revolution had self-destructed in the Third World,” writes Rufo, “over time it found a new home in America.” And not only have these ideas gained currency, they formed “a new ideological regime.”
-
-“The Constitution cannot be said to be governing the nation when there is no real presidency (but rather an intelligence apparatus and an administrative state that operates, more or less, on their own); no real Congress (which delegates its powers away to the administrative state); and no real independence of the states (which, with the aid of the Supreme Court, have become mere federal fiefdoms,)” claims Milkh, arguing along similar lines. “In terms of political and moral power, the Left currently rules every consequential sector of society, from the nation’s educational institutions (K–12 and higher education), to large parts of the media, corporate America, Big Tech, and the federal administrative apparatus.”
-
-Rufo’s analysis, despite its depth and specificity, relies upon a sleight-of-hand technique: He assumes that any organization that has adapted left-wing rhetoric in its training or branding has been wholly captured by the ideology of the activists who devised their underlying concepts.
-
-So, for instance, he proclaims, “The final conquest in the long march through the institutions is the extension of the critical theories into America’s largest corporations.” How did critical theorists gain control of corporate America? Well, after George Floyd’s murder, they made supportive statements toward the Black Lives Matter movement, and “The largest fifty companies in America immediately pledged $50 billion toward ‘racial equity.’”
-
-That certainly sounds like an ideological commitment that has redirected the priorities of corporate America. But if you look at the [footnotes](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/interactive/2021/george-floyd-corporate-america-racial-justice/), 90 percent of those funds are loans or mortgages, and almost all of the sum comes from two banks, JPMorgan Chase and Bank of America. Of the grants, just $70 million went to groups promoting criminal-justice reform.
-
-Likewise, when reporting on defense contractors employing some loopy DEI training materials in 2020, he asserts, “Even federal defense contractors have submitted to the new ideology.” And when he notes the same thing happening at the Treasury Department the same year, he arrives at the sweeping conclusion,  “After fifty years, the long march had been completed. The radical left had finally won its Gramscian ‘war of position’ and attained ideological power within the American state.”
-
-Of course, the military-industrial complex and the Treasury Department are massive bureaucracies. The fact their human-resources departments circulated some wild left-wing rhetoric hardly means those agencies were enlisted in the cause of left-wing revolution. Their general operations have not appreciably changed. It is safe to assume that, if they were actually under the control of Angela Davis’s disciples, the Pentagon and Treasury would probably be acting very differently than they are now.
-
-The second flaw in the long-march theory is that it fails to understand how social-justice ideology exploded specifically in reaction to events that are now receding.
-
-The most striking thing about both Rufo and Milikh’s books is that the events they cite as evidence of the left’s inexorable rise overwhelmingly took place during the Trump presidency. Primarily, they return again and again to the George Floyd protests and their aftermath. They also point to outrages like public-health guidance in 2020, a source of ongoing anger. Very little of the evidence they muster of a left-wing march through the institutions takes place since Trump left office.
-
-One reason, of course, is that the murder of George Floyd was a high-profile event that happened to occur in 2020. But Floyd was killed after Trump had spent several years engaging in [public displays](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/07/trumps-no-racist-just-a-guy-who-keeps-saying-racist-things.html) of racist bullying. Trump repeatedly promised to roll back police reforms undertaken by his predecessor and unleash the cops to brutalize suspects. “The Obama administration and the handcuffing and oppression of police was despicable,” Minneapolis Police Union president Bob Kroll [announced](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/05/trumps-george-floyd-obama-protest-police-violence-kneeling.html) at a Trump rally in Minneapolis, seven months before a Minneapolis cop killed Floyd. “The first thing President Trump did when he took office was turn that around, got rid of the Holder-Loretta Lynch regime and decided to start … letting the cops do their job, put the handcuffs on the criminals instead of us.” And Trump bullied protesters for police reform, like Colin Kaepernick, boasting that he had [blackballed](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/08/trump-convention-speech-crime-rooting-violence-republican.html) the quarterback from being hired by the league again.
-
-None of the Longmarchers mention this context. In their accounts, the explosion of protests instead spring directly from a 50-year-long left-wing plot.
-
-There is a common psychological phenomenon called the fundamental attribution error. It describes the way in which people habitually assess their own actions within the context of their environment, but assess the actions of other people as if they represent an innate character trait.
-
-The political version of the fundamental attribution error is that ideologues can easily perceive how the *other* side’s extremists are radicalizing *us*, but fail to see how *our* side’s extremists are radicalizing *them*. It is very obvious to the Longmarchers of the right that the excesses of the George Floyd protest era produced a backlash on the right. It doesn’t seem to have occurred to them that these protests were spurred in large part not simply by the outrageous torture captured on video, but also the years of goading by the most famous person in the world that preceded it.
-
-The Milikh volume has two essays specifically chastising conservatives for being *too anti-racist*. Not only can they not grasp that anti-racism protests draw more support when there is public evidence of racism, they argue that the movement has nothing to do with opposing actual racism. Indeed, at points they seem to deny its existence. “No amount of black outreach, Juneteenth celebrations, or expressions of sympathy for George Floyd will ever get them to stop calling us racists,” argues David Azzerad. “Their political movement thus *requires* the existence of racists. When they do not exist, they must be manufactured.” How would he know what progressives would do in the absence of actual racism, unless he thinks such a condition actually exists?
-
-A more important corollary, which the Longmarchers ignore, is that Trump’s defeat has drained the energy from the left.
-
-Rufo draws an extended scene of racial-justice protesters confronting Minneapolis mayor Jacob Frey with a demand to endorse police abolition, then shaming him when he refuses. The narrative structure of the episode, as Rufo constructs it, depicts the protesters as triumphant, and Frey slinking away shamed and defeated. What Rufo does not mention is that Frey went on to win reelection in 2021 and then a city ballot initiative to reduce police funding lost. Indeed, after a brief flirtation, the Democratic Party turned sharply against defunding the police. Joe Biden has promised to “fund the police.”
-
-The fact that so many of the horrors cited by the Longmarchers occurred under Trump confirms a finding by the sociologist Musa al-Gharbi. A critic of the far left on social issues, al-Gharbi has [compiled](https://heterodoxacademy.org/blog/the-great-awokening-of-scholarship-may-be-ending/) a number of metrics showing the “great awokening” has already begun winding down. University students are less fearful of discussing controversial topics, and professors are facing less retaliation on campus. Corporate DEI bureaucracy, whose growth Rufo portrays as an unstoppable terror, is collapsing; the *Wall Street* *Journal* [reports](https://www.wsj.com/articles/chief-diversity-officer-cdo-business-corporations-e110a82f) that chief-diversity-officer searches are down 75 percent over the previous year amid plummeting demand.
-
-It is difficult to empirically prove something as amorphous as the rise and fall of an ideological tendency, but these findings paint the same picture as the Longmarchers’ reliance on circa-2020 anecdotes: The worst excesses of social-justice activism peaked under Trump, and Uncle Joe has managed to calm things down.
-
-This problem is worth bearing in mind when you consider the third defect of Longmarchism: It implies a radical program that its advocates fail to articulate clearly.
-
-Both tomes brim with militant sloganeering language exhorting their allies to take merciless, decisive action against the enemy. “We like to say that one must govern, but a truer expression is that one must learn to rule,” writes Milikh in one essay.
-
-Rufo displays even more clearly Leninist thought patterns. Politics is a struggle of willpower, and the forces of his side (the counterrevolution) “must ruthlessly identify and exploit the vulnerabilities of the revolution, then construct its own logic for overcoming it … The task is to meet the forces of revolution with an equal and opposite force.” Having convinced himself of the success of the Marxist left, he believes the right must fashion itself as a mirror image.
-
-Rufo’s self-conception as a reverse Leninist, agitating for his anti-revolution, even extends to constructing his own dialectical analysis. “The working class is more anti-revolutionary today than at any time during the upheaval,” he posits. “Their quality of life has plummeted into a revolving nightmare of addiction, violence and incarceration.” The proletariat in Joe Biden’s Amerika, immiserated into radicalization, is ready to take to the barricades.
-
-But exactly what this all means in practice is a little harder to say. Milikh’s volume offers a series of mostly vague proposals to extend (or, the Longmarchers would say, join) political combat to almost every sphere of American life. Many of them point to DeSantis’s campaign to punish Disney for the sin of criticizing his restrictions on gender education as a model.
-
-“Destruction followed by reconquest is necessary and proper,” proposes Milikh in regard to the education system. One contributor suggests starting up a new clothing line to replace “woke Patagonia’s clothing” and creating dating apps that reject hookup culture. Another argues, “This rolling sexual revolution cultivates a new sexual ethic supporting that may be called the Queer Constitution (in contrast to our former Straight Constitution), which has become central to Americanism and its ruling class,” and thus, “the family must be self-consciously repoliticized.”
-
-Of course, all these maneuvers would generate a backlash on the left. This response would obviously freak out conservatives even more, in turn promoting yet more panicked demands for another counteroffensive (or, perhaps, counter-counter-counteroffensive) in the culture war. If the militant language of the Longmarchers expresses anything cogent, it is that the mere existence of opposition is intolerable to them.
-
-One notable characteristic of the Longmarchers, and the post-liberal movement on the right in general, is that every new escalation in tactics they demand serves as justification for the next one. [Michael Anton’s famous “Flight 93” essay](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/michael-antons-flight-93-election-trump-coup.html) justified a vote for Trump as a final, desperate gambit (akin to passengers on the doomed hijacked flight charging the cockpit) to save America from the left-wing takeover. Now Anton — who has contributed two essays to *Up From Conservatism* — needs an explanation for why Trump’s presidency failed to save the country.
-
-The long march supplies that explanation. It turns out, writes Anton, “the people we nominally elect do not hold real power.” So now, they must not only win control of government, but also extend its power into nearly every sphere of American life. They have abandoned completely the notion they can roll back left-wing excess through *persuasion* — the very thing that appears to be happening now, under a moderate Democratic president — and instead convinced themselves it can and must be accomplished through coercion.
-
-Perhaps they will try this. If so, they will discover they have generated a backlash far more severe than they anticipated. Indeed, they will have brought about the very thing they had set out to destroy.
-
-Conservatives Have a New Master Theory of American Politics
-
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-Link: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/07/24/country-musics-culture-wars-and-the-remaking-of-nashville
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-# Country Music’s Culture Wars and the Remaking of Nashville
-
-On March 20th, at Nashville’s Bridgestone Arena, a block from the honky-tonks of Lower Broadway, [Hayley Williams](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-interview/hayley-williams-without-a-guidebook), the lead singer of the pop-punk band Paramore, strummed a country-music rhythm on her guitar. A drag queen in a ketchup-red wig and gold lamé boots bounded onstage. The two began singing in harmony, rehearsing a twangy, raucous cover of Deana Carter’s playful 1995 feminist anthem “[Did I Shave My Legs for This?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzWOa8loCDI)”—a twist on a Nashville classic, remade for the moment.
-
-The singer-songwriter Allison Russell watched them, smiling. In just three weeks, she and a group of like-minded country progressives had pulled together “Love Rising,” a benefit concert meant to show resistance to Tennessee’s legislation targeting L.G.B.T.Q. residents—including a law, recently signed by the state’s Republican governor, Bill Lee, barring drag acts anywhere that kids could see them. Stars had texted famous friends; producers had worked for free. The organizers had even booked Nashville’s largest venue, the Bridgestone—only to have its board, spooked by the risk of breaking the law, nearly cancel the agreement. In the end, they had softened their promotional language, releasing a poster that said simply, in lavender letters, “*a celebration of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness*”—no “drag,” no “trans,” no mention of policy. It was a small compromise, Russell told me, since their goal was broader and deeper than party politics: they needed their listeners to know that they weren’t alone in dangerous times. There was a Nashville that many people didn’t realize existed, and it could fill the biggest venue in town.
-
-The doors were about to open. Backstage, global stars like Sheryl Crow, Alabama Shakes’ [Brittany Howard](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/27/brittany-howards-transformation), and Julien Baker, the Tennessee-born member of the indie supergroup [boygenius](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/11/12/boygenius-is-driven-by-the-spirit-of-solidarity), milled around alongside the nonbinary country singer Adeem the Artist, who wore a slash of plum-colored lipstick and a beat-up denim jacket. The singer-songwriters Jason Isbell and Amanda Shires walked by, swinging their seven-year-old daughter, Mercy, between them. There were more than thirty performers, many of whom, like Russell, qualified as Americana, an umbrella term for country music outside the mainstream. In the Americana universe, Isbell and Shires were big stars—but not on Nashville’s Music Row, the corporate engine behind the music on country radio. It was a divide wide enough that, when Isbell’s biggest solo hit, the intimate post-sobriety love song “[Cover Me Up](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-s3vuXopS4),” was covered by the country star Morgan Wallen, many of Wallen’s fans assumed that he’d written it.
-
-Shires, overwhelmed by the crush backstage, invited me to sit with her in her dressing room, where she poured each of us a goblet of red wine. A Texas-born fiddle player who is a member of the feminist supergroup the Highwomen, she had forest-green feathers clumped around her eyelids, as if she were a bird—her own form of drag, Shires joked. Surrounded by palettes of makeup, she talked about her ties to the cause: her aunt is trans, something that her grandmother had refused to acknowledge, even on her deathbed. Shires’s adopted city was in peril, she told me, and she’d started to think that more defiant methods might be required in the wake of the Tennessee legislature’s recent redistricting, which amounted to voter suppression. “Jason, can I borrow you for a minute?” she called into the anteroom, where Isbell was hanging out with Mercy. “The gerrymandering—how do we get past that?”
-
-“Local elections,” Isbell said.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27661)
-
-“You guys are ruining my origin story.”
-
-Cartoon by Dahlia Gallin Ramirez
-
-“You really don’t think the answer is anarchy?” Shires remarked, bobbing one of her strappy heels like a lure.
-
-“Well, you know, if you’re the dirtiest fighter in a fight, you’re gonna win,” Isbell said, mildly, slouching against the doorframe. “You bite somebody’s ear off, you’re probably gonna beat ’em. And if there are no rules—or if the rules keep changing according to whoever won the last fight—you’re fucked. Because all of a sudden they’re, like, ‘Hey, this guy’s a really good ear biter. *Let’s make it where you can bite ears!* ’ ”
-
-That night, the dominant emotion at “Love Rising” wasn’t anarchy but reassurance—a therapeutic vibe, broken up by pleas to register to vote. Nashville’s mayor, John Cooper, a Democrat, spoke; stars from “RuPaul’s Drag Race” showed up via Zoom. The folky Americana singer Joy Oladokun, who had a “*keep hope alive*” sticker on their guitar, spoke gently about growing up in a small town while being Black and “queer, sort of femme, but not totally in the binary.” Jake Wesley Rogers, whose sequinned suit and big yellow glasses channelled Elton John, sang a spine-tingling version of his queer-positive pop anthem “[Pluto](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3msogJaEII)”: “Hate on me, hate on me, hate on me! / You might as well hate the sun / for shining just a little too much.”
-
-Before Adeem the Artist performed “[For Judas](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fM9BP_1ONFk),” a wry love song to a man, they summed up the mood nicely, describing it as “a weird juxtaposition of jubilance and fear.” Backstage, however, they struck a bleaker tone: Adeem was planning to move to Pittsburgh—“the Paris of Appalachia”—with their wife and young daughter. In Tennessee, the rent was too high, and the politics too cruel. As much as Adeem appreciated the solidarity of “Love Rising,” they viewed its message as existentially naïve: as Shires had suggested, the state was already so fully gerrymandered—“hard carved”—that, even if every ally they knew voted, the fix was in.
-
-Only one mainstream country star played that night: Maren Morris, a Grammy-winning artist whose breakout 2016 hit, “[My Church](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouWQ25O-Mcg),” was an irresistible pro-radio anthem that celebrated singing along in your car as a form of “holy redemption.” Morris, who has had hits on terrestrial radio—the regular, non-streaming kind that you listen to on a road trip—was an exception to the rules of Music Row, where liberal singers, even supernovas like [Dolly Parton](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/10/19/the-united-states-of-dolly-parton), kept their politics coded, supportive but soft. Performers who were too mouthy, particularly women, tended to get pushed off the Row—and often turned toward the more lenient world of pop, as had happened with [Taylor Swift](https://www.newyorker.com/tag/taylor-swift), Kacey Musgraves, and Brandi Carlile (who, along with Amanda Shires, Natalie Hemby, and Morris, is a member of the Highwomen). Decades later, everyone in Nashville still spoke in whispers about what had happened to the [Dixie Chicks](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/07/20/why-the-chicks-dropped-their-dixie), in 2003, when they got blackballed after speaking out against the Iraq War.
-
-Morris had recently had a few skirmishes online with right-wing influencers—notably, Brittany Aldean, the *maga* wife of the singer Jason Aldean. Morris had called her “Insurrection Barbie”; in response, Jason Aldean had encouraged a concert audience to boo Morris’s name. Both sides had sold merch off the clash. The Aldeans hawked Barbie shirts reading “*don’t tread on our kids.*” Morris fans could buy a shirt that read “*lunatic country music person*”—[Tucker Carlson](https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-world-according-to-tucker-carlson)’s nickname for her—and another bearing the slogan “*you have a seat at this table*.” (She donated the proceeds to L.G.B.T.Q. charities.) A few months before “Love Rising,” Morris had done an interview with one of the event’s organizers, Hunter Kelly—a host on Proud Radio, a queer-themed channel on Apple Music—and had told him that she wanted to be known for her songs, not her Twitter clapbacks. But, she added, she wouldn’t apologize for having political opinions: “I can’t just be this merch store on the Internet that sells you songs and T-shirts.” Within the context of Nashville, she explained, “I come across a lot louder than I actually am, because everyone else is so quiet.”
-
-Near the end of the concert, Morris, a petite brunette in a floor-length tuxedo coat with a tiny skirt, sang “[Better Than We Found It](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4rr6LewdIU),” a protest song, inspired by her newborn son, that she’d written after the death of [George Floyd](https://www.newyorker.com/tag/george-floyd). During her opening banter, she had told a sweet, offhand story about watching her now three-year-old boy standing in awe as drag queens got ready backstage, amid clouds of glitter and hair spray. “And, yes, I introduced my son to some drag queens today,” Morris added, sassily. “So Tennessee, fucking *arrest* me!” The next day, Fox News fixated on the moment.
-
-After the concert, Adeem’s Realpolitik echoed in my head. For all its warmth and energy, “Love Rising” hadn’t sold out the Bridgestone Arena. And Adeem wasn’t the only one leaving Tennessee: Hunter Kelly was moving to Chicago with his husband, frustrated that artists whose work he had celebrated for decades, like Parton and Miranda Lambert, weren’t speaking out. That night, I caught a glimpse of the other side of Nashville, down the street, at the honky-tonk bar Legends Corner. A rowdy crowd was dancing and drinking, screaming the lyrics to Toby Keith’s old hit “[Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruNrdmjcNTc)”—an ass-kicking, jingoistic number that, twenty years ago, had helped knock the Chicks off the radio.
-
-You notice certain things about a city when you’re an outsider. There was the way everybody ended their description of Nashville the same way: “It’s a small town inside a big city. Everyone knows everyone.” There was the fact that every other Uber driver was in a band. There were the pink stores, with names like Vow’d, selling party supplies for bachelorettes. Above a coffee shop with a `#BlackLivesMatter` sign was a taunting billboard flacking a proudly “problematic” weekly. I had originally come to the city to meet a set of local singer-songwriters whose presence challenged an industry long dominated by bro country—slick, hollow songs about trucks and beer, sung by interchangeable white hunks. This new guard, made up of female songwriters, Black musicians, and queer artists, suggested a new kind of outlawism, expanding a genre that many outsiders assumed was bland and blinkered, conservative in multiple senses. What I found in Nashville was a messier story: a town midway through a bloody metamorphosis, one reflected in a struggle over who owned Music City.
-
-Every city changes. But the transformation of Nashville—which began a decade ago, and accelerated exponentially during the pandemic—has stunned the people who love the city most. “None of this existed,” the music critic Ann Powers told me, pointing out swaths of new construction. There had been a brutal flood in 2010, and early in the pandemic a tornado had levelled many buildings, including music institutions like the Basement East. But the construction went far beyond rebuilding; it was a radical redesign, intended to attract a new demographic. In hip East Nashville, little houses had been bulldozed to build “tall and skinnies”—layer-cake buildings ideal for Airbnbs. The Gulch, a once industrial area where bluegrass fiddlers still meet at the humble Station Inn, was chockablock with luxury hotels. Broadway, formerly a rough neighborhood with a handful of honky-tonks, had become NashVegas, a strip lined with night clubs named for country stars. Only tourists went there now. Mayor Cooper, meanwhile, wanted to host the Super Bowl, which meant building a domed football stadium big enough for sixty thousand people, which meant that the city needed more parking lots, more hotels—*more*.
-
-This physical renovation paralleled a political one. The city, a blue bubble in a red state, had long taken pride in its reputation for racial comity, for being a place where people with disagreements could coexist: the so-called Nashville Way. Then, in September, 2020, the right-wing provocateur Ben Shapiro and his media empire, the Daily Wire, moved in from Los Angeles, followed by a large posse that included the online influencer [Candace Owens](https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-communications/the-gospel-of-candace-owens), who left Washington, D.C., for the wealthy Nashville suburb of Franklin. This crew, along with other alt-right figures—the commentator Tomi Lahren, executives at the social network Parler—joined forces with *maga*\-friendly country stars, such as Kid Rock and Jason Aldean, who owned clubs on Broadway. Under Governor Lee, who took office in 2019, Tennessee politics were blinking bright red: abortion was essentially banned; gun laws were lax; Moms for Liberty was terraforming school boards. Now the state wanted to ban drag acts and medical care for trans youth. When Nashville’s city council, which leans liberal, refused to host the 2024 Republican National Convention, Lee vowed payback—and tried to cut the size of the council in half. A week after the “Love Rising” concert, a shooter—whose gender identity was ambiguous—murdered six people, including three children, at a local Christian school. The gun-control protests that flooded the Capitol felt like a cathartic expression of a population that was already on edge. At one rally, the country singer Margo Price played [Bob Dylan](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/10/31/a-unified-field-theory-of-bob-dylan)’s “[Tears of Rage](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c62HxxnRw3U).”
-
-All through the pandemic, newcomers kept pouring in—a thousand a month, by some calculations. Sometimes it felt as if California had tilted, sending refugees rolling eastward like pinballs, and although some of these new Nashvillians were wealthy Angelenos fed up with living in a fire zone, there were more complex attractions. Tennessee had no state income tax, and Nashville had dropped its mask mandate. It was now possible to work from home, so why not try Music City? When Shapiro announced his move, he called himself “the tip of the spear”—and, if your politics leaned right, Nashville was a magnetic force, with the whiteness of country music part of that allure.
-
-For Nashville musicians, 2020 became a dividing line. Big stars died, among them [John Prine](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/john-prines-perfect-songs), the flinty songwriter, and [Charley Pride](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/what-country-music-owes-to-charley-pride), the genre’s first Black star. With tours cancelled and recording stalled, artists had time to brood and reconsider. Some got sober, others got high, and many people rolled out projects reflecting the volatile national mood. After Maren Morris wrote “Better Than We Found It”—which has charged lyrics such as “When the wolf’s at the door all covered in blue / Shouldn’t we try something new?”—she released a video featuring images of Black Lives Matter posters and Nashville Dreamers. Tyler Childers, a raw, bluegrass-inflected singer-songwriter from rural Kentucky, made a video for his song “[Long Violent History](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7lMq9ehC8k)” in which he encouraged poor white Southerners to view their fates as tied to Breonna Taylor’s. [Mickey Guyton](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/06/14/mickey-guyton-takes-on-the-overwhelming-whiteness-of-country-music), just about the only Black woman on country radio, released a song called “[Black Like Me](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKximTk8JCM).” The Dixie Chicks dropped the “Dixie”; Lady Antebellum changed its name to Lady A. Everywhere, cracks were appearing in the Nashville Way.
-
-The same year, [Morgan Wallen](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/12/28/how-morgan-wallen-became-the-most-wanted-man-in-country)—a native of Sneedville, Tennessee, who had been signed by the bro-country institution Big Loud Records in 2016, when he was twenty-three—got cancelled, briefly. In October, Wallen had been due to perform on “Saturday Night Live,” but after a video showed him out partying, in violation of *covid* restrictions, the invitation was revoked. Then, after he apologized and appeared on the show, a second video emerged, in which he used the N-word. Country radio dropped him; Big Loud suspended his contract; Jason Isbell donated profits from “Cover Me Up”—the song that Wallen had recorded—to the N.A.A.C.P. And then, in a perfect inverse of what had happened to the Chicks, Wallen’s album “Dangerous” shot up the charts. When I asked an Uber driver, a woman in her sixties with a scraped-back ponytail, what music she liked, she said, “Morgan Wallen, of course.” Asked what she thought about the scandal, she said, in a clipped voice, “He come back up real quick. They didn’t get him for too long. He’s No. 1 again.” When she dropped me off, she added, sweetly, “You have a blessed day, Emily.”
-
-Leslie Fram, a senior vice-president at Country Music Television and a former rock programmer who moved to Nashville in 2011, put it plainly to me: Wallen had split the city. To some, he was a symbol of Music Row bigotry; to others, of resistance to a woke world. He’d apologized, sort of, but he hadn’t changed—not changing was a big part of his appeal. There was no denying his success, however, or the savvy of his handlers. His songs, starting with the 2018 hit “[Whiskey Glasses](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjBp30kjzTc),” which opened with the line “Poor me—pour me another drink!,” were all about the desire to drink the past away. His latest album, “One Thing at a Time,” thirty-six songs deep, with lyrics by forty-nine writers—which followed a stand-alone single called “[Broadway Girls](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CNl_CCtE-I),” a collaboration with the trap artist Lil Durk that contains repeated mentions of Aldean’s bar—ruled the charts. In March, a few weeks before the “Love Rising” concert, Wallen announced a pop-up concert at the Bridgestone; it set an attendance record for the arena. In January, Wallen had headlined Governor Lee’s inaugural banquet.
-
-When Holly G., a flight attendant, was grounded by the pandemic, she sank into a depression. For nine months, she holed up at her mother’s house in Virginia, soaking in bad news. In December, 2020, she found herself watching a YouTube video of a shaggy-haired, sweet-faced Morgan Wallen, seated on a rural porch and crooning the song “[Talkin’ Tennessee](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRcl5L11yjM)” to an acoustic guitar: “What you say we grab some tailgate underneath the stars / Catch a few fireflies in a moonshine jar.” Holly played the video on a loop, soothed by its gentleness. “It was what got me out of that funk, listening to music,” she told me. “And then, in February, he was caught saying the N-word.”
-
-Before 2020, Holly had never thought deeply about what it meant to be a Black fan of country music: it was just a quirky taste that she’d picked up as a kid, watching videos on CMT. Now the national racial reckoning had her questioning everything. Wallen’s behavior felt like a personal betrayal; she’d started reading widely, learning more about the history of country music. The genre had started, in the early twentieth century, as a multiethnic product of the rural South, merging the sounds of the Irish fiddle, the Mexican guitar, and the African banjo. Then, in the early twenties, Nashville radio producers split that music into twin brands: race records, marketed to Black listeners (which became rhythm and blues and, later, rock and roll), and “hillbilly music,” which became country-and-Western. By the time Holly started listening, the genre had long been coded as the voice of the rural white Southerner, with a few Black stars, like Pride or Darius Rucker or Kane Brown, as exceptions to the rule.
-
-In the spring of 2021, Holly created a Web site for Black country fans, Black Opry, hoping to find like-minded listeners. Unexpectedly, she discovered a different group: Black country artists, a world she knew less about. Among them was Jett Holden, whose song “[Taxidermy](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUPO1gAijrM)” was a scathing response to hollow online activism, sung in the voice of a murdered Black man: “I’ll believe that my life matters to you / When I’m more than taxidermy for your Facebook wall.” Holly became an activist herself—and then, to her surprise, a promoter, compiling a list of hundreds of performers and booking them across the country, as a collective, under the Black Opry brand. On Twitter, she embraced her role as a mischief-maker—and when she moved to Nashville, in 2022, she changed her Twitter bio to “Nash Villain.” By then, she was embedded in the politics of Music City, meeting with executives at labels and at the Country Music Hall of Fame. Long-simmering debates about racial diversity had intensified in the Trump era. At the 2016 C.M.A. Awards, a week before the election, Beyoncé and the Chicks performed their red-hot country collaboration, “[Daddy Lessons](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Mm9ae_qg9I)”; Alan Jackson, the traditionalist curmudgeon who popularized the nineties anti-pop anthem “[Murder on Music Row](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94gLc6o_TVI),” walked out.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27582)
-
-“Sounds delicious, but I’m just going to grab some French fries.”
-
-Cartoon by José Arroyo
-
-In January, I visited Holly’s home, in East Nashville, where members of Black Opry were gathering to pregame before heading to Dee’s, a local music venue. We sat on an overstuffed couch, and Holly showed me some videos on her TV. One was a song called “[Ghetto Country Streets](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijYzDmzCTMM),” by Roberta Lea, a warm, twangy portrait of a Southern childhood. (“I can hear my momma say, get your butt outside and play / And don’t come back until those lights are on.”) We all laughed and swayed to “[Whatever You’re Up For](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cByNChis1n0),” an infectious dance-party number by the Kentucky Gentlemen, stylish gay twins who shimmied around a stable wearing leather pants and leopard-print shirts. The twins had the commercial bop of country radio, Holly said, but they were in a definitional bind. White stars often fold trap beats or rap into their songs, but, as the scholar Tressie McMillan Cottom has noted, the music still counts as country—it’s “hick-hop.” When Black men sing that way, their music is often characterized as R. & B. or pop. And gay stars—particularly Black gay stars—are a rarity, even in the wake of a trickster like [Lil Nas X](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/10/04/the-unexpected-introspection-of-lil-nas-x), who hacked the country charts in 2019, with “[Old Town Road](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2Ov5jzm3j8).”
-
-After we finished some videos, a singer named Leon Timbo picked up his guitar. A big, bearded man with a warm smile, he harmonized with the Houston-raised singer Denitia on a slow version of a classic R. & B. song by Luther Vandross, “Never Too Much.” The [cover](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oBl_s2Kimk), which he performed at Black Opry events, had been Holly’s suggestion: an object lesson in musical alchemy. Timbo said, “It’s difficult to take the song from its former glory, because in my house we know it by the beginning of it.” He imitated Vandross’s original, with its rowdy disco bounce—*boom, boom, boom*.
-
-Holly said, “To me, a cover like this is bridging the exact gap that we need. Because Black people *love* some fucking Luther, and to take it and make it Americana—it takes it to a place they wouldn’t have thought of. And, then again, it is also an example to white people, wondering what our place is in the genre.”
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-If genre distinctions weren’t so rigid, Timbo said, people might see Tracy Chapman—who was inspired to play the guitar by watching “Hee Haw” as a child—and [Bill Withers](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/bill-withers-was-always-there-if-you-needed-him) as country legends. They would know about Linda Martell, the first Black woman to play at the Grand Ole Opry. A purist nostalgia about country music was ultimately indistinguishable from a racist one: both were focussed on policing a narrow definition of who qualified as the real thing.
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-After the show at Dee’s, the group—several of whom were queer—hung out at the Lipstick Lounge, a queer bar with karaoke and drag shows. The queens did a rowdy call-and-response with the crowd: “Lesbians in the room, raise your hands!” In the vestibule to an upstairs cigar bar, I spoke with Aaron Vance, the son of a preacher with a radio ministry. Vance, a lanky man in his forties with a low drawl, was one of Black Opry’s more old-school members. A [Merle Haggard](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/postscript-merle-haggard-1937-2016)\-influenced singer, he’d written droll numbers such as “[Five Bucks Says](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSrpFXWtn6c),” in which he imagined drinking with Abe Lincoln at a dive bar, talking about the racial divide. When Vance moved to Nashville, in 2014, he had been treated as an oddity, but in the farm community he came from, in Amory, Mississippi, it wasn’t unusual to be a Black man who loved country. His grandfather, a truck driver, had introduced him to Haggard. Vance considered his music his ministry, he said, and the Black Opry collective had freed him to pursue his mission on his own terms. “You can’t tell a wolf he’s too much of a wolf,” he said with a laugh—in other words, you couldn’t tell Vance that he was too country. When I asked him what his karaoke song was, he smiled: it was “[If Heaven Ain’t a Lot Like Dixie](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAwlj9wqFnI),” by Hank Williams, Jr.
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-On a bright spring morning, Jay Knowles picked me up in his red truck and drove us to Fenwick’s 300, a diner where Music Row executives take meetings over pancakes. A Gen X dad with messy hair, Knowles had grown up in Nashville, with country in his blood. His father, John Knowles, played guitar with the legendary Chet Atkins, who helped pioneer the Nashville Sound—the smooth, radio-friendly rival of Willie Nelson’s gritty “outlaw” movement. In the early nineties, when Jay went to Wesleyan University, he felt inspired by the rise of “alt-country” stars, such as Steve Earle and Mary Chapin Carpenter, who had clever lyrics and distinctive voices full of feeling. It felt like a golden age for both mainstream and indie musicians, as each side sparred over who was a rebel and who was a sellout—a local tradition as old as the steel guitar.
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-Knowles returned home and went to work on Music Row, becoming a skilled craftsman who joked, in his Twitter bio, that he was “the best songwriter in Nashville in his price range.” He had scored some hits, including a 2012 Alan Jackson heartbreaker, “[So You Don’t Have to Love Me Anymore](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVGm93II-UA),” which was nominated for a Grammy. But, looking back, he was troubled by how the industry had changed since marketers rebranded alt-country as Americana, in 1999, and bro country took hold, a decade later. The genre’s deepening division had been damaging to both sides, in his view: Americana wasn’t pushed by the market to speak more broadly, and Music Row wasn’t pressured to get smarter. It was a split that replicated national politics in ugly ways.
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-Knowles’s job was, in large part, still a sweet one: he met each day with friends, scribbling in a notebook as younger collaborators tapped lyrics into the Notes app. His publisher paid him monthly for demos, and arranged pitches to stars. But no writers got rich off [Spotify](https://www.newyorker.com/tag/spotify) royalties. Knowles had watched, with frustration, as the tonal range of country lyrics had shrunk, getting more juvenile each year: for a while, every hit was a party anthem, with no darkness or story songs allowed. Recently, a small aperture had opened for songs about heartbreak, his favorite subject. But after years in the industry he was wary of false hope: when his friend Chris Stapleton, a gravel-throated roots rocker, rose to fame, in 2015, Knowles thought that the genre was entering a less contrived phase. But on the radio sameness got rewarded.
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-One of the worst shifts had followed the 2003 Dixie Chicks scandal. At the time, the group was a top act, a beloved trio from Texas who merged fiddle-heavy bluegrass verve with modern storytelling. Then, at a concert in London, just as the Iraq War was gearing up, the lead singer, Natalie Maines, told the crowd that she was ashamed to come from the same state as President George W. Bush. The backlash was instant: radio dropped the band, fans burned their albums, Toby Keith performed in front of a doctored image showing Maines alongside Saddam Hussein, and death threats poured in. Unnerved by the McCarthyist atmosphere, Knowles and other industry professionals gathered at an indie movie house for a sub-rosa meeting of a group called the Music Row Democrats. Knowles told me, “It was kind of like an A.A. meeting—‘*Oh, y’all are drunks, too?* ’ ”
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-But a meeting wasn’t a movement. For the next two decades, the entire notion of a female country star faded away. There would always be an exception or two—a Carrie Underwood or a Miranda Lambert, or, lately, the spitfire Lainey Wilson, whose recent album “Bell Bottom Country” became a hit—just as there would always be one or two Black stars, usually male. But Knowles, now fifty-three, knew lots of talented women his age who had found the gates of Nashville locked. “Some of them sell real estate, some of them write songs,” he said. “Some sing backup. None became stars.”
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-Knowles felt encouraged by Nashville’s new wave, which had adopted a different strategy. Instead of competing, these artists collaborated. They pushed one another up the ladder rather than sparring to be “the one.” “This younger generation, they all help each other out,” he said. “It feels unfamiliar to me.”
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-Whenever I talked to people in Nashville, I kept getting hung up on the same questions. How could female singers be “noncommercial” when Musgraves packed stadiums? Was it easier to be openly gay now that big names like Brandi Carlile were out? What made a song with fiddles “Americana,” not “country”? And why did so many of the best tracks—lively character portraits like Josh Ritter’s “[Getting Ready to Get Down](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnQ89jZvZD0),” trippy experiments like Margo Price’s “[Been to the Mountain](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoxGsS4PMd8),” razor-sharp commentaries like [Brandy Clark](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/no-one-is-writing-better-country-songs-than-brandy-clark-is)’s “[Pray to Jesus](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCP0y-mbaFo)”—rarely make it onto country radio? I’d first fallen for the genre in the nineties, in Atlanta, where I drove all the time, singing along to radio hits by Garth Brooks and Reba McEntire, Randy Travis and Trisha Yearwood—the music that my Gen X Southern friends found corny, associating it with the worst people at their high schools. Decades later, quality and popularity seemed out of synch; Music Row and Americana felt somehow indistinguishable, cozily adjacent, and also at war.
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-People I spoke to in Nashville tended to define Americana as “roots” country, as “progressive-liberal” country, or, more recently, as “diverse” country. For some observers, the distinction was about fashion: vintage suits versus plaid shirts. For others, it was about celebrating the singular singer-songwriter. The label had always been a grab bag, incorporating everything from honky-tonk to bluegrass, gospel to blues, Southern rock, Western swing, and folk. But the name itself hinted at a provocative notion: that *this* was the real American music, three chords and the historical truth.
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-The blunter distinction was that, like independent film, Americana paid less. (The singer-songwriter Todd Snider has joked that Americana is “what they used to call ‘unsuccessful country music.’ ”) Not everyone embraced the label, even some of its biggest stars: five years ago, when Tyler Childers was named Emerging Artist of the Year at the Americana Awards, he came onstage wearing a scraggly red beard, and growled, “As a man who identifies as a country-music singer, I feel Americana ain’t no part of nothin’ ”—a reference to the bluegrass legend Bill Monroe’s gruff dismissal of modern artists he disdained.
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-Maybe, as Childers later argued, Americana functioned as a ghetto for “good country music,” letting “bad” country off the hook. Or maybe it was a relief valve, a platform for musicians who otherwise had no infrastructure, given the biases of Music Row. Marcus K. Dowling, a Black music journalist who writes for the *Tennessean*, told me that, not long after the death of George Floyd, he’d written a roundup of Black female country artists, highlighting talents like Brittney Spencer, a former backup singer for Carrie Underwood, in the hope that at least one of them would break into mainstream radio. “Almost all of them ended up in Americana,” he said, with a sigh.
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-Getting signed to Music Row demanded a different calculation: you became a brand, with millions of dollars invested in your career. The top country stars lived in wealthy Franklin, alongside the Daily Wire stars, or on isolated ranches whose luxe décor was shown off by their wives on Instagram. This was part of what made the bro-country phenomenon so galling to its critics: white male millionaires cosplayed as blue-collar rebels while the real rebels starved. The comedian [Bo Burnham](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/07/02/bo-burnhams-age-of-anxiety) nailed the problem in a scathing parody, “[Country Song](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7im5LT09a0),” which mocked both bro country’s formulaic lyrics (“a rural noun, simple adjective”) and its phony authenticity: “I walk and talk like a field hand / But the boots I’m wearing cost three grand / I write songs about riding tractors / From the comfort of a private jet.”
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-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27488)
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-“She’s cute and everything, but between you and me we have no common interests.”
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-Cartoon by Sophie Lucido Johnson and Sammi Skolmoski
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-When Leslie Fram first moved to Nashville, a decade ago, to run Country Music Television—the genre’s equivalent of MTV—she studied Music Row like a new language. “I understand why people who aren’t in it don’t get it,” she told me, over a fancy omelette in the Gulch. “I didn’t get it!” Fram, who has black hair and a frank, friendly manner, was born in Alabama but spent years working in rock radio in Atlanta and New York; she arrived in Tennessee familiar with Johnny Cash and a number of Americana types, like Lyle Lovett, but few others. It took her a while to grasp some structural problems, like the way certain songs never even got tested for airplay if the men in charge disapproved. Unlike a rock star, a country star required a radio hit to break into the touring circuit—so it didn’t matter much if CMT repeatedly played videos by Brandy Clark or the African American trio Chapel Hart. Most maddeningly, if women in country wanted to get airplay, they needed to be sweet and bat their eyes at the male gatekeepers at local radio affiliates. According to “[Her Country](https://www.amazon.com/Her-Country-Became-Success-Supposed/dp/1250793599),” a book by Marissa R. Moss, Musgraves—who had made a spectacular major-label début in 2013, with her album “Same Trailer Different Park”—saw her country career derailed when she objected to a creepy d.j. named Broadway ogling her thighs during an interview. Then the nation’s biggest country d.j., Bobby Bones, called her “rude” and a “shit head.” After that, her path forked elsewhere.
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-In 2015, a radio consultant named Keith Hill gave [an interview](https://archive.countryaircheck.com/pdfs/current052615.pdf) to a trade publication, *Country Aircheck Weekly*, in which he made the implicit explicit: “If you want to make ratings in Country radio, take females out.” For a station to succeed, no more than fifteen per cent of its set list could feature women, he warned—and never two songs in a row. He described women as “the tomatoes of the salad,” to be used sparingly. Fury erupted on social media; advocacy organizations, like Change the Conversation, were formed. In 2019, the Highwomen released “[Crowded Table](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPfI8zBWub4),” a song that imagined a warmer, more open Nashville: “a house with a crowded table / and a place by the fire for everyone.”
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-Fram, who had recently launched Next Women of Country, a program aimed at promoting young female artists, was initially excited by what became known as Tomatogate. The controversy at least made the stakes clear. For the next decade, she met with other top brass, working to solve the gender puzzle. Did the proportions shift when Taylor Swift left the format? Was it residual resentment over the Chicks? Nothing that Fram or the others did made a difference—and radio play for women kept dropping. Finally, a top radio executive told Fram, “Leslie, A—the program directors are tired of hearing about this. Right? B—they don’t care.”
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-Hill, who started working in country radio in 1974, has moved to Idaho, where he is thinking of retiring. During a recent phone call, he presented himself, as he had in the past, as the jocular id of country radio—the last honest man in a world of “woke jive.” The demographic for country stations was narrow, he told me: white, rural, and older, skewing female. He conducted focus groups in which he pinpointed people from specific Zip Codes who listened to at least two hours of a given radio station a day. Based on their feedback, his advice to programmers was firm: no more than fifteen per cent women, never two in a row. Country music was a meritocracy, Hill insisted. He was just presenting data.
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-Hill did love one hip-hop-inflected new artist, he told me: Jelly Roll, a heavily tattooed white singer from Nashville who had a moving life story about getting out of prison, kicking hard drugs, and finding God. He was country’s “most authentic” new artist, in Hill’s estimation, with an outlaw story to rival Merle Haggard’s. Could women be outlaws? “You know, in central casting? I have my doubts,” Hill said. He blamed one woman after another for blowing her chance at success. The Chicks had “opened their big mouths.” Musgraves had “self-inflicted wounds.” Morris had “injured herself significantly”—she’d shift to pop, he predicted. He saw a cautionary tale in the divergent careers of two Black artists, Kane Brown and Mickey Guyton: Brown, a shrewd bro-country star, knew how to play the game, but Guyton had “hurt herself by being a complainer.”
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-The longer we talked, the more elusive Hill’s notion of merit became. When he praised someone’s authenticity, he didn’t mean it literally—everybody faked that, he said, with a laugh. It wasn’t about quality, either. Even if an artist was generic, and sounded like “seven Luke Bryans slurried in a blender,” his songs could become hits—if he knew how to act. “Repeat after me: ‘I wrap myself in the flag,’ ” Hill said. “Whether you are religious or not, when there’s September 11th or when train cars overturn, you better be part of the damn prayer.” He could have saved the Chicks’ career, he bragged: they should have talked about bringing the troops home safely. Such constraints applied only to liberals, he acknowledged. If you had “South in your mouth,” the way Aldean did, your highway had more lanes.
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-Eventually, Hill stopped speaking in code: “You got thugging in the hood for Black people, and you got redneck records for white people.” That was just natural, a matter of water flowing downward—why fight gravity? “Your diversity is the radio dial, from 88 to 108. *There’s* your fucking diversity.”
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-Jada Watson, an assistant professor of music at the University of Ottawa, began studying country radio after Tomatogate. What Hill called data Watson saw as musical redlining. The original sin of country music—the split between “race records” and “hillbilly”—had led to split radio formats, which then led to split charts. Never playing women back to back was an official recommendation dating to the eighties, formalized in a training document called the “Programming Operations Manual.” The situation worsened after 1996, when the Telecommunications Act permitted companies to buy up an unlimited number of radio stations; the dial is now ruled by the behemoth iHeartRadio, which has codified old biases into algorithms.
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-Since 2000, the proportion of women on country radio has sunk from thirty-three to eleven per cent. Black women currently represent just 0.03 per cent. (Ironically, Tracy Chapman recently became the first Black female songwriter to have a No. 1 country hit, when Luke Combs released a cover of her classic “Fast Car.”) Country is popular worldwide, performed by musicians from Africa to Australia, Watson told me. It’s the voice of rural people everywhere—but you’d never know it from the radio.
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-All parties agreed on only one point: you couldn’t ignore country radio even if you wanted to—it drove every decision on Music Row. As Gary Overton, a former C.E.O. of Sony Nashville, had [put it](https://www.tennessean.com/story/money/industries/music/2015/02/20/sony-nashville-ceo-talks-importance-country-radio/23768711/) in 2015, “If you’re not on country radio, you don’t exist.” Not enough had changed since then, even with the rise of online platforms, like [TikTok](https://www.newyorker.com/tag/tiktok), that helped indie artists go viral. Streaming wasn’t the solution: like terrestrial radio, it could be gamed. When I made a Spotify playlist called “Country Music,” the service suggested mostly tracks by white male stars.
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-One day, I walked down to Music Row, a beautiful, wide street of large houses with welcoming porches. On every block, there was evidence of prosperity: a wealth-management company, a massage studio. I passed Big Loud, which had a sign outside touting Wallen’s hit “You Proof”—one of the street’s many billboards of buff dudes with No. 1 singles. Nearby, I wandered into a dive bar called Bobby’s Idle Hour Tavern, which seemed appealingly ramshackle, as if it had been there forever. In fact, it had moved through the neighborhood; it was torn down to make way for new construction and then rebuilt to maintain its authentic look, with dog-eared set lists pinned to ratty walls. It felt like a decent metaphor for Nashville itself.
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-Inside, I ran into Jay Knowles, the Music Row songwriter. (It was a small town in a big city.) We talked about Nashville’s recent reputation as “Bachelorette City,” for which he offered a theory: although more than a quarter of Nashville was Black, the town was widely seen as “a white-coded city.” “I’m not saying this is a good thing,” he emphasized, but tourists viewed Nashville as a safe space, a city where groups of young white women could freely get drunk in public—unlike, say, Memphis, New Orleans, or Atlanta.
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-At the bar, I also met two low-level Music Row employees, who worked in radio and helped companies handle V.I.P.s. They happily dished, off the record, about clashes on the Row, but added that there was no point bringing their own politics into their jobs. It was like working for Walmart—you had to stay neutral. The problem with country radio wasn’t complicated, one of them said: the old generation still ran everything and would never change its mind. When I explained that I was headed to Broadway to meet bachelorettes, they rolled their eyes. Avoid Aldean’s, they said.
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-They weren’t alone: every local I met had urged me to go only to old standbys like Robert’s Western World, where I’d spent a wonderful night with Tyler Mahan Coe—the rabble-rousing son of the outlaw-country artist David Allan Coe—who hosts a podcast about country history called “[Cocaine & Rhinestones](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/podcast-dept/cocaine-and-rhinestones-an-addictive-sparkling-podcast-about-country-music).” “I hate nostalgia,” Tyler told me, spooling out a theory that true country music derived from the troubadours, whose songs had satirical subtexts and were meant to be understood in multiple ways. Bro country lacked such nuance—and so did the new Broadway.
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-Even so, Broadway charmed me, for a practical reason: there were no velvet ropes. Each night club had at least three stories. On the ground floor, there was a bar and a stage where a skilled live musician covered hits. On the second floor, there was another bar, another musician (and, in one case, a group of women toasting me with grape vodka seltzers). Above that, things got wilder, with a rowdy dance floor and, often, a rooftop bar. There was a campy streak to the scene which sometimes echoed the Lipstick Lounge: when the d.j. played Shania Twain’s classic “[Man! I Feel Like a Woman!](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJL4UGSbeFg),” he shouted, “Do any of the ladies feel like a woman?” Loud cheers. “Do any of the men feel like a woman?” Deeper cheers. Call me basic, but I had a good time: in Manhattan, a slovenly middle-aged woman in jeans can’t walk into a night club, order a Diet Coke, and go dancing for free.
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-Everywhere, there were brides in cowgirl hats or heart-shaped glasses, and in one case a majestic rhinestone bodysuit worthy of Dolly. On a bustling rooftop, I chatted with a group holding fans printed with the face of the groom—who, they insisted, looked like Prince Harry. At a club named for the band Florida Georgia Line, a screaming woman threw silver glitter into my hair. Every local whom I’d spoken to loathed these interlopers, who clogged the streets with their party buses. But when you’re hanging out with happy women celebrating their friends, it’s hard to see the problem.
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-The bar at the center of Jason Aldean’s was built around a big green tractor. The bathroom doors said “*southern gentlemen*” and “*country girls*.” The night I went, the crowd was sedate—no bachelorettes, just middle-aged couples. The singer onstage was handsome and fun, excited to get a request for the Chicks’ “[Travelin’ Soldier](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbfgxznPmZM).” When someone asked for “[Wagon Wheel](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNTsYfjBcuQ),” a 2004 classic co-written by Bob Dylan and covered a decade later by Darius Rucker, the singer spoke nostalgically about passersby requesting the song when he busked on Broadway years ago, before the streets were jammed with tourists. “It just goes to show you that with a lot of dedication and hard work and about eleven years’ time, you can go about a hundred feet from where you started!” he said. “So here’s a little ‘Wagon Wheel’ for you!” Feeling affectionate, I looked up the singer online. His Twitter page was full of liked posts defending anti-vaxxers and January 6th rioters.
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-Taylor Swift got discovered at the Bluebird Café. So did Garth Brooks. A ninety-seat venue with a postage stamp of a stage, it’s tucked between a barbershop and a dry cleaner, but it’s a power center in Nashville—a place ruled by singer-songwriters. In January, Adeem the Artist wore a flowered button-down over a T-shirt that said “This Is a Great Day to Kill God.” They were playing their first Bluebird showcase, performing songs from their breakout sophomore album, “White Trash Revelry.” Some were stompers, like the hilarious “[Going to Hell](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goUWMpSv2xA),” in which Adeem fact-checks the lyrics to Charlie Daniels’s “[The Devil Went Down to Georgia](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBjPAqmnvGA)” with the Devil himself: “He seemed puzzled, so I told him the story, and he said, ‘None of that shit’s real / It’s true I met Robert Johnson, he showed me how the blues could work / But white men would rather give the Devil praise than acknowledge a black man’s worth.’ ” Other songs were reveries about growing up amid “methamphetamines and spiritual madness.” They were folky tunes played on acoustic guitar, with witty, pointed lyrics. The people in the crowd seemed to be into it, even when Adeem took jabs at them.
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-Adeem grew up in a poor evangelical household in Locust, North Carolina, singing along to Toby Keith—the self-declared “Angry American”—on the car radio, in the wake of 9/11. They dreamed about becoming a country star, but as their politics veered to the left they felt increasingly at odds with the genre. Then, in 2017, they won a ticket to the Americana Awards, and were struck by the sight of the singer-songwriter Alynda Segarra, of the band Hurray for the Riff Raff, sporting a hand-painted “Jail Arpaio” shirt, and by the Nashville bluegrass performer Jim Lauderdale taking shots at Trump. “I was just, like, ‘Man, maybe *this* is it. Maybe this is where I belong,’ ” Adeem told me. Americana had another source of appeal for Adeem, a D.I.Y. artist with a punk mentality: you could break in on a shoestring budget. Adeem, who was barely scraping by painting houses in the Tennessee sun, had spent years building a following by uploading songs to Bandcamp. They budgeted what it would take to make a splash with an album: five thousand dollars for production, ten thousand for P.R. They held a “redneck fund-raiser” online, asking each donor for a dollar, then recorded “White Trash Revelry” independently. (The album was distributed by Thirty Tigers, a Nashville-based company that let them retain the rights.) Adeem’s strategy worked astoundingly well: in December, *Rolling Stone* [praised](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/adeem-the-artist-white-trash-revelry-1234651802/) “White Trash Revelry” as “the most empathetic country album of the year,” ranking it No. 7 on its year-end list of the twenty-five best albums in the genre. This year, Adeem was nominated for Emerging Act of the Year at the Americana Awards, and had their début at the Grand Ole Opry.
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-After the Bluebird gig, I joined Adeem at an Airbnb nearby, where they were experiencing some “visual distortions” from microdosing shrooms. Over pizza, they spoke about their complicated relationship with their extended family, back in North Carolina, some of whom believed in [QAnon](https://www.newyorker.com/tag/qanon) conspiracy theories. Adeem’s relatives were thrown by, but not unsupportive of, their choices: when their uncle insisted that Adeem’s gender identity was a rock-and-roll performance à la Ziggy Stardust, Adeem’s father defended his child’s authenticity, in his own way. “He said, ‘No, no, I think he really believes it!’ ” Adeem told me, with a laugh.
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-There had always been queer people in country music. In 1973, a band called Lavender Country put out an album with lyrics like “My belly turns to jelly / like some nelly ingenue.” But there were many more ugly stories of singers forced into the closet—and even now, after many top talents, including songwriters such as Brandy Clark and Shane McAnally, had come out, old taboos lingered. You could be a songwriter, not a singer; you could sing love songs, but not say whom you loved; you could come out, but lose your spot on the radio. When T. J. Osborne, of the popular duo Brothers Osborne, confirmed that he was gay, in 2021, his management company arranged a careful campaign: one profile, written by a sympathetic journalist, and one relevant single, the rueful but vague “[Younger Me](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wc5j50Xbvqs),” which felt designed to offend no one.
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-Adeem, who is inspired as much by Andy Kaufman’s absurdism as by John Prine’s smarts, was part of a different breed. Queer Americana had plenty of outspoken artists, from River Shook, whose signature song is “[Fuck Up](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLbmUXBwp9M),” to the bluegrass artist Justin Hiltner, who wrote about *AIDS* in his beautiful single “[1992](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zE0xt6ogyiU).” These artists, all left-wing, came from backgrounds like Adeem’s—small towns, evangelical families, abuse and addiction. It was Adeem’s biggest gripe: Music Row was marketing a patronizing parody of their “white trash” upbringing to the poor. Adeem’s own politics weren’t a simple matter. When they objected to Tennessee laws against trans youth, it wasn’t as a liberal but as a parent and a redneck suspicious of government control: “It’s, like, stay away from my kids! Stay out of my yard, you know?”
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-At the Airbnb, Adeem’s transmasculine accompanist, Ellen Angelico, known as Uncle Ellen, pulled out a deck of cards: a beta version of Bro Country, a Cards Against Humanity-style game based on actual country-radio lyrics. The group got loose and giggly, shouting out clichés—“tin roof,” “red truck”—to form silly combinations. In one way, the game mocked country radio; in another, it paid tribute to it—you couldn’t play unless you had studied it. Like hip-hop, country had always been an aggressively meta-referential art form; even bro country had become increasingly self-aware.
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-On bad days, Adeem had told me, the two sides of Nashville seemed locked in a “W.W.E. wrestling match,” playing cartoon versions of themselves. Adeem had engaged in a few bouts themself, lobbing attention-getting songs online, such as “[I Wish You Would’ve Been a Cowboy](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GyIwRoPr728),” which slammed Toby Keith for wearing “my life like a costume on the TV.” Still, Adeem sometimes fantasized about what it would be like to meet Keith. They wanted not a fight but a real conversation—a chance to tell Keith how much his music had meant to them, and to ask if he had regrets.
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-In mid-May, at the Academy of Country Music Awards, Music Row was out in force. Bobby Bones, the d.j. who’d insulted Musgraves, was backstage, interviewing stars. Wallen won Male Artist of the Year. Aldean sang “[Tough Crowd](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtGX6eCNbEo),” dedicated to the “hell raisin’ . . . dirt turnin’, diesel burnin’, hard workin’ nine-to-fivers” who “make the red white and blue proud.” (A few weeks later, he released the repellent “Try That in a Small Town,” an ode to vigilantism.) The show’s highlight was a fun come-on called “[Grease](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwzgh7UUpjE),” by Lainey Wilson, who won four awards, including Female Artist and Album of the Year. Wilson, a farmer’s daughter from Louisiana, was Music Row’s latest female supernova, a devotee of Dolly Parton (one of her early hits was “[WWDD](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9VegfUmYYQ)”) who’d moved to Nashville after high school. A decade of hustle had paid off: by 2023, she had a role on “Yellowstone” and a partnership with Wrangler jeans. Maren Morris wasn’t around: that week, she was in New York, accepting a prize at the *glaad* Awards. On Instagram, she’d posted a video of herself in a recording studio with the indie-pop guru [Jack Antonoff](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/05/23/jack-antonoff-pop-music-collaboration-lorde-taylor-swift). At a concert a few weeks later, she sang a duet with Taylor Swift.
-
-The A.C.M. Awards’ final number was the live première of Parton’s new single, “[World on Fire](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLIGxNZeW78),” from an upcoming rock album. When the lights came up, Parton was wearing an enormous, rippling parachute skirt printed with a black-and-white map of the globe—and then, when it tore away, she was in a black leather suit, chanting angrily as backup dancers strutted in Janet Jackson-esque formation. For a moment, it felt like a shocking departure—a political statement from a woman who never got political. Then that impression evaporated. Politicians were liars, Parton sang; people should be kinder, less ugly. What ever happened to “In God We Trust”? Four days later, on the “Today” show, Jacob Soboroff asked Parton which politicians she meant, and she replied, breezily, “All of them, any of them,” adding that if these unnamed figures tried “hard enough” and worked “from the heart,” matters would surely improve.
-
-The performance reminded me of Keith Hill’s advice to the Chicks: they should have sprinkled some sugar. Parton had been the biggest letdown for Allison Russell and the organizers of the “Love Rising” benefit, who told me that they’d “begged and begged” her to sing at the Bridgestone, or plug the event, or Zoom in. She’d performed with drag queens many times; she’d written an Oscar-nominated song, “[Travelin’ Thru](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mx_I-byng78),” for the 2005 film “Transamerica.” As Parton herself had joked, she *was* a kind of drag queen—a “herself impersonator,” as Russell had put it. If the most powerful country star on earth wouldn’t speak out, it was hard to imagine others taking a risk.
-
-Another song performed that night had a different feel: “[Bonfire at Tina’s](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4i1JAjbpZG4),” an ensemble number from Ashley McBryde’s pandemic project, a bold concept album called “Lindeville,” which featured numerous guest artists. The record had received critical praise but little radio play. During “Bonfire at Tina’s,” a chorus of women sang, “Small town women ain’t built to get along / But you burn one, boy, you burn us all.” In its salty solidarity, the song conjured the collectives emerging across Nashville, from “Love Rising” to Black Opry, groups that embodied the Highwomen’s notion of the “crowded table.” You could also see this ideal reflected in “My Kind of Country,” a reality competition show on Apple TV+, produced by Musgraves and Reese Witherspoon, that focussed on global country acts and included the gay South African musician Orville Peck as a judge, and in “Shucked,” a new Broadway show with music by Brandy Clark and Shane McAnally, which offered up a sweet vision of a multiracial small town learning to open its doors. Mainstream country radio hadn’t changed, but all around it people were busily imagining what would happen if it did.
-
-McBryde, who grew up in a small town in Arkansas, had spent years working honky-tonks and country fairs, a journey she sang about in the anthemic number “[Girl Goin’ Nowhere](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RhdqUFRUS8).” She was a distinctive figure in mainstream country, a brunette in a sea of blondes, with arms covered in tattoos. When we met backstage one night at the Grand Ole Opry, she was playing in a memorial concert for the character actor and pint-size Southern sissy [Leslie Jordan](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/leslie-jordan-perfectly-loopy-quarantine-videos), who had created a virtual crowded table during the pandemic, through ebullient Instagram videos, then recorded a gospel album with country stars such as Parton.
-
-Unlike Jordan’s joyful quarantine, McBryde’s pandemic had been “destructive,” she told me: unable to work, she drank too much, feeling like a “sheepdog that couldn’t chase sheep.” “Lindeville” had been the solution. During a weeklong retreat at an Airbnb in Tennessee, she had written for up to eighteen hours a day with old friends, among them Brandy Clark and the Florida-born performer Pillbox Patti. The result was a set of songs about distinct characters—songs that were blunter and less sentimental than most music on country radio. The album, which was named for Dennis Linde, the songwriter behind the Chicks’ feminist revenge classic “Goodbye Earl,” had a spiritual edge, McBryde said. She had grown up in a “strange, strict, rigid” place where she was taught that “everything makes Jesus mad,” and it felt good to envision a different kind of small town. “The fact that God loves stray dogs, people like me, is so evident,” she said. “There are things that I’ve survived, especially where alcohol was involved, that I shouldn’t have.”
-
-McBryde, who called herself as “country as a homemade sock,” had no plans to shift to pop, as peers had done. But she had a pragmatic view of the industry to which she’d devoted her life. Making music in Nashville, she joked, could feel like adopting a street cat, only to have it bite you when it turned out to be a possum. “He’s a shitty cat, country radio—but he’s a good possum,” she said. To build a big career, you had to keep a sense of humor: “I won’t name her, but there’s another female artist who has a very vertical backbone, like I do. And we joke with each other and go, ‘What are they gonna do— *not play our songs*?’ ”
-
-I’d attended a staging of “Lindeville” at the Ryman Auditorium a few weeks earlier, shortly after Tennessee’s first anti-drag ordinance passed in the State Senate. The event was framed as an old-fashioned radio show, with an announcer and whimsical ad jingles. T. J. Osborne and Lainey Wilson were among the guest stars, creating a feeling of Music Row camaraderie. During McBryde’s hilarious “[Brenda Put Your Bra On](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GBcMbYP2ng),” in which women in a trailer park gossip about neighbors—“Well, did you hear that? There went the good dishes / I hope they don’t knock out the cable”—fans threw bras onstage.
-
-At one point, McBryde serenaded a small child, who was seated at her feet. The show’s climax was “[Gospel Night at the Strip Club](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9O7ftZRNk2I).” Sung on an acoustic guitar by the Louisiana musician Benjy Davis, the tune was about having a spiritual experience in an unexpected place. As Davis sang the key line, “Jesus loves the drunkards and the whores and the queers,” spotlights illuminated part of the audience. The congregation of the Church of Country Music looked around for what had been revealed, then gasped: five drag queens, scattered among the Ryman crowd, stood up, their gowns glittering like sunlight. ♦
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-*An earlier version of this article misspelled T. J. Osborne’s name and misstated the date of Governor Lee’s inaugural banquet and the title of a song by Adeem the Artist.*
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-```button
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-&emsp;
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-# Crime of the Centuries
-
-Tomb raiders, crooked art dealers, and museum curators fed Michael Steinhardt’s addiction to antiquities. Many were also stolen.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/456/966/35bed97349922be998366f4cf2961b1aac-stolen-artifacts-lede.rhorizontal.w1100.jpg)
-
-An ancient bull’s head once in Steinhardt’s collection that had been looted from Lebanon. Photo: Manhattan DA; Evan Agostini/Getty Images
-
-**Just before dawn** on January 5, 2018, a team of armed federal agents from Homeland Security Investigations arrived at 1158 Fifth Avenue, a luxury co-op overlooking Central Park. After securing the building’s exits and entrances, the agents headed to the top floor, where they positioned themselves around the door to the penthouse apartment. At the head of the column, Matthew Bogdanos, a prosecutor with the Manhattan district attorney’s office, listened for movement before knocking.
-
-The apartment belonged to [Michael Steinhardt](https://nymag.com/tags/michael-steinhardt/), a retired billionaire hedge-fund manager and one of the world’s most powerful philanthropists. Born in Brooklyn to a high-stakes gambler with ties to the Gambino crime family, Steinhardt had become one of the most influential investors of his day, competing for top earnings with the likes of [George Soros](https://nymag.com/tags/george-soros/) and [Julian Robertson](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/06/tiger-global-poster-child-of-the-tech-meltdown.html) and battling with [Warren Buffett](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/tags/warren-buffett/) for [control of entire airlines](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/05/warren-buffett-should-have-listened-to-himself-on-airlines.html). His fortune had bought him a taste of immortality. Steinhardt’s name decorated the walls of some of New York’s most famous institutions: a gallery of Greek art at the Met, a conservatory of Old and New World plants at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and a school at NYU. In Israel, he established a natural-history museum in Tel Aviv designed to look like Noah’s ark and co-founded Birthright Israel, a nonprofit that has sponsored free trips for some 800,000 young adults. Over the years, he also had multiple run-ins with the Securities and Exchange Commission, but on that January morning, those allegations weren’t what had drawn the authorities to his apartment. It was his art collection.
-
-Starting in the late 1980s, Steinhardt amassed one of the world’s great collections of antiquities. Renowned for both their breadth and quality, his private holdings spanned centuries and rivaled those of many museums, with an estimated value of more than $200 million. According to Bogdanos, much of it was stolen property. Steinhardt, he believed, was the principal buyer in some of the world’s most prolific antiquities-trafficking networks — criminal operations that smuggled ancient artifacts from their countries of origin into museums, auction houses, and private collections. For his part, Steinhardt has long maintained that he was nothing more than a collector duped by dealers who had misled him about the pieces’ provenance.
-
-When he opened the door a few moments later, Steinhardt seemed more angry than surprised. “You’re much shorter than I thought you would be,” he said to Bogdanos as he stepped aside to let the agents enter. Inside, they saw marble busts on bedside tables and terracotta vases covering the windowsills. Ancient Greek wine jugs, 2,500 years old, were stuffed into the space between the kitchen cabinets and the ceiling, and sculptures from the same era were tucked away on shelves in the bathroom. A few objects had been left to endure the elements on the terrace.
-
-Over the next four years, agents would return 11 times to Steinhardt’s home and office. They seized frescoes and ceremonial drinking vessels, amulets, idols, and Neolithic masks, as well as invoices, letters, and photographs that detailed his collecting practices over three decades. What emerged was a picture of a global supply chain that began in the tombs of Italy and the caves of the Fertile Crescent and passed through auction houses, art fairs, and even the Metropolitan Museum of Art — and which time and again reached its final stop at Steinhardt’s penthouse. He was “on the top of Mount Olympus,” as Bogdanos put it. But it appeared that his rapacious appetite had finally caught up with him.
-
-A stone skull, ca. 7,000 BCE, as seen in real-estate listings of Steinhardt’s apartment. Photo: Courtesy of the Manhattan DA/StreetEasy
-
-**Steinhardt’s ancient-art** collection had begun with the 1987 purchase of a first-century marble sculpture depicting the Greek god Pan. It’s unclear how much he paid for it, but then the price was probably an afterthought. He was already one of the richest men in the country.
-
-Twenty years earlier, with two fellow graduates of Wharton, Steinhardt had founded one of Wall Street’s first modern hedge funds — Steinhardt, Fine, Berkowitz & Co. His first investments were bankrolled with $100 bills from his father, Sol, who had gone to prison for his involvement in a Madison Avenue jewelry-store theft. “We were the gunslingers, the wiseguys, the people who screwed up markets,” Steinhardt later told a reporter. Many old-school Wall Streeters saw short selling stocks, a major part of Steinhardt’s business model, as anti-growth, even anti-American, but it was hard to argue with the returns. By the end of their first full year, Steinhardt and his partners were millionaires.
-
-A portly chain-smoker with a push-broom mustache, Steinhardt resembled Wilford Brimley more than he did Gordon Gekko, but as an investor, he was cutthroat and unconstrained. He was notorious for his volcanic temper: Employees described themselves to an organizational therapist as “battered children.” He was also known to push the limits of legality. In 1976, Steinhardt signed an SEC order prohibiting him from stock manipulation, the result of a six-year investigation. (Twenty years later, his company would pay $40 million in fines resulting from another SEC investigation.) Throughout the 1980s, Steinhardt deployed a network of informants who kept his phone ringing day and night with tips on industry moves; he called the fruits of this intelligence network “fancy information,” though to his competitors it sounded more like insider trading.
-
-By 1987, Steinhardt’s fortune had swelled into the hundreds of millions. He and his wife, Judy, were regulars on the Côte d’Azur, where they stayed at La Réserve de Beaulieu, a favorite hotel of royalty. Yet Steinhardt suffered from a certain restlessness. He wasn’t much for the Upper East Side social circuit, and already in his late 40s, he was a generation older than the Masters of the Universe: the young, ego-and-greed-driven stockbrokers described by Tom Wolfe in *The Bonfire of the Vanities.* While his flashier contemporaries were buying estates in the Hamptons, Steinhardt found himself searching for a purpose beyond simply accumulating wealth. During a sabbatical year in the late 1970s, he’d wandered the city’s museums hoping to be struck by artistic inspiration, but that left him wanting too. “There’d be periods when I’d wake up and didn’t have an activity,” he said at the time. “And I’d be desperate.”
-
-It was around then that Steinhardt began collecting. He brought to it the same devotion that powered his career on Wall Street: Once he identified a subject of interest, he lost “all sense of proportion,” as he put it. He bought watercolors, drawings, and paintings by contemporary masters and enhanced the grounds of his country home in Bedford with one of the world’s most encyclopedic collections of Japanese maples. Peruvian textiles, Judaica, and a menagerie of exotic animals, including zebras, camels, and rare birds, followed. But ancient art held a particular allure. In his 2001 memoir, *No Bull,* Steinhardt wrote that ancient objects capture the “tangible elements of the history of humanity.” To possess them was a means to position oneself within the long history they represent.
-
-His newfound obsession was perfectly timed. In the late ’80s and early ’90s, the antiquities market in New York was humming. Ancient-art fairs filled the Park Avenue Armory with hundreds of collectors and dealers, and the New York *Times* ran glowing features on the latest gallery exhibitions. Antiquities were a fashionable way for the city’s rich to signal both their spending power and their worldliness. At auction houses, vases and marble busts sparked bidding wars among wealthy collectors and buyers for cultural institutions, each vying for the chance to acquire the finest pieces. “It’s hard to resist the objects and their histories, if you can afford them,” said Hicham Aboutaam, an antiquities dealer who began selling to Steinhardt in the 1990s. “And if you want to be the next J. P. Morgan or the next J. Paul Getty, why not?”
-
-Determined to be more than another dilettante, Steinhardt built up a library of reference books on antiquities and subscribed to archaeology magazines. He scoured catalogues from Christie’s and Sotheby’s and developed fast relationships with prominent dealers. “He struck me as someone who has a fine eye,” said Aboutaam, that is, an innate sense for which objects held particular significance. Before long, he was spending millions of dollars a year on bronze figurines and Roman mosaics, terracotta idols and stone skulls.
-
-At the time, the antiquities trade was almost entirely unregulated. Fake artifacts were common, as were unscrupulous dealers who had developed numerous methods, including straw purchases and forged paperwork, to skirt patrimony laws designed to keep cultural property from being smuggled out of its country of origin. In 1973, John D. Cooney, a renowned curator at the Cleveland Museum of Art, told the New York *Times* that “95 percent of the ancient art material in this country has been smuggled in.” Anybody who thought otherwise, he added, would have to be “naïve or not very bright.”
-
-Steinhardt was unconcerned. “My overwhelming motivation in buying ancient art was their aesthetics,” he once said in a deposition. “And aesthetics had almost nothing to do with provenance.” He boldly admitted that he would buy pieces that were “fresh,” i.e., taken straight out of the ground, and said he was willing to accept the risk that those purchases might have broken the law. As an investor, mastering risk had brought him wealth and prestige. Why should antiquities be different?
-
-An Attic black-figure amphora, ca. 550 BCE, as seen in DA’s office photos. Photo: Courtesy of Manhattan DA
-
-**In 1980, an extraordinary** artifact appeared on the market: a 24-karat gold libation bowl used by the ancient Greeks to honor their gods. Crafted in the 4th century BCE, the bowl, known as a phiale, began as two pounds of solid gold before being hammered by a master artisan into a shallow platter and then patterned with the shapes of acorns, beechnuts, and bees. In the center, a round knob symbolized the mythical navel of the universe. The phiale was held by Vincenzo Cammarata, a flamboyant art collector who claimed the piece had been discovered by a team of utility workers outside Palermo, Sicily, while they were digging holes for power lines. The find was made on the grounds of a state-run archaeological site, but the workers never alerted the Italian authorities.
-
-Instead, for the next decade, Cammarata kept the phiale tucked away in his villa, quietly showing it to scholars and curators who could authenticate it as well as Italian dealers. The best offer he got for it was $100,000, but he wanted more. Finally, in 1991, he traded the phiale to a Hungarian dealer based in Switzerland who enlisted Robert Haber, a prominent New York dealer, to find an American buyer. Haber in turn set up a meeting with Steinhardt, who agreed to buy the phiale for $1.2 million. Because it hadn’t initially been registered with the Italian authorities and its movements on the black market were never recorded, few people even knew of its existence. For the next four years, Steinhardt displayed it prominently on his grand piano.
-
-In 1994, Italian authorities investigating the disappearance of artifacts from a small Sicilian museum stumbled upon photos of the phiale among the museum director’s belongings. Upon interrogation, the director admitted not only to selling items from the museum’s collection but also to helping Cammarata authenticate his extraordinary gold platter.
-
-The Italians began tracing the phiale’s journey. Cammarata, they learned, had made deep inroads with the local *tombaroli* — tomb robbers — who tracked visiting archaeologists and returned to their dig sites after dark to plunder artifacts. The *tombaroli* were managed by *capizona,* regional bosses connected to the Sicilian Mafia. The customs forms used to transport the platter to the U.S. were suspect: Haber had listed the phiale’s country of origin as Switzerland rather than Italy. He had also listed the sale value at $250,000, nearly a million dollars less than the actual one. In February 1995, the Italian government formally requested the phiale be returned, and a U.S. judge agreed. On November 9, while he was away on vacation with his family, U.S. Customs agents entered Steinhardt’s apartment and seized the piece.
-
-The Steinhardts were furious. “I was horrified that people could enter our apartment without permission and take an object from our home,” Judy said years later. The intrusion soured her on antiquities forever. Her husband, however, was emboldened. He challenged the seizure, his lawyers arguing the “innocent owner” defense: The phiale shouldn’t be seized because, regardless of any questions about its importation, Steinhardt hadn’t known it was stolen property when he bought it. The judge wasn’t convinced. In the purchase agreement for the phiale, Steinhardt had included a clause guaranteeing him a refund if the phiale was “confiscated … by any country or governmental agency whatsoever.” To the judge, it was a clear suggestion that he had at least considered the possibility that the phiale was being illicitly trafficked. He appealed twice, and lost twice, before the Supreme Court declined to hear the case. By his own account, the legal battles cost him another million dollars.
-
-The *Steinhardt* case, as it became known, set a legal precedent: Artifacts falsely described on customs forms were now subject to civil forfeiture. But more important, it was one of the rare times U.S. authorities had agreed to confiscate an object based on another country’s patrimony laws. The implication left museums reeling: If the phiale was fair game for seizure, the same might be true of the unprovenanced objects in their own collections. Fearing a possible avalanche of patrimony claims from foreign countries, the American Association of Museums filed a brief with the courts in support of Steinhardt’s efforts. When he lost, a board member at the Met said the case “in one fell swoop has taken an important step toward criminalizing the antiquities field.”
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-The publicity surrounding the phiale’s repatriation, along with the 1995 discovery by Italian authorities of thousands of photographs of looted objects in a warehouse belonging to Giacomo Medici, a prolific black marketeer, exposed the scale of antiquities trafficking to the world. And for the first time, museums began to seriously interrogate their own collections for stolen material. In 2008, the Cleveland Museum returned 14 pieces to Italy that had traveled through the Medici pipeline, and the Getty agreed to return 40. When it was revealed that the Euphronios krater, one of the world’s most famous antiquities, had been stolen from an Etruscan tomb, the Met returned it to Italy in 2008 along with 20 other items from its collection.
-
-In the wake of these repatriations, Steinhardt doubled down. “It should have turned me off antiquities,” he said of the phiale debacle. “But it’s like an addiction to me.” He had retired from Wall Street in 1995 but continued acquiring artifacts at a rapid rate, and his reputation for buying unprovenanced works was well known. In 2011, Customs agents used the precedent set by the phiale case to seize a looted Italian fresco being shipped to him under falsified customs information. In 2014, a Sardinian idol belonging to Steinhardt was pulled from auction at Christie’s after a researcher identified it as trafficked. Up to that point, federal prosecutors had generally employed a policy known as “seize and send”: Trafficked objects were returned to their home countries, the cases were kept open, but no criminal charges were filed. Antiquities trafficking remained a largely civil matter. This status quo suited Steinhardt just fine. To him, plausible deniability was a tenet of faith. “I am simply a collector,” he said later. “That doesn’t mean that I should be knowledgeable about areas that are so specific and so distant from me.”
-
-Artifacts removed from Steinhardt’s collection. *Clockwise from left:* A kouros sculpture, 560 BCE; the Ercolano Fresco of Hercules as a child fighting a serpent, 50 CE; a Cretan larnax funerary chest, ca. 1400–1200 BCE; a Corinthian lion vessel, ca. 600–550 BCE; a gold phiale of Sicilian origin, fourth century BCE; and an Antimenes hydria, ca. 515–510 BCE. Photo: Courtesy of Manhattan DA (Kouros, Hydria, Phiale, Funerary Chest, Lion Vessel); Remo Casilli/REUTERS/Alamy Stock Photo (Fresco)
-
-**Matthew Bogdanos** first heard Steinhardt’s name in the early aughts. At the time, he was working as a prosecutor for the Manhattan district attorney’s office, but his enduring obsession lay in the field of antiquities. When he was 12, his mother had given him a copy of the *Iliad,* which he saw as a “travel guide for life”; he went on to earn both a bachelor’s and a master’s degree in classics. Even today, his speech is littered with references to Julius Caesar and Greek mythology.
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-After 9/11, Bogdanos was called to active duty by the Marine Reserves and sent to Afghanistan and Iraq, where he persuaded his superiors to let him track down artifacts that had been looted from the National Museum in Baghdad. The highly publicized mission earned Bogdanos a dose of fame, and upon returning to the DA’s office in 2006, he tried to convince his bosses to create an antiquities-trafficking unit in New York. Although they said no, he began to develop sources anyway — attending auctions at Sotheby’s and Christie’s, joining panels at U.N. conferences, and meeting fellow law-enforcement officers who had handled art-crime investigations.
-
-Within a few years, Bogdanos had strung together a series of high-profile busts, including the 2012 arrest of a rare-coin dealer at a conference at the Waldorf-Astoria and the 2016 arrest of renowned gallerist and Asian-art dealer Nancy Wiener. In those cases, Bogdanos employed an obscure provision in New York State law asserting that an experienced buyer needed to have made a “reasonable inquiry” into an object’s legality — otherwise, the buyer was presumed to know that it was stolen. (Willful ignorance, in short, was indistinguishable from guilt.) And as Bogdanos’s reputation grew, so did the number of tips he received. One name seemed to be on the tongue of every archaeologist and academic he spoke to: “Steinhardt, Steinhardt, Steinhardt — you gotta look at Steinhardt,” Bogdanos recalled.
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-In February 2017, a case landed on his desk concerning an artifact on loan to the Met: a marble sculpture of a bull’s head dating from the fourth century BCE. The piece showed all the nuance of the finest Greek sculpture — rolling folds in the neck, anatomically accurate veins, the sense of a skull under the marble skin. A few months earlier, the director of the Met had sent a letter to Lebanon’s director general of antiquities explaining that the bull’s head appeared to have been stolen decades earlier from a storage depot north of Beirut; Met staff had pulled the piece from the floor and packed it away in storage. The Lebanese government wanted help getting it back.
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-By then, Bogdanos had enlisted two HSI agents, two analysts, and one detective to help with antiquities investigations. (The DA’s office would formally announce the creation of the Antiquities Trafficking Unit, the ATU, that same year.) Their first priority was to establish that the bull’s head was, in fact, stolen. They began to trace its history: It had been excavated from the Temple of Eshmun in Lebanon by a French archaeologist in the 1960s before disappearing in 1981 when Phalangist militants raided the medieval citadel where it was stored. In the 1990s, after it had circulated on the black market for more than a decade, a British antiquities dealer sold it to a Colorado couple, the Beierwaltes, who were tech entrepreneurs and longtime antiquities collectors.
-
-But while paging through a cache of internal memos obtained from the Met, Bogdanos noticed something curious: The Beierwaltes owned the bull’s head, but they weren’t the collectors who had loaned it to the museum. Michael Steinhardt was. It turned out he had bought the sculpture from the Beierwaltes in 2010 before selling it back to the couple in 2014.
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-Why was Steinhardt’s brief ownership of the bull’s head erased? Bogdanos soon found the answer in a series of emails. In April 2014, nearly three years before the Met contacted the Lebanese government, Carlos Picón, the curator in charge of the museum’s Greek and Roman department, had recognized the piece from a picture in an archaeological study of Eshmun antiquities that noted the object had disappeared decades earlier. Picón contacted the dealer who had arranged the loan on behalf of Steinhardt and had the sculpture pulled from the floor — giving Steinhardt, a prominent donor, the chance to unwind the sale from the Beierwaltes and get his money back before word got out that the piece was stolen property. And because Steinhardt would technically no longer be the owner, there was no case to be made against him.
-
-One Saturday night a few months after his discovery, however, Bogdanos was flipping through a 1998 issue of *House & Garden* magazine that featured the Beierwaltes’ home collection. On a hunch, he put in a call to the director of the Beirut National Museum asking if she recognized any of the other pieces on display. “Oh my God, I have to talk to you!” she quickly wrote back. A marble torso of a calf-bearer, which had been photographed in the Beierwaltes’ bathroom, had been stolen from the same temple as the bull’s head. “*That’s nice, but where is it now?*” Bogdanos remembered thinking. It took the ATU analysts months to find it. “Is it in Tokyo? Is it in Paris? Is it in Geneva? Is it in Maastricht?” Bogdanos said. “Um, no, it’s in Michael Steinhardt’s Fifth Avenue apartment.” Unlike the bull’s head, the calf-bearer was still in Steinhardt’s possession; he owned it, which meant law enforcement could get a warrant to search his home.
-
-In October 2017, J.P. Labbat, the HSI agent assigned to the investigation, arrived at Steinhardt’s apartment. “He was furious,” Labbat said. Inside, objects were everywhere. “There were artifacts on the floor, artifacts on the windows,” Labbat recalled. He took photos of the apartment, and when he returned to the office, he began sending them to scholars around the world to identify other pieces that might have been stolen.
-
-One of the experts enlisted was Christos Tsirogiannis, a forensic archaeologist and leading scholar of antiquities trafficking based in the U.K. In a way, he had been waiting for this call for years. He was the researcher who in 2014 had identified the trafficked Sardinian idol Steinhardt put up for auction. He was also one of the few people outside Italian law enforcement with full access to the Medici Archive, the trove of photos that had spurred repatriations and reform in the mid-aughts. As Tsirogiannis cross-checked Labbat’s photos against the pictures in the archive, he found object after object that matched, eventually identifying some 50 pieces that had likely been looted. With that evidence in hand, Bogdanos was able to persuade a judge to sign off on another search warrant, this time for the January 5 raid that brought the dozen agents to Steinhardt’s penthouse door.
-
-**The evidence Bogdanos** had been searching for was now all around him. The ATU had seized Steinhardt’s hard drives and the binders his personal curators had assembled over the past few decades to organize his collection. What they found was astonishing. There were photos of objects still covered in dirt and a letter from a dealer detailing where tomb raiders had unearthed particular objects, even a fax from a dealer cautioning Steinhardt to “appear as dumb as possible” if questions of provenance ever came up.
-
-Any lingering notion among authorities that Steinhardt was an innocent owner quickly evaporated. “Steinhardt was different from any other collector,” Labbat said. His files lacked any notations of concern — not a question mark or a red flag about an object’s provenance. He had once purchased an inscribed limestone slab known as the Heliodorus Stele that had been pilfered from the same cave complex in Israel that sometimes hosted visits from young people on Birthright trips. Another time, whether he knew it or not, Steinhardt bought an object so fresh it had to be cleaned by the dealer in a hotel bathtub before being delivered to his apartment. And these weren’t just the decades-old purchases that Bogdanos’s critics sometimes accused him of targeting. Steinhardt was buying trafficked pieces well into the 2010s. He was shameless about his own lack of diligence during an early meeting with Labbat when he angrily pointed at a Cretan larnax — an ornate funerary chest — he had purchased from a Bulgarian dealer with ties to organized crime. “You see this piece?” he said. “There’s no provenance for it. If I see a piece and I like it, then I buy it.”
-
-As the investigation unfolded, pressure mounted from outside the DA’s office. One day, Karen Friedman Agnifilo, then Bogdanos’s supervisor, received a call from a prominent New York power broker asking her not to prosecute Steinhardt in light of his outsize role as a philanthropist. Agnifilo was unfazed, but the exchange underscored Steinhardt’s wealth and connections, both of which had insulated him from scandal before. He had been sanctioned by a judge for insider trading as recently as 2012, and in 2019, a New York *Times* and ProPublica exposé contained accusations of sexual harassment from six women at Jewish organizations he had helped fund. He released a statement apologizing for behavior he called “boorish, disrespectful, and just plain dumb,” while denying many of the specific accusations against him. A few months later, NYU’s board of trustees decided not to remove his name from the school. (Steinhardt would later resign from the NYU board as a result of the antiquities investigation.)
-
-Bogdanos was determined not to let Steinhardt skate. The case against him had come to include more than six dozen witnesses from 11 countries, and the sheer number of trafficking networks involved was astounding. “Some of them are in competition with each other, they all dislike each other, yet they all came to the same place in the end,” Bogdanos said of Steinhardt’s penthouse. “The only other example I can give you that is close to that is the Metropolitan Museum of Art.” In the end, the ATU determined it could prove beyond a reasonable doubt that 180 objects in Steinhardt’s collection had been stolen. Together, the pieces were valued at some $70 million.
-
-Still, the number of artifacts left Bogdanos and the DA’s office with a difficult decision. In order to charge Steinhardt with possession of stolen property, the illicit nature of each object would have to be proved before a grand jury. “Essentially, you’ve got 180 crimes,” Bogdanos said. “So you have 180 mini-trials.” Hearsay isn’t allowed as evidence in New York, so witnesses from around the world would have to be flown in to testify, which was virtually impossible with pandemic restrictions. At the same time, Steinhardt’s lawyers were pushing for a settlement, arguing that he’d been misled by dealers and citing, among other reasons, his “philanthropic status” to avoid trial.
-
-In December 2021, the DA’s office announced that an agreement had been reached. Steinhardt would not be prosecuted for any crimes as long as he immediately surrendered the 180 stolen objects for repatriation. He also agreed to a lifetime ban on collecting, the first of its kind ever handed down in the world of antiquities. He would, however, be allowed to keep the remainder of his collection, more than 90 percent of which, according to the ATU, lacked any kind of detailed ownership history. Bogdanos and his team simply couldn’t prove beyond a reasonable doubt that those pieces had been stolen. (“Michael is pleased that items wrongfully taken by others are being returned to their native countries,” his attorneys said in a statement, and he maintains he did not commit any crimes related to antiquities. “As for the dealers who lied to Michael, he has reserved his rights to sue them as it was their false information that got Michael caught up in this.”) When I asked Bogdanos about the terms of the agreement, he couldn’t hide a degree of ambivalence. He had previously claimed that a stint in prison for an unscrupulous dealer might be the only way to clean up the antiquities trade. But Steinhardt walked free. “Would the analysis have been the same but for COVID?” he said of the deal. “That’s a good question.”
-
-**The repatriations** began six weeks later. Fourteen objects from Steinhardt’s collection were returned to Turkey. A month later, 47 objects were returned to Greece, and in the months that followed, dozens more were sent to Bulgaria, Israel, and Egypt. In January 2023, some 60 artifacts valued at nearly $20 million, some of which came from Steinhardt’s collection, were returned to Rome. The repatriations to Italy are so frequent that the government there has opened a Museum of Rescued Art, where previously looted pieces will go on display before being transferred to their region of origin.
-
-The enduring question now is whether the antiquities trade can continue at all, considering that once-common practices have essentially been criminalized. Since the raid on Steinhardt’s apartment, the ATU has gone on to indict Subhash Kapoor, alleged to be one of India’s largest antiquities traffickers, and seized marble busts from the sales floor at Christie’s. Just last year, it repatriated 27 items that were once on display at the Met. (According to a spokesperson, the museum has since agreed to return to Steinhardt the majority of the pieces from his collection currently on loan.) Shelby White, whose antiquities collection with her late husband, Wall Street investor Leon Levy, was perhaps the only one in the world to rival Steinhardt’s, appears to be the ATU’s next major target. Bogdanos won’t discuss the ongoing investigation, but White has already relinquished nearly two dozen objects valued at least at $20 million.
-
-Still, Bogdanos’s efforts haven’t entirely resolved the legal complexities of the antiquities trade. In 2017, the Turkish government sued both Steinhardt and Christie’s in a civil action in order to force the repatriation of an Anatolian idol known as the Guennol Stargazer. For the first time, an antiquities case against Steinhardt went all the way to trial, and in 2021, he won. The judge ruled that Turkey “inexcusably slept” on its rights by waiting so long to sue and that Steinhardt was merely a private collector who “had no obligation to investigate the provenance” of his purchase. The Stargazer is once again a part of Steinhardt’s collection.
-
-Wherever the antiquities trade goes from here, though, it will proceed without one of its most powerful figures. The lifetime ban against Steinhardt, now 82, has effectively removed both him and his money from the market. “He’s in a bad mood about this,” said Svyatoslav Konkin, a Russian dealer who has also been targeted by Bogdanos and recently spoke to Steinhardt over the phone. “It’s not good times.” If it’s any consolation, Steinhardt can always head to the Greek and Roman wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where an airy, sun-dappled gallery just off the main concourse still bears his name.
-
-Crime of the Centuries
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-^button-DNAcouldcrackanotoriousFloridacoldcaseNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# DNA could crack a notorious Florida cold case — with infamous suspects
-
-Published Jan. 26|Updated 59 minutes ago
-
-The Walkers’ wood frame cottage stood plain and white, surrounded by pasture land and hardwood forest. There in tiny Osprey, on the southern tip of the vast Palmer Ranch, the family’s nearest neighbor was half a mile away.
-
-As daylight broke on Dec. 20, 1959, half a dozen lawmen stood in the living room and stared down in silence.
-
-Christine lay barefoot, bruised and bloody, her pink flowered dress pulled up, her slips and petticoats in a muddle. Clifford and the children had been ambushed, the young father on his back in the living room, still wearing his straw cowboy hat, a bullet hole in his right eye. Jimmie was curled up next to his dad, blood smeared on his clothes and in his hair, suggesting he’d crawled to his father as the killer shot him three times in the head. Baby Debbie, they found in the bathtub, facedown in 4 inches of water, also shot in the head.
-
-![Pat Myers shows a photo of the Walker family, from left to right: Jimmie, Cliff, Christine and Debbie, at his Lake Placid home this past September. When Myers was a boy of 7, he stayed with his sister and her family during his summer vacation in 1959. He remembers climbing into Cliff Walker's Jeep, delivering cow feed around the immense ranch. The Walker family was murdered the following December, and 64 years later, Myers is still pushing detectives to solve it.](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 5341 3561"/%3E "Pat Myers shows a photo of the Walker family, from left to right: Jimmie, Cliff, Christine and Debbie, at his Lake Placid home this past September. When Myers was a boy of 7, he stayed with his sister and her family during his summer vacation in 1959. He remembers climbing into Cliff Walker's Jeep, delivering cow feed around the immense ranch. The Walker family was murdered the following December, and 64 years later, Myers is still pushing detectives to solve it.")
-
-Pat Myers shows a photo of the Walker family, from left to right: Jimmie, Cliff, Christine and Debbie, at his Lake Placid home this past September. When Myers was a boy of 7, he stayed with his sister and her family during his summer vacation in 1959. He remembers climbing into Cliff Walker's Jeep, delivering cow feed around the immense ranch. The Walker family was murdered the following December, and 64 years later, Myers is still pushing detectives to solve it. \[ IVY CEBALLO | Times \]
-
-• • •
-
-Six decades later, one morning last June, Pat Myers hobbled into the Sarasota County Sheriff’s Office and sank into a seat across from a detective in a crisp white shirt.
-
-What exactly had Det. Brandon Clark done, since they’d met a year and a half earlier, to solve the murder of his sister? Myers asked, five rows of wrinkles amassing above his large blue eyes. “Do you realize, in December, it’s going to be 64 years?”
-
-Clark, 41, was the latest of a dozen investigators to examine the cold case.
-
-“Let me say this, Mr. Myers,” Clark said. “I think we’re closer now than we’ve ever been.”
-
-Myers was 7 when a neighbor burst into his living room to announce what she’d heard on the radio.
-
-Christine, his half-sister, was dead — beaten, raped and shot with two different handguns. He learned, too, of the deaths of her husband, Cliff, 3-year-old Jimmie and 23-month-old Debbie.
-
-It was among Florida’s oldest unsolved crimes on record, notorious for its brutality, as well as for a pool of suspects that numbered over 600. High among them: The killers made infamous in Truman Capote’s true crime classic “In Cold Blood.”
-
-Myers, 71, had pleaded for answers most of his life, sometimes dropping into the sheriff’s office when the phone fell quiet. But the Walker murders had consumed detectives, then spit them out, for half a century.
-
-![Pat Myers, 71, of Lake Placid, pauses at the gravesite where his sister and her family were buried, at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Arcadia in August. He has been asking Sarasota County to exhume his sister, Christine Walker, for more than 15 years, to help identify a perpetrator through DNA. He thinks of the vow he made to his family to solve the case. "Anyone in the situation like I am, there's always a little tender spot in their heart for something like this," he says.](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 3074 1756"/%3E "Pat Myers, 71, of Lake Placid, pauses at the gravesite where his sister and her family were buried, at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Arcadia in August. He has been asking Sarasota County to exhume his sister, Christine Walker, for more than 15 years, to help identify a perpetrator through DNA. He thinks of the vow he made to his family to solve the case. "Anyone in the situation like I am, there's always a little tender spot in their heart for something like this," he says.")
-
-Pat Myers, 71, of Lake Placid, pauses at the gravesite where his sister and her family were buried, at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Arcadia in August. He has been asking Sarasota County to exhume his sister, Christine Walker, for more than 15 years, to help identify a perpetrator through DNA. He thinks of the vow he made to his family to solve the case. "Anyone in the situation like I am, there's always a little tender spot in their heart for something like this," he says. \[ IVY CEBALLO | Times \]
-
-In recent years, as suspicion amassed around the “In Cold Blood” killers, Myers grasped at the hope of closure.
-
-Now, Clark was telling Myers, as he had several times before, that his suspicions lay elsewhere.
-
-Myers felt like he was ricocheting between theories, like a pinball. And though Clark was earnest, Myers feared the result would be no different.
-
-The Walker investigation was yet another of America’s quarter-million unsolved homicides — a mounting crisis in the minds of justice experts — and a case study into how thousands of hours, tens of thousands of dollars, exhumed bodies, DNA tests, fingerprints and bullets can fail to add up to answers.
-
-Clark — with his “never-say-die” attitude, per one supervisor — had found a niche in such cases. But like other detectives, he had to handle them alongside other investigations. He dove deep on the murders in 2019, the same year he closed about two-thirds of his 130 cases.
-
-![Pat Myers waits in the lobby of the Sarasota County Sheriff's Office in June to see Det. Brandon Clark about the murder of his sister, her husband, and their two children at their home on a cow ranch south of Sarasota on Dec. 19, 1959. "Could you move as quick as you can?" Myers asks Clark at the meeting about the case.](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 3746 2497"/%3E "Pat Myers waits in the lobby of the Sarasota County Sheriff's Office in June to see Det. Brandon Clark about the murder of his sister, her husband, and their two children at their home on a cow ranch south of Sarasota on Dec. 19, 1959. "Could you move as quick as you can?" Myers asks Clark at the meeting about the case.")
-
-Pat Myers waits in the lobby of the Sarasota County Sheriff's Office in June to see Det. Brandon Clark about the murder of his sister, her husband, and their two children at their home on a cow ranch south of Sarasota on Dec. 19, 1959. "Could you move as quick as you can?" Myers asks Clark at the meeting about the case. \[ LEONORA LAPETER ANTON | Times \]
-
-Myers wondered how much longer he would be able to make the three-hour drive to Sarasota. Sixteen stents kept his heart pumping, another five expanded veins in his legs. He’d been able to make this trip only because his wife of 51 years, whom he cared for at home in Lake Placid, was in rehab after a fall.
-
-He still spoke with the previous detective, who remained convinced Capote’s killers were responsible. They’d killed a family of four in Kansas. Why not this family of four, too?
-
-“I don’t think it’s them,” Clark said.
-
-Myers leaned forward and rested his arms, sun-splotched from decades overseeing orange groves, on the table. He’d made a promise.
-
-“This case don’t want to be solved,” he said. He meant that agency officials didn’t want to expose their bungling and lack of commitment.
-
-Clark said he still hoped to get Christine’s DNA, to clear up longstanding confusion. He was seeking permission to exhume her from her grave.
-
-“Go ahead,” Myers said. “Dig her up.”
-
-• • •
-
-On the Walkers’ final day, they headed a dozen miles north for used car lots in bustling Sarasota.
-
-Cliff, who earned $55 a week managing a herd of deep red cows, wanted to trade in his wife’s 1952 Plymouth.
-
-At one lot, Cliff, 24, who spent most of his time atop an Appaloosa horse, considered a two-tone 1956 Chevrolet 210. At another, the cowboy test drove a Hudson Jet.
-
-In the end, though, the couple drove back, pausing at the ranch barn to pick up cattle feed. Cliff and another ranch hand, Don McLeod, headed off to hunt. Christine, 24, bubbly and spirited, hung back with McLeod’s wife.
-
-Christine drove home first that afternoon. Cliff and the kids followed a half hour later in his work Jeep.
-
-The next morning, McLeod dropped by to go hog hunting with Cliff. He discovered the grisly scene.
-
-Within hours, a crush of cars crawled down the shell road just to see where the family had lived.
-
-The Walkers dwelled amongst country folk, whose women were sorted by their morals and men by their prowess roping cattle or catching hogs. Behind many closed doors, kerosene lamps and frying pans flew. Christine had grown up in one of those households.
-
-Even after Christine married, authorities documented instances of half a dozen men propositioning her, patting her on the rear, grabbing her, trying to kiss her, especially when they had been drinking, which was often.
-
-The day before she died, Christine told her mother and mother-in-law that Cliff had been in a fight and “liked to got killed yesterday.”
-
-There was no shortage of suspects. On the night of the murders, at least seven men had been fishing at a nearby creek. Another three were seen drinking on the road to the Walkers’ house. One of Cliff’s cousins also aroused suspicion after he grew hysterical outside the Walker gate upon learning of the deaths and fainted at the funeral.
-
-McLeod also fell under suspicion. But he told police he had seen the Walkers’ neighbor, Wilbur Tooker, at their house at least two dozen times. Tooker, a 65-year-old retired railroad telegrapher, had made advances on Christine, which she rebuffed.
-
-Sarasota Sheriff Ross E. Boyer believed he was searching for someone local. Why kill the children unless the perpetrator had been recognizable?
-
-Florida analysts spent the equivalent of 44 full lab days that first year poring over evidence, making 2,920 fingerprint comparisons and conducting ballistics tests on more than 75 guns.
-
-But within weeks, Sheriff Boyer’s attention turned — for a while — to two other suspects accused of murdering a family 1,600 miles away in a Kansas farm town of 270 called Holcomb.
-
-• • •
-
-Perry Smith, 31, and Richard Hickock, 28, met as petty thieves serving time at the Kansas State Penitentiary.
-
-Smith, a drifter from Nevada, had been placed in an orphanage at age 13 after his mother, an alcoholic, choked on her vomit.
-
-Hickock, a car mechanic and father from Kansas, had suffered a severe head injury in a car accident when he was 19.
-
-They listened as a fellow inmate bragged about a farmer who kept lots of cash in a safe.
-
-Upon release, the pair met up and slipped into the Clutter farmhouse outside Holcomb late on the evening of Nov. 15, 1959 — about five weeks before the Walkers would be killed. Unable to find a safe, they obliterated all four members of the Clutter family. Herbert and Bonnie, and their children, Nancy, 16, and Kenyon, 15, died from shotgun blasts to the head.
-
-Over the next six weeks, Hickock and Smith traveled about 10,000 miles, from Kansas and California to Mexico and Florida. They were arrested in Las Vegas in late December after the inmate who had told them about the safe tipped off police. Capote’s book detailing the Kansas crime would come out in 1966.
-
-Kansas authorities, hearing of the Walker murders, suggested Sarasota’s sheriff take a look. Both families lived in rural communities. All had been shot in the head. No child had been spared. Hickock had once said his philosophy was to “leave no witnesses.”
-
-The sheriff had Hickock and Smith’s pictures published on the front page of the Sarasota Herald-Tribune. He told the Sarasota Journal at least four people said they had seen the men, including a saleswoman at W.T. Grant’s department store, seven miles from the Walker home, on the day of the murders. One or two days prior, a man said they had asked to fix his bent fender for money, and a gas station owner said they’d asked about auto paint shops.
-
-![Former Sarasota County Sheriff Ross Boyer received many responses after a call for information was published in the Sarasota Herald-Tribune on Sunday, Jan. 21, 1960. More than half a dozen people said they had seen Perry Smith and Richard Hickock in the days before and after the Walker murders. But after the men passed lie detector tests, Boyer turned to other suspects.](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1178 1140"/%3E "Former Sarasota County Sheriff Ross Boyer received many responses after a call for information was published in the Sarasota Herald-Tribune on Sunday, Jan. 21, 1960. More than half a dozen people said they had seen Perry Smith and Richard Hickock in the days before and after the Walker murders. But after the men passed lie detector tests, Boyer turned to other suspects.")
-
-Former Sarasota County Sheriff Ross Boyer received many responses after a call for information was published in the Sarasota Herald-Tribune on Sunday, Jan. 21, 1960. More than half a dozen people said they had seen Perry Smith and Richard Hickock in the days before and after the Walker murders. But after the men passed lie detector tests, Boyer turned to other suspects. \[ Sarasota Herald-Tribune, Sunday Morning January 21, 1960 \]
-
-And the day after the murders, in Nocatee, east of Sarasota, three people said they had seen the men, one with a “scratched-up face,” seeking U.S. 27, the main road north. Detectives had told the public to look out for suspects with cuts. They’d found blood spattering the heels of Christine’s suede pumps, surmising she’d used them as weapons.
-
-But the killers, who had confessed to the Kansas murders, said they’d never been to Sarasota. And what appeared to be a bloody fingerprint on the family’s faucet apparently did not match either man.
-
-A day after they were sentenced to death, Hickock and Smith answered questions about the Florida murders while strapped to a mid-century lie detector test. Kansas authorities told Boyer they passed.
-
-Boyer interviewed suspects in at least five other states. In New Jersey, he handed Madame Florence, a psychic consulted by police departments, a pair of Christine’s bobby pins, department records show. She told him he had already spoken to the murderer, someone with a face scar who “wore glasses.”
-
-But he never went to Kansas to interview Hickock and Smith. He told a Sarasota newspaper reporter he relied on Kansas authorities to ask those questions. Meanwhile, the head of the Kansas Bureau of Investigation told a reporter that, had he been facing a similar situation, “I’d have had an investigator down here weeks ago.”
-
-The sheriff’s office recently said it did not have any transcripts of those interviews. And in Kansas, authorities had been focused on the Clutters, an agency spokeswoman said, and they have no evidence that officers interrogated the killers about the Walkers.
-
-In a recent interview, retired Sarasota Lt. Dario Valente recalled speaking with one of Boyer’s chief investigators, who told him that while one of the Kansas killers denied the Walker murders, another confessed.
-
-For all of the agency’s early efforts, even obsession, investigators left stones unturned, resulting in dozens of men in the tiny Sarasota County town living under the frost of suspicion, many until their deaths. Boyer’s conviction about a local killer influenced the probe for decades.
-
-“I put a lot of faith in that,” said Ron Albritton, a retired Sarasota detective and distant cousin of Cliff’s who oversaw the inquiry through the 1980s and 90s. “I always looked at the Walker case as ‘Keep looking,’ because it’s not Hickock and Smith.”
-
-• • •
-
-One spring day in 2013, Myers sat alone inside his barbecue restaurant in Lake Placid, where a painting of cowboys wrangling a steer hung on the wall. He’d opened the place after two decades in the orange groves. A special was scrawled on the chalkboard: half a barbecue chicken and two sides for $7.95.
-
-Finding out who had murdered Christine had consumed his family for decades, and now, with many of them dead or far-flung, it had fallen on him to keep up the pressure. So, again, he dialed the detective he trusted most.
-
-He and Kimberly McGath went back to 2007, when she expressed an interest in the languishing Walker file. She had graduated first in her police class, with a perfect entrance exam. She earned praise for securing confessions and for her enthusiasm and empathy.
-
-Unlike Sheriff Boyer decades before her, she thought there was something to the men of “In Cold Blood.”
-
-She found it interesting that a car the Walkers were test-driving resembled the 1956 Chevy Bel Air the men had stolen in Kansas and driven to Florida. Could they have crossed paths and made arrangements to trade cars?
-
-![Kimberly McGath, a former detective for the Sarasota County Sheriff’s office, listens to Pat Myers, who is on the phone, at her Sarasota home last August. McGath, a married mother of three with a degree in psychology from the University of South Florida, inherited the Walker case in 2007, two years into her police career. Today, McGath works with rescue horses and writes books, about her child’s eye disease, about the Zodiac killer, even a romantic mystery.](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 5132 3421"/%3E "Kimberly McGath, a former detective for the Sarasota County Sheriff’s office, listens to Pat Myers, who is on the phone, at her Sarasota home last August. McGath, a married mother of three with a degree in psychology from the University of South Florida, inherited the Walker case in 2007, two years into her police career. Today, McGath works with rescue horses and writes books, about her child’s eye disease, about the Zodiac killer, even a romantic mystery.")
-
-Kimberly McGath, a former detective for the Sarasota County Sheriff’s office, listens to Pat Myers, who is on the phone, at her Sarasota home last August. McGath, a married mother of three with a degree in psychology from the University of South Florida, inherited the Walker case in 2007, two years into her police career. Today, McGath works with rescue horses and writes books, about her child’s eye disease, about the Zodiac killer, even a romantic mystery. \[ IVY CEBALLO | Times \]
-
-As she organized boxes of witness statements, ballistics reports and crime scene photographs into an 8,000-page digital record, more clues — and gaps — emerged.
-
-A Miami Beach detective discovered that the day before the murders, the pair had checked in at a motel there, paying $18 for a week’s stay. But the next morning, they vanished.
-
-When arrested in Las Vegas, McGath found, Smith was carrying a pocket knife similar to one missing from Cliff’s pocket. Officers found, beneath the car seat, a toddler shirt and a pink jacket that could have matched Christine’s dress, as well as an Army gas can and burlap bags that could have come from Cliff’s military-style Jeep.
-
-But, as she would find time and again, neither Kansas nor the Las Vegas Police Department could locate any of that evidence for her. After six decades, several police agencies had destroyed or misplaced evidence connected to the Walkers.
-
-The Florida Department of Law Enforcement had lost an early semen sample from Christine’s underwear.
-
-The FBI had purged the “In Cold Blood” killers’ palm prints — a crucial loss, as a fingerprint examiner told McGath the faucet print used to exonerate the men was actually a partial palm print.
-
-She read a report that the pair sold two dolls to a minister in Louisiana for $1.50 in gas money after they had left Florida. Could those dolls have been for Debbie? No one had documented the wrapping paper, and the minister was long dead.
-
-Dead trails, missing bits — but also so many pieces of evidence that lined up. It was hard to imagine, McGath often told Myers, in their sometimes meandering phone calls, that anyone wouldn’t classify the men as suspects.
-
-Myers could not imagine it being anyone else either. He just wanted someone to write it in a report, to confirm it, to put it to rest.
-
-• • •
-
-Months later in 2013, McGath was at her desk in Sarasota reading a report on the DNA from the Kansas Bureau of Investigation. There was a problem. Several problems.
-
-The year before, she had convinced a judge in Kansas to exhume the remains of Hickock and Smith to see if their DNA matched an unknown profile in Christine’s underwear. The Kansas Bureau of Investigation lab had pulled partial DNA from the men’s femurs and teeth.
-
-As it turned out, the tests exposed contamination at the lab. Smith’s tooth returned a female DNA profile — that of the examiner who analyzed the bones. His femur turned up another unknown female profile.
-
-Scientists managed to capture partial DNA for both of the men, however. And the DNA from Christine’s underwear, the report concluded, wasn’t theirs.
-
-In every direction McGath turned, she was met with blunders and blurred results, common problems in cold cases.
-
-The mix-ups made McGath wonder about the evidence already tested. She sifted through thousands of pages, looking for the original DNA test of Christine’s underwear that had detected a male suspect — a result detectives had leaned on for years. That’s when she noticed that the supposed suspect’s DNA was remarkably similar to Christine’s own incomplete DNA sequence, gathered from her dress.
-
-That led to a disheartening realization:
-
-They likely had been comparing their suspects all these years to Christine herself.
-
-A Florida Department of Law Enforcement serology supervisor confirmed the news to McGath and apologized. He said what was thought to be sperm was more likely Christine’s blood or skin cells. An agency spokesperson declined to comment.
-
-With the DNA testing in shambles, McGath turned to boot prints.
-
-![Boot prints show an imprint on cardboard at the Clutter family home, left, compared to boot prints on a pine floor at the Walker family home, right. Pat Myers said former Sarasota Det. Kimberly McGath has shown him these prints, and he has urged Sarasota authorities to test the men's boots for blood and dirt.](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1200 871"/%3E "Boot prints show an imprint on cardboard at the Clutter family home, left, compared to boot prints on a pine floor at the Walker family home, right. Pat Myers said former Sarasota Det. Kimberly McGath has shown him these prints, and he has urged Sarasota authorities to test the men's boots for blood and dirt.")
-
-Boot prints show an imprint on cardboard at the Clutter family home, left, compared to boot prints on a pine floor at the Walker family home, right. Pat Myers said former Sarasota Det. Kimberly McGath has shown him these prints, and he has urged Sarasota authorities to test the men's boots for blood and dirt. \[ Saraota County Sheriff's Office and former Det. Kimberly McGath \]
-
-A similar circular print had been found in blood near Christine’s body and at the Kansas scene. Smith owned black engineer boots with a Cat’s Paw rubber cushion sole, featuring circular pads, a little smaller than a quarter.
-
-Sarasota forensic supervisor Michael Gorn told McGath that footwear impressions could be as reliable as fingerprints. But McGath’s supervisors shut down her efforts to gather the men’s boots from Kansas. Her captain, she said, wanted a DNA connection.
-
-In her final report in 2013, McGath said she believed there was enough circumstantial evidence to tie Hickock and Smith to the Walker murders. But she was inactivating the case until new testing or evidence could advance it. She had no hard feelings, she said, but wished the sheriff’s office had allowed her to keep pursuing the men.
-
-The agency issued a press release, noting Hickock and Smith were the most likely suspects. “However,” the release said, “DNA testing seems unlikely to provide conclusive evidence one way or the other.”
-
-In a 2014 email to her supervisors, McGath wrote: “It feels like there’s been a negative cloud surrounding me in regards to the cold cases.” The following year, the mother of three would leave the agency to prioritize family.
-
-In a 2020 email, a spokesperson responded to a question about whether the agency was seeking boot testing this way: “We are not pursuing any of Det. McGath’s recommendations at this time.”
-
-• • •
-
-McGath stopped calling Myers. She didn’t want to cross a line. Still, eight years off the job, she felt a certain duty to him. So when he called one day in late August 2022, she responded.
-
-These days McGath, 52, works with rescue horses and writes books.
-
-![Pat Myers, who once owned a barbecue restaurant in Lake Placid for almost two decades, sits at the kitchen table, taking an order over his cell phone for a catering job, which he does to supplement their income. He jots it down: Prime rib, baked potatoes, green beans, salad and rolls for 80.](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 5066 3377"/%3E "Pat Myers, who once owned a barbecue restaurant in Lake Placid for almost two decades, sits at the kitchen table, taking an order over his cell phone for a catering job, which he does to supplement their income. He jots it down: Prime rib, baked potatoes, green beans, salad and rolls for 80.")
-
-Pat Myers, who once owned a barbecue restaurant in Lake Placid for almost two decades, sits at the kitchen table, taking an order over his cell phone for a catering job, which he does to supplement their income. He jots it down: Prime rib, baked potatoes, green beans, salad and rolls for 80. \[ IVY CEBALLO | Times \]
-
-Now, Myers asked her, “What I don’t get is, how did they get in the house with the dogs sitting there?” He was referring to the Walkers’ three hound dogs in the yard — just another stray detail he picked at, worried over. That had never been clear, McGath replied.
-
-She had never been able to fully put the case aside. Recently, she’d told Myers she’d found a picture of Hickock with two small marks on his chin. Could they be from Christine’s heel?
-
-McGath had also considered Wilbur Tooker, Clark’s favored suspect and the Walkers’ closest neighbor, the one pushy with Christine.
-
-A neighbor had observed him in the area the afternoon of the murders. He was photographed outside the house the day the bodies were discovered — with no marks on him, McGath commented.
-
-He’d had an alibi for most of the evening, she explained. He’d played his violin — badly, according to the conductor — at a concert in Bradenton. He had no criminal record.
-
-But they both knew that DNA had so far muddled the picture.
-
-Since 2004, multiple detectives had sought answers in DNA. More than half a dozen cuttings came from Christine’s underwear alone, with multiple partial DNA samples detected, as well as a stain containing a single sperm cell. Before she left the agency, McGath said, her supervisors declined her requests to do more genetic testing of the stain.
-
-In 2019, Clark was able to test the stain again. It generated pieces of two people’s DNA, one male and one female. But the results were too tangled to isolate any individuals. Now Myers related to McGath what he’d heard from Clark: Though not a conclusive match, Tooker could not be discounted.
-
-To be sure, Clark had told Myers, scientists would have to pinpoint Christine’s DNA and remove it from the mixture.
-
-This peeved Myers. He and his sister, Novella Cascarella, had spoken with the agency more than 15 years ago about exhuming Christine.
-
-“It’s basically a great mess,” McGath said.
-
-McGath understood why Myers needed this. To have a theory was one thing; to have proof was another. Some families, she knew, played their traumas over and over 50 or 60 years later.
-
-![Pat Myers rubs his eyes after yawning at his Lake Placid home in fall 2022. The Walker case has taken a toll on him over the many years it has remained unresolved.](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 5735 3823"/%3E "Pat Myers rubs his eyes after yawning at his Lake Placid home in fall 2022. The Walker case has taken a toll on him over the many years it has remained unresolved.")
-
-Pat Myers rubs his eyes after yawning at his Lake Placid home in fall 2022. The Walker case has taken a toll on him over the many years it has remained unresolved. \[ IVY CEBALLO | Times \]
-
-Solving these murders, McGath believed, was also about sending a message that law enforcement would doggedly pursue old crimes despite the passage of time.
-
-But national clearance rates have sunk. In 1965, according to FBI statistics, agencies closed 90% of the year’s homicides. By 2020, the rate was 54% — meaning more cases grow cold. Experts blame the drop largely on slimmed-down police budgets and hundreds of unsolved serial killer cases.
-
-At the same time, DNA analysis has become more exact, especially in the past two decades, with testing that once required a million cells now potentially able to identify someone with a single cell, said DNA expert Greg Hampikian, director of the Idaho Innocence Project and a biology professor at Boise State University.
-
-The National Institute of Justice, the research arm of the Department of Justice, has called on agencies to create teams dedicated to handling these seemingly unsolvable cases — more than 100,000 of them from the previous two decades alone. Their funding has helped to solve about 2,000 violent crimes, including killings by the Golden State Killer and the Boston Strangler.
-
-In Florida, several larger departments — including Tampa, Jacksonville and Miami-Dade — have such teams. Most agencies, including Sarasota, do not. Homicide detectives often are told to work on older cases when they have time.
-
-“And that doesn’t work,” said Ryan Backmann, who started Project: Cold Case in Jacksonville in 2015 to document unsolved cases and support other families after his father’s murder went unsolved. “You get an arrest occasionally. But you need dedicated detectives primarily working on cold cases, and across the country in law enforcement, we’re not seeing that.”
-
-Capt. Joe Giasone, a 30-year veteran of the Sarasota County Sheriff’s Office, said the agency has 32 cold cases, ranging from the 1959 Walker murders up to a 2019 missing boater. He said detectives have no physical evidence, so far, connecting Hickock and Smith to the Walker murders, no fingerprints.
-
-“The challenges of a case from that long ago … you’re bound by what was done in 1959,” Giasone said.
-
-Giasone wasn’t sure why previous leaders didn’t pursue additional testing 10 years ago. He said the agency remains committed, however long it takes.
-
-But cold cases, too, pose a conundrum. What is the value of solving an older crime versus a newer one? What does society owe, say, the family of Cliff and Christine Walker?
-
-Many justice experts recommend prioritizing cases where an arrest can be made.
-
-“I’m interested foremost in the living cases, where there is a danger to the public or when someone is wrongfully convicted or where a victim is wanting to find an answer,” said Hampikian, the DNA expert. “I’ve got mothers calling me who want to get their sons out of prison. It’s important to keep that in perspective.”
-
-![The gravesite of the Walker family seen at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Arcadia. The Walker family’s 1959 murder remains among the oldest unsolved cases in the state.](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 6720 4480"/%3E "The gravesite of the Walker family seen at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Arcadia. The Walker family’s 1959 murder remains among the oldest unsolved cases in the state.")
-
-The gravesite of the Walker family seen at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Arcadia. The Walker family’s 1959 murder remains among the oldest unsolved cases in the state. \[ IVY CEBALLO | Times \]
-
-With the possible perpetrators in the Walker murders dead — the “In Cold Blood” killers were executed in 1965; Tooker suffered a heart attack while playing the violin in 1963 — there is scant possibility of an arrest.
-
-But Myers observed that letting the case languish, passing it from one detective to another and failing to exhume Christine 15 years ago to obtain her DNA, as he and his sister had asked, had cost the agency more money and delayed the results.
-
-And it had overshadowed his entire life.
-
-• • •
-
-In mid-September, Myers clenched his jaw as he lifted his wife with a gait belt, transferring her from wheelchair to recliner at their modest home. She settled in and smiled.
-
-His sister’s murder was never far from his mind. It was time to give Clark, the Sarasota detective, another nudge. First, he turned on “Gunsmoke” — their daily routine.
-
-He’d met Ella, now 68, on the school bus and proposed to her over the lunch table in high school. When she was well, Ella had vocally supported his efforts to find answers. Now her strokes had robbed her of articulation.
-
-“Behind every good woman, there’s a good man,” he said, as he filled her cup.
-
-Ella face-palmed and smiled.
-
-![Pat Myers met Ella, now 68, on the school bus. She’d been a hairdresser, but she’d lost her leg to diabetes and suffered two strokes that left her partially paralyzed on one side. An aide comes several days a week to help, but Myers is the one who takes care of her.](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 5180 3453"/%3E "Pat Myers met Ella, now 68, on the school bus. She’d been a hairdresser, but she’d lost her leg to diabetes and suffered two strokes that left her partially paralyzed on one side. An aide comes several days a week to help, but Myers is the one who takes care of her.")
-
-Pat Myers met Ella, now 68, on the school bus. She’d been a hairdresser, but she’d lost her leg to diabetes and suffered two strokes that left her partially paralyzed on one side. An aide comes several days a week to help, but Myers is the one who takes care of her. \[ IVY CEBALLO | Times \]
-
-The detective picked up almost immediately, and Myers told him he wanted an update.
-
-Clark hoped to test the underwear stain containing the sperm cell. He told Myers, if he could get the OK, he was still after a true copy of Christine’s DNA.
-
-“Go ahead, dig her up,” Myers told him, for a second time.
-
-Would he ever get an answer? Each new detective who came along just couldn’t get to the last piece of the puzzle.
-
-The doubt, the what-ifs, kept at him like a jackhammer.
-
-![Pat Myers pauses at the Walker gravesite. As his health worsens, he hopes for closure.](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 4748 3165"/%3E "Pat Myers pauses at the Walker gravesite. As his health worsens, he hopes for closure.")
-
-Pat Myers pauses at the Walker gravesite. As his health worsens, he hopes for closure. \[ IVY CEBALLO | Times \]
-
-Myers had grown up around people devastated by the family’s deaths, relatives who also made trips over the years to the sheriff’s office, who visited Christine’s and Cliff’s graves and held them close.
-
-There came a point that his older sister, Novella, couldn’t handle going anymore. And Pat promised her he would make sure to keep it alive, to fight for a resolution. As he saw his own health slipping, he felt the weight of that vow.
-
-He’d lied to Novella before she died in 2021.
-
-“It was them, the ‘In Cold Blood’ killers,” he’d said. The relief the 82-year-old felt had come through on the phone. Her voice even sounded different.
-
-Myers wanted to feel that way too. And if he didn’t push for this, who would?
-
-In early January, Myers called Clark and his boss six times with no reply. Days later, he received a return call.
-
-A lieutenant told him that Clark had presented the plan to the sheriff. They had decided to unearth Christine from her grave in the next month.
-
-Myers wanted to feel relief. But he decided he would wait until something actually happened.
-
-### About the reporting
-
-This story is based on more than 8,000 pages of records, most from the Sarasota County Sheriff’s Office, but also the Kansas Bureau of Investigation, the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and archives of the Sarasota Journal, the Sarasota Herald-Tribune and the St. Petersburg Times.
-
-Leonora LaPeter Anton went with Pat Myers to the Sarasota County Sheriff’s Office to witness him talking to Det. Brandon Clark. She was at Myers’ home when he spoke with the detective on the phone. She also was there when he spoke with former Det. Kimberly McGath in 2013 and last summer.
-
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Daughter of Malcolm X to sue CIA, FBI and New York City police over his death  CBC News.md b/00.03 News/Daughter of Malcolm X to sue CIA, FBI and New York City police over his death  CBC News.md
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-Date: 2023-02-22
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-02-22
-Link: https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/malcolm-x-daughter-lawsuit-fbi-cia-nypd-1.6755464
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-# Daughter of Malcolm X to sue CIA, FBI and New York City police over his death | CBC News
-
-[World](https://www.cbc.ca/news/world)
-
-A daughter of Malcolm X, the civil rights activist assassinated 58 years ago to the day on Tuesday, has filed notices that she intends to sue the FBI, the CIA, New York City police and others for his death.
-
-## Ilyasah Shabazz accuses agencies of plotting to kill her father, hiding evidence of plan
-
-![A person speaks at a lectern as others watch on beside them.](https://i.cbc.ca/1.6755474.1677012620!/fileImage/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/16x9_780/1468301002.jpg)
-
-Ilyasah Shabazz, centre, speaks during a new conference in New York City on Tuesday. The daughter of civil rights activist Malcom X has filed notices that she intends to sue the FBI, the CIA, New York City police and others for his death. (Michael M. Santiago/Getty Images)
-
-A daughter of Malcolm X, the civil rights activist assassinated 58 years ago to the day on Tuesday, has filed notices that she intends to sue the FBI, the CIA, New York City police and others for his death.
-
-Ilyasah Shabazz accused various federal and New York government agencies of fraudulently concealing evidence that they "conspired to and executed their plan to assassinate Malcolm X."
-
-"For years, our family has fought for the truth to come to light concerning his murder," Shabazz said at a news conference at the site of her father's assassination, now a memorial to Malcolm X.
-
-The New York Police Department said it would not comment on pending litigation. The FBI and the CIA did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
-
-Malcolm X rose to prominence as the national spokesperson of the Nation of Islam, an African-American Muslim group that espoused Black separatism.
-
-***WATCH | Malcolm X on CBC's*** **Front Page Challenge** ***in 1965:***
-
-![](https://thumbnails.cbc.ca/maven_legacy/thumbnails/39/319/AR-MALCOM-X-FINAL_620x350_2646058476.jpg?crop=1.777xh:h;*,*&downsize=510px:*510w)
-
-### Malcolm X on Front Page Challenge in 1965
-
-After a contentious split from the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X explains his goals for racial equality on the CBC show Front Page Challenge. Airdate: Jan. 5, 1965 Some video on this clip has been repackaged for copyright reasons.
-
-He spent over a decade with the group before becoming disillusioned, publicly breaking with it in 1964 and moderating some of his earlier views on racial separation, angering some Nation of Islam members and drawing death threats.
-
-He was 39 years old when three men with guns shot him onstage as prepared to speak at New York's Audubon Ballroom on Feb. 21, 1965. Shabazz, who was then two years old, was present with her mother and sisters. Soon after, some associates of Malcolm X said they believed various government agencies were aware of the assassination plan and allowed to it happen.
-
--   [Judge exonerates 2 men for 1965 murder of Malcolm X](https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/malcolm-x-1.6254258)
-
-Talmadge Hayer, then a member of the Nation of Islam, confessed in court to being one of the assassins.
-
-In 2021, a New York state judge threw out the convictions of two other men who wrongly spent decades in prison for the murder of Malcolm X, saying there had been a miscarriage of justice. Hayer had long said the two men were innocent and that his accomplices were other Nation of Islam members.
-
-The two men were exonerated at the request of the Manhattan district attorney's office, which said an investigation had found that prosecutors and law enforcement agencies withheld evidence that, had it been turned over, would likely have led to the pair's acquittal.
-
-In Shabazz's notices of claims, which New York law requires be served on certain government agencies before a lawsuit can be filed, Shabazz said she seeks $100 million US in damages.
-
-The notices were served with the agencies she intends to sue on Tuesday based on new information that only recently came to light, according to Ben Crump, her attorney, who said he intended to take depositions of government officials.
-
-"It's not just about the trigger men, it's about those who conspired with the trigger men to do this dastardly deed," Crump said at the news conference.
-
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Deep in the Wilderness, the World’s Largest Beaver Dam Endures.md b/00.03 News/Deep in the Wilderness, the World’s Largest Beaver Dam Endures.md
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-Date: 2023-12-12
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-TimeStamp: 2023-12-12
-Link: https://e360.yale.edu/features/worlds-largest-beaver-dam
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-# Deep in the Wilderness, the World’s Largest Beaver Dam Endures
-
-### WILDLIFE
-
-The largest beaver dam on Earth was discovered via satellite imagery in 2007, and since then only one person has trekked into the Canadian wild to see it. It’s a half-mile long and has created a 17-acre lake in the northern forest — a testament to the beaver’s resilience.
-
-Wood Buffalo National Park, the largest national park in Canada, covers an area the size of Switzerland and stretches from Northern Alberta into the Northwest Territories. Only one road enters it from Alberta, and one from the NWT. If not for people observing it from airplanes and helicopters, and satellites photographing it, little would be known about big parts of it. The park is a variety of landscapes — boreal swamps, fens, bogs, black spruce forests, salt flats, gypsum karst, permafrost islands, and prairies that extend the continent’s central plains to their northern limit. The wood buffalo in the park’s name are bison related to the Great Plains bison. In this remoteness, the buffalo descend from the original population, and the wolves that prey on them are also the wild originals. Millions of birds summer and breed here. The park holds one of the last remaining breeding grounds of the whooping crane.
-
-Other superlatives and near-superlatives: the delta in the park’s southeast where the Peace River and the Athabasca River come together is one of the largest freshwater deltas in the world; last summer, some of Canada’s largest forest fires burned in the park and around it; and — just inside the park’s southern border — is the largest beaver dam in the world.
-
-> Animal technology created the largest beaver dam in the world, but human technology revealed it.
-
-The dam is about a half-mile long and in the shape of an arc made of connected arcs, like a recurve bow. The media has known about it for 16 years, and in that time no bigger beaver dam has come to light, so it’s still known as the biggest, and scientists believe it almost certainly is. Animal technology created it, but human technology revealed it. In 2007, Jean Thie, a Dutch-born landscape ecologist who lives near Ottawa, was looking at the latest satellite imagery of places he had examined via satellite in 1973 and 1974, when he was studying permafrost. It’s hard to remember, but in the early ‘70s some scientists thought the Earth might be cooling. Thie’s research had showed evidence of the opposite; the paper about permafrost melting that he published in 1974 is now considered one of the pioneering studies of climate change.
-
-As he looked over 1970s images taken by NASA’s Landsat satellite and compared them with the latest images from Google Earth and other sources, he noticed that in certain landscapes the evidence of beavers now was everywhere. From being almost wiped out by the fur trade between about 1600 and the 20th century, beavers had bounced back. Just one example was a belt about 1,100 miles long that extended into Wood Buffalo Park. Among the hundreds of beaver dams in this area Thie came across one that looked bigger. He measured it and found it to be 2,790 feet long, or about a half-mile. The 17-acre lake created by the dam reposed undisturbed, shiny and opaque in its swampy northern forest, and in the middle of the lake the small brown dot of a beaver lodge could be seen.
-
-[![](https://e360.yale.edu/assets/site/_400xAUTO_stretch_center-center/Beaver-Dam-Map.png)](https://e360.yale.edu/assets/site/Beaver-Dam-Map.png)
-
-Yale Environment 360
-
-On October 5, 2007, Thie posted the satellite photo of the dam on the Google Earth Community Forum, with text explaining that it was probably the world’s largest. Seven months later, a reporter for Canadian Broadcasting Company Radio saw the posting and did a story about it. Other outlets picked up the story, and “the world’s largest beaver dam,” a phrase that’s satisfying to say and think about, achieved a modest international fame.
-
-Many of the beavers that have reestablished themselves globally are descended from beavers that were planted by wildlife biologists. The thriving beaver population of Tierra del Fuego (another place Thie has studied) is descended from beavers brought to Argentina from Canada’s Saskatchewan River, who are themselves scions of beavers transplanted from upstate New York. No reintroduction of beavers was done in Wood Buffalo Park. Thie believes that the beavers who built the dam are of original stock. Like the wood buffalo and the wolves, they were too remote to be wiped out.
-
-> At the request of the Mikisew Cree First Nation, UNESCO has investigated environmental threats to Wood Buffalo National Park.
-
-The officials who run the park heard about the world’s largest beaver dam because of Thie’s discovery, like everybody else. Until the CBC reporter called them for comment, they had not known that their park contained the world’s largest beaver dam. None of the park’s personnel had ever been to it, or has visited it on the ground (or what passes for ground there), to this day. When I called Tim Gauthier, the park’s external relations manager, he said that he had flown over the dam many times but never stood on or near it. He did not know if the water in the lake was still deep enough to cover the entrance to the lodge or lodges. In these remoter areas of the park, he said, “we tend to let such things regulate themselves.”
-
-Since 1983, Wood Buffalo National Park has been listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, the environmental and cultural agency of the United Nations. In more recent years, this designation has become shaky; at the request of the Mikisew Cree First Nation, whose members gather traditional resources in the park and depend on it for cultural survival, UNESCO has twice investigated environmental threats to the park and has come close to declaring it officially endangered. Wood Buffalo Park is now on UNESCO probation, and the governments of Canada and Alberta are supposed to fix its problems.
-
-[![A North American beaver (Castor canadensis).](https://e360.yale.edu/assets/site/_400xAUTO_stretch_center-center/Canada-Beaver_Getty.jpg)](https://e360.yale.edu/assets/site/_1500x1500_fit_center-center_80/Canada-Beaver_Getty.jpg)
-
-A North American beaver (Castor canadensis). Rainer Erl / McPhoto / ullstein bild via Getty Images
-
-The park is suffering the worst drought in its history. Flows are down by half in many places, owing to climate change, water diversion, poor seasonal snowpack, and dams on the Peace River, upstream in British Columbia. A danger that seems inescapable comes from the oil sands that are being mined for crude-oil-containing bitumen, and from tailing ponds that hold trillions of liters of mine-contaminated water. The ponds are near the banks of the Athabasca River, just upstream from the park boundary. They are fatal to birds that land on them. Given the direction that water flows, conservationists and native people fear the tailings will pollute the park eventually. Toxic chemicals have already been found in McClelland Lake, just southeast of the park. Locals stopped taking their drinking water from the lake years ago.
-
-Gillian Chow-Fraser, the boreal program manager for the Northern Alberta chapter of the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, in Edmonton, travels in the park often by helicopter, canoe, and foot. She has described the park’s environment as “super degraded.” When I spoke with her by phone not long ago, she talked about a recent tailing basin leak that was not reported to the First Nations downstream of it for nine months. In places that used to flood regularly but now don’t, the land is drying out and vegetation disappearing. Though she crisscrosses the park, she has never seen the world’s largest beaver dam, but she’s grateful that it’s there and bringing the park attention.
-
-> The idea of going to the world’s largest beaver dam came to Rob Mark after reading about Thie’s discovery.
-
-Another expert, Phillip Meintzer, conservation specialist with the Alberta Wilderness Association, told me that he hadn’t seen the dam, either, but that the park’s difficulty of access is a good thing, in a way, because it keeps people from visiting in large numbers and putting stress on the area. The downside is that environmental degradation, like the recent tailings seepage, can happen without many watchers finding out. Meintzer’s main worry is that when the economy shifts to renewables, the oil sands will be abandoned and taxpayers stuck with the cleanup. What will be done about the multi-trillion liters of toxic tailings is unknown. “Last summer I was on a trip to test water quality in and around McClelland Lake,” he said. “We camped by the shore, and all night in this remote and uninhabited place we could hear the propane cannons at the nearby tailings ponds firing to scare off the birds.”
-
----
-
-As far as is known, only one person has ever been to the world’s largest beaver dam. In July 2014, Rob Mark, of Maplewood, New Jersey, 44 years old at the time, reached the dam after a challenging journey. Holding the flag of the Explorers Club, the international organization with headquarters in New York City, he took a photo of himself standing on the dam. The top of the structure was the only solid ground he had encountered for miles. After he got back, a newspaper in Edmonton did a story about him, and he appeared in other newspapers and a travel magazine. His achievement is like the dam in that so far no one has said it isn’t unique.
-
-[![A beaver lodge sits in the middle of a 17-acre lake created by the dam.](https://e360.yale.edu/assets/site/_400xAUTO_stretch_center-center/WBNP-Beaver-Dam-Parks-Canada-3-2.jpg)](https://e360.yale.edu/assets/site/_1500x1500_fit_center-center_80/WBNP-Beaver-Dam-Parks-Canada-3-2.jpg)
-
-A beaver lodge sits in the middle of a 17-acre lake created by the dam. Parks Canada
-
-Mark is now a blueberry farmer in Virginia. When I reached him by phone, he told me he did solo extreme treks unsponsored and for his own pleasure. In 2007, he crossed South America from the Pacific Ocean to the Amazon River by hiking over the Andes. The idea of going to the world’s largest beaver dam occurred to him after he read about Jean Thie’s discovery. He planned the trek for several years, and in 2011, he flew to Fort McMurray — the Alberta town, more than 100 miles from the dam, that is the hub of the oil sands industry — to see how he could get from A to B.
-
-His plan was to go down the Athabasca River by boat, then hike through the muskeg peatland. That proving impracticable, he returned home and decided he would come at the dam from another direction, by way of Lake Claire, whose southwestern edge is about 10 miles from it. Crossing the lake by boat, a distance of about 25 miles, and then hiking to the dam, seemed straightforward enough. But the lake is more like a wetter spot in a swamp than a lake. Sometimes it does not have enough water for boats. Mark waited three years for that problem to improve. In 2014 it did, and Mark went to the town of Fort Chipewyan, east of Lake Claire, and hired a man to ferry him.
-
-The lake has no real shore, it just gets shallower at the edges. At a chosen point Mark got out and arranged for the boatman to return and pick him up there in six days. Mark noted the coordinates in his handheld GPS and told them to the boatman. The boatman replied that he had no GPS. That was a detail Mark had not thought of. The boatman told him to cut one of the nearby willows and stick it in a more conspicuous place in the swamp-lake, and they arranged to meet by it. Then the boatman left, and Mark began his trek.
-
-> Mostly the route, which required two days of slogging, was just swamp. The last mile to the dam took Mark five hours.
-
-The mosquitos swarmed like nothing he’d seen in the Amazon. He was ready for that and for trying not to go crazy from their noise. The sphagnum moss islands submerged slowly under his weight, step by step, as he grasped at willows to sort of brachiate on. By looking at the tree species shown on satellite photos he had plotted a route along comparatively higher ground, and he tried to keep to that. Mostly the route, which required two days of slogging, was just swamp. The last mile to the beaver dam took him five hours.
-
-Late in the long subarctic afternoon he emerged into the clear patch of sky created by the dam’s lake, waded to the dam, and stepped onto it. The dam is no more than three feet high at any point. He realized that a person seeing it up close would never guess it extended for half a mile. To grasp its full size and the ingenuity of its construction you needed a photograph from space. A lone beaver appeared, looked at him, and slapped its tail. Mark got a sense that his presence enraged the beaver.
-
-Bringing out his Explorers Club flag from his pack, he took the selfie. To be allowed to carry that flag he had had to apply to the club, which reviewed his plan of exploration and deemed it worthwhile. Mark became the 851st explorer in the club’s 110 years to carry the flag, joining a list that includes Thor Heyerdahl and James Cameron. After a supper of granola and peanut butter, he hiked to some larger spruce nearby, lashed his hammock between two of them, draped the mosquito netting, and prepared to spend the night.
-
-[![Rob Mark at the dam, with the beaver lodge behind him.](https://e360.yale.edu/assets/site/_400xAUTO_stretch_center-center/MAC39_BEAVERDAM_CAROUSEL-3.jpg)](https://e360.yale.edu/assets/site/MAC39_BEAVERDAM_CAROUSEL-3.jpg)
-
-Rob Mark at the dam, with the beaver lodge behind him. Rob Mark
-
-Hiking out occupied three more days. When he reached the lake, he could not wait next to the willow marker for his ride, because that would mean standing thigh-deep in water. He sat on a drier patch of ground back in the trees, too far from the lake to see it, and listened for the engine. At mid-morning of the day appointed, he heard a sound that got louder. The boatman went right to the unlikely willow and Mark walked through swamp to the lake and waded out to the boat, so exhausted he could barely climb in.
-
----
-
-The world’s largest beaver dam is not like human dams. It does not stopper a river, or even a stream or rivulet. Its low half-mile barrier collects small trickles that come off a plateau called the Birch Mountains. Along the margin of this comparatively higher ground, it accommodates itself to a slope of less than two percent. The gathered-up trickles have amounted to a lake, and after the beavers eat the plants that grow in it, they may relocate to another dam and another pond, graze that area, then move on again, in a sort of crop rotation. Other dams in this beaver belt are up to three-quarters the length of the longest dam. These long, low dams may help the beavers adapt to drought.
-
-Places almost impossible to get to undergird all of existence. In my car there are regions under the front seats where, when my cell phone falls into them, I must almost take the car apart to get it out. Beavers create hard-to-access places that are good for them, less so for us. Jean Thie had beavers on land he owned near Ottawa, and they built dams and made swampy ponds and cut down trees. He got a trapper to remove them but they or other beavers came back. Finally, he gave up and just put chicken wire around the trunks of trees on the property and lived with the beaver landscape.
-
-In the big picture, Thie is pro-beaver nonetheless. “Of course, I’m not very positively minded about our own future on the planet,” he told me. “But I am an optimist about beavers. Their presence improves water management, reduces water flows, reduces the loss of runoff, and creates and improves wetlands. In drier landscapes of the future all this could be of benefit. I think the worldwide flourishing of beavers is a small step in a good direction.”
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Discarded Roman artefact may have been more than a good luck charm.md b/00.03 News/Discarded Roman artefact may have been more than a good luck charm.md
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-Date: 2023-02-20
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-&emsp;
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-# Discarded Roman artefact may have been more than a good luck charm
-
-Published on: 20 February 2023
-
-A unique artefact discovered at the Roman fort of Vindolanda may have been used as a device during sex rather than as a good luck symbol, archaeologists suggest.
-
-The wooden object was initially thought to be a darning tool since it had been found alongside dozens of shoes and dress accessories, as well as other small tools and craft waste products such as leather off-cuts and worked antler, that were discarded in the 2nd century fort ditch.
-
-But new analysis by experts at Newcastle University and University College Dublin has shown it to be the first known example of a disembodied phallus made of wood recovered anywhere in the Roman world.
-
-Phalli were widespread across the Empire and were commonly believed to be a way to protect against bad luck. They were often depicted in painted frescoes and mosaics or formed part of the decoration of other objects such as being embellished onto a knife handle or incised into pottery. Small, portable phalli made of bone or metal were commonly worn as pendants around the neck.
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-But the research team think that the object, which was originally found at Vindolanda in 1992, may have been used for more than warding off evil. Analysis revealed that both ends of the phallus were noticeably smoother, indicating repeated contact over time.
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-In a discussion paper published in the journal Antiquity, the team explore three possible explanations for the phallus’ purpose. One of these is that the life-sized object was used as a sexual implement.
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-Another possibility, the team say, is that the object may have been used as a pestle – either for culinary purposes or to grind ingredients for cosmetics or medicinal treatments. Its size may have made it easy to be hand-held while its shape would have imbued the food or ingredients being prepared with perceived magical properties.   
-
-The third possible function was that the phallus may have been slotted into a statue which passers-by would touch for good luck or to absorb or activate protection from misfortune - which was common throughout the Roman empire.
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-If this was the case, the statue would probably have been located near the entrance to an important building such as commanding officer’s house or headquarters building. Yet the evidence indicates that it was either indoors or at least not in an exposed position outside for any length of time.  
-
-**[Dr Rob Collins](https://www.ncl.ac.uk/hca/people/profile/robertcollins.html)**, Senior Lecturer, Archaeology, Newcastle University, explains: “The size of the phallus and the fact that it was carved from wood raises a number of questions to its use in antiquity. We cannot be certain of its intended use, in contrast to most other phallic objects that make symbolic use of that shape for a clear function, like a good luck charm. We know that the ancient Romans and Greeks used sexual implements – this object from Vindolanda could be an example of one.”
-
-**Dr Rob Sands**, Lecturer in Archaeology, University College Dublin, said: “Wooden objects would have been commonplace in the ancient world, but only survive in very particular conditions – in northern Europe normally in dark, damp, and oxygen free deposits. So, the Vindolanda phallus is an extremely rare survival. It survived for nearly 2000 years to be recovered by the Vindolanda Trust because preservation conditions have so far remained stable. However, climate change and altering water tables mean that the survival of objects like this are under ever increasing threat.”
-
-**Barbara Birley**, Curator at the Vindolanda Trust, said: “This rediscovery shows the real legacy value of having such an incredible collection of material from one site and being able to reassess that material. The wooden phallus may well be currently unique in its survival from this time, but it is unlikely to have been the only one of its kind used at the site, along the frontier, or indeed in Roman Britain.”
-
-The phallus is now on display in the Vindolanda museum. For more information and opening times, visit [www.vindolanda.com/](http://www.vindolanda.com/)
-
-**Reference: ‘Touch Wood: luck, protection, power or pleasure? A unique wooden phallus from Vindolanda Roman fort’, Rob Collins and Rob Sands. Antiquity** [**https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2023.11**](https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2023.11)
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Discovery of the temple of Poseidon located at the Kleidi site near Samikon in Greece.md b/00.03 News/Discovery of the temple of Poseidon located at the Kleidi site near Samikon in Greece.md
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-Date: 2023-01-13
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-# Discovery of the temple of Poseidon located at the Kleidi site near Samikon in Greece
-
-![Mainz University contributes to recent discovery of the temple of Poseidon located at the Kleidi site near Samikon in Greece](https://scx1.b-cdn.net/csz/news/800a/2023/mainz-university-contr-2.jpg "The excavations undertaken in the autumn of 2022 revealed parts of the foundations of a structure that was 9.4 meters wide and had carefully positioned walls with a thickness of 0.8 meters. Credit: Dr. Birgitta Eder / Athens Branch of the Austrian Archaeological Institute")
-
-The excavations undertaken in the autumn of 2022 revealed parts of the foundations of a structure that was 9.4 meters wide and had carefully positioned walls with a thickness of 0.8 meters. Credit: Dr. Birgitta Eder / Athens Branch of the Austrian Archaeological Institute
-
-The ancient Greek historian Strabo referred to the presence of an important shrine located on the west coast of the Peloponnese some 2,000 years ago. Remains of such an Archaic temple have now been uncovered at the Kleidi site near Samikon, which presumably once formed part of the sanctuary of Poseidon.
-
-Researchers of the Austrian Archaeological Institute in collaboration with colleagues from Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU), Kiel University, and the Ephorate of Antiquities of Elis unearthed the remains of an early temple-like structure that was located within the Poseidon sanctuary site and was quite possibly dedicated to the deity himself. The Mainz-based team from the JGU Institute of Geography headed by Professor Andreas Vött contributed to the investigative work with their drilling and direct push techniques.
-
-## Exceptional coastal configuration of the Kleidi/Samikon region
-
-The form of the western coast of the Peloponnese peninsula, the region in which the site is located, is very distinctive. Along the extended curve of the Gulf of Kyparissa is a group of three hills of solid rock surrounded by coastal alluvial sediments in an area otherwise dominated by lagoons and coastal swamps.
-
-Because this location was easily accessed and secure, a settlement was established here during the Mycenaean era that continued to flourish for several centuries and was able to maintain contacts to the north and south along the coast. Professor Andreas Vött of Mainz University has been undertaking geoarchaeological surveys of this area since 2018 with the aim of clarifying how this unique situation evolved and how the coast in the Kleidi/Samikon region has changed over time.
-
-![Mainz University contributes to recent discovery of the temple of Poseidon located at the Kleidi site near Samikon in Greece](https://scx1.b-cdn.net/csz/news/800a/2023/mainz-university-contr-1.jpg "The famous ancient sanctuary has long been suspected in the plain below the ancient fortress of Samikon, which dominates the landscape from afar on a hilltop north of the lagoon of Kaiafa on the west coast of the Peloponnese. Credit: Dr. Birgitta Eder / Athens Branch of the Austrian Archaeological Institute")
-
-The famous ancient sanctuary has long been suspected in the plain below the ancient fortress of Samikon, which dominates the landscape from afar on a hilltop north of the lagoon of Kaiafa on the west coast of the Peloponnese. Credit: Dr. Birgitta Eder / Athens Branch of the Austrian Archaeological Institute
-
-For this purpose, he has collaborated in several campaigns with Dr. Birgitta Eder, Director of the Athens Branch of the Austrian Archaeological Institute, and Dr. Erofili-Iris Kolia of the local monuments protection authority, the Ephorate of Antiquities of Elis.
-
-"The results of our investigations to date indicate that the waves of the open Ionian Sea actually washed up directly against the group of hills until the 5th millennium BCE. Thereafter, on the side facing the sea, an extensive beach barrier system developed in which several lagoons were isolated from the sea," said Vött, who is Professor of Geomorphology at JGU.
-
-However, evidence has been found that the region was repeatedly afflicted by tsunami events in both the prehistoric and historic periods, most recently in the 6th and 14th centuries CE. This tallies with surviving reports of known tsunamis that occurred in the years 551 and 1303 CE. "The elevated situation provided by the hills would have been of fundamental importance in antiquity as it would have made it possible to move on dry land along the coast to the north and to the south," Vött pointed out.
-
-In autumn 2021, geophysicist Dr. Dennis Wilken of Kiel University found traces of structures at a site at the eastern foot of the hill group in an area that had already been identified as of interest following previous exploration. After initial excavation work under the supervision of Dr. Birgitta Eder in autumn 2022, these structures proved to be the foundations of an ancient temple that could well be those of the long-sought temple to Poseidon.
-
-"The location of this uncovered sacred site matches the details provided by Strabo in his writings," emphasized Eder, who is working for the Austrian Archaeological Institute.
-
-![Mainz University contributes to recent discovery of the temple of Poseidon located at the Kleidi site near Samikon in Greece](https://scx1.b-cdn.net/csz/news/800a/2023/mainz-university-contr.jpg "Use of the direct push system to examine the subsoil near the ancient temple at Kleidi to obtain evidence of changes to the coast and landscape. The hill in the background shows the remains of the walls of the ancient fortress of Samikon above Kleidi. Credit: Vött group, JGU")
-
-Use of the direct push system to examine the subsoil near the ancient temple at Kleidi to obtain evidence of changes to the coast and landscape. The hill in the background shows the remains of the walls of the ancient fortress of Samikon above Kleidi. Credit: Vött group, JGU
-
-An extensive archaeological, geoarchaeological and geophysical analysis of the structure is to be conducted over the next few years. The researchers hope to establish whether it has a specific relationship with a coastal landscape that is subject to extensive transformation. Hence, on the basis of the geomorphological and sedimentary evidence of the recurrent tsunami events here, the geomythological aspect is also to be investigated.
-
-It seems possible that this location may have actually been explicitly selected for the site of the Poseidon temple because of these extreme occurrences. After all, Poseidon, with his cult title of Earthshaker, was considered by the ancients to be responsible for earthquakes and tsunamis.
-
-## Natural Hazard Research and Geoarchaeology team at JGU studies the processes of coastal change and extreme wave events
-
-For the past 20 years, the Natural Hazard Research and Geoarchaeology group at Mainz University, headed by Professor Andreas Vött, has been examining the development of the coast of Greece over the last 11,600 years. They particularly focus on the western side of Greece from the coast of Albania opposite Corfu, the other Ionian Islands of the Ambrakian Gulf, the western coast of the Greek mainland down to the Peloponnese and Crete.
-
-Their work involves identifying relative sea level changes and the corresponding coastal changes . Another core feature of their investigations is the detection of extreme wave events of the past, which in the Mediterranean mainly take the form of tsunamis, and the analysis of their impact on coasts and the communities living there.
-
-![Mainz University contributes to recent discovery of the temple of Poseidon located at the Kleidi site near Samikon in Greece](https://scx1.b-cdn.net/csz/news/800a/2023/mainz-university-contr-3.jpg "In connection with the uncovered fragments of a Laconic roof, the discovery of the part of a marble perirrhanterion, i.e., a ritual water basin, provides evidence for dating the large building to the Greek Archaic period. Credit: Dr. Birgitta Eder / Athens Branch of the Austrian Archaeological Institute")
-
-In connection with the uncovered fragments of a Laconic roof, the discovery of the part of a marble perirrhanterion, i.e., a ritual water basin, provides evidence for dating the large building to the Greek Archaic period. Credit: Dr. Birgitta Eder / Athens Branch of the Austrian Archaeological Institute
-
-## Innovative direct push sensing—a new technique in geoarchaeology
-
-Based on [sediment cores](https://phys.org/tags/sediment+cores/) that document vertical and horizontal aberrations in depositional layers, the JGU team is able to posit scenarios of what changes occurred along the coasts and within the landscape. The group now has an archive of some 2,000 core samples obtained mainly in Europe.
-
-Moreover, since 2016, they have been using an innovative direct push technique to investigate the underground. Direct push sensing involves using hydraulic pressure to force various sensors and tools into the ground to collect sedimentological, geochemical, and hydraulic information on the subsurface. The Institute of Geography at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz is the only institution of its kind in Germany that has the necessary equipment at its disposal.
-
-**More information:** Publication: B. Eder et al., (In Greek) [New research at Kleidi-Samikon](http://ham.uop.gr/images/aepel2_full.pdf), In: Ξανθοπούλου, Μ., Μπάνου, Α., Ζυμή, Ε., Γιαννούλη, Ε., Καραπαναγιώτου, A., Κουμούση, Α. (Eds.): Το Αρχαιολογικο Εργο Στην Πελοποννησο 2 (Αεπελ 2). Πρακτικά της Β΄ Επιστημονικής Συνάντησης, Καλαμάτα, 1-4 Νοεμβρίου 2017. Πανεπιστήμιο Πελοποννήσου, pp. 233-245, Kalamata 2020, ISBN: 978-960-89611-8-0
-
-**Citation**: Discovery of the temple of Poseidon located at the Kleidi site near Samikon in Greece (2023, January 11) retrieved 13 January 2023 from https://phys.org/news/2023-01-discovery-temple-poseidon-kleidi-site.html
-
-This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Donald Trump’s Final Campaign.md b/00.03 News/Donald Trump’s Final Campaign.md
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-Link: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/donald-trump-running-for-president-2024.html?utm_source=sailthru&utm_medium=email_acq&utm_campaign=fullpricetote_nymag&utm_term=Smart%20List%20-%20All%20NY%20Mag%20Editorial%20Lists
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-&emsp;
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-# Donald Trump’s Final Campaign
-
-[the power trip](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/tags/the-power-trip/) Dec. 23, 2022
-
-Inside Donald Trump’s sad, lonely, thirsty, broken, basically pretend run for reelection. (Which isn’t to say he can’t win.)
-
-Illustration: Zohar Lazar for New York Magazine
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/35c/624/fb79404ef6833a9f6eba13db6836791c3b-NY-SAD-TRUJMP-noir-color.rvertical.w570.jpg)
-
-
-[**Donald Trump**](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/donald-trump-2024-decision.html) **was calling** from Mar-a-Lago. It was a Monday afternoon in the middle of December. He was at his desk in what is known as 45 Office, a room on the second floor, above what is known as the Donald J. Trump Grand Ballroom, 20,000 square feet festooned with 16 sedan-size crystal chandeliers and what he claims to be $7 million of gold leaf.
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-Members of the Mar-a-Lago Club, who pay $200,000 initiation fees and annual fees of $14,000, may use the space, at an additional cost, for “important occasions that inspire, enchant, and exceed every expectation.” At the galas and bat mitzvahs and weekend weddings, Trump often wanders in. How could he resist a room like this? He smiles and waves. He joins groomsmen for photos. He steps onto the dance floor with the bride. Dark suit jacket, no tie, shirt unbuttoned, red MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN hat on his head. He tilts his face to the strobe lights and pumps his fists in the air. Sometimes he grabs a microphone and gives a speech. He knows what the people who show up here want.
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----
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-Photo: Damon Winter/The New York Times/ Redux
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-It was in that optimistic spirit, 28 days ago, that the former president, [impeached](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/president-trump-impeachment.html) and [voted out of office](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/trump-campaign-steal-presidency-timeline.html) and [impeached again](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/01/trump-becomes-first-president-to-be-impeached-twice.html), amid multiple state and federal [investigations](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/02/what-really-happened-to-the-criminal-investigation-of-trump.html), under threat of indictment and arrest, on the verge of a [congressional-committee verdict](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/did-the-january-6-committee-finish-trump.html) that would recommend [four criminal charges](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/january-6-committee-on-donald-trump-lock-him-up.html) to the Feds over his incitement of a mob that [attacked the U.S. Capitol](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/january-6-committee-news-wildest-revelations.html) and threatened to hang his vice-president in a failed attempt to stop the certification of the 2020 election results, [announced his third presidential campaign](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/donald-trump-2024-decision.html). Since then, he has barely set foot outside the perimeter of Mar-a-Lago. For 28 days, in fact, he has not left the state of Florida at all.
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-He is sensitive about this. He does not like what it suggests. So he does not accept the premise. “Sometimes I don’t even stay at Mar-a-Lago,” he told me. What do you mean you don’t stay there, I asked. Where do you stay? “I stay here,” he said, “but I am outside of Mar-a-Lago quite a bit. I’m always largely outside of Mar-a-Lago at meetings and various other things and events. I’m down in Miami. I go to Miami, I go to different places in Florida.”
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-What he means when he says “Miami” is that his SUV rolls down the driveway, past the pristine lawn set for croquet and through the Secret Service checkpoint at the gate, for the two-hour trip to another piece of Trump real estate, the Trump National in Doral, about eight miles from the airport in Miami-Dade County. There, he meets regularly with an impressive, ideologically diverse range of policy wonks, diplomats, and political theorists for conversations about the global economy and military conflicts and constitutional law and I’m kidding. He goes there to play golf. “He just goes, plays golf, comes back, and fucks off. He has retreated to the golf course and to Mar-a-Lago,” one adviser said. “His world has gotten much smaller. His world is so, so small.”
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-He is sensitive about smallness. His entire life, he has rejected smallness. Tall buildings, long ties, big head, big mouth, big swings, big league. “When he was in New York in 2016, the whole world was coming to him. Now we’ve got the Villages, and it shows,” the adviser said, referring to the famous Central Florida retirement community.
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-He had wanted to be in the movie business. It’s important to never forget this about him. He watches *Sunset Boulevard,* “one of the greatest of all time,” again and again and again. A silent-picture star sidelined by the talkies, driven to madness, in denial over her faded celebrity. When he was a businessman, he showed it to guests aboard his 727. When he was president, he held screenings of it for White House staff at Camp David.
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-He once showed it to his press secretary [Stephanie Grisham](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/10/stephanie-grisham-book-trump-white-house.html), who later described how “the president, who could never sit still for anything without talking on the phone, sending a tweet, or flipping through TV channels, sat enthralled.” And he once showed it to Tim O’Brien, the biographer, who wrote that when Norma Desmond cried, “Those idiot producers. Those imbeciles! Haven’t they got any eyes? Have they forgotten what a star looks like? I’ll show them. I’ll be up there again, so help me!,” Trump leaned over O’Brien’s shoulder and whispered, “Is this an incredible scene or what? Just incredible.”
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-*A washed-up star locked away in a mansion from the 1920s, afraid of the world outside, afraid it will remind him that time has passed* … Well, he does not like the way it sounds for Trump. He still talks that way, in the third person. “This was the same thing in 2016. They said first, ‘Oh, Trump is just doing it for fun,’ and then they learned that wasn’t true,” he told me. “And then they said, ‘Well, he won’t win.’ And they learned that wasn’t true.”
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-He bought Mar-a-Lago in 1985 during a creditor-funded acquisition spree that included a new hotel, a new casino, a hospital, and the abandoned freight yard between West 59th and 72nd Streets, where he threatened to build his own Hollywood above the Hudson River on a 76-acre expanse that in surface area amounted to 0.5 percent of the Island of Manhattan. Over the next three years, he registered as a Republican (he would later switch to the Independence Party, then the Democratic Party, then back to Republican, then independent, then the Republican Party again) and began commenting on matters of foreign policy in the press. He offered to negotiate with the Russians. He began, whenever possible, to encourage the idea that others were encouraging him to run for president.
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-When he and [Ivana Trump](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/ivana-trump-last-days.html) divorced, she was blamed for her attention to the fussy business of high society, something that had never been of much interest to her husband. “Mar-a-Lago had been Ivana Trump’s idea,” Marie Brenner wrote in [*Vanity Fair*](https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/share/e515a2cd-a51b-4f83-8d61-6ebb9a104e0a)*,* because it was she who aspired for the Trumps to become the new Vanderbilts. Trump didn’t give a shit about “Palm Beach phonies,” he said. But the settlement with Ivana, who fell to her death down the staircase of her Upper East Side townhouse this summer and [is buried on the first hole of Trump’s New Jersey golf course](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/ivana-trump-buried-bedminster-3-theories.html), told a different story. He had given her the [$30 million mansion in Greenwich](https://www.curbed.com/2022/08/ivana-trumps-old-greenwich-mansion-may-sell-after-13-years.html). He kept Mar-a-Lago for himself.
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-The truth was that the symbolic value of the historic Mar-a-Lago estate, built by General Foods owner and socialite Marjorie Merriweather Post, was impossible to quantify. If Trump Tower was a monument to the awesome scale of Trump’s ambitions, Mar-a-Lago was a venue for the mythmaking required to support their expanding scope. It was not the Villages, and it was not *Sunset Boulevard.* Not to Trump. Really, the sun does not set on Mar-a-Lago. In fact, on South Ocean Boulevard, the two-lane road that zigzags along the barrier island’s terrain of Mizner-style estates (“Bastard-Spanish-Moorish-Romanesque-Gothic-Renaissance-Bull-Market-Damn-the-Expense,” as the writer Alva Johnston once put it) and Atlantic coastline, the sun rises.
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-**The plan in 2016** was to prove the haters wrong by running, to poll well enough to be able to say he could have won, and to return to the fifth floor of his building where he filmed *The Apprentice,* his NBC reality show. But [NBC killed his contract](https://www.vulture.com/2015/06/trump-500-million-univision.html) over his comments about Mexico sending rapists across the border. He no longer had a vehicle for the attention he required. He had to keep going. The fifth floor became campaign headquarters. Trump was always his most Trump when he was in a bind. “That’s the Trump you want: You want him defensive, you want him belligerent,” a member of the current campaign staff told me. But that’s not how Trump sounded now. He sounded old all of a sudden. Tired. There was a heaviness to him. A hollowness, too. He will turn 77 in June.
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-As president-elect on the 26th floor of Trump Tower, he entertained everyone from Leonardo DiCaprio to Bill Gates. Post-presidency, on the second floor of Mar-a-Lago, he has welcomed QAnon believers and Holocaust deniers. Once, the question was, *How could this be?* He was the boy who cried campaign, a bullshit artist, a camp act. And when he landed in Iowa, when he circled cornfields in his TRUMP chopper, when he told Evangelicals his favorite Bible verse was “2 Corinthians,” the question became, *Will this work?* We couldn’t look away then. Now we can’t bear — or can’t be bothered — to look. The people who remain at his side, well, let’s just say [Trump 2024](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/donald-trump-2024-decision.html) is not sending its best. And that’s by the standards of [2020](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/donald-trump-reelection-campaign-2020.html). And [2016](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2016/10/trump-campaign-final-days.html).
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-*Why is he doing this now?* And *Why is he doing this at all?* And *What is his fucking problem?* Few people are certain of the answers. “It seems like a joke,” said one ex–Trump loyalist, a former White House official. “It feels like he’s going through the motions because he said he would.” One month in, the campaign exists more as a half-formed idea than a nomination-securing operation. The [$99 NFTs](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/7-great-things-about-donald-trumps-dumb-nft-announcement.html) it’s selling as contributions are the most honest advertising Trump has ever engaged in.
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-On the phone, I told him what people who know him well had told me about the popular theories of why he would begin running in place for the presidency now, two years after he lost the election in disgrace, a few days after [he lost the midterms for the Republican Party](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/11/midterms-the-gop-losers-who-are-trumps-responsibility.html), more than a year before the nominating contests, and two years before the general election.
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-First, there is his need for attention, which is tied up with his fear of boredom. “He doesn’t have anything else to do,” one adviser told me. “What else can he do? Why did he see Kanye? He wants to be relevant and wants the limelight. He’s thirsty.”
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-Trump did not like this. “I think I’ve always been relevant. Like, I’ve been relevant from a very young age. I’ve been in the mix, to be honest,” he said.
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-The second is his fear of arrest. The prior time we talked, in July, this was already out there, the idea that his lawyers had advised him it was worth a shot to run as soon as he could as fast as he could in the direction of the White House, with or against the political winds, on the thinking that prosecutors, worried already about accusations of political persecution, might be spooked by an active presidential campaign. And that was before the [FBI raid on Mar-a-Lago](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/08/whats-in-trumps-mar-a-lago-safe-the-fbi-raided.html). Before we knew about the [stolen classified material](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/donald-trump-says-the-fbi-raided-his-home-at-mar-a-lago.html) stashed in the basement. The appearance of legal pressure has only mounted in the past month. In the span of 24 hours, the [January 6 committee](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/the-january-6-committees-best-and-worst-cases-against-trump.html) announced referrals for criminal charges (obstruction of an official proceeding; conspiracy to defraud the United States; conspiracy to make a false statement and to “incite,” “assist,” or “aid or comfort” an insurrection), and the House Ways and Means Committee announced it would release six years of his [tax returns](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/21/us/politics/trump-tax-returns-findings.html), information he had fought bitterly to keep private throughout his earlier campaigns and presidency.
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-“That didn’t play into it,” Trump said. He did not like this, either. “I did nothing wrong,” he said. Had his lawyers given him that advice, as some of his advisers told me they had? “No,” he said. “I don’t know how you get indicted if you’ve done nothing wrong. I’ve done nothing wrong.”
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-He repeated that phrase, “I’ve done nothing wrong,” nine times in 30 minutes. *I’ve done nothing wrong. I’ve done nothing wrong. I’ve done nothing wrong. I’ve done nothing wrong. I’ve done nothing wrong. I’ve done nothing wrong. I’ve done nothing wrong. I’ve done nothing wrong. I’ve done nothing wrong.*
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-Then there was the matter of [Ron DeSantis](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/ron-desantis-covid-vaccine-probe-trump-supreme-court.html). “I’ve always gotten along with him,” Trump said. He went on about how DeSantis had been “losing by a tremendous margin” when he “came and asked for my endorsement” during his 2018 bid for governor. This is essential to understand. DeSantis came to him. He applies the Meisner technique. He recites the story over and over. DeSantis recognized the power of Trump just as everyone else did. But the story was getting less believable. In his most recent campaign, DeSantis did not pay him any such visit and won in a landslide. National polls had changed. Two days after we spoke, *The Wall Street Journal* had [DeSantis beating Trump](https://www.wsj.com/articles/ron-desantis-holds-early-lead-over-donald-trump-among-gop-primary-voters-wsj-poll-shows-11670989311) 52 to 38 percent.
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-I started to ask his opinion, as a Florida resident, of DeSantis as a governor. I used the phrase “governed by.” He flinched. He did not like the sound of that. “Well, I live in Florida,” he said, “but you know, when you say ‘governed by’ him …” He paused. He was annoyed. He did not like the idea that he was in any way under the rule of another person. Nor that the person was another clueless sonofabitch standing on Trump’s shoulders thinking he was really 20 feet tall. “You know, these people forget,” he said. “Politicians tend to forget.”
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-The very Establishment that had run the Republican Party into the wilderness before his improbable primary and general-election victories in 2016 was trying to cleave him from the herd once again. Now, when they were winning, they thought it was because people liked them, when really they won because they were with Trump, and people liked Trump, and those people liked people Trump liked. The Republican Party didn’t know what it had with Trump, as Trump saw it. They were losers when he came along and did them the favor of making people care, of giving them something to believe in. He was the winner.
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-“Guys like Mitch” — as in McConnell — “who is, I think, not good,” Trump said, “he was getting creamed. If I didn’t endorse him, he wouldn’t be a senator right now.” And Mitt Romney, who said Trump’s endorsement was the kiss of death for Republicans in the midterms? “The kiss of death was when Mitt Romney ran for president and got obliterated by Obama in a race that he should have won. That was the kiss of death,” Trump said. So no, he isn’t afraid of DeSantis, he said. He isn’t afraid of anyone. “I don’t think anybody can beat me in a primary.”
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-He said the whole truth about why he was running was this: “I wanted to put my cards on the table, and I did that. I think we did that very strongly.” He was talking now about the announcement itself in the Donald J. Trump Grand Ballroom. “It was considered to be a very successful announcement,” he said.
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-**On the day he announced** his candidacy this past November, the air was heavy with oleander and snipped greenery and sea mist colliding with mold and wood polish and hotel soap and the metallic vapor of Diet Coke and the alcoholic ferment of generations of cougars in Chanel No. 5. The floor was staged for something between a rally and a cocktail party. Rows of tables and chairs formed a press filing in the back, then the risers for the TV networks, then the red velvet rope. “The room was packed,” Trump told me. “Sold out.” Tickets were not sold at all. Guests were invited. The room was full, but it was not at capacity. Chairs remained empty, some more glaringly than others.
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-“There was a lot of media there. We maxed out,” Trump told me. “We had so many from the media we were not able to let them come into the room. They were outside on the lawn.” At MAGA rallies in recent years, and since the end of his presidency in particular, the press pen has been an odd sight. The identifiable faces from the major networks and mainstream publications show up here and there but not en masse as before. Still a zoo, different captives. The area behind the metal barricades is full of far-right celebrities. When Trump asks his fans to turn around and boo the fake news, they are yelling at themselves. In the Grand Ballroom, Sebastian Gorka stood tall on the press riser, his hair sprayed to the high heavens, arms outstretched, phone angled just so. He flashed a hideous grin and moved slowly in a circle. An epic panoramic selfie. A few feet away, [Mike “the MyPillow Guy” Lindell](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/01/if-trump-doesnt-keep-you-up-all-night-mypillow-will.html) filmed a stand-up.
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-A short blonde woman who identified herself as Sidney, part of the advance team, grabbed at the hem of my dress and yelled. She threatened to remove me from the premises for standing too far outside the perimeter of the press area. The MAGA personalities, meanwhile, hopped right over the rope, moving back and forth from the VIP guest area. One man, coughing and sweating, asked me if I knew where to find a personality from One America News Network. He was there on OAN’s invitation, he said. He kept coughing. I got him a bottle of water from the back. He said he would pray for me.
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-Trump emerged to the sounds of “Do You Hear the People Sing?” from *Les Misérables* and Lee Greenwood’s “God Bless the USA,” which, along with “Memory” from *Cats* and the theme from *Air Force One* and “Tiny Dancer” and “You Can’t Always Get What You Want” and “YMCA,” form the foundation of the idiosyncratic MAGA score. “We always have known that this was not the end,” he said. “This was the beginning of our fight to rescue the American Dream, and it’s a word you don’t use — two words, I don’t want to be Joe, that’s two words, *American Dream.*” He went on a brief tangent to mock President Biden for the way he misspeaks. “That was not good what he did. There are a lot of bad things, like going to Idaho and saying, ‘Welcome to the state of Florida, I really love it.’” Then, abruptly, he returned to the point: “In order to make America great and glorious again, I am tonight announcing my candidacy for president of the United States.” It felt like nothing when he said that. It felt like he didn’t mean it, didn’t care. People in the audience checked their watches. Secret Service agents yawned. Trump looked out and paused. Everyone could sit down, he said. He didn’t want to make them stand for so long.
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-As he continued his speech, 64 minutes total, *Hannity* cut away. “The energy, and I felt the energy in the ballroom, was fantastic, actually,” Trump said. I told him he had seemed bored and disengaged. “No, I’m not bored. I’m not bored,” he said. “I thought it should be a calm, solid speech. It wasn’t a rally … I thought the demeanor should be much calmer. And I think that’s what was portrayed, which is maybe what you’re referring to … Weren’t you there?” I was, I said. “Yeah, didn’t you think there was a great energy in the ballroom?” He answered himself. “I did. People were going rather wild, to put it mildly,” he said.
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-Across the ballroom, I saw a familiar figure. It was [Roger Stone](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/02/roger-stones-judge-tells-the-truth-about-roger-stone.html), lingering in the back with “you maggots in the media,” as he called us. I’d met Stone for the first time eight years earlier when he was shopping opposition research on the governor of New Jersey, [Chris Christie](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/11/chris-christie-is-asking-for-it.html), who was expected to seek the Republican presidential nomination despite a convoluted political scandal back home that had made the improbable leap to a national media fixation. If he bounced back, he would be in Trump’s way. Another charismatic, loudmouth East Coast RINO skilled at attracting the fickle attentions of the press. Stone and his protégé Sam Nunberg wanted Trump to run for president, so they would need to kill off Christie.
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-They were an odd pair, dopey and a little frightening, but interesting. I didn’t bite on the Christie oppo, but I kept in touch. In politics, I was learning, there were a lot of crazy characters or people pretending to be crazy to exert control or promote crazy ideas to achieve their desired outcomes, and every once in a while, the crazy characters really did know something useful, or someone useful, if you figured out how to listen to them in such a way as to filter out the bullshit, or at least the irrelevant bullshit. Later that year, I was working on a story about the Christie administration’s dealings in Atlantic City, pegged to the closure of the Trump Taj Mahal. I asked Nunberg if he could arrange an interview for me. Within minutes, a Trump Tower secretary was patching me through.
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-I remember I was in a cab. “I made a lot of money in Atlantic City,” Trump told me. “I want you to write in your story that Mr. Trump made a lot of money in Atlantic City.” At the end of the conversation, he paused expectantly. I picked up that he was waiting for me to ask the question that his promotion of birtherism, the racist conspiracy theory that Barack Obama was not born in the United States, was designed to invite. I was not especially interested in the answer, but asking it seemed only fair since he had entertained rather politely all the questions I’d wanted to ask. Was he going to run in 2016? He exhaled with a single note of laughter, like, *Of course, this question again, this question I am not actively dying for people to ask me.* “Well, I’m certainly looking at it,” he said. He would make a judgment based on whether the trajectory of the country turned around in the coming months. Lots of people, he added, wanted him to run.
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-Depending on whom you asked, Stone had either been fired or quit the [2016 campaign](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2016/04/inside-the-donald-trump-presidential-campaign.html) amid a feud with a rival faction of staffers, but he never fully left Trump’s grasp. He didn’t go on the record to insult or criticize him, even when, frustrated by the perception that Stone had been instrumental in his success, Trump insulted or criticized him. To Trump, Trump was the only one responsible for Trump’s success. Inclined to conspiratorial thinking, Stone aligned himself with Alex Jones, and over time, after he was frog-marched from his Fort Lauderdale home by the police and charged with lying to Congress amid the Russia investigations, he seemed to earn back Trump’s appreciation. In one of his final acts as president, Trump offered Stone a pardon. Stone made his way out of the ballroom before the speech was over. “I saw it as controlled and disciplined and on message,” he told me later. “Some of your colleagues are disappointed that he did not self-destruct out of the gate.”
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-Nunberg was not in the ballroom. He had been kicked out of Trumpworld early, fired over old social-media posts in which he used racist slurs. He had taken a much different path after the events of 2016. Amid the investigations, he began to appear often on cable news to needle Trump. He was still drinking then, and he went on an infamous bender during which he gave chaotic interviews to CNN and *New York.* Then he got sober. He left New York. He now has a girlfriend. So the morning after the announcement, when I reached him by phone, he drew in a sharp breath through his teeth. He hates Trump. In his view, Trump had fired and rehired and fired and betrayed and maligned him. In theory, as the kind of still-a-little-Trumpian character who loves revenge, he should take only pleasure in observing his old boss’s accumulating failures. But this? It was almost too pathetic. “It was sad to watch,” Nunberg said. “It was like watching Elvis at the end.” On second thought, it was worse than that: “It was like watching Elvis at the end if he was completely relegated to just piano bars.” He laughed a sad laugh. “Couldn’t have happened to a nicer guy.”
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-“It’s not there. In this business, you can have it and have it so hot and it can go overnight and it’s gone and you can’t get it back. I think we’re just seeing it’s gone. The magic is gone,” an adviser said. “When Seb Gorka and Raheem Kassam and Kash Patel and Devin Nunes are your stars, that’s the D-list. It was D-list MAGA. When Brick Man — that freak, Brick Man — is in the VIP seating, we’ve got a problem.” Brick Man is a man who wears a suit made of fabric with — you guessed it — a brick pattern. The bricks symbolize the wall on the U.S.-Mexico border. He wandered around the ballroom offering interviews to reporters. I have a high tolerance for this kind of shit, obviously, and I *could not.* “If you’re looking for an indication of how bad things are going,” the adviser added, “it’s Brick Man not just being there but being in the VIP section. Don Jr.’s not there!”
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-**It was true.**
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-Three days earlier, Mar-a-Lago had been crawling with Trumps. On the lawn after a hurricane, [Tiffany Trump](https://www.thecut.com/2022/11/tiffany-trump-michael-boulos-wedding.html), the only child from Trump’s second marriage, to Marla Maples, wed Michael Boulos, a 25-year-old heir to a billion-dollar motorcycle-distribution company. Tiffany’s older sister, Ivanka, dressed as Grace Kelly in powder blue, served as matron of honor. It was convenient timing. In 2015, when Trump announced his first presidential campaign, he was joined by all of his children in the atrium of Trump Tower. Ivanka was the opener. Don Jr., Eric, and Tiffany stood off to the side with their father’s third wife. They were a powerful tool on the campaign trail, a way for Trump to respond to the general impression that he was an asshole. How bad could he be if his children were functional adults who still loved him?
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-By November 15, on the night of the announcement, half the Trumps were gone.
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-Something about the chandeliers’ light reacting to the alleged $7 million of gold leaf made the whole room a little fuzzy. I squinted from the top of a riser near a C-Span camera. There was Eric, tall and blond, hard to miss; his wife, Lara, with her narrow frame and distinct trot; Ivanka’s husband, Jared Kushner, pale with dark hair and a cold stare detectable at any distance; and Don Jr.’s fiancée, Kimberly Guilfoyle, a former Fox News personality once married to California’s Democratic governor, Gavin Newsom. That was it.
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-Minutes after her father’s announcement, Ivanka released a statement to the press: “I love my father very much. This time around I am choosing to prioritize my young children and the private life we are creating as a family. I do not plan to be involved in politics. While I will always love and support my father, going forward I will do so outside the political arena. I am grateful to have had the honor of serving the American people and I will always be proud of many of our Administration’s accomplishments.” Tiffany never explained her absence. Don Jr., meanwhile, said he’d been caught in bad weather on a hunting trip.
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-“There’s nobody around him who wants him to do it,” an adviser said. “Forget Jared and Ivanka — Don Jr. doesn’t want him to do it! The only person who wants him to do it is Eric’s wife, Lara, because she’s so ambitious.” Lara led buses emblazoned with WOMEN FOR TRUMP through swing states in 2020. She considered her own campaign for Senate in North Carolina but opted instead for Fox News, where she was a paid contributor until that evening in the ballroom; network rules dictate that paid contributors cannot be campaign consultants.
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-Melania had trailed her husband into the ballroom with Barron, the couple’s teenage son. After the midterms, the New York *Times* reported, Trump blamed his wife for his decision to endorse Dr. Oz, the reality-TV personality who lost an important U.S. Senate seat in Pennsylvania for the Republican Party. “He’s like, ‘She has no political instincts!’” a second former White House official said. Whatever else is true of the former First Lady, she is beautiful. She never looks bad. But you can tell when she’s trying and when I REALLY DON’T CARE, DO U? On this occasion, she lacked her distinct polish. Not for the first time, she looked, also, unhappy.
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-Before a wall of American flags, each kept in place by a gold screw in the shape of an eagle, Trump was alone. He is sensitive about this, too. He does not like how it looks. “I’m seeing people all the time. I have congressmen outside right now waiting to see me. I have many people from Congress coming to see me, I have senators coming to see me, I have a lot of people. I’m not isolated,” he told me. I said, “But at the announcement, Ivanka was not there, and Don Jr. was not there — ”
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-He cut in. “Don was going to be there! Don was going to be there!” he said. “But there was a very tremendous storm, and he called up. He said, ‘What do you think?’ I said, ‘Don’t. Just relax and stay where you are.’ But Don was going to be there.” And Ivanka? “Jared was there, I believe,” he said. “I think that all members of my family are with me. It doesn’t mean that they’re going to work on the campaign, but they’re always 100 percent with me.” He couldn’t blame Ivanka, he said. “She did a very good job, and she was treated unfairly, and I don’t want to see that happen, you know? It’s a nasty business.”
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-**The new campaign** is registered with the Federal Election Commission from a P.O. box in northern Virginia near the sleek nerve center of the failed 2020 reelection. The web address listed on the paperwork redirected to a domain seller. DJTFP24.com is just for campaign officials to create email addresses, the campaign told me. The actual website launched in mid-December. There is less clarity about the headquarters.
-
-First, I was told headquarters are — present tense — in the “Palm Beach area.” That’s according to Steven Cheung, a veteran of the 2016 campaign and the administration who departed amid a purge of suspected West Wing leakers and is now communications director of Trump 2024. According to another campaign official, there are no headquarters. Not yet. The campaign plans to rent a space in the Palm Beach area. This is the new Trump campaign, same as the old Trump campaigns, so who knows whom to trust? For now, campaign business is conducted by phone, over Zoom, in the lobbies of the Marriotts and Holiday Inns in West Palm Beach, and, only as it relates to meetings with the candidate himself, at Mar-a-Lago. The candidate does not provide work space to his staff at his private club. Unless they have $200,000 to spare.
-
-“A bunch of campaign staffers have moved down to Palm Beach already,” Cheung said. Whoever they are. The first FEC reports for campaign expenditures will not be filed until the end of the year, and the candidate is reluctant to get into specifics before he is legally required to do so. “We’re doing structure, and we’re doing people. We’ve hired some great people, who will be announced,” Trump told me. “A lot of money is coming in … How much did I raise? How much did I raise?” A muffled voice, high in pitch, answered the question. Who was that? “Just, uh, a person,” Trump said, “uh, who’s giving me the information.”
-
-The person was Susie Wiles, a veteran Republican operative who has worked for everyone from Ronald Reagan to Jack Kemp to George H.W. Bush to, in this century, Ron DeSantis. Her résumé lists 15 “SPECIALTIES” in the following order and capitalization: “Critical Thinking; Creative Solutions; Creating Order from Chaos; Building Relationships; Managing Perceptions; Campaigns; Political Strategy; Lobbying; Legislative Strategy; Public Policy; Crisis Communications; Strategic Communications; Media Relations; Public Relations; Community Outreach.” An odd fit for Trump, she is a grandmother and, according to CNN, an avid bird-watcher. She follows Ina Garten and Martha Stewart on Instagram.
-
-Wiles has been around Trump since 2016, when she managed the campaign to victory in Florida. She did it again in 2020 and by a wider margin, even as other swing states that had once broken Trump’s way flipped for Biden. But she did not become Trump’s top adviser until the past two years, after everything fully went to shit. It’s a similar story with the handful of others who make up the campaign.
-
-For many people inside, the first half of the administration was about staying there. The second half was about getting out, about how and when and whether they could or would, about what that would be like. On his way to defeat and isolated by the pandemic, the president started to scare even those who had been willing for years to forgive anything.
-
-“I think that really fucked up his head,” the first former White House official said. “He was already on that path, he was so desensitized and emboldened, and then during COVID, his interactions with real people were so cut off. During this tragic time where horrible things were happening, he wasn’t experiencing any of it. It was an ugly cocktail of the pandemic and race — after George Floyd — these things that activated his worst features. He lost touch with what was real, whatever limited ability he had before to connect was just gone.” He was more inclined to crack than others. “Here’s a person who is so untethered as it is, who largely escapes accountability, and there were always weird people around him, but the more the normal people disappeared, and all he’s surrounded by are the cuckoo birds,” the official trailed off. “His brain was vulnerable too because I think he was probably whatever his version of depressed is.”
-
-“I don’t want to excuse it,” the official continued. It wasn’t like working for Trump had ever been defensible. But it was easy to live in the fantasy world he had created. It encouraged fantasies of your own. “I always wanted to give him the benefit of the doubt,” the official said, “to see the good things, and I think a lot of that was just giving myself a reason to be there.”
-
-Among Trumpworld’s known regulars who did not flee in an outright panic, this early period of the new campaign is a time for self-interested planning. Some are reluctant to make their participation official for financial reasons; some are waiting for things to get even worse to swoop in and save the day; some are waiting to see if it does get worse so they can pretend they were never going to get involved. The people who swear they will never be dragged back sometimes do seem to mean it, but sometimes it seems they are just trying to convince themselves.
-
-“It’s a campaign that’s always done historically questionable shit,” said one staffer who would know. “A normal campaign will announce in May or June, but him coming out early is like, *Yeah, I’m doing this, you don’t have to worry. Just worry about winning.* It’s what his people needed. He fucking needed to. This country’s in a shit place. He’s been beat the fuck up for years, and the last two years especially have been really, really rough.” Nobody cares, this staffer said, that it looks dead from the outside. “It’s not like we’re sitting here and doing nothing.” And the small circle is a nice change for the moment. Life is less about office politics when there is no office. “No one’s really trying to knife each other, praise be to God. That will be changing, though, I’m sure.” The idea that people wouldn’t crawl back to Trump once the “frenzy” sparked up again went against the basic laws of Trumpian gravity. Soon, this staffer believes, “the whole chorus will start singing.”
-
-The second former White House official said, “I think if he’s even our nominee, we may lose our country. Even if I don’t believe he can win a general again, I think he could burn down the country. I think it’s that dangerous. I’m terrified.” The current staff, this person said, reflects this. “No decent people want anything to do with him,” the former official said. “I think he knows he’s got a fucking F-team and he’s embarrassed by it.” Still, this person admitted, the F-team may have a point: “There are so many gross opportunists, the minute it looks like he’ll win, they’ll all be back.”
-
-Cheung sent over a list of events and endorsements, all campaign activity to date. In written communications, the campaign refers to the candidate as POTUS, the acronym that pertains to sitting presidents. Bill Clinton’s staff refers to him now as WJC; Barack Obama’s, BHO. But Trump clings to his dream that he could never be a loser. And so, to his staff, he’s POTUS.
-
-Trump’s campaign schedule, described to me as “busy,” involved 11 events over the course of the month. One event was the announcement itself. Five events took place at Mar-a-Lago. Four events were not events at all but taped videos that were aired at events where Trump was not physically present. The endorsements were just as impressive: Kari Lake, Matt Gaetz, Elise Stefanik, Paul Gosar, Marjorie Taylor Greene, Max Miller, the New York Young Republicans, the Texas agriculture commissioner. The most high-profile Trump-endorsed candidate to win in the midterms, J. D. Vance, was not on this list. Neither was Trump’s former press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders, now governor-elect of Arkansas. I asked her why she hadn’t endorsed him. She didn’t respond.
-
-Not on the official record of campaign activity was the event on November 22, exactly one week after the announcement, which spoke to just how much Trump is operating without meaningful staff or advice. That evening, Kanye West arrived for dinner with white supremacist and Holocaust denier Nick Fuentes in tow.
-
-In the past, the dinner with Ye and Fuentes would have become the responsibility of Ivanka and Jared. They were there when Trump hesitated to condemn David Duke, and when he shared an offensive image of a six-pointed star alongside a pile of cash, and when he repeatedly told a Jewish group, “I don’t want your money.” Melania may have gone on record to say, “He’s not Hitler,” but it was Ivanka and Jared, the only Jewish members of the family, who could actually help him wriggle out of trouble.
-
-But this time, Ivanka and Jared were in the Middle East, touring the pyramids and climbing on the backs of camels with their three children on their way to Qatar for the World Cup, where there was business to tend to. They were joined there by an employee from Affinity Partners, the investment firm Kushner founded in 2021, for which he has raised a reported $3 billion — a majority, $2 billion, from the Saudi public-investment fund.
-
-When calls began to come in looking for help, looking for public support, even looking for a response, Kushner refused. Trump’s Nazi associations and overtures are his problem now. Kushner has also started giving out his father-in-law’s number to people who call with the usual asks, whereas in the past he would have positioned himself as a go-between. “He was like, ‘Look, I’m out. I’m really out,’” a person with knowledge of the situation said. So why was he at the announcement? “I realize it’s complicated because Jared is there,” this person said. The “mixed message” was “a combination of having respect for a family member and drawing clear lines for your life.” Another person, also speaking on the condition of anonymity, said that perhaps Kushner felt a sense of “familial obligation.” Nunberg, liberated to speak as Nunberg, had a different explanation. “Jared was there for the Saudis,” he said, only half-joking.
-
-[Ivanka](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/ivanka-trump-gave-the-january-6-panel-what-it-needed.html) has been careful since the January 6 insurrection. [She has said very little in public.](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/06/dont-blame-ivanka-and-jared-they-silently-renounced-trump.html) After her mother died, she retreated further. Her father’s explanation for her absence, that she was sick of negative press, channels his own mentality in the wrong way. When Trump was a child, his minister was Norman Vincent Peale, the author of *The Power of Positive Thinking.* More than anything else, this was Ivanka’s biggest nonmaterial inheritance. There are things about the campaigns and the White House, about problems with her father, that are “so bleak,” according to the first former White House official, and a “struggle” for her to acknowledge. To do so would be both a betrayal of her family and an act of manifestation. It would infect her every moment. “It’s not that she doesn’t see it; it’s that she’s trying not to look,” the official said. “She chooses to focus on things that make her happy.”
-
-While the couple wait for contractors to finish their Indian Creek Island estate, they live in a condo in Surfside, Florida. Jared’s new office is a few minutes away in an open-concept loft. At home, Ivanka takes calls from the balcony overlooking the water. When her father entered politics, she was building a lifestyle brand inside the Trump Organization. She had completed two high-profile real-estate-development deals that confirmed she was first in the line of succession. She knew her place in the world.
-
-In seven years, almost everything about the world and her place in it has changed. Those who know her well, and know her now, say the idea that she is sitting around desperate to get invited back to the Met Gala isn’t right. That she is not in denial the way her father is. She doesn’t necessarily think charitable deeds will earn her reentry to New York society, though she is documenting those deeds on social media and on sympathetic media outlets. (Before all this, “sympathetic media outlet” meant *Vogue*; today, it means Fox News.) She spends her time with her children, mostly, and when alone, she tries to figure out who she is now. She learned guitar. She surfs. She practices meditation. The child tax credit, paid family leave, workforce development — when Ivanka thinks about her time in the White House, she chooses to think about the policy areas where she feels she had a real impact, whether or not anyone will ever give her credit. She decided she’s no longer the kind of person who must serve at her father’s side when her father is who her father is and he doesn’t listen to her anyway.
-
-Without his daughter and son-in-law to turn to in the wake of dinner with Ye and Fuentes, Trump was left to defend himself on his preferred platform, Truth Social. To me, he said, “Kanye West called me up, and he wanted to know if I could meet him because he has a lot of problems. And I did that. He brought some people that I didn’t — Nick Fuentes — who I didn’t know at all. We sat down, we had a very quick meal. It wasn’t two hours, as somebody said. It was a very quick meal, it went very fast. It was pleasant. There was nothing said of any great import. And that was the end of that. All of a sudden, the press made a fake story out of it.”
-
-On the phone, he was defensive about Ivanka and Jared. “I don’t need anybody’s advice! I don’t need any advice! I’m pretty good. I think I’m pretty good at doing advice,” he said. If he was so good, why did he have dinner with an anti-semite? “I had dinner with a very troubled man who was asking for help, and I didn’t know his views on Israel because I don’t study Kanye. I didn’t know that Kanye said anything negative about Israel because it’s not exactly something that I would be in a position to know.”
-
-If he had better people around him, wouldn’t they have known? Wouldn’t they have prevented that? Trump and Wiles talked over each other. West had “always been very good to me,” Trump said, “and I believe he wanted advice. And I do that for people, sometimes at my own risk, I guess. But I do that for people. I like helping people that have difficulties in life. And I think, you know, from that standpoint, I did the right thing.” So the problem, he implied, was that he was simply too generous for his own good? “I believe I am overly generous, and I don’t think that’s a bad thing. But sometimes it can make life a little bit more difficult,” he said. “I am overly generous.”
-
-Do you remember how *Sunset Boulevard* ends? Norma Desmond shoots and kills the writer, a fraudster who has fallen under the spell of her charisma, just as he summons the courage to walk away. Her sycophantic butler flips. There are no enablers left to protect her. A final fantasy, a fake movie set, is staged in the mansion’s entryway. The lights go on, and she is lured before the cameras, where the police are waiting to haul her away.
-
-Donald Trump’s Final Campaign
-
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Dozens of pre-Hispanic Zapotec tombs found in San Pedro Nexicho in Mexico.md b/00.03 News/Dozens of pre-Hispanic Zapotec tombs found in San Pedro Nexicho in Mexico.md
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-Date: 2023-01-26
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-TimeStamp: 2023-01-26
-Link: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-20/dozens-of-pre-hispanic-zapotec-tombs-in-san-pedro-nexicho/101876922
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-# Dozens of pre-Hispanic Zapotec tombs found in San Pedro Nexicho in Mexico
-
-Brightly painted Zapotec murals invoking warfare recently unearthed from tombs in southern Mexico may date back nearly 2,000 years and shed new light on the ancient civilisation's funerary rites, officials say. 
-
-## Key points:
-
--   In one crypt about 240 object were found
--   Two tombs were completely intact while others had been looted
--   The Zapotecs were contemporaries of the ancient Maya
-
-The well-preserved murals found in the largest of five tombs, its chambers arranged in a cross-like structure, show sharp black lines and richly-dressed figures painted in colourful red and yellow hues, in the town of San Pedro Nexicho, in southern Oaxaca state.
-
-The town is located about 48 kilometres north-east of the ruins of what was once the Zapotecs' imposing hill-top capital known as Monte Alban, featuring towering temples and palaces, and today a major tourist draw.
-
-A portion of one mural found in the tombs appears to depict a war procession, according to a statement from Mexico's antiquities institute INAH, and was laid out in a "codex style," referring to pre-Hispanic books painted by scribes on bark paper or animal skins that incorporate complex symbols and mythic scenes.
-
-![A sculpture of a stylised, elongated head sits next to a marker that displays measurements in centimetres.](https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/3b129534a741938d241a745286970f95?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=720&cropW=1080&xPos=0&yPos=5&width=862&height=575)
-
-A sculpture of a head was among the many items found.(Reuters: Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH))
-
-Some of the latest murals were partially reconstructed from fragments originally found on the tomb floors, according to INAH.
-
-The institute noted that the largest tomb was looted years ago, though an overlooked golden bead was still found there, as well as small ceramic pieces, shells and green stones elsewhere at the dig site.
-
-Two of the tombs were found completely intact, with further study of the human remains expected.
-
-![Three workers carefully brush dirt and debris from buried ancient structures.](https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/5808d1d49838dfd79550050624acb36d?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=720&cropW=1080&xPos=0&yPos=49&width=862&height=575)
-
-The Zapotecs lived in the region until the Spanish conquest in 1521.(Reuters: Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH))
-
-In one crypt, some 240 objects were found, including stucco pieces with Zapotec writing, INAH said.
-
-The burial chambers date back to the Zapotecs' classical and post-classical apogee, from around AD 200-1100, with the area's ancient occupation extending up until the Spanish conquest in 1521.
-
-The Zapotecs were contemporaries of the ancient Maya, with both cultures known for their elaborate writing, among the world's first-ever literary traditions.
-
-**Reuters/ABC**
-
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Dril Is Everyone. More Specifically, He’s a Guy Named Paul..md b/00.03 News/Dril Is Everyone. More Specifically, He’s a Guy Named Paul..md
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-Date: 2023-04-23
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-04-23
-Link: https://www.theringer.com/tech/2023/4/12/23673003/dril-twitter-interview-profile-identity
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-# Dril Is Everyone. More Specifically, He’s a Guy Named Paul.
-
-*“Man is a double being and can take, now the god’s-eye view of things, now the brute’s eye view.” —Aldous Huxley,* Ends and Means*, 1937*
-
-*“the wise man bowed his head solemnly and spoke: ‘theres actually zero difference between good & bad things. you imbecile. you fucking moron’” —*[*Dril, Twitter, 2014*](https://twitter.com/dril/status/473265809079693312?lang=en)
-
-Dril is a real person, or so I had been told. Sitting in the House of Pies in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles, I was waiting for him to join me in a booth—but I didn’t know who was actually going to show up.
-
-It was the quiet midafternoon hours at the diner, which is a relic of when the area was less upscale, and it still partially attracts an off-key clientele of misfits and bozos, some of whom are alone and in no hurry to leave. (As I sat, an older man in oversized overalls walked by carrying a seat cushion; it was unclear whether he worked there.) This venue was the most readily available approximation of Dril’s world that I could think of.
-
-While I waited, I pulled up Dril’s Twitter account and looked at [a recent post](https://twitter.com/dril/status/1631067010355404801): “The fact is,” he wrote, “people arent doing a good job wiping their ass these days. And its attracting all manner of stray dogs and coyotes to our towns.” The likes were ticking up and up in real time as they moved toward their eventual zenith of almost 17,000. By Dril standards, this wasn’t even a particularly popular—or deranged—post.
-
-With 1.7 million highly engaged followers, Dril is one of the more powerful Twitter users and, by default, one of the more powerful figures on the internet. Active since 2008, the Dril account—simultaneously known by the profile name “Wint”—with its grainy Jack Nicholson avatar, has been responsible for countless viral posts, just as beloved for the vivid scenes they induce as for the baffling grammatical and spelling errors they contain. Many of his tweets have become part of the permanent online lexicon: “[‘im not owned! im not owned!!’](https://twitter.com/dril/status/134787490526658561), i continue to insist as i slowly shrink and transform into a corn cob”; “[issuing correction on a previous post of mine](https://twitter.com/dril/status/831805955402776576?lang=en), regarding the terror group ISIL. you do not, under any circumstances, ‘gotta hand it to them’”; “[i am selling six beautfiul, extremely ill, white horses](https://twitter.com/dril/status/504134967946141697?lang=en). they no longer recognize me as their father, and are the Burden of my life.”
-
-To most people, he is nothing; show the unaffiliated some of his posts, and they will likely just generate confusion and possibly anguish. (“Uh, so, I think I’ll stick with gardening. Where bull poop helps good things grow, and the tweets come from birds, not nitwits,” read [one](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/22/dril-musk-twitter-future/?commentID=424b0bae-efbd-4824-bb52-d5ea64ed85b5) of many upset people in the comment section of a recent [*Washington Post* feature](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/22/dril-musk-twitter-future/) about Dril, inadvertently adopting their own Dril-esque cadence in the process.) But to a large sect of the Very Online, he is king—the undisputed poet laureate of shitposting, the architect of a satire so effective that it has become impossible to tell when Dril stopped mocking the way people speak online and when we, instead, started speaking like Dril online.
-
-For almost 10 years, he was entirely anonymous. Like a decent number of the people in the so-called [“Weird Twitter” scene](https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/jwherrman/weird-twitter-the-oral-history) that Dril is still vaguely a part of, he doesn’t put his real name on the account—but as time has gone on and his popularity has grown, it’s become nothing short of miraculous that he’s kept up the mystery. He’s a [pyramid](https://twitter.com/dril/status/217087278013616128)\-[obsessed](https://twitter.com/dril/status/1167921495659577346) phantom. He’s [banky](https://twitter.com/dril/status/13408516505075712?lang=en). Still, over the years, some of his digital curtain has begun to part—largely spurred by his [being doxxed](https://www.thedailybeast.com/who-on-earth-would-dox-dril-the-only-good-anonymous-person-on-the-internet) in 2017, when his identity was revealed to supposedly be that of a man named Paul.
-
-Around the same time, Dril started a [Patreon](https://www.patreon.com/dril), released a book, *Dril Official* [*“Mr. Ten Years”*](https://www.amazon.com/Dril-Official-Years-Anniversary-Collection/dp/1724941682/ref=sr_1_5?crid=251ST9WWDUWP5&keywords=dril&qid=1680303126&s=books&sprefix=dri%2Cstripbooks%2C158&sr=1-5) *Anniversary Collection*, and had an Adult Swim television show, *TruthPoint*—a surrealist Infowars parody in which he manifested behind a cheap old man mask and bantered with self-professed [“manic pixie stream boy”](https://youtu.be/7t948ZQfH1g?t=140) cohost Derek Estevez-Olsen. Dril also began doing an interview here and there, but never anything substantial, and always in character. I reached out to him via email, and when he replied, the name attached to the account was “paul d.” But I still wasn’t totally sure that he wouldn’t walk into House of Pies with his mask on, throw a plate against a wall, and then walk out.
-
-“I’m Paul,” he said, once he found me and after I began by asking whom, exactly, I could say I was speaking to.
-
-Paul Dochney, who is 35, does not, in fact, look like a mutant Jack Nicholson. He has soft features and a gentle disposition and looks something like a young Eugene Mirman. It’s difficult to say what I expected to find sitting across from me, but it wasn’t this. Looking at him, you’d never presume that this was the person who made [candle purchasing a matter of financial insecurity](https://twitter.com/dril/status/384408932061417472?lang=en).
-
-He opted to stick with water—not a terrible decision at the House of Pies, but also, I worried, a choice that theoretically allowed him a quick exit at any point. For a while, I got the sense that he might have been deciding how much to reveal to me in real time, based on how the conversation went. But one thing he was clear about from the beginning: It was all right to end this game of living in the digital shadows.
-
-“I mean, my name is already out there,” he said, acknowledging the fact that, after the doxxing, he had at separate points confirmed his name on both [Twitter](https://twitter.com/dril/status/1028250494580404226?lang=en) and [Reddit](https://old.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/fuc6ql/i_am_dril_ceo_of_the_dril_account_on_twittercom/fmddeh3/). “It’s in my Wikipedia article. Maybe people need to grow up. Just accept that I’m not like Santa Claus. I’m not a magic elf who posts.”
-
-In some sense, anonymity has served a creative purpose. “Practically, it’s a good tool,” Estevez-Olsen told me later in a phone interview, “because when you make a post, you don’t want to be like, ‘From Paul Dochney, [I fuck flags](https://twitter.com/dril/status/171450835388203008?lang=en)’ or whatever. You want to have some distance from it.” (He would know: “Estevez-Olsen” is itself a *TruthPoint* stage name that he asked me to use for reasons of privacy.)
-
-But the secrecy has also lingered because of the types of personalities Dril naturally attracts to his orbit. “Most people are normal,” Dochney explained. “But there’s, like, three or four weirdos who just ruin it for everyone.” Jon Hendren, a fellow titan of Weird Twitter who is known by his subtle handle, @fart, told me that he had seen some disturbing messages people had sent Dochney in the past—that he wasn’t being paranoid or dramatic. “It’s gotta be kind of surreal,” Hendren said. “And it’s got to be kind of difficult to live with.”
-
-Dril may be a phantom, but Dochney, like the rest of us, did come from somewhere. He was raised in New Jersey in a working-class family, he explained to me; his father worked as a FedEx manager “for the longest time,” and his mother was a homemaker who also chased down side jobs. “I was very into the internet from a very early age,” Dochney said, nursing his cup of water. “I was kind of in the background most of the time, just daydreaming about video games and stuff like that. I mean, I had a few friends. I wasn’t a total outcast or a weirdo. But I was on the quiet side.”
-
-After dropping out after his first attempt at college, Dochney eventually gave it another shot at Wilmington University in Delaware—“the cheapest college I could find that would still give me a valid bachelor’s degree,” he said. There, he studied media design: “Like, web design and HTML and the Adobe Suite and all that stuff,” he said. “Graphics.”
-
-In essence, the character of Dril was born on Something Awful, an outsider comedy website that had particularly popular message boards and file-sharing forums in the 2000s. It was where many—if not most—of the essential Weird Twitter personalities came from, and where some, like Hendren, were (poorly) paid moderators or contributors. “Effort was looked down upon for a long time,” said Hendren, who added that he apparently once banned Dochney from one of the forums (although he is friendly with him these days). “And so if you’re just naturally funny, and if you’re just naturally saying good things, then you did fine there.”
-
-Cynicism and brashness defined the Something Awful aesthetic. Its founder, Richard Kyanka, explained [to *Vice*](https://www.vice.com/en/article/nzg4yw/fuck-you-and-die-an-oral-history-of-something-awful) in 2017 that part of his goal with the site was to produce “parodies of wonks who were saying the internet was the future without saying, ‘Well there could be a possible downside to the internet.’” He went on, “Everybody was talking about how the internet was going to revolutionize everything and everything was going to be great, but nobody ever talked about how shitty the internet could also be.”
-
-Dochney was a regular in the infamous Fuck You and Die forum, and he said that he mostly posted artwork. (“They had this, like, flag system,” he remembered, “where you could post these little images of, like, cartoons or, like, asses that are shitting.”) At that time, Dochney went by “gigantic drill” on the site, a name he came up with when he was still a teenager. “If there was some inspiration behind it, I’ve forgotten it by now,” he said.
-
-About two years after Twitter was founded in 2006, a friend told him he should sign up and join the growing group of Something Awful affiliates who were taking advantage of what was then a novelty: a mobile-friendly way to post. The handle “@drill” with two *l*’s was taken, so “@dril” it was. Dochney’s first post, which has since gone on to have an inexplicable life of its own, was partially a response to a friend who had told him to sign up: [“no.”](https://twitter.com/dril/status/922321981)
-
-“This is in 2008,” Dochney said, “when it was brand new, and everyone was just posting bullshit like, ‘Oh, this is what I had for lunch.’ It was just, like, tech guys posting inane details about their lives. I posted ‘no’ because I didn’t care for it at the time. I still really don’t care for it.”
-
-Dochney posts often, and with seeming abandon. “[For the Pleasure of the Fans](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0BPGQ6YVQ?ref_=dbs_m_mng_rwt_calw_tpbk_0&storeType=ebooks&qid=1680306759&sr=1-1),” he recently released [four versions](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BPT7XJN2?binding=paperback&searchxofy=true&ref_=dbs_s_bs_series_rwt_tpbk&qid=1680306759&sr=1-1) of a book compiling 10,000 of his “finest” posts, the equivalent of roughly two posts per day during the 14 years of time covered. (The font in these books is beyond minuscule, and getting past the line spacing to actually read the tweets is a high-wire act; the format is its own joke.) “I just post whatever bullshit I’m thinking,” Dochney explained of the Dril Process. “I kind of have to get into, like, the writing mood. But there’s no ritual or anything. Usually when I’m driving or I’m in the shower, I’ll come up with some sort of idea.”
-
-The character of Dril is fluid, but taken as a whole, the blurry image starts to come into focus: It’s that of an easily agitated, overly confident, wildly crass, IBS-ridden middle-aged man thrashing away on a computer—probably a PC. He speaks in outlandish non sequiturs and engages with brands with unreasonable love and hate in equal measure. He is the dark, democratic promise of the internet—that anyone can use it to broadcast their opinions at any time—fulfilled. “I just go back to how specific and unique it is,” comedian and actor David Cross told me. “There’s nobody quite like him, and it perfectly encapsulates that Twitter dialogue.”
-
-When I asked Dochney whether the type of person he’s satirizing is more common now or merely more visible, he said, “I think there’s just so many of those minds out there that we can only see because of the internet. In the 1920s or whatever, there were just as many dumb, crazy people who only met, like, four people in their entire life, and just died in obscurity.” He noted that he appreciates that the site “records this interesting snapshot of all the insane people who exist in the background and just post.” It was one of the only moments when he had anything remotely complimentary to say about Twitter.
-
-Since Dochney moved to L.A. a few years ago, which he did to hopefully “get a job *entertaining* in some capacity,” he has survived mainly on his various Dril-based incomes. He told me he’s making a decent living but clarified that he probably makes “as much money as a Kmart manager or something.” (His Patreon, which is now focused on funding the development of a video game and is available in “disgusting” and “Fucked” tiers, is currently taking in $1,468 a month from roughly 500 subscribers.)
-
-There is clearly a market for what Dochney does, but tapping into it hasn’t been the easiest process. He recalled talking to a publisher about potentially putting out his book *The Get Rich and Become God Method*, which is a textbook-sized survey of his art and humor and also quite literally a step-by-step guide to getting rich and becoming God. “I sent them the PDF,” he said, “and I did not get a response from them. I can imagine that, like, they turned to Page 11 and saw a Ku Klux Klan member with his blue penis sticking out, and just said, ‘No, thank you. I can’t market this for the life of me.’” (The page being referenced is titled “Thoughts of My Son,” and it features said blue, seminude Ku Klux Klan member being defended by his father: “I ask that you PLEASE look BEYOND his Crude Visage before you lay Judgement upon this Man,” the father pleads. “AND read some of his Posts.”) Like his other books, *Method* was eventually [self-released](https://www.amazon.com/Rich-Become-Method-DRIL-collection/dp/B09JJCGM6Y/ref=sr_1_6?crid=251ST9WWDUWP5&keywords=dril&qid=1680308564&s=books&sprefix=dri%2Cstripbooks%2C158&sr=1-6).
-
-The arrival of *TruthPoint* on Adult Swim was an unexpected moment in Dochney’s career, not just because it marked his transition from writer to performer—something he said he had never dabbled in before—but also because of the corporate legitimacy of it. Still, *TruthPoint* was one of the more bizarre programs I have ever watched in any capacity, let alone on a channel owned by Warner Bros. (The second episode, which is almost an hour long, [at one point](https://youtu.be/ONBj_5PHzoE?t=2544) features Estevez-Olsen reading a passage from the novelization of the 2001 movie *Lara Croft: Tomb Raider*, which is itself an adaptation of the video game franchise of the same name; Dril’s review of the book was “This is a thriller from beginning to end, folks.”) The show had promise, but the timing was bad; the pandemic forced them to do episodes over video calls, and new episodes stopped airing in fall 2020.
-
-Dochney and Estevez-Olsen are working to keep the *TruthPoint* enterprise alive—ideally by rebooting it in a more sketch-oriented format, they said. (Estevez-Olsen cited Chris Morris’s ’90s news parody show, [*Brass Eye*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Pr8xnNi7OM), as a partial model.) But part of the difficulty is communicating just what the show is—who, exactly, they are.
-
-“We met with this agent from a big \[agency\]. We were showing him the pitch decks we had put together that we worked hard on,” Estevez-Olsen said. “He was just like, ‘Yeah, I don’t know if I can do anything for you. Because it’s almost like you’re saying you’re not comedians, really, you’re not writers—we can’t, like, put you on a sitcom as a writing team.’ I think in that moment, I felt pretty stupid. I felt like an outsider artist, and we’re, like, dragging in our misshapen barrels that we were painting in the backyard and being like, ‘You should put this in a museum.’”
-
-In the diner, I asked Dochney whether he thought of himself as a writer, and he said, “I kind of consider myself a lot of things. I do art and writing. But I’d rather be called a writer than a social media influencer or something like that. That is vile to me.”
-
-Defining and understanding how social media works in the artistic realm is still a new field. It is also one that will likely be far more important in the grand scheme of things than many would like to imagine. “This is the world young artists and art students live in,” Aaron Betsky, a writer and critic specializing in art and design, noted in a 2014 [*New Yorker* feature](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/02/10/man-and-machine-susan-orlean) about Horse\_ebooks, a bot-imitating piece of Twitter art. “The way we represent our world is more and more digitally based and networked. If art is in any way reflecting our world, it will have to adopt and adapt these techniques and technologies.”
-
-Mark Sample, professor and chair of digital studies at Davidson College, told me that he believes Dril might be understood within the developing field of netprov (as in internet improvisation). Not altogether unrelated to electronic literature, or net art as a whole, netprov is, Sample explained, “the idea of using a social media platform as a kind of improvisational space in which the people on the other side aren’t really sure, are they seeing something that’s really sincere and earnest, or are they watching a performance?” I started to imagine Dril as the Ornette Coleman of the internet, but Sample said he likens it in some way to a living statue street performer “who’s just *always* doing it, whether there’s even a crowd around or not.”
-
-Darcie Wilder, writer of the tweet-inspired 2017 novel *literally show me a healthy person*, sees something that’s similar to performance art: “It’s not just the jokes he’s doing—it’s the performance and the actual whole thing,” she told me.
-
-Perhaps no artist has done more to push forward the conversation about how social media can exist in the artistic realm than Jacob Bakkila, who ran Horse\_ebooks as part of a larger artistic collaboration with Thomas Bender. The Horse\_ebooks project was deliberately ended in 2013—“No one wants to work on a painting forever,” Bakkila said at the time—and Bakkila, who now works in advertising in addition to his ongoing work as a multimedia artist, spoke thoughtfully to me over video call about the promise of art in the digital landscape. But of anyone I talked to, he was the most concerned about the risk of overintellectualizing Dril’s act—of being the type of person who, in his analogy, would study photosynthesis but forget to watch “the leaves change color.”
-
-“He’s a poster,” Bakkila said. “And I think that there’s a great beauty to that because it’s also the native language of the internet. … It’s what the internet is designed to do, is to let you post on it. And it goes deeper—in that sense, it’s more profound than comedy, although obviously he’s very funny. And it’s more profound than art, although obviously he’s artistic. But I think first and foremost, he’s a poster. And he’s the best one we have.”
-
-Often, when people talk about Dril, they use him as a vehicle to talk about Twitter itself—its initial promise, its inevitable demise. The approach is something like using Andy Kaufman to talk about *Saturday Night Live*; it’s not wrong, exactly, but it is a missed opportunity for something more specific, and more interesting, at any rate. There is plenty to learn about Twitter through Dril, but less to learn about Dril through Twitter.
-
-Dochney described his popularity on the site as “incidental” and his association with it more as a millstone than a gift. “I do find a lot of aspects of Twitter very disgusting,” he said. “It would not be my first choice of websites to get popular on, but that’s just the way it goes. And I got to work with that.” (Twitter, for what it’s worth, seems to value Dril’s presence, as he is [reportedly](https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/28/23659842/twitter-boost-elon-musk-dril-mrbeast-algorithm-accounts) one of about 35 elite users, along with the likes of LeBron James and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, currently being “boosted” on the site.)
-
-Posting, in its various forms and locations, is a skill, and Dochney knows how to recognize it as well as anybody. Donald Trump, he noted, is “a very good poster”—a skill that is likely bolstered by the fact that he’s also “legitimately probably nuts, a little bit.” (“Sometimes,” Dochney did add, however, “being mentally ill makes you a *worse* poster.”) As for memes, one of the primary forms of posting, Dochney doesn’t “respect” them: “I think memes are just jokes you stole, basically,” he said. “I like making shit.”
-
-To my eye, Dochney hasn’t lost a step in his second decade of posting as Dril, and more than that, some of his best posts have [been](https://twitter.com/dril/status/1613611545875054592?lang=en) [in](https://twitter.com/dril/status/1551754703632887808?s=20&t=2UktvnaJh2IDNGxUZh6hug) [the](https://twitter.com/dril/status/1628999985445613568?s=21&t=ZbcX4APnXt9vnLt_8L1Q3g) [last](https://twitter.com/dril/status/1625907835623337987?s=21&t=6_HhQaydaKAMVeLGXkWXag) [year](https://twitter.com/dril/status/1638350541440024576?s=12&t=xxsywDoqJRgpVg2pnmf4zw). But the criticisms and half-serious conspiracy theories are constant. One that Dochney is particularly irritated by is the “you didn’t *used* to be topical” line: “I was always a product of what was going on around me,” he said, exasperated. “So it’s kind of weird when people start accusing me of, like, ‘Oh, you sold your account to Waffle House, and now you’re posting differently,’ or some bullshit like that.” If anything, Dochney added, he believes he’s been “doing the same shtick almost to a fault, really.”
-
-When *TruthPoint* was first announced in 2019, there was enough of a cynical reaction from some of Dril’s followers that Darcie Wilder addressed it in [an essay](https://theoutline.com/post/8108/dril-adult-swim-show-selling-out?zd=2&zi=xbxqc2ng) for *The Outline* (a platform that, notably, is now dead): “Twitter and Hollywood are obviously vastly different ecosystems,” she wrote, “but as the time we spend staring into a screen becomes split between traditional entertainment products and crowdsourced online content presented by tech platforms, their value becomes intertwined. But only one of these industries pays its writers.”
-
-“Neither one of us really had in our heart of hearts,” Estevez-Olsen told me, “that we were going to write 140-character, pithy, little, funny, cute things for the rest of our lives. Paul wanted to—like me—write books, make TV shows, do whatever you can to build a world and express all of that.” The way Dochney put it, posting, for him, is “kind of like going to the bathroom, really—just putting something out there.” He seemed a little worn out by the idea of being an old man firing up Twitter. “Posting is not something you want to do forever,” he said.
-
-Contrary to the nature of his comedy—pitch black, often finding a deceptively amusing way to channel some of the most disturbing inclinations that society has—Dochney does not identify as a nihilistic person. The darkness of the internet, he believes, is an illusion that comes from when “you’re on Twitter, and you’re just exposed to the worst of it, mainlined 24/7,” he said. “I don’t want to be like one of those guys, like, ‘You know, war is not so bad if you look at the positive stuff.’ But it’s not 100 percent hopeless, I’d say.”
-
-This surprised me. If there’s one accent in the posting language that could be arguably sourced to Dril, it’s the disaffected irony so many of us have adopted online—the way we seem increasingly allergic to earnestness and blanketed in a wisecracking despair. I told him his answer was pretty starkly different from the image I had of Dril in my head: sweating, drooling, grinning maniacally, on the verge of a heart attack.
-
-“If I wasn’t relatively happy with my life, maybe I could have been that guy,” he said. “Maybe if my posts never took off and I was still working in a mail room at the age of almost 40, I would be just as angry, and posting about my ass and balls with all sincerity.”
-
-In January, I went to see *TruthPoint Cataclysm*, a live reincarnation of the *TruthPoint* show, which functioned as the first substantial time that Dochney had made a public appearance as Dril. The performance was at the Elysian Theater in the freeway-adjacent stretch of L.A.’s Frogtown, and tickets for the 135-seat venue were sold out. Inside, however, there were some empty seats, mostly in the front, which was perhaps a sign of an instinctive avoidance of a splash zone that did, actually, become a factor later on.
-
-Presented in 12D—“10 times more than a normal 2D experience,” according to Estevez-Olsen—the show’s topic was gambling, with Dril and Estevez-Olsen engaging in a variety of salient debates about best practices when betting money, whether in the casino or with crypto or what have you. Toward the end of the show, there was a raffle to give away a copy of a small book that Dochney had supposedly written called *How to Cheat at Casino Games by Being a Bitch.* In a fit of fury, he tore one of the copies of this book up, and Estevez-Olsen threw the pages into the audience.
-
-On my way out, I made off with a few torn sheets, which I was later amused to find consisted of semi-coherent chapters—filled with actual jokes. (“If you want to make any decent money at the track, there’s one thing you must remember,” the section on horse racing reads. “You’ve got to get ‘WET’, which stands for ‘Win Every Time.’”) Dochney had sat down and written all this out and then had it printed, presumably just for the bit—or for his own personal satisfaction, or both.
-
-The whole event—from the in-person nature of it to the physical prop book—felt very distant from anything I might experience while aimlessly scrolling around on my phone. Still, despite his [live comedy sets](https://www.instagram.com/p/CqYcsmfJgRA/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link) with Estevez-Olsen and [his gigs hosting movie screenings](https://twitter.com/dril/status/1641284631206166529), Twitter remains at the forefront of everything when we talk about Dril. And it most likely will until the platform is out of our lives.
-
-“I think it’s getting further away from, like, whatever cool thing it was,” said Wilder, who told me she used to think Twitter was its own art but these days finds that belief “embarrassing.” “Now it’s obviously just, like, data mining and advertising. … Dril is also very different from that. Like, those things don’t really apply to his feed. It’s really weird that he’s still so successful.”
-
-Late last year, as Twitter users worried about the future of the platform amid [new CEO Elon Musk’s takeover](https://www.theringer.com/tech/2022/11/22/23471923/twitter-elon-musk-layoffs-changes-future), the thought of losing Dril prompted at least one user to [catalog every Dril tweet](https://twitter.com/nickfarruggia/status/1594121736987250688) like he was grabbing the family pets and photo albums from a burning home. But Dochney wondered whether Twitter’s demise could potentially force him to “grow in ways I never thought possible.” He also considered the notion that it might destroy his career entirely. Either way, he decided, “You gotta commend Elon for doing everything in his power to wipe this nuisance website off the face of the earth.” (Add swapping [Twitter’s blue bird logo for Doge](https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/elon-musk-twitter-logo-doge-dogecoin-meme-1235572343/) last week to Musk’s long list of screwups.)
-
-Regardless of Twitter’s fate, one development that’s guaranteed in the immediate future is that relinquishing pure anonymity will change things for Dochney, at least to some degree. If his fans were replying with [“don’t do this”](https://twitter.com/TygerbugGarrett/status/1028265972619042816) and [“this account is ruined now”](https://twitter.com/Canama139/status/1028303795913220096) when he posted his name a few years ago, how they’d respond to a gesture far more forthright remains to be seen.
-
-“They want it to be, like, an insane guy who lives in the woods or something,” said Estevez-Olsen. “Or they want it to be just a blurry man. But yeah, it’s a guy named Paul. He’s, like, fairly normal. … I feel like if people find out about who he is in real life, and then they suddenly don’t like the stuff anymore, that’s just silly. If you like what he’s written, you like it, and that’s all there is to it.”
-
-David Cross brought up when Bobcat Goldthwait decided to stop performing in [his outlandish voice](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0qAfWWQJ5w), even though it was what the comedian was initially known for. “At some point, he was like, ‘Fuck it, I don’t want to do this anymore,’” Cross said. “I mean, it’s Bob Dylan going electric.”
-
-One way I’ve processed the idea of Dochney’s story undergoing a sea change is to remind myself that he is, by nature, a troll. And more than that, he’s a troll who trolls trolls. The most disappointing thing Dochney could become is predictable, even in something as outlandish as perpetual namelessness. I’m glad he didn’t walk into the House of Pies and throw a plate against the wall. But part of the fun is that I thought there was a chance he might do it anyway.
-
-Before meeting up with Dochney, I wrote down a list of artists and art that I thought he might have some lineage from, and late in our conversation, I began rattling them off to see whether he felt any attachment. I wanted to attempt to understand Dochney within the context of the history of comedy.
-
-*Looney Tunes*? “I was more of a *Ren & Stimpy* child,” he said. Kurt Vonnegut? “Pretty good.” Jack Handey? “I really liked that.” *A Confederacy of Dunces*? “I thought it was funny. I thought it was kind of ahead of its time. … \[Ignatius J. Reilly\] was, like, the first internet nerd before the internet even existed.” Marcel Duchamp—the, uh, [“urinal guy,”](https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/duchamp-fountain-t07573) I stammered. “I don’t know if I can respect a man who you refer to as ‘the urinal guy,’” he replied.
-
-Dochney described himself as being “overexposed” to comedy these days and didn’t appear to be too enamored of the mainstream comedy scene in general. But there was one moment when he noticeably brightened up about the subject of comedy he was a fan of—and that was when he was talking about posts that he thought were categorically funnier than his. The Dril page often retweets arcane mutterings from accounts with essentially no followers, and Dochney was explaining one way he sometimes navigates Twitter to locate these lonely crevices of social media: Think of something, and spell it hilariously wrong.
-
-The other day, he said, he took “Willy Wonka” and spelled it “Welly Wonka,” and he found a bunch of posts from “the dumbest people ever” talking about the characters from Roald Dahl’s books. He also found what appeared to be an elementary school classroom that was “taking place on Twitter for some reason.” The class was discussing Wonka, and the teacher had prompted the students to choose three words that they would use to describe the Oompa Loompas in some way. “The responses were some of the funniest shit I’ve probably ever seen,” he said. “There was one that was, like, ‘small, clown, smart.’ The other one was, like, ‘short, dumb, unfunny.’”
-
-I told him that it felt like a demonstration of the fact that, ultimately, there’s nobody funnier than someone who’s not trying to be in the first place.
-
-“It’s very sad for all these professional comedians that there’s something there that they can never grasp,” he said. “And I guess me, too, in a way.”
-
-[*Nate Rogers*](https://twitter.com/nate_rgrs) *is a writer in Los Angeles. His writing has appeared in* The New York Times*,* Los Angeles Times*,* GQ*, and elsewhere.*
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-Date: 2023-03-05
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-TimeStamp: 2023-03-05
-Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/01/magazine/evt-stroke-treatment.html
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-&emsp;
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-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-EVTWillSaveMillionsofLivesFromStrokeNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# EVT Will Save Millions of Lives From Stroke. Eventually.
-
-![A black-and-white photograph of medical staff looking at a screen that shows the arteries of their patient who is below them.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/03/05/magazine/05mag-stroke-02/05mag-stroke-02-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-An endovascular thrombectomy, or EVT, being performed at Foothills Medical Center in Calgary, Alberta.Credit...Natalia Neuhaus for The New York Times
-
-## This Revolutionary Stroke Treatment Will Save Millions of Lives. Eventually.
-
-A procedure called EVT is creating radically better outcomes for patients, but only when it’s performed quickly enough — and that requires the transformation of an entire system of care.
-
-An endovascular thrombectomy, or EVT, being performed at Foothills Medical Center in Calgary, Alberta.Credit...Natalia Neuhaus for The New York Times
-
--   March 1, 2023
-
-### Listen to This Article
-
-Audio Recording by Audm
-
-*To hear more audio stories from publications like The New York Times,* [*download Audm for iPhone or Android.*](https://www.audm.com/?utm_source=nytmag&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=evt_revolution_holland)
-
-Kris Walterson doesn’t remember exactly how he got to the bathroom, very early on a Friday morning — only that once he got himself there, his feet would no longer obey him. He crouched down and tried to lift them up with his hands before sliding to the floor. He didn’t feel panicked about the problem, or even nervous really. But when he tried to get up, he kept falling down again: slamming his back against the bathtub, making a racket of cabinet doors. It didn’t make sense to him then, why his legs wouldn’t lock into place underneath him. He had a pair of fuzzy socks on, and he tried pulling them off, thinking that bare feet might get better traction on the bathroom floor. That didn’t work, either.
-
-When his mother came from her bedroom to investigate the noise, he tried to tell her that he couldn’t stand, that he needed her help. But he couldn’t seem to make her understand, and instead of hauling him up she called 911. After he was loaded into an ambulance at his home in Calgary, Alberta, a paramedic warned him that he would soon hear the sirens, and he did. The sound is one of the last things he remembers from that morning.
-
-Walterson, who was 60, was experiencing a severe ischemic stroke — the type of stroke caused by a blockage, usually a blood clot, in a blood vessel of the brain. The ischemic variety represents roughly 85 percent of all strokes. The other type, hemorrhagic stroke, is a yin to the ischemic yang: While a blockage prevents blood flow to portions of the brain, starving it of oxygen, a hemorrhage means blood is unleashed, flowing when and where it shouldn’t. In both cases, too much blood or too little, a result is the rapid death of the affected brain cells.
-
-When Walterson arrived at Foothills Medical Center, a large hospital in Calgary, he was rushed to the imaging department, where CT scans confirmed the existence and location of the clot. It was an M1 occlusion, meaning a blockage in the first and largest branch of his middle cerebral artery.
-
-If Walterson had suffered his stroke just a few years earlier, or on the same day in another part of the world, his prognosis would have looked entirely different. Instead, he received a recently developed treatment, one established in part by the neurology team at Foothills: what’s called an endovascular thrombectomy, or EVT. In the hospital’s angiography suite, a neuroradiologist, guided by X-ray imaging, pierced Walterson’s femoral artery at the top of his inner thigh and threaded a microcatheter through his body, northbound to the brain. The clot was extracted from his middle cerebral artery and pulled out through the incision in his groin. Just like that, blood flow was restored, and soon his symptoms all but disappeared.
-
-A little more than 24 hours later, Walterson’s memory kicked back in, when he was lying in a narrow bed on the stroke ward. He ate breakfast. He answered questions from the doctors on the stroke team as they made their rounds. By Sunday afternoon he could manage to walk around the ward, cracking jokes while a stroke neurology fellow hovered nearby. “Do you want to hold my hand?” she asked. “People will talk,” he replied, and shuffled along on his own. It wasn’t until Monday afternoon, as he laced up his black sneakers and prepared to head home, that he asked another stroke fellow, Dr. Kimia Ghavami, how bad he was on Friday during those hours he could no longer remember.
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-“When I met you,” she said, “you were completely paralyzed on your left side.” Without the EVT, Walterson would most likely have been facing a best case of weeks in the hospital and months more of rehab. The worst case, if he survived at all: a feeding tube, permanent immobilization and a much-shortened life in a bed in a long-term care facility. It could have been catastrophic, but here he was, hearing about his now-vanished symptoms secondhand.
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-Stroke kills about six and a half million people around the world annually. It’s the second most common cause of death worldwide, and it consistently ranks among the top five causes of death in Canada and the United States. Beyond the raw death toll, stroke is also a leading global cause of disability — too often, it leaves behind the kinds of severe deficits that force loved ones to become full-time caregivers. Even smaller, less severe strokes are associated with the onset of dementia and many other complications.
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-Given that toll, it’s no exaggeration to call the EVT one of the most important medical innovations of the past decade, with the potential to save millions of lives and livelihoods. Neurointerventionalists in the United States now complete roughly 60,000 EVTs per year. (Last year, one of them appears to have been done on John Fetterman while he was a Democratic candidate for senator, which means the procedure may have helped determine control of the U.S. Senate.) But the overall number of Americans who could have benefited from an EVT is at least twice that.
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-The challenge is that this medical innovation isn’t as deployable as a new pill or device. It can’t be manufactured by the thousands, packed into shipping containers and distributed to every hospital whose administrator clicks Add to Cart. For a qualified specialist, the extraction of the clot itself can be fairly straightforward — but getting the patient to the table in time is a highly complex process, a series of steps requiring layers of training and a rethinking of the protocols that move people around within the medical system. The new “miracle treatment” is the easy part. Bringing it to the people who need it, around the world? Achieving that will be miraculous.
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-Image
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-![A black-and white photograph of a man in a suit who is looking out with medical equipment behind him.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/03/05/magazine/05mag-stroke/05mag-stroke-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
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-Dr. Mayank Goyal, a neuroradiologist who was heavily involved in early research into EVT.Credit...Natalia Neuhaus for The New York Times
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-**Dr. Mayank Goyal** can recall the moment when the EVT started to feel like a real solution. “I still remember the face of the patient,” he says. She was a younger woman who had immigrated to Canada from the Philippines, and who worked hard to send money home to family members still there. “It was a big, big stroke,” he says, and it probably wouldn’t have responded to the drugs available. So he tried to remove her clot using a new device that he hadn’t tried before. “Within 12 minutes I pulled the clot out.” The next morning, the woman was so fully recovered that she wanted to go right back to work.
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-It was 2009, and Goyal, a neuroradiologist who works at Foothills and the adjoining University of Calgary, had already been trying thrombectomies for about half a decade. When a new method or treatment is in its infancy, practitioners generally only deploy it if there is nothing else to do and the potential consequences of doing nothing are catastrophic. Since the early 2000s, when the first version of a thrombectomy device was cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Goyal and other early adopters had been pioneering the technique with patients who had no other hope. The clot-busting drug that was available to treat ischemic strokes wasn’t good enough for the biggest clots and the worst strokes. “Everyone realized they needed a mechanical solution to the problem,” Goyal says, “as opposed to a chemical solution to the problem.”
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-But the first few devices produced didn’t do the job well enough, either. When a new device intended to obstruct blood flow to an aneurysm, called the Solitaire stent, came out, several specialists working in various hospitals around the world came separately to the same conclusion: It might work for EVT too. They tried it, and it did. “‘It was like magic, compared to the previous devices,” Goyal says.
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-This was big news. Medicine had made incredible advances on other fronts, but for stroke patients, shockingly little had changed since Hippocrates wrote about the condition 2,500 years ago. The Greek physician identified the cause of what was then and for many centuries afterward called “apoplexy” as an excess of black bile (one of the four “humors,” in the reigning physiological theory of the time) in the brain. A few hundred years later, another Greek physician, Galen, attributed stroke to phlegm in the brain arteries, and his ideas dominated Western medicine for a millennium. The first link between “apoplexy” and bleeding in the brain — the first, posthumous diagnosis of a hemorrhagic stroke — was not made until the mid-1600s, by the Swiss physician Johann Jakob Wepfer.
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-By the 18th and 19th centuries, the medical establishment was beginning to understand the causal links between blockages, bleeds and strokes. But there was no known treatment, and researchers emphasized prevention through the moderation of lifestyle risk factors. That’s not so dissimilar from today’s efforts at prevention, although the risk factors themselves have changed. Back then the culprits were thought to include “muscular exertion of any kind, but especially ‘straining at stool,’” as well as “violent passions of the mind, cold weather, tight clothing around the neck, constipation and everything in the least bit flatulent,” the neurologists Maurizio Paciaroni and Julien Bogousslavsky wrote in 2009 in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology.
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-Gradually, through the 20th century, a picture of the various common causes of stroke was brought into focus. Although strokes occur in the brain, understanding them required a clear grasp of the mechanics of heart disease — often, thickened or hardened arteries can create clots that travel up into the brain. High blood pressure and low blood pressure are each risk factors for stroke, and atrial fibrillation — an abnormal heartbeat — is, too. By the 1950s aspirin and other blood thinners were being prescribed to try to counter the formation of clots in patients diagnosed with heart disease, but that was mainly about prevention.
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-The first real treatment breakthrough came with the arrival of thrombolytics, colloquially known as clot-busters: drugs used to break down clots found in blood vessels. In 1995, The New England Journal of Medicine published a study led by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) that tested the effects of tissue plasminogen activator, or [tPA, on patients who were having an ischemic stroke.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7477192/) The study’s authors noted that the drug came with an increased risk of brain bleeds — there’s that yin and yang again, as in some patients the attempt to dissolve the clot may result in a hemorrhage. Still, they found that it improved the long-term outcome for roughly one in three patients. This was an unprecedented breakthrough, the first meaningful treatment for an ongoing stroke.
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-TPA wasn’t a perfect remedy. It had to be given within a relatively narrow time window — the NINDS study focused on treatment within three hours of the onset of a stroke, while today the cutoff can be 4.5 hours — and it worsened outcomes for 3 percent of recipients. That was a lot better than nothing, and it would go on to become a standard treatment worldwide for eligible ischemic stroke patients. But an energized field of neurologists was already exploring what might come next.
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-Their attention turned to a set of techniques and procedures that originated with cardiology but have been increasingly adopted in neuroradiology too: accessing the body endovascularly — that is, using catheters threaded through the arteries. Neuro-endovascular therapies are handled by a hybrid group of specialists known as neurointerventionalists: neuroradiologists, neurosurgeons and neurologists who have received the relevant additional training. Think of it as brain surgery’s answer to laparoscopy: The approach allows the doctor to make repairs in the brain without having to open up a patient’s skull.
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-Once the neurointerventionalists started adapting the Solitaire stent for use in EVT, the medical-device manufacturers quickly caught up, designing thrombectomy-specific versions, which began to roll out around 2010. As Dr. Michael D. Hill, a senior neurologist at Foothills, says: “All of a sudden we had a procedure that looked like it could work.” As the patents were filed and the procedure was formalized, Goyal continued to work with the stroke team at Foothills to extract the clots from eligible patients.
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-Image
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-A stent retriever used in an EVT — a procedure in which a clot is physically extracted via a long catheter from a stroke patient’s brain, restoring blood flow.Credit...Natalia Neuhaus for The New York Times
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-The team at Foothills decided to begin its own clinical trial, which became [known as ESCAPE](https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1414905), with Hill, Goyal and Dr. Andrew Demchuk as the principal investigators. Using a network of their colleagues and former stroke fellows, who had gone on to work across Canada and elsewhere, they enlisted 22 sites and laid out a strict protocol for the study, emphasizing consistency in patient selection, imaging and — above all — speed. “We just hammered people on being fast,” Hill says. The key to a successful EVT, they believed, was in rushing a patient to a CT scanner, verifying that their clot was a viable target for extraction and then pulling it out without delay.
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-The trial was so successful that it was halted early — given the findings, it was no longer ethical to keep adding patients to the control group. While 29 percent of patients in the control group (who were treated, when eligible, with alteplase, a type of tPA, alone) survived with at least a partial recovery of their deficits and were able to reclaim their independence, 53 percent of patients who received EVT saw the same positive outcomes. And while 19 percent of the control patients died, just 10.4 percent of the EVT patients did. Given that medical progress is often seen in decimal-point increments, these were staggering numbers.
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-The Foothills neurologists weren’t the only team investigating EVT’s potential. The ESCAPE trial ran concurrently with four other major trials, one of which was also led by Goyal. Averaged together, the studies showed that the procedure more than doubles the odds of stroke patients’ returning to an independent life, and nearly triples the odds of their making a complete recovery.
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-**On prime-time** medical dramas, radical new treatments arrive just in time to save the patient. The brilliant, plucky resident pulls an all-nighter in the stacks, snooping through obscure journals, and races to the operating room brandishing what she has found. But offscreen, transforming medical research into standard clinical practice is slower and far more complex.
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-This can be especially true with innovations like EVT, in which a series of steps must be performed quickly by multiple groups of people. In Alberta, by the time a stroke patient actually arrives at a hospital, the case has been in the hands of as many as five layers of medical response: the original 911 dispatcher, the paramedics, a call center, the transport logistics team and the stroke team that will receive him. And to have the best outcome, those handoffs need to happen in minutes, not hours.
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-Image
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-The view of an EVT from the control room, from which team members can observe without the need to wear lead shielding against the radiation of the X-ray machine.Credit...Natalia Neuhaus for The New York Times
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-The high-tech portions of the EVT process all happen in the hospital, but the most critical part happens at the very beginning. If friends and family, bystanders or the patients themselves don’t realize that a stroke is underway, crucial minutes or even hours will be lost. Even after the call comes in, 911 dispatchers and emergency medical workers have to flag and route the patients correctly. Creating an effective EVT program involves training not just hospital staff members but an entire community.
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-After Foothills’s study helped establish the transformative potential of EVT, the neurologists worked with the government of Alberta to implement [a provincewide strategy called ERA](https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/scns/page13274.aspx): Endovascular Reperfusion Alberta. (Reperfusion is the medical term for when the blockage causing a stroke is removed and the blood begins to flow again.) The ambitious goal was to make EVT accessible to every Albertan, more than four million people spread across more than 250,000 square miles. And one of the first steps was to update the training of Alberta’s 4,800 frontline paramedics, in both ground and air ambulance crews, to give them the tools to quickly identify potential EVT recipients in the field.
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-When paramedics respond to a stroke, there is no wound on which to apply pressure, no dramatic chest compression to deploy. Instead, think of it like an extremely high-stakes flow chart: If this, then that.
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-Let’s say a rural grocery store cashier calls 911 because a customer, an older man, has collapsed in front of her till. By the time the ambulance arrives, a few minutes later, someone has helped him to sit up on the pale linoleum floor, and a small, hushed crowd has gathered. The man is listing to one side, his speech is slurred, but he is conscious, cogent, when a paramedic approaches, gently asking for his name.
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-“Can you smile for me?” the paramedic asks, and notes that only the left corner of the man’s mouth curls upward when he tries; the right droops into a frown. “Can you raise both your arms in the air?” The left arm makes it up OK, but the right arm doesn’t respond. The paramedic holds out both her hands. “Can you squeeze my hands for me? Tight as you can.” The man does his best, but his right hand just won’t listen.
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-This is the Los Angeles Motor Scale, or LAMS, a simple three-part test intended to help paramedics on a call get a sense of what they’re dealing with. It’s designed to identify what doctors call hemiplegia — weakness or paralysis on only one side of the body, a classic sign of stroke. The more severe the weakness, the more likely the stroke is to be what’s called an L.V.O., or large-vessel occlusion: a blockage of an artery in the skull, which makes the patient a strong candidate for EVT.
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-There are other stroke field tests, some more complex, but [Alberta chose to model its test on LAMS](https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/assets/about/scn/ahs-scn-cvs-era-lams-reference.pdf) because of its simplicity; it would be relatively easy to retrain thousands of people in its use. In its original form, it was a clear yes/no. If the patient showed any sign of trouble, with either the smiling, the raised arms or the hand squeeze, a stroke was probable. But now the paramedics needed a way to rapidly, and reasonably accurately, separate the L.V.O. cases from the rest. So Alberta added a points system to the test, in which a patient’s score can range from 0 to 5. Scores of 0 to 3 mean the old rules apply, and the crew transports the patient to the nearest stroke center for further assessment and treatment. A score of 4 or 5 means a likely EVT, triggering the new protocol.
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-Image
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-Syringes in the operating room containing contrast emulsion dye, which is visible on X-rays.Credit...Natalia Neuhaus for The New York Times
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-At this point, there are more teams that come into play — more people who need to be coordinated and trained to make an EVT program work. If the man at the grocery store has a LAMS score of 4, Alberta’s paramedics now contact a specialized medical phone center, and are connected in a three-way call with two groups: the stroke team at the nearest comprehensive stroke center — as opposed to a primary stroke center, which is capable of administering tPA but not EVT — and the medical transport team. (This three-way “field consultation,” as it’s called in Alberta, is relatively unusual. But, says Foothills’s Andrew Demchuk, who was one of the lead neurologists involved in creating ERA, the model is beginning to spread in other parts of the world.)
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-When ERA started, its goal was to make EVT accessible to every one of the 400 or more Albertans who are eligible for it each year. Last year, the province’s stroke teams completed 378 of the procedures.
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-**About 5 to 15** percent of stroke patients turn out to be candidates for an endovascular thrombectomy. But the ones who do receive it tend to be among the most severe cases, and so, says Michael D. Hill, “there’s a visible difference to how stroke patients flow through the hospital now, because we’re able to send them home.” In a strange twist, some patients who might once have wound up on life support, or lingered in a hospital bed for weeks, now walk out under their own power within three or four days — while others who experienced smaller or more moderate strokes might sometimes stay longer.
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-One Sunday afternoon at Foothills, Hill was able to discharge a woman in her mid-50s who underwent her EVT on Thursday night. A huge swath of her brain had been at risk from the clot — but the thrombectomy saved almost all of it. “Look at *you,”* he said as she walked unassisted down the hallway of the stroke ward. “You’re pretty good.” Her stroke was caused by a heart condition called atrial fibrillation; a prescription for blood thinners would, they hoped, prevent any more clots from recurring. “Good thing you got her here quickly,” Hill told the woman’s daughter. “She’s done well. We’ll see you back in the clinic for follow-up.”
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-Elsewhere on the ward, the variety and cruelty of stroke’s effects was on display. One older woman, asked for her age, could only say wryly: “Too old.” Her sense of humor was intact, but her own biographical details now escaped her. Another patient, an elderly man, could no longer find the language to express his knowledge of the world. When Hill showed him a butter packet, and asked him if he knew what it was, the patient answered “yes,” confidently. But then he paused, struggling, unable to come up with the words. A man in his mid-40s was buoyant, eager to walk on his own, determined to get home and start physical therapy. But he couldn’t yet swallow consistently, and he remained on a liquid diet. So he had to stay.
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-Like patients experiencing heart attacks or major traumas, suspected acute stroke patients bypass the usual E.R. triage procedure. Instead, they’re brought straight to a trauma bay behind the main emergency room, and what comes next is a kind of frenetic choreography. I witnessed the whole dance one Friday night, when, after the page went out — STAT STROKE. ETA 5 MIN — the stroke team gathered behind the E.R. to await the patient, a woman in her early 40s.
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-After a brief stop in the trauma bay for a neurological exam, she was wheeled down the hallway, straight to diagnostic imaging, where two paramedics carefully hoisted her off the gurney and onto the bed of a CT scanner. The machine hummed, and Dr. Steven Peters, the on-call stroke neurologist for the night, peered over the shoulder of a resident at the black-and-white images filling the screen of a desktop computer.
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-Unfortunately, this patient hadn’t been discovered right away; her stroke had been ongoing for several hours. It was too late to consider tPA, but EVT was still worth a try: “It looks like she has a lot of cortex we can save,” Peters said, still staring at the screen. The neurointerventionalists were paged. Mayank Goyal was on call that night, along with a neuroradiology fellow.
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-After the patient was extracted from the machine, Peters spoke to her; she was slurring but conscious. “All the scans we just did, we found that you are having a stroke,” he said. “There is still a large clot in your brain.” He described the EVT procedure to her briefly, seeking her blessing and offering his advice: “That’s our best chance of getting the clot out.” She consented.
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-Heavy lead vests help protect medical staff members from the X-ray radiation used during the EVT procedure.Credit...Natalia Neuhaus for The New York Times
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-Just down the hall from imaging, the angio suite was a blur of rapid, routine movement: staff members draping a sheet over the patient to leave her groin exposed; essential personnel strapping on lead vests to protect against the X-ray radiation; everyone else withdrawing to a windowed control room to observe. By 7:07 p.m., almost exactly one hour after the team was paged, Goyal was questing toward her brain.
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-An EVT begins with a needle, puncturing layers of skin to access the artery. The needle is followed by a specially manufactured wire, flexible enough to move through soft tissues without damaging them but firm enough to be pushed and guided from one end. Once the wire is in place, the interventionalist slides a pliable hollow sheath over the top of it, to hold the puncture hole open and provide stable access into the blood vessel. Then the wire comes out, and a catheter is fed through the sheath and guided up through the larger arteries into a blood vessel in the neck. An even smaller microcatheter and microwire travel inside the larger, nested like Russian dolls, up higher into the narrower arteries of the brain. Once they have advanced to just beyond the site of the stroke, the microwire is withdrawn and replaced by the stent retriever, which emerges from the microcatheter and expands, like a rolled newspaper coming open, pushing the clot to the sides of the vessel, re-establishing blood flow, and — if all goes as designed — capturing the clot in its mesh for a complete removal. In the ESCAPE trial, blood flow was restored in 72.4 percent of EVT recipients.
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-Goyal and his fellow stood on the right side of the patient, feeding catheters gently through their fingers, intermittently using foot pedals to turn on the X-ray machine above them and check how far they’d gone. She groaned as they worked. In the control room, the rest of the team waited and watched the images flickering on a large monitor. “There you go,” someone said, pointing to a dark web on the screen. Everyone exhaled. Blood was flowing through the stricken part of the patient’s brain once again.
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-During an EVT, the stroke team intermittently turns on the X-ray machines using a foot pedal to help guide the catheter to its target.Credit...Natalia Neuhaus for The New York Times
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-By 8 p.m., she was being bustled upstairs to a bed on the stroke ward. Her recovery wouldn’t be as complete as Kris Walterson’s, or as that of the woman with the atrial fibrillation — they hadn’t reached her in time. But it was still much better than no treatment at all.
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-As the group dispersed, Steven Peters, the neurologist, glanced down at the clot, retrieved from the stent and resting on a piece of bloody gauze. It was thin, deep red and about half an inch long, the size of a scrap of thread.
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-**There’s a number** that floats around in medicine: It takes, on average, 17 years for a new treatment or technique, or some other form of research breakthrough, to filter down into widespread clinical practice. But the actual timeline varies widely from case to case. “What everybody’s trying to do is speed up that process,” says Dr. Sharon Straus, the director of the Knowledge Translation Program at St. Michael’s Hospital in Toronto. (“Knowledge translation” is one of several terms for a young, multidisciplinary field that aims to better understand and improve the medical research-to-practice pipeline.) “Some things do take off more quickly.”
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-After ESCAPE and the other studies were published, the American Heart Association promptly formed an ad hoc committee to review the research and issue an updated set of guidelines about the new treatment. Dr. William Powers, a veteran neurologist at Duke, was its chairman, and he remembers the work going unusually quickly. “We all thought it was that clear, and that important,” he says. The group issued its strongest recommendation, endorsing the use of EVT in a designated subset of stroke patients. “That degree of independent corroboration,” Powers says of the stroke research they assessed, “I have never seen anything like that, ever.”
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-Image
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-Blood clots removed from a stroke patient during an EVT.Credit...Natalia Neuhaus for The New York Times
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-Still, even though it has been met with enthusiasm, implementing EVT at scale is an enormous challenge. A recent report from Britain’s Stroke Association found that London residents with eligible ischemic strokes were as much as eight times more likely to receive an EVT than their peers elsewhere in the country, and those disparities are mirrored in the United States. “That is one of the challenges,” says Eric Smith, a neurologist and an associate editor at the journal Stroke. “Arguably maybe we have excessive coverage in some densely populated urban areas, where there could be one hospital on one side of the street with an EVT center, and another hospital on the other side of the street, but because they’re affiliated with different universities, or owned by different H.M.O.s, or this kind of thing, they each want to have their own center.” Rural access, meanwhile, is much patchier.
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-In the United States, Smith says, “there’s no one who can plan and say, You’re not allowed to build an EVT center, and you’re obligated to build an EVT center. That’s not how the system works.”
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-Other parts of the world face a different slate of challenges. In a recent survey of 59 countries, Australia was found to have the highest overall rate of access to EVT, with 46 percent of patients in need receiving one. That’s well above the median rate of access for high-income countries, which was 23 percent, while for low- and middle-income countries, the rate was just 0.48 percent. Globally, as of 2019, only 2.79 percent of potential EVT patients were receiving the procedure.
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-“The disparity in thrombectomy access is just so massive,” says Dr. Dileep Yavagal, a neurologist at the University of Miami. In 2016, Yavagal, who is originally from India, was moved to begin a campaign at the Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology to promote global EVT access. He knew how long it took for advances in cardiac care, like angioplasty and stenting, to spread across the world, and he didn’t want to see that trend repeated. “I went to medical school in India,” he says, “and I saw a lot of stroke before I came to the U.S. in 1997 to do neurology. I came to a realization that this is not going to really reach my homeland not for one or two or three years, but for decades.”
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-The group he founded to try to change that, [Mission Thrombectomy 2020+](https://missionthrombectomy2020.org/#), created the survey. The results were sobering. “The lowest access to thrombectomy care, excluding countries that have no thrombectomy, in this survey, is in Bangladesh,” he says, “and it’s only 0.1 percent rate of access.” That means an Australian patient who needs an EVT is 460 times more likely to get one than a Bangladeshi patient with a comparable stroke.
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-He identifies two primary challenges to widespread implementation. One is the speed and coordination required, at all levels of a given country’s emergency medical system, to maximize the benefits of EVT. “We never planned for this,” he says. “So basically we have to figure out, with the existing hospital infrastructure, how to optimize these patient transfers. And that brings a major burden on every community and country.” Many jurisdictions aren’t in a position to undertake a campaign like Alberta’s ERA, intended to systematically smooth out every ripple in a complex new protocol.
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-The second challenge is the global work force. Yavagal’s group estimates that around the world, there are only enough qualified neurointerventionalists to meet around 15 percent of the potential demand for EVT.
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-The group focuses on a top-down approach, targeting policymakers, primarily in lower- and middle-income countries, with information about the benefits of EVT. They have regional committees advocating for the procedure in 94 countries now, and a 2020 white paper they produced has caught the attention of several national health ministers. The document emphasizes the longer-term savings offered by investing in EVT upfront. In Canada, for instance, acute ischemic strokes cost the public health system $2.8 billion per year, with much of that money going to long-term care for the kinds of severe deficits that EVT can prevent.
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-The government of India, Yavagal notes, recently decided to pay first in hopes of saving later. It more than doubled its reimbursement rate for each thrombectomy performed in the country’s hospitals, to $7,500, an important boost to the procedure’s prospects there. The group’s effort also received a recent bump from the World Health Organization, which has identified thrombectomy as a “priority clinical intervention,” and the instruments used to extract the clots as “priority medical devices,” meaning that the W.H.O. will now provide guidance and support for national health organizations looking to implement EVT.
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-“Once the right stakeholders see the need and the cost-effectiveness, the elements are there,” Yavagal says. Some countries lag behind in physical infrastructure, like the required angiography suite, or in staffing. “But a lot of countries have the elements — the system is just not organized.”
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-Yavagal’s group estimates that 1.7 million people every year experience an ischemic stroke caused by a large-vessel occlusion — the type of stroke targeted most effectively by EVT. But so far, only about 240,000 thrombectomies are being performed around the world each year. In that yawning gap, Yavagal sees the potential for rapid gains: If you’re only doing 20 thrombectomies a year, doubling that to 40 over a couple of years is achievable. Doubling it again in another two years’ time probably is, too. And so on.
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-Dr. Michael D. Hill, a senior neurologist at Foothills, speaking with a stroke patient.Credit...Natalia Neuhaus for The New York Times
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-In a world where EVT access was universal, it could save more than 100,000 lives each year. But in addition to fatalities, public health authorities also track something called disability-adjusted life years, or DALYs. A DALY is a unit of measurement: one year of healthy life lost to a given disease. In 2022, the World Stroke Organization attributed 63 million DALYs annually to ischemic stroke.
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-That’s a mouthful of medical jargon, but each DALY also represents something real. It’s a patient who can still chew and swallow her favorite foods; another who can still remember his grandchildren’s names, or his wife’s, or his own. It’s a patient who can still tie his own flies and go fly-fishing on a lazy summer river, or one who can keep singing in a community choir. It’s paychecks and mortgage payments, birthday cards and phone calls, inside jokes and secret handshakes: all the little things that make up a life.
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-**Eva Holland** is a freelance writer based in Yukon Territory, Canada. She is a correspondent for Outside magazine and the author of “Nerve: Adventures in the Science of Fear.” **Natalia Neuhaus** is a photographer in Brooklyn, originally from Peru. In 2022, she was one of three women awarded the Leica-VII Agency Mentorship.
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-# Europe is turning its back on British tourists – and it’s class based
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-Tourist bosses in numerous destinations are discouraging tight-budget UK travellers from holidaying on their sunny shores
-
-Put down the fluorescent cocktail and declare an amnesty in the sunbed wars – because British holidaymakers are falling out of favour. 
-
-And tourist bosses in Europe’s top holiday spots aren’t pulling any punches. Majorca’s director of tourism, Lucia Escribano, recently sparked outrage when she said the island would not be promoting travel for summer 2023 because it was “not interested in having… budget tourists from the UK – and we don’t care if they go \[instead\] to Greece and Turkey.”
-
-There’s little doubt that tourism chiefs are tired of the high numbers of British travellers on relatively tight budgets Credit: Getty Images
-
-Lanzarote, another UK package-holiday favourite, echoed this sentiment earlier this month, announcing it wanted fewer visitors and to reduce its “dependency” on Britons. In a statement, a spokesperson for the island’s tourist board said it plans to declare itself a “tourist saturated destination” and hopes to attract just a small number of high-rolling holidaymakers in future. As such, it “expects growth in the French, Italian, Netherlands and mainland Spain markets”, but not from Blighty.
-
-While the phrasing is open to interpretation, there’s little doubt that tourism chiefs are tired of the high numbers of British travellers on relatively tight budgets who flock to the island each summer. According to official statistics, more than half of foreign visitors to Lanzarote are British and low-cost carrier Ryanair says the island was one of its UK customers’ top three destinations in 2022. 
-
-## ‘No riff-raff’
-
-Travel writer and Canary Island expert, Joe Cawley, has blasted the Lanzarote Tourist  Council’s comments. “It feels like the island is blowing a raspberry in the face of its most loyal demographic – a tactic straight from the ‘no riff-raff’ Fawlty Towers school of public relations,” he said. “Lanzarote is almost exclusively dependent on tourism, and to announce an intention to reduce the number of British visitors, without appearing to have a real plan in place to replace those lost euros, seems a tad bonkers, to put it mildly.”
-
-Elsewhere, more subtle moves have been made. In Majorca and Ibiza last summer, a [six-drinks-per-day limit was introduced](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/spain/majorca/magaluf/six-drink-rule-will-make-break-magaluf/) in certain all-inclusive resorts, and organised pub crawls were banned in popular areas. The move was seen by some as an active attempt to discourage rowdy British travellers.
-
-And the mayor of Barcelona, which has long bemoaned being overrun by tourists, is calling for fresh curbs on cruise ships and the scrapping of plans to expand the city’s airport. Already, limits on how many beds hotels can offer and strict new building rules are in place. 
-
-Protesters in Barcelona campaign against cruise ships Credit: Getty Images
-
-As a collective, the Balearic Islands have also announced an “absolute ceiling” on visitor numbers, declaring they must never again exceed 2022’s total figure of 16,475,579. Given that the UK is by far Spain’s most important tourism market (18 million of us visited back in 2019, with seven million fewer travelling from second-place Germany), it’s hard not to feel targeted.
-
-More generally, the EU’s new €7 charge for visitors from outside the bloc, including the UK, is due to come into force later this year. While travellers from further afield may feel comfortable with the new system, which has similarities to the US Esta, it seems a little mean for such a short hop that might even be a train journey.
-
-Not all European destinations are sticking to the script. The Greek Tourist board said it’s adding extra capacity for this summer, as well as promoting out-of-season travel. Turkey too has long welcomed all British travellers with open arms.  
-
-## A history of misbehaviour
-
-Psychotherapist Noel McDermott: “The rest of the world just doesn’t have the same disastrous relationship to weekly binge drinking that we have" (pictured: England fans in Marseille, 2016) Credit: Getty Images
-
-Across the continent, the buzzwords are “low-impact”, “high-quality” and “less-is-more tourism” – essentially more expensive holidays. But the question is, why have Britons become so closely associated with “low-quality” tourism?
-
-Psychotherapist Noel McDermott suggests the negative image has built up due to a tendency towards excessive alcohol consumption.
-
-“Large concentrations of Brits abroad is the equivalent of Friday and Saturday nights in any major town or city in the UK, but seven days a week,” he says. “The rest of the world just doesn’t have the same disastrous relationship to weekly binge drinking that we have and definitely does not tolerate the anti-social behaviour that accompanies it. Alcohol abuse goes hand-in-hand with violence, crime and general disorder. Who wants that?”
-
-Certainly, Inbetweeners-style end-of-school holidays based around booze and foam parties, plus the football hooliganism that dominated in the late 20th century, have entrenched this reputation. But with Gen-Z turning its backs on booze (consuming at least 20 per cent less than their Millennial counterparts), other factors must be at play when it comes to both attitudes and actions. 
-
-Inbetweeners-style end-of-school holidays based around booze and foam parties have entrenched a reputation for misbehaviour Credit: The Inbetweeners
-
-McDermott thinks that British “cultural dominance” has a role, thanks to the enduring consequences of the British Empire and the fact that large swathes of the globe are English-speaking. 
-
-He adds: “This has negative impacts. It’s the same in the Chinese sphere of influence where similar tensions exist. What happens is the dominant culture, in this case the English-speaking, can become entitled and demanding, which causes friction”.
-
-Making ourselves at home: "pubs" turning out fry-ups on the Costa del Sol abound Credit: Getty Images
-
-Indeed the ubiquity of ‘pubs’ turning out fry-ups and dominance of English menus on the Costa del Sol suggests we aren’t shy about making ourselves at home. And many of us literally have, with more than a quarter of a million Britons now living in the country. 
-
-Beyond the booze and a “plant-the-flag” attitude, McDermott suggests Brexit-based resentment could be lingering in the minds of tourist bosses: “People are sad and confused about the UK leaving the EU. And the decisions being made now in resort areas are ultimately about economics, which have been impacted by trade issues due to Brexit.”
-
-## A global trend
-
-Perhaps we are taking it all too personally. Certainly, in destinations as far away as Bhutan and Japan, there’s been a general push to curb overtourism. It just so happens that, thanks to economic factors, Britons have historically travelled in high numbers so may feel like more of a target. 
-
-For its part, Spain has denied it wants to reduce the number of British visitors. Manuel Butler, Director of the UK Spanish Tourist Office tells Telegraph Travel: “Spain is a socially inclusive destination and we do not discriminate by type of visitor.
-
-“It is true that our travel industries need to work together to address the challenges of mass tourism, not just in Spain but around the world, to achieve a model which is more responsible and mitigates the environmental footprint.”
-
-He cites the expansion of Spain’s tourist-focused train network by 30 per cent and increased local industry support as evidence of this shift in focus. 
-
-Eddi Fiegel, a travel writer specialising in southern Spain, says the country is making a smart move by changing its approach to tourism and that it's not an attack.
-
-“Spain is not anti-British,” says travel writer Eddi Fiegel Credit: Getty Images
-
-“Spain is not anti-British,” she says. “It’s just that some of Spain’s resorts and cities have been dominated by UK holidaymakers who favour package deals and those tourists are not generally spreading the economic benefits of tourism to the local community.  
-
-“The old tourism models of cheap package deals which may have worked for Spain economically in the 1960s and 70s are outdated now. Spain has recognised this and wants to attract a different type of visitor – be they from Britain or elsewhere.
-
-“They need tourists who frequent local shops, cafes and restaurants rather than international chain hotels. They also need to encourage tourism to lesser-known parts of the country and their recent campaigns have very much tried to do this.”
-
-Despite talk of “social inclusivity”, there’s no doubt the maligning of the classic resort holiday comes with class connotations. And it’s curious that a new crop of large, luxurious all-inclusive hotels, where standard room rates run into four figures in peak season, are sprouting up seemingly unopposed.
-
-In challenging times, a good-value hot-weather holiday is the bright spot so many need to wade through the sludge of daily life. To snatch it away in the pursuit of high-spend tourists feels cruel, not to mention a kick in the teeth to the tourists who helped build these destinations. Make no mistake, there’s a war on British tourists – but it’s class-based.
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-# Every Time I Visited Hawaii, I Got Divorced
-
-In March 2011, I stood outside the door of my friend’s garden apartment in Maui deeply breathing in the fresh ocean breeze drifting into the yard. I was contemplating how I’d ended up there without my husband before ducking back inside for a gathering with my pals.
-
-At the time, I was married to someone who didn’t like to travel. He preferred to stay at home back in Chicago and watch TV or repair Vespas. I, on the other hand, liked to get out and explore. We were happy, but life together was not overly exciting, likely because we married too young, and I didn’t know exactly what I wanted yet out of a husband. Regardless, I was content being away from home on a new adventure with my friends.
-
-Two months later, my life was in shambles. My then-husband and I sat in a pile of our belongings in our dining room in the suburbs, bartering for items as we worked through a divorce. “You can take the silverware, but I want the bed,” he told me. “Silverware is not worth an *entire* bed,” I responded. I spent the next few months dumping thousands of dollars into a lawyer’s account as my soon-to-be ex-husband dodged the process server in a fruitless attempt to avoid our divorce.
-
-Fast-forward to February 2018. I was remarried to a musician. We’d been together for almost six years, traveled when we could, and spent a big chunk of time apart because of my career as a travel writer. I had to return to Hawaii that month for work. No friends allowed. I spent my days interviewing surfers and my evenings writing in my journal on the balcony of my beachside hotel room.
-
-Something felt off, but I couldn’t quite pinpoint it. In my journal, I referenced my previous trip to Hawaii. I wrote about how I began considering divorce from my Vespa-loving husband. I contemplated the aftermath of my previous marriage and recognized something was also wrong with my current one. “I’m not saying I want to get divorced now because I don’t,” I wrote at the time. “But something about being here makes me introspective, and I realize now that I’m not unhappy, but things are … heavy. And that’s hard.”
-
-Shortly after I returned home, I was in the slog of another separation. My new ex had disappeared while I was out of town. We’d recently talked about having kids, and he told me I was scaring him by bringing it up. The next thing I knew, he and my cat were gone, living in Minnesota with his mistress. The wrongness I felt in Hawaii wasn’t just that he was cheating. I was slowly realizing I’d also been intensely gaslit as well as verbally and emotionally abused. The trips I was taking in rapid-fire succession for work and with friends were subconscious attempts to get away from the pain.
-
-![woman watching sunset on beach in maui](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/tropical-sunset-on-beach-in-maui-royalty-free-image-1673566282.jpg?resize=980:* "woman watching sunset on beach in Maui")
-
-I felt a wrongness in Hawaii.
-
-Getty Images
-
-After he left, I was in a half-empty house in Wisconsin, again dumping thousands of dollars into a new lawyer’s bank account. On the other side of that divorce, I came to the only logical conclusion: I’m cursed. I thought that I should never go to Hawaii again when I’m in a relationship because every time I do, I get divorced.
-
-On my initial trip to Maui, I took some black sand from a beach back home with me. Perhaps that did it? Maybe I’ve angered the volcano gods, and their revenge is to steal every spouse away from me? It’s Jen versus the Volcano. I’d love to return that sand to Maui, but I don’t want to endure yet another breakup.
-
-My current partner (we’re engaged; please be nice, Hawaii) knows all about the curse. He’d love to visit Hawaii with me, but I refuse. I already know how it’ll go: We’ll be married by the time we go, then come home, and immediately file paperwork. It’s fate. He says that because I went without my spouses the previous two times, traveling *with* him will actually break the curse. It’s a lovely, optimistic thought. However, I’m not prepared to take the chance. I really like this one.
-
-![woman opening curtains of hotel room](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/a-woman-opening-curtains-of-hotel-room-royalty-free-image-1673566835.jpg?resize=2048:* "woman opening curtains of hotel room")
-
-In my journal, I explored how I truly felt about my marriages.
-
-Getty Images
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-The superstitious side of my personality blames my two disastrous marriages on Hawaii. Ultimately, I know it’s not a tropical paradise’s fault that I got divorced twice. I was simply in rapidly failing relationships and didn’t want to admit it. Yet the beautiful islands of Hawaii had a way of forcing me to confront my issues.
-
-On each trip, I unexpectedly spent lots of time thinking about the state of my marriages. I relate to water and the ever-changing, constantly moving landscapes that form the islands. They resonate in my soul. As the waves come in and crash to shore, I feel grounded in the drifting sand that the ocean pulls back as the water recedes. The process reminds me of the transient nature of life and inspires me to think about my future — however long I have left — and what I need from life. Then, I bring those feelings home for deep-as-the-ocean conversations about my life with the people I love.
-
-After my first visit to Hawaii, I acknowledged that I had an intense desire to explore the world and that communication was severely lacking in my marriage. I was finishing college at the time and wanted to do a semester abroad, but my then-husband wouldn’t allow it, striking down the idea without any discussion. I sulked for weeks before my vacation and never said a single word to him about it. I believe we were too young to have a fully adult relationship, something I realized on that doorstep in Maui.
-
-![woman goes for a sunlight paddle in hawaii](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/sunlight-paddle-royalty-free-image-1673567132.jpg?resize=980:* "woman goes for a sunlight paddle in hawaii")
-
-I now know what truly I want in a partner.
-
-Getty Images
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-I came home with dreams of children and the looming prospect of a geriatric pregnancy following my second visit. I was diving headfirst into my late 30s. At that point, my biological clock was ticking daily right in front of my face. The table of kids I sat next to during my lei-making class on my last day in Honolulu didn’t help. These kids were annoyingly charming. I wanted annoyingly charming. My husband at the time didn’t, and he bailed.
-
-After each divorce, I was able to eventually heal and move on. Now, I’m in a truly good place with someone who finally shares the same values, passions, and dreams. We feel mutually supported and place extreme importance on honesty and communication. I believe I have a higher-quality relationship thanks to those two failed marriages. I learned what I want — and don’t want — in a partner. I’m not afraid to speak my mind, and neither is he. Curse or no curse, I have gratitude for my Hawaiian experiences. But I’m still not planning a trip any time soon to the islands with my fiancé. Instead, we’re going to Antarctica.
-
----
-
-*Jennifer Billock is a Chicago-based writer who has contributed to* The New York Times*,* Thrillist*,* Kitchn*,* Forbes*,* Mental Floss*, and* Smithsonian *magazine.*
-
-***Get Shondaland directly in your inbox*:** [**SUBSCRIBE TODAY**](https://www.shondaland.com/about/a12770960/subscribe/)
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-# Everyone in Stephenville Thought They Knew Who Killed Susan Woods
-
-###### **PART ONE**
-
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-
-They found her naked body 36 years ago now, her head sunk into a bathtub full of black water, hands tied behind her with a tank top. It was 1987, and in a God-fearing town like Stephenville, seventy miles southwest of Fort Worth, what had been done to Susan Woods was unimaginable, something you might expect in a fetid corner of Los Angeles or New York City. 
-
-She had been a quiet, shy woman, five foot seven, with lustrous brown hair cascading past her shoulders and an easy smile that friends didn’t see as much as they once had. Susan was thirty years old and living alone that summer, left by a biker-ish husband who had fled the state, waiting for her divorce to go through. She was a local girl, a little lonely, a little sad, trying hard to put her life back in order. When she missed her shift at the sandpaper factory two days running, a supervisor called her father, Joe Atkins. 
-
-Atkins knew immediately that something was wrong. Susan would never miss work without telling someone. He drove to the tiny white bungalow she rented near downtown, around the corner from Central Elementary. The house was dark, the night air quiet but for the rhythmic shrieking of cicadas. On the porch, in the gloom, Atkins found that the door was unlocked. He was the one who found her, in the bath off the rear bedroom. It was something no parent should ever have to see. He called the police on the living room phone and waited in the yard until they drove up. 
-
-When a sergeant named Donnie Hensley arrived around nine, he hadn’t been told the victim’s identity. He was surprised to see Atkins, whom he knew as a volunteer at the municipal golf course. 
-
-“Joe, what are you doing here?” he asked.
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-“Donnie, they killed her,” Atkins said.
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-“Killed who, Joe?”
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-“They killed my daughter.”
-
-Hensley didn’t press. He could tell Atkins was suffering from something like shock. The two men huddled and said a prayer before Hensley urged Atkins to go on home. His family needed to be told. At one point, Susan’s best friend, Cindy Hallmark, happened to drive up with her boyfriend. Neighbors could hear her screams two blocks away. 
-
-Inside, other officers were already pacing the house, taking photographs and studying the scene. Susan, the medical examiner would later confirm, had been raped and sodomized. An angry red line across her throat suggested that her killer had tried to strangle her. Hensley examined the bedroom, where there appeared to have been a struggle. Bedding was strewn everywhere. The mattress had been shoved off-center. A white electrical cord, perhaps used in the strangulation attempt, lay across the bed, plug end on the floor.
-
-Murders were rare in Stephenville, and this was as bad as most of the officers at the house that night had ever seen. What stayed in everyone’s minds afterward wasn’t so much what had been done to Susan Woods. Instead, it was a pillowcase, stained with mascara. As Hensley studied it, he realized he could see the outlines of a face. It had obviously been pressed over her nose and mouth and was, in effect, Susan’s death mask. “I could see where her eyes had been,” Hensley says. “For years, I mean, all I could see was that eerie mascara.” 
-
-In the bathroom they found two good sets of fingerprints and palm prints, which, in 1987, were of limited use. DNA analysis was still years away, and fingerprint databases were not yet available in Texas. So while detectives had plenty of physical evidence, there was little they could do with the prints until they were compared with that of a specific suspect. Officers knocked on doors up and down the street. No one had seen anything strange.
-
-At the police department the next day, a lieutenant named Ken Maltby announced that no other detectives would be working the case. He would take it on alone. Hensley exchanged glances with another officer. Today, thirty years after his departure from the force, Hensley is a leathery seventy-year-old retiree living in nearby Granbury. He still has misgivings about the case, beginning with Maltby’s impromptu takeover. “He wanted to be a hero,” he says. 
-
-Maltby, who died in 2016, investigated for two months with little progress. Then, that October, when Maltby stepped aside to assume control of a narcotics unit, Hensley decided to take on the investigation in his spare time—with little guidance, he says, and, surprisingly, no written reports. The case was cold, Hensley remembers. “I looked, but I couldn’t find no damn notes. I didn’t know what people had said to him.”
-
-Hensley started from scratch, attempting to revive the case. Because Susan’s remains were badly decomposed—her upper body appeared to have spent two days in the bathwater—it was unclear whether she had been smothered, strangled, or drowned. But Hensley saw that there were basically two possible scenarios: Susan had been killed either by a stranger—a crime all but unknown in Stephenville—or by someone she knew. There was no sign of forced entry, which suggested the latter. The more Hensley studied the crime scene photos, the more he suspected that Susan had known her killer.
-
-What most struck him was the living room table. There was an open can of Coke and an ashtray containing six cigarette butts. It didn’t fit. Susan wasn’t a habitual smoker, and she avoided caffeine. One friend said she drank nothing but water. The table suggested that she had hosted someone who stayed long enough to open that soda and smoke six cigarettes.
-
-Once Hensley began interviewing Susan’s friends and family, he realized there weren’t many people she would’ve invited into her home. Her social circle had shrunk over the years, a process that accelerated after her husband left. He had taken their car, an old yellow Mustang, and for months she had worked six days a week to save enough money to buy a replacement. She spent Sundays, her day off, mostly doing laundry and buying groceries. She had only a handful of girlfriends and little time for dating.
-
-But there was one thing. According to notes still in the case files, a friend from work named Debra Hardy told of a troubling call from Susan a few weeks before her death. “She was real upset and she said, ‘Debbie, I have got to talk to somebody,’ and I went down there, and she was crying,” Hardy said to investigators. “She had some dark marks on her neck, hickie-looking marks, and she said she didn’t know how or why she let it happen . . . She was afraid what everybody else would think.” Susan wouldn’t say much more, even about who had done it.
-
-Her best friend, Cindy, filled in the blanks. The hickeys were the work of a bartender in Granbury, J. C. Baughman, whom she’d seen a few times. “I said, ‘What happened?’ ” Cindy told the police, “and she said that J.C. had got a little fresh, a little carried away.”
-
-Hensley drove to Granbury to see J.C., who admitted to the affair. After meeting Susan when she and some work friends came to his bar, J.C. had cuddled with her on her couch for a few nights before they had sex, just the once. Susan ended it after the hickeys. J.C. seemed like a sweet guy, in Hensley’s estimation, and he passed a polygraph test. His prints didn’t match any found at the house. 
-
-Hensley’s next suspect, Cindy’s boyfriend (and later husband), Roy Hayes, was just a hunch. Roy was a big, gentle young man who often helped Susan around the house, at one point nailing the windows shut when she worried about her safety; his fingerprints, unsurprisingly, were all over the home. But he also played Dungeons & Dragons, which in those days, at least in a place like Stephenville, carried a whiff of satanism. Hensley interviewed him and found nothing suspicious but asked him to take a polygraph test just to make sure.
-
-They administered it at a Texas Rangers office in Waco. “Donnie meets me right at the door as I come out, and he says, ‘Roy, you failed—you might as well confess,’ ” Roy recalls. “And I’m like, ‘There’s no way. I didn’t have nothing to do with this.’ Hensley says, ‘There is no way this is wrong. You did it.’ ” Then the polygraph technician emerged and announced that, actually, he’d passed. He was cleared.
-
-By Christmas, five months after the murder, Hensley could see he was getting nowhere, which more than a few people in town told him was just plain stupid. Because everyone in Stephenville knew who did it.
-
-### The Podcast
-
-Follow along as award-winning author Bryan Burrough hosts a podcast version of this story, *Stephenville*, available at [TexasMonthly.com/Stephenville](http://texasmonthly.com/Stephenville) and on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, and elsewhere.
-
-![A mural in downtown Stephenville.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/06/stephenville-downtown-16.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=1024&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=819&wpsize=large)
-
-A mural in downtown Stephenville. Photograph by Nick Simonite
-
-In those days Stephenville was a sleepy town of 13,000 or so, conservative and insular. Dairies sprawled across the surrounding countryside. The smell of manure hung in the air some evenings; a fiberglass statue of a dairy cow, dubbed Moo-la, dominated the town square beside the courthouse. The county was dry. You couldn’t even buy beer. 
-
-Children’s activities were defined by 4-H, rodeo, and, on Friday evenings in the fall, high school football. Saturday nights teenagers cruised Washington Street between the Dairy Queens on each side of town; friends who did it together were known as “drag buddies.” On Sundays just about everything closed. Everyone was in church. If you were a man and drove anything other than a pickup, well, someone might glance at you funny. Outsiders got noticed.
-
-And everyone noticed Michael Woods. In a town where FFA jackets, cowboy hats, and close-cropped hair were common, Susan’s then husband wore a leather jacket and engineer boots and had a brown beard, shoulder-length hair, and a bad attitude. He drove a motorcycle, got into fistfights, and never seemed to have a steady job; Susan had been the breadwinner. Michael called himself a musician. Cindy called him a bum. It was whispered around town that he dealt weed, something Michael denies ever doing.
-
-Many days, Michael could be seen lying shirtless in their yard, sometimes lifting barbells, a Harley beside him in the driveway. He wasn’t from Stephenville. No one had to ask to know that. No one ever saw him at the rodeo, or a football game, or church. 
-
-![Michael Woods with his motorcycle in the eighties.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/06/stephenville-murder-3a.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=1024&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=819&wpsize=large)
-
-Michael Woods with his motorcycle in the eighties.Courtesy of Erath County District Attorney
-
-Michael was born in Indianapolis and in second grade moved to El Paso. His mother was fleeing one of what he terms a series of volatile marriages and relationships. Michael later described his upbringing as erratic and abusive. Money was scarce, they moved often, and one of his mother’s carousel of boyfriends was usually in the mix. “She was a little hellion,” is how he puts it. “She liked to party and have kids.” He ended up with seven siblings. 
-
-When he was fifteen, his mother remarried, and the family moved to Virginia. It was then that Michael began leaving home for long periods. He had learned the guitar and loved it, playing Southern rock, Marshall Tucker, Skynyrd. Away from home, he played on street corners and at the odd club—mostly along the East Coast, wherever the mood took him—sleeping on couches where he found them, one step from homelessness. “It wasn’t as rough as being at home,” he remembers.
-
-When he was twenty or so, a friend in El Paso was moving to Stephenville and asked him to drive a truck there. He arrived in small-town Texas in the late seventies and, when the friend needed more help, stayed on. Just a few years out of high school at the time, Susan told friends she spotted him on the drag, though Michael recalls they met when he was playing pinball in a convenience store and she walked in.
-
-If Michael presented as a bad boy, Susan was very much the good girl: sweet, timid, close to her mother, naive. According to Cindy, who befriended her in the Stephenville High clarinet section, Susan hadn’t dated in school; she didn’t even go to her prom. But she thought Michael was adorable, especially his shoulder-length brown hair. She said he looked like rock star Bob Seger. Her friends didn’t get it. 
-
-“I thought he was very immature,” Cindy says. Susan was already working long hours at a nursing home, and “he always wanted to have fun, have a good time,” she recalls. The only serious fight she and Susan ever had, Cindy says, was over Susan’s decision to date him.
-
-![Michael and Susan.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/06/2UwPtXDK-stephenville-murder-4.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=1024&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=819&wpsize=large)
-
-Michael and Susan Woods.Courtesy of Michael Woods
-
-When it came time for Michael to meet Susan’s parents, he didn’t exactly arrive in a blue blazer with a vase of daylilies. “I showed up on her doorstep; it was about ninety degrees outside,” he recalls. “I was wearing a pair of cutoffs and sandals and not much else. And her mother opened the door and about fell on the floor. How disgusting: a man walking around with no shirt and short shorts. So right from the beginning, her family didn’t care for me one bit.”
-
-Joe Atkins, who died in 2015, didn’t waste many words on him. “He had a, I think it was a .357, but he showed me the pistol he had in his closet,” Michael says. “He said, ‘If you ever hurt my daughter, I’m going to shoot you.’ ”
-
-Michael never found steady work in Stephenville. He insists that few businesses wanted to hire, or retain, anyone with long hair. He also admits that as a musician and a night owl, he chafed at nine-to-five jobs. Over the years, he says, he worked in a hayfield, at a Sonic, at an auto-parts factory, and for a place that made cattle feeders. 
-
-“I just did whatever I could until they got tired of me, or I got tired of them,” he says. “I had a bit of an attitude problem back then because when people would try and say stuff like ‘Hey, fur face, get over here,’ I would not react well to that. And in Stephenville during that time period, big guys liked to push their weight around, and that didn’t work with me. I figured, if you’re going to push me around, I’d just pop you in the mouth. I didn’t get along real well.”
-
-In 1980 Michael persuaded Susan to return with him to El Paso, where an uncle had promised him a job. Soon after arriving, they got married. “What she had said to me is ‘My parents are going to disown me if, you know, I’m living with a man out of wedlock. So can we get married?’ ” Michael recalls. “And I said, ‘Well, okay, I can take the day off tomorrow.’ ” They walked into a justice of the peace alone and came out married minutes later. Back in Stephenville, Susan’s parents were aghast. 
-
-The job, meanwhile, didn’t pan out, and before long Michael and Susan had to begin pawning their things. In a letter to Cindy, Susan complained that she was subsisting on bacon-bit sandwiches. Soon enough they were back in Stephenville, but a pattern had been established. Michael detested the town and everything about it. Susan wanted to make him happy but found it hard to be content elsewhere. At least once they moved to Indianapolis to be near Michael’s brother. 
-
-“Two or three times they’d get settled in, get a place, get it fixed up, buy their appliances,” recalls Susan’s friend Gloria Martin. “Mike would get itchy feet: ‘We’re going, we’re going.’ She’d quit her job, move away, sell all their stuff, stay a month, starve to death, come back, and they’d start all over again.”
-
-Until 1985 or so, they shared rental houses with others. Then Susan found the bungalow on McNeill Street, near Stephenville’s downtown. That’s where Michael mostly hung around the house or sunned in the yard. He began acting out. After a disagreement, a neighbor accused him of pouring sugar in her gas tank. He caught the eye of Stephenville police, who he claims would sometimes stop him for no reason. Friends rolled their eyes, wondering when his and Susan’s relationship would end. 
-
-Susan tried. Every day she would come home after her shift and make him dinner, often Cornish game hens. But it wasn’t working. The last straw, at least from Michael’s perspective, was when he told her about his desire to begin flipping houses. Susan, who had earned almost all their money, wasn’t keen to invest. Michael accused her of emasculating him. Finally, in the summer of 1986, a year before her death, he could take it no longer. 
-
-“He more or less gave her an ultimatum: ‘Texas or me,’ ” Barbara Williams, a coworker of Susan’s, told detectives. “She chose Texas.”
-
-Michael went to Indianapolis but, after a series of talks and letters, agreed to return that winter, for what both understood as their final shot at reconciliation. It didn’t take. In February 1987, Michael departed for good, taking their car. He left behind a cassette-tape recording in which he excoriated Susan for destroying their marriage. Years later, Roy and Cindy still marvel at the ferocity of Michael’s feelings. “It was just thirty minutes of what a bitch she was,” Roy says, “how it was all her fault.”
-
-“Her parents were horrible,” Cindy remembers him saying. “They never gave him a chance.”
-
-Almost as bad, Michael had hidden handwritten notes with similar sentiments throughout the house, in cabinets and coat pockets. Susan was still finding them weeks later. It left her deeply shaken. Cindy’s mother begged her to move into their spare bedroom. When she declined, Cindy slept on Susan’s couch for a time. Roy nailed the windows shut and lent her a pistol. 
-
-Susan filed for divorce. Once the shock of the tape and the notes passed, friends noticed that her attitude began to lighten. She bought a car and discreetly trysted with J. C. Baughman. “She was kind of like what you’d read in a book,” Roy says, “a person who has turned a chapter.” As Gloria Martin puts it, “She was the happiest I’ve seen her in a very long time.”
-
-One Friday in late July, Roy and Cindy took Susan to a carnival in nearby Hico. Afterward, they went to a Dairy Queen and ordered hot fudge sundaes. When they were done, Susan ordered a second one, something Cindy had never once seen her do. “She was happy-go-lucky,” Cindy says. 
-
-Four nights later, Susan was found dead. 
-
-Susan’s father, Joe Atkins, disappeared into Ken Maltby’s office almost every day in those first weeks, arguing that Michael was behind his daughter’s murder. It was hard to find anyone who disagreed. Transcriptions of several of Hensley’s interviews still sit in the district attorney’s files, and in every one, Hensley asks who could have done this. And in almost every case, there is a version of the same reply: Michael Woods. Duh. 
-
-“Everything goes back to Michael Woods,” Hensley recalls. “And every time I talked to Joe, it was just, ‘No, Michael did it.’ ” 
-
-After leaving Texas for Indiana, Michael lived quietly, sleeping in a tent he pitched inside a dilapidated house his brother had bought for a song. They spent every available hour remodeling it, eventually carving out four apartments, one of which Michael took. One day, he was standing outside when a pair of Indianapolis police officers drove up. He and his brother had been arguing with neighbors about a parking situation, and Michael agreed to go to the station house, believing that it was necessary to deal with another complaint. 
-
-Once there, though, detectives began asking about his life in Texas, about Susan, about whether he had gone back. “Just off-the-wall questions that didn’t make any sense to me,” he remembers. “And then they stopped and said, ‘Well, you’re lying. We know you killed her. She’s dead. You killed her.’ ”
-
-This was how Michael learned of Susan’s murder, he says. He rushed to the bathroom and vomited. Afterward, the grilling continued. “They just said, ‘Well, you did it. We know you did it. We’ll get you a mental hospital if you just admit to it,’ ” he recalls. “And I’m like, ‘Dudes, I have nothing to do with this.’ ” When they asked him to sign a statement, Michael refused, demanded a lawyer, and left. 
-
-He hadn’t even begun to process his feelings when, within days, “the harassment started,” he says. “Cops started acting in Indianapolis the way they’d been acting in Stephenville: just pull over and talk to me for no reason. I got arrested a couple times for being drunk in public when I hadn’t been drinking. They’d just let me go in the morning and say, ‘Oh no, you’re fine.’ There’s no court, there’s nothing. They just arrest me and throw me in the cell with a bunch of rough dudes, let me out the next morning.”
-
-He vividly remembers the two officers who came from Texas: the initial investigator Ken Maltby and a Texas Ranger. Michael was standing in his yard. “So they pulled up and told me, ‘Get in the car—we’re going to the airport,’ ” he recalls. Michael had begun carrying a gun, fearing just this kind of thing. When he declined to get in the car, they insisted, and he claims he drew back his shirt to reveal the .357 Magnum jammed into his belt. “I said, ‘Nope. We can have a gun battle right here. Go for it. See if you clear leather.’ That’s an old Texas term.” (A Stephenville cop with direct knowledge of the case tells me he doubts that this happened, but Michael maintains that it did.) 
-
-After the harassment in Stephenville, Michael was wary of Texas police, but he says this incident cemented a growing hostility. His lawyer advised against any cooperation, he says, to the point that Michael withheld potentially exculpatory information. Michael would eventually elicit a dozen statements from people who swore they had seen him in Indianapolis at around the time Susan was killed. The lawyer advised him to also keep these from police for the moment; if they were shared, he warned, the Texas cops would no doubt try to undermine the accounts.
-
-What frustrated the Stephenville police most was their inability to secure Michael’s fingerprints. Had the visiting Texans tried a gentler approach, they might have left with them. Court records confirm that Michael would have had no problem handing them over—as long as it occurred in Indiana. “I volunteered to give them blood samples, hair samples, fingerprints,” he recalls. “They insisted it be done in Texas, where the cops have full rein. I felt like if I went to Texas, I’d for sure get shot and police would claim it was an escape attempt.”
-
-Hensley badly needed those prints. By this point, he had no other suspects. He was certain that Michael’s prints would match those found beside Susan’s body—if only he could get them.
-
-In April 1988, nine months after Susan’s murder, Hensley found himself squatting inside an unmarked police surveillance van in Indianapolis, peering at Michael’s house via a periscope that jutted out the top of the vehicle. One day he watched as Michael, his brother, and his sister-in-law began laying out items for what appeared to be a yard sale.
-
-Back in Stephenville, Susan’s family was making a big deal of the fact that Michael had taken not only the couple’s yellow Mustang but also a fur coat and a series of crystal figurines that they felt belonged to Susan. Scrunched inside the van, Hensley spied some of the figurines, which gave him an idea. If they could arrest Michael for theft of the figurines, they could get his fingerprints.
-
-Hensley had a search warrant drawn up. He then accompanied a crew of Indianapolis officers who descended on the house. “They tore it apart and took everything I owned,” Michael says, “with the exception of my guitars, the clothes on my back. They took my cassette tapes, they took my underwear, they took my clothing, they took everything that was mine. Then they found, after their exhaustive search, a marijuana roach in my sister-in-law’s purse. So they arrested me and my brother for that roach, put us in jail, let us out the next day. Never went to court on it.” 
-
-No charges were pursued. But the arrest got Hensley what he wanted: the prints. On the flight back to Texas, he sensed the noose closing around Michael’s neck. He began drawing up an extradition request. He wasn’t at all prepared for the news he got once he returned to Stephenville and compared the prints. “They didn’t match,” he says. “F—ing. Didn’t. Match.”
-
-There had to be an explanation, but Hensley couldn’t think of one. In his bones, he knew that Michael had done this. Everyone in Stephenville did. But there seemed no way to tie him to the crime. In desperation Hensley attended an FBI profiler’s class in Lampasas. Another attendee asked if he had considered the idea of autoeroticism; maybe Susan had died during some kind of elaborate sex game. Hensley looked into it but eventually dismissed the notion as far-fetched.
-
-When he mentioned this to a superior, he says, the officer suggested using the theory as an excuse to close the case. Hensley, who felt intense loyalty to Susan’s family, says he exploded in anger: “If another officer hadn’t stopped me in the hallway, I’d have killed the guy.” 
-
-Soon after, he was reassigned to patrol duty. A few years had passed since Susan’s death, and the investigation was no longer being actively pursued. “This thing haunted me for years,” says Hensley, who, after resigning from the Stephenville force in 1993, went on to work for an arm of the United Nations, at one point helping investigate atrocities after the war in Kosovo. “Kosovo didn’t haunt me. Susan did. I mean, I’m sorry, but every time I talked to Joe Atkins, my heart broke. And I’m a tough old cop. I mean, I thought I was.”
-
-![Michael in Española, New Mexico, in April 2023.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/06/stephenville-murder-5.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=1024&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=819&wpsize=large)
-
-Michael in Española, New Mexico, in April 2023.Photograph by Nick Simonite
-
-No one ever told Michael, much less announced publicly, that he had been all but eliminated as a suspect. For him, and for the people of Stephenville, nothing changed. Joe Atkins kept on as he had before, telling anyone who would listen that Michael was getting away with murder. Cindy and Roy felt the same way.
-
-“It was just an article of faith. For years. Michael Woods was a murderer, and the police department had somehow let him go.”
-
-Eventually the Atkinses took things into their own hands. Susan had a life insurance policy, and Michael was due a death benefit of $11,000 or so. In 1989, two years after Susan’s death, the family sued, claiming that Michael was responsible. He refused to return for the trial. The judge not only awarded the family the $11,000, but he hit Michael with an additional judgment of a mind-boggling $700,000. Michael was told that as long as he stayed out of Texas, it could never be collected. 
-
-In Indianapolis, Michael sank into a funk. It wasn’t just his paranoia almost every morning that this would be the day Texas police finally came for him. The fact is, he had never taken the prospect of divorce seriously. He still loved Susan. He felt certain she had still loved him. “She’ll probably date a couple of cowboys and remember why she loves me,” he recalls thinking. “So I thought we were going to get back together.”
-
----
-
-## “It was impossible to find a single person in Stephenville that didn’t believe Michael Woods was guilty of murder,” one of Hensley’s closest friends, a Stephenville officer named Don Miller, recalls.
-
-At first he tried to move on. He installed home burglar alarms and took a few courses at a technical college, but his heart wasn’t in it. Slowly he realized that nothing would ever be the same. What he wanted most was to be a musician, but his lawyer warned that if he traveled outside Indiana, his risk of arrest multiplied. Instead, he and his brother limited themselves to local gigs, mostly small clubs and private parties. Billed as the Hamilton Brothers, named for their birth father, they’d split the $35 they made for each gig. The money never went far.
-
-It only got worse when the Indianapolis paper ran an article about the case. After that, Michael says, “I had people come to the stage and say, ‘Aren’t you the guy that killed his wife?’ Kind of puts a damper on the rest of your evening when they do that.”
-
-Over time, his funk deepened into depression. “I was going to a therapist. I was on antidepressants,” he says. He turned to recreational drugs, which didn’t help. “I was taking anything anybody offered me as a gig, and I mean anything. Get me out of this world. I drank like a fish. Nothing seemed to cheer me up, or if it did, it wasn’t for long. I was too far gone for therapy to be much good for me. They said that I had an identity crisis and needed to learn how to be me without my wife, which, at the time—I wasn’t me without her. Because I always figured we’ll get back together.”
-
-He prepared relentlessly for the life in prison he expected. “I’m a small guy,” he says, “so I started working out like a madman.” Years went by. It never got much better. Susan’s birthday was in April, and every spring Michael’s mood would darken, growing worse as summer dawned, then peaking around the anniversary of her death in July. He worked construction and trained himself to be a carpenter. He dated some but never found anyone he adored as he had Susan. 
-
-By 2000 or so, he felt everything slipping. Music was the thing he’d always loved most. He stopped practicing as much. He stopped writing songs. At his lowest point, Michael says, he attempted suicide. “I took a whole bottle of tranquilizers and figured, ‘I’ll just go to sleep and not wake up.’ But what I did was, I slept for three days, and I woke up and I was still depressed.”
-
-Finally, in the summer of 2005, came a turning point. He was performing alongside his brother at a birthday party. The eighteenth anniversary of Susan’s death was imminent. “I got finished playing,” he recalls, “and I left the stage and I went around behind the house and I broke down and I was crying.” 
-
-The host, an acquaintance of his named Barbara Gary, followed and asked why. He told her about the murder, explained that it remained unsolved, and said everyone in Stephenville blamed him for it. Gary thought this was terrible. She decided to try and help. Soon after, she sent an email to the Stephenville Police Department. 
-
-![Don Miller at the Stephenville Police Department in May 2023.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/06/stephenville-murder-9.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=1024&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=819&wpsize=large)
-
-Don Miller at the Stephenville Police Department in May 2023.Photograph by Nick Simonite
-
-By the early aughts, Stephenville had a backlog of three unsolved murders, including Susan’s, and Donnie Hensley’s pal Don Miller was asked to look into them. Bald and garrulous, Miller thought Susan’s case was the most promising of the three, but he initially saw little he could do with it. DNA testing was now available, so he had sent the six cigarette butts found in Susan’s living room in for testing, but the results had come back “unidentified male,” which was little help without a suspect’s DNA to compare it with. He was working one of the other cases in July 2005 when he heard about Barbara Gary’s email. 
-
-When he phoned her, Gary said the situation “was killing Michael and his family, and she wanted to know where the case stood,” Miller recalls. If Michael truly wanted closure, he replied, he should talk to him. When Miller heard nothing for five months, he called back and this time managed to get Michael on the phone. Miller asked to come to Indianapolis to get his DNA. Michael was hesitant. He agreed at first and then waffled, at one point canceling after Miller and his partner had already bought plane tickets. They decided to go anyway.
-
-It was winter in Indiana. Shivering in summer-weight sports jackets, they drove to Michael’s address and knocked on the door. “He cracked the door open, and I told him who I was, and he said, ‘Miller, I told you I wasn’t going to cooperate,’ ” Miller says. “And I just started talking.”
-
-He explained how the cigarette butts were the only way to establish Michael’s innocence. “And if you don’t give me your DNA, if you don’t cooperate with me, then I’m going to turn around and I’m going to leave, and this case is going to go nowhere. You’ve got to help me.” Eventually Michael relented. There was just one problem: neither Miller nor his partner had ever used a DNA kit. They read the instructions there, on the front porch, and managed to get it done.
-
-Unlike Hensley and everyone else he talked to in Stephenville, Miller wasn’t wedded to the idea that Michael was the murderer. In fact, given that his fingerprints hadn’t been at the scene, he was confident he could clear him. “I know that DNA is not going to match the cigarette butts; I know that for a fact,” he says. But he needed to clear him anyway because, if and when he found another suspect, whoever it was might claim that Susan’s death had been an accident during risky sex. He needed someone who could testify that she had no history of such behavior, and Michael was the only one. 
-
-Miller returned to Texas, sent in the samples, and as expected, they didn’t match. “So I called and said, ‘Michael, you are one hundred percent cleared from the case. Your fingerprints don’t match; the DNA doesn’t match. You are no longer a suspect.”
-
-Michael began to cry. Then he said thank you and hung up. 
-
-Clearing Michael was great for Michael, not so great for Miller: he was now out of suspects. His only hope was the prints lifted from Susan’s bathroom mirror and tub. In 1999 the FBI had unveiled an electronic national fingerprint database; a department could submit unidentified original prints and have them compared against thousands of others. But Miller’s request to take the prints to Washington was denied, and he felt he couldn’t risk mailing them. 
-
-Then he heard that the Texas Department of Public Safety had gained access to the FBI database. In May 2006, not really expecting that this newfangled technology would produce any kind of breakthrough, Miller drove to Austin and handed the prints to a DPS officer. 
-
-A few days later, the officer called back. “Hey, we got a match on those prints,” he said.
-
-“Who’d they come back to?” Miller asked.
-
-“Joseph Scott Hatley.”
-
-“Never heard of him.”
-
-The officer had no details, only that Hatley had been arrested in 1988 for a robbery in Nevada. He called the Erath County prosecutor, John Terrell. “Do we know a Joseph Scott Hatley?” he asked.
-
-Yeah, Terrell said. Local kid. “Raped a girl, grand jury declined to indict,” he went on. “I’ll get the file for you.”
-
-When Miller read the file, he was floored. The rape of a sixteen-year-old girl in 1988, a year after Susan’s murder, sounded especially brutal. Hatley, he saw, came from a well-known Stephenville family. His late father, Levi, had operated a Texaco station in town, then a wholesale ice business and, later, a diesel-repair shop. His mother, a woman named Celia, was a homemaker. Hatley was the youngest of three children. On the face of it, the family lived a standard small-town Texas life. The Hatleys were hardworking, had doting grandparents, and attended church every Sunday. Hatley’s mother and sister still lived in Stephenville. 
-
-At a glance, there was nothing tying him to Susan Woods. But Miller kept scanning the gruesome details of the yellowing report on the rape. The attack had happened in a roadside park south of town. At one point, after the girl had already been raped, she got up and ran. Hatley, she said, chased and caught her.
-
-“He laid on top of me and told me if I didn’t mind him, he would kill me,” the girl recalled. The next words stopped Don Miller cold. Hatley, she said, told her “he had done it before.”
-
-Miller stared. “Sumbitch, he did it.” 
-
-![An aerial view of Stephenville.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/06/stephenville-murder-13.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=640&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=1024&wpsize=large)
-
-An aerial view of Stephenville. Photograph by Nick Simonite
-
-###### **Part two**
-
----
-
-Fifteen years later, on December 9, 2021, Hatley was found dead in an RV where he had been living alone outside Abilene. He was 56 and had been diagnosed with cancer. Not long after, Miller, who had just retired, took an odd call from a Stephenville police officer. A man who had purchased the RV had found a cache of papers inside. The man, the officer said, was freaking out and wanted to be rid of it all. 
-
-Once he retrieved the cache, Miller saw that much of it was a kind of autobiography, nearly two hundred pages handwritten in neat block letters. It appeared to be Hatley’s earnest attempt to solve the mystery of his life, to understand why it had veered so wildly off course. He paints a portrait of a small-town Texas boy who built a secret life inside the bosom of family and church and tells how everything came apart once he ventured beyond Stephenville. It also answered a vexing question: How had Hatley gotten away with not just one vicious crime but two?
-
-Scott Hatley—Scotty to close friends and family—was born in 1965. He makes clear that from an early age he was consumed by a burning anger he couldn’t fully explain. He claims that his mother was abusive and regularly slapped him, accusations that she would deny. In Hatley’s telling, the abuse “enraged” him, though he kept it inside.
-
-Bullying may have played a role. Like his beloved sister Regina, who was three years older, Hatley was a heavy child, and both kids were teased about their weight. The first serious anger he recalls came upon hearing his sister crying in bed one night after a teasing episode. By the age of eight, he had started to fantasize about getting revenge against those who had hurt him or his sister. 
-
-An inquisitive child, prone to daydreaming, Hatley found much of life perplexing. Questions about sex, which his parents refused to discuss, confounded him, even as news stories of sexual violence stirred in him feelings he couldn’t explain. The family was religious, sometimes debating Scripture at the dinner table; to Hatley, God and Satan were tangible beings who could influence lives. He recalls sitting in the front pew in church, straining for understanding that never came. At around twelve, when his favorite choir leader was fired, he quit the church in disgust. What may have seemed like a healthy and happy upbringing from the outside, he writes, was in fact plagued by confusion and violent musings. At one point, his anger crystallized into what he says became his favorite daydream: an intricate plot, years before mass shootings became a national scourge, to barge into his school and kill everyone in sight. 
-
-Little of this was apparent to those around him. Growing up in the seventies as a blond preteen with a bowl haircut, Hatley played baseball, basketball, and football, worshipped the Dallas Cowboys’ Roger Staubach, and was a Cub Scout. His sister’s friend Gloria Martin recalls him as a Beaver Cleaver type: “Just a nerdy little guy, kind of chubby, and didn’t look like he was particularly popular in school.”
-
-In fact, as a teenager, Hatley developed multiple sides to his identity. At Stephenville High, he was quiet, uninvolved with girls or sports, arranging his classes so he could leave early to help his father at work. Among family, he could be outspoken, even pushy, says Cindy Hayes, who was his first cousin (their mothers were sisters, and the two families spent Thanksgivings and Christmases together).
-
-“Cindy always felt Scott was a bully in the family,” Roy Hayes, who knew Hatley since kindergarten, told me. “He often talked down to other family members like they were slow. Kidded them about being dumb and voting Democrat. He often would pick on siblings and cousins as he got bigger, knowing his mom would not let the family stand up to the baby.” He adds, “He thought he was smarter than everybody.”
-
-Roy was one of the few who seemed to sense Hatley’s dark side. When Cindy urged him to bond with her cousin over a shared love of books, Roy was put off by Hatley’s preoccupation with true crime, especially stories of serial killers such as the Son of Sam. “Even back then, he was drawn to darker stuff,” Roy says. 
-
-At thirteen Hatley began tagging along when his sister and her friends cruised the drag, and when one of them handed him a beer, he found his first true love: “Booze!” he writes. “My mind that always worked too fast slowed down and I could focus for the first time in my life. From the first buzz I knew that alcohol is what I craved, what I needed, what I had to have.”
-
-His other fixation was pornography, which in those days he found in magazines. He hid them, and a stash of vodka, from his parents for years. As a self-described “fat anti-social kid,” Hatley lamented that he never had a girlfriend. “I have often wondered how my life might have turned out if I had learned about relationships at an early age, how to love, care and share with a woman.” 
-
-During his senior year, in 1984, Hatley joined the Air Force Reserve and was training at Carswell Air Force Base, in Fort Worth, to become a munitions specialist. After graduation he endured reservist training in San Antonio before transferring to Colorado for technical school at Lowry Air Force Base, outside Denver. At the dormitory, he met a young, serious, dark-haired woman from Ohio. Hatley had never even kissed a girl. He calls it love at first sight. 
-
-Late one night, they slow-danced to Prince’s “Purple Rain.” On weekends they made love in a cheap hotel. It was the happiest time of his life, Hatley writes. On impulse, they married. Neither their commanding officers nor his parents were thrilled.
-
-Once training ended, Hatley opted not to enlist in the Air Force, but his wife did. She was assigned to a base on the Pacific island of Guam, and after a few months of separation, he joined her there, walking off the flight into a land of azure ocean, white beaches, and deep-green jungle. From the moment they reunited, though, he knew that something was awry. “It seemed that the fire that had burned so hot in us had cooled just a bit,” he writes. “There was a story in her eyes I could not read.” 
-
-She had rented them a small apartment in an outlying village, and at first, things went well enough. They were both heavy drinkers, which helped initially. When she went skydiving with her new friends, he would wait on the ground with a machete, slashing through the foliage when one of them inevitably landed in the jungle. He got a job at an insurance agency, selling policies to service members.
-
-The magic of their courtship, however, was gone. As the weeks wore on, she became distant, and they fought almost daily. Their love life flagged. For the first time in years, he began to pray. When things didn’t improve, he decided to pledge his life to Satan. There was just one problem. In a tragicomic moment, he realized he didn’t actually know how to contact the devil. “I had seen movies and it always seemed to start with candles,” he writes. “My wife had a house full of candles so I gathered some up and lit them. I got on my knees and asked Satan to help me out of my situation . . . I prayed that I would give him my soul for my freedom. If I could have only known what consequences my actions would bring to my life . . . May God have mercy on my soul.”
-
-It seems to have been a onetime thing, but the memory plagued him for years. In his manuscript Hatley returns to the incident again and again, wondering if his impromptu plea to Satan explained the things he would later do.
-
-He drank more in a vain effort to forget his troubles. This soon took a toll at work. His sales commissions shrank. Whether in need of money or to keep up appearances, he began using an office copy machine to crudely forge company checks. 
-
-His wife, meanwhile, began going out alone. Hatley came to believe she was having an affair. Years later, he pinpointed this as the moment his life changed forever, giving him the “fuel that I would use to destroy my life . . . I just did not have the maturity or experience to overcome this kind of thing.”
-
-He called his mother, and she told him to come home. He stumbled off the plane “so drunk I could barely walk.” Stephenville was exactly the same as he’d left it. But he realized he wasn’t. “I was broken,” he writes. 
-
-Now 21, Hatley went back to work for his father and eventually rented a small apartment. Making a stab at reinvention, he asked people to call him by his first name, Joseph. But he couldn’t put Guam out of his mind. It wasn’t just the end of his marriage. When his embezzlement was discovered, his old boss threatened to bring criminal charges unless he repaid what he had stolen. He indicates that he took out a bank loan to do so. 
-
-When he wasn’t at work, he drank, usually vodka, sometimes starting after breakfast. He knew he’d lost control but didn’t care; when he suffered blackouts, he was relieved to depart reality. After he got a cold and took cough syrup, he liked it so much he began mixing it with the vodka: V-syrup, he called it. It became his daily tonic. In time he added a can of Pepsi, mixing it in a 44-ounce foam cup from Sonic, which he would sip during long drives in the brown pickup his parents bought him after graduation. They knew he was drinking, and when he disappeared they would search for him.
-
-He cruised the roads around Stephenville for hours, brooding, cranking up Mötley Crüe. What social life he had revolved around his sister Regina and her friends, all in their twenties. Many nights he joined Roy and Cindy Hayes and four or five others to drink and play cards around Regina’s circular kitchen table; they began calling themselves “members of the Round Table.” He took to sleeping with one of them, a married woman, a fleeting affair he dismisses as “two lonely people trying to feel loved.”
-
-![Roy Hayes holds a photograph of his late friend Susan Woods and his wife, Cindy Hayes, in his Stephenville home, on May 30, 2023.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/06/stephenville-murder-8.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=1024&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=819&wpsize=large)
-
-Roy Hayes holds a photograph of his late friend Susan Woods and his wife, Cindy Hayes, in his Stephenville home on May 30, 2023.Photograph by Nick Simonite
-
-At the kitchen table, Hatley talked openly about his impending divorce. The others worried about him, but not much. “I could tell the drinking was getting more and more,” Cindy says. “He was heavier, getting heavier every time we saw him.” 
-
-Then, on a fateful night in July 1987, a new face appeared at the Round Table: Cindy’s best friend, Susan Woods. Though she was eight years older than him, Hatley had known Susan, and Michael, for years. The first marijuana he ever bought, he said, he bought from Michael, a claim Michael denies. 
-
-That night in his sister’s kitchen, Hatley writes, he was drunk and thought Susan was flirting with him. He remembers flirting back. And that—a single evening, a single interaction, a single moment—was all it took. 
-
-The following Sunday night, after another drunken drive, he decided to swing by Susan’s house unannounced. “You must understand that I did not set out that night to hurt anyone,” Hatley writes. 
-
-She welcomed him in. In his telling, they listened to records and had a few joints—in fact, they were cigarettes. At some point, he writes, “I overstepped my bounds and Susan slapped me.” What happened next, Hatley says, was a blur.
-
-“By the time I came out of the fog I had brutalized her,” he writes. “At first she said she was going to tell what I had done to her. She then said she would not tell anyone if I just let her go. I found it interesting that she thought any of that mattered. I asked her if she believed in God. She said she did. I told her then you need to pray.
-
-“All of these years later I still do not know why I said that. I honestly do not know if I was mocking God or if I still had a little humanity left in me . . . All I know with certainty is the last moments of Susan’s life were spent in prayer. That night I took the life of a kind, sweet, loving woman who never did anything to me but show me kindness. My God I had become a monster.”
-
-![Downtown Stephenville.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/06/stephenville-downtown-15.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=640&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=1024&wpsize=large)
-
-Downtown Stephenville. Photograph by Nick Simonite
-
-Afterward he drove home. The police station was on his way. He paused at the adjacent stop sign and considered pulling into the station. Instead, he drove on. Four days later, news of the murder appeared in the *Fort Worth Star-Telegram*. “I wish with all my heart that I could tell you that I mourned for what I had done but that would be a lie,” he writes. “Reading about it in the paper was a high like I had never had before.” 
-
-He went to the funeral, signed the guest book, noticed the loitering police officers, and felt nothing. When his group gathered in his sister’s kitchen for the first of a long series of boozy nights debating who might have killed Susan, Hatley was an enthusiastic participant. “He was drinking heavily and making jokes,” Roy says. “He’d call the cops the Keystone Cops. If you wanted to find a cop, you need to go to the doughnut shop. Maybe the murderer would wander in there.”
-
-It’s a sentiment that permeates Hatley’s manifesto. “A basic investigation would have identified me in only a few days,” he writes, terming the police hicks and rubes. “I could not believe that they never once interviewed me. A week before \[Susan\] was partying with us at the Round Table. My God how could they have missed that? \[Instead\] the detectives decided it had to be the ex-husband. They homed in on him and never let up. Yet another one of my victims.” 
-
-Many evenings and every weekend Hatley hung out at Regina’s, drinking vodka and smoking in the backyard deep into the night. He soon noticed a fifteen-year-old girl who lived next door, Shannon Myers, a rebellious newcomer whose family had recently moved to Stephenville from Arkansas. Shannon spent much of her time partying at Tarleton State University’s fraternity houses. Her mother had all but given up trying to rein her in. She came and went as she pleased.
-
-That summer of 1987, bored and with little to do, Shannon befriended Hatley’s cousin Melissa, who babysat Regina’s two kids. Shannon began hanging out at the house. She vividly remembers her first meeting with Hatley, who was seven years older than she was. 
-
-“He walked in and we kind of made eye contact and he just started paying attention to me,” she recalls. “No one ever took the time to sit down and really talk to me. And I was like, ‘This is nice.’ ” They struck up a friendship. “Just good old porch conversation. I saw more of the sweeter, caring side of Scott than most did.”
-
-Then, one night on Regina’s couch, he kissed her. “And we just started having the relationship there.” The next day they had sex at Regina’s house. 
-
-They soon fell into a routine. Shannon would go out partying most nights, and then, after parking her blue Mercury Cougar back home, she would smell the cigarette smoke and hear the clink of ice in a glass, signs that Hatley was in the backyard waiting for her. She would wander over and they would end up having sex, often in one of Regina’s bathrooms.
-
-“Looking back on it now, he was very controlling,” she says. “When I’d leave, he’d ask, ‘Hey, where are you going?’ And I would tell him, and it was ‘What time are you going to be home?’ ”
-
-Shannon was being sexually abused by someone close to her family. She thinks that it made her easy prey for Hatley. “I needed to be loved,” she recalls, “and Scott played on that.” After sex, she says, “he kept telling me that I’m special, I’m the special one. And that still, today, sends shivers through my spine.”
-
-![Shannon Myers Stephenville](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/06/stephenville-shannon-14.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=1024&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=819&wpsize=large)
-
-Shannon Myers in April 2023.Photograph by Nick Simonite
-
-After several weeks, Shannon says, her mother discovered what was happening. “She didn’t like the age difference,” she says. Distraught, Shannon’s mother confronted Hatley in a Kmart parking lot. He promised to end the relationship, as did Shannon, but they didn’t. When Hatley started renting an apartment, he and Shannon began meeting there.
-
-One night in September, Shannon took her white poodle, Deedee, to the apartment. Lately she had sensed that Hatley was under some kind of stress—today she speculates that it had to do with Susan’s murder—but what happened came out of nowhere. When they began to have sex, he seemed more forceful, more aggressive.
-
-“And I kind of backed away and was like, ‘Hey, stop, you’re hurting me,’ ” Shannon remembers. “And, well, as soon as I said ‘stop,’ all hell broke loose. In his eyes was a coldness. And I was like, ‘Okay, what the heck’s happening?’ He took a knife out and held it to my throat.” 
-
-She didn’t object, she says, out of concern that Hatley might hurt Deedee, who had begun to growl. “Me, fifteen-year-old me, I was worried about my dog,” she says. “And then I finally pushed him off me, and I grabbed my dog, and I ran out.”
-
-She was fast-walking home when Hatley pulled up alongside her in his pickup. He asked to give her a ride, and at first she refused, so he apologized. “And I looked at him, and I didn’t see that anger in his face anymore.” She got in the vehicle. In her driveway, “he looked at me and put his hand on my face and said, ‘I’m sorry. I love you.’ And I said ‘Love you’ back.”
-
-When Shannon told her mother about the assault, she insisted on going to the police. While being interviewed at the station, Shannon sensed the officers’ skepticism once she said she and Hatley had an ongoing sexual relationship. She says her reputation as a “wild child” probably influenced her treatment. “It was ‘he said, she said,’ ” Shannon remembers. “They just viewed it as I was the crazy one.” 
-
-But according to Hatley’s journals, the police gave so little credence to Shannon’s story that he didn’t even have to contest the accusation. When an officer paid him a visit, he thought he’d soon be linked to the murder. “That did not happen. What happened was the \[officer\] told me that this was a screwed up little girl so I should stay away from her. Incredible!”
-
-Deeply frightened, and confused by the police department’s refusal to prosecute, Shannon cut off contact with Hatley, though she continued visiting his cousin Melissa next door in daylight hours, when he was gone. Once, when she hadn’t realized that Hatley was in the house, she overheard him arguing with his sister. “They were having a conversation about ‘Well, you shouldn’t have messed with her,’ ” she recalls. “And he goes, ‘Yes, but I love her.’ And she goes, ‘But she’s fifteen!’ ” 
-
-The police visit, meanwhile, left Hatley deeply paranoid, convinced he would soon be arrested. He lived near the station and, each day, watched cruisers drive past his apartment. He dreamed of taking Shannon on a cross-country crime spree à la Bonnie and Clyde and writes that she was initially receptive. She strongly denies this. According to Shannon, their only communication was a barrage of plaintive phone calls and letters. “He basically stalked me.” She ignored him. 
-
-Nine months passed. She tried dating boys her age, but after a difficult breakup, she finally agreed to see Hatley again. It was July 1988, a year after Susan’s death. “I was over at Regina’s house, and he was already there,” she recalls. “And he goes, ‘Hey, can I talk to you? I miss you.’ And I’m like, ‘Oh, I miss you too.’ ” Shannon was still uneasy. “I didn’t really trust him. I feared him a little bit.”
-
-Sometime later, Hatley called her at home one evening. “He kept saying, ‘Shannon, I really want to see you tonight. I need to explain why I did what I did to you.’ And the sixteen-year-old me wanted answers. You know, ‘If you loved me so much, why did you hurt me?’ ”
-
-They met in a laundromat parking lot. The moment she climbed into his truck, “I immediately knew I made a mistake,” she says. “We drove off, and he locked the door and he goes, ‘Come over and sit beside me.’ Just the way he was talking to me was totally different. He had aggression in his voice. And I was doing exactly what he told me because I was afraid.”
-
-As they drove, though, he kept telling her they were destined to be together, and she briefly warmed to him. “I’m just wanting to be loved and accepted,” she says. They pulled up to a roadside park south of town, where Hatley parked out of sight of the road. “As soon as we got there, everything changed,” Shannon goes on. “He turned back to that night when he raped me with a knife, the look in his eyes and everything, and I knew I was in trouble.” 
-
-He pressed her to have sex, and when she refused, he slapped her. They got out of the truck and sat on a picnic table. “He immediately started taking off my clothes, and we ended up having intercourse, and it was brutal.” He started hitting her so hard it knocked her unconscious. After she came to, she felt blood coming out of her ear. He raped her repeatedly, taking breaks to smoke a cigarette and have a drink. 
-
-Thinking he would kill her and hide her body, Shannon began tossing her things—a hairpin, her bra, the beret she was wearing—hoping the police might find them later. “I fought for my life there,” she says. “I remember going in and out of consciousness and thinking I’m not going to get out of here alive. And there was a little bitty spring, because it rained a few days before, so it was a little muddy. He took me by that water. Scott had a fascination with water and having sex in the bathroom. That’s where he wanted to have sex every time at Regina’s.” He pushed her face into the little spring as he raped her again. Police later surmised that it was the same fantasy he had acted out with Susan.
-
-It went on like this for six hours. “I knew I had to turn the tables on him in order to survive,” she says. “I knew I had to convince him that I loved him.” Eventually, they got back into the cab of the truck, and Shannon sat as far away from him as she could. “And he goes, ‘No, I want you over here by me.’ And that was probably one of the scariest minutes of my life. Do I breathe? Do I don’t breathe? I was scared to make a sound and scared to show my face, because if I showed my face he’s going to see that he did damage to me.” If he saw the blood and bruises and realized the severity of what he’d done, she feared, he would know that this time the rape could not be swept under a rug.
-
-“So I looked down real fast and he couldn’t see the bruises; he couldn’t see the swelling. And he was caressing the side of my face and he goes, ‘Are you okay?’ And I’m like, ‘I’m okay.’ And I said, ‘I just want to start my life with you.’ And he goes, ‘I’m sorry for what I did.’ And I said, ‘It’s okay. I love you. I just need to listen to you.’ And I remember saying that to him and he goes, ‘Don’t you turn me in.’ I said, ‘I’m not going to say anything,’ and he believed me.”
-
-He reached under the dashboard and turned on the ignition. He drove her to the laundromat parking lot and left her just before the sun rose. “I’ve never ran so fast in my life,” Shannon says. When she got home, she fell into her stepfather’s arms, and he yelled for her mom. They rushed her to the hospital.
-
-This time her account was taken seriously. Nurses administered a rape kit, if awkwardly; it wasn’t clear if any of them had done it before. Because the attack had occurred outside city limits, the investigation fell to the Erath County Sheriff’s Office, whose deputies soon arrived at the hospital to interview her. Badly bruised and bloody, but still alive, Shannon Myers told them everything.
-
-The next morning, Hatley was awakened by a knock at his door. Glancing through the curtains, he saw that it was a deputy sheriff. He took a swig of vodka and fetched his pistol. He prepared to shoot the deputy as soon as he entered the apartment. But the officer left when no one came to the door. 
-
-Hatley assumed that the authorities would soon return in force. He packed a bag, threw in his pistol, and drove to the bank, where he drained his account. Then he headed west, no clue where he was going. That night he drank beer in an El Paso motel, staring out at Mexico. The next day he went farther west, thinking he might see the ocean in California, but when he spied billboards for Las Vegas, he steered there instead. 
-
-He had no plan. Days, he drank and wandered. Nights, at a motel on Fremont Street, he drank more and pondered suicide. More than once he put the gun into his mouth. Running low on money, he walked into a strip-mall shoe store, tried on a pair of shoes, then pointed his gun at the saleswoman. He trotted out with $120, the shoes, and a powerful adrenaline rush. After that, he tried to rob a hotel clerk, but the man barely understood English and started shoveling him handfuls of coins. Hatley became enraged and was about to shoot him but took off when someone approached the outside door. 
-
-The next day, while scouting new targets, he noticed a motorcycle policeman behind him. A moment later, three patrol cars appeared. He drew his gun into his lap. A helicopter hovered into view. When the patrol cars hit their lights, he heard a voice on a loudspeaker telling him to pull over. He eased into a Denny’s parking lot. For a moment, he considered starting a gunfight. Instead, he crawled out and lay on the pavement and was arrested. Thrown into a holding tank, Hatley waited for the Stephenville police to arrive and haul him back to Texas to answer for the rape and no doubt the murder. 
-
-They never came. 
-
-![Scott Hatley after his 2006 arrest.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/06/stephenville-murder-12.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=640&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=1024&wpsize=large)
-
-Scott Hatley after his 2006 arrest. Courtesy of Erath County Sheriff’s Office
-
-In a Las Vegas courtroom, Hatley was convicted of two counts of armed robbery and faced a thirty-year sentence for each. Instead, a judge, noting his age, sentenced Hatley to 120 days in a youth offender program. After he served that brief stint, his parents drove him home. By the time he arrived back in Stephenville, it was becoming clear that his escape west had been a misjudgment. It turned out there was no reason to have fled. A grand jury had already declined to indict him for the rape. 
-
-His parents had fought it in his absence. “His mother went to the church and got all the members of the congregation to sign up about what a great boy he was,” Roy recalls. According to Don Miller, the Hatleys hired a private investigator who “did a hatchet job on Shannon.” Miller said that at the time, if you could prove the victim was promiscuous, the charge would likely be dismissed. “Hatley was clean-cut,” Miller says. “He was a Stephenville kid. One of us, you know? Shannon, well, she did not enjoy that reputation.”
-
-Shannon thought Hatley would be jailed for years in Nevada, so she was stunned when she spotted him back in town. She told police, who hadn’t known either. She assured herself that the sheriff’s rape investigation would put him away. Then came the official letter in the mail. “I was reading it,” she says, “and I’m like, ‘What does this mean, not indicting him?’ What does this mean, ‘lack of evidence’?” She went over to her neighbor’s, who helped her make sense of it. “And she’s trying to find the words, and she goes, ‘They should have indicted him.’ I was confused. I was hurt. I felt like I was raped all over again.” 
-
-Several of those involved in the Stephenville law enforcement community now acknowledge the egregious injustice. There were multiple failings. It’s easy to criticize the Stephenville police for focusing so much of their energies on investigating Michael Woods, and for so casually ignoring Shannon’s first rape allegation. Another serious criticism could be directed against the Erath County Sheriff’s Office, which failed to pass on to police what Shannon told them of Hatley’s admission to a previous murder. 
-
-“Hindsight, heck yeah, we should have known about Hatley,” Miller says. “But in all of the statements and reports we did, none of Susan Woods’s friends ever mentioned he was in her circle. The only red flag would have been if somebody in the sheriff’s office would have listened to what Shannon was saying, and really listened to her, and correlated it over to Susan Woods. But to my knowledge no one ever knew they had even met. I had no idea. And Donnie didn’t either.”
-
-As for Shannon, she never understood what happened inside the grand jury, whose deliberations were secret. But afterward, she noticed that Hatley seemed to turn up in places she was visiting: at Regina’s, a fraternity party, and the skating rink. “He was following me,” she says. It was almost as if the grand jury decision had emboldened him. After seeing him at the rink, she took a friend with her and drove home. Hatley’s truck was already in the driveway next door. 
-
-“I called him out,” Shannon says. “I’m like, ‘Scott, you need to come out now.’ ” He refused. “I’m like, ‘Quit being a chickenshit and come out and face me like a man.’ I stood up to him that night. We had words out in the front yard, and I told him to stop. I’m like, ‘You know what you did to me.’ ” 
-
-He quit harassing her after that. Even so, Shannon’s life was beginning to crumble. Her mother and stepfather moved away, and she stayed with an uncle. Barely a year after the rape, in a bid for security of some sort, she suddenly got married to a local boy. It lasted ninety days. Afterward, she leaned heavily on a friend for support, but then he was killed in a motorcycle accident. “My world crashed,” Shannon says. At her lowest, she considered killing herself. 
-
-Instead she fled, moving to Pasadena, southeast of Houston, with her mother when she was nineteen. She would seek professional counseling for years after that. Things never came easy. But, she told herself, she was still alive. She was a survivor. And she had escaped Stephenville.
-
-Back living with his parents, having gotten away with murder and rape, Hatley knew for sure he couldn’t stay in Stephenville. The specter of imminent arrest was ever present. He moved to Nashville and in 1993 got married, and he and his wife had two children. Like his older brother, Hatley became a truck driver. By his telling, he was a good one, valued by his company for the long hours he drove. He worked so hard, he says, his dispatcher once asked what he was running from. “Myself,” he said. 
-
-Alone out on the road, Hatley writes, “I honed my skill at picking up broken women,” mostly in roadside bars. If he violated the law doing so, there is no known record of it. He took pills to stay awake on the road and ended up rear-ending another truck in Dallas, which led to his dismissal. He then took a job in a Nashville grocery warehouse. It paid well, but his past remained a torment; he was never able to get the murder out of his mind. He drank every night and at all hours on weekends. His daughter was injured in a car accident and required extended bouts of physical therapy. His wife was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. When a tornado damaged their apartment complex, they moved into a duplex, only to see it destroyed when a drunk driver plowed through it. He began to believe that it was all God’s punishment for what he’d done.
-
-Years passed, five, then ten. His life calmed. In the late nineties, Hatley’s company proposed promoting him to help run a warehouse in Round Rock. Returning to Texas felt like a serious risk. “Deep down I knew it was a mistake but in the end my ego and greed won my emotional battle,” he writes.
-
-They found a nice poolside apartment, but Hatley’s drinking was destroying the marriage. He and his wife fought, sometimes violently. She later alleged that he beat her. His schedule didn’t help. He worked nights and slept most days, which is what he was doing one morning in 2006 when, after nineteen long years, they finally came for him.
-
-![The roadside park where Shannon Myers was raped in 1988.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/06/stephenville-murder-10.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=640&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=1024&wpsize=large)
-
-The roadside park where Shannon Myers was raped in 1988. Photograph by Nick Simonite
-
-It was June 6. As they drove from Stephenville to Round Rock that day, Don Miller turned to his partner and said, “Make no mistake, the day is six-six of ’06, and we are about to meet the devil himself.”
-
-A few months earlier, after reading the file on Shannon’s rape, Miller had tracked down Hatley in Round Rock. He asked police there to bring him in for questioning. The man who appeared voluntarily in a police interrogation room the next day was a forty-year-old warehouse supervisor, nearly three hundred pounds, with close-cropped dark hair and a matching mustache. When Miller told Hatley why they’d come, he seemed blasé, almost bored. 
-
-“He comes in and tries to act calm, cool, and collected, nonchalant, which to me is a big red flag,” Miller says. Innocent people tend to heatedly deny false allegations. “That’s not what he did. He just said, ‘I didn’t have anything to do with it. Maybe I might have had sex with her. I don’t remember. I don’t think so.’ ” 
-
-Miller wasn’t seeking a confession and didn’t need one. The physical evidence was enough for an arrest, and Hatley agreed to provide his DNA. When it matched the material found at the scene, as Miller was confident it would, a conviction would likely follow. So he didn’t push. When he asked why Hatley’s fingerprints had been found at Susan’s, the man shrugged, insisting that “members of the Round Table” spent many evenings there. At one point, a Round Rock officer took Miller aside and told him to keep talking. Hatley’s wife was considering charges of her own. 
-
-The next day, Round Rock police reinterviewed him. Just as Miller had anticipated, Hatley now claimed he’d had a “kinky” affair with Susan, an assertion that Miller knew was a lie. Meanwhile, Hatley’s wife went ahead with the charges. That night, when Hatley took his family to dinner at IHOP, Round Rock police descended on the restaurant and arrested him on domestic abuse charges. A few days later, Miller filed the arrest warrant for the murder. When the results came back on the DNA, Hatley’s genetic material matched that on the cigarette butts. 
-
-The news landed like a meteorite in Stephenville. Before the arrest was announced, Miller found Susan’s father at the golf course. Miller told him they had the man who murdered his daughter. Joe Atkins refused to believe that it could’ve been anyone but Michael Woods. It was the same everywhere. “Nobody believed me,” Miller remembers. 
-
-Roy and Cindy Hayes were among the doubters. Almost twenty years after Susan’s death, Roy was still irked at his treatment by police. Rumors of his involvement had cost him the career in law enforcement he’d planned and at least one other job, he says. He thought Cindy’s cousin Scott was now being wronged in the same way. Not until Miller personally explained the evidence did Roy and Cindy come around. This caused a rift with the Hatley family. Roy remembers Hatley’s mother telling them, “We need to circle the wagons. It is our family against the cops.” According to Cindy, “It tore our family completely apart.”
-
-Michael was in a college class when Miller phoned. Although he’d already been cleared, he had never felt truly safe with the case still unsolved. He took the call outside. “I hadn’t had a cigarette in a year,” he says. “My professor, who came out with me, gave me one. I needed it. I cried a little bit. It was surreal: they finally got him. I was beginning to think they never would.” 
-
-It took forever for Miller to track down Shannon Myers. She had been so traumatized by the two rapes that she had “basically gone into hiding,” she says. For years she was stricken with panic attacks and migraines. News of Hatley’s arrest offered her the validation Stephenville had never given her. Today, after years of therapy, Shannon is happily married and working in the Houston area.
-
-“When Miller called me, oh Lordy. I was mad. I was relieved. ‘Now you’re finally listening?’ ” Shannon says. “He kept telling me, ‘I believe you. I believe you.’ And that’s what I needed to hear.” She’s grateful the full story is finally being told, she says, “because I truly believe there are other victims out there. He was a trucker, remember. I can’t be the only one.”
-
-There was no showy trial, no dramatic perp walk, no teary confessions. Confronted by the physical evidence, Hatley quietly [cut a deal](https://www.myplainview.com/news/article/Man-sentenced-to-30-years-in-woman-s-1987-death-8640961.php) to serve thirty years. It wasn’t what some had hoped for, but Susan’s parents wanted to avoid the attention of a trial, and Hatley agreed to testify against one of his new cellmates in the Stephenville jail. 
-
-He was sent to Huntsville, where in time he claimed to have rediscovered religion, wrote his manifesto, and, in 2017, was diagnosed with bladder cancer that soon went into remission. Released the following year on good behavior, [having served just eleven years](https://web.archive.org/web/20210610120404/https://www.yourstephenvilletx.com/news/20180801/confessed-murderer-released-from-prison-family-appalled), he entered a halfway house in Midland, found a job repairing oil-field trucks, and, after being laid off at the outset of the coronavirus pandemic, moved into an RV park outside Abilene to be near one of his daughters, Amanda. He was sober, and things went well for a time. It didn’t last.
-
-“I don’t know what happened, but I’m pretty sure he started drinking again,” Amanda says. “He distanced himself from us. He didn’t come around for months at a time, then he’d just pop up at the door. I told him he needed to call, and we’d have a big fight.”
-
-On Halloween 2021, Hatley told her his cancer had returned and spread to his spine. Six weeks later his landlord found him dead on the floor of his trailer. He was 56. 
-
-Hatley had never admitted to Amanda what he had done in Stephenville. She learned the details only after she read his manuscript. “All those things he did, the rape and the violence, he did those same things to my mom,” Amanda says. “So it didn’t surprise me.” She pauses to regain her composure. “I don’t know what to tell you. My dad was just a really bad guy.”
-
----
-
-*This article originally appeared in the July 2023 issue of* Texas Monthly *with the headline “A Killer Among Us.”* ***[Subscribe today](https://subscription.texasmonthly.com/servlet/OrdersGateway?cds_mag_code=TXP&cds_page_id=261743)****.*
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-Date: 2023-09-25
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-TimeStamp: 2023-09-25
-Link: https://www.vox.com/science/23818926/florida-invasive-species-iguanas-tegus-monkeys
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-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-FloridahasbecomeazooAliteralzooNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# Florida has become a zoo. A literal zoo.
-
-**FORT LAUDERDALE, Florida** — I was told the monkeys would be here, although nothing about this spot seemed particularly suitable for wildlife. On a stifling morning in late July, I stood in a large parking lot near Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, about 40 minutes north of Miami. Cars drove in and out. Planes passed low overhead. It reeked of gasoline.
-
-The only visible natural habitat was a sliver of forest, just a few hundred feet wide, wedged between the paved lot, a field of oil tanks, and a highway. I couldn’t find monkeys in the lot, so I tried my luck in the forest.
-
-It turned out to be more of a swamp. With each step, thick mud crept past my ankles, making it difficult to move. A thorny underbrush etched puffy red lines into my bare legs.
-
-Half an hour in, when I was about to turn back in pursuit of air conditioning and a fresh pair of socks, I heard a rustling overhead. I froze in place and looked up. There, through the branches, I saw the unmistakable face of a monkey.
-
- ![](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/rA-FHy7G_NHcfeV9JsKSoZZED8Y=/0x0:1920x1280/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1920x1280):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24896252/02_Benji.jpg)
-
-A vervet monkey spotted in a small swamp near Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport.
-
-Benji Jones
-
-To see exotic animals in Florida, one could visit [Disney](https://www.vox.com/disney)’s Animal Kingdom, Busch Gardens, or Zoo Miami. Or they could just step outside.
-
-The Sunshine State is utterly brimming with nonnative species. More than [500](https://myfwc.com/news/all-news/nonnative-223/) of them have been reported here, which is [more](https://www.fws.gov/story/2023-05/aquatic-invasive-species-control-florida-it-takes-village) than in any other state, and many of them are considered “invasive,” meaning they harm humans or ecosystems. For most of their evolutionary history, these species have never set foot in Florida — they’ve never been near a [Publix](https://www.vox.com/e/23626044), or [Magic Kingdom](https://www.vox.com/e/23636128), for that matter.
-
-In the last few decades, Florida has become an unmanaged zoo, an uncontrolled experiment. And each year, the decision of what to do with it gets harder.
-
-  ![A group of vervet monkeys hang around a parking lot in Fort Lauderdale.](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Z_evGy5tYytmepjpCdFrOTd6vnA=/0x0:1920x1080/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1920x1080):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24896420/Collage_1_V2.png)Benji Jones
-
-The monkeys I spotted were vervets, a species native to Africa. That afternoon, I followed a troop from the swamp back to the parking lot, where they lounged in the shade under a parking shuttle and fed on peanuts that someone had put out. One of the monkeys was carrying an infant. A different population of monkeys — a group of rhesus macaques, a species native to Asia — lives in a state park north of Orlando. Some of those [are infected with a form of herpes](https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2020/02/25/rhesus-macaques-herpes-florida/) that can be deadly to humans.
-
-While monkeys are still somewhat rare in this part of the world, there’s another group of nonnative animals that’s absolutely everywhere: the reptiles. The iguanas and pythons, geckos and basilisks, anoles and agamas. In South Florida, the ground literally moves with green and brown lizards. The trees do, too; some of them are home to color-changing chameleons native to Africa and the Middle East.
-
-These creatures are unwelcome — and in some cases, despised. Exotic species are blamed for harming local ecosystems and damaging human property, so the state is trying to get rid of them. It’s gone as far as turning eradication into a sport. Florida’s Fish and Wildlife Commission (FWC), the state wildlife agency, sponsors “rodeos,” events where people compete to kill as many of a certain invasive species as possible. At times, Florida’s battle against exotic species turns violent. Videos online show people [hunting lizards](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7NjBKUiKqs), [frogs](https://youtu.be/Ny6A9V0omAw), and [other species](https://www.youtube.com/shorts/e9tZOYdIoc8) with blowguns, air rifles, and slingshots, all in the name of saving the environment.
-
-For the most part, these efforts aren’t working. And it’s not clear what could. By transforming the natural environment, and covering it with buildings, lights, and lawns, we’ve created the perfect place for many of these exotic species to breed and thrive. Meanwhile, nonnative animals continue to leak into the environment from Florida’s gargantuan pet industry. Eradication has become a game of whack-a-lizard.
-
-That leaves Florida in a tough position: Killing sprees are often futile and even cruel, and yet the state can’t simply let all introduced species run rampant. Florida is a zoo. Are its keepers up for the job?
-
----
-
-**This question brought me to Florida during a heat wave in July, where I went on a safari, of sorts — an invasive species safari.** My aim was to travel around the state in search of nonnative animals and in the process, answer another, more basic question: Why are there so many exotic creatures in Florida to begin with?
-
-A major advantage of this kind of safari is that you don’t have to travel far to find wildlife. One afternoon, I was walking around a gated community in a suburb of Miami. I passed a man unloading groceries from his trunk and another resident walking his dog. Nothing stood out, except for the giant reptile lying in a pile of lawn waste. It was an Argentine black and white tegu, a species native to South America that can grow nearly 5 feet long.
-
- ![](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/fwIIVgstIcM7lK9GLCJwpjxJhBg=/0x0:1920x1080/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1920x1080):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24887556/08_Benji.jpg)
-
-An Argentine black and white tegu, a large lizard native to South America.
-
-Benji Jones
-
-Like most of Florida’s nonnative reptiles and amphibians, tegus were brought to the state by the local pet trade. The industry here — made up of pet breeders and sellers — is [among the largest in the country](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8407969/), and this is [especially true for reptiles](https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/UW365), as journalist Bryan Christy writes in his 2008 book [*The Lizard King*](http://www.thelizardkingbook.com/)*.* Florida is a place where you can drive into the country and stumble upon snake farms off of dirt roads.
-
- ![](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Z2LDEVdMl60kBJyijBHlyCKDqC8=/0x0:2823x3126/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:2823x3126):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24896463/Snake_FL_Zoo.jpg)
-
-Steven Tillis, a snake breeder and academic researcher in Florida, holding a blood python that he bred.
-
-Benji Jones
-
-Many scientists blame the pet trade for releasing exotic animals into Florida. Sometimes those introductions are an accident: Hurricanes and other storms can destroy reptile breeding facilities, allowing the animals to escape. In other instances, the problem is more like carelessness. In South Florida, for example, tegus, [among the most popular](https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/3/676) reptile pets in the US, escaped from a breeding facility “where they were kept negligently in open cages,” Frank Mazzotti, a professor of ecology at the University of Florida, wrote in the book *Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of the United States.*
-
-Sometimes, however, nonnative species are just deliberately put into the environment. In South Florida, there’s such a thing as “chameleon ranches’’ — outdoor spots where people raise chameleons to sell. As opposed to breeding these animals indoors, which can be challenging and expensive, people will place them in trees outside, where the animals will reproduce on their own. Outside, chameleons are easier to raise. They’re also easier to lose. (Chameleons are famously good at hiding.)
-
-One night after dark, I drove to a rural neighborhood in southwest Florida with a pair of reptile researchers who had agreed to help me find chameleons. We parked by a canal on a quiet road with a few small homes. The waterway was lined with untidy clusters of palm trees and bushes, and it was there that we searched for these long-tongued lizards.
-
-Chameleon ranches tend to be unmarked and somewhat secretive. Putting nonnative animals outdoors is illegal and pet chameleons are pricey; ranchers don’t want people just taking them for free. Fortunately, we had a strong lead. One of the researchers had found sightings of chameleons here on iNaturalist, an app where nature enthusiasts record animal observations. It wasn’t clear that this was an active ranch, but we were certain there were chameleons to find.
-
-Of all of the stops on my safari, chameleon ranches, I was told, would be the most dangerous. Although our proximity to the canal meant we were likely on county property, people are “very protective” of their chameleon spots, Natalie Claunch, a reptile researcher at the University of Florida, told me before my trip. (She was not one of the two researchers with me that night.) I was advised to wear a reflective vest, which might make me appear more official.
-
-Adding to this risk: You have to search for chameleons at night. Although these animals expertly blend into leaves during the day, chameleon skin appears pale under the harsh beam of a flashlight, making them much easier to spot.
-
- ![](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MYEfk4JcbRmfHhqsLrj1UIZiLtc=/0x0:1920x1080/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1920x1080):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24887545/10_Benji.jpg)
-
-A Cuban tree frog perches on a palm tree branch. They’re native to Cuba and a handful of other Caribbean islands.
-
-Benji Jones
-
-We almost immediately found something exotic — not a chameleon, but a Cuban tree frog, which was perched on a palm tree branch near the canal. Cute, with big eyes and toes, it’s one of the most abundant nonnative species in Florida, with a croak that sounds like a squeaky shoe.
-
-We shined our flashlights on the underside of leaves and on the tips of tall grasses. I walked through more spiderwebs than I could count. A screech owl flew by.
-
- ![](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/h8twdrjCqnFXGV_GCF-oCTOloYk=/0x0:1920x1148/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1920x1148):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24896551/Owl_Benji_01.jpg)
-
-An eastern screech owl.
-
-Benji Jones
-
-Not long into our search, I turned over a dead palm tree leaf that was still attached to the tree. There, tucked inside, was a veiled chameleon. Roughly a foot long, with a fin-like protrusion atop its head, the lizard was shaded in muted greens, yellows, and oranges. The colors grew brighter as we drew closer. The chameleon’s eyes — which famously can move independently from each other — were striped like a circus tent.
-
-I could easily see why someone might want one of these as a pet. They’re stunning, timid creatures.
-
-The pet trade introduces exotic animals to Florida, but it’s the climate that has allowed them to proliferate. Release an iguana in New York City and it won’t make it through the winter; it’s too cold. Let one go here, in tropical Florida, and it might start a family. All it takes for animals to get a foothold is an introduction or two.
-
-Not only pet breeders but also pet owners have helped stock the state with exotics. Pet stores have been known to sell animals to people who don’t have the knowledge or equipment to care for them. Green iguanas can grow over 5 feet long. Burmese pythons can reach more than 15 feet, and they feed on mice, rats, and rabbits. Once these pets become too difficult to care for, people might release them into the environment.
-
-The state’s peculiar culture likely also plays a role. There’s a sense in Florida that you can do whatever you want and not be bothered, said Adam Rosenblatt, a biologist at the University of North Florida. “There’s an attraction of people who want to live a lifestyle that maybe wouldn’t be acceptable everywhere else,” he said. “Maybe that lifestyle involves having lots of large snakes in your house.”
-
-Two other researchers told me that the idea of [“Florida man”](https://www.vox.com/e/23634199) is real, referring to people in the state with behaviors or attitudes that are odd and perhaps irrational and may include things like [throwing an alligator through a Wendy’s drive-through](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/02/09/assault-with-a-deadly-weapon-florida-man-charged-with-throwing-live-alligator-into-wendys/) window or getting arrested with a [monkey attached to their chest](https://www.tampabay.com/news/publicsafety/crime/Monkey-clings-to-Pasco-man-s-chest-during-stolen-vehicle-arrest-w-video-_168982350/). Yet it’s hard to say whether this oddball culture fuels the spread of nonnative species.
-
-Exotic animals have taken other routes into Florida, as well. Those [monkeys in Fort Lauderdale](https://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/monkeys-urban-airport.php), for example, descended from a group of primates that escaped from a zoo and research facility many decades ago. [Cuban tree frogs](https://ufwildlife.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/UW25900.pdf), meanwhile, likely arrived as stowaways in shipping crates. But no matter their path here, several hundred exotic species now live in Florida. Should the state kick them out?
-
----
-
-**Nonnative species have caused an immense amount of destruction worldwide.** Some of the most visible ecological damage is in Australia, where they are the [primary cause](https://www.science.org.au/curious/earth-environment/invasive-species) of extinction. Australia’s invasive feral cats alone are largely responsible for the extinction of [more than 20 mammals](https://www.nespthreatenedspecies.edu.au/media/2j1j51na/112-the-impact-of-cats-in-australia-findings-factsheetweb.pdf), including the desert rat-kangaroo and a species of bandicoot.
-
-Exotic animals can also harm economies, whether they are invasive mussels that [clog pipes](https://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/our-work/focus-areas/ais/invasive-species/invasive-species-fact-sheets/mollusks/zebra-mussels/#:~:text=Zebra%20mussels%20are%20a%20problem,through%20the%20pipes%20as%20easily.) in the Great Lakes or insects that [damage crops globally](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1602205113#supplementary-materials). Between 1960 and 2020, invasive species cost the US about $1.2 trillion in losses, damages, and management, according to [a study](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721063968) published last year. Fire ants, [“killer” bees](https://cisr.ucr.edu/invasive-species/africanized-honey-bee), and a [species of mosquito](https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/aedes_aegypti.htm) that spreads yellow fever, dengue fever, and chikungunya were among the most costly, the study found. Worldwide, the economic cost of invasive species has at least [quadrupled](https://zenodo.org/record/8314303) every decade since 1970, according to a new report by the United Nations.
-
- ![](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/S9c2Xah-ZnNYUiC9w56h63taxkI=/0x0:2537x3269/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:2537x3269):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24887563/14_Benji.jpg)
-
-Bartoszek holds Luther, a male Burmese python that he tracks and uses as a sentinel to find other pythons.
-
-Benji Jones
-
-Some of Florida’s exotic animals are undoubtedly destructive, too.
-
-Although they appear angelic, gliding through the ocean with delicate, fan-like fins, nonnative lionfish, for example, [threaten](https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2008/367/m367p233.pdf) coral reefs by preying on native species. The state is also home to [as many as 17 nonnative mosquitoes](https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2023/03/22/uf-ifas-study-new-mosquito-species-reported-in-florida/#:~:text=The%20mosquitoes%20Aedes%20aegypti%2C%20Aedes,species%2C%20introduced%20from%20the%20tropics.). Some of them spread nasty diseases like dengue fever, including the costly one above.
-
-Then there are the Burmese pythons. First introduced from Asia by the pet trade in the [1900s](https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/90439/element/8/168320//), these snakes are now widespread in South Florida, where they are known to grow extremely large. In July, a man caught a [record 19-foot](https://news.wgcu.org/section/environment/2023-07-19/naples-man-captures-19-foot-burmese-python-in-big-cypress-confirmed-as-a-world-record) Burmese python that weighed 125 pounds in South Florida.
-
-Big snakes have big appetites, which does not bode well for Florida’s native species. Sharp declines in the sightings of raccoons, opossums, bobcats, and other common mammals have coincided with the spread of Burmese pythons, one 2012 [study](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1115226109) found. [Another study](https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2015.0120), published a few years later, found that these snakes are driving down the population of native marsh rabbits in Everglades National Park. That could have negative knock-on effects across the broader ecosystem, as predators like panthers depend on smaller mammals for food.
-
-Burmese pythons are “public enemy number one,” said Ian Bartoszek, a wildlife biologist at the Conservancy of Southwest Florida who has been tracking and removing pythons for more than a decade. “Do not underestimate the Burmese python.”
-
-Bartoszek and other researchers are confident that “Burms,” as locals call them, are harming Florida’s native ecosystem. Yet for many of Florida’s other nonnative species, the story is far more complicated.
-
- ![](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/PC6r1wsFWAeDhRcTRnEO934507M=/0x0:1920x1161/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1920x1161):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24887586/13_Benji.jpg)
-
-The skeleton of a 14-foot female Burmese python.
-
-Benji Jones
-
----
-
-**In a vacant lot by a canal in Cape Coral, a city on Florida’s west coast, Ali Mulla held an antenna in front of his body.** He was tracking one of Florida’s largest lizards.
-
-A graduate researcher at the University of South Florida, Mulla is studying a species native to Africa called the Nile monitor lizard, which arrived decades ago by way of the pet trade. It’s a semiaquatic reptile, with a long, forked tongue, that can reach more than [6 feet](https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/reptiles/nile-monitor/#:~:text=Nile%20monitors%20can%20live%20up,weighs%20close%20to%2015%20pounds.) from head to tail.
-
- ![](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/WyvXV8vi90POl-ab8pSY7rjtPPA=/0x0:1920x1438/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1920x1438):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24887584/15_Benji.jpg)
-
-Ali Mulla listens to a receiver connected to an antenna in search of a Nile monitor lizard.
-
-Like many of Florida’s nonnative reptiles, Nile monitor lizards don’t have a great reputation. Some [news reports](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_P5SwU2HdXc) say these animals are aggressive and terrorize families. Tabloids [have suggested](https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6118983/Hunt-monster-6ft-lizard-sees-children-food-Florida.html) they’re capable of eating children. FWC, meanwhile, says they pose a “very high” risk to native wildlife, such as by outcompeting or consuming local species. The state also claims that monitor lizards damage human infrastructure like sidewalks and seawalls by digging burrows and that they pose a risk to human safety.
-
-Mulla, a former assistant biologist at FWC, is testing some of these assumptions and trying to answer other basic questions, such as where they live. To observe their behavior, he’s had radio-tracking devices implanted in some of the animals in Cape Coral. Those devices send signals to a receiver that’s attached to the antenna.
-
-I joined Mulla on a muggy afternoon during his field season to locate a couple of these lizards. The idea is that as he gets closer to the transmitter — closer to the lizard — the receiver produces louder and louder beeps. These animals aren’t just lumbering down city streets; they’re skittish and highly elusive, often hiding underground and underwater. The receiver would be beeping loudly and there’d be nothing but fallen branches and some green iguanas in front of us.
-
-Later that afternoon, the receiver indicated that we were on top of a monitor. I crept toward the edge of the canal, trying to avoid breaking sticks beneath my feet, and there on the bank, I finally saw one: a small monitor, just over 2 feet long, with striking yellow and black scales. Then, with a splash, it was gone.
-
-Although they’re called “monsters” and “beasts” and [compared to Godzilla](https://www.foxweather.com/earth-space/it-looks-like-godzilla-gigantic-reptile-crawls-on-window-of-florida-home), Nile monitors are not aggressive toward humans and are very timid, Mulla said. Meanwhile, there’s “no evidence to suggest that Nile monitors cause population-scale impacts on native species,” he said. Data indicating that they outcompete native fauna and damage infrastructure by burrowing is similarly absent from the scientific literature, he said. (Mulla noted that a lack of evidence is not proof that these animals don’t harm the environment.)
-
-Arguing that nonnative lizards are bad because they dig burrows can also harm the reputation of native animals, Mulla added. Native species, such as gopher tortoises, an imperiled species, dig burrows, too, he said. In fact, monitors often occupy burrows dug by other animals, though they’ll sometimes widen them.
-
-In a statement to Vox, FWC said it “uses the best available science to determine which nonnative species could present a high risk to human health and safety, the [economy](https://www.vox.com/economy), and/or the environment.” The agency declined to comment on the lack of scientific evidence linking Nile monitors, green iguanas, and cane toads to environmental harm.
-
-In reality, the ecological impact of Nile monitor lizards is unclear. The same is true for several other nonnative species in Florida, such as green iguanas and cane toads. Blamed for harming native fauna, these animals have similarly bad, or worse, reputations — and they are often treated accordingly.
-
-“People love sharing stories with me about the disgusting things they do \[to cane toads\],” said Melinda Schuman, a biologist who studies cane toads at the Conservancy of Southwest Florida. She was reluctant to share examples with me, due to their gruesome nature, but said they include shooting the animals with BB guns and whacking them with shovels and golf clubs. (FWC encourages people to kill nonnative species [humanely](https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/nonnatives/python/humane-killing-methods/).)
-
- ![](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/NqI6fxqwIMHqY51qwrt0EI2DmC0=/0x0:1920x1080/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1920x1080):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24887615/ALT2.jpg)
-
-A baseball-size cane toad in the grass by a well-lit parking lot in Naples.
-
-Benji Jones
-
-Native to Central and South America, cane toads do have some frightening features. They’re poisonous; when threatened, milky white toxins ooze from glands on their heads. That can be a problem for dogs. When curious pets bite or lick these amphibians they can get sick and, on rare occasions, die.
-
-But again, it’s not clear how these toads are impacting Florida’s local fauna, Schuman said. Wild animals in the state may know to avoid cane toads because they’ve evolved with another native toad that also produces toxins (albeit in smaller quantities). And while cane toads will eat pretty much everything, including mice and small birds, they seem to mostly consume invertebrates, she said.
-
-In a [new study](https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/18/2898) led by Schuman, researchers examined the stomach contents of cane toads found in two golf course communities in Naples. The most common invertebrates they consumed, she found, were urban pests, including insects like weevils, which feed on turf grass. (This makes a lot of sense, as cane toads were originally brought to Florida to control agricultural pests, Schuman said.)
-
-Ultimately, cane toads, iguanas, and many other nonnative species in Florida seem to be more of a nuisance to humans than a real blight on the environment. People understandably don’t want their pets to get sick. They don’t want iguanas gorging on plants in their gardens. (Residents also [complain](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUepVVEYWw0) that the loud croaks of cane toads and Cuban tree frogs can make it hard to sleep.)
-
-“We tend to blur the lines between what’s a human inconvenience versus what’s an ecological problem,” Mulla said.
-
-That doesn’t mean that the desire to rid Florida of nonnative animals is never justified. But we should be clear when we’re getting rid of them for humans’ sake — for our convenience or our economies. Hunting down nonnative species is not always some selfless act to protect the environment.
-
----
-
-**Florida, like any spot on Earth, will never return to some historic version of itself.** Over hundreds of years, humans have irreversibly transformed the environment. We’ve razed natural habitats and created new ones. It’s no surprise that in this new ecosystem, there are new species; we’ve literally created novel ecological niches for them to occupy. But the question still stands: What do we do with all of them?
-
-One idea is to simply embrace nonnative species. From a somewhat fringe perspective, nonnative species actually *increase* the state’s biodiversity, a common measure of ecological health. As far as scientists know, exotics have yet to drive any native species extinct; they only increase the total number of species in Florida ecosystems, according to Ty Park, the owner of Iguanaland, a reptile zoo and breeding facility near Sarasota.
-
-“The world has changed,” Park said. “We have to live with that.”
-
- ![](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/YgqhfdkGgEanqo5ERmwkL8WQyao=/0x0:1920x2762/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1920x2762):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24887684/20_Benji.jpg)
-
-Park poses next to his pet rhinoceros iguana, Donkey Kong, which he keeps at Iguanaland.
-
-Benji Jones
-
-There’s also little evidence that eliminating invasive species once they’re established in Florida can even work, according to Sean Doody, an invasive species expert and reptile researcher at the University of South Florida. “Eradicating or stopping the spread of tegus, iguanas, brown anoles, Cuban tree frogs, and Burmese pythons into suitable habitats with appropriate climates and resources is like trying to stop a hurricane,” Doody wrote in a recent book review. “It cannot be done.”
-
-Consider Florida’s python hunting challenge. During the highly publicized [competition](https://flpythonchallenge.org/), snake hunters compete to kill as many pythons as possible for a grand prize of $10,000. These sorts of competitions remove only “modest numbers” of Burmese pythons, and “will not result in a measurable reduction in numbers,” Doody wrote in his review. “What it will do is (falsely) convince the public that it is helping to save the native mammals in those parks.”
-
-There is a flip side. Even if nonnative animals are not driving local wildlife extinct, they’re obviously altering ecosystems that are already under siege. Burmese pythons are apex predators, and they need to eat. Native toads can mistake cane toads for mates, potentially screwing with their chance at reproduction. And in many cases, exotic species are competing with local ones for food and other resources. Why not err on the side of caution and get rid of as many of them as possible?
-
- ![](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/zYtHBxuffR5nQ6QwmaThSa2j6Bs=/0x0:1920x1080/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1920x1080):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24902486/Collage3.png)
-
-Four different nonnative lizards. Top left: Peter’s rock agama. Top right: Brown basilisk. Bottom left: Brown anole. Bottom right: Knight anole.
-
-Benji Jones
-
-Perhaps the best approach lies somewhere in the middle. Florida should measure the impacts of nonnative species and go from there. That sounds basic, but that’s not how management works today in Florida, Doody said; the science to support whether something is truly harmful is lacking. (Mazzotti, the University of Florida ecologist, makes the point that when a new invasive species is discovered, it pays to act quickly, even without sufficient evidence of harm, so the animal doesn’t have time to spread beyond control.)
-
-Bartoszek’s work is a good example of where eradication efforts might pay off. Instead of killing every python he encounters, his team tracks male snakes and uses them as sentinels. The males lead them to females that are much larger. Over the last decade, his team has removed more than 31,000 pounds of snakes.
-
-The pet trade bears responsibility, too, as it remains a fuel for the spread of nonnative species. Reptile breeders I spoke to acknowledged that the industry has played a role in introductions, but they say it’s more careful now. There’s a way to do it right, such as breeding smaller reptiles that owners are less likely to release and in colors that make them an easy target for predators, should they ever get out. (FWC has also [banned](https://myfwc.com/news/all-news/invasive-comm-221/#:~:text=risk%20invasive%20reptiles-,FWC%20approves%20rule%20changes%20to%20help%20protect,16%20high%2Drisk%20invasive%20reptiles&text=At%20its%20February%202021%20meeting,of%20high%2Drisk%20invasive%20reptiles.) the breeding and possession of a number of nonnative species including tegus and green iguanas.)
-
-What we shouldn’t do is rally the public against nonnative animals like iguanas and tegus simply because we don’t like them. This is at best unhelpful and at worst cruel. Sure, it’s easy to demonize animals we find icky and blame them for destroying the environment. But in reality, it’s us; it’s humans who have been wreaking ecological havoc, allowing these species to thrive in the first place. Animus toward nonnative species is often little more than a distraction from our own behavior.
-
-The truth is these animals are here because of humans — because we altered the environment in such a way that allows them to thrive. “They seem to want to live where we live,” Schuman said of cane toads. “We provide everything they need to be comfortable. We bring bugs for them to eat. We turn on sprinklers at night. We’ve made it a utopia.”
-
-On my four-day safari, in which I ultimately spotted more than 20 species, I also learned that it’s possible to admire and respect nonnative species, while, at the same time, acknowledging that they can be harmful.
-
-I visited a small park in Miami on my last day in Florida, where I’d heard there were exotic parrots. I saw the birds flying overhead before I even exited my rental car. These weren’t just any parrots but blue and gold macaws — majestic creatures, measuring 3 feet from head to tail, with colors so brilliant they looked artificial.
-
-I didn’t have to travel to the jungles of Central or South America, their native range, to see them; I just had to drive 15 minutes from my hotel. They squawked and preened each other and fought over water. These animals are not from here, but this is their home.
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-Date: 2023-05-22
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-05-22
-Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/interactive/2023/chris-nowitski-chris-eitzman-cte-harvard
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-# Football bonded them. Its violence tore them apart.
-
-*Deep Reads features The Washington Post’s best immersive reporting and narrative writing.*
-
-About a year ago, a bunch of old college roommates met up at a tavern in rural Nebraska. Most of them had played football at Harvard in the late 1990s. Now they were in their mid-40s, their broad shoulders rounded, their hairlines giving way to the beach erosion of time. But the same nonsense made them laugh: the teammate from California who wet the bed, the kid whose family ran a traveling carnival, the time a traffic cone mysteriously appeared in their living room after a night of drinking.
-
-Old roommates keep certain memories locked away, untouched until they’re together again. If football teams are sports’ biggest tribe and produce unbreakable bonds, the friendships grow that much tighter when they involve sharing a refrigerator and toilet.
-
-The carnival kid is Harvard’s defensive coordinator now. Another ex-roommate has written jokes for Jimmy Kimmel. One was a federal air marshal until he couldn’t stand the boredom. And over there, near the Herbie Husker mural, was the nation’s leading voice on sports-related brain trauma, the man CNN called when Tua Tagovailoa suited up after a concussion last season and Newsweek interviewed after Aaron Hernandez killed himself in prison.
-
-On this night in Nebraska, the friends broke the seal. Stories and beer flowed. Mostly they reminisced about the roommate they had come to bury. He had been their team captain, the best of an illustrious collection of Harvard men, an almost comic assemblage of genes and charm. He had been the soft-spoken roommate. The clean(ish) one. They tried to square it with what he had become. How had he kept it all secret, even from them?
-
-When the bartender went to fetch another case, someone pointed out the paradox of meeting at a bar to honor a man who had drunk himself to death. Some social rituals just are, and remaining a member of the tribe means never challenging its code.
-
-“It’s just what we do,” says one of the old teammates, Brian Daigle. “At tailgates, at a wedding or party or, in this case, for a funeral.”
-
-The bartender returned and passed out fresh cans. A little before closing time, Daigle posed a question to the group: If you had known then what you know now about football, the game that had brought them all together, would you play? Knowing it could be you in the next casket, would you still?
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/Z47FTZJL65CV6ZPMGRAN34BAUE_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Friends, many of them former roommates and Harvard football teammates, gathered in Geneva, Neb., the night before Eitzmann’s funeral in January 2022, (Courtesy of Scott Larkee)
-
-Chris Nowinski was driving with his family in Florida recently, about a year after his old roommate’s funeral, when his phone rang. The father of an Olympic ice dancer was calling to discuss the ongoing symptoms of his daughter’s concussion. Then another call: A kid who had played seven years of football needed a psychiatrist. Another: the parents of a Division I women’s basketball player whose coach insisted on playing her despite lingering concussion symptoms.
-
-“Almost every car ride we take, we get these calls,” says Nowinski’s wife, Nicole. “A child, a wife, a mother, asking Chris, ‘*Please* help.’ He has this in his head 24-7.”
-
-Nowinski played defensive tackle for the Crimson and still counts his old roommates as his closest friends. He lives in South Florida with Nicole and their daughter and son, 4 and 2, but he will never stop caring about what the Harvard guys think — and where he fits into a decades-old hierarchy. Several of the friends are lawyers or executives or venture capitalists, but the Crimson football team produced only one 6-foot-5 canary in the sports coal mine, constantly chirping about the dangers of his old sport. Nowinski is why most American sports fans have even *heard* of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and his personality and bona fides are a major reason the NFL grudgingly began inching its concussion protocols beyond the dark ages. When Boston University’s CTE Center wants grieving relatives to donate a former athlete’s brain, it’s often Nowinski who suggests they make the phone call.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/W5AQ3K5YBELTO747IFZI7M3QUQ_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-The gathering was at the Overtime Grill and Lounge. (Misty Prochaska for The Washington Post)
-
-CTE can be confirmed only posthumously, so Nowinski’s primary objective is connecting those who *suspect* they have the disease with the vast network of resources maintained by the Concussion Legacy Foundation, the advocacy group he founded in 2007 alongside neurosurgeon Robert Cantu. Some need an appointment with a neurologist; others require addiction specialists and support groups. Many are just looking for someone who understands.
-
-“You can’t always fix it,” Nowinski says. “But if I’m able to talk to them, there’s almost always a happy ending.”
-
-If his phone stops ringing long enough, sometimes Nowinski calls the old Harvard guys to check in. Scott Larkee in Cambridge, Mass.; Isaiah Kacyvenski in Boston; Daigle in North Carolina. They catch up, talk about the Crimson’s chances next season, do what you do for a taste of that fleeting magic of being 20.
-
-No one can explain this now, but for a long time and probably for many reasons, there was one topic they never discussed.
-
-Whenever the apartment door opened back then, the polyphony of funk included hints of day-old pizza, mangled chicken parts and sweat. *So* much sweat. One summer, they had to lay down cardboard in Nowinski’s car so they wouldn’t soak through the upholstery.
-
-Nowinski was 285 pounds. Tight end Chris Eitzmann was a sturdy 250. The runt, Larkee, was 225. Some years a dozen football players piled into the same suite, competing for microwave space and arguing over whose turn it was to empty the trash, which was usually overflowing with beer cans and animal bones.
-
-“They weren’t barbarians,” says Mikaela Eitzmann, the tight end’s college girlfriend and eventual wife. “But the whole place was definitely like a closet door that had shut some socks inside for a while.”
-
-This being Harvard, football players weren’t exactly NFL-or-bust meatheads. Sure, they would deliberately eat foods they knew wouldn’t agree with them just to wage gastrointestinal war on the others. And, yes, survival and acceptance meant an onslaught of insults. Daigle was the great Texas pontificator. Alex Garcia was the slovenly Californian who showed affection to friends by choking them. Nowinski was the suburban Chicagoan who serenaded his roommates, whether they liked it or not, with favorites from when he played Diesel in his high school performance of “West Side Story.”
-
-*When you’re a Jet*
-
-*If the spit hits the fan*
-
-*You got brothers around*
-
-*You’re a family man.*
-
-Eitzmann mostly rolled his eyes. The roommates never had much ammo on him, other than him being a slow-talking plowboy. He had grown up alongside the corn stalks and milo husks of Hardy, Neb., population 179, contemplating a future beyond the plains.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/4DE76GB5MK4RT5GZPXODRI2UGQ.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Teammates voted for Eitzmann to be Harvard football’s 126th captain. (Harvard University Athletic Communications)
-
-He was tall and blond, with piercing blue eyes and a layer of wide-eyed innocence the other players couldn’t crack. Eitzmann tutored classmates and rarely missed Sunday services at University Lutheran on Harvard Square. He turned down a roster spot with the mighty Nebraska Cornhuskers to become the first graduate of his high school to enroll at an Ivy League school. This made him a local celebrity and heartthrob, so when Mikaela graduated from high school a year after Eitzmann, she moved east to enroll at Boston College.
-
-“I was young and had a crush,” she says, “probably like all girls did within a 100-mile radius.”
-
-He drank beer, but nobody remembers him losing control or puking on the sofa. Other roommates, sure. But Eitz? He had too many things he wanted to accomplish, this spit-shined drive that pushed away temptation and muffled the pressure of being the first Nebraskan to suit up for the Crimson varsity since the 1960s.
-
-“Even his swear words were wholesome,” says Will Burke, Eitzmann’s first Harvard roommate. “It was like Superman landed on Earth and was like, ‘I’ve got to figure out these Earthlings,’ and he just crushes it.”
-
-The practice field is where he went into Cyborg Mode, blasting into defenders at every turn. Nobody thought much about concussions then, and there was nobody to warn players about long-term effects or urging them to sit out. Getting your bell rung was a badge of honor, every hit part of a daily competition for masculinity and bragging rights.
-
-“If I didn’t come off the line as fast and strong as I could, I was losing,” says Daigle, a defensive end who often squared off against Eitzmann. “I was hitting people with the front of my head as often as I could.”
-
-Two days after Yale beat Harvard in 1998, the team gathered in Boston for its annual postseason banquet. Among Harvard’s many traditions is a particularly sacred one: Since 1873, football players have voted on one teammate as captain, the locker room’s leader and a symbol representing more than just talent. Joe Azelby, Dan Jiggetts and Ryan Fitzpatrick are among the luminaries.
-
-The underclassmen wrote names on slips of paper and passed them to the coaches. That night Coach Tim Murphy announced Christopher John Eitzmann as captain of the 1999 Harvard Crimson.
-
-“First of all, how in the world did I ever get to Harvard?” Eitzmann told a Nebraska newspaper reporter later. “I never could have dreamed all this would have happened to me.”
-
-There was no honorary kegger or roommates-only whiskey toast — not for Eitz. All anyone remembers is the pride that one of them, the obvious one, had made it. It was a feeling they knew they would be talking about — and probably ribbing him about — when they returned to campus as old men, their bond everlasting and shatterproof.
-
-*When you’re a Jet*
-
-*You’re a Jet all the way*
-
-*From your first cigarette*
-
-*To your last dyin’ day.*
-
-The friends scattered after graduation: Larkee to Paris to play for a club football team, Burke to Hollywood to try comedy, Daigle back home to guard the Texas-Mexico line for the Border Patrol.
-
-Eitzmann did what they all expected: overachieved and earned a roster spot with the New England Patriots. He moved in with two new roommates not far from Foxboro Stadium. Defensive end David Nugent was all right, but what a stiff the other guy was. When Burke visited, he pleaded with Eitzmann to keep their plans secret from Tom Brady, a robotic and humorless rookie quarterback.
-
-“Let’s ditch this f---ing loser,” Burke says he insisted more than once. “God, he was boring.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/DFY2S3XZMXZBHJWFUAHA6XVO5Q.JPG&high_res=true&w=916)
-
-Eitzmann and future wife, Mikaela, sat in Tom Brady’s new Jeep in 2000, when Eitzmann shared an apartment with Brady and another Patriots rookie. (Courtesy of Mikaela Eitzmann)
-
-A thousand miles south, Nowinski was searching for a place of his own. He had worked for a pharmaceutical consulting firm in Boston his senior year, but he wasn’t passionate about it**.** A colleague suggested that with his size, athleticism and big personality, he would make a great pro wrestler. Before Harvard, he had never followed the sport. But his roommates did, and during wrestling’s late-1990s golden age, Monday nights belonged not to the NFL’s weekly prime-time game but to Stone Cold Steve Austin, D-Generation X and the New World Order.
-
-Nowinski enrolled in wrestling school in Atlanta and landed a spot on a reality show in which the winner received a contract with WWE. Two contestants were named Chris, so producers called Nowinski “Chris Harvard.” He finished second but earned a spot anyway and made his televised debut in 2002, playing the role of an elitist pretty boy in a Harvard letterman’s jacket.
-
-He insulted the audience’s intelligence, thrashed competitors with a book of quotes, delighted in the crowd’s chants of “Har-vard sucks! Har-vard sucks!”
-
-“He got a taste of being the bad guy and just loved it,” says Kacyvenski, a former Crimson linebacker who was the only former roommate drafted by an NFL team.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/CAEQUAFSEEI6TLGIDWCHXLGKOM.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Nowinski, CEO of the Concussion Legacy Foundation, had a card from his pro wrestling career at his office.
-
-Nowinski got his buddies free tickets and backstage passes. They watched as he took a “Singapore cane” to the face, a power bomb from the Undertaker, a beatdown from Scott Steiner after Nowinski criticized the Iraq War during an in-ring political debate. It was all scripted, of course, but Nowinski occasionally took real bumps and bruises with him to the bar afterward. Still, as he greeted fans and signed autographs, a few longtime friends believed he had never been happier.
-
-During a match in 2003, Nowinski charged toward an opponent named Bubba Ray Dudley, expecting the painless kick they had rehearsed. But he reached the corner an instant early, catching Dudley’s boot just under his chin. He crumpled to the mat and felt pain ripping through his head. He’s still not sure what happened next.
-
-A trainer asked whether he was okay, and Nowinski lied and said he was fine. Later, he lay on the locker room floor for a half-hour and again told the trainer he was okay. Days passed. WWE’s next show was in New York, and he was still experiencing nausea and memory loss. There were no concussion protocols then, in wrestling or anywhere. Nowinski planned to report his symptoms to WWE’s medical team, but upon arriving and seeing wrestlers being treated for “real injuries,” he says of knee and back and shoulder problems, he left, kept silent and prepared for the night’s match, which he lost after being dropped through a table.
-
-He just lived with it because that’s just what you did. Wrestling legends didn’t complain; they jumped off cages and spit out cracked teeth. Football players didn’t sit out because they saw stars after a big hit; they modeled their games after Jack Tatum’s and Ronnie Lott’s because that earned you a spot on highlight montages and a bust in Canton, Ohio. A *man* didn’t tell his bosses or even his friends that he was in agony because that meant he was soft.
-
-“I’m not going to tell them I had a headache,” he says. “I just didn’t want to say anything.”
-
-One night in 2003, Nowinski was in Indianapolis when he saw his then-girlfriend falling and leaped forward to catch her. But Nowinski was actually asleep, acting out a dream in a hotel room. His brain was so injured it was conjuring visions without waking him. When his eyes opened, he had no idea why there was broken glass on the floor, why the nightstand was busted, why he had been clawing at the wall as his girlfriend sat on the bed crying, horrified by what she had seen.
-
-For years after they graduated, the roommates would return to Cambridge each fall. A few would pound beers at Harvard football tailgates, do shots, sip from a flask. Never Eitzmann. He was the Golden Boy, just sickeningly perfect. Even after a hip injury ended his NFL career in 2002, he came out on top.
-
-He married Mikaela, completed his master’s requirements at Dartmouth, got a job as a hedge fund manager in Boston. The couple had their first son, and three more children would follow, all healthy and beautiful. They adopted a Vizsla, went on ski trips to New Hampshire, bought a six-bedroom house in Wellesley, Mass., and a cabin overlooking New Hampshire’s Squam Lake. Eitzmann raced bicycles on weekends, went elk hunting in Colorado, kept Mikaela laughing and never feeling unsafe, a live-action postcard from a utopian life.
-
-“The dream couple,” Nicole Nowinski says. “These beautiful people with the beautiful love story, and they were both so humble and lovely. They really were these Harvard Barbies.”
-
-Chris Nowinski’s path had become rockier. He never wrestled again. He had nightmares and dizziness, and if his heart rate increased, a wave of nausea would hit. He became sensitive to bright lights and friends who asked when he would return to the ring. Doctor visits alternated between confusing and pointless, with Nowinski being assured his symptoms would disappear. Weeks, though, became months. Depression set in.
-
-Eventually, in 2003, a friend with WWE got him an appointment with Cantu, the renowned Boston-area neurosurgeon whose analysis of a concussion was different from that of the NFL. The league office at the time considered it a singular, “trauma-induced” event. Cantu, though, believed a concussion was less an injury than the first link in a longer chain of mental malfunction — a continuing process in which cells experience an outage and hastily attempt to rewire themselves and get back online as quickly as possible. This can take weeks or even months. When the new connection is made, the injured neurons and nerve cells are abandoned, left to die by the brain’s own survival blueprint. With enough injuries, the brain can become a graveyard of scar tissue that can cause chronic symptoms and dramatically alter judgment and behavior.
-
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-###### Reporting on America’s favorite game — and its toll
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-Cantu asked Nowinski how many concussions he had had. He had no idea. Zero? He had never been formally diagnosed, neither at Harvard nor by WWE. So Cantu asked whether he had ever blacked out, had double vision, felt dizziness after a hit, gotten his bell rung? Nowinski thought back and counted more than a half-dozen such instances. Potentially far more.
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-“I had been banging my head for 19 years without any real consideration for what it could be doing to me,” Nowinski says. Cantu diagnosed Nowinski with post-concussion syndrome, and Nowinski says some effects never went away. He and Cantu kept talking.
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-“Shouldn’t athletes know about this?” Nowinski asked.
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-“People don’t listen to doctors,” Cantu said.
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-“Maybe I’ll take a crack.”
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-Now set adrift professionally, Nowinski spent his newfound free time reading concussion studies and interviewing athletes and doctors. He analyzed the work of [Bennet Omalu, the controversial pathologist](https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/sports/cte-bennet-omalu/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) who discovered unusual protein buildup in NFL legend Mike Webster’s brain, the first link between football and CTE. Nowinski compiled his findings into what would become a book titled “Head Games.”
-
-As he wrote, Nowinski called his former Harvard teammates to share his discoveries and ask for their experiences. Some were intrigued. Others, not so much. The NFL disputed Omalu’s findings, with a league-appointed neurologist saying Webster died not because of brain trauma but because he had been a smoker, suffered from depression and been in generally poor health. Omalu also found evidence of CTE in the brains of former NFL players Justin Strzelczyk, Terry Long and Andre Waters, the latter two of whom died by suicide.
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-“Just because \[suicide\] happened to a few football players,” the league’s top concussion expert, neurologist Ira Casson, said in 2007, “doesn’t mean it’s linked to football.”
-
-So, Nowinski’s old roommates wondered, why was he attacking the game? Was he so bitter that he hadn’t gotten a shot at the NFL that he was going to bring down the entire sport? Or was this just Nowinski the heel, an attempt to regain his bygone WWE attention?
-
-“To put it bluntly,” Mikaela says, “I think everybody thought it was bulls--t.”
-
-One former roommate refused to read an early draft of his manuscript. Another accepted a copy but never opened it. Larkee, by then a coach at Harvard, had no interest. So when he and Nowinski talked, they just avoided the topic and suppressed their feelings. If Nowinski brought it up, Larkee walked away.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/4J2ZCVKMVXE3LBUMP37R5VCOEY_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Chris Nowinski keeps a photo of the 1999 Harvard football team at his home office in Boynton Beach, Fla. (Scott McIntyre for The Washington Post)
-
-“I’m right there with these young college-aged kids, putting them through tackling reps, so we *could* have had that conversation: ‘What are we doing? What’s the best thing for these guys?’ ” Larkee says now. “But I think we both know we would disagree on pretty much everything.”
-
-At the Harvard tailgate in 2006, not long after “Head Games” was published, Nowinski brought books to give friends gathered around a fire. Many rolled their eyes at Nowinski being Nowinski, proselytizing about the evils of football at a football tailgate to a bunch of ex-football players.
-
-“He was screaming,” Daigle says. “But nobody was listening.”
-
-Daigle had helped Nowinski edit chapters of his manuscript and grown curious about his former roommate’s conclusions. Daigle’s father and grandfather both played college football; his grandpa died of Alzheimer’s disease, and his father is 72 and has dementia, Daigle says.
-
-“How much of that is genetic? How much of that is football?” Daigle says. “My future is definitely clouded by, what have I done to myself?”
-
-He would regret this later, but Daigle climbed into the bed of a pickup during the Harvard tailgate. Emboldened by a few beers and the promise of a laugh from his ex-teammates, he raised a copy of Nowinski’s book. Has anyone here suffered a concussion? he asked. Should any of this spell the end of football?
-
-Then Daigle climbed down, took another long pull off his beer and tossed the book into the fire.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/MN5W447OI4F5B2LKFF3QPB4XGA.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-The Eitzmanns loved Halloween, and Chris dressed up as Al Capone in 2002. (Courtesy of Mikaela Eitzmann)
-
-The Eitzmanns loved Halloween. One year they dressed as a 1920s gangster and flapper, Mikaela in a dark suit and fedora, Chris in a sequined dress and heels. Mikaela carefully applied his mascara. Another year, he was Wilt Chamberlain, short-shorts challenging the limits of comfort and decency.
-
-In 2008, Chris dressed as Axl Rose, but because Mikaela had to watch Coen, their infant son, before her nursing shift the next morning, she skipped the Halloween party at a bar in Boston. At 3 a.m., Chris still wasn’t home. He didn’t answer Mikaela’s calls. She called hospitals and police departments, eventually learning her husband had been arrested for drunken driving.
-
-When he got home, Chris made excuses. He hadn’t had *that* much. The officer was just a jerk. All he had really done was roll through a stop sign.
-
-Chris was a social drinker, Mikaela says now, but he was always in control. He had never put himself or anyone else in danger. But was that true? Had she spent years ignoring signs of a worsening problem?
-
-“He was so good at telling me, ‘I’m all right, I’m all right,’ ” she says.
-
-Now on alert, Mikaela began to notice lipstick on his shirt and charges for $500-a-night hotel rooms. He would disappear to the lake house sometimes, claiming he needed to focus on work. Why couldn’t Mikaela understand that? Why wouldn’t she give him space? He couldn’t be reached for hours or days, again saying he needed to work late.
-
-“He was slowly unraveling,” she says, “and I just didn’t see it.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/SE34UULCUR5D6HYIHBPJPOOKKM_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-“I just talked myself into believing him and believing it was all going to be okay,” said Mikaela Eitzmann, here at her home in Shickley, Neb. (Misty Prochaska for The Washington Post)
-
-She ignored evidence Chris had been with another woman because, she says, it wasn’t worth the explosion. She waited until after he had coached Coen’s flag football game one morning to tell Chris his breath was a thick fog of rum. He calmly walked into their baby daughter’s room that day, gave her a hug and drove away. An hour later, Chris called and said he was in a hotel in Woburn, a half-hour north, about to kill himself.
-
-“I was paralyzed,” Mikaela says. “I had no idea what to do. No one would believe me. Who *would* believe me?”
-
-She called the police, who took him into custody and tested his blood alcohol concentration. It was 0.44, Mikaela says. When a taxi later dropped him off, Chris apologized, hugged Mikaela and begged her not to tell anyone. When she agreed, he put on his suit and left for work carrying a bottle of wine. A gift for his assistant, he assured his wife.
-
-“I didn’t really believe that, but I was so terrified of making him mad,” Mikaela says. “I feel like this major wuss, and I’m really not like that. But I just loved him so much, so I wanted our marriage to be okay and I wanted *him* to be okay, so I just talked myself into believing him and believing it was all going to be okay.”
-
-Months could pass without arguments or threats, a sign Chris was improving. Mikaela kept telling herself that. Their life was peaceful, loving, as perfect as everyone believed. She told herself that, too. They went to Harvard alumni events and socialized with old friends. If Chris had alcohol on his breath, Mikaela just smiled and kept their secret. Then one day in 2016, when Chris was 39, he came home and announced that he was planning to drive off a bridge. Another time he said he was going to Colorado to veer off an embankment.
-
-After Mikaela’s father died in 2017, they agreed to go home to Nebraska and take over the family farm. A change would be good for them. Then, in 2019, Chris got drunk and buckled the kids into the car to go boating, and Mikaela stopped him. She insisted he enter rehab, and he agreed to report to a facility in Arizona. They flew there together, Chris in the window seat and Mikaela on the aisle, and soon after takeoff, Chris fell asleep as the two held hands.
-
-Fighting tears, Mikaela unlocked her phone and took a picture. This, of their clasped hands, would be the “before” photo, back when things got crazy that one time. She told herself a dream life built once could also be rebuilt. Soon Chris would be sober and recalibrated, and they would be smiling in their next picture together, their bond stronger for this, and looking happy, just as they always had.
-
-Rehab doesn’t always work the first time, and for Eitzmann it didn’t work the second, third or fourth times, either. He would commit to it, get on a plane, then discharge himself or escape after a few days and go looking for a bar. Then he would come home.
-
-As a way to cope, Mikaela and their preteen son, Coen, developed a code for when Chris was drunk. It wasn’t Dad who would come through the door. It was “Earl.” And they must tread carefully because Earl might get loaded and go driving. He might threaten suicide or slide a pan of fish sticks into the oven and pass out.
-
-“Earl still had Chris’s memories, and he still had Chris’s desire to be part of a family. Chris was still in there, so we had to protect Chris,” Mikaela says. “We couldn’t make him upset, because then Earl might leave for good and Chris might never come back.”
-
-Mikaela and Coen hid Earl’s credit cards and keys, but he always found them. He accumulated five DWIs and would later fly to Boston to meet up with a woman he had met in rehab. He would spend $6,000 on a vacation to Costa Rica but never go, or he would disappear without announcement and sleep in a camper near the Kansas line.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/V7F6ZTMATH6X6HXNWLNEFG2KK4_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-A photo wall shows the Eitzmann family in happier times. (Misty Prochaska for The Washington Post)
-
-CTE had by then become ubiquitous, and an alarming number of former NFL players — Dave Duerson, Junior Seau, Aaron Hernandez — had taken their lives after unexplained behavioral changes. The NFL had implemented new rules to protect players from the most devastating hits, but for families across the country, the damage was done. Mikaela read about their symptoms, about the mysterious spirals that now felt familiar, and didn’t Chris complain years earlier of headaches and dizziness? Had he been experiencing depression when he refused to get out of bed all day? Had she ignored these signs, too?
-
-One evening on the sofa, Mikaela told her husband they could get through this — whatever this was — together. She suggested they call Nowinski, his old roommate. By then he had a doctoral degree in behavioral neuroscience and had testified before Congress; he had been nominated for Sports Illustrated’s sportsperson of the year in 2010 and ultimately pressured the NFL into acknowledging, for the first time in 2016, the connection between football and CTE.
-
-Nowinski was also a longtime family friend, so obviously he would be willing to —
-
-“I’ve taken care of it,” he said.
-
-But this was Earl, not Chris, and this is how fiendish he could be. Mikaela wanted to believe him when he said he already had spoken with Nowinski, and so she did. As she did when her husband claimed he had visited Nowinski in Boston and been put through a battery of tests and even an MRI exam. Nowinski had assured him, he insisted, that all of it had come back clean.
-
-There were two dozen former teammates on the group text, but when it came down it, only three could make it to Nebraska on short notice. So one day in January 2021, Larkee, Joe Mattson and Ryan Kauppila formed what they playfully called “The Extraction Team.” Their all-too-serious mission: Get Eitzmann to his fifth — and hopefully final — stint in rehab.
-
-Mikaela had finally broken. She could no longer believe her husband’s lies — or the ones she had told herself. But a side effect of covering for Eitzmann all these years was that now nobody believed how bad things really were. His work friends in Boston distanced themselves. Eitzmann’s parents and siblings accused Mikaela of giving up too early. Chris was gaining weight, looking good, getting better.
-
-“No, he’s not; he’s really bad,” Mikaela says she told them.
-
-“Because I had kept it a secret for so long, there was just no way I was ever going to get him the help he needed,” she says.
-
-So when Eitzmann needed one final assist, it was the old roommates who came through. One picked up the tab for the treatment. Another, a lawyer, checked state laws and arranged for Eitzmann to be admitted to the facility. Others chipped in money for gas and food, and a few more plotted the quickest route from Omaha to Boston.
-
-The evening before the Extraction Team deployed, the roommates remained skeptical that things were as dire as Mikaela had indicated. “I was completely in the dark,” Burke says, “because he wanted me to be.”
-
-When Eitzmann emerged from a restaurant alongside his parents, the trio almost didn’t recognize him. The muscular tight end was gone. In his place was a gaunt and pale figure wearing clothes that swallowed him.
-
-“A bag of bones,” Larkee says.
-
-They set off in a rented Tahoe, toward Des Moines and Chicago. The plan was to stop only for essentials. But the rehab place said that someone with Eitzmann’s level of dependency couldn’t just go 24 hours with zero alcohol. So, counterintuitive as it seemed, the friends were advised to limit him — but to let him drink.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/RIMBAKXKSMLRJIFDPAJXV7NV4I_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Mikaela Eitzmann pointed out Chris in a photo of his senior class at Harvard. (Misty Prochaska for The Washington Post)
-
-The friends talked trash, laughed at old stories, pointed out how fat and bald and gray they had become. Eitzmann alternated between grand proclamations about getting his family back and questions about his friends’ children and jobs. He talked to Larkee about the Crimson’s hopes against Yale the following season.
-
-“The exact normal Chris,” Mattson says. “There was some joy of being together and feeling the real love that existed between all of us.”
-
-They were somewhere in Ohio when Eitzmann fell quiet. He was sweating, and a tremor in his hand spread throughout his body. The Tahoe parked at a store, and Larkee had to physically block Eitzmann from going inside. Instead, Mattson and Kauppila went in and returned with cans of high-test hard lemonade. Eitzmann drained them, his tremor eased, and eventually he went to sleep.
-
-“We were all thinking: Just f---ing keep driving,” Mattson says. “Take a deep breath, keep the doors locked and see what happens when he wakes up.”
-
-After 24 intense hours, the SUV stopped outside a hospital in Brighton, Mass., just three miles from their old Harvard apartment. Someone came to help Eitz inside, and the three ex-roommates watched him disappear from within the idling SUV. They waited a while, the three of them, in case their friend tried to make a run for it, joking about who was still athletic enough to make a tackle.
-
-The 126th captain of Harvard football died alone, surrounded by bottles, on the couch of his $3,500-a-month apartment in South Boston. The medical examiner determined that Eitzmann’s heart and liver gave out, no longer able to defend against a daily assault of alcohol.
-
-Mikaela had last heard his voice five days earlier, when the kids called him on Christmas Eve. Eitzmann was slurring and unintelligible, and he ended the call after speaking with only two of his four children. That fifth rehab stint had ended almost immediately, after Eitzmann tested positive for the coronavirus and was discharged. The detox place in Millbury couldn’t hold him, and neither could the halfway house in Chestnut Hill. One night Mikaela got an alert that Eitzmann was trying to use his credit card at a restaurant in Boston, and Larkee agreed to go looking for him. He found his ex-roommate on Boylston Street, having a steak dinner and an old-fashioned.
-
-He drove him to a facility in Worcester but feared it was pointless. “He’s going to have to do it on his own,” Larkee remembers thinking.
-
-After Eitzmann’s death, his friends began looking for something to blame. Some of his hedge fund friends decided he had suffered from mental illness. A few relatives pointed to a family history of addiction. His brother wondered whether decades of seeming so put together, of trying to be the hero of every story, had gradually ripped him apart.
-
-“It looked like he was so good at everything, that it all came easy,” Nate Eitzmann says. “But he must’ve put an intense amount of pressure on himself to succeed, and what he was feeling inside versus what we were seeing on the outside were probably two different things.”
-
-During a Zoom call with the Harvard roommates later, Nowinski said Eitzmann’s family had donated his brain to be analyzed for CTE. The response startled Nowinski. A few of the men issued unequivocal rejections that football could be responsible, a vigorous defense of a game that remains a precious ingredient to both identity and social matrix.
-
-“Just look at the evidence: We’ve been playing football for a hundred-plus years. What are we talking about here?” Larkee says. “He had a drinking problem for other reasons, some classic reasons. Some childhood stuff, high-pressure job, just general depression and personality issues and those type of things, like any normal person in their mid-40s would become an alcoholic and lose their family. Football player or not, that classic horrible, tragic story.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/2D6NLND7PWG72H5H7CL7TIZSJE.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Harvard defensive coordinator Scott Larkee said of former teammate Chris Eitzmann, “We’ve been playing football for a hundred-plus years. What are we talking about here? He had a drinking problem for other reasons.” (Nic Antaya for the Boston Globe/Getty Images)
-
-He continues a moment later.
-
-“For his loved ones, if it makes them feel better that that was his problem, that it wasn’t his fault, then that’s fine. I think it *was* Eitzmann’s fault.”
-
-For more than a decade now, this tension has coursed through the friend group as Nowinski insisted that CTE would eventually “get one of us.” In response, friends say, the former roommates established a separate text thread that doesn’t include Nowinski. That’s where they sometimes call him an “opportunist,” one ex-teammate says, and compare him to an ambulance-chasing attorney.
-
-“There’s still so much unknown,” says a different friend, speaking on the condition of anonymity to protect his privacy and relationship with Nowinski. “Genetics and trauma, the effect of alcohol on the brain — it probably *is* a blend. That’s not a good enough story for him.”
-
-Some are willing to concede Nowinski’s contributions to accountability and football player safety, which one friend calls a “blessing.” The NFL reported a 30 percent reduction in concussions from 2015 to 2020, and the National Institutes of Health acknowledged for the first time last fall that repetitive traumatic brain injuries cause CTE.
-
-For the most part, though, they do what men their age do: They just don’t talk about it.
-
-“We are sort of beating around the bush of directly asking each other: Where do you fall on this?” Daigle says. “Chris sees CTE everywhere he looks because that’s his life. Scott sees a lack of evidence of CTE because he sees hundreds of football players a year.
-
-“If we were skewing, it would probably be to Chris’s side but with a bias toward saying we are not ideologues like Chris is on this. If he could ban football, he would.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/TCIDCFQUBUQ2CPPG5FODBEGLVU.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Linebacker Isaiah Kacyvenski was the only roommate selected in the NFL draft. A fourth-round pick by the Seahawks in 2000, he also played for the Rams. (Kevin Casey/NFL Photo Library)
-
-Last September, Nowinski traveled past the Overtime Grill and Lounge, where, over beers that night, he had been one of the only friends to say he regrets playing football. He continued past the cemetery where Eitzmann’s remains are buried, alongside dense cornfields, eventually turning off the paved road.
-
-When families donate a loved one’s brain, the neuropathologist who studies it conducts a virtual meeting to explain the results. Nowinski doesn’t usually sit in, but this time he did.
-
-“I didn’t want to treat Chris as another research case,” he says.
-
-Nowinski and Mikaela sat on the family’s L-shaped sofa, and Ann McKee, director of the brain bank at Boston University, appeared on a laptop screen. Coen, who turned 15 last month, watched from the cushion between them, while the other children were at school. Coen is looking more like his father each day. He stands like him, shoulders back, and has the same jaw line and curiosity Eitzmann once brought from Nebraska to Cambridge.
-
-Coen witnessed many of his father’s worst moments, so Mikaela believed he had earned the right to know their source. McKee explained that she had found severe Stage 2 CTE, or a considerable amount of scar tissue in his brain. It could have been the cause of his alcohol abuse and impulsive behavior, along with Eitzmann’s deteriorating cognitive function. Eitzmann’s fried circuit board had become a wasteland.
-
-“There was nothing we could’ve done,” Mikaela says. At first this was a relief, she says. But as she processed McKee’s diagnosis, Mikaela realized she had actually lost her husband long ago. She believed that photo she had taken of their hands in 2019, just before dropping him off at the rehab place in Arizona, documented their true end.
-
-“Looking back now,” she says, “I never really had my real Chris back. He was just never himself ever again. I don’t think he was himself for a really long time.”
-
-After McKee signed off, Nowinski turned to Coen. The boy just stared. His father had been a great man, Nowinski said, and Eitzmann’s death had shattered him. They all had idolized him at Harvard, where everyone was a big shot but none as big as Chris Eitzmann. He had just been born into a town, a state, a country in love with a violent game, as addictive and culturally important as it is brutal.
-
-But what happened, Nowinski continued, wasn’t inevitable for Coen or his three younger siblings, and neither did it suggest either of them would —
-
-Mikaela interjected. She thanked Nowinski for coming, for bringing understanding and closure, for retelling a few stories from happier times. But it was getting late, and Coen needed to head out soon. It was fall in Middle America, and the young man had a football game that night.
-
-Nowinski and Nicole were coming back from a beach trip with friends recently, their kids asleep in the back seat. The topic of Chris Eitzmann came up. Nicole saw her husband’s face tighten, his skin turn red, that common sight of a middle-aged man using everything within him to avoid crying.
-
-“It just hits so close to home,” Nowinski said once the wave passed.
-
-He had felt many emotions after Eitzmann’s death: sadness, regret, guilt. He talked about none of them. It wasn’t just that Superman was dead; it was that helping people is Nowinski’s job, and even he couldn’t save him. If only Eitzmann or Mikaela had asked. Or if Nowinski had checked in more frequently. Or paid closer attention.
-
-“It broke Chris, and he’s still very, very, very broken,” Nicole says. “He kind of just handled it like, unfortunately, like you guys tend to do: just crawled into a hole.”
-
-By the time Nowinski emerged, so had a different emotion: fear. Two decades after his last wrestling match, Nowinski still takes prescription medication to ease headaches that can last all day. Though he discontinued his sleepwalking medication a few years ago, he still has vivid, disturbing dreams. Still, if he wakes in the night or feels foggy or forgets something, this is evidence, Nowinski says, that he has CTE. Be it soon or years from now, a fate similar to Eitzmann’s — and his family’s — is inevitable.
-
-“I’ve seen this pattern,” he says, “over and over and over again.”
-
-Mikaela admits she enabled Eitzmann, lied for him, helped him keep his secret. “I protected him for a really long time,” she says. It’s a regret she will live with forever.
-
-Nicole says Nowinski rarely drinks and has never been aggressive or menacing. She says she watches and “charts” her husband’s every move, comparing them with those from 15 years ago, when they first met in Boston.
-
-“I run my little science experiments all the time,” she says. “How has Chris changed? If he gets angry about something, is this just typical Chris behavior or is this a new type of anger? Or if he just forgets something, is this something he *normally* forgets? The headaches scare me, the sleep scares me, but that’s also been an issue since Day 1.”
-
-But what if Nowinski were to hide the severity of his symptoms, as Eitzmann did? If he knows how to address them, it stands to reason he also knows how to conceal them.
-
-“Chris is the love of my life and my best friend,” she says. “But I have to put my children first. His connections in the science field, they’re my connections as well. I’ve always been, in the back of my head, prepared for that, if it’s pretty or not. That’s my plan, just kind of go to his people —”
-
-She pauses, considering what it would mean to actually do what she’s describing.
-
-“— behind his back,” she continues, “and just ask for help.”
-
-For now, Nicole says, her objective is to listen and be supportive, even if Nowinski doesn’t want to talk. It’s to make him feel safe, she says, when he feels insecure or afraid and assure him they’re in this — whatever *this* is — together. On this late afternoon, Nowinski turned off the interstate as twilight approached. Nicole sat in the passenger seat of their SUV and leaned over. She looked at the sky and pointed out the orange and pink and purple streaks emerging.
-
-She gripped his hand as they drove, and Nowinski seemed calmer now as they listened to music and searched for new colors. Nicole squeezed tighter, a gentle reminder to her husband that she was there, would stay there, and that a day’s earlier moments don’t necessarily foretell how vibrant and lovely the sunset can sometimes be.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/2KCMZVHWXM7467T7VK3Q7WXHGQ_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Chris Nowinski fears CTE will send him down a grim path, and wife Nicole monitors his behavior. (Scott McIntyre for The Washington Post)
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
----
-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.03 News/Frank Carone on Eric Adams’s Smash-and-Grab New York.md b/00.03 News/Frank Carone on Eric Adams’s Smash-and-Grab New York.md
index a6619363..4e407770 100644
--- a/00.03 News/Frank Carone on Eric Adams’s Smash-and-Grab New York.md	
+++ b/00.03 News/Frank Carone on Eric Adams’s Smash-and-Grab New York.md	
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 ---
 
-dg-publish: true
-Alias: [""]
 Tag: ["🗳️", "🇺🇸", "🗽"]
 Date: 2024-04-21
 DocType: "WebClipping"
@@ -14,7 +12,7 @@ CollapseMetaTable: true
 ---
 
 Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: 🟥
+Read:: [[2024-07-17]]
 
 ---
 
@@ -96,10 +94,6 @@ They liked Eric Adams. Carone had known about Adams since his days as the boiste
 
 Later, Adams came by the Abrams Fensterman office with a whiteboard and an easel and laid out exactly how he was going to become mayor, drawing a chart with himself and various rivals. As the 2021 election neared, Carone called in the chits he had accumulated after a quarter-century in Brooklyn politics, especially among the Hasidic community. He played the heavy when necessary, joking with some local leaders that if they didn’t back Adams, they would have to move out of New York. When Adams was sworn in on January 1, 2022, Carone was among a small group that joined him onstage.
 
-Carone at the Oaktree offices on Fifth Avenue. Photo: Dolly Faibyshev for New York Magazine.
-
-Carone at the Oaktree offices on Fifth Avenue. Photo: Dolly Faibyshev for New York Magazine.
-
 Frank Carone has a simple theory of reciprocity. He is a voluminous consumer of business self-help books, and in 2020, he co-wrote one of his own, titled *Everyone Wins! How You Can Enhance Business Relationships Just Like Ultra-Wealthy Entrepreneurs.* “You take certain actions to help those in your business relationships explicitly achieve their self-interests that are distinct from your own self-interests,” reads one passage. “Because you’re helping them achieve their goals and agenda they ‘owe’ you. In order to pay you back, they’ll be strongly inclined to fulfill your requests, take your recommendations, and so on. Simply put, when you help others get the results you want, they often become ‘indebted’ to you. This can then motivate them to be helpful to you in achieving your goals.”
 
 Adams’s victory gave Carone an opportunity to put his approach to work in the public sector. “Frank likes people, he likes doing things for people, and he likes being in the mix,” said Young, the former Adams spokesman. “Frank’s superpower is around relationships and using those relationships — and I don’t mean in a bad way — to achieve good ends. People trust him, they want to be around him, and they believe he can facilitate mutually beneficial situations.”
@@ -116,8 +110,6 @@ All this was outside Carone’s ken. One lobbyist recalls visiting Carone early
 
 To cynics, that context explained a lot of Carone’s priorities. He took a noticeable interest in the rebuilding of the Brooklyn Queens Expressway, a $5.5 billion undertaking that stands to be a lobbying frenzy. Such a project is usually the purview of the Department of Transportation, not the mayor’s chief of staff. The way Adams and Carone shaped the plans has outraged locals and activists, who say their proposal will harm Brooklyn Bridge Park and be more expensive and take more time than the available alternatives. “It is as close to public-policy insanity as I have ever seen, and it makes no goddamn sense,” said a person who has worked on the project for years. “The only way it makes sense is if these guys have something weird going on.”
 
-Photo: Luiz C. Ribeiro/New York Daily News/Tribune News Service, via Getty Images
-
 After our breakfast in Boca, Carone climbed into his massive black Escalade, a pair of golf clubs rattling around in the back, and set off to meet with some Oaktree clients. One was a Hasidic businessman who was flying down from La Guardia to meet with Carone for an hour and immediately return to New York. “He is the Waze of City Hall,” a rival said of Carone. ‘He tells you where to go to get what you need done. It’s: ‘Here is the key staffer for this issue. Let me call him and tell him you are reaching out.’”
 
 In Florida, Carone spent part of the day on the deck of the *Princess Nauti Natalie*, an 80-foot yacht owned by a childhood friend from Canarsie. “I am an open book,” Carone said, and reminded me that as chief of staff, he once released his schedules and convened a call for reporters to ask him whatever they wanted. During the session, someone from the *Times* asked if he took any NYCHA residents to Casa Cipriani. “Really cute,” Carone responded. “I hope you are proud of yourself.” What the journalists didn’t know was that Carone conducted his end of the call from the yacht. “Right here, right on this boat!” he told me.
@@ -140,8 +132,6 @@ The scheme would seem to run right up against the city’s strict laws governing
 
 Another Oaktree situation that comes awfully close to ethical lines involves the competition to build a casino in New York City — one of the biggest development deals of this century. Carone is forbidden from working on matters that he had a hand in at City Hall, and he met with several casino executives while he was there. SL Green, the real-estate behemoth that is trying to site a casino in Times Square, has Carone on retainer. It’s being finessed by the fact that Carone is not lobbying per se, but rather building community support.
 
-At home in Mill Basin, Brooklyn. Photo: Dolly Faibyshev for New York Magazine
-
 Does he know what is going on inside the hall of government? No question,” one real-estate executive said about Carone. “Does he play with fire? Also no question. He has got a lot of friends that a lot of us would find unsavory, but Eric doesn’t seem to care. He has been vetted up the wazoo and no one has tagged him with crossing the line.”
 
 Who is hiring Frank Carone, how much they are paying him, and, most important, why has been one of the great mysteries among the lobbyists, consultants, operatives, and PR pros who make up the permanent governing class of New York City. Carone wouldn’t let me see his full client list, but he did say that he has about 100 clients and that his minimum fee is $20,000 a month for at least a year. Northwell Hospital Systems has been reported as a client, as well as Saquon Barkley, the star running back for the New York Giants. “I mean, Saquon Barkley!” said one lobbyist. “I am envious of that alone. I don’t even know what Frank does for him, but it certainly boosts Frank’s image in all the right places.”
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-Date: 2023-04-10
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-```button
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-^button-GamblerWhoBeatRouletteFoundWaytoWinNSave
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-&emsp;
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-# Gambler Who Beat Roulette Found Way to Win Beyond Red or Black
-
-Photo Illustration by Irene Suosalo; Video: Getty Images
-
-For decades, casinos scoffed as mathematicians and physicists devised elaborate systems to take down the house. Then an unassuming Croatian’s winning strategy forever changed the game.
-
-April 6, 2023, 12:01 AM UTC
-
-One spring evening, two men and a woman walked into the Ritz Club casino, an upmarket establishment in London’s West End. Security officers in a back room logged their entry and watched a grainy CCTV feed as the trio strolled past high gilded arches and oil paintings of gentlemen posing in hats. Casino workers greeted them with hushed reverence.
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-The security team paid particularly close attention to one of the three, their apparent leader. Niko Tosa, a Croatian with rimless glasses balanced on the narrow ridge of his nose, scanned the gaming floor, attentive as a hawk. He’d visited the Ritz half a dozen times over the previous two weeks, astounding staff with his knack for roulette and walking away with several thousand pounds each time. A manager would later say in a written statement that Tosa was the most successful player he’d witnessed in 25 years on the job. No one had any idea how Tosa did it. The casino inspected a wheel he’d played at for signs of tampering and found none.
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-That night, March 15, 2004, the thin Croatian seemed to be looking for something. After a few minutes, he settled at a roulette table in the Carmen Room, set apart from the main playing area. He was flanked on either side by his companions: a Serbian businessman with deep bags under his eyes and a bottle-blond Hungarian woman. At the end of the table, the wheel spun silently, spotlighted by a golden chandelier. The trio bought chips and began to play.
-
-![The Ritz Club casino in London in 2005.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iXKlr.MAqajY/v0/640x-1.jpg)
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-The Ritz Club casino in London in 2005. James Veysey/Camera Press/Redux
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-The Ritz was typical of London’s top casinos in that it was members-only and attracted an eclectic mix of old money, new money and dubiously acquired money. Britain’s royals were regulars, as were Saudi heiresses, hedge fund tycoons and the actor Johnny Depp. One cigar-chomping Greek diplomat was so dedicated to gambling he refused to leave his seat to use the toilet, instead urinating into a jug, so the story went.
-
-But the way Tosa and his friends played roulette stood out as weird even for the Ritz. They would wait until six or seven seconds after the croupier launched the ball, when the rattling tempo of plastic on wood started to slow, then jump forward to place their chips before bets were halted, covering as many as 15 numbers at once. They moved so quickly and harmoniously, it was “as if someone had fired a starting gun,” an assistant manager told investigators afterward. The wheel was a standard European model: 37 red and black numbered pockets in a seemingly random sequence—32, 15, 19, 4 and so on—with a single green 0. Tosa’s crew was drawn to an area of the betting felt set aside for special wagers that covered pie-sliced segments of the wheel. There, gamblers could choose sections called *orphelins* (orphans) or *le tiers du cylindre* (a third of the wheel). Tosa and his partners favored “neighbors” bets, consisting of one number plus the two on each side, five pockets in all.
-
-Then there was the win rate. Tosa’s crew didn’t hit the right number on every spin, but they did as often as not, in streaks that defied logic: eight in a row, or 10, or 13. Even with a dozen chips on the table at a total cost of £1,200 (about $2,200 at the time), the 35:1 payout meant they could more than double their money. Security staff watched nervously as their chip stack grew ever higher. Tosa and the Serbian, who did most of the gambling while their female companion ordered drinks, had started out with £30,000 and £60,000 worth of chips, respectively, and in no time both had broken six figures. Then they started to increase their bets, risking as much as £15,000 on a single spin.
-
-It was almost as if they could see the future. They didn’t react whether they won or lost; they simply played on. At one point, the Serbian threw down £10,000 in chips and looked away idly as the ball bounced around the numbered pockets. He wasn’t even watching when it landed and he lost. He was already walking off in the direction of the bar.
-
-It wasn’t the amount of money at stake that made the Ritz security team anxious. Customers routinely made several million pounds in an evening and left carrying designer bags bulging with cash. It was the way these three were winning: consistently, over hundreds of rounds. “It is practically impossible to predict the number that will come up,” Stephen Hawking once wrote about roulette. “Otherwise physicists would make a fortune at casinos.” The game was designed to be random; chaos, elegantly rendered in circular motion.
-
-Even so, gamblers have come up with plenty of elaborate mathematical systems to beat it—Oscar’s Grind, the D’Alembert. Simple ones, too, such as betting on black then doubling on every loss until you win. Casino owners love these strategies because they don’t work. The green 0 pocket (with an additional 00 pocket on American wheels) means even the highest-odds bets, on red or black for example, have a slightly less than half chance of success. Everyone loses eventually.
-
-Except for Niko Tosa and his friends. When the Croatian left the casino in the early hours of March 16, he’d turned £30,000 worth of chips into a £310,000 check. His Serbian partner did even better, making £684,000 from his initial £60,000. He asked for a half-million in two checks and the rest in cash. That brought the group’s take, including from earlier sessions, to about £1.3 million. And Tosa wasn’t done. He told casino employees he planned to return the next day.
-
-A week later—after the events at the Ritz had been picked over by casino staff, roulette wheel engineers, police and lawyers—the British press got wind of Tosa’s epic run. The Mirror reported that an unidentified high-tech gang had hit the casino with a “laser scam,” pairing a device hidden in a mobile phone with a microcomputer to achieve the impossible.
-
-It was as good a theory as any. But closer observers weren’t so sure, and the case remained a mystery even to casino insiders almost two decades later. “We still lose sleep over that one,” a gambling executive told me.
-
-I spent six months investigating the clandestine world of professional roulette players to find out who Tosa is and how he beat the system. The search took me deep into a secret war between those who make a living betting on the wheel and those who try to stop them—and ultimately to an encounter with Tosa himself. The British press got plenty wrong in their reports about what happened on the night of March 15, 2004. There was no laser. But the newspapers were right about one thing: It is possible to beat roulette.
-
-John Wootten had just finished his first day as security chief at the Ritz when he got a call from a colleague about some unusual activity at the roulette tables. He was in a West End pub having a beer with friends, celebrating his new job at one of the city’s most prestigious venues.
-
-We’re losing money rapidly, the voice on the other end of the phone told him. What should we do? Get the names of the gamblers and call back, Wootten said.
-
-Wootten was a burly former soldier in the Grenadier Guards, whose red coats and bearskin hats can be seen guarding Buckingham Palace. He also ran a punk rock pub before getting into the casino business. Wootten knew to brace himself for trouble. Casino staff didn’t call so late without good reason.
-
-Word came back by the time he’d finished his pint. One of the players was Niko Tosa. The others were Nenad Marjanovic—from Serbia, though he used an old Yugoslavian passport—and Livia Pilisi, of Hungary. Wootten had never heard of them, but he ordered staff to cut them off and hightailed it to the Ritz. By the time he arrived, the mysterious gamblers were gone.
-
-The following day, Wootten came in early to investigate. He found no obvious sign that the roulette wheel or table had been tampered with. Watching the CCTV footage, he noted that Tosa and Marjanovic jumped up to place their bets a few seconds into each spin. They must have been using some sort of computer, he thought.
-
-Wootten had tried to give a speech at an industry event a few years prior about the threat to casinos from [tiny, increasingly powerful computing devices](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-31/inside-the-20-year-quest-to-build-computers-that-play-poker "Inside the 20-Year Quest to Build Computers That Play Poker"), capable of processing feats humans could only dream of. He was laughed off stage. Ridicule still ringing in his ears, he made it his business to learn everything he could about the subject.
-
-![Thorp in 1964.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iCkrRDqfbFuQ/v0/640x-1.jpg)
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-Thorp in 1964. Leigh Wiener
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-Computer-assisted roulette was born in the 1960s, the progeny of rebellious academics at elite American universities. If scientists armed with microprocessors could predict the movement of the stars and planets, why not roulette? It was a matter of physics. Edward Thorp, an [American mathematician and gambling pioneer](http://www.edwardothorp.com/ "Edward O. Thorp"), made the first serious attempt, along with Claude Shannon, the MIT professor who more or less invented information theory. From their point of view, roulette wasn’t totally random. It was a spherical object traversing a circular path, subject to the effects of gravity, friction, air resistance and centripetal force. An equation could make sense of those.
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-Modeling got tougher, though, once the ball moved in from the outer rim to the spinning central rotor, ricocheting off the metal slats and the sides of the numbered pocket dividers—a second, chaotic phase that scientific consensus held would scramble any prediction. Thorp and Shannon discovered, however, that by timing the speed of the ball and the rotor, they could calculate the ball’s likely destination. There were errors, but Thorp was delighted to find that their predictions were normally off by only a few pockets.
-
-![](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ifofuoL5RRCI/v0/640x-1.jpg)
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-A schematic for a roulette wheel and wearable computer, from Thorp’s papers. Edward O. Thorp Papers/Courtesy University of California, Irvine Special Collections and Archives
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-![](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i_qwNQHs8arQ/v0/640x-1.jpg)
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-An electrical diagram for a roulette device. Edward O. Thorp Papers/Courtesy University of California, Irvine Special Collections and Archives
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-To run their equation, the two mathematicians built and programmed the world’s first wearable computer, a matchbox-size gadget wired to a timing switch hidden inside a shoe. Once Thorp had calibrated the device to adjust to a specific wheel’s dynamics, all he had to do was tap his foot twice to get speed readings. The system worked, at least in a laboratory setting—their Sixties-era wiring kept fritzing out when they tried it in a casino.
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-A decade later, J. Doyne Farmer, a physics student at the University of California at Santa Cruz, took up the challenge. Farmer dreamed of creating a utopian community of hippie inventors funded by gambling profits. He and his partners called their venture Eudaemonic Enterprises, after Aristotle’s term for the fulfilling sensation of a life well lived. Like Thorp before him, Farmer learned that roulette was more predictable than anyone imagined, and also that making the science work amid the sweat and noise of a real casino was almost impossible. His device used a hidden buzzer that told the wearer which of eight sections, or “octants,” the ball would likely drop into. At field tests in Lake Tahoe and Las Vegas casinos, the computer shorted out or overheated, zapping the wearer or burning their skin. The Eudaemons wasted several years and thousands of dollars before abandoning the project in the early 1980s. One of them published a book about their adventures called *The Eudaemonic Pie*. In the end, the book concluded, Eudaemonia wasn’t a goal to be attained, but a journey.
-
-![A wearable roulette computer developed by Shannon and Thorp.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iwnHt2kWcwjQ/v0/640x-1.jpg)
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-A wearable roulette computer developed by Shannon and Thorp. MIT Museum
-
-![The Eudaemonic Pie, published in 1985.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iJGC32Q_3dtA/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-*The Eudaemonic Pie*, published in 1985.
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-Wootten had read *The Eudaemonic Pie*, and he knew how far computers had advanced since its publication. As he considered Tosa’s method the day after the big Ritz score, he concluded that the six-second pause before the Croatian placed his bets was enough time to clock rotations of the ball and wheel and have a computer produce a forecast. He decided to call the cops.
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-Tosa, Marjanovic and Pilisi returned to the Ritz at 10 that night, as promised. This time they were led to a private room where a squad from the London Metropolitan Police was waiting. An officer politely informed them they were under arrest on suspicion of “deception” and led them away to be interviewed at a nearby police station. Once the gamblers were out of earshot, Wootten urged the cops to check their shoes and clothes for hidden devices.
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-Tosa and his companions reacted to being arrested with the same surreal calm they’d shown at the roulette wheel. At the station, they were interviewed separately through an interpreter. Tosa was robotically unhelpful, declining to answer questions. Marjanovic was more talkative but just as confounding. He claimed to be a professional gambler of such skill at roulette that he could win 70% of the time. Only “self-discipline” limited his profits, he said. Both denied using any kind of computer.
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-Pilisi, who seemed to be romantically involved with Marjanovic, was vague about how she knew Tosa and said she knew little about her partner’s gambling. A detective tried showing her CCTV footage of Marjanovic playing at the Ritz. “That’s your boyfriend winning half a million pounds,” he said, gesturing at the screen. “It’s like winning the lottery. You don’t show any emotion.” Pilisi shrugged. “So what?” she replied.
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-The police had seized four cellphones and a PalmPilot-type device, which were taken away to be analyzed. Searching the group’s hotel rooms, officers found several hundred thousand pounds and a list of casinos marked with symbols: ticks, crosses, pluses and minuses. The detective told Wootten that, given the sums in question, the Met’s money laundering division would be taking over. In the meantime, the force authorized the Ritz to halt payment on Tosa and Marjanovic’s checks, so they couldn’t take the casino’s money and flee.
-
-Later that same evening, out on bail, Tosa, Marjanovic and Pilisi stopped outside the casino and had a brief, bizarre conversation with a doorman who later reported it to his superiors. Tosa told the doorman in Balkan-accented English that the Ritz’s owners were bad people who were looking for an excuse not to pay. He and his companions were going to sue to get their money, he warned.
-
-About six months later, a chauffeured Mercedes-Benz pulled up outside the [Colony Club](https://www.thecolonyclub.co.uk/ "The Colony Club") casino, not far from the Ritz, and deposited two men who said they could prove it was possible to win at roulette without cheating.
-
-The police investigation had stalled. Despite numerous searches, they hadn’t found earpieces, wiring or timers. Police IT specialists had found evidence of data being deleted from the seized cellphones—suspiciously, some felt—but no sign of any roulette-beating software.
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-Tosa and the other suspects had lawyered up and were refusing to answer any more questions. Instead, their attorney suggested, police should watch a demonstration showing how someone could conquer roulette without resorting to fraud. An executive at the Colony Club agreed to host and invited security chiefs from across the West End gambling scene.
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-Tosa himself wouldn’t take part. Instead, the attorney put forth a grim-faced Croatian named Ratomir Jovanovic to give the demonstration alongside his Lebanese playing partner, Youssef Fadel. The two had made approximately £380,000 playing roulette at various London venues around the same time as Tosa, using the same distinctive late-betting style. Police already suspected, though they couldn’t prove it, that Jovanovic was part of a gambling syndicate run by Tosa. Jovanovic’s presence at the demo seemed to confirm their theory.
-
-When Jovanovic and Fadel arrived at the Colony, they were led to a private roulette chamber to find not only police, as they’d expected, but also half a dozen casino security bosses in dark suits. Most were former soldiers like Wootten, some had visible scars or warped knuckles, and all looked hostile. Fadel’s smile vanished. Jovanovic tried to bolt, but one of the casino guys kicked the door shut with his heel. “You’re not going anywhere,” he said, according to several attendees.
-
-Wootten watched, gripped, as Jovanovic took his place at the cream-colored leather fringe of a roulette table. The Croatian’s method was recognizable from footage of Tosa at the Ritz: the pause, the wager, the spread of chips. Like Tosa, he used the area of the betting felt set aside for wagering swiftly on segments of the wheel, where he could cover five adjacent pockets with a single chip on the “neighbors” section.
-
-But Jovanovic couldn’t make it work. He didn’t hit anything for the first few spins and barely improved from there. A casino executive started mouthing off about them wasting his time. The Croatian blamed bad vibes in the room for messing with his instincts. “We have heart for roulette,” he said. “We’ve lost our hearts.” Wootten didn’t buy it. How could this be any more stressful than playing live, with real money?
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-The police detective intervened to explain that everyone suspected the gamblers of using a hidden computer. We’re not doing that, Jovanovic offered. “We can play naked,” he said. At this, one of the casino representatives grabbed at the Croatian’s jacket as if to strip him. “Go on, then!” The detective had seen enough and ended the demonstration before things could turn ugly. He escorted the gamblers out.
-
-To a cop’s eyes, Tosa and his gang still looked like criminals. They had large sums of cash, burner cellphones and passports showing travel to Angola and Kazakhstan. What exactly was their crime, though? Even if it could be proven that they’d used a computer, the answer wouldn’t have been clear. Nevada had banned the use of electronic devices in casinos back in the 1980s, but the UK had no such prohibition. The country’s gaming statute, which dated to 1845, was created to stop noblemen from blowing their family fortunes at West End clubs. It didn’t mention computers.
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-Not long after the Colony demo, the police phoned Wootten to say they wouldn’t be pressing charges against Tosa, Marjanovic or Pilisi, or continuing the investigation into Jovanovic and Fadel. Detectives hadn’t found any evidence of dishonesty or cheating, nor had they been able to establish a definitive link between the two groups.
-
-Wootten was aghast. He imagined having to tell the casino’s billionaire owners, a conversation he’d been hoping to avoid. Was there any legal way to stop Tosa and the others from collecting their winnings? he asked. No, the officer said. There was no other option. The Ritz would have to pay up.
-
-Photo Illustration by Irene Suosalo; Video: Getty Images
-
-Wootten was determined not to let Tosa’s victory be the end of the matter, and he wasn’t the only one. Wootten’s friend Mike Barnett—once an electrician, then a professional gambler, then a high-paid casino security consultant—had been helping the Ritz and the Metropolitan Police understand how predictive roulette worked. The casino had paid for Barnett to fly in from Australia in the middle of the Tosa investigation, bringing along his own roulette timers and predictive software. He couldn’t be sure Tosa had used computers, but it was nevertheless an opportunity to convince skeptical cops and staff that roulette prediction wasn’t a myth.
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-In presentations that were seen by representatives of virtually every major casino group in the UK, as well as the national regulator, the [Gambling Commission](https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/ "UK Gambling Commission"), Barnett invited audiences to try using a handheld clicker to time video footage of a moving wheel and ball precisely enough for the computer program to work its magic. Most could, and once they’d done it themselves, some of the mystery fell away. “To make money in roulette, all you need to do is rule out two numbers,” Barnett liked to say, flashing a gold Rolex and diamond encrusted ring as he held up his fingers. With two numbers eliminated, the odds became slightly better than even, flipping the house’s slender advantage.
-
-The Gambling Commission ordered a government laboratory to test Barnett’s system. The lab confirmed his thesis: Roulette computers *did* work, as long as certain conditions were present.
-
-Those conditions are, in effect, imperfections of one sort or another. On a perfect wheel, the ball would always fall in a random way. But over time, wheels develop flaws, which turn into patterns. A wheel that’s even marginally tilted could develop what Barnett called a “drop zone.” When the tilt forces the ball to climb a slope, the ball decelerates and falls from the outer rim at the same spot on almost every spin. A similar thing can happen on equipment worn from repeated use, or if a croupier’s hand lotion has left residue, or for a dizzying number of other reasons. A drop zone is the Achilles’ heel of roulette. That morsel of predictability is enough for software to overcome the random skidding and bouncing that happens after the drop. The Gambling Commission’s research on Barnett’s device confirmed it.
-
-[The government’s report](https://www.roulettephysics.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/roulette-problem2.pdf "Roulette Wheel Testing report [pdf]") wasn’t released publicly after it was finished in September 2005; casinos made sure of that. But among industry figures, it gave an official imprimatur to a once-fanciful idea. The study also offered recommendations for how casinos could fight back: Shallower wheels. Smooth, low metal dividers between the number pockets. Or no dividers at all, only scalloped grooves for the ball to settle into. These design features increased the time a ball spent in the hard-to-predict second phase of its orbit, hopping around the pockets in such chaotic fashion that even a supercomputer couldn’t work out where it was headed.
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-Most important, roulette wheels had to be balanced with extraordinary precision. A quick check with a level was no longer enough. Even a fraction of one degree off, and the ball might end up in Barnett’s drop zone.
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-London casinos were some of the first to order new equipment to meet the specifications. The Ritz changed all its wheels within months. Word spread quickly. At an industry event in Las Vegas, Barnett asked an audience of gambling executives how many thought it was possible to predict roulette. Hardly anyone raised a hand. By the end of his presentation, when he asked again, almost everyone did.
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-As the gaming industry began taking the threat more seriously, wheels were developed with laser sensors and built-in inclinometers to detect even a hair’s breadth of tilt. The stakes were rising, as [gambling moved online](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-04/twitch-s-gambling-boom-is-luring-gamers-into-crypto-casinos "Twitch’s Gambling Boom Is Luring Gamers Into Crypto Casinos") and millions of people around the world [began to wager on livestreams](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2009-08-24/netplay-pushes-tv-roulette-as-broadcasters-seek-revenue-sources "Netplay Pushes TV Roulette as Broadcasters Seek Revenue Sources") from their home computers or cellphones.
-
-One of the biggest livestreamers was Evolution Gaming Group. Founded in 2006 with some casino equipment and a small office in Latvia, the company charged betting firms a percentage of revenue to use its platform, which became a wildly lucrative niche. About a decade ago, according to several former employees, Evolution staff made a strange discovery. A handful of players were winning at statistically absurd rates on the roulette wheels spinning day and night at its facility in Riga. Engineers investigated and pinpointed a culprit: the floor. Specifically, there was a gap between its solid concrete base and the carpeted playing surface laid down just above, a standard feature in studios where audio is recorded. When a croupier stood next to the televised table, the floor flexed ever so slightly, not enough to catch the human eye but tilting enough to help anyone using prediction software. One online user won tens of thousands of dollars from a major Evolution partner before engineers installed platforms to steady the wheels.
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-As Evolution grew, opening outlets in Belgium, Malta and Spain, so did the ingenuity of the players exploiting any flaw in its operations. One gambling brand’s croupiers worked in a hot room cooled by a fan that Evolution found altered the movement of the ball. Brand-new equipment might arrive with unglued pockets or start to degrade and lose its randomness after only a few weeks of round-the-clock use. Sometimes, wheels got so dependable that gamblers didn’t even need a predictive equation. They could simply bet the favored section over and over. Always, there were players who seemed able to spot the imperfections before Evolution’s analysts could.
-
-In response, Evolution hired an army of “game integrity” specialists and paid a fortune to consultants, including Barnett. The company developed software to track wheels in real time and identify whether any section was winning more than statistical models said it should. It gave croupiers a screen telling them to toss the ball more quickly or slowly, as required. By 2016, Evolution employed 400 people in its game integrity and risk department, according to an [annual report](https://evolution-com-media.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/651419_0.pdf "Evolution Gaming annual report 2016 [pdf]") in which it also warned that its adversaries were getting more sophisticated with every passing year. (Asked for comment, a company spokesman said, “Evolution works hard to protect game integrity and it is a prerequisite for our business.”)
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-According to Barnett, there’s a new generation of online roulette sharps who no longer need human-operated switches to time the ball and wheel. Instead, they deploy software that scans the video feed and does it for them, all from a home computer with no security guards in sight. Gambling firms are fighting back with innovations like random rotor speed, or RRS, technology, using software to algorithmically slow the wheel differently on each spin.
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-There’s one surefire way casinos could stop prediction: calling “no more bets” before the ball is in motion. But they won’t. That would cut into profits by limiting the amount of play and deterring casual gamblers. Instead, the industry seems willing to pay a toll to a select few who know the secret, while trying to design out the flaws that make the game vulnerable. Walk into a casino anywhere in the world today. Look at the depth of the pockets, the height of the wheelhead, the curvature of the bowl, and you can see how Tosa and his counterparts have reshaped roulette.
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-John Wootten never forgot Niko Tosa. Part of him admired the Croatian, who was a cut above the grubby casino cheats he was accustomed to dealing with. If anything, Tosa helped Wootten’s career. He traveled the world to talk about the Ritz case, giving speeches in Macau, Las Vegas and Tasmania. Every so often, he was thrilled to get word of Tosa’s whereabouts from someone in his global network.
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-As the years went on, Tosa adopted different aliases, complete with fake IDs, and switched up his playing partners. But the piercing gaze, the long beak of a nose, were unmistakable. There he was at a Romanian casino in 2010, captured by a security camera with his hand stuffed into a trouser pocket (where, staff assumed, he must be hiding something). There he was again, in London, trying to get into a club in an unconvincing gray wig. Then Poland. Then Slovakia.
-
-In 2013 the furious owner of a casino in Nairobi contacted Wootten about a Croatian who’d won 5 million Kenyan shillings ($57,000) playing roulette. The gambler would watch the wheel for a few seconds, then place neighbors bets. When challenged, he acted as if he was “expecting a confrontation,” the casino owner wrote in an email. Could it be the same Croatian who’d hit the Ritz almost a decade earlier?
-
-When Wootten confirmed the man was one and the same, the casino owner phoned and said he’d contacted friends in the Kenyan government who he hoped could have Tosa arrested. Wootten wished him luck and hung up. He took the incident as a sign the gaming industry’s defensive measures were working. Tosa must be getting desperate, having to travel to Africa to find vulnerable wheels. There were casinos far from London where, Wootten knew, they wouldn’t hesitate to break a suspected cheat’s fingers.
-
-![Wootten outside his shed in London.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i2J8Xz6c3aTc/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-Wootten outside his shed in London. Carlotta Cardana for Bloomberg Businessweek
-
-Wootten retired in 2020, after the Ritz shut its doors permanently during the Covid-19 pandemic. Over the years he’d collected a cabinet full of increasingly ingenious devices: PalmPilots, reprogrammed cellphones, flesh-colored earpieces, miniature buttons and cameras. He knew of one player who’d hidden a roulette timer in his mouth and had heard rumors of another who’d tried to get a microprocessor surgically embedded in his scalp.
-
-Yet Tosa had never been caught with so much as a thumb drive. Could it really be, Wootten wondered, that the man who’d done more than anyone to raise the alarm about computer roulette hadn’t actually used one?
-
-He knew, too, that some of the early pioneers of the field had observed a curious phenomenon. After using predictive technology thousands of times, they’d developed a sense of where the ball would land, even without the computer. “It’s like an athlete,” Mark Billings, a lifelong player and author of *[Follow the Bouncing Ball: Silicon vs Roulette](https://www.amazon.com/Follow-Bouncing-Ball-Silicon-Roulette-ebook/dp/B08P91LXTM/ref=sr_1_2 "Follow the Bouncing Ball: Silicon vs Roulette on Amazon.com")*, said in an interview. “At some point all this stuff comes together. You look at the wheel. You just know.” Casinos call it “cerebral” clocking. All that’s needed is a drop zone and a potent, well-trained mind.
-
-Wootten and Barnett debate the point to this day. A roulette computer was a neat explanation for casino staff, who didn’t want to look too closely at their shoddy equipment, and for Wootten, who wanted to prove a point to all the executives who’d laughed at him. But when I spoke to Barnett, he argued that the wheel at the Ritz was so old and predictable that Tosa wouldn’t have needed a computer to defeat it. “Blind Freddie could beat the wheel they played,” he said.
-
-Back then, he’d wanted to believe, too. “I wanted to ride into Scotland Yard on my white horse and expose the M.O.,” he recalled. “The problem was there was not the slightest shred of evidence.”
-
-Without that, Barnett said, there was only one thing left to do: “The only way we’ll really know is if you talk to Niko.”
-
-I figured Tosa would be hard to track down. He’s spent most of his career trying not to be found. Sure enough, there was no record of him in company or property registries, or in news reports or on social media. I managed to get hold of a list of his playing partners and worked my way through it, but they all turned into dead ends.
-
-Business associates of his Ritz companions, Pilisi and Marjanovic, ignored calls and emails and blocked my number when I texted. I did find one Serbian businessman who seemed to know them both, but he said he’d lost touch years ago and was trying to find them himself. When pressed, he grew irate. “What part don’t you understand?” he asked.
-
-I thought I’d caught a break when one of Tosa’s more recent partners listed an address near my home in West London, but the man’s ex-wife answered the door and said he’d moved back to Montenegro when they separated. So it went.
-
-Eventually, I realized the different addresses Tosa had given casinos over the years were clustered along the same stretch of Croatian coast, south of Dubrovnik. They were tiny villages, mostly. I hoped someone might have heard of him, so I sent a colleague to ask around. After striking out a few times, he found a former neighbor and showed him Tosa’s photograph. He has a holiday villa nearby, the neighbor said, just up the road from the local convenience store. Try him there.
-
-My colleague found Tosa outside the house, working on an SUV. He was friendly enough, though he said he didn’t talk to reporters. He offered a phone number but didn’t answer it the numerous times I called.
-
-In November, I flew to Dubrovnik, the picturesque medieval fort city that was one of the [main backdrops](https://www.kingslandingdubrovnik.com/ "King's Landing Dubrovnik") for *Game of Thrones*. The day I arrived, a storm blew in off the Adriatic, slamming sheets of rain against the cliffs and sending the few off-season tourists scurrying for their hotels. Tosa’s villa was an hour’s drive down a winding coastal road. There was a solid iron gate blocking the entrance to his front door and no one home, so I folded a note into a plastic folder to keep out the rain and slid it under the gate.
-
-![A village in the region of Croatia where Tosa is from.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ixIBebnqO2Bs/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-A village in the region of Croatia where Tosa is from. Kit Chellel
-
-The town’s only cafe was open and full of chain-smoking locals in sweatsuits. It was an unpretentious place decorated with *Godfather* posters. I ordered a coffee and struck up a conversation with the barman. Did he know that probably the world’s most successful roulette player had a place around the corner? No, he said—he never gambled. He thought it was a good way to lose money.
-
-I showed him a picture of Tosa. He said he didn’t recognize the man, though he was curious how I’d found the photo. After a while, I left a tip, said goodbye and walked off, defeated, in the direction of my car. The barman came running out into the downpour. “I just called him,” he said. “He is my good friend. I wanted to check with him first. He is in Dubrovnik.” Tosa phoned me a few hours later, and we arranged to meet at a fish restaurant in the old harbor.
-
-In person, he was even taller and more birdlike than I’d expected. He spotted me in the street outside and pulled me into an awkward embrace under his umbrella, saying, “Oh oh oh oh.” Inside, he introduced me to a friend and a younger relative who both spoke good English and would translate when needed. Niko Tosa, they explained, wasn’t his real name. I agreed not to publish the actual one, because they said he had enemies who were less forgiving than John Wootten.
-
-Tosa was by turns enigmatic, jovial, prickly, paranoid, frank. Also generous—he insisted on buying a round of single malt whiskies. He readily admitted to playing roulette using fake identity documents and to disguising himself with a wig and fake beard. “What’s wrong with that?” he asked. He had no problem referring to some of his former playing partners as criminals. One of them had been gunned down in Belgrade in 2018, killed in an apparent Balkan-mafia feud. Tosa had fallen out with others over money.
-
-But he was adamant that he’d never used a roulette computer. The idea was like something from James Bond, he said with a laugh, adding, “We are peasants.” As I pressed him about computers, he threw up his hands in exasperation and started to argue with his friend. Is he angry, I asked. “No, that’s just how he talks,” the friend replied. “He’s asking how he can make you understand.”
-
-I began to suspect that Tosa had agreed to talk to me specifically to make this point. Between glasses of white wine and plates of locally caught squid, he burst out, “You can call me Nikola Tesla if I have such a device!”
-
-So how did Tosa do it, then? Practice, he said. They showed me a video clip of a glistening roulette wheel Tosa kept in his house to train his brain. How had he learned? A friend taught him—Ratomir Jovanovic, the Croatian who’d given the disastrous demonstration at the Colony Club. London police had been right that the two were working together.
-
-The condition of the wheel is vital, Tosa said. That was why he’d sought out a particular table at the Ritz—he’d played the wheel enough to confirm that he could beat it. He’d been able to identify it on sight even after the casino moved it into the Carmen Room.
-
-I think I believed him when he said he didn’t use a computer. Later on, for a sanity check, I contacted Doyne Farmer, the physicist whose roulette prediction exploits are chronicled in *The Eudaemonic Pie*. “I do think it’s conceivable that someone could do what we do without a computer, providing the wheel is tilted and the rotor is not moving too fast,” said Farmer, who’s [now a professor](http://www.doynefarmer.com/about-me "J. Doyne Farmer") at the University of Oxford. He compared cerebral clocking to musical talent, suggesting it might activate similar parts of the brain, those dedicated to sound and rhythm.
-
-Then again, if Tosa had concealed a tiny contraption, I don’t think he’d have told me. It seemed to me an uncomfortable life, traveling the world in search of casinos where he wouldn’t be recognized, waiting for security teams monitoring closed-circuit cameras to realize he was too good. Tosa said he’d been beaten up by casino thugs more than once. Sitting at the table in Dubrovnik, I asked him if he ever felt hunted. He looked baffled by the question. “Why would I?” The casinos were the prey; he was the hunter.
-
-His young relative said he could remember the day, years back, when Tosa first pulled up in a Ferrari. Their hometown in the foothills of the Dinaric Alps isn’t rich by Croatian standards, though Tosa is from a prominent family. He seemed to share traits I’ve seen in other professional gamblers: an aversion to the grind of nine-to-five and a need to live on his own terms, whatever the risks. Ultimately, what set him apart from other roulette predictors was his willingness to go big. Most players only dare win a few thousand dollars at a time, for fear of being discovered. “Like squirrels,” Tosa said with contempt. If he hadn’t been arrested at the Ritz, he claimed, he would have gone back the next night and made £10 million. He felt the casino had gotten off lightly.
-
-Toward the end of our encounter, Tosa asked exactly when my story would be published. Why did he want to know? He was planning his next international trip, he said, smiling. He didn’t want me to blow his cover. —*With Vladimir Otasevic, Daryna Krasnolutska, Peter Laca and Misha Savic*
-
-*Read more: [The Gambler Who Cracked the Horse-Racing Code](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-05-03/the-gambler-who-cracked-the-horse-racing-code)*
-
-## More On Bloomberg
-
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-Date: 2023-02-24
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-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-02-24
-Link: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/02/gary-gensler-on-meeting-with-sbf-and-his-crypto-crackdown.html
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-```button
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-^button-GensleronMeetingWithSBFandHisCrackdownNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# Gary Gensler on Meeting With SBF and His Crypto Crackdown
-
-[the money game](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/tags/the-money-game/) Feb. 23, 2023
-
-## Can Gary Gensler Survive Crypto Winter?
-
-## D.C.’s top financial cop on Bankman-Fried blowback.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/aa8/154/456f6fb3c6ab532c255bac8c62cf741b12-gensler.rvertical.w570.jpg)
-
-Photo: Shuran Huang/The New York Times
-
-As recently as a year ago, Sam Bankman-Fried seemed to be an unstoppable force in official Washington. The [conspicuously disheveled](https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/02/10/sam-bankman-fried-crypto-image-00081637) founder and CEO of FTX had positioned himself as a new sort of billionaire and crypto entrepreneur — someone who [promised to do good](https://www.vox.com/recode/2021/3/20/22335209/sam-bankman-fried-joe-biden-ftx-cryptocurrency-effective-altruism) with his extraordinary wealth, who had publicly discussed supporting Democratic political candidates to the tune of [a billion dollars](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2022-election/crypto-billionaire-says-spend-record-breaking-1-billion-2024-election-rcna30351) in upcoming elections, and who seemed to offer the possibility of legitimizing an industry that had grown exponentially during the pandemic while operating on the fringes of America’s financial regulatory apparatus.
-
-By last March, things appeared to be going exceptionally well for Bankman-Fried as he prepared for a private meeting with Gary Gensler, the chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission. We now know that Bankman-Fried was in the midst of executing a dual-pronged political and [media strategy](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/11/how-sbf-sweet-talked-the-media.html) that looks to have been one of the most ambitious [political-influence](https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-08-12/sam-bankman-fried-ftx-political-donations) operations in recent memory. [He was testifying](https://www.c-span.org/person/?132392/SamBankmanFried) before Congress about how to regulate crypto markets, and behind closed doors, [he was successfully lobbying](https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/13/digital-commodities-consumer-protection-act-sam-bankman-fried-ftx-fail.html) for a bill that would have enacted a system that was very beneficial to him. Meanwhile, Bankman-Fried was schmoozing with (and offering money to) a group of self-styled [policy professionals](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/sam-bankman-fried-and-sean-mcelwees-fateful-alliance.html) and [political pundits](https://www.slowboring.com/p/understanding-effective-altruisms) whose unofficial seal of approval conferred an aura of intellectual seriousness on his project.
-
-At the time of his meeting with Gensler, Bankman-Fried was in the process of [acquiring a stake](https://www.businessinsider.in/cryptocurrency/news/sam-bankman-frieds-ftx-us-is-taking-a-stake-in-flash-boys-exchange-iex-to-bolster-access-to-digital-assets-by-retail-and-institutional-investors/articleshow/90668846.cms) in the stock exchange IEX, and he was joined by a group of FTX and IEX representatives to pitch a new SEC-approved crypto-trading platform. They included a top FTX lawyer who had [worked with](https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2021/08/03/former-cftc-attorney-ryne-miller-joins-ftxus-as-general-counsel/) Gensler and who, in private, had reportedly [bragged about](https://twitter.com/kadhim/status/1616198098530996225) his access to “Gary.” This meeting was coming on the heels of [a dinner](https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-12-26/sam-bankman-fried-cftc-sec-revolving-door) Bankman-Fried arranged with the SEC’s incoming general counsel, Dan Berkovitz. (Berkowitz recently [stepped down](https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2022-235).)
-
-But things did not go as planned for the FTX and IEX crew at that meeting last March. They were evidently seeking agency approval for a so-called “alternative trading system,” a more [lightly regulated alternative](https://www.investor.gov/introduction-investing/investing-basics/glossary/alternative-trading-systems-atss) to [national securities exchanges](https://www.investor.gov/introduction-investing/investing-basics/glossary/national-securities-exchange). Gensler, in his telling, sharply rebuffed the group.
-
-“I indicated to them they could take their slide deck down on the second slide,” Gensler told me during a recent and wide-ranging conversation, “and that I didn’t think that they should — with all respect — that it was not a valuable use of their time.”
-
-According to Gensler, FTX was far too conflicted to satisfy the agency’s regulations. He said that he told the group “that alternative trading systems were something amongst and for institutional investors” and that “just coming into compliance was going to need them to disaggregate their business to address the conflicts — that they should have a separate exchange, separate broker-dealer, separate custody, and that they were in the national security exchange Zip Code, not in the ATS Zip Code.” (The outcome of the meeting was [first reported](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/21/technology/gary-gensler-crypto-sec.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare) by the New York *Times.*)
-
-It was not the first time that Gensler met with Bankman-Fried and other FTX representatives — there was also a previously disclosed session in [late 2021](https://www.sec.gov/foia/docs/secchaircalendar/chair-gensler-public-calendar-2021-10.pdf) — but when we spoke, it was unclear whether there had been any other meetings between the two men, which might raise further questions among the public about Bankman-Fried’s access to U.S. regulators. [Gensler’s calendars](https://www.sec.gov/foia/docs/sec-chair-calendar) for 2022 have not yet been fully released, so questions on this front have persisted.
-
-So were there any other meetings between the two? “No,” Gensler quickly responded when I put the question to him directly.
-
-Gensler’s brushback last March may have helped to limit the extraordinary fallout in the sector last year, though of course, plenty of people have been caught without their coats in the harsh and unsparing deep freeze of crypto winter. Retail investors have lost [extraordinary sums](https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/23/bitcoin-lost-over-60-percent-of-its-value-in-2022.html), there has been a wave of [large crypto bankruptcies](https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/cryptos-string-bankruptcies-2023-01-20/), and evidence of rampant fraud in the industry, [which was](https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/data-visualizations/data-spotlight/2022/06/reports-show-scammers-cashing-crypto-craze) [already abundant](https://www.ic3.gov/Media/PDF/AnnualReport/2021_IC3Report.pdf), [continues](https://www.reuters.com/technology/celsius-business-model-different-that-advertised-us-bankruptcy-examiner-2023-01-31/) [to accumulate](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/02/14/crypto-scam-lost-billions/).
-
-It is also eminently reasonable to ask whether the SEC could — and should — have done more to crack down on the industry before now. It is, after all, comparatively easy to aggressively go after companies or their principals after their businesses have been exposed by the press or competitors as financially unsound or perhaps even fundamentally fraudulent enterprises, and given the publicly available information, it is fair to question whether the SEC should have pursued concerns about the industry more quickly and assertively than it did in recent years.
-
-The political fallout from the implosion of FTX and the criminal indictment of Bankman-Fried is far from over. It has embarrassed prominent figures throughout Washington. Whether it will have any implications for Gensler, by all accounts an ambitious player in the Biden administration, is still an open question.
-
-It all occurred at a precarious time for him. He was already under fire for an ambitious [regulatory agenda](https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-sec-rules-target-corporate-insider-trading-4f1c64e8?mod=hp_lead_pos12) that had drawn [the ire of Wall Street](https://www.politico.com/news/2022/11/21/gary-gensler-sec-cryptocurrency-wall-street-00062642) and generated [internal frustration](https://www.sec.gov/files/inspector-generals-statement-sec-mgmt-and-perf-challenges-october-2022.pdf) among SEC staff, and some of the [same members](https://punchbowl.news/wp-content/uploads/Letter-to-GAO-on-FTX-Collapse.pdf) of Congress [who criticized](https://emmer.house.gov/_cache/files/0/c/0c7fc863-7916-4b19-bc44-52bef772287e/9B0B9D1CA9B3C215DDC762DF5B0F6864.3.16.22.emmer.sec.letter.pdf) Gensler last year for investigating the industry too aggressively, including New York congressman Ritchie Torres and Minnesota representative Tom Emmer, have since sought to blame Gensler for the FTX disaster.
-
-Meanwhile, [there have been reports](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/06/bidens-post-midterms-pivot-could-start-at-treasury.html) since last summer suggesting the possibility of a change of leadership at the Treasury Department, where Secretary Janet Yellen has had to deal with widespread public anxiety over inflation. Gensler began [his career](https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/rr1797) in government service at Treasury in the late 1990s after nearly two decades at Goldman Sachs, and there have been slight rumblings, which have made their way into [the financial press](https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/brian-moynihan-added-short-list-replace-yellen-treasury), that Gensler might be interested in leading the department if Yellen decides to leave at some point in the coming years, particularly if Biden is reelected.
-
-All of this raises the stakes for the 65-year-old, as he mounts a public defense of the SEC’s record on crypto regulation and enforcement, including during our discussion. We talked about how the industry tried to outmaneuver Congress and the country’s financial regulators, as well as how crypto markets should be regulated, but Gensler also made clear that he has been grappling with the same question as many of the rest of us: What, exactly, is the point of crypto?
-
-From the vantage point of today, it is clear that Bankman-Fried was very close to building what has been fairly described as a “[regulatory moat](https://twitter.com/epsilontheory/status/1590558885601234944)” around FTX — locking in a role for himself and his company at the top of the crypto industry. The legislation that he backed, called the Digital Commodities Consumer Protection Act, would have given the Commodity Futures Trading Commission authority to regulate certain crypto products — specifically, bitcoin, ether, and other vaguely identified “digital commodities” — and displaced the SEC’s jurisdiction in the area. It was an ambitious but straightforward strategy of domestic regulatory arbitrage that would have effectively allowed the company to pick its own regulator in the U.S. (Though, of course, the March meeting with Gensler shows that Bankman-Fried was looking for regulatory buy-in from all relevant agencies.)
-
-Fairly or not, the CFTC is generally regarded as a [more pliant](https://www.ft.com/content/066a5e46-380c-4f51-b02c-4276d9a869a1) and less assertive financial regulator than the SEC. It was therefore not that surprising when the head of the CFTC disclosed that Bankman-Fried had met with him and other senior officials at the agency [ten times](https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/stock-market-news-today-12-01-2022/card/sam-bankman-fried-met-with-top-cftc-officials-10-times-agency-chairman-says-Q9KqZUGcE8aI75wjeZ92) over roughly the year leading up to the collapse of the FTX, despite concerns [raised in real time](https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/23/absolute-fraud-cmes-terry-duffy-says-he-saw-trouble-before-ftx-collapse-.html) by commodities specialists.
-
-“I love the CFTC,” said Gensler, who ran the agency during the Obama administration, as we touched on these uncomfortable facts, implicating some of his [former and current colleagues](https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-12-26/sam-bankman-fried-cftc-sec-revolving-door). “You’re not going to get me to say anything negative about” the CFTC, he added. “It’s just too — it’s in my blood.”
-
-Still, he was unsparing in his assessment of the merits of the legislative effort, which was spearheaded in the Senate by Michigan Democrat Debbie Stabenow. The bill, Gensler told me, would have “unambiguously undermined investor protection” thanks to the vague [legislative text](https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/4760/text) that was on the table. “We live in a world where Amazon stock and U.S. treasuries are already digital,” Gensler explained. “So many of the bills, literally, you could take the $24 trillion treasury market, put it on a blockchain ledger, and take it outside of the current regime” of federal regulation. (This may sound a bit dry in Gensler’s phrasing, but to be clear, it would be a radical and crazy outcome.)
-
-The new Congress is [looking again](https://www.politico.com/video/2023/02/10/house-financial-services-committee-crypto-regulation-stablecoin-836031) at crypto-specific legislation, but Gensler believes that the SEC has all of the legal tools that it needs. Over the course of our discussion, he articulated a straightforward view of the agency’s reach — that pretty much every sort of crypto transaction already falls under the SEC’s jurisdiction except [spot transactions](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/spotmarket.asp) in bitcoin itself and the actual purchase or sale of goods or services with cryptocurrencies.
-
-“Everything other than bitcoin,” Gensler told me, “you can find a website, you can find a group of entrepreneurs, they might set up their legal entities in a tax haven offshore, they might have a foundation, they might lawyer it up to try to arbitrage and make it hard jurisdictionally or so forth.” In other words, there are people behind these cryptocurrencies using a variety of complex and legally opaque mechanisms, but at the most basic level, they are trying to promote their tokens and entice investors. (Bitcoin, because of its [unique history and creation story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto), is fundamentally different from other crypto projects in this respect.)
-
-“They might drop their tokens overseas at first and contend or pretend that it’s going to take six months before they come back to the U.S.,” he continued. “But at the core,” he argued, “these tokens are securities because there’s a group in the middle and the public is anticipating profits based on that group.” The claim that crypto investors are hoping to profit based on the efforts of those intermediaries — in much the same way that stockholders in public companies hope to see their investments appreciate over time — is central to Gensler’s position that, as a legal matter, these are actually transactions in securities that fall within the SEC’s jurisdiction.
-
-As a matter of securities law, Gensler’s view is [not that hard](https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/21/why-protections-for-crypto-investors-are-linked-to-orange-groves.html) to understand, though it is still being tested in the courts. The agency racked up [a significant win](https://www.ropesgray.com/en/newsroom/alerts/2022/december/sec-lbry-examining-the-implications-of-the-secs-latest-victory-for-crypto-and-digital-asset-markets) last November, but there are other [pending legal rulings](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-17/ftx-collapse-puts-focus-on-ripple-case-for-who-should-regulate-crypto) that are eagerly awaited by industry observers, and there is a well-resourced [crypto lobby](https://www.law360.com/articles/1544970) that is [not likely](https://grayscale.com/gbtc-lawsuit-grayscales-reply-brief/?utm_source=TWITTER&utm_medium=social&utm_term=legal&utm_content=8629807470&utm_campaign=gbtc+denied&linkId=197156298) to back down anytime soon.
-
-For now, the SEC has emerged as the industry’s primary civil regulator, whether crypto advocates like it or not — but there are still plenty of big questions about what the agency has been up to in recent years and what its current enforcement strategy will actually achieve. Arguably the federal government’s actions — including those of the SEC — didn’t do much to prevent the loss of [trillions of dollars](https://www.wsj.com/articles/ftx-collapse-puts-crypto-industry-on-the-defensive-in-congress-11672438092) in value over the last year, [potentially impacting](https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/16/fact-sheet-white-house-releases-first-ever-comprehensive-framework-for-responsible-development-of-digital-assets/) tens of millions of Americans who hold crypto assets in some form.
-
-Gensler was extremely diplomatic about it when we spoke, but a large part of this mess is attributable to the Trump administration’s [extremely lax](https://newrepublic.com/article/158582/theres-never-better-time-white-collar-criminal) approach to financial fraud and regulation, as well as the credulousness of the industry’s supporters in Congress. “In terms of policy-makers around the globe,” Gensler explained, “you had this ascendancy in the crypto market during the COVID period and low interest rates,” during which time the market grew “from $250 billion to $3 trillion.”
-
-Capitol Hill was also an important player in the mess. Many members of Congress — “good faith, hardworking members of Congress,” Gensler was quick to add — felt compelled to meet with industry advocates and hear them out about the supposed financial revolution that they were ushering in. According to Gensler, members of Congress “were hearing about crypto increasingly because the retail public was also caught up” thanks to things like [Super Bowl advertising](https://www.thecut.com/2022/02/celebrity-crypto-ads-took-over-the-2022-super-bowl.html) and support from celebrities like Kim Kardashian. In the downturn that followed, Gensler’s agency has brought charges against various high-profile crypto opportunists, including Kardashian, [who settled](https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2022-183) an enforcement action last October.
-
-Gensler has said that the “[roadway](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/22/business/gary-gensler-sec-crypto.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare)” or “[runway](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/12/14/sec-gensler-crypto-ftx)” for crypto firms that are not registered with the SEC is “getting shorter,” but the metaphor is an odd one. The planes are already in the air, so the agency is really trying to ground them.
-
-That explains a series of significant moves by the agency since the start of the year — including a major [enforcement action](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/13/business/dealbook/sec-crypto-crackdown-gemini-genesis-dcg.html) against two prominent crypto firms based on an unregistered crypto asset lending program; a [recent settlement](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/10/business/dealbook/sec-kraken-staking.html) with a crypto exchange based on an industry practice known as “[staking](https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/what-is-staking-cryptocurrency-practice-regulators-crosshairs-2023-02-10/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=Newsletter&utm_campaign=Daily-Docket&utm_term=021323)”; and notice of a potential enforcement action against a [stablecoin issuer](https://www.wsj.com/articles/crypto-firm-paxos-faces-sec-lawsuit-over-binance-usd-token-8031e7a7) whose product is affiliated with [Binance](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/now-that-ftx-is-toast-is-binance-too-big-to-fail.html).
-
-Gensler broadly referred to these kinds of firms, which seem to differ endlessly in their offerings and corporate structures, as “storefronts” that are providing services to the public “in a way that’s commingled and is rife with conflicts.” He argued that many of them combine functions that would have to be legally disaggregated in traditionally regulated markets, including roles that would ordinarily be separated among some combination of exchanges, lenders, market-makers, broker-dealers, investment advisers, and custodians.
-
-“The conflicts in these storefronts,” Gensler told me, “we do not allow in traditional finance, we don’t allow in the securities markets, we don’t allow it in the commercial banking markets, and we don’t allow it in crypto because these storefronts are fundamentally and generally noncompliant with the securities laws as we know them.” He argued that network effects have made “a small handful of storefronts” particularly important, but “whether they call themselves lending or staking as a service or exchanges, they’re bringing together millions of customers.”
-
-On its face, the idea that an increase in SEC registrations and filings from crypto companies will somehow markedly improve the integrity and resilience of this market seems dubious. Last February, the crypto lender BlockFi [agreed to register](https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2022-26) with the SEC at the agency’s urging, paid a $100 million fine, and then [went bankrupt](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/28/business/blockfi-bankruptcy-cryptocurrency-ftx.html) in November. The stark turn of events seemed to reflect, at least in part, the fact that the underlying crypto asset class is both [novel and unstable](https://law.rutgers.edu/news/significance-and-consequences-ftx-crypto-collapse), and that this is not an industry with consistent and widely accepted valuation, marking, or disclosure conventions.
-
-Perhaps more importantly, the implosion of BlockFi seemed to reflect the legal and practical limits of the SEC’s strategy to force more crypto firms to register with the agency. That is because companies that register with the SEC may have to satisfy more detailed and burdensome disclosure requirements, but that does not mean that those companies or their business models will magically become more stable or financially sound.
-
-The unstated premise of the SEC’s current enforcement push appears to be that if the government can broadly stigmatize the industry and market participants, then ordinary people — the retail investors [all over the world](https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-africa-ftx-posed-as-haven-from-tumbling-currencies-inflation-11674027751) who have gotten swept up in the crypto frenzy of recent years — might think long and hard about whether to hold these assets in any form. It is a message that federal regulators [recently delivered](https://www.fdic.gov/news/press-releases/2023/pr23002a.pdf) directly to the banking industry, warning them not to issue or hold any crypto assets because doing so would be “highly likely to be inconsistent with safe and sound banking practices.”
-
-I asked Gensler whether federal regulators with consumer-facing responsibilities should [send a comparable message](https://www.wsj.com/articles/crypto-is-money-without-a-purpose-ftx-crash-trading-banking-finance-exchanges-brokers-lenders-money-profit-11671479669) to retail investors, but he gently resisted. “I’m in a job where I’m supposed to be merit neutral in terms of what risk investors want to take,” he told me at one point, “but not neutral towards the investor protection — the full, fair, and truthful disclosure you get when you’re investing in a security.”
-
-Perhaps the most telling answer I got from Gensler over the course of our discussion was when I asked him to explain the legitimate use case for crypto: What is the actual point of this new sector, and could it actually provide a valuable economic or financial service for ordinary people and the global economy?
-
-Gensler was careful to draw a sharp distinction between two types of supposed innovations promoted by crypto’s earliest advocates. The first is the idea of a [distributed accounting ledger](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/distributed-ledgers.asp) — the blockchain technology that came into the world with Bitcoin’s invention — that is in theory more transparent, accessible, and resilient against theft and cyberattacks than centralized ledgers. Gensler clearly admired the technical creation. “I personally think it’s very rare that you need that, but it’s possible,” he said. “That’s a real innovation.”
-
-The second, of course, is the notion that cryptocurrencies might actually provide a useful store of value or alternative payment mechanism, and on that point, Gensler appeared to be much less impressed.
-
-“History tells us throughout — through antiquity to now — that economies coalesce around one monetary unit,” he said. “There is a network effect to having one unit that we humans accept as a medium of exchange and unit of account — a store of value — one unit. The two things governments do since Genghis Khan,” he observed, “is basically say, ‘This is what’s accepted for your taxes, and it’s accepted for all debts, public and private.’”
-
-“I don’t think there’s much economic use for a micro-currency, and we haven’t seen one in centuries,” Gensler said. “Most of these tokens will fail, because the question is about these economics. What’s the ‘there’ there?”
-
-It was a diplomatic answer for someone who is tasked with reigning in a well-funded and well-lawyered industry that many people believe is generally useless and economically wasteful. Here is a simpler way of thinking about it if you are an ordinary investor who bought “[shitcoins](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/shitcoin.asp)” in recent years, perhaps because of the celebrity endorsements, the high-profile ads, or plain-old fear of missing out: Get out while you can.
-
-Gary Gensler on Meeting With SBF and His Crypto Crackdown
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-TimeStamp: 2023-03-03
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-```button
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-&emsp;
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-# George Santos, MAGA ‘It’ Girl
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/cc3/acd/4675a401b04e77c6cee0ca05b2c349f177-george-santos.rsquare.w700.jpg)
-
-Vish Burra and George Santos. Photo: Bill Clark/CQ-Roll Call, Inc via Getty Imag.
-
-To you, Representative George Santos might be one of the most noxious, if also plainly ridiculous, figures in American public life right now. But last Friday night at the Beach Cafe, a pub on East 70th street [beloved by right-wingers](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/11/the-beach-caf-is-the-upper-east-sides-republican-cheers.html), he’s the “It” girl. His wrists are bedizened with bling from Hermès and Cartier, and fawning fans line up for selfies.
-
-It’s the 30th birthday party for Breitbart editor Emma-Jo Morris. Santos is holding court at a round table in the corner with a woman in a mink and a reporter for *City & State*. New York *Post* columnists Miranda Devine and Kelly Jane Torrance, and their colleague on the Sunday paper, Jon Levine, are by the bar.
-
-Things are, on the whole, going pretty well for Santos. Like [Anna Delvey](https://www.thecut.com/article/how-anna-delvey-tricked-new-york.html), he’s brazened his way through the public shame of his own behavior — even as more and more of it keeps surfacing — and is now enjoying the [notoriety](https://www.thecut.com/2022/11/anna-delvey-parole-nyc.html) on the other side. The right has decided to embrace him as, if nothing else, the ultimate troll of the left: Elise Stefanik and Kevin McCarthy have [wrapped their arms around him](https://nypost.com/2023/02/24/elise-stefanik-sticks-by-george-santos-despite-growing-reports-about-his-lies/), and though he hasn’t announced it yet, some in Santos’s orbit tell me they fully expect him to run for reelection. He’s now *having fun* with it. And the people here clearly do not judge him. One compared him to O.J. Simpson right after his acquittal. Sometimes you’re just famous for being infamous, and that is enough.
-
-I crash his table and plead repeatedly for an interview. He crosses his arms and purses his lips. It’s not even like I can buy him a drink, because he’s only sipping water and chewing gum. Lots of gum. He spits out catty remarks as though he’s starring in his [very own episode of *Drag Race*](https://www.tiktok.com/@chianne/video/7204757553010560299?_r=1&_t=8aEdXoHJQmk). He begins mocking Grace Ashford, the New York *Times* reporter who, along with Michael Gold, wrote the first story exposing him. “She thinks she’s going to win her Pulitzer writing about me and she’s *not*.” He says that he would have given his first big interview to Don Lemon, “but I don’t talk to sexists.” There are only five reporters in the world he *will* talk to, he says, and I’m not one of them. (And no, he won’t say who they are, though I get the feeling several of them are here inside the bar.) I scribble down my phone number on a piece of receipt paper, slip it to him, and wink. He just rolls his eyes.
-
-Sitting beside Santos, smirking, is his bald and bearded 31-year-old “director of operations.” His name is Vish Burra. He’s a former drug dealer from Staten Island who, while he worked for Steve Bannon, was the guy you went through if you wanted to check out the contents of [Hunter Biden’s laptop](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/hunter-biden-laptop-investigation.html). (He once hosted a viewing party of the laptop’s contents.) He also did crisis comms for Matt Gaetz, and, along with Santos, was part of a mini-MAGA cabal that took over the New York Young Republican Club. The club is run by Burra and Santos’s buddy, Gavin Wax. He couldn’t make it to the Beach Cafe for the party Friday because he was off in Hungary, meeting with members of the country’s semi-fascist government.
-
-Burra and Wax were the ones who put on the Young Republicans’ most recent holiday gala; that was the one at which Marjorie Taylor Greene said that, had she and Bannon planned January 6, “We would have won. Not to mention, it would’ve been armed.”
-
-“I couldn’t have staged that any better,” gushes Burra. His [own rantings](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kjPrPIxzg0) at that gala ripped off chunks of Mussolini’s [1935 “wheel of destiny” speech](https://mrcatelli.weebly.com/uploads/5/6/5/7/56571255/mussolini-ethiopia_speech.pdf) justifying the invasion of Ethiopia. (“To acts of war, we shall answer with acts of war …”)
-
-Santos won’t talk to me, but Burra, a self-described “clout diablo,” says he will. He’s got a plan to turn Santos into the future of the MAGA wing of the party, and he’ll tell me all about it — so long as I meet him on his home turf.
-
-George Santos at the Beach Cafe. Photo: Shawn McCreesh.
-
-George Santos at the Beach Cafe. Photo: Shawn McCreesh.
-
-Terribly hungover the next morning, I catch the ferry from Manhattan to Staten Island. Burra scoops me up in his new brown Ford Bronco once I arrive. “Everything is on the record,” he says, “and you can smoke in here.” Perfect.
-
-When he isn’t in Washington working on Capitol Hill for Santos, Burra lives here at home with his parents, in Rosebank. “I’m not one of these people that hates where I’m from,” he says, taking a drag off a Marlboro Red. We drive to his block. It’s a tough part of town. There’s a bodega and a shuttered Catholic school on the corner. He points to a stoop where he and his “homies” used to post up. “I’ve been run up on by the cops on that stoop many times,” he says. In 2014, he was raided by the Feds, who seized 2.5 pounds of pot and some ’shrooms from him. “I supplied everybody,” he says.
-
-He got three years probation. “The police came, knocked down my door, put the fear of God in my parents and all that. I was like, *I need to fix myself*.” The child of Indian immigrants, he quit pushing and learned to do IT work, like his father and other members of his family. In 2016, he was working as an IT analyst when he began paying attention to the election. He had never been all that political; in 2012, he voted for Obama “because he was Black and I was brown and I thought, *Well, a Black guy’s never been president before, so we’re going to see some real change now, right*? Instead he ended up being like George Bush in blackface.” Burra says he grew more disillusioned watching what he felt was the theft of the Democratic nomination from Bernie Sanders perpetrated by Hillary Clinton and the Establishment. He started to like what he was hearing from candidate Donald Trump and soon began “shitposting” on his Facebook page about it. “I’ve had layers of red-pilling experiences,” he says. “Donald Trump running for president was like the capstone that made it all make sense.”
-
-In 2017, he attended his first meeting of the Staten Island Young Republicans club, at Denino’s, the [famous Staten Island pizzeria](https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/03/dining/deninos.html). He became active in the club’s main branch in Manhattan, which led to a job as an assistant for Bannon, whom Burra calls “my favorite character in the right-wing universe.” He was helping produce Bannon’s *War Room* podcast when Rudy Giuliani called to say that Hunter Biden’s hard drive had fallen into his clutches. “These guys are two boomers,” says Burra. “They need tech help. There’s an Indian guy with IT experience who happens to be Steve’s right-hand man at the time. That’s how I get in.”
-
-Bannon eventually fired him because he chose to go to a Young Republicans party one night instead of working. (Burra says he’s got no hard feelings.) But it didn’t matter — he now had MAGA cred. Matt Gaetz hired him in 2021, one month after the *Times* [broke the news](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/30/us/politics/matt-gaetz-sex-trafficking-investigation.html) that the Department of Justice had opened an investigation into Gaetz for his relationship with an underage girl. (The department recently [dropped](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/15/us/politics/matt-gaetz-sex-trafficking-justice-department.html) it, but not before the world found out about the congressman’s fratty alleged ecstasy-popping shenanigans in various hotel rooms.)
-
-“He’d been blacklisted from Fox,” recalls Burra. “He needed his voice back. His superpower is to be able to reach his constituents, he needed somebody who was going to essentially build him a podcast or show out of his congressional office.” Burra also traveled the country with Gaetz on a tour “to gain his reputation back inch by inch … We need him to show up in public places where it looks like he’s loved, which were the America First rallies. That’s all the B-roll of people going nuts while he’s supposedly been accused of these heinous crimes — this gives permission to people to come back to him. That was the strategy and we ran it for a year straight.”
-
-He takes me inside his family’s two-story, single-family home and shows me a photograph of the time Gaetz met his folks. “My mother cooked a full Indian meal for him,” says Burra. “He loved it.” There are red MAGA hats signed by Trump on display, as well as a shrine to various Hindu gods. Vish says his full name — Viswanag — translates to “King Cobra of the Universe.” “King Cobra has the most wisdom among all deities,” notes Burra’s father, an IT manager.
-
-After Burra worked for Gaetz, he did communications clean-up duty for Carl Paladino, the Republican from western New York [who praised Adolf Hitler](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/09/nyregion/carl-paladino-hitler.html). (Paladino had said: “I guess that’s the kind of leader we need today. We need somebody inspirational. We need somebody that is a doer.”) “I controlled the message,” says Burra. “I’m just very good at dealing with people and getting them to feel what I wanted them to say is actually what they wanted to say the whole time.” He adds that, “Look, I understood what he was trying to say. You’re looking for leaders who actually make you feel something.” But … it’s Hitler. “I would not have used Hitler,” he allows. “I would not. That’s Carl. He just says some things sometimes. Look, Buffalo’s very different from the cold world of New York and D.C. He doesn’t understand the way these people in these circles are going to take his comments.”
-
-After Paladino, it was onto Santos. “George has been a good friend of mine and good friend of the club for a long time already,” says Burra. “He’s just a nice guy, very funny, really smart, easily likable. His check always cleared with the club, so we’re just like, *He’s fine*. Then he wins the seat and we’re like, *Oh, we were with him since day one*. Days later, [the article drops](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/19/nyregion/george-santos-ny-republicans.html). I’m like, *Huh. This is all interesting.*” Burra is such a scandal addict that he only signed up to work for Santos *after* he was exposed as a fraud. (His official start date was January 12.)
-
-I ask Burra’s friendly younger brother, a data engineer named Vijay, what he thinks about his big bro working for Santos. “If he says George is good then I believe him,” he shrugs.
-
-We go for a walk. Out on the sidewalk, we bump into his neighbor, a retiree named Celeste. She asks what he’s up to these days. “I work for George Santos,” he tells her. “Oh,” she pauses. “Okay.” I ask what she makes of her neighbor’s new boss and she says, “I really don’t know the gentleman that well.” Um, he’s a liar. “Aren’t they all?” she asks. “The only one that I’ve ever liked was Reagan. Everybody feared that man. He was an actor. All these other schmucks? They don’t give a shit.”
-
-Another neighbor is out on the block. He’s 70 and used to be a garbageman. He points at Burra and says, “I’ve seen him on TV recently. Three times. His zipper was down.” He watched Burra grow up and isn’t so sure he should be working for Santos. “All these politicians, they’re all looking to rob.” Burra tries to reassure him, “I’m there protecting the House majority.” Mr. Garbageman wrinkles his nose. “Democrats, Republicans … No more of that shit … All these rich people, they don’t need as much as they’re getting. Leave a little bit for the rest of us … I’m broke, I’m in my golden years, how do I enjoy my life … I got to worry about my wife, my grandkids, people riding around with guns in their fucking car … Migrants, why we lettin’ ’em all come here? I don’t know what’s going on, our taxes and everything going up, my Medicare going down, my Social Security — they’re talking about dropping it. Is it the end of the world? How are we going to stop the fucking missiles? USA was always number one. What happens when you’re always number one? Everybody tries to knock you down.”
-
-“I’m working on it,” says Burra. “Just do the right thing,” says his neighbor. “If you gotta get away from this guy, get away. You know what’s in his mind.”
-
-Vish Burra on his Staten Island block. Photo: Shawn McCreesh
-
-Burra offers to give me a ride back home to the Upper East Side. We zip over the Verrazzano while he explains how Santos the congressman came to be.
-
-Santos had been beaten by Tom Suozzi when he’d run for the same seat in 2020 (Santos later [claimed](https://twitter.com/JCColtin/status/1613358300078252032?s=20) Suozzi stole the election) and nobody took his chances this time against Robert Zimmerman any more seriously. “The Democrats didn’t care because they thought they had that seat in the bag. It would never be flipped. They sent resources that should’ve been sent there to other places,” Burra says. “The Republicans thought they would never win the seat, so they thought George was a sacrificial lamb to fundraise off of, so all their consultants can get paid and everybody eats and whatever. But we put up a good fight.”
-
-In the process, Santos, who seemed to have trouble paying his rent, suddenly had a great deal of mysterious money on hand, which he spent in all manner of [possibly sketchy ways](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/29/nyregion/george-santos-campaign-finance.html). The local media didn’t do much [digging](https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2022/12/29/north-shore-leader-santos-scoop/) until after the election when the *Times* pulled one string and it turned out the congressman had no clothes. Burra chalks it up to Democrats being sore losers. “Essentially, the Democrats got caught with their pants down, and now they’re trying to cover that up with all of this firestorm.”
-
-Burra, almost hilariously, is prepared to swat away every lie Santos has been caught in so far, no matter how grievous. Why did he claim his mother was in the South Tower of the World Trade Center on 9/11? “I think that he heard a story from his mother that she was there in the area.” What about running a sham GoFundMe for a veteran and his dog? “I don’t think he’s ever met the guy.” We never got around to discussing those places Santos didn’t in fact work and go to school, the property he didn’t in fact own, the employees he didn’t have who didn’t die at the Pulse nightclub, the Holocaust survivors he didn’t descend from, or the woman he in fact did marry while being openly gay.
-
-I tell him I love how the Republicans who spent a year fomenting a panic about drag queens now have to defend one. “He’s gay,” says Burra. “He went back and had fun back in 2008 in Brazil. If he was a drag queen, he must have been the brokest drag queen ever, because he’s only got one dress.”
-
-As for the company he did work for that’s an alleged Ponzi scheme, as well as the check-stealing in Brazil? “Until I see criminal complaints adjudicated,” says Burra, “innocent until proven guilty.” I bring up the shady campaign finances — where did all the money come from, and where did it all go? “The finances I’m least worried about with Santos,” says Burra. “In my opinion, it’s all legit.” (Fingers are now hastily being pointed at [Nancy Marks](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/31/nyregion/george-santos-treasurer-money.html), the campaign’s treasurer.)
-
-Burra then tries out some whataboutisms, equating Santos’s whoppers with the lame peccadilloes of various Democrats: “I would like to see [Da Nang Dick](https://apnews.com/article/97a2bbe005654ddf981adbe2f29e05a3) and [Liz Warren](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/elizabeth-warren-apologizes-for-calling-herself-native-american/2019/02/05/1627df76-2962-11e9-984d-9b8fba003e81_story.html) and [Joe Biden](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/02/25/bidens-ridiculous-claim-he-was-arrested-trying-see-mandela/) run during a time when we had the internet and TikTok and social media and all this stuff.”
-
-Whether or not that makes any sense, the plan, as with Gaetz, and Trump post–*Access Hollywood* tape, is to brazen it out until the opprobrium exhausts itself — then, going forward, to endear Santos to the MAGA crowd, who will maybe protect him if they see he’s one of theirs. Who are they to judge? Isn’t it enough that his very existence makes the left nuts?
-
-And so a strategy is developing for Santos to not only survive this, but, just possibly, emerge a hero, or perhaps mascot, of the MAGA movement, all his troubles brought on by the hypocritical smug Democrat haters and their elite media lapdogs. Burra says now he’s guiding Santos on the way forward: “How do you play the McCarthy relationship? How do you play the Gaetz relationship? How do you get legislation and votes and exposure as a real legislator right now?” He adds that “the ultimate question now is, ‘Who is George Santos?’ The legislation is going to answer that.” Attaching Santos to any ultraconservative bill will guarantee exposure: He just co-sponsored a resolution to make the AR-15 the national gun. “The media is [going nuts](https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/george-santos-ar-15-assault-rifle-national-gun-of-the-united-states/) about that,” says Burra happily. “All he did was sponsor it. If you listen to the media, you would’ve thought that he’s the one who proposed it. His superpower now uncovered is the coveted co-sponsorship.”
-
-This seems an idiotic plan if he cares about getting his boss reelected, since Santos’s district, which encompasses parts of Queens, isn’t all that red. “That’s not necessarily true,” says Burra. “There’s a stark contrast in the district between the North Shore and Massapequa, and the southern parts with blue-collar working-class types. Those folks love the AR-15 sign-on.” But according to [a recent poll](https://nypost.com/2023/01/31/poll-78-of-george-santos-constituents-say-he-should-resign/), 78 percent of Santos’s constituents want him out. “Polls are nonsense,” says Burra with a wave of his hand.
-
-What Santos and Burra represent, and what their little posse has done with the Young Republicans group, has horrified decent-minded New York Republicans and the moderates they need to win races. I read him the lead of Peggy Noonan’s [recent column](https://www.wsj.com/articles/george-santos-has-got-to-go-gop-republicans-embarrassment-politics-congress-lies-fake-truth-11674167450) in which she calls Santos “a daily insult to the American people and a taunt.”
-
-“Who cares?” he laughs. “They don’t care about us. They’re not listening to us.” What about that moment in the House chamber during the State of the Union when Mitt Romney collided with Santos and told him, “You don’t belong here”?
-
-“I loved it,” says Burra. And the fact is, he’s not the only one. The Trumpian right so loathes the Establishment that it might just be worth it to them to keep toads like Burra and Santos squatting in the halls of power.
-
-The day before I met up with Burra in Staten Island, Ron DeSantis was there, trying to get people like Burra’s neighbors, Celeste and the garbageman, onboard. Burra thinks it’s futile because, he says, DeSantis “is beholden to his fundraisers. All the same rules that apply to normal politicians apply to him.” He adds, “I am not sure if he’s a neocon.” He calls Nikki Haley “Boeing’s top lobbyist who’s running to sell planes to Ukraine” and says he despises Fox News, mostly because it called Arizona for Biden. He’s hoping Trump gets reelected. And sometime in the future, he predicts, “George has got the stuff presidents are made of.”
-
-George Santos, MAGA ‘It’ Girl
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-# Gisele Bündchen on Tom Brady, FTX Blind Side, and Being a “Witch of Love”
-
-**If Gisele Bündchen** is a witch, she’s a good witch. 
-
-The supermodel is conjuring her mystical, much-TikTokked-about powers at 7:30 on a recent Friday morning in her “bedroom”—a minimalist casita in the shadow of her towering main house, perched high among the dense palm treetops of Costa Rica’s Nicoya Peninsula—where she is cupping a wounded bird. 
-
-Bündchen has just discovered the unmoving robin nestled on a white couch on her terrace, a serendipitous landing place with a panoramic vista of the beach below. Looking bereft, she scoops the bird up with the ease of a Disney princess, taking care with its mangled claw. 
-
-“Are you *okay*?” Bündchen coos to the bird, her throaty voice softening to a whisper. She is stroking its tiny head with an elegant unpolished index finger—performing “a little Reiki,” as she says, referring to the holistic practice of transferring healing energy through touch. She does the same to her kids, Benjamin Rein, 13, and Vivian Lake, 10, all the time. 
-
-“He has a little poo-poo,” Bündchen notes in her distinctive accent. The robin has soiled one of Bündchen’s pristine cushions, but she is unbothered, consumed by its fate. (She later spot-cleans the bird’s poo-poo herself.) She calls her home’s caretaker, Victor, hoping he’ll rush it to a local animal sanctuary, and drips water into its beak from an incense holder turned makeshift bird feeder. “I’m afraid that he’s going to die if he stays like this,” she says.
-
-Just then, the bird flinches. “Maybe he’s going to fly,” Bündchen whispers. 
-
-Bodysuit by **Versace.**Photograph by Lachlan Bailey; styled by George Cortina.
-
-Bündchen explains that she regularly communes with birds, squirrels, and butterflies. She is surrounded by what she calls Costa Rica’s “symphony of nature”: chirping insects, squawking parrots, and the lionlike roars of locally renowned howler monkeys, brought closer by a fully retractable fourth wall of her hideaway. She begins to describe the splendor: “I found this hummingbird by the ocean one day when I was walking with the dogs—”
-
-Suddenly, the robin claps its wings and banks from Bündchen’s hands, soaring out over the hilltop. We are astounded. Either its rumpled foot miraculously healed or Bündchen really is a witch—“a witch of love,” she offers. 
-
-“It’s an omen!” she declares, her eyes wide. We analyze the bird’s swift recovery, melodramatically searching for meaning, right down to its droppings. “He needed to release!” Bündchen laughs. But a broken bird flying free, at this particular moment in Bündchen’s life, can’t help but be its own metaphor. 
-
-“I don’t want to be limited,” Bündchen told me in one of our many intimate conversations over two days at her compound. “I want to spread my wings and fly.” 
-
-Bodysuit by **Alaïa.**Photograph by Lachlan Bailey; styled by George Cortina.
-
-**Let’s get it** over with: Off duty, 42-year-old Bündchen is giving mythic goddess. The godmother of the beach wave’s hair flows in its natural state. Her makeup-free skin is a preternatural Nars Laguna bronze. She wears a chestnut brown bandeau bikini top and high-waisted jean cutoffs—she dons only crop tops or bikinis while I’m there, because shirts and surnames are superfluous when you’re Gisele. Her stature might be intimidating if she didn’t also possess a boundless golden retriever–like energy. 
-
-As most sentient beings know, Bündchen is [emerging from a long and productive union to once-again former NFL quarterback Tom Brady](https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2009/5/and-god-created-gisele)—god or pariah, you pick. The supercouple finalized their divorce last October after a slow burn of headlines that intermixed the fate of their marriage with that of his career: There was Brady’s long-​anticipated retirement in February 2022, of which Bündchen had seemed in favor; his *un*\-retirement 40 days later; his 11-day absence from Tampa Bay Buccaneers training camp to address “personal” things; the hiring of attorneys; and, after a garish but brief divorce watch, the dropping of the other shoe: nearly identical statements vowing to be amicable co-parents and professing gratitude for their time together. By the time Brady re-retired in February, the pair had consciously uncoupled.
-
-Their glittering union seemed prom-perfect: swanning through the Met Gala 11 times (once, famously, in coordinating Versace); embracing amid the hoopla of Brady’s Super Bowl wins; kissing at sunset in this very house, where they held their second wedding in 2009, following a Catholic ceremony in Santa Monica, after which Brady grilled steaks for dinner. And so theirs was a split of Jolie-Pittian, and Pitt-Anistonian, proportions. The feeding frenzy was part parasocial projection, part gender discourse: If “Gisele and Tom” can’t make it, what about the rest of us? Can two alphas at the apex of their careers coexist in a marriage? Must the female partner in a cishet partnership—no matter how successful she is—always assume the lion’s share of childcare? Or maybe it was schadenfreude. 
-
-Around two and a half months have passed since the announcement by the time she picks me up at my hotel in Costa Rica on an ATV in a taupe sports bra, matching short-shorts, and Rainbow flip-flops. A blue-and-white linen scarf is looped around her head and face not for privacy—she is treated as a local by the locals, if not the tourists—but to combat the clouds of dust kicked up on unpaved roads. She offers me a matching scarf, and we rev uphill. 
-
-Only two and a half months, after 13 years, and Bündchen’s emotions are still palpably raw. “It’s like a death and a rebirth,” she tells me. She is sitting cross-legged in the living room of the main house, an open-air temple in the sky that could be the lobby at Amanyara. The gated compound—complete with a pickleball court, a yoga palapa, and a chicken habitat, where the family gets its eggs and recycles its scraps—overlooks a sleek pool and, beyond that, endless ocean. 
-
-Losing a partner to divorce is often likened to a death. Bündchen is mourning “the death of my dream,” she says. “It’s tough because you imagine your life was going to be a certain way, and you did everything you could, you know?” At this, her voice breaks. She apologizes, pressing her fingertips into her eyes, which rim pink and watery. After several yogic inhale-exhales, Bündchen resumes. “I believed in fairy tales when I was a kid. I think it’s beautiful to believe in that. I mean, I’m so grateful I did.” 
-
-“You give everything you got to achieve your dream,” she adds. “You give a hundred percent of yourself, and it’s heartbreaking when it doesn’t end up the way you hoped for, and worked for, but you can only do your part.” 
-
-Bündchen’s marital contributions have been well documented: For most of her partnership with Brady, the woman who was long the highest-paid model in the world scaled back her career in favor of his. She stopped walking the runway in 2015, and a few years later, moved from her longtime home of Boston to Florida. “When we moved to Tampa, I actually had never been there before,” Bündchen tells me. “I just arrived and that was my life.”
-
-The initial decision to focus her considerable energy on wifedom and motherhood was entirely Bündchen’s. “When I met Tom, I was 26 years old, and I wanted a family. I felt so ready,” she says. She’d been working relentlessly, up to 350 days a year, since she was discovered at a São Paolo mall at age 13. In December 2006—a year after she broke up with Leonardo DiCaprio—Bündchen and Brady were set up on a “blind date” by their mutual friend Ed Razek, the former CMO of Victoria’s Secret’s parent company and much-criticized mastermind of its Angels. The minute Bündchen laid eyes on Brady at West Village wine bar Turks & Frogs, “I knew right away,” [she told this magazine in 2009](https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2009/5/and-god-created-gisele). 
-
-Smack in the middle of the couple’s honeymoon phase and one day before the news broke publicly, Brady informed Bündchen that his ex-girlfriend, actor Bridget Moynahan, was pregnant. Some (many?) women might have bolted. Bündchen, indeed, considered bowing out. Looking back, it was “a challenging situation for all of us,” she says. Instead, when Brady and Moynahan’s son, Jack, was born in 2007, Bündchen embraced him as her “bonus child.” 
-
-Dress by **Saint Laurent by Anthony Vaccarello;** belt by **Artemas Quibble.**Photograph by Lachlan Bailey; styled by George Cortina.
-
-Jack, now 15, accelerated Bündchen and Brady’s plan for a family. “Jack came into our lives and I felt so blessed and it kind of awakened in me this desire of being a mom,” Bündchen says. “I’ve always dreamed of being a mom, but I think that happened a little faster than I thought, because now I have this beautiful little angel that I get to care for and love.” Benjamin and Vivian were born via water birth at home in Boston (which Brady initially opposed but Bündchen insisted on) in 2009 and 2012, respectively. “My world was them,” Bündchen says. “Do you know how grateful I am that I got that time for myself? I breastfed my kids until they were almost two years old. I was taking them to school every day. I was making them breakfast, lunch… I was *there.*” 
-
-But Bündchen was never your typical WAG. Even after going to “the Valley,” her apt name for the mom-dominant phase of her career, her modeling millions—thanks to contracts with Pantene, Dior, Chanel, and others—reportedly surpassed Brady’s NFL salary for most of their marriage. (His new Fox Sports broadcast contract is rumored to be worth up to $375 million.) In pursuit of extracurricular business ventures, Brady and, to a lesser extent, Bündchen shot advertisements for—and invested millions in—Sam Bankman-Fried’s recently collapsed cryptocurrency exchange, FTX, where Bündchen assumed the title of environmental and social initiatives head. “I was blindsided,” Bündchen tells me. “I’m no different than everyone else that trusted the hype.” She says she is legally unable to discuss specifics, but says she had believed FTX to be “a sound and great thing based on what my financial advisers told me.”
-
-“It’s just...terrible,” Bündchen adds. “I’m so sorry for all of us that this happened, and I just pray that justice gets made.”
-
-Despite her earning power, Bündchen reasoned that her job was more flexible than Brady’s. Like so many women and mothers, she surrendered a bit of herself: “I wanted to build the best possible relationship with Tom, Jack and our children,” she wrote in her 2018 memoir *Lessons: My Path to a Meaningful Life.* “I’m also a peacemaker who likes making everything better, easier, and more harmonious for the people I love.”
-
-For a long time, that was Bündchen’s MO, she tells me now, two freshly plucked baby coconuts speared with metal straws, hers largely untouched, sitting on the table before us. As their children got older, her aspirations bubbled. “Vivi, my baby, is 10, and she’s very independent,” Bündchen says. “I have dreams,” she clarifies. “I have my own dreams.” She wants her children to see her pursue them: “You want to show them that, in life, you have to find real fulfillment, not living something that you’re not.” 
-
-Brady continued collecting championship rings, even as he became practically geriatric in pro football. Particularly after Brady leapt to Tampa in 2020, the issue seemed to snowball. “My wife has held down the house for a long time now, and I think there’s things that she wants to accomplish,” Brady shared on his *Let’s Go!* podcast in October 2021. Around the same time, in a YouTube video answering fan questions, including if Brady could play until age 50, he yukked it up with teammate Rob Gronkowski, who added: “Will *Gisele* let Tom play ’til 50?” 
-
-When their marriage officially ruptured last year, the media and the public assumed the timeline and its causation: that the marriage ended after Brady U-turned out of retirement. But marriages aren’t built, or broken, overnight, Bündchen says now. “That takes years to happen.”
-
-Headlines cast Bündchen as a sidelined shrew, with the prevailing explanation centering on a supposed ultimatum: If his career continued, their marriage would not. The only problem is that, according to Bündchen, no such thing ever happened. She calls those characterizations “very hurtful” and “the craziest thing I’ve ever heard.” 
-
-“Listen, I have always cheered for him, and I would continue forever,” Bündchen insists, her voice thick with emotion. “If there’s one person I want to be the happiest in the world, it’s him, believe me. I want him to achieve and to conquer. I want all his dreams to come true. That’s what I want, really, from the bottom of my heart.” 
-
-With Jack, Benjamin, and Vivian, Bündchen had been omnipresent at Brady’s games. Yet the tabloids “made me somebody who is against football,” she said of the headlines. “Are you kidding me? I learned about it! I used to joke that I was going to be able to be the ref because I’ve watched so many games. And I loved it.” The winking conspiracy about Bündchen’s magical powers escalated when Brady divulged in 2019 that Bündchen built him pregame altars and gifted him special “healing stones.” She confirms that she drew homeopathic floral baths for Brady—“whenever he was going through difficult times, you know, he has a lot of intensity, to help him calm his nerves”—and gave him onyx, “a stone of protection,” and a statue of the Hindu deity Ganesha, the remover of obstacles.
-
-Hot pants by **Ferragamo;** hat by **Jacquemus.**Photograph by Lachlan Bailey; styled by George Cortina.
-
-When I ask Bündchen if there were stories written about their split that simply weren’t true, she flatly replies, “Everything.” 
-
-“Like, I would give up my dream because of…” Bündchen trails off.
-
-“One more season?” I attempt to fill in. 
-
-“Wow, people really made it about that,” she says. “What’s been said is one piece of a much bigger puzzle,” Bündchen tells me later. “It’s not so black and white.” Bündchen also dismisses digital murmurs that politics—namely, the MAGA hat spotted in Brady’s locker in 2015—drove a wedge. “Never,” she tells me.
-
-I don’t believe that she or anyone else can summarize the unraveling of a 13-year marriage to a relative stranger in a couple of hours over fresh coconut water. What Bündchen does indicate is a gradual drift between her and Brady—one that predates the retirement saga of the past year. “Sometimes you grow together; sometimes you grow apart,” she says. “When I was 26 years old and he was 29 years old, we met, we wanted a family, we wanted things together. As time goes by, we realize that we just wanted different things, and now we have a choice to make. That doesn’t mean you don’t love the person. It just means that in order for you to be authentic and truly live the life that you want to live, you have to have somebody who can meet you in the middle, right? It’s a dance. It’s a balance.”
-
-“When you love someone, you don’t put them in a jail and say, ‘You have to live this life.’ You set them free to be who they are, and if you want to fly the same direction, then that’s amazing.”
-
-**The life Bündchen** wants to lead—*la pura vida,* or the simple life—would, ideally, be based full-time in Costa Rica. “My dream was to raise my kids here,” Bündchen tells me. “I didn’t get to be here as much as I’d like, but now I’m bringing them more often.” (Both are partially homeschooled.) Bündchen has a “village” of local friends and neighbors. On Friday nights, they make gluten-free pizzas in her outdoor oven, then circle the firepit holding sticks and sharing stories. A recent night’s topic: courage. Bündchen plays pickleball with Benjamin (“Benny”) and, every other day, rides horses with names like Pinta and Alcancía (“Piggybank”) through the countryside with Vivi. I join them on their afternoon ride to the beach, clumsily plodding through muddy streams, ducking under dangling palm fronds, and chasing the setting sun so Vivi can gallop along the shore. “If I never went to another city again,” Bündchen says, “I’d be perfectly happy.”
-
-Bündchen is building a tiny solar-powered house in the mountains—the casita is practice—where she hopes to grow all of her own food. She’s considering opening a wellness center nearby, not a far cry from the way she’s long introduced loved ones to juicing or silent retreats. “I want to do things that I believe are an extension of me,” Bündchen says. “Being a model is not really an extension of me... It’s being an actress in a silent movie.” At this point in her life, “I don’t want to be a character in anybody else’s movie. And when I do that, it doesn’t feel as comfortable for me anymore.” 
-
-Miami will be the modern family’s “main location” going forward. Bündchen has found a waterfront home in Surfside (she’s meditating through endless construction), where the kids can be close to Brady’s $17 million mansion in the exclusive village of Indian Creek, where neighbors include Ivanka Trump and Jared Kushner (she has yet to run into either). “Miami works for me because it’s literally a direct flight to Brazil,” Bündchen says, where her parents and five sisters, including her twin, Patricia, still live. “I’m going to go more to Brazil.” Bündchen often speaks Portuguese to Benny and Vivi, striving to keep them close to their heritage.
-
-Fifteen years of co-parenting Jack with Moynahan is helping inform how Bündchen navigates custody with Brady and sibling time for all three kids. “I say to Bridget—you know, I have a great relationship with her...” Bündchen pauses, then declares, “Everything in life comes with work. You have to go through the roller coaster. You have moments where you get to the sticky points and you’ve gotta overcome it.” 
-
-Did Bündchen always have a great relationship with Moynahan? I ask, somewhat rhetorically. “No!” Bündchen blurts. The two women didn’t meet for more than a year after Jack was born, but they eventually reached the point where Bündchen, Brady, and Moynahan mingled at the park in New York, where Moynahan is based, and the women hugged in the streets of Boston. “Love conquers all,” Bündchen says of her experience with Jack and his mom. “My life became so much richer because I got to learn so much from *that.*” The primary lesson: “Nothing is worth fighting \[over\].”
-
-With Moynahan, “my goal was always, how can I be the most helpful? How can I make it the easiest I possibly can?” Bündchen reflects. “I put myself in her shoes and I was like, ‘How can I support her?’ Because in the end of the day, we are team players in ‘How are we going to do this so \[Jack\] can have the best life?’ ” 
-
-And so she strives to maintain an amicable relationship with her ex, even when tabloid leaks shake her poise. “We’re not playing against each other,” Bündchen insists. “We *are* a team,” she says, “and that’s beautiful. I look back and I have no regrets. I loved every bit of it.” 
-
-Bündchen and her son and daughter were, in fact, still cheering for Brady right up until what turned out to be his last game ever (if his second retirement sticks) in the wild card round of the NFC playoffs a few days before we met. The Dallas Cowboys trounced the Bucs in one of the worst postseason performances of Brady’s career, but Bündchen declined to add to the pile-on. “It was tough, but you know what? Let’s just be honest. It’s a team sport and you can’t play alone,” she says. “I think he did great under the circumstances that he had. I mean, he had no offensive line.”
-
-Jacket by **Alexandre Vauthier;** swimsuit by **Norma Kamali;** shoes by **Saint Laurent by Anthony Vaccarello.**Photograph by Lachlan Bailey; styled by George Cortina.
-
-The whole brood is thriving, and Jack remains her bonus child. “I love him so much,” Bündchen says of Jack, who is “quarterbacking”—very much a verb in this household—with aspirations of going to his father’s alma mater, the University of Michigan. Benny, who is alternately lounging with friends and studying for a math test, prefers drawing on his iPad and non-ball sports like surfing and skiing (the athletic pressure of being Brady’s son led to bullying in Boston after one particular baseball game). Vivi is a tie-dye-clad aspiring horse jumper whose likeness to Bündchen is so uncanny that she can unlock her mother’s Face ID. 
-
-Together, Bündchen, Benny, and Vivi have thrown themselves into jujitsu—“Jack loves it too, but he doesn’t do it as much because he’s not with us as much”—practicing the martial art under the tutelage of Miami-based Brazilian brothers Pedro, Gui, and Joaquim Valente. The family is so devoted, there’s a room dedicated to it, and teachers travel with them in four- or five-day stints.
-
-“They’re all like senseis,” Bündchen says of the “amazing” trio’s mind-body-spirit ethos. With Jack and Benny now in their teens, Bündchen questioned, “how can I help them to have a person that has that level of integrity and can teach them values?” For seven years in Boston, Bündchen—a Bruce Lee devotee nicknamed “Giselee” by Brady—had practiced kung fu, with sword and stick fighting, even doing so into her ninth month of pregnancy.
-
-Bündchen and the kids found community at the Valente brothers’ academy. “They’re awesome people,” she says. “They have created this safe space.” Pedro, the eldest, is “the philosopher,” while Gui is “composed and calm.” Then there’s the youngest, Joaquim, who teaches Bündchen and her children. He has been photographed grabbing dinner with them at nearby Koji’s, jogging—and splitting a set of AirPods—with Bündchen, and riding horses with her and a group of kids. In an Instagram Reel she shared last year that has since been viewed more than 9 million times, Bündchen, in a white gi, is seen body-slamming, headlocking, and generally owning a Valente brother in the name of jujitsu.
-
-Bündchen blithely elides the rumors that she and Joaquim are dating: “I think, at this point, unfortunately, because I’m divorced, I’m sure that they’re going to try to attach me to anything,” she says of tabloid reports, before going on to emphatically praise Joaquim, along with his brothers. “I’m so grateful to know all of them, because not only have they helped me and helped my kids, but they have become great friends, and Joaquim especially,” she says. “He’s our teacher and, most importantly, he’s a person that I admire and that I trust. It’s so good to have that kind of energy, to have my kids around that type of energy.”
-
-Weeks after I’ve left Costa Rica, the *Daily Mail* pivots to a new “exclusive” narrative: linking Bündchen to real estate developer Jeffrey Soffer, a friend of Brady and Indian Creek resident (and the ex-husband of Elle Macpherson). When I reach Bündchen by phone as the story ricochets around the internet, she is devastated. She’d spent the previous day in the mountains without cell reception, then returned to what she called the “absurd” report. “I have zero relationship with him in any way,” Bündchen says of Soffer, adding that she has not so much as laid eyes on him in over six months. “He’s Tom’s friend, not my friend.” I tell Bündchen that I’d questioned myself whether she’d date someone so close to Brady. “I wouldn’t be with his friend. I wouldn’t be with this *guy,*” she says. I can almost hear her grimace. “I mean, *puh-leeze.*” She especially resented the implication that she’d strategically date Soffer, a 55-year-old billionaire: “They were saying I’m with this guy, he’s old, because he’s got money—it’s ridiculous.”
-
-Bündchen and one of her sisters (who’d first flagged the offending story) suspect the rumor was planted. “Who benefits from this?” Bündchen wonders. “Why would somebody plant something like this? There’s only one reason. They want to make me look like something I’m not.” 
-
-What really breaks up Bündchen—bringing her again to the brink of tears—is not only her suspicion that “people have been creating false stories about me from the beginning of the divorce,” but “the hate” behind that alleged campaign. “Seeing lies being created all the time about yourself is not easy.” She vacillates between publicly saying more, and deciding to “take the high road” for the sake of their children. “I’m a simple girl who wants to be in nature—leave me alone. I just want to go do my job and raise my children in peace.”
-
-And that is what she has otherwise been doing in her private refuge. In their wall-less living room, Bündchen and Vivi indulge my request for a mini self-defense lesson. If an attacker were to approach me head-on, “you lift your foot up and you kick with your heel,” Vivi advises with utmost gravity—aiming, ideally, at the perp’s knee.
-
-“Bang!” Bündchen demonstrates in slow motion.
-
-“A girl took this big guy by kicking him three times,” Vivi adds. “Joaquim told me.”
-
-The mother-daughter duo quickly gets fired up. “What are you going to do, Vivi, if I come and grab you?” Bündchen shouts, role-playing a brute grabbing the girl from behind. “You would go like *this,*” Vivi says as she lunges forward and grabs her mother by the ankles—they are a tangle of lithe limbs, with the same long-toed feet—miming how she’d knock her mother off-balance and throw her backward to the floor. I’m left with total confidence that Vivi could destabilize a grown man.
-
-Bündchen informs me that you can break a nose with the heel of your palm, but the goal is to never have to. “What does Joaquim say?” Bündchen asks Vivi before answering her own question: “Don’t go in conflict.”
-
-I tell Bündchen that jujitsu seems like a very empowering thing for women to learn.
-
-“You have no idea.” 
-
-Bodysuit by **Alexander McQueen.**Photograph by Lachlan Bailey; styled by George Cortina.
-
-**At 5:30 the** next morning, Bündchen—and Alfie and Onyx, two of her six rescue dogs—are walking toward me on the beach below her house. There’s an ethereal pinkish glow on the horizon, and the completely empty shore stretches before us like a sheet of mirrored glass. It looks a little like the movie version of the afterlife. “We are either living in heaven or hell,” Bündchen says, shaking her head knowingly. “That’s very much a choice.” 
-
-This is Bündchen’s daily ritual, where she comes to fill her proverbial cup before the children wake. She’s been up since 4:30, when she rises to her “Zen” flutelike phone alarm, meditates, then plays a 21-minute Devi prayer while moving through some yogic asanas. “I actually like to greet the sun and I like to say goodbye to the sun every day,” she says. 
-
-There are so many things she wants to do in her next act. “I’ll give you a funny one,” Bündchen tells me. “One of my dreams is I want to play a superhero.”
-
-I’d prepared to ask Bündchen if she wanted to act in this 2.0 phase, citing her memorable cameo in *The Devil Wears Prada.* “I mean, imagine…I showed up for, like, two hours and who am I in the scene with?” she says. “Meryl Streep, Emily Blunt, and, um…Anne Hathaway!” 
-
-But no, Bündchen clarifies, she doesn’t want to *act*\-act. “I just want to play a superhero,” she laughs her hoarse laugh—perhaps She-Ra, Princess of Power, the almighty sword-wielding, unicorn-riding superheroine seared into the hearts of ’80s kids everywhere. She felt inspired when she took her son and daughter to see *Wonder Woman.* “Can I prove to myself that we, as women, can be that strong? Why not?” she says. “In fashion, people used to joke with me that I was Sporty Spice because I was always the one hanging from things, doing jumping pictures.” There’s an ulterior motive too: “I really want my daughter to think I’m cool, to be honest.” 
-
-Her children are still largely oblivious to her legacy. In her native Brazil, when “everyone stops me in the street, they’re like, ‘Mom, why are they doing that?’ ” She doesn’t bother showing them old magazine covers. In the latest development, Bündchen stars—topless and in jeans—in the new campaign for Louis Vuitton’s capsule collection with contemporary artist Yayoi Kusama, shot by her frequent collaborator Steven Meisel. Her costars are a mélange of the new and old guards, among them Christy Turlington, Liya Kebede, Devon Aoki, Bella Hadid, and Karlie Kloss. Bündchen says she doesn’t really know the It girl catwalkers of today—your Kendalls and Haileys. “I was living in Boston for 13 years,” she points out.
-
-Bodysuit by **Alaïa;** cap by **Courrèges.**Photograph by Lachlan Bailey; styled by George Cortina.
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-Recharging Bündchen’s modeling means more “really big fashion moments” to come, her longtime agent Anne Nelson teases. “The world is her oyster.” She says Bündchen has considered an activewear line that reflects her minimalist aesthetic. And Nelson has fielded “a million requests for her to walk shows in Paris.” “They still ask, just in case she changed her mind.” (According to Bündchen, “I never say never, because the only thing in life I am certain of is change.”) 
-
-Bündchen’s status has endured, even across the time she purposely slowed down. Recently, a seamstress informed the model that her measurements were identical to a mannequin’s. Compared to eras past, “there’s much more age inclusivity,” Nelson says, pointing to Kristen McMenamy, 58, Naomi Campbell, 52, and Kate Moss, 49, all still working. “People look at these iconic models as being the ultimate muses,” Nelson adds. “Age doesn’t even count.”
-
-Bündchen has spent most of her life in fashion, but her early memories of the industry now seem twinged with trauma. The daughter of Vânia, a bank teller, and Valdir, who worked in real estate and later became a sociologist, Bündchen was raised in a hardworking middle-class family in the southern Brazilian town of Horizontina. If Bündchen wanted a doll, she had to wait until her birthday to get it. “All the girls were going over to grandma’s house, walking with bare feet on the dirt road and hanging out with the chickens,” Nelson tells me—the same sort of childhood the supermodel is now trying to re-create for her children in Costa Rica.
-
-In typical sibling scuffles, Bündchen was scrappy: “She had the power to end the fight,” her twin sister, Patricia, told me via email. Still, “it was difficult for Gise to grow up so thin and tall in a small city,” Patricia says. “She felt out of place. But when the opportunity to be a model came, it felt just right.” 
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-Instead of high school, 14-year-old Bündchen—already five foot nine—went to Tokyo for catalog work. With five other daughters at home, Vânia couldn’t join her. “She was unbelievably fearless,” Patricia says of her sister, “leaving home at 14, by herself, not speaking English.” Now, as the mom of a 13-year-old, Bündchen feels that she was catapulted into premature adulthood. “I was playing with Barbies at 13 and at 14, I’m in Japan, emancipated,” Bündchen rues. Logistically, she survived (she’d helped her family cook and clean since age seven) but felt “alone in the world.” 
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-In her teens, she was living in notorious “models’ apartments” in New York, surrounded by cocaine and heroin use. “I saw things that were like, what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger,” she says. “I always say my guardian angels are very powerful.” As is enshrined in fashion lore, Bündchen’s breakthrough came in 1998, when she was 18, [strutting down Alexander McQueen’s spring-summer runway](https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2004/10/beautiful-dreamer), in the faux falling rain, ostensibly topless in a painted-on white crop top. Her body—*The* Body—single-handedly ended the waifish heroin-chic ideal and ushered in a comparatively more curvaceous era, but she has also said that the watershed show was one of the most traumatizing moments of her life. McQueen had intended her to walk completely topless (sans paint) and, scarcely speaking English, Bündchen was unable to advocate for herself. 
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-She alludes to the underbelly of the industry: “The things I’ve seen and the situations I’ve escaped from just because I have faith…” she trails off. Bündchen recalls dehumanizing treatment at the hands of fashion’s inflated egos (although she doesn’t name names); unspeakable things said to her face; being treated “like you are an object…like you have no feelings,” she remembers. “You have to survive that—” her voice wavers, and her eyes again blink back tears. “It’s just emotional. I feel everything so deeply, and when I remember it, I feel like I’m living it again.” When I ask her what she’s remembering that makes her cry, she simply says: “How tough it was.” She might have quit, but “I didn’t want to go back home empty-handed,” Bündchen says. “My parents trusted me. I wanted to show them that I could do it. I didn’t want to fail.” 
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-When she began to suffer panic attacks in her early 20s, she turned to yoga, meditation, and traveling more often to Costa Rica. “My natural instinct was, ‘I’m not going to be a victim of this. I’m not going to sit here and be like, ‘Why are they treating me like this? Why are they leaving me standing here naked for, like, eight hours without offering me water or food? Why are they being so mean?’ ” Bündchen says. “I could have been sitting there thinking, Am I even worthy of anything?” 
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-According to her twin, Bündchen held fast to her family values and the simplicity of her upbringing. “She was never dazzled,” Patricia says. 
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-Instead, Bündchen dug in her stilettos. “I could have chosen to do drugs. I could have chosen to party. I could have chosen to allow…the vampires that are out there to suck life out of me and use me,” she says, “but I came out of it. I wasn’t broken.”
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-The sun is rising on the beach, which means it’s time for Bündchen’s daily gazing. She closes her eyes, tilts her chin up to the sky, and inhales deeply, letting its warmth beam down on her famous face. 
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-**“Question: Are you** having problems going to the bathroom, or no?” 
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-Bündchen is, surreally to me, inquiring as to the state of my digestive system because it determines what ingredients she’ll add to the round of morning smoothies she’s making for the house—another daily post-beach-walk, post-sun-salutation ritual. “Bananas are more binding and papaya is more releasing,” she explains, ping-ponging between a Vitamix and a Champion juicer in her kitchen before gesturing to the howling outside. “You hear the monkeys?”
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-Fruits and vegetables harvested from her hillside garden legitimately excite Bündchen. She plans to share her earthy recipes in a forthcoming cookbook. “My goal is to make it really simple,” she says. The bounty, much of it spilling across her countertop, includes “little bananas,” “skinny bananas,” and cuadrados, a short, fat, local banana; two types of kale (soft and crispy); yucca (“We make yucca chips”); green peppers (“We just did these peppers last night with olive oil and salt”); and pitanga. “Have you ever had pitanga?” Bündchen proffers a cherrylike berry. 
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-[![](https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/64147c712154b552c7c10180/1:1/w_200%2Cc_limit/undefined)](https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2009/5/and-god-created-gisele)
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-The kitchen is all bustle: Bündchen pours smoothies for her kids, Jordan (one of the children’s teachers), Jordan’s “lady,” “las chicas” (two women preparing food in the kitchen), and me. She built this main house to accommodate group hangs, mainly with her big Brazilian family. The casita, though, is her “sanctuary,” she says as she leads me there via short stone pathway. 
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-Hers is a magnificent she shed, all clean, blond-wood lines of her own design, flanked by banana and papaya trees, a cold-plunge pool and a hot tub for one carved into the ground outside. Her 900-square-foot “little house”–cum-bedroom is “100 percent off the grid,” Bündchen says proudly, pointing to the lone light bulb dangling above a kitchen island lined in books. Titles range from the spiritual to pseudoscientific: neo-shamanistic author don Miguel Ruiz (no relation); *Sextrology: The Astrology of Sex and the Sexes* (Bündchen is a family-​oriented, homemaking Cancer); *The Miracle of Water* by Masaru Emoto, which argues that positive words spoken to water (“hope,” “adoration”) have the power to form snowflake-like crystals in H2O, while negative speech (“ugly,” “hopeless”) creates murky ones. It’s instructive for the way people speak to themselves and others, Bündchen posits, as “we are mostly water.”
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-Tank top by **Dior;** bikini bottom by **Norma Kamali;** cuff by **Saint Laurent by Anthony Vaccarello.** Throughout: makeup products by **Chanel;** nail enamel by **Chanel Le Vernis**Photograph by Lachlan Bailey; styled by George Cortina.
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-Crystals stud inside and out, including a hunk of purple amethyst and a milky selenite angel, which Bündchen says “clears energy” (presumably not the positive kind), sitting on her nightstand. Her bed is made in crisp white linens with an Hermès scarf featuring elegant leopards folded at the edge (Vivi has been sleeping with her lately). Above her bed hangs an oversized black-and-white aerial photo of a surfboard-wielding Bündchen dwarfed by the enormity of the ocean. From a deep drawer at her bedside, Bündchen reaches for the Kuan Yin Oracle, a collection of feminine-focused, tarot-like cards centered on Buddhism’s goddess of mercy and compassion. Two days before, Bündchen pulled the card for “dynasty of the divine mother,” which urged her to “look to what is happening in your life,” she reads as incense burns on the cedar table before us, “and trust that you are progressing with perfection.” 
-
-“This is why they called me a witch, I guess,” Bündchen laughs, considering the cards before us, but she is less peeved by WitchTok’s speculations than prepared to agree with them. “If you want to call me a witch because I love astrology, I love crystals, I pray, I believe in the power of nature, then go ahead.” A lapsed Catholic, Bündchen’s mystical proclivities are her gospel now, one that has been a salve and a source of strength when she’s needed it most. 
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-She used to believe in fairy tales, but not anymore. “No one is going to come save you,” Bündchen says. “Never give your power away to *nobody.* This is your life. This is your movie. You are the director on it.”
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-After our interview, Bündchen, Vivi, and Benny jetted back to Miami, but she was still thinking about the wounded bird she helped set free in Costa Rica. A few days later, Bündchen googled its potential meaning and sent me a screenshot. “Seeing a robin encourages us to let go of the negative affecting our lives,” she had circled in yellow, “and embrace a new and happier phase.”
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-“The robin,” she’d underlined, “symbolizes new beginnings.”
-
-*HAIR, SHAY ASHUAL; MAKEUP, DIANE KENDAL; MANICURE, KRISTINA KONARSKI; SET DESIGN, BELINDA SCOTT. PRODUCED ON LOCATION BY SELECT PRODUCTIONS. FOR DETAILS, GO TO VF.COM/CREDITS.*
-
--   Paris Hilton Remembers the [“Bimbo Summit”](https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2023/03/paris-hilton-memoir-excerpt?itm_content=footer-recirc&itm_campaign=more-great-stories-032223) in Her New Memoir
-    
-
--   [What Is Cinema?](https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/what-is-cinema?itm_content=footer-recirc&itm_campaign=more-great-stories-032223) Rian Johnson, Halle Berry, and More Share Their Inspiration
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-# Gisele Fetterman’s Had a Hell of a Year
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-## Our Lady of Pittsburgh
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-## Gisele Fetterman has steered her family through hell and back. What’s a few more fires?
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-Gisele Baretto Fetterman gets ready to pose in her uniform in the station where she works as a volunteer firefighter, just down the street from her Braddock, Pennsylvania, home. Photo: Susana Raab
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-![A woman with long, dark hair clips a firefighter's helmet onto her head. She is wearing a khaki-and-neon firefighter's uniform.](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/4c9/1a2/1058c16699bd76e50726e82871ae15132d-20230808-SR-39-Edit.rvertical.w570.jpg)
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-“I have a face that people think they can say anything to me,” [Gisele Baretto Fetterman](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jun/03/john-fetterman-wife-hates-politics-gisele-barreto-fetterman) says, dipping a plastic knife into soft serve at a Burger King in Braddock, Pennsylvania, just outside Pittsburgh. (There were no spoons.) Before she became recognizable as the magnificently browed, Brazilian-born five-foot-nine wife of the state’s six-foot-eight junior senator, she says mothers who heard her speak Portuguese with her three kids addressed her as if she was their nanny. There were many such cases of mistaken identity — like when a woman thought she was staff at a book signing the couple hosted in 2015. “There were 200 people in my house. I was just overwhelmed, and I snuck into the pantry,” she tells me. “I went to have a glass of wine. This woman came inside and said, ‘I just want you to know I saw you take a drink and I’m going to tell Mr. Fetterman.’ And I said, ‘Please don’t, because I don’t want to get fired.’” Ten minutes later, Fetterman and her husband went to the front of the room and welcomed their guests. The woman who chastised her was in the front row. Afterward, Fetterman says she apologized. “I considered leaving,” the woman said, “But I know I would see you again somewhere. I’m so sorry.” They had a glass of wine together.
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-Fetterman chose not to correct these assumptions in the moment but allowed the women to come to the mortifying realization they’d gotten things wrong on their own. It’s not that she wanted to embarrass them. It’s that she thinks “we have to expect the best out of people, and people will rise to meet those expectations” — including owning when they’ve been an asshole and attempting to avoid being one going forward. Some of this empathy might come from Fetterman being aware hers is not the image people conjure when they think “political spouse.” She is a formerly undocumented immigrant, openly uses marijuana to treat her chronic back pain, and, since May, works as a volunteer firefighter. But her ability to calmly disarm people has been an asset to [John Fetterman](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/john-fetterman-dr-oz-pennsylvania-senate-race.html) as he ascended from small-town mayor to lieutenant governor to U.S. senator.
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-Most of John’s D.C. colleagues have been nice to her. “Not everyone,” she notes, before clarifying: “All the wives have been so lovely.” But the muck of Washington is part of why Fetterman mostly stays in Braddock. She will travel down for events like the White House Correspondents’ Dinner, where she was in awe speaking with *Vanderpump Rules* star [Ariana Madix](https://www.thecut.com/2023/05/ariana-madix-vanderpump-scandoval-brand-deals.html). Fetterman says she tells John, “If you make it fun, I will go to D.C. … If politics is just miserable, I just can’t.”
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-Fetterman works to bring resources to the community at the Free Store in Braddock, Pennsylvania, which is open three days a week. Photo: Susana Raab
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-The couple met in 2007, after Fetterman, then a nutritionist living in Newark, New Jersey, read about John’s work revitalizing the abandoned steel town of Braddock in a magazine and wrote him a letter. He invited her to visit, and within a year, she’d moved to Pennsylvania and the couple had eloped. They are complementary in their opposition. While he’s usually in basketball shorts and a hoodie — “Do I think John dresses well now?” Fetterman says. “Of course I don’t. But also I don’t care what he wears” — she is casually chic in thrifted dresses and expertly winged eyeliner. She is the placid foil to John’s brooding hulk, an on-the-ground problem solver where he is an ambitious policymaker.
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-While John works on federal legislation in the Capitol, Fetterman runs three local nonprofits, including a service for people who are food insecure and a business incubator for women entrepreneurs. At the Free Store, a charity shop she founded in 2012, anyone can show up and take donated goods at no cost. Over the course of two humid hours on an August morning, Fetterman holds someone’s sleeping toddler as she walks between the converted shipping container that houses home goods and the racks where she hangs clothing. I talk to a volunteer introduced as “Mr. Guy,” who’s 83 and has been with the Free Store since his wife told him to find something to do in retirement. He describes the devoutly unreligious Fetterman as “Mother Teresa.” It is she who compels Mr. Guy more than the charity itself, which he doesn’t feel sets its shoppers up to succeed in a capitalist society. When he asks Fetterman, “How do you know they’re taking what they need?” she responds, “Because they say so.” Fetterman tells me later, “He can grow from that place.”
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-Fetterman’s own capacity was tested in the middle of the Senate campaign in May 2022, when she stepped in as her husband’s surrogate following his hospitalization for a [massive stroke](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/06/wheres-john-fetterman.html). She delivered the victory speech when he won the Democratic Senate primary four days later. The same woman who’d cried through her childhood birthday parties because she was uncomfortable with the attention was loose, *funny*. The crowd was laughing, even though people must have been wondering, *Is this campaign over?* Fetterman says she “hates politics,” but she was effective enough that many Republicans branded her the Pennsylvanian Lady Macbeth, [concocting elaborate fictions about her vying to take her husband’s Senate seat](https://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/a43430966/gisele-senator-john-fetterman-essay/) if he resigned. “I had to do it,” she tells me of the speech. “They weren’t there for me. They were there for John’s election party.” She reassured the crowd that the next senator from Pennsylvania would be back on the trail in no time.
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-More candid conversations had taken place at home. Fetterman’s children asked her if their father was going to die. “I don’t know,” she told them. “Whatever happens, we’re going to make it through.” Rather than reassure her kids, Fetterman gave them the truth. “I want them to always be able to come to me if it’s hard or complicated or whatever,” Fetterman says. “If they have questions, they know I’m going to be honest with them.”
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-John’s recovery was concurrent with a brutal [midterm-election campaign against Mehmet Oz](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/john-fetterman-struggles-dr-oz-bullies-in-senate-debate.html), a Republican TV doctor who mocked him and questioned his fitness for office. Attack ads implied John was a racist, that he let convicted murderers run free, and that he brought on his own stroke by not eating vegetables. John won, then moved to Washington and was sworn into office earlier this year. Debilitating depression followed. Fetterman had never felt hopeless in her mind before, but she understood the trapped feeling of chronic pain. She’d already read books about depression 14 years earlier, when she’d first suspected John was suffering but before he’d acknowledged it. “I’ve tried to get him to read some. I wanted him to see it,” she says. “But someone has to get there on their own.” She encouraged everyone in the family to go to therapy.
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-Fetterman gets a hug from her son, August, while working at the Free Store. Photo: Susana Raab/© Susana Raab 2023
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-Fetterman was straightforward with John about the fact that something had to change. Less than six weeks after he was sworn in, on February 15, John [entered in-patient treatment for depression](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/02/john-fetterman-has-been-hospitalized-for-depression.html) at Walter Reed. After leaving, John would tell people Fetterman had said to him, “Your kids are going to remember you as a sad sack of shit.” She says she actually told him, “If something happens to you tomorrow, your kids are going to remember you as a sad person. Is that how you want them to remember you?”
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-After the stroke, the Fettermans had to adapt to new ways of communicating with John, who has challenges with auditory processing. The family now goes to see movies with subtitles, and there’s a voice-to-text app that lets the kids show John what they want to say if they’re somewhere noisy. “We’re newer to the disability world as a family,” Fetterman says, but she believes it’s making her kids more thoughtful. “They’re like, ‘This sidewalk, how can a wheelchair even get through this sidewalk?’ I think they’re more aware of it because we’ve had to fight to get closed captioning in spaces for dad.” She’s referring to the Senate floor, where the average age of legislators is 65.3 and one would think visual aids would be welcome.
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-Fetterman has dealt with the fact that life is inherently blighted with difficult things since she was a child. When she was not quite 8 years old, her mother gave her and her brother one day’s notice to pack a suitcase; they were relocating from an unsafe neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro to the United States. Now, when people ask Fetterman about her five-year plan, she tells them, “I don’t know if I’m alive. I can’t think that far. But I’m really good at today.”
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-While John went after what Fetterman calls “his dream” with the Senate campaign, she decided to pursue hers: She enrolled in a fire academy. She’d been thinking about it for years. “When I lived in Newark,” she tells me, “there was a house on my block that had a devastating fire. They had no detectors, and everybody died in the building.” She adds, “It really haunted me.” When she announced the news of her enrollment, the children were nervous. Her 9-year-old, August, was afraid Fetterman would be killed in a fire; 14-year-old Karl was afraid she would pose for a sexy firefighter calendar. Fetterman told them, “You guys are my world, but I have to pursue things, too.” Prioritizing one’s own goals over their children’s and partner’s desires is perhaps another atypical quality in a politician’s wife. “I would never tolerate him standing in the way of me wanting to become a firefighter or whatever it is,” Fetterman says of John. “In relationships, you support each other.”
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-Fetterman now works at the Rivers Edge Volunteer Fire Department, just down the road from her house. She gives me a tour of the station and puts on her enormous khaki-and-neon uniform over a long dress that does not seem conducive to fitting under pants but somehow does. She implores me to lift the 40-pound air pack she wears to breathe on calls. (I can confirm 40 pounds is extremely heavy.) The firefighters were all men when Fetterman started at the academy, but two other women trained with her. She was the oldest person in her class and nearly twice most of her fellow recruits’ ages.
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-Fetterman poses in one of the outdoor areas in her home, a converted car dearlership in Braddock that sits directly in front of a US Steel plant. Photo: Susana Raab
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-On the job, Fetterman wears a nameplate with her maiden name, Barreto, to minimize the disruption her local celebrity has on the 61 calls she’s done as of August 31. “I do all the 3 a.m. calls, the 2:30 a.m. calls, because I can just go right back to sleep and it doesn’t bother me at all,” she says. More disruptive is what the smoke does to her hair. “I’m like, *Oh my God, if I wash my hair today, I’m going to be in a fire tomorrow.* So every day I’m like, ‘No, I’m not going to do it.’” Fetterman can go up to 14 days straight without a refresh. “It’s disgusting,” she says before telling me she showered yesterday in honor of our interview.
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-When Fetterman is called, she leaves a radio at the house so the kids can listen to what’s happening. “At first, it was a cat in a tree, and they were like, ‘Okay, Mom’s good,’” she says. “Then when it’s something more serious, they don’t want to listen to it anymore. But they know that’s an option. I’m not keeping it from them.” Fetterman says she never gets nervous when she goes to a fire. “I am always calm,” she tells me. She claims she has never yelled, not even in her dreams. “Nothing comes out,” she says of when Dream Gisele opens her mouth to scream. “I wish I was strong and tough.” When I tell her she does seem strong and tough, Fetterman says, “When people are mean to me, I start to cry. It’s happened a million times.” I haven’t been mean — I think — but she begins crying, which involves tears but a startling lack of change in her expression. “I’m sorry,” she tells me.
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-If her transparency and independence have scarred Fetterman’s children in any way, they’re hiding it well. When we’re sitting down at Burger King, Fetterman asks the kids to play in the indoor playground until she can “see sweat dripping” so that she and I have space to talk. Nevertheless, her youngest son and his friends come over to put stickers in her lustrous (and, today, clean) hair while she pretends to not notice. Fetterman says, “I’ve tried to raise the kids to be really flexible to prepare them for life.”
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-Recently, after family friends announced a breakup, Fetterman says Karl asked his parents if they would ever get divorced. They responded at the same time. John said, “Never.” Fetterman said, “Maybe.” Understandably, her husband asked his wife why. Fetterman says she told him, “I love you so much, but life happens. And if something were to happen, I don’t want it to debilitate them.” She sees this not as pessimism but optimism. “Whatever comes, we’re going to figure out a way through it,” she says. “There’s comfort in that.”
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-Gisele Fetterman’s Had a Hell of a Year
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-^button-XEnginesAreaMessWillAISolveTheirProblemsNSave
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-&emsp;
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-# Google and Bing Are a Mess. Will AI Solve Their Problems?
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/919/542/9cee50f303937ac585f89f77e8479b78f3-bing-.rsquare.w700.jpg)
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-Microsoft Bing — now with extra AI. Photo: Stephen Brashear/AP/Shutterstock
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-This week’s dueling AI search presentations from Microsoft and Google marked the resumption of hostilities in the long-dormant search wars. Microsoft, which is a major investor in OpenAI, announced it would be incorporating ChatGPT-style features into Bing, its also-ran search engine. Google unveiled a ChatGPT competitor called Bard and previewed how related technologies would be incorporated into Google Search.
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-“Soon, you’ll see AI-powered features in Search that distill complex information and multiple perspectives into easy-to-digest formats, so you can quickly understand the big picture and learn more from the web,” wrote Google CEO Sundar Pichai. In addition to a ChatGPT-style conversational experience, the new Bing, according to Microsoft, will review “results from across the web to find and summarize the answer you’re looking for.”
-
-Each company talked about the arrival of a new era, spoke about the years of incredible research that made these new features possible, and shared some demos. Microsoft, which is opening up the new Bing for testing, is already garnering [rave reviews](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/08/technology/microsoft-bing-openai-artificial-intelligence.html). Google, which has been slower to release its new LLM-powered tools to the public, saw its stock take a nosedive after sharing a demo in which Bard, [asked](https://twitter.com/Google/status/1622710355775393793) to describe some “new discoveries from the James Webb Space Telescope,” confidently [made one up](https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/8/23590864/google-ai-chatbot-bard-mistake-error-exoplanet-demo) out of thin air.
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-In one sense, what audiences saw was certainly new: a pair of search engines engaging with queries in plain, colloquial language, interpreting questions and summarizing answers with aptitude. What they saw was also darkly funny beyond Google’s error: Two of the tech industry’s biggest and most dominant firms were announcing, with great fanfare and excitement, the imminent arrival of search engines that can, by leveraging cutting-edge proprietary large language models, provide basic, relevant results somewhere near the top of a search page. They were offering a preview of the future of human-computer interaction by delivering on the promise of … [Ask Jeeves](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcJ-xmQqmrA).
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-A great deal of what made these demos appealing, from a searcher’s perspective, had little to do with the underlying technology at all. What we saw were glimpses of a Google experience with fewer misleading ads, less scrolling, and fewer clicks. One of the nicest things about these search-engine demos of the future was how much they resembled, on the surface, the search engines of the relatively recent past, before their parent companies *made them worse to use*. They’re clean. They engage with queries in a way that makes intuitive sense, rather than through the odd, scrambled input-output metaphor of Google and Bing, circa 2023. Before: You *searched*, they *found.* Now: You *type in a term or some words or a question or whatever and* they, uhh, *provide results.* Soon, according to these demos: You’ll *ask*, they’ll *answer.*
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-The new Google and Bing appear, in their early demo forms, to be gloriously free to simply do what is asked of them, without the various other accumulated considerations that have led to search pages feeling like such a [frustrating, cluttered mess](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/06/google-search-algorithm-internet/661325/). They were as much a reminder of how terrible the search experience has become as they were a case for search-via-conversation, powered by AI.
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-Both companies showed off conventional search pages supplemented with summarized results as well as chat-style “conversational” interfaces. Microsoft’s [Bing](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ay3ttUozxTA) demonstration highlighted the difference between old and new interfaces. In an example search, “top selling 65-inch TVs” produced a page like this:
-
-By switching to chat mode, Bing produced this:
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-Very different things are going on, here, under the hood, and I don’t mean to suggest the underlying technology here is insignificant or irrelevant. But the contrast is fascinating for reasons that have nothing to do with machine learning. The conventional search-engine interface is terrible on its own terms — the first thing users see, even in this technology demo*,* is a row of purchase links and an advertising pseudo-result leading to a website I’ve never heard of. The “search,” such as it is, is immediately and constantly interrupted by the company helping you conduct it.
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-The chat results are, by contrast, approximately what the user asked for: a list with no ads and a bunch of links, and a summary of the sorts of articles that current Bing users would have encountered eventually, after scrolling past and fending off the various obstacles and distractions and misdirections that are typical of modern search, *as designed by Google and Microsoft.* Microsoft is showing off its OpenAI integration, here, but it’s also just choosing a different way to display information — one that it could have used for years.
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-In the narrow context of the search wars, this state of affairs probably favors Microsoft. Bing just doesn’t matter that much to its parent company, which makes most of its money selling access to software, so a newer version with fewer ads could be worthwhile if it can steal away market share from a much larger competitor. By contrast, Google, which is primarily an advertising company, risks blowing up its core business model by going down the path suggested by its demos. “From now on, the \[gross margin\] of search is going to drop forever,” Nadella [told the *Financial Times*](https://www.ft.com/content/b236b70d-82dc-40f8-84be-dc4daff151e4). “There is such margin in search, which for us is incremental. For Google it’s not, they have to defend it all.”
-
-There are much bigger considerations than the fortunes of Microsoft and Google, of course. Search engines still provide the de facto gateway to the broader web, and have a deeply codependent relationship with the people and companies whose content they crawl, index, and rank; a Google that instantly but sometimes unreliably summarizes the websites to which it used to send people would destroy that relationship, and [probably a lot of websites](https://www.garbageday.email/p/i-hope-im-wrong), including the ones on which its models were trained, and which they would need to continue to ingest to synthesize, say, *the news*. This is, like most AI stories, a story about automation — in this case, of the creation of relevant search content, a task previously undertaken, by, well, the entire web, over which Google, by virtue of its size, has gradually taken worrying amounts of control.
-
-These are demos, though, and it’s unclear what will really make it out to the general search-dependent, ad-impression-producing public, or how it will evolve or fail once it encounters the countless and often vital demands of real users. [Dazzling](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/01/why-artificial-intelligence-often-feels-like-magic.html) new features powered by novel technology don’t guarantee mass adoption, and lots of companies have lost lots of money assuming that people must want to have human-style conversations with their computers. Likewise, a tech company’s ability to make a more satisfying or appealing product doesn’t guarantee that it will actually deliver one, especially if that product might interfere with its main source of revenue. What Microsoft and Google did make abundantly clear, however, is that they know search is broken — of course they do, because they broke it.
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-Google and Bing Are a Mess. Will AI Solve Their Problems?
-
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-Tag: ["🤵🏻", "🪖", "🇺🇸", "🇦🇫", "🚕"]
-Date: 2023-06-29
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-06-29
-Link: https://www.theassemblync.com/place/durham-afghan-refugee-shot/
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
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----
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-07-18]]
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----
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-&emsp;
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-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-HeSoughtLifeOutsideWarZoneNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# He Sought A New Life Outside A War Zone. Bullets Still Found Him.
-
-Taj Bibi Ahmad Zai’s eyes are focused on the ornate red carpet. It’s one of the few things that reminds her of her old life—nearly everything has changed in the past six months. 
-
-Most of her 38 years were spent in a nomadic and rural province in eastern Afghanistan. Now, she finds herself in a third-floor apartment in Durham, surrounded by boxes, duffel bags, plastic containers, and an imposing tower of 24-packs of bottled water. 
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-Ahmad Zai’s thin fingers fidget with eight dark-green Afghan passports, while her children vie for her attention. Five-year-old Asma clings to a large brown teddy bear in one hand and balances an overflowing bowl of Lucky Charms with the other. Nearby, 1-month-old Ayeshah rocks in a bassinet.
-
-The apartment was already home to her husband’s cousin, Yousaf Mangal, his wife Raayata, and their five kids. After Ahmad Zai and her seven children arrived on February 10, the number of people living here grew to 15. Mangal and his wife picked them up from Raleigh-Durham International Airport—a reunion years in the making, but hardly what they’d pictured. 
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-Ahmad Zai’s husband Ainzargul Totakhil had been living in the United States since 2016, working to save up enough money to bring her and the kids over. He’d recently earned American citizenship, and the couple had plans to build a new life together.
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-![](https://i0.wp.com/www.theassemblync.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/230411_9776.jpg?resize=780%2C520&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
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-Taj Bibi Ahmad Zai ties Bibi Asma’s dress in the family’s Durham apartment. (Andrea Bruce for *The Assembly*)
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-But Totakhil was [shot and killed on December 30](https://www.wral.com/story/man-murdered-in-durham-was-afghan-refugee-who-risked-life-to-help-american-troops/20664228/) while driving for Uber. According to Durham Police, the 40-year-old was found dead in his car around 11:00 p.m. at the intersection of Holloway Street and South Adams Street in East Durham, a predominantly residential area. There were no suspects, and six months later, the police say there still aren’t any leads.
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-It was Mangal who first learned of his cousin’s seemingly random murder when an officer called with the disturbing news on New Year’s Eve. For days, dread consumed him. He kept the information from the rest of Totakhil’s family. He made up excuses about why Totakhil wasn’t answering his phone. Could the news trigger a miscarriage for Ahmad Zai or a heart attack for Totakhil’s elderly parents? 
-
-But the family’s suspicions were growing. 
-
-“I think you’ve been lying to us,” Totakhil’s father told Mangal over the phone. “Because we’ve been having bad dreams.”
-
-His loved ones knew something was wrong. But how bad could it be? Totakhil was in America, the land of opportunity. 
-
-## The American Idea
-
-Totakhil had come to the United States seeking the promise of safety and security for his wife and children, a priceless commodity for someone who witnessed every botched phase and broken promise of America’s longest war. 
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-![](https://i0.wp.com/www.theassemblync.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/ainzargul.jpeg?resize=217%2C225&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
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-Ainzargul Totakhil, courtesy of his family.  
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-But Totakhil believed in America. In 2007, as the United States dug its heels deeper into Afghanistan, he signed up to work for coalition forces. For nearly a decade, he and Mangal both served alongside U.S. Green Berets on a remote outpost near Paktia Province, filling various roles from base barber to interpreter. 
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-The trust built between a soldier and their interpreter is understood only by those who have experienced it firsthand. “They are a different breed. I expected him to fight alongside me just like anyone else,” recalled an active-duty U.S. Special Forces officer who worked with the cousins in 2011. 
-
-The Green Beret, who served five tours in Afghanistan, asked not to be named for security reasons, and says his Afghan interpreters saw more combat action than most American servicemembers. “We were breaking bread with them. We were burying their dead,” he said. “When we were in an ambush, my Afghans were right next to me.”
-
-Which is why as the war entered its second decade, life in Afghanistan became more dangerous for Mangal and Totakhil. By 2013, four other cousins had been killed in combat while working for American troops. Countless friends and comrades had lost their lives in the war, and many of those still living endured a near-constant state of fear. Totakhil and Mangal’s devotion to the war effort made them, and their loved ones, enemies of the Taliban. 
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-![](https://i0.wp.com/www.theassemblync.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/230410_9621.jpg?resize=780%2C520&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
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-Ainzargul Totakhil’s cousin Yousaf Mangal, surrounded by family. (Andrea Bruce for *The Assembly*)
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-In June 2016, Mangal and his family were able to get Special Immigrant Visas (SIV), a program established to provide a pathway to legal permanent residency for America’s wartime allies in Iraq and Afghanistan. They settled in Durham, and Totakhil joined him the following November. From 2009 to the beginning of 2021, the U.S. Department of State issued [just over 22,000 SIVs](https://www.stateoig.gov/report/aud-mero-22-38#:~:text=From%2020095%20through%202021,15%20percent)%20applications%20remained%20pending.) to Afghans, most of whom had experienced immediate threats to their safety. 
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-The process wasn’t easy. Mangal’s Green Beret commander spent five years navigating bureaucratic red tape to get his visa approved. Many soldiers across Fort Bragg were doing the same for their former interpreters—filing paperwork was the least they could do for the Afghans who’d risked their lives to support them.
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-Ahmad Zai and her children stayed behind when Totakhil left; he insisted on building a more stable life before bringing his family to the U.S. And he did.
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-![](https://i0.wp.com/www.theassemblync.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/230411_10144.jpg?resize=780%2C520&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
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-Bibi Asma, 7, and Bibi Asiya, 9, play in the yard. (Andrea Bruce for *The Assembly*)
-
-In the six years leading up to his death, Totakhil bounced between jobs in and around Durham. He drove for an airport taxi company then found a job at a Japanese steak house. Totakhil eventually made his way into food delivery, working for Grubhub and Uber Eats, a marginally more lucrative position. 
-
-By 2021, Totakhil and Mangal were both driving full time for Uber. Mangal, the more seasoned driver, had picked up a useful trick behind the wheel. He realized sharing stories of his military service with his passengers consistently earned him five-star ratings. 
-
-Totakhil adopted the tactic; every ride got him closer to reuniting with his family.
-
-## The Wait
-
-As Ahmad Zai waited with their children in rural Paktia Province, America’s military investments fell deeper out of political favor. When the U.S. finalized its hasty troop withdrawal in [April 2021](https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2573268/biden-announces-full-us-troop-withdrawal-from-afghanistan-by-sept-11/), the Taliban quickly moved into desolate areas like Paktia, easily appropriating land from a crumbling government. 
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-By August, they were approaching Kabul, Afghanistan’s capital and largest city. Many citizens still hoped for a compromise between the government and the Taliban. But on August 15th, then-president [Ashraf Ghani fled the country](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/15/afghan-president-ghani-flees-country-as-taliban-surrounds-kabul), signaling the official end to talks of a coalition government. Hours later, the Taliban entered Kabul without opposition. 
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-For many Afghans, there was nowhere left to go. Ties to coalition forces or diplomatic efforts placed targets on the backs of America’s wartime allies. Scenes of chaos ensued at Hamid Karzai International Airport as desperate crowds waited outside heavily fortified walls, battling heat and fatigue and constant abuse from Taliban soldiers. 
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-![](https://i0.wp.com/www.theassemblync.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/230411_9974.jpg?resize=780%2C520&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
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-Taj Bibi Ahmad Zai prays in the Durham apartment where her family has resettled. (Andrea Bruce for *The Assembly*)
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-![](https://i0.wp.com/www.theassemblync.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/230410_9639.jpg?resize=780%2C520&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
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-Left to right: Bibi Asiya, Abdul Wahab Totakhil, Hayatullah Totakhil and Jahab Gul Totakhil in the family’s Durham apartment. (Andrea Bruce for *The Assembly*)
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-The chaos did not let up inside. On August 16, three days into the evacuation, [at least two people fell to their death](https://apnews.com/article/soccer-sports-afghanistan-middle-east-kabul-58a4e0a9c6343ab78a1985df31e2d729) while clinging onto the wheel well of a U.S. Air Force C-17. A teenager was crushed by the same plane on the tarmac. On August 26, [a suicide bomber detonated his vest](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/04/us/politics/kabul-airport-attack-report.html), killing 169 Afghan civilians and 13 U.S. service members.
-
-Mangal’s former commander likened the evacuation to Saigon, except much worse. 
-
-In the two weeks following the Taliban takeover, more than 120,000 Afghans managed to fly out of Hamid Karzai. Since August 2021, the effort dubbed “Operation Allies Welcome” has resettled [nearly 90,000](https://www.dhs.gov/news/2022/09/27/operation-allies-welcome-announces-departure-all-afghan-nationals-national#:~:text=To%20date%2C%20approximately%2088%2C500%20Afghan,behalf%20of%20the%20United%20States.) in the United States, according to the State Department. [More than 1,600](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/afghan-evacuees-resettled-us-texas-california-virginia/) have come to North Carolina.
-
-Ahmad Zai and her children waited more than a year under the Taliban’s tightening grip, quietly planning their escape.
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-In Durham, Totakhil’s financial outlook slowly brightened. While he went home to visit several times, the family was separated for six years before he decided it was time to bring his wife and children to the U.S. Last July, he flew back to Afghanistan to solidify their plans. He waited for months for their visas to be approved, calling Mangal, his former U.S Army contacts, and the State Department weekly. By October, Afghanistan had become too dangerous for Totakhil to stay any longer.  
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-He said goodbye to his newly pregnant wife and flew back to North Carolina. The baby they were expecting in the spring might be an American citizen if all goes according to plan, Totakhil told his cousin over the phone. 
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-Just one day after Totakhil left Afghanistan, the State Department approved eight Special Immigrant Visas for his wife and children. They soon boarded a flight to a U.S. base in Qatar for their final processing.
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-Life as a family in the United States seemed to be within reach, and it came with help. SIV candidates are eligible for various short-term government assistance programs when they arrive. Cases are assigned to local resettlement agencies through the State Department. In North Carolina, two federally funded Department of Health and Human Services programs offer financial, medical, and employment services for up to 12 months. 
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-![](https://i0.wp.com/www.theassemblync.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/230411_10445.jpg?resize=780%2C520&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
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-Taj Bibi Ahmad Zai holds her newborn daughter, Ayeshah, surrounded by her other children. (Andrea Bruce for *The Assembly*)
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-But they wouldn’t need much help. Totakhil had been working hard. 
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-Ahmad Zai waited in a large barracks room at Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar for her daily call with Totakhil. In Durham, Mangal overheard his cousin’s end of the conversations. “I’m doing everything I can,” Totakhil would tell his wife. “It’s not in my hands.”
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-On November 15, he called with good news: He’d become an American citizen. He was hopeful his wife and children would soon join him in experiencing the same joy. 
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-Each day at Al Udeid mirrored the one that came before. Ahmad Zai tried to keep the children entertained the best she could, but the months passed slowly as she and dozens of other hopeful Afghans worked to clear the necessary medical and security screenings before they could enter the United States. Her hope that what was waiting on the other side would be worth it carried her forward. 
-
-But on December 30, Mangal answered that late-night call from a Durham Police officer. 
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-“I was totally shocked. I thought he might be joking,” Mangal said. “This is America.”
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-It seemed unspeakably cruel that Totakhil had survived the brutality of war only to be shot and killed where he sought refuge.  
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-When she learned his fate, Ahmad Zai wanted to return to Afghanistan—how could she live in a strange land without her husband by her side?
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-Their evacuation effort, however, was well under way. Mangal convinced Ahmad Zai, then seven months pregnant, to continue. The U.S. still seemed like the safest option, especially given her fast-approaching delivery.
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-Totakhil’s death helped convince the State Department to expedite the effort. On February 10, Ahmad Zai and her children arrived in North Carolina. It had been 42 days since Totakhil’s murder.
-
-## The Labyrinth 
-
-Ahmad Zai tries to maintain hope her children will have more than she ever did, something her husband believed. She’d never learned to read or write, and under the Taliban’s ban on educating girls, her three daughters likely would not have either.
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-Asked what she wishes she could have learned in school, Ahmad Zai replies: “Everything.” 
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-She looks down at her baby girl, a new American born nine days after she arrived. “She can do everything,” Ahmad Zai whispers.
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-![](https://i0.wp.com/www.theassemblync.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/230410_9649-1.jpg?resize=780%2C520&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
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-Ayeshah was born prematurely, nine days after she arrived in the U.S. (Andrea Bruce for *The Assembly*)
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-![](https://i0.wp.com/www.theassemblync.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/230411_9793-1.jpg?resize=780%2C520&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
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-Bibi Asma, 7, with baby Ayeshah. (Andrea Bruce for *The Assembly*)
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-But her hope is slowly languishing in a system struggling to keep up with their needs. Setting aside the unresolved police investigation, more immediate needs arise like providing for eight children in a new environment that couldn’t be more foreign. The support they expected and benefits often allocated to those with refugee status have not come.
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-Newly arrived refugees are often assigned to local resettlement agencies, private nonprofit organizations tasked and funded by the federal government to facilitate a family’s transition to the U.S. In the Triangle area, four refugee resettlement organizations serve families. One is World Relief Durham, the agency that worked with Mangal and Totakhil. Their case workers coordinate housing assistance, school enrollment, and other essential services like a temporary, government-funded stipend to ease a family’s adjustment to the U.S. 
-
-Mangal expected the same assistance would be offered to Ahmad Zai and her children once they arrived, especially given the horrifying circumstances. Day after day, he waited for their caseworker to call back. When the phone didn’t ring, he became Ahmad Zai’s only lifeline. He gave up driving for Uber almost completely as he spent days applying for social security cards, attempting to enroll the kids in school and searching for rental properties. 
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-After a month, Mangal learned his cousin’s family wasn’t eligible for the same assistance. As Adam Clark, World Relief Durham’s executive director, explains, Totakhil’s family is known as a “walk-in” since they entered the country “independently and not through traditional pathways.” 
-
-While the State Department initially granted the family SIVs, when Totakhil received his citizenship in November Ahmad Zai and her children became eligible for a family-sponsored visa instead. Entering as the family of a citizen meant they did not  have access to the aid refugee resettlement organizations like World Relief typically provide. Totakhil’s untimely death left his family navigating a peculiar predicament. 
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/www.theassemblync.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/230411_9739-4.jpg?resize=780%2C520&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
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-The family’s third-floor apartment in Durham buzzes with the activity of many little feet. (Andrea Bruce for *The Assembly*)
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-The State Department’s [Reception and Placement Program](https://www.state.gov/refugee-admissions/reception-and-placement/) offers $2,375 in assistance to qualified SIVs and refugees during their first three months in the United States. The funds are distributed through local agencies such as World Relief and can be used for resettlement costs such as rent, food, employment assistance, school enrollment, and legal services. A State Department spokesperson told *The Assembly* that recipients “must be determined eligible based on the type of visa issued.”
-
-Aid also exists for qualifying new arrivals from programs funded by both state and private organizations and can sometimes offer assistance for up to five years.
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-Ainzargul’s family’s initial request for any type of aid was denied, but Clark said his organization is still actively attempting to help. “Once given the go-ahead, we plan to do so.”
-
-Legal challenges are nothing new for World Relief, which like many resettlement organizations has been inundated with new Afghan arrivals since the August 2021 withdrawal. “We’re designed for longterm resettlement support, not disaster assistance,” said Clark. World Relief had to quickly overhaul its meticulously crafted resettlement plans; every week, a new family was arriving, most of them with small children.
-
-Clark says the system wasn’t well set up for the influx; changes in immigration policy under the Trump administration led several refugee resettlement organizations to [downsize or close altogether](https://www.americanprogress.org/article/rebuilding-u-s-refugee-program-21st-century/). World Relief Durham stayed afloat by offering new programming and diversifying services. They’ve provided aid to more than 200 new Afghan arrivals in the last two years.
-
-## Strength and Survival 
-
-When Mangal arrived in 2016, the Special Forces officer he served alongside in Afghanistan would often visit. He and his wife would drive from Fayetteville and pick up Mangal and his family for a day at Carowinds. 
-
-He proudly watched his former interpreter’s children quickly learn English and embrace life in the United States. He knows the same will happen for Totakhil’s family if they’re given the chance. “The investment is absolutely worth it,” he said. “They’re little American kids now.”
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-![](https://i0.wp.com/www.theassemblync.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/230411_9940.jpg?resize=780%2C520&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
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-The kids play outside in the apartment complex. (Andrea Bruce for *The Assembly*)
-
-Following Totakhil’s death, Mangal [started a GoFundMe page](https://www.gofundme.com/f/donate-to-help-the-funeral-of-shaheed-ainzargul) to cover funeral costs and assist the family. After his death made local news, they were able to raise over $70,000. But the money won’t last forever, and support isn’t only needed in the form of cash.
-
-Two months after her arrival, Ahmad Zai and her children moved out of the cramped three-bedroom apartment when Mangal was able to co-sign for another unit in a nearby building. He pieced together all the paperwork to get the family approved for food stamps and Medicaid. And in late April, her younger children finally started school in Durham.
-
-Ajeer, the oldest, is 19 now and too old for school. His uncle said he feels he must now carry the family’s burden, though four job interviews have yielded no offers—likely because he’s still learning English. While he hopes to become a mechanic, he’ll take any work he can get. 
-
-Most days, Ahmad Zai stays home with the baby. Her eyes are tired, but she rarely shows emotion—there’s little time when tiny hands pull at her veil and the baby begs to be nursed. 
-
-Mangal says he’s only seen her cry only twice: First, when he and his wife greeted the family at the airport in February. He remembers her asking, “Where is Ainzargul?” She knew. They all did. But she needed to acknowledge his absence. 
-
-The second was when she first visited her husband’s grave. Standing in front of a small stone positioned near the back of a Durham Islamic cemetery, she allowed herself a moment to grieve.  
-
-When asked where Ahmad Zai finds strength, her demeanor changes. She glances down, then up, and opens her arms wide to show the size of her heart. 
-
-Strength, she says, is ingrained in Afghan women. It was necessary to survive decades of war. She’ll need it in America, too.  
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/www.theassemblync.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/230411_9981-1.jpg?resize=780%2C520&is-pending-load=1#038;ssl=1)
-
-Taj Bibi Ahmad Zai and her children have moved into their own unit not far from Mangal and his family. (Andrea Bruce for *The Assembly*)
-
----
-
-*Sarah Blake Morgan is a Charlotte-based journalist who spent over a decade reporting across the country and around the world for local and international news organizations. Her work has won an Edward R. Murrow Award and eight Emmy nominations. At 31, she attended Basic Combat Training and Officer Candidate School and is now a Military Intelligence Officer in the U.S. Army Reserve.* 
-
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-
-*Vibhav Nandagiri is a freelance reporter from Durham. A lifelong resident of North Carolina, his work has also appeared in the INDYWeek.*
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-Tag: ["🤵🏻", "📰", "🇮🇷", "⛓️"]
-Date: 2023-08-10
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-08-10
-Link: https://magazine.atavist.com/held-together-libya-iran-hostages/
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-10-15]]
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-
-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-HeldTogetherNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# Held Together
-
-![](https://magazine.atavist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Father-daughter-journalists1.jpg?is-pending-load=1)
-
-Held Together
-
-### A filmmaker was producing a documentary series on the Iran hostage crisis. Then her father went missing overseas.
-
-###### The *Atavist* Magazine, No. 141
-
-  
-Lucy Sexton is a documentary filmmaker and journalist. She was a producer on *Hostages* (HBO), *Five Rounds to Freedom* (Showtime), and *Dirty Money* (Netflix). Her writing has appeared in *The New York Times, Vice*, and other publications.
-
-Joe Sexton spent 25 years as a reporter and senior editor at *The New York Times,* and eight years as a reporter and senior editor at *ProPublica*, the nonprofit investigative news organization. In May 2023, he published his first book, *[The Lost Sons of Omaha: Two Young Men in an American Tragedy.](https://bookshop.org/p/books/the-lost-sons-of-omaha-two-young-men-in-an-american-tragedy-joe-sexton/18983031?gclid=Cj0KCQjwwvilBhCFARIsADvYi7Jnku7QsKF9X6uepX_ANOEL9mGgSKlGX8B85PUeD0KOXyy_okTrWkoaApnnEALw_wcB)*
-
-**Editor:** Seyward Darby  
-**Art Director:** Ed Johnson  
-**Copy Editor:** Sean Cooper  
-**Fact Checker:** Alison Van Houten  
-**Illustrator:** Matt Rota
-
-*Published in July 2023.*
-
----
-
-**LUCY**
-
-*I am the daughter of a newspaperman.*
-
-Throughout my life, I’ve used a version of this sentence to talk about myself: in college application essays and internship cover letters, on first dates, and now in this story. At 32 years of age, my pride in stating what is a core fact of my existence hasn’t diminished.
-
-My dad, Joe Sexton, began his career as a sportswriter at the *City Sun* in Brooklyn, New York. One of his earliest stories was about the Rikers Island Olympics. He later covered a young Mike Tyson; he sat ringside, and had the blood on his clothes to prove it. When he made it to the sports desk at *The New York Times,* he spent years terrorizing the Mets and their ownership for crimes of mediocrity and incompetence.
-
-Then, at 34, Joe was suddenly a single father of two daughters. I was just shy of three at the time. If memory can be trusted, I have a few vivid images—random snapshots captured through my toddler’s eyes—of the good and the bad: my tiny cowboy boots against shimmering asphalt; a stash of candies in a porcelain pitcher; being in a dark, frightening hotel room. When it became clear that my mother had demons she would need to wrestle with alone, Joe gained custody of me and my sister.
-
-Here’s another memory: a late-night bottle of milk Joe gave me while friends, presumably fellow reporters, were visiting our house. Joe was simultaneously holding his family together and building a high-profile media career. Work meant that he was on the clock 24/7, and the *Times* became a second home for our family, a place where we were surrounded by people rooting for the three of us. When Joe jumped from the sports desk to the metro section, the newsroom served as a backup babysitter. When a story demanded that Joe’s feet hit the pavement, two little girls weren’t the worst accessories in pursuit of a quote.
-
-Joe helped the *Times* garner a fistful of Pulitzer Prizes and covered everything from 9/11 (he dropped me off at school in Brooklyn that morning, and I didn’t see him for days afterward), to the sex-abuse scandal at Penn State, to the ousting of two New York governors. Eight years and more stories and prizes followed at ProPublica, the nonprofit news organization.
-
-Early on, our lives could feel unstable—we moved more times than I can count, and my mom cycled in and out of our orbit—but Joe was always solid, secure. Despite the brutal work hours, he made sure to cover beats that kept him close to home. Weeks after turning 17, I began a decade of doing the opposite: I adventured across the globe, first to Argentina and Ghana, then to Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and South Korea, on to France, and back to East Asia. I volunteered, produced documentaries, did investigative research, worked at Vietnam’s national English daily, fell in love, opened a restaurant, got a master’s in international security, and flirted with intelligence work and law school before settling back into documentary filmmaking.
-
-Why the constant need to uproot myself? I’m sure a therapist could find some link to childhood trauma. I was too busy to question it; I was living as freely and fearlessly as possible. Joe, with his daily news grind in New York, was the only anchor I needed.
-
-In May 2021, Joe upended this comforting metaphor when he told me that he’d be going to Libya to report a story. It sounded like a good one. But heading to a country racked by violence and without a U.S. embassy didn’t seem like something the careful and even anxious dad I knew would do. Joe and my stepmom, who had been in my life since I was 12, had twin girls who were not yet in middle school. Beginning foreign correspondent work at the age of 61, on a dangerous story no less, was an interesting life choice.
-
-Still, I put my travel and reporting experience to work helping him prepare. Jailbreak his cell phone so a foreign SIM card would work? I could do that. Secure a rapid PCR COVID test for travel? I could do that, too: For the previous six months, I’d been navigating strict protocols while filming an HBO series about the 1979 Iran hostage crisis, when the U.S. embassy and staff in Tehran were held captive for 444 days.
-
-The one thing I couldn’t help Joe with was taking his health more seriously. Just before his trip, he revealed that doctors had found a macular hole in one of his retinas. Left untreated, it could compromise his vision, which was already so bad he was legally blind without his glasses. He didn’t address the defect before going to Libya, nor did he plan to deal with it upon his return. Joe had always been cavalier about taking care of himself—his diet, sleep, and mental health all suffered. Perhaps this stemmed from his Irish Catholic upbringing, which glorified hard work, sacrifice, and personal neglect. Perhaps it came from his lifelong tendency to see himself as invincible when he was on a mission for work or for his family, which he almost always was.
-
-I had seen Joe that way, too—until now. For the first time in my life, I found myself worrying about a future in which I would have to take care of him.
-
-On a spring day, Joe and I sat on the porch of our house in Brooklyn, ignoring my concerns and discussing our respective reporting projects instead. I googled directions to a shop on Coney Island Avenue that sold burner phones in case my neophyte dad needed them on his journey. A few days later, Joe was on a plane to Libya and I was on my way to Washington, D.C., for the HBO project.
-
-### For me, the project was a moment of reckoning. I was nearly 62; there weren’t going to be many more shots at foreign correspondence. Did I have the stones for it?
-
-**JOE**
-
-Mitiga International Airport in Tripoli looked like something out of a Mad Max movie. The runways were pockmarked, the hangars appeared abandoned, and the ghostly shell of a scorched, half-collapsed airliner sat in one corner of the tarmac. I all but expected Lord Humungus to poke his masked head out of one of the plane’s blasted windows. The scene was no surprise: The airport had witnessed successive sieges during the years of civil war that followed the violent toppling of Libya’s longtime strongman, Muammar Qaddafi. The real shock was how exactly I’d found myself landing there on a hellishly hot afternoon in May 2021.
-
-Some backstory might help. I spent 25 years as a reporter and editor at *The New York Times,* and ten years into that run, I was asked whether I might like to be a foreign correspondent in Africa. At the time, I’d also wound up a single dad of two young girls. Just seeing that the dishes got done, the socks were properly matched, and the hastily made bologna sandwiches made it into their lunch boxes felt like heroic accomplishments. My life’s ambitions, rather jarringly, had shrunk to this: Get the girls to 18 years old unharmed. So the idea of living in an armed compound in Nairobi while responsible for covering nearly a dozen often troubled East African countries seemed an imprudent reach. I demurred.
-
-Truth be told, I wasn’t sure I had the guts for it anyway. I was not a particularly brave person. Was I also a coward of sorts? This was a chastening worry that would stay with me over the decades after I turned down the chance to go to Nairobi. Then, in 2021, shortly after going freelance, I fell in with Ian Urbina, an old colleague from the *Times* who’d started the Outlaw Ocean Project, a nonprofit committed to some of the most daring reporting on the planet. Piracy on the high seas; slavery on fishing ships; the secretive, illegal dumping of oil into the ocean—Ian was covering all that and more. He was looking for an extra hand and said that I could start by joining him on a reporting trip to Libya. I agreed to go.
-
-Libya struck me as a place of mystery and menace. Seventh-century Phoenicians had laid claim to the territory, and the Greeks and the Romans followed suit. The Spanish and the Ottomans came after that, and then, in the early 20th century, Italy planted its flag. Following the second World War, Libya won its independence, and for close to 20 years it was a U.S. ally, a country of petroleum riches and strategic geopolitical significance. American oil companies flocked there, and Washington leased a major military base. Then, in 1969, Qaddafi staged a coup. The ardent Arab nationalist installed himself as both chief of the armed forces and leader of Libya’s new governing body, the Revolutionary Command Council. Forty years of calculated cruelty and international misdeeds ensued. Under Qaddafi, Libya was seen by the U.S. government as an agent of terror and an enemy of Israel.
-
-Qaddafi met his end during another revolution, the Arab Spring of 2011, and in the years that followed, Libya became a failed state. We would be going there to report on a darkly astonishing story taking place within the country’s borders: the brutal mistreatment of migrants trying to make their way from poverty and conflict to the safety and promise of Europe. The European Union was increasingly unwilling to accommodate these desperate people and their dreams, but it had effectively outsourced the dirty work of halting the flow. Libya, riven by rival militias and foreign mercenaries, was the EU’s most eager and immoral proxy, ramping up a veritable industry of abuse. Migrants on flimsy rafts were captured on the Mediterranean, transported to grim detention facilities inside Libya, and subjected to what the United Nations has since deemed crimes against humanity, including torture, rape, and murder.
-
-A month before we set out for Libya, a 28-year-old migrant from West Africa was shot dead by guards inside one of the country’s most notorious migrant jails, a cluster of converted warehouses in Tripoli known as Al Mabani (the Buildings). We didn’t have the name of the migrant or know where his body had wound up. Still, we meant to tell his story. It may have been a Libyan gunman who shot the young man, but his blood was arguably on the EU’s hands.
-
-There would be four of us working together, and though we would arrive in Libya with the help and blessing of the Red Crescent, an aid organization, our safety briefings made plain the risks we faced. We were given tracking devices in case we went missing. We were told to make photocopies of our passports and put them in the soles of our shoes. An action plan was created, to be set in motion by people back in the U.S. if we went silent for 24 hours.
-
-For me, the project was a moment of reckoning. I was nearly 62; there weren’t going to be many more shots at foreign correspondence. Did I have the stones for it? My second child, Lucy, had shown herself capable of risky work. She’d even been a whistleblower in Ghana during a semester abroad, reporting fraud at the orphanage where she volunteered.
-
-In the lead-up to the trip, I didn’t have trouble sleeping as I feared I might. I didn’t have panic attacks either, although they’d afflicted me at times throughout my life. If I was fooling myself, it was working. Soon I was on a plane to Amsterdam, then to Istanbul, and on to Tripoli. Out the window upon our descent, Tripoli—in its heyday an outpost of beauty and charm on the Mediterranean—had the look of a washed-up prizefighter: scarred and nicked, teeth knocked out, face sagging from a thousand beatings.
-
-Red Crescent officials met us at the airport. There was an awkward wait as our bags were examined, but we were cleared to enter and soon were in a van with our security: three local men in T-shirts and sunglasses. Arrangements had been made for us to stay at the Corinthia Hotel, said to be Tripoli’s most luxurious accommodations. The place had a violent history. In 2013, the Libyan prime minister was kidnapped from the hotel. Two years later, ten people were shot dead when a militia stormed the place. Just a week before our arrival, the latest set of gunmen had turned up in a show of force, but no one was hurt.
-
-We never made it to the Corinthia. Instead we were taken to the Royal Gardens, a nondescript four-story hotel on a side street near Tripoli’s central square. No explanation for the change was given. The Royal Gardens had the feel of some sort of front, as if the clerks and concierges were playing a role. It was hard not to be a little spooked.
-
-### I didn’t wear glasses, but Joe did. I couldn’t remember an occasion when I’d seen him without them, save for an occasional swim in the ocean.
-
-**LUCY**
-
-As a story producer for the HBO series, I was responsible for historical and political research, and for developing compelling characters and storylines. The origins of the Iran hostage crisis date back to well before 1979 and are anything but settled. The dynamism and nuance of Iran’s history, culture, and people challenge even rigorous academics. And I, no academic, belong to a generation of Americans who have only known Iran as an isolated, theocratic, dictatorial country—a “pariah state” and sworn enemy of democracy.
-
-It wasn’t always so. Cyrus the Great, who built a mighty Persian empire during his reign in the sixth century B.C., was known for his tolerance of religious and cultural diversity. A prominent statesman, Cyrus is credited with fostering ideas about human rights and centralized governance. Thomas Jefferson was an admirer and drew from Cyrus during the drafting of the Declaration of Independence. Fast-forward to the modern era, when Iran and the U.S. began to build a strong if complicated friendship. In the late 19th century, American missionaries founded hospitals and schools in Iran. When the Soviet Union refused to leave occupied lands in Iran’s Azerbaijan region after World War II, President Harry Truman brought international pressure to bear to encourage withdrawal. The countries’ relationship tightened again when Shah Mohamed Reza Pahlavi came to power in Tehran.
-
-In 1953, the CIA helped coordinate a coup that quelled a pro-democracy challenge to the monarchical ambitions of the Shah, who would go on to establish increasingly authoritarian rule while proving an indispensable ally to a series of U.S. presidents. America relied on the Shah for oil, military contracts, and intelligence. In an effusive New Year’s Eve toast, President Jimmy Carter declared Iran an “island of stability” in the Middle East.
-
-Just a year after Carter uttered those words, the Shah fled Iran as supporters of revolution rallied behind the Islamic clerics who’d been his harshest critics. Ten months later, on November 4, 1979, a group of students seized the U.S. embassy, an act meant as a rebuke of America’s friendship with the deposed Shah. According to the students, they intended to take embassy staffers hostage for a short time, but the situation lasted more than a year. In Tehran, the wave of nationalism and anti-American fervor that erupted around the crisis became a veil behind which repressive religious forces stepped into a political vacuum. The theocracy ushered in by cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini continues to this day.
-
-The team behind the HBO documentary hoped we could put the people at the center of this complex story back into the frame. Earning and protecting the trust of subjects is a great privilege of the work of a documentary storyteller, and on this project I came to know a rich and varied cast from around the globe: American hostages and their families; academics and analysts who covered the crisis; Iranians who either supported or opposed the revolution; journalists who met Khomeini during his brief time in France, before his triumphant return home, or who captured events in Tehran at great personal risk.
-
-Learning these people’s stories often meant asking them to relive traumatic events. Parvaneh Limbert, wife of hostage John Limbert, described the horrible moment when she learned that her husband had been seized half a world away. During one of my visits to the Limberts’ home, Parvaneh showed me pictures of her life in limbo as she cared for two kids alone; there were photos of Christmas trees, family dinners, bedtime routines, and trips to Washington, D.C., all without John.
-
-The documentary’s archival team amassed a library of footage, photos, and news clippings that brought me closer still to the agony of uncertainty. I watched the hostages’ families give heartbreaking press conferences. Some recounted nightly rituals of scanning the news for a glimpse of their loved ones in footage released from the embassy. Newscasters described how Michael Metrinko’s family went months without knowing if he was alive.
-
-Former hostages told me about the anxieties and fears that came with being cut off from the world. The only certainty was disorientation. Several people recounted the horror of being blindfolded, led outside, and lined up as if before a firing squad. They heard their captors load guns and count down—in place of “zero” came the mocking click of an empty chamber. Despite the decades that had elapsed, the former hostages’ terror remained fresh in the telling.
-
-A catalog of rarely if ever seen footage from inside the embassy also provided glimpses into the hostages’ experience. One clip in particular stuck with me. In it a hostage explains to a Red Cross doctor that his eyeglasses had been taken from him on the first day of the crisis and were never returned. It was painful to imagine what he experienced—the blurred vision, the headaches, the world circumscribed.
-
-I didn’t wear glasses, but Joe did. I couldn’t remember an occasion when I’d seen him without them, save for an occasional swim in the ocean.
-
-![](https://magazine.atavist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Father-daughter-journalists2a-2500x2409.jpg?is-pending-load=1)
-
-**JOE**
-
-Becoming a single dad ended my sportswriting career; I couldn’t make a West Coast swing during baseball season while responsible for two young girls. So I moved to the *Times’* metro desk and became a decent city reporter, doing a mix of hard news and feature stories. Over the years, my girls tagged along on some of my assignments, from the explosion of TWA Flight 800 off Long Island to a Hasidic mother in Brooklyn who was one of the most sought-after nitpickers during a plague of lice in local schools. When the *Times* asked me to help conduct in-house seminars on street reporting, I made a point of telling younger reporters that success is often determined before you get out the door. If you’re fatalistic about getting what you need, failure awaits. If you force yourself to believe that an improbable reporting coup could happen, often as not it does. Corny maybe, but also true, at least in my experience.
-
-I followed my own advice with Libya, trying before I arrived to imagine what reporting there would be like. I foresaw secretive conversations with friends and relatives of jailed migrants in dusty streets outside detention facilities. Maybe there would be a way to talk to prisoners through barred windows. Notes might be exchanged.
-
-I felt naive, then, when two members of our team returned to the Royal Gardens after venturing out to Al Mabani. Their driver had refused to even slow down while passing by the jail, so fearful was he of being stopped at gunpoint.
-
-Needless to say, the landscape of the city was less than ideal for the kind of street reporting I knew. To merely venture out, by foot or by car, was to risk being confronted by the armed men stationed at a convoluted pattern of checkpoints throughout Tripoli. And then there was the matter of our security team. Though they had been assigned to us with the help of the Red Crescent, a little googling showed that the firm they worked for seemed to be run by a former Libyan military official accused of war crimes. Were they actually government minders monitoring our doings? Militia members themselves? Did it matter?
-
-Libya, I was discovering a little late, was an inscrutable place.
-
-In addition to me and Ian Urbina, our team included Dutch documentary filmmaker Mea Dols de Jong and Pierre Kattar, a video journalist who’d spent years at *The Washington Post.* Against the odds, we soon got some reporting breaks. A variety of aid organizations had done years of work documenting abuses and offering comfort to the tens of thousands of migrants swept up and detained inside Libya. One of those organizations was able to provide us with the names of the young migrant shot dead at Al Mabani and of a witness to the killing. The dead man was Aliou Candé, a farmer and father of three from Guinea-Bissau, captured by the Libyan Coast Guard as he tried to make his way to a new life in Italy. The witness was a man from Ivory Coast named Mohammad David; he had managed to escape Al Mabani in the tumult that followed Candé’s murder. We had a cell phone number for him.
-
-On our first night in Tripoli, three of us made it to Gargaresh, an area that had become a migrant ghetto. Militias liked to make brutalizing sweeps of Gargaresh’s mix of hideouts and encampments. Along the neighborhood’s main drag, a blur of neon lights, furtive figures, internet cafés, and cheap food joints, we met Mohammad David. He spoke French, and Pierre, whose father once served as a translator for the U.S. embassy in Paris, could make out enough of what he said to extract a rough narrative of Candé’s killing.
-
-There had been a fight inside one of Al Mabani’s crowded, fetid cells. Guards fired their automatic rifles indiscriminately. Candé was struck in the neck, and his blood streaked a wall as he dragged against it before falling down dead. Other detainees didn’t allow his body to be removed from the cell until they were granted their freedom, which was how Mohammad David made it to Gargaresh.
-
-The incident was a stark reminder that Al Mabani, like many other jails in Libya, was run by one of the violent militias that had divided Tripoli into wary, sometimes warring fiefs. These forces extort the families of jailed migrants for ransom payments, steal aid money meant to help feed and clothe their captives, and sell men and women into forced servitude. Candé’s killing, for a rare, brief moment, gave some of his fellow prisoners leverage over their captors.
-
-In the days that followed our conversation with David, other unlikely reporting triumphs piled up. We found a man who served as a kind of informal liaison for migrants from Guinea-Bissau eking out a living in Tripoli. He brought us to Candé’s great-uncle, who showed us police documents pertaining to Candé’s death; a “fight” was listed as the cause of his demise. The liaison said that Candé had been buried in a vast walled-off expanse of dirt that served as the graveyard of Tripoli’s unwanted. We hired a local photographer to launch a drone camera over the acres of burial mounds, most of them unmarked. He managed to locate one into which someone had scratched the name “Candé.”
-
-In subsequent days, our team snuck two other men who’d spent time at Al Mabani into our hotel. One of them, a teenager, told us that he’d taken a bullet in his leg the night Candé was killed. We pushed the limits of prudence in pursuit of these reporting coups. Pierre had brought a drone camera with him, which he flew above Al Mabani. The scene he captured looked a lot like a concentration camp: men huddled under threat of violence after being fed in a courtyard, then marched back to their cells single file, beaten in the head for so much as looking up at the sky.
-
-It soon became clear that our security guys were reporting back to their bosses, whoever they were, at least some of what we were up to. At one point, we got a visit from an American expatriate who said she worked for the security outfit. She warned us that what we were doing was dangerous and demanded we apprise her of any further proposed reporting efforts outside the confines of the hotel.
-
-One morning we notified Red Crescent officials that we wanted to visit the morgue where Candé’s body had been taken. Mea and I got in a van and made our way through Tripoli’s streets. The morgue was part of a complex of squat buildings shielded by an imposing set of walls and fences. Inside was a man at a desk. We asked to see Candé’s records, and he rifled through several filing cabinets.
-
-A freshly wrapped body lay on a gurney in the middle of the main room. In a side room, a worker ran water from a hose over another body. Behind a set of curtains was a wall of refrigerated chambers that could hold perhaps two dozen corpses. It was impossibly hot and completely quiet.
-
-Mea recorded what we were seeing from a small camera set discreetly against her stomach, until someone noticed and reported it to the man at the desk. It was time for us to go.
-
-![](https://magazine.atavist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Father-daughter-journalists5-2457x2500.jpg?is-pending-load=1)
-
-**LUCY**
-
-Many of the people we interviewed for the documentary emphasized that we didn’t have to go as far back as 1979 to hear about the experience of being a hostage in Iran. The country still holds U.S. citizens in captivity, using them as pawns in its efforts to have various political and monetary demands met. This fact led me, shortly after Joe’s departure for Libya, to a law office in D.C. near Dupont Circle. I hoped to gain insight into the current situation by talking to Babak Namazi and his family’s attorney, Jared Genser.
-
-The Namazis’ experience is tragic: They have suffered not one but two loved ones being taken hostage in Iran. Babak, the eldest of two sons, was born in Iran not long before the revolution that forced his family and many others into exile. The Namazis became American citizens and built a successful life; they’re especially proud of the decades that Baquer, Babak’s father, spent working at Unicef, fighting for vulnerable children around the world. During a visit to Iran in 2015, Babak’s younger brother, Siamak, was seized by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. The IRGC, an agency born out of the revolution and tasked with maintaining Iran’s internal security, is known to use surveillance, unlawful detention, and torture against foreigners and Iranian citizens alike. Since 1979, it has used hostage taking to gain political leverage in negotiations with Western countries. Increasingly in the past decade, the IRGC targeted Iranian dual citizens and permanent residents from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and other nations.
-
-In 2016, Baquer traveled to Tehran based on a promise that he would be permitted to visit his son in prison. Instead he was taken hostage by the IRGC as soon as he got off the plane. Both he and his son were held on spurious charges of collaborating with a hostile government. Trials to convict IRGC hostages are little more than cynical nods at justice: Often there are no witnesses, no time allowed to build a defense, no opportunity to dispute the charges before a judge.
-
-Babak and I had spoken at length about his family’s ordeal, and now I would be spending some time with him as he made the rounds in the U.S. Capitol. Families of hostages are left to push congressional leaders to act and to ponder cruel questions: What can lawmakers do to help them? What sort of financial, political, or nuclear deal or prisoner swap will be enough to secure their loved ones’ release?
-
-For me, relief from this emotionally weighty work came from the stream of texts I received from Joe in Libya. We always kept each other up to date on our respective projects, from the minutiae of storylines and quotes we loved to the journalistic joys of acquiring crucial evidence or getting a key source to open up. Joe sent me photos from Tripoli that captured the travails of finding good iced coffee, which his New York blood desperately needed. We texted about the excitement and strain of overseas reporting—the translators, the logistics, the agencies that are “dysfunctional even when they’re on your side,” as Joe put it.
-
-But it wasn’t all levity: There was a video of a dead man in a morgue, and photos Joe and his colleagues obtained of poetry scratched into the walls of cells. There were images of paper scraps with poker scores kept by migrant men trying to kill time, and footage from a drone the team had flown over a notorious prison. Joe mentioned dodging undercover intelligence, perhaps even local militias.
-
-I knew this was dangerous material to be exchanging between our personal phones, but I wasn’t particularly keen to tell him to stop, to cut myself off from him and his journey. We’d worked hard to get where we were—a journalistic duo, a bonded pair.
-
-Our father-daughter relationship was not uncomplicated, as evidenced by the fact that, even as kids, my sister and I called our dad Joe. Therapists refer to it as “adulting” when children are forced to mature rapidly and parent themselves or others. Our household was one of silent, industrious survival. Joe was a stoic workaholic. I shared in his anxiety about empty bank accounts, which resulted in my habit of hoarding money along with the Halloween candy in a dresser drawer.
-
-Once, while Christmas shopping, we ran into a reporter Joe knew. In a well-meant aside, the man told me that I should appreciate the career sacrifices Joe made to stay close to his girls. I felt a deep mix of guilt and anger. Yes, he’d made sacrifices, but if we’re being honest, Joe wasn’t home all that much. On school nights, hours after falling asleep, I’d wake to join him as he caught up on the day’s sports scores and ate a midnight dinner. It was the only time I could reliably be close to him.
-
-His work shaped our relationship in other ways large and small. Help with homework wasn’t common, but when I was in the third grade he edited one of my writing assignments and added the word “divine” to a sentence. In a way only the child of a writer ever could, I argued: This wasn’t “my voice.” Did he even know what a third-grader’s writing looked like? I made it a point that Joe Sexton of *The* *New York Times* would not be permitted to edit anything else of mine until it came time for me to apply to college.
-
-As it happened, it wasn’t until that rite of passage occurred nearly a decade later that Joe and I started to build a deeper relationship. Once I was in college, I sent a rather frank email to my mother, with Joe cc’d, making it plain how little anyone had ever told me about what happened with our family. Joe’s reply included a lengthy PDF attachment titled “The History of Us.” I later got those words inked on my shoulder.
-
-In time Joe became dad, then friend, and later, when I got into journalism, collaborator. The gift of our admiring, candid relationship felt precious. It also made me susceptible to tears when it came to stories about fathers. Rewatching *The Lion King*? I was a mess. Working on the Iran project, I found myself especially sensitive when hearing about hostages with children, be it John Limbert in 1979 or Baquer Namazi in 2016. Babak hadn’t seen his dad in five years; I had just sat next to Joe on the porch a week prior. The idea that my dad might never come home was impossible to fathom.
-
-![](https://magazine.atavist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Father-daughter-journalists3-1796x2500.jpg?is-pending-load=1)
-
-**JOE**
-
-The takedown was efficiently executed: Several cars moving in tandem. Men with automatic weapons. Commands hollered in Arabic for us to keep our heads down. It was close to 8 p.m. on May 23, a Sunday evening, about a day and a half from our scheduled departure from Tripoli.
-
-Hours earlier, after visiting the morgue, our reporting trip had taken another surprising turn: We were informed that the Libyan Coast Guard might allow us aboard one of its patrol boats. That would mean actually getting out on the Mediterranean, perhaps even witnessing a roundup of migrants trying to reach Europe. In recent years, the Coast Guard had been accused of firing on or capsizing migrant rafts. People pulled aboard Libyan vessels reported being beaten and terrorized.
-
-We were excited that our efforts might end on a fruitful note and proposed to our security team that we go to a restaurant for a celebratory dinner. There was a good Turkish place across town. Ian stayed behind at the Royal Gardens; his teenage son needed help with his homework over Zoom.
-
-On almost every trip through the city, our security team had been wary of men in white cars. The significance of the color was hard to decipher—maybe it indicated undercover police—but their worry was intense and constant. When looking for a spot to launch the drone over Al Mabani, for instance, they’d abandoned several options after white cars were seen nearby.
-
-Now, about halfway to the restaurant, there were suddenly white cars all around us. Our driver wheeled into the thick of Sunday evening traffic to turn around, then floored it, intending to dash back to the hotel. We didn’t get far. In a roundabout below an overpass, there was a crash to the right side of the van. We came to a stop.
-
-“They’ve got guns,” Mea said.
-
-The front doors of the van were thrown open. Our driver was pistol-whipped and yanked from the vehicle. The security guy in the passenger seat was heaved out, too; taking his place was a young man of perhaps 21, his face electric with excitement and an AK-47 in his hands. Our van had been tricked out with goofy interior lights and an array of cup holders—it always struck us as a cut-rate prom-night vehicle. Now it was a scene of shouts and silent prayers. I put my head down as directed and pulled my windbreaker over it.
-
-The van sped off. This had taken perhaps 30 seconds.
-
-Rocketing through Tripoli I was strikingly calm, but I wasn’t feeling courage so much as an altered sense of reality. It seemed as though we were in a movie, not a potentially deadly abduction. If I was deluded, at least that felt better than panic.
-
-We listened for any sense of where we were headed. There was a sharp turn and a sudden stop, then the scraping and clanging of what sounded like a gate rolling open.
-
-Ordered from the van, we were marched along, heads pushed down. I thought of the detainees in the courtyard of Al Mabani unable to look up at the sky. Inside wherever we’d been taken, we were blindfolded. I’d worn glasses since the third grade at Saint Saviour grammar school in Brooklyn, and probably hadn’t been awake without them on for more than five minutes in the five decades since. Now my glasses were gone, and what sight I had was blocked by cloth.
-
-Standing, then forced to sit, it was hard to cope with the expectation of being hit. Instinctively I braced myself, my head turned sideways to soften a blow. Our captors shouted at us in Arabic, turning a gorgeous language hideous. There were bits of broken, angry English, too.
-
-“Libyans are not stupid,” one of the men hollered.
-
-“Who is Mohammad David?”
-
-It became clear that these men had been to our hotel. My guess was they’d found David’s name and number in our phones. The thought occurred: Maybe our captors were members of the militia that ran Al Mabani.
-
-I heard Ian’s voice. He’d been taken, too, hooded and stomped on by men who stormed his hotel room. He’d been on a call with his wife, who heard the men and her husband’s cries as two of his ribs were broken and he was dragged from the room barefoot. Whoever they were, they had all of us, along with all our stuff: notebooks, cameras, drone, recorded interviews, computers and hard drives, passports, money, tracking devices.
-
-“Who killed George Floyd?” somebody screamed derisively. I had to assume that they’d found our concern about Candé’s death inside Al Mabani ironic, given Floyd’s murder by police in America a year earlier.
-
-Our captors soon zeroed in on Pierre. Born in Lebanon, Pierre was invaluable to our reporting, with his gift for languages: English, French, Italian, some Arabic. Now the men who’d taken us hit him in the head, and the words they yelled implied that they regarded him as a traitor.
-
-Libya’s record on the treatment of people in its jails and prisons is miserable. I’d researched it before the trip and copied a passage from a UN report into my notebook:
-
-> Torture continues today in Libya. It is most frequent immediately upon arrest and during the first days of interrogation as a means to extract confessions or other information. Detainees are usually held without access to lawyers and occasional access to families, if any…. From late 2011, the United Nations Support Mission in Libya has recorded 27 cases of deaths in custody where there is significant information to suggest that torture was the cause, and is aware of allegations about additional cases which it has not been able to fully investigate.
-
-Were we being held by the government? A militia? Even knowing that there might not be much of a distinction, the latter still felt more frightening. If militias were involved, I feared that people back home learning of our abduction might be a more remote possibility, and that our status as Americans might matter less to our captors.
-
-While I was blindfolded, my sense of the passage of time faded. Every once in a while I’d be moved; from where or to where, it was impossible to say. There were shifts in temperature—one spot felt air-conditioned, the next torrid. There was no talking. Our captors seemed to get a kick out of stepping on my feet every once in a while, grinding my toes. But was this just for their amusement? Perhaps it was a detention technique, or a way to kill time before shooting us.
-
-On my checkered journey toward a college degree, I once went off to work in Wyoming, fixing track and building snow fences for the Union Pacific Railroad. The wages allowed me to save up enough for a year of school abroad, in Dublin, where one subject I was good at was the study of beer. An Irish poet and writer named Seamus Deane taught one of my classes, and he just so happened to be childhood friends with a rather more prominent poet, Seamus Heaney. Heaney came to read for our class one evening, and we had more than a few pints afterward. Thus began my most sustained love affair with a writer’s work, and among Heaney’s poetry I most cherish is a series of gorgeous sonnets he wrote upon the death of his mother. In one verse, he likens his mother’s absence to the loss of a beloved chestnut tree on his family’s farm in Northern Ireland—he calls what’s left behind “a bright nowhere.”
-
-Contemplating being shot, this phrase came back to me. When I opened my eyes underneath the blindfold, the material appeared gauzy, whitish yellow in color. A bright nowhere. Maybe I’d already been shot.
-
-After hours of silence there was a commotion, and once again we were on the move. Yanked to our feet, we heard guns being fiddled with and slung about. We were pushed outside. It was a hard, enraging thing to walk blindfolded. I held a hand out to steady myself against a possible fall and was shoved in the back of the head. It was hardly grave in comparison with what might happen, but it made me furious. Crazy as it sounds, I thought, *Go ahead, shoot me, beat me, whatever, but do not fucking push me when I cannot see*.
-
-I could smell the Mediterranean, salty and thick. In our reporting, we’d heard multiple accounts of migrants being shot and dumped in the sea. Maybe it was time to take hurried stock of my life.
-
-It had been rich in blessings. I found a second chance at love, a wife full of beauty and forgiveness. I got my two older girls to adulthood safe and healthy, and then, at 51, had two more girls—twins. I shared in a bounty of consequential reporting. Throughout that charmed life, I made a million mistakes at home and on the job, but they all proved survivable, for the people and institutions I sinned against and for myself.
-
-In the Libyan darkness, I contemplated what I’d most like to say to the people I loved and served. “I tried my best” is what I landed on. I was instantly embarrassed at the self-serving ring to it. But it’s what I had.
-
-Once more came the sounds of gates or doors scraping open, of car and motorcycle engines being revved. Then I felt the cold blade of a knife against my groin. I could hear my track pants tearing.
-
-*No God, please.*
-
-It turned out that the captors were just cutting the elastic string from my waistband. Hanging myself—not an idea I would have had—was evidently not going to be an option.
-
-I was pushed to the ground and wound up on my ass. There was a mash of bellowing and then, once again, silence. I could tell through the blindfold that wherever we were, the lights had just been turned out. To my right I sensed another person. I could hear breathing. I guessed it was Pierre.
-
-“You there?” I whispered.
-
-“Yes,” Pierre said.
-
-### My rational brain told me that the only thing to do was get back to work. It’s what Joe would have done.
-
-**LUCY**
-
-It was around noon on May 24. I was at the head of a conference table, prepping for the following days’ work on the documentary. I don’t know why I chose that moment to check my personal email. When I’m in the field it can be hard to remember to eat. Perhaps it was a sixth sense that made me look.
-
-Sitting at the top of my inbox was an email from my stepmother to everyone in our family, sent just a few minutes before. Joe and his three colleagues in Libya had been taken the night before and hadn’t been heard from since. It was suspected that Libyan intelligence was responsible. The Outlaw Ocean team was raising alarm bells with whomever they could. My stepmother had asked *The New York Times’* director of global security for advice; she is a photo editor at the paper, and both Joe and Ian Urbina are beloved alumni.
-
-I was taken aback. Was this real? I spent some time just trying to grasp the basic facts. What happened, when, and why? Few things were answerable.
-
-My first struggle was practical and professional: how to explain this. I needed to let someone know what I was going through, worrying about my dad’s kidnapping overseas while running around Washington, producing a documentary about hostage taking. The coincidence was darkly poetic. In my head I started rehearsing versions of “I know this might sound crazy, but…”
-
-I sought the best way to summarize my situation to my boss, the right words to use. Was my father captured? A prisoner? A hostage? All of the above? I called the series’ producer, who took the news and its ambiguities in stride, offering help and gracious concern. I then shot off a succinct reply to the family email chain: I was on call to help, I wrote, and felt “confident they will be out in no time.”
-
-For the time being, I told no one else what had happened. In times of emergency, my consciousness switches to a kind of third-person observer, similar to how many of us experience dreams. I can step outside myself to see the larger narrative. Maybe this tendency lets me remain calm rather than deteriorating into tears. In this case, given my work on the series and everything I was learning about hostage taking, it also allowed me to keep perspective, to remind myself of the spectrum of precedent for this sort of incident. 
-
-Then my rational brain told me that the only thing to do was get back to work. It’s what Joe would have done.
-
-Late that night, when I returned to my hotel room, I looked through the last messages I’d exchanged with Joe. There were photos, videos, and details about evading men who appeared to be undercover officers. Our communication now felt careless, incriminating. How naive we’d been in dismissing the risks he was taking. Knowing Joe’s unsophisticated relationship with technology and passwords, Libyan intelligence operatives were probably scrolling through everything I was seeing on my phone. Our exchanges might be used against Joe and the rest of his team.
-
-Sometime after 2 a.m. I spoke to my stepmother. “Who else should I tell about the texts I received from Joe?” I asked. Then, thinking on it further, I realized that there might be something else I could do—someone I could talk to. I was anxious to get to work, both for Joe and for the documentary. Sunrise was just a few hours away.
-
-**JOE**
-
-I assumed it was morning when I heard a door or gate bang open. I could sense light through my blindfold. Then, with no warning or explanation, the wrap was taken off. The men who removed it were gone before I really saw them. Pierre’s blindfold was off too. We were left—me barefoot, him in socks—in our tiny cell.
-
-Without my glasses, it was hard to take in the details of our cramped quarters, but I did my best. We had been sitting on a thin and ratty foam pad. There was a high, narrow window that sunlight streamed through at an angle. Ants were everywhere. A blue metal door held a slat that slid open from the outside. There was a toilet, and two heavy wool blankets were heaped in a corner.
-
-I was glad Pierre was there, but for a while we didn’t speak much, each of us making our own private assessments: Did surviving the night bode well? Mean nothing? Might we be released in an hour, or never? Back at the hotel, thinking ahead to our proposed embed with the Libyan Coast Guard, I’d checked the weather forecast. The temperature in Tripoli was supposed to climb above 100 degrees. Pierre and I could already feel the heat of the day start to cook us in the airless cell.
-
-There is a grisly track record of American journalists abducted and harmed or killed overseas. The executions of Daniel Pearl of *The* *Wall Street Journal* in Pakistan and freelancer James Foley in Syria are perhaps the most well known. I’d had friends and colleagues abducted as well. David Rohde was held for seven months by the Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan before he managed to escape. My wife had friends and colleagues who were taken by a Libyan militia in 2011 while they were on assignment for the paper. They were physically assaulted before being freed days later. “We were each begging for our lives because they were deciding whether to execute us, and they had guns to our heads,” one of the photographers, Lynsey Addario, said in an interview after the ordeal. “And I remember thinking, ‘What am I doing here?’ Like, ‘How much do I really care about Libya?’ And then I thought, ‘Will I ever get my cameras back?’ I mean, which is the most ridiculous thought, of course, when you’re about to die.”
-
-That’s how my mind worked as the silent hours slipped by. I imagined having fingers cut off under interrogation, then minutes later wondered whether the captors would bring me my glasses and what they’d feed us for lunch. The idea that we might spend years in custody led me to daydream about the prospect of learning Arabic. Perhaps that would prove a valuable asset for a former sportswriter looking for work in his seventies. Assuming I lived or was ever returned to the U.S.
-
-Pierre and I had met for the first time barely a week earlier, and now we shared our backstories. He lived in Rome and had a 20-year-old son. He worked as a freelance video journalist and filmmaker, traveling the world for major news organizations. I talked about my wife and four girls. Lucy shared his talent for languages and international adventure—Pierre would have gotten a kick out of her.
-
-Shame soon became the dominant sensation, a lacerating inclination to blame myself for what was happening. Had coming to Libya been in any way sensible? Was launching drones above Tripoli or filming inside a morgue anything but provocative and reckless? The shame went beyond my own lack of care and formidable arrogance. Locked up, unable to see very well, startled by the simplest sounds, I assigned legitimacy to our captors: They were right to have taken us. We deserved it. I suspect those practiced in the art of detention know that captives often feel this way and exploit it.
-
-It was hard to get comfortable in the cell. There wasn’t enough room for Pierre and me to stretch out. We could come close to spooning and at least get our legs extended, but this was awkward, and the hard floor ground into our hips and shoulders. Seated upright, we could prop our bent legs against the wall that held the toilet. Traffic was audible through the cell’s high window, but we could only guess where we were or what time it was.
-
-At one point the slat in the door slid open. Two small bottles of water were passed through, then two small bags comically marked “SandOwich.” I had no appetite. I’d taken antidepressants for a decade, mostly to treat anxiety. What little I knew about the medication was that you did not want to come off it cold after long-term use. The side effects could be pronounced: nausea, vivid dreams, dizziness, headaches. I wouldn’t be getting my meds, that was for sure. And the food hadn’t come with coffee, another longtime drug of mine. *Oh boy*.
-
-Pierre and I were eventually summoned out of the cell, one at a time, for a brief encounter with a man behind a desk. At last we could get some sense of the facility we were in. There appeared to be three cells on either side of a narrow corridor; the place had the feel of a particularly grim drunk tank. Was it a government building of some kind? A holding cell adjacent to a courthouse would be a stroke of luck, rendering the possibility that we’d be shot less likely.
-
-Seated before my inquisitor, I fancied that I might at least get my glasses. I think he only showed me my passport, then sent me back to the cell. Night crept in; the lights went out. Human voices rose up now and again, but it was hard to say if these were people inside the facility or beyond its walls, and whether they were groaning or praying.
-
-Morning brought more water and nothing else. In the weeks before our trip, I’d hired an agent and cooked up a book proposal. An email arrived when we were at the hotel in Tripoli; a publisher wanted to set up a Zoom call to talk about the idea. The meeting was scheduled for 10 a.m. the morning after we were taken. I got a perverse laugh out of thinking what that call must have been like: an agent and a prominent publisher left waiting for a prospective first-time author who never showed, and never bothered to reach out and explain why.
-
-Pierre proved to be a charming and fastidious cellmate. He revealed that at one point he’d been a busker on the streets of Paris, playing guitar, singing, and evidently doing well with the ladies. Dylan songs were in his repertoire; “To Ramona” was a favorite. Amid our acute boredom and generalized despair, he sang it for me:
-
-> I can see that your head  
-> Has been twisted and fed  
-> With worthless foam from the mouth  
-> I can tell you are torn  
-> Between stayin’ and returnin’  
-> Back to the South  
-> You’ve been fooled into thinking  
-> That the finishin’ end is at hand  
-> Yet there’s no one to beat you  
-> No one t’ defeat you  
-> ’Cept the thoughts of yourself feeling bad
-
-It made me smile.
-
-### For the family of a missing or detained person, the worst fears come from a lack of information. Knowing nothing definitive, you can only imagine the conditions your loved one is in.
-
-**LUCY**
-
-May 25. Joe was still missing. We had gotten no news. The name we had for the U.S. deputy chief of mission for Tripoli was out-of-date. Joe’s friends and colleagues were trying to get the attention of government officials, but we still had no clear point of contact at the State Department.
-
-Compartmentalizing gets a bad rap; it can be a useful tool, especially when your job, and possibly your sanity, is on the line. I spent the day listening to Babak Namazi tell the harrowing story of his brother’s seizure by Iranian intelligence, the family’s lack of knowledge about Siamak’s condition, the Iranian government’s offer of a visit with Siamak that had lured his 80-year-old father, in poor health, back to Tehran. Bearing witness to the emotional strain that accumulates over years of constant anxiety about absent loved ones was tough. I tried to focus on the details of the Namazis’ story and on taking notes, but at times my ability to box things up wavered.
-
-When the intersection of my work and personal life felt particularly cruel, I reminded myself how relatively lucky I was. While my father and I were only on day two of our shared ordeal—or was it day three for Joe, given the time difference?—the Namazis had surpassed day 2,000 of theirs. My father was a foreigner pursuing a sensitive story that, while honorable as a journalistic matter, required traveling to a country he probably wasn’t equipped to be in. Siamak and his father were being held in the country of their birth, speaking their native tongue with their captors. Iran was a place they had every right to be.
-
-As the hours with Babak passed, I discovered that, for the family of a missing or detained person, the worst fears come from a lack of information. Knowing nothing definitive, you can only imagine the conditions your loved one is in, and you worry about their emotional state and the motives of their captors. Not being able to *do* anything, and having to rely on governments to make the difficult calculus of how to maximize the odds of bringing a person home unharmed, was as maddening as it was terrifying.
-
-Negotiating with hostage takers is fraught with both moral and mortal hazard. Capitulating to extortion encourages abduction, but frequently the only way to free a hostage is by meeting captors’ demands. Trying to muscle or shoot one’s way through an impasse can be extremely unwise. The tragedy of Desert One, during President Carter’s failed mission to free the hostages in Tehran by force, is vivid evidence of that.
-
-The serendipity of spending time with Babak was that I’d learned of one person in Washington who was intimately aware of the unique difficulties of securing the release of hostages. Roger Carstens, the special presidential envoy for hostage affairs, had handled some of the most intractable cases around the world, including the Namazis’. As it happened, Babak and his lawyer were scheduled to meet with Carstens the following day, and I was eager to come along—for the documentary and for Joe.
-
-I got a call from Carstens’s director of communications, Joan Sinclair, to discuss the visit. With journalistic business squared away, I took advantage of the unhappy coincidence.
-
-“So Joan, now I have a personal situation I need to talk about,” I said. “I hope you can help.”
-
-**JOE**
-
-On our second night in captivity, I was taken from the cell down a corridor, outdoors briefly, and then back inside to an office. Two men appeared to be in charge; both would tell me that they had once worked for Qaddafi’s secret intelligence service. One of them enjoyed making fun of my circumstances in the form of long, evidently hilarious riffs in Arabic. The other was a tall, doughy guy in sandals who carried a briefcase everywhere. He spoke English and mentioned that he’d received some training in the U.S., perhaps with the Department of Homeland Security. My goatee and full head of graying hair reminded them of Colonel Sanders. This cracked them up, and they took to calling me “Kentucky.” I laughed with them, both humiliated and grateful for the distraction.
-
-Eventually, I was taken to a courtyard, and a phone was held under my chin. A State Department official was at the other end of the line. My captors told me to say that I had committed crimes but was being treated well. I think I managed to say that we’d been given water. I copped to no crimes. Back in the cell, Pierre told me that he’d been through the same routine.
-
-I recalled that President Biden had recently named a special envoy to Libya. The envoy had his work cut out—he faced competing authorities, shifting alliances, and an overall sense of impunity for those interested in committing violence against migrants, neighbors, rivals, journalists. Still, I told myself that executing Americans was an unlikely outcome, given the international repercussions it might invite. Then again, by this point the only thing I felt confident about was that I didn’t really know anything at all.
-
-The prospect of long-term imprisonment began to sink in. Given the dysfunction in Libya, we could become trophy captives, stuck here for months or even years. Pierre and I discussed what that sort of future might hold. Then we heard a faint tapping on the other side of the wall. We tapped back. We took the crude exchange to be evidence that Ian, Mea, or both were being held close by. Our spirits lifted slightly.
-
-After James Foley’s brutal killing by the Islamic State in 2014, his mother created an advocacy group to track Americans held abroad illegally and to press the case for their release. There were an average of 34 U.S. hostages overseas every year between 2012 and 2022. Terrorist groups aren’t the only bad actors—foreign governments are, too, and in recent years the number of governments holding Americans hostage has grown from a handful to nearly twenty. The taken include businesspeople, aid workers, journalists. U.S. officials work hard to bring Americans home, but success is spotty at best.
-
-I hated that my wife and kids were suffering with this knowledge, and with so much unsaid and undone between us. This was the slice of shame that cut deepest. I’d mythologized myself as a parent. Maybe all parents do this. It had sustained me to think that I raised my older girls well despite tough circumstances, and I entertained the notion that I was a more present dad to the twins. But cracks in this account appeared over the years. For me love was a demonstrative act: I did things *for* my wife and kids. I went to every soccer game, dance recital, school play. I sent the girls to summer camp, and we traveled to Ireland and Argentina, France and Mexico. Our home was always open to their friends. Holidays were rich with ritual. And I worked—too often, for too long, with obsession and insecurity. I gave too much of myself to the *Times* especially, but the paper was more than an employer. It provided me with purpose, and it allowed my girls to feel pride and community and safety.
-
-But love as actual communication—an intimate connection of shared wonders and wisdom and worries—I wasn’t so good at. It was a painful pity. My elder girls, Jane and Lucy, weren’t hardships to bear, and they were more than good soldiers in our durable little platoon. They were among my life’s greatest gifts, a source of joy and comfort, women of grit and accomplishment. Parenting them was a labor, but of the best sort, powered by love and full of satisfactions. I wish I had told them that more often.
-
-Again I put myself through the mental exercise of imagining a long detention. Would we be in a prison full of the destitute and ill, left to rot? Or perhaps a sun-bleached quarantine in the desert or on a Mediterranean shore, where the day-to-day depredations wouldn’t be awful, profound isolation and boredom the main punishments? Maybe in a place like that they’d let us read books.
-
-I did the math—what would it mean to be gone a year, three years, ten? I’d had the thrill of officiating at the wedding of my eldest daughter, Jane, but Lucy was still single. The twins were barely in middle school. Maybe I’d make it back for another marriage and two college graduations. I could endure the wait. Or so I told myself.
-
-![](https://magazine.atavist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Father-daughter-journalists4-2500x2448.jpg?is-pending-load=1)
-
-**LUCY**
-
-Every 17 years, dormant cicadas come to life, emerging from underground in a vast brood. As if the convergence of my work life and personal life hadn’t felt symbolic enough already, Washington was covered in a plague of the bugs as I awaited news about Joe. Standing in the grassy park in front of the State Department, I felt cicadas crawl up my legs.
-
-A few minutes before, I was present when Babak met with Roger Carstens. The men had been in correspondence for years, and rather than stiffly shaking hands, they embraced. Then the men left me outside while they went to discuss sensitive matters.
-
-When Carstens’s communications director called my cell phone a short while later, I expected it to be about interviewing her boss for the series. Instead she told me that Carstens would be coming back outside. He wanted to talk to me.
-
-Carstens and I walked together across the grass by the Albert Einstein Memorial. Despite an earlier career as a lieutenant colonel in the Army Special Forces, he’s the kind of guy you immediately feel comfortable calling by his first name. Roger’s affable smile, youthful energy, and casual demeanor can put anyone at ease. These qualities make him well suited to his difficult role.
-
-The job of the president’s special envoy for hostage affairs was created in 2015, around the time the Obama administration was making headway in talks with Iran. Those talks led to a nuclear deal and the release of six Americans. Under the Trump administration the nuclear deal was undone, but the position of hostage envoy remained. Its effectiveness was limited by turnover until 2020, when Roger took the job. Finally, hostages and their families had an advocate with staying power. Roger built meaningful relationships with the people he tried to help; his direct line was available whenever they needed it.
-
-He kindly gave me what assurances he could. A team at the State Department, including people in Tunisia, were on the case, and they were going to do everything possible to bring Joe and his colleagues home. Getting the attention of the country’s most senior hostage negotiator made me feel like I had at least done something to help my father. Now if any news about Joe came across his desk, he would at least have a face—mine—to connect it to.
-
-Soon after speaking with Roger, I got another call. An Associated Press reporter had learned what was going on in Libya and wanted to know if I’d be willing to talk. This was somehow the most disorienting aspect of the week so far. I had always been the one reaching out to people for their stories. Now I’d experience, even if just a little bit, the invasive nature of media attention. The idea that Joe’s abduction might be newsworthy hadn’t even occurred to me. I imagined the headline: “Four Journalists Seized in Libya; Still Missing, Day…” Wait, how long had it been? I did the math. It was now May 26—three days.
-
-For the first time, I felt myself freaking out. But then my rational brain kicked in again. Make a call, send an email, make sure lunch was ordered, do *something.* Leaving the buzzing white noise of the cicadas outside, I hopped in a van with some colleagues and headed to the Capitol for more meetings.
-
-En route, my phone rang again; Leslie Ordeman, the deputy chief of mission in Tunisia, was calling. He was involved with the case of Joe and his colleagues, and he was able to offer some concrete facts. The U.S. government had determined that they were in the hands of some arm of Libyan intelligence. No one had seen them in person, but they’d spoken briefly on the phone after days of being incommunicado. They seemed at least physically OK.
-
-My stepmother had mentioned at one point that Joe would be without access to his medication. I thought about the hostages from 1979, the fear that formed in the silence of their personal silos, the embassy staffer who lived without his glasses for 444 days. My voice wobbled as I fought back tears.
-
-Ordeman was concerned, knowledgeable, and anxious to move quickly. He said that the president and the attorney general of Libya were working with U.S. authorities. I pushed for information about the political climate in Libya, who the actors were, and what they might want by seizing journalists. I felt compelled to explain why I was unusually well informed about state-sanctioned hostage taking.
-
-The call meant that my personal emergency was no longer a secret to my colleagues. At least now I had some concrete information to share. I asked the team to keep my situation quiet. I didn’t want to be a distraction, much less a retraumatizing presence, for the people we’d be interviewing for the documentary.
-
-### All four of us, together for the first time since the abduction, were brought into an office, where a table was set with coffee, ice cream, and pastries. We were told to sit around it and look happy.
-
-**JOE**
-
-The third day of our captivity was a rapid-fire mindfuck of hope and dread. It began with word that we’d be filmed in order to show American officials that we were alive. It was also suggested that this might be a prelude to our release.
-
-The scene was preposterous. All four of us, together for the first time since the abduction, were brought into an office, where a table was set with coffee, ice cream, and pastries. We were told to sit around it and look happy. We spoke in whispers about trying somehow to signal in the proof-of-life video that all was not well. We decided to make a point of thanking the U.S. officials for their efforts and asked them not to stop, but we couldn’t know if this would be edited out before Washington saw it.
-
-We did our best to comfort one another. Ian, who’d been identified as our team leader, worried that he might be kept even if the rest of us were let go. He pleaded with us not to forget him.
-
-Back in our cell, Pierre and I now knew that Ian was housed next to us. He’d been the one tapping on the wall. Mea was in her own cell down the corridor. If we strained to listen, we could just barely hear one another speak. We talked about what to do and whom to contact if one of us was released before the others. If we were compelled to sign confessions, we decided, we’d add a coded message to the documents to later serve as evidence that they had been coerced.
-
-But no one would go free anytime soon. Instead came hours of withering interrogation. Ian went first. He was accused of being a spy; our visa documents, the Libyans said, falsely portrayed us as doctors working with the Red Crescent; the Outlaw Ocean Project was accused of being a CIA front. The penalty for espionage, Ian was told, was death.
-
-Pierre and I were taken to another room. Behind a desk was the same young gunman who’d helped commandeer our van by jumping into the passenger seat. Pierre and I were seated in chairs facing him. For two hours, not a word was spoken. The gunman doodled with pencil and paper. Then, with a sense of ceremony, he prepared to pray. He knelt on a rug; he spoke solemnly and at length. Was it merely a time of day when prayer was required? Or was this some sort of ritual they were doing before harming us?
-
-Then the gunman took Pierre away, leaving me alone with a burly, silent older man. He put his pistol on the desk in front of me, the barrel pointed at my chest. He stared at me; I stared at my feet.
-
-When it was my turn to be interrogated, I was moved to another room. The process began with more screams of George Floyd’s name. Two men were seated at computers. A man to my right took notes. On my left was a man I’d already met, the one who spoke English and boasted of being trained in America. Another man in a suit and tie served as interpreter.
-
-Our captors evidently had researched us, taking advantage of our online presence and the reporting material they found in our possession. They’d also listened in on our conversations between cells. The guy who spoke English paced the room menacingly, asking questions and making accusations, alternately sarcastic and aggressive. What was the Outlaw Ocean Project? Whose money was behind it? Why did we think we could interview migrants and their informal ambassadors in Tripoli? We’d lied about our profession on our visa documents. We’d been caught videotaping inside the morgue. We’d broken laws. Why did we have copies of our passports in our shoes? What was the purpose of our tracking devices?
-
-I am not a practiced liar. I’ve had a pretty close affinity with honesty throughout my life. Fibs, minor deceptions, self-promotional embellishments—I’m guilty of those, for sure. But a strategic deception? Not me. What was the right play here? Answer honestly and risk incriminating us all? Shade the truth and minimize my role? Mislead and risk reinforcing the idea that we were agents of some nefarious conspiracy? I had no time to weigh these options, yet I felt that whatever I said could determine my future.
-
-I decided to answer honestly. I told the men that we were there to report on mistreatment of migrants. I placed the blame for that mistreatment on the EU. Libya, I suggested with emphasis but not sincerity, was a victim of Europe’s immigration policies. I had no idea why our travel documents showed that we were doctors.
-
-At one point, the interpreter told me that the interrogation wasn’t going well. The men didn’t believe me or my colleagues. Our claims had been disproved. This prompted my first moment of sustained panic. For three days, I’d been surprised by my composure. I’d gutted out our gunpoint kidnapping, being blind for days, and coming off the meds that helped hold me together. I’d contemplated a bright nowhere and perhaps made some kind of peace with it. Now everything was crumbling. I thought of a line from an old Billy Bragg song: “A virtue never tested is no virtue at all.”
-
-For the first and only time, I pleaded for my freedom. *I have a wife and four daughters,* I told the interpreter. *Make them understand that. I’m not a spy. I need to go home*. But the notetaker didn’t appear to be writing any of it down.
-
-Then, almost as quickly as it had darkened, the mood in the room lightened. The men barraging me with questions were suddenly more interested in debating than in intimidating me. We talked about Middle East politics and life in New York. I’ve always been a wiseass, and it has sometimes served me well in tough situations, so I went for it. I joked, poked fun at myself, shit-talked America. Whether or not the men understood everything I was saying, they seemed amused. I was not above playing the clown to get out of this.
-
-At one point, the English-speaking man put his hand on my forearm. He told me that everything would be all right. He didn’t say how or why. I realized that this could be a sadistic trick. Yet I trusted him.
-
-They moved me to another room, where I sat with the young gunman who’d prayed a few hours before. He held a smartphone and was wearing earbuds. He gestured if I wanted to listen, and then gave me the earbuds. I heard a recording of someone reciting the Koran. For the first time in days, Arabic sounded beautiful again.
-
-I smiled, gave the gunman a thumbs up, and returned the earbuds. He got up and returned with a tiny cup of Turkish coffee. I drank it slowly. I could have kissed him.
-
-**LUCY**
-
-After the call from Tunis, things moved rapidly, if unevenly. Within a few hours, I received word that Joe and his colleagues would be moved to a hotel, where they would receive a visit from local representatives on behalf of the U.S. The next update I got seemed to walk that news back—things had been either delayed or aborted. An hour later, the plan was back on track.
-
-Despite the seesaw, the momentum felt positive, and by the end of the night the verdict felt clear to me: *Your dad is alive and will be coming home*. There would be red tape to negotiate, but now it seemed a matter of days until Joe and his colleagues were safe.
-
-Slowly, the fear that their abduction could turn into months of negotiations—or worse—drained out of me. I shifted from wondering whether I’d get my dad back to worrying about the state he’d arrive in. From numerous interviews with hostages and their families, who were held emotionally hostage at home, I knew that trauma can last decades and manifest in unexpected ways. I wondered about the invisible wounds Joe would have to grapple with once he was back. Despite my relative calm at the moment, I wondered too what I might feel later.    
-
-We tend to romanticize father-daughter relationships, feminine sweetness supposedly capable of softening the steeliest men into expressing protective, effusive love. I’ve never been particularly sweet—brash and sassy are better descriptors. Meanwhile, Joe never worried over bloodied knees. When my sister or I broke an arm as kids, he wound our casts in bubble wrap so we could keep playing soccer. “It builds character,” was his favorite refrain. Later, as adults, Joe and I learned to talk about our feelings—to express hurt, excitement, concern. Maybe this would change once he was back. Maybe all I could do for him was sit by while he watched sports or ate his meals in silence.
-
-My childhood, at least, had prepared me for that.
-
-![](https://magazine.atavist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Father-daughter-journalists6-2426x2500.jpg?is-pending-load=1)
-
-**JOE**
-
-It was late at night when we were brought out of our cells, gathered together in a room, and, one by one, presented with what amounted to a confession. The documents were in Arabic; we didn’t know what they said. Still, with release tantalizingly close, including a coded message in the documents didn’t feel so urgent. We signed hastily and without complaint.
-
-We were hustled into two cars. I could smell the sea again, this time with less dread. I heard the scraping and clanging as a gate opened—the sounds that had welcomed us to our detention were now sending us off. The cars wound through deserted streets, then turned into a parking lot and stopped next to a loading dock. We were told not to say a word or otherwise call attention to ourselves as we were marched through the back door of a hotel. We were each given a room and barred from communicating.
-
-A shower sounded exquisite, but I didn’t have the energy. I wanted to do as little as possible. I wanted to stay quiet, not push my luck, be prepared if we were moved again. I sat on a padded bench in the hotel room and listened to a blaring public broadcast outside my window—the morning call to prayer.
-
-There were armed guards outside our rooms. The occasional knock was almost as jarring as anything I endured in captivity, each one jolting me into the prospect that we were being played, that the confessions we signed meant that we were headed for a long stint in prison.
-
-One knock, though, brought a little comfort: the chance to tell my wife that I was alive. A phone was held in front of me. It wasn’t meant to be a conversation. I was to answer no questions and make no promises. I delivered my lines, and it was lovely to hear her cautious assent.
-
-There was a television in the room. I had gotten my glasses back, and I briefly turned to a soccer match but wound up entranced instead by a video feed from Mecca, with hajjis walking counterclockwise around the Kaaba. I watched for hours and thought unceasingly of what days before had felt beyond hope—that I’d see my family again. Jane, my beautiful, stoic eldest. My youngest, the twins, masters of memorizing the globe’s nations. Libya, to them, was an answer on a geography pop quiz: *What is the North African nation bordered by Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Niger, Chad, and Sudan?*
-
-And then there was Lucy. She was ten times smarter than me. If I’d bequeathed anything to her, it was stubbornness, tenacity, an ample supply of self-certainty. We relied on each other. And we argued like hell. I worried that she was frightened for me. I also worried that she’d scold me for my folly upon my return.
-
-Finally, after two more days, in the draining heat of a Friday evening, Ian, Pierre, and I were taken to the airport. (Mea, a Dutch citizen, had been flown out earlier; she would meet representatives from her country in Istanbul.) We were told that we were being deported and would never be allowed in Libya again. That was fine with us. We didn’t ask why we were being let go, because we didn’t care. Laughably, we had to take a COVID test before we could get on our flight. Having our captors run a swab up each of our noses was one of the stranger indignities among the many we withstood.
-
-The young gunman who appeared to warm to me had an AK-47 in his hands as we made our way to the terminal. The airport, it turned out, was under the control of people not affiliated with our captors. There was a brief, tense dispute about us and our fate, but eventually we made it to the tarmac.
-
-Our captors couldn’t have been cheerier. The crisis, if it was that, was over. The mean stunt, if it was instead that, now had its final scene: The armed men extended their hands to shake. We then boarded a plane bound for Tunis. It taxied along the fractured runway, past the carcass of the incinerated airliner, and lifted off. The three of us held hands as Tripoli vanished beneath us.
-
-In Tunis, we met with U.S. embassy officials. I realized that one of them was the woman I’d spoken to on the phone in the courtyard of the detention facility. She probably had the cell numbers of one or more of our captors in her phone. I made a note of it, figuring we might like to track down the fuckers one day.
-
-The embassy arranged for Pierre to fly to Rome, and for Ian and me to fly to Paris, where we spent the night on the floor of the airport. When the time came, we hugged and made our way to our separate gates—he was heading home to Washington, D.C., I to New York. When the announcement came to board my flight, I trembled a bit. I had all my documents in order, including proof of my negative COVID test, but I was stopped by the ticket agent.
-
-There had been a change. My boarding pass was no good. I almost threw up. Then the agent said I’d been upgraded to first class. Ian had done it secretly out of his own pocket. Tears snuck down my face.
-
-There would be more. During the flight, I watched a Ben Affleck movie. He’s a washed-up onetime high school basketball star, divorced and angry and a drunk. He’s hired to coach his old school’s team. The film is banal, cliché. I loved it, and wept uncontrollably.
-
-My return home, I realized, would be a rocky one.
-
-**LUCY**
-
-I first got to see Joe a couple of weeks after he got back from Libya. He’d asked for time by himself when he first arrived. Maybe he was processing, or avoiding, or just learning to breathe slowly and steadily again. The few details he shared about his ordeal made it sound worse than I had imagined.
-
-Joe promised he would see a therapist and expressed how thankful he was to be home. Beyond that and sending long Seamus Heaney poems in the occasional text, he was soon back to comporting himself the way he always did. He still refused eye surgery. He didn’t tell his family about the cold sweats and racing heartbeat he woke up to every morning—that revelation would come nearly two years later, when he underwent multiple bypass surgery. (The doctors, stumped by the absence of any health issues or worrying cholesterol numbers, confirmed that stress really can weaken your heart.)
-
-In characteristic fashion, Joe needed little time to get back to work. On November 28, 2021, the reporting he and his colleagues had done before their capture resulted in an article in *The New Yorker,* a damning account of Libya’s mistreatment of migrants with the support of a willfully blind, even encouraging, European Union. Ian and Pierre worked to get a handful of the migrants who’d spoken to them for the story safely out of Libya. The article and Ian and Pierre’s noble efforts garnered multiple awards, including the James Foley Medill Medal for Courage in Journalism.
-
-Meanwhile, over several months, Joe and I tried together to find some answers about what had happened to his team. We learned a bit more about who was behind their capture: An arm of Libyan intelligence, which it seemed was affiliated with a militia known as the Al Nawasi Brigade, controlled the black site where Joe and his colleagues were held. The Libyan government had recently named a new intelligence chief, and the taking of four foreign journalists might have been the old guard flexing its muscles, announcing that it still held sway in Tripoli. We learned that the proof-of-life video had alarmed Washington. Both the Libyan president and attorney general were enlisted to intervene, but the exact mechanics of the team’s release would remain a mystery to us.
-
-I suspect it’s easier on Joe’s conscience not to know what, if anything, might have been extracted in exchange for his coming home. I hope that when he reads this, he will take what I say to heart, release any feelings of guilt and spend that energy on more worthy pursuits—on joy, on beauty, and, yes, on the work.
-
-A profound lesson I learned from participating in the documentary about Iran is how powerful and cathartic it can be to tell your own story in your own time. The Namazis’ story has at least one happy chapter: In the fall of 2022, Baquer Namazi was given his American passport and allowed to leave Iran. I couldn’t help but cry with relief, joy, and sorrow when I heard the news. Siamak remains imprisoned, but after more than six long years, Babak was able to hug his dad. By then, I knew that specific kind of relief intimately.
-
-**JOE**
-
-When I made it back to New York, I was unsure how to conduct myself. I tried to stay busy, calling my agent to apologize for my no-show at the meeting with the publisher; buying a new phone; seeing how much material I could recover from the old one seized in Libya. But I was also paralyzed in some ways. The prospect of seeing my family felt overwhelming. I feared that I might come apart in a fashion that would unsettle more than reassure them. I needed space to regather my wits.
-
-I called an old friend, one of the most accomplished war correspondents of his generation, and visited him at his home on the Rhode Island shore. We got in his boat at dawn one morning and went to dig for quahogs. It’s slow, laborious work, and we did it in restorative silence. Out on the water, shoulder to shoulder with a man intimately familiar with all forms of trauma, I recalled a quote from John Updike. His protagonists, Updike said, “oscillate in their moods between an enjoyment of the comforts of domesticity and the familial life, and a sense that their essential identity is a solitary one—to be found in flight and loneliness and even adversity. This seems to be my feeling of what being a male human being involves.”
-
-I’d always found this both true and damning.
-
-Soon enough I rejoined my family. There were tears and beers, and I learned how much had been done on my behalf—by them and by people at the State Department enlisted to help find and free me. I connected with a good trauma therapist, started to write my first book, juggled feelings of acute embarrassment and wonder at my good fortune. But of all the emotions—fear, shame, pride, regret—the most powerful by far was gratitude. I promised myself that I’d try to feel it more profoundly and express it more directly and often.
-
-A little over a year after my return, I got an invitation from Lucy to attend a private screening of the Iran hostage series she helped produce while I was in Libya. The event was held in a sparkling new skyscraper on Manhattan’s West Side. There were filmmakers and former hostages, and I watched Lucy move among them—hugging, laughing, thanking. It was clear she’d done valued work, that she was cherished both by the families she’d gotten to know and by the veteran documentarians she’d ably assisted.
-
-It was a moment of pride, and of recognition. She was indeed a newspaperman’s daughter. My daughter.
-
-**LUCY**
-
-It was nearly 6 p.m. on September 17, 2022, and I was running late. I was headed to the preview of the HBO series, *Hostages,* held at one of the enormous towers in Manhattan’s Hudson Yards.
-
-I knew Joe was likely already there, still the anxious dad who arrived early to everything. He’d flown in from Vermont, where he now lived, to be my plus-one. I imagined him standing awkwardly alone and felt a sudden bolt of worry. Inviting him to watch the series might be triggering for him—how had that failed to cross my mind until now? I’d been caught up in my own nerves about viewing the project with an audience, including the documentary’s subjects, for the first time. Maybe I was also following his lead.
-
-When I arrived at the crowded theater, it didn’t take long for me to spot Joe. He wasn’t standing awkwardly alone; he was pitching a story to a film director. In the aftermath of Libya, there was and would be much for him to fight for and against, but Joe was still Joe: curious, jovial, alive.
-
-We took our seats and the lights went down. My worries about the audience died away. My dad—my best friend, my work partner, my anchor—was next to me. His was the opinion that had always mattered most. But regardless of his verdict, and in a signal of just how far we’d come since third-grade homework, I knew we could agree that just being here, together, was divine*.*
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-Date: 2023-06-29
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-TimeStamp: 2023-06-29
-Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/15/arts/design/stolen-picasso-boston.html
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-```button
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-# Hey Dad, Can You Help Me Return the Picasso I Stole?
-
-![A man in a suit holds a note next to a Picasso painting. A close-up of the note reads, "Please accept this to replace in part some of the paintings removed from museums thruout the country. Robbin' Hood."](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/06/18/arts/18DADSPICASSO-print-1/00DADSPICASSO-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
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-The Great Read
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-A painting that went missing in 1969 turned up at a museum’s doorstep before the F.B.I. could hunt it down. No one knew how or why — until now.
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-Credit...
-
--   June 15, 2023
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-The Picasso fell off the proverbial truck. It vanished from a loading dock at Logan International Airport in Boston and wound up where it didn’t belong, in the modest home of one Merrill Rummel, also known as Bill.
-
-### Listen to This Article
-
-In fairness, this forklift operator had no idea that the crate he tossed into his car trunk contained a Picasso until he opened its casing. In fairness, he didn’t care much for it; he preferred realism.
-
-But now things had turned all too real. F.B.I. agents were hot on the trail of a hot Picasso unavailable for public viewing, as it was hidden in Rummel’s hallway closet. He and his fiancée, Sam, began to panic.
-
-“How do we get rid of it?” she recalled thinking. “We couldn’t just give it back. It was a pain in our butt.”
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-Fortunately, Rummel knew a guy. Someone particularly skilled at making problems melt away. A fixer.
-
-He dialed a number he knew by heart.
-
-The Case of the Missing Picasso, revealed here for the first time, goes back. Back before the much more [notorious theft of 13 works of art](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/01/arts/design/isabella-stewart-gardner-heist-25-years-of-theories.html) from Boston’s Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in 1990. Back, in a sense, to a time before Picasso had even painted the piece in question.
-
-Back to the 1950s of Waterville, Maine, where the Rummel boys — Bill and his younger brother, Whit — were testing their hometown’s Yankee forbearance. If one was looting parking meters for his coin collection, the other was pilfering pens from Woolworth’s. If one was stealing radios from junked cars, the other was racing his car so recklessly that it seemed destined for the junkyard.
-
-Image
-
-![Two young boys — a tall one with glasses and a smaller one wearing a baseball uniform — stand side-by-side.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/06/18/multimedia/18dadspicasso-print-3/00dadspicasso1a-zqjg-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Merrill “Bill” Rummel, left, and his brother, Whit, in 1958.Credit...via Whitcomb Rummel Jr.
-
-But their father, Whitcomb Rummel Sr., always managed to calm the aggravated constabulary with assurances that he would handle it. And he did: When 12-year-old Whit — known in the family as “Half-Whit” — was caught stealing from Woolworth’s, his father forbade him from entering any shop for a year.
-
-“Not even into the corner store for a Coke,” the son, now 76, recalled. “This meant my mother had to bring clothes out to the car so I could try on pants because I couldn’t go into the store.”
-
-Neither son dared to cross their father. “He was all-knowing, all-seeing, all-hearing,” Whit Rummel said.
-
-Rummel the elder never spoke of his own childhood; too painful, perhaps. His mother died of influenza when he was 9, after which his father sent him away to an affection-averse aunt. “It wasn’t until after high school that he reconnected with his father,” Whit Rummel said.
-
-He attended college, did some acting, married, served with the Navy Seabees in Africa during World War II and moved to Waterville, where he bought and spiffed up a local ice cream stand. His frozen treats became a favored local delight, available at Gustafson’s market, the Chicken Coop restaurant, Bea’s Candy Kitchen — even Mid-State Motors, where a gasoline purchase came with a pint of Rummel’s.
-
-Image
-
-Whitcomb Rummel Sr., whose ice cream store was a fixture in Waterville, Maine, and whose boys also made themselves known.Credit...via Whitcomb Rummel Jr.
-
-The man behind the brand was just as ubiquitous, a Chamber of Commerce leader, Kiwanis bigwig and Shriner poobah. He donated a scoreboard to the town gymnasium, presented the police with a trained German shepherd, sponsored a semipro baseball team and gave away banana splits to children for civic spirit, or academic success, or just for being kids.
-
-At home he was a quirky dad, sometimes fun and even zany, but often stern. “He never hugged us,” Whit Rummel said.
-
-To Waterville’s relief, the Rummel boys moved on. Whit went to Tulane University in New Orleans. Bill served with the Coast Guard in Michigan, where he fell in love with a bowling-alley bartender whose customers called out “Play it again, Sam” so often that her given name, Evelyn, became a gutter ball.
-
-When his Coast Guard hitch ended in 1968, Bill joined Emery Air Freight, then the country’s largest cargo airline. He worked nights on the company’s loading dock at Logan airport, where, in early 1969, a crate arrived from Paris.
-
-Inside, a Picasso: “Portrait of a Woman and a Musketeer.”
-
-Image
-
-“Portrait of a Woman and a Musketeer,” the recovered Picasso, was sold and a Milwaukee museum later featured it in a 1971 exhibition.Credit...via Whitcomb Rummel Jr.
-
-Pablo Picasso, then in his late 80s, had become intrigued by the musketeer as evocative of the old masters, especially Rembrandt, and returned to the theme again and again. “It was the idée fixe of his very late work,” said Pepe Karmel, a professor of art history at New York University. “I think he was asking himself: ‘Where does my art stand in relation to the old masters?’”
-
-The painting, completed in 1967, was to be forwarded from Boston to a Milwaukee gallery owned by Irving Luntz. His son, Holden Luntz, recalled that his late father bought the piece from Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, a prominent dealer in Paris known for championing Picasso. Since negotiations took place on his father’s 40th birthday, he said, Kahnweiler agreed to sell the work for $40,000.
-
-“A gesture of generosity,” said Holden Luntz, who owns a photography gallery in Palm Beach, Fla.
-
-But the Picasso never made it to Milwaukee. An anxious Irving Luntz contacted Emery to complain, but the cargo company had its own emerging problem, with what came to be known in New England as the [100-hour storm](https://www.globalweatherclimatecenter.com/weather-history-topics/looking-back-at-the-1969-100-hour-new-england-snowstorm-credit-this-day-in-weather-history).
-
-Image
-
-Investigators who tried to track the missing Picasso suspected that a professional thief, not an airport forklift operator, was involved.
-
-The protracted late February snowfall paralyzed Boston, including the airport, where more than two feet of snow disrupted passenger flights and cargo deliveries. Large containers littered the tarmac, while boxes and packages clogged the docks.
-
-“Our dock was a mess,” Bill Rummel said in a 2007 interview with Ira Glass for an ultimately shelved episode of the “This American Life” radio program.
-
-With outbound crates at the front and inbound crates at the back, Emery executives demanded a decluttering of the dock. Under pressure, Rummel said, his supervisor pointed to a crate with a missing label and said: Take that with you when you go home tonight.
-
-It should be noted that, according to Rummel, this supervisor was later fired. For stealing.
-
-Rummel angled the crate into the trunk of his 1962 Chevy Impala and, a few days later, lugged it into his half of a two-story home in Medford, Mass. He pried it open with a hammer to discover that he was now in possession of a Picasso.
-
-Image
-
-Sam Rummel, left, recalled that she and Bill left the painting in a hallway closet, shoved well to the back. Credit...via Whitcomb Rummel Jr.
-
-Its artistry underwhelmed him, he told Glass. “Not a Wyeth, put it that way.”
-
-Rummel called his fiancée, Sam. “You’ll never guess what I’ve got,” Ms. Rummel, now 79, recalled him saying. “A Picasso!”
-
-“What are you, drunk?” she asked.
-
-She returned to their home to find a big crate leaning against the wall.
-
-“You want to see it?” he asked.
-
-“Hell, no,” she said.
-
-The couple hid the crate in the closet beneath the stairwell. “We shoved that thing so far back there, and then shoved stuff in front of it,” Sam Rummel said. “We never talked about it.”
-
-But someone *was* talking about it: Irving Luntz, the Milwaukee gallery owner. After weeks of being Picasso-less, he contacted the F.B.I., which began snooping around Logan. This unnerved a certain affianced couple in Medford.
-
-“Worried? Are you kidding?” Sam Rummel said. “We were young. We didn’t want to go to jail.”
-
-Image
-
-Sam said she and Bill became frightened when they learned that the F.B.I. was investigating the painting’s disappearance.Credit...Travis Dove for The New York Times
-
-Unsure of what to do, Bill Rummel called his brother, Whit, who was more knowledgeable about art. He had once torn a photograph of a Picasso out of a library book to hang in his bedroom.
-
-In effect, Whit’s first question was: Have you called the fixer?
-
-Of course. Dad.
-
-The elder Rummel listened to his older son’s predicament and then offered two options with all the calm of a soda jerk asking: whipped cream or hot fudge?
-
-1\. They could bury the Picasso in the foundation of a Waterville restaurant under renovation that his father co-owned. (Its name, The Silent Woman, seemed apropos.) Unearth the painting in 30 years and maybe sell it for a small fortune.
-
-Or:
-
-2\. Return it.
-
-When Bill Rummel asked his father what he thought he should do, the elder Rummel said that this was a life choice he had to make for himself.
-
-“So I said, ‘I’ll give it back,’” the son told Glass. “And he said, ‘I’ll help you.’”
-
-The elder Rummel telephoned Whit in New Orleans and gave him detailed instructions for a handwritten note that could not be traced. Use high-end stationery. Since you’re left-handed, write it out with your right hand. And since you’re studying creative writing, make it sound artsy. Then send it by airmail to your brother in Medford.
-
-Meanwhile, the F.B.I. was turning up the heat, issuing a bulletin to law-enforcement agencies throughout the Northeast. *Picasso stolen from Logan airport. Be on the lookout.*
-
-Days later, the ice cream king of Waterville arrived in Medford with his wife, Ann, a new trench coat, and a plan. He rubbed the painting’s packaging and crate with Vaseline, for reasons that evaded his son. He attached the handwritten note. He donned the trench coat, a brimmed hat, and gloves. Go time.
-
-Three years after this escapade, Whitcomb Rummel would die, suddenly, at 63; in his honor, his restaurant would stay closed until the evening ice cream rush. His son Bill would spend the next 30 years with Emery, rising to regional manager before retiring to South Carolina and dying, at 71, in 2015.
-
-But on this April Fools’ Day in Boston, 1969, father and son were sharing an unforgettable moment: loading a purloined Picasso into a Chevy Impala.
-
-Bill Rummel, wearing a black watch cap and sunglasses, drove them into Boston and, at his father’s direction, parked on Huntington Avenue. His father got out and carried the crate a few car lengths ahead.
-
-The elder Rummel loaded the painting into a taxi, handed the driver a $20 bill and told him to deliver the package to the Museum of Fine Arts, just down the avenue. He returned to his son’s car and, on the drive back to Medford, tossed the coat, hat and gloves in separate garbage cans.
-
-Newswire services were soon circulating photographs of Perry T. Rathbone, the museum’s esteemed director, posing with both the recovered Picasso, worth an estimated $75,000, and a mysterious handwritten note, which read:
-
-“Please accept this to replace in part some of the paintings removed from museums thruout the country.”
-
-It was signed “Robbin’ Hood.”
-
-Luntz, the Milwaukee gallery owner, told a television station that he was “absolutely delirious and delighted to get this painting [back](https://uwm.edu/wtmjsearch/wtmjnewsarchive/9416/).” And yes, he said, prospective buyers were lining up.
-
-A few days later, on the Emery loading dock at Logan, Bill Rummel’s boss called him over and motioned to a certain crate in the middle of the floor, bound for Milwaukee.
-
-They found it, his boss said.
-
-Oh, he answered.
-
-Image
-
-Whitcomb Rummel Jr. said that while his father had rescued him and his brother from various scrapes, nothing topped his central role in returning the Picasso.Credit...Travis Dove for The New York Times
-
-Whit Rummel, also known as Robbin’ Hood, is a filmmaker in Chapel Hill, N.C. He has long thought that his family’s Picasso story had the makings of a movie, and kept all the news clippings as proof of a tale that for decades could not be told. But he sensed a potential plot hole:
-
-Where did the Picasso wind up?
-
-A couple of years ago he hired Monica Boyer, an editor and financial writer, to track it down. She could not find mention of the work in auction-house records or in various Picasso databases, and, of course, the artist had created many musketeer-themed paintings.
-
-Still, by drawing on a few clues — Milwaukee, for example — she found a catalog for a 1971 exhibition called “Picasso in Milwaukee.” Among the works on display: “Portrait of a Woman and a Musketeer,” courtesy of Sidney and Dorothy Kohl.
-
-Sidney Kohl, 92 and living in Palm Beach, Fla., is a member of the family behind the Kohl’s department-store chain. He is an extremely wealthy developer, investor and art collector; in 2012, eight pieces from the Kohl couple’s collection sold at auction for [$101 million.](https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sothebys-scores-its-bigge_b_2131259)
-
-That sale did not include the Picasso, and the Kohls did not respond to several requests to confirm that the painting — no doubt worth millions of dollars — is still in their private collection.
-
-Wherever it is, this work by the most celebrated artist of the 20th century remains as shielded from public view as if it had stayed hidden in the hallway closet of a forklift operator. But that working stiff had at least tried to return it to the world, with some help, of course, from the ice cream king of Waterville, Maine.
-
-Kirsten Noyes contributed research.
-
-Audio produced by Jack D’Isidoro.
-
-Dan Barry is a longtime reporter and columnist, having written both the “This Land” and “About New York” columns. The author of several books, he writes on myriad topics, including New York City, sports, culture and the nation. [@DanBarryNYT](https://twitter.com/DanBarryNYT) • [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/danbarry.author)
-
-A version of this article appears in print on  , Section A, Page 1 of the New York edition with the headline: To Help Return Stolen Picasso, He Needed Dad. [Order Reprints](https://www.parsintl.com/publication/the-new-york-times/) | [Today’s Paper](https://www.nytimes.com/section/todayspaper) | [Subscribe](https://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp8HYKU.html?campaignId=48JQY)
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Hidden from the Romans 200 tons of silver on the shores of the river Lahn  Aktuelles aus der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt.md b/00.03 News/Hidden from the Romans 200 tons of silver on the shores of the river Lahn  Aktuelles aus der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt.md
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-Date: 2023-02-23
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-02-23
-Link: https://aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de/english/research/hidden-from-the-romans-200-tons-of-silver-on-the-shores-of-the-river-lahn/
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-# Hidden from the Romans: 200 tons of silver on the shores of the river Lahn | Aktuelles aus der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt
-
-In their search for silver ore, the Romans established two military camps in the Bad Ems area near Koblenz in the 1st century AD. This is the result of research carried out as part of a teaching excavation that spanned several years and was carried out by Goethe University’s Department of Archaeology and History of the Roman Provinces in cooperation with the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Several surprising findings were made during the process. For one, the exciting research story earned young archaeologist Frederic Auth first place at the Wiesbaden Science Slam.
-
-When Prof. Markus Scholz, who teaches archaeology and the history of Roman provinces at Goethe University, returned to Bad Ems toward the end of the excavation work, he was astonished: After all, all the photos sent by his colleague Frederic Auth showed but a few pieces of wood. Not surprisingly, Scholz was ill-prepared for what he saw next: a wooden defense construction consisting of sharpened wooden stakes, designed to prevent the enemy’s approach. The martial-looking structure was intended to deter enemies from attacking the camp. Such installations – comparable, if you will, to modern barbed wire – are referenced to in literature from the time. Caesar, for instance, mentioned them. But to date, none had been found. The damp soil of the Blöskopf area obviously provided the ideal conditions: The wooden spikes, which probably extended throughout the entire downward tapering ditch around the camp, were found to be well preserved.
-
-[![](https://aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/beitragsbild_Bad-Ems_03.jpg)](https://aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/beitragsbild_Bad-Ems_03.jpg)
-
-The big surprise for the archaeologists unfolded during the last days of the excavation campaign: A construction of wooden spikes had been preserved in the damp soil of the “Blöskopf” hill, meant to deter potential attackers. (Photo: Auth)
-
-#### **Two previously undiscovered Roman military camps**
-
-The work of the Frankfurt archaeologists and Dr. Peter Henrich of the General Directorate for Cultural Heritage of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate, uncovered two previously unknown military camps in the vicinity of Bad Ems, situated on both sides of the Emsbach valley. The excavations were triggered by observations made by a hunter in 2016, who, from his raised hide, spotted color differences in the grain field, indicating the existence of sub-surface structures. A drone photo of the elevation, which bears the beautiful name “Ehrlich” (the German word for “honest”), confirmed the thesis: the field was crisscrossed by a track that could have originated from a huge tractor. In reality, however, it was a double ditch that framed a Roman camp. Geomagnetic prospecting later revealed an eight-hectare military camp with about 40 wooden towers. The archaeological excavations, carried out in two campaigns under the local direction of Dr. Daniel Burger-Völlmecke, revealed further details: the camp, apparently once intended as a solid build, was never completed. Only one permanent building, consisting of a warehouse and storeroom, was located there. The 3,000 soldiers estimated to have been stationed here probably had to sleep in tents. Burn marks show that the camp was burned down after a few years. But why?
-
-It was the student team, led by Frederic Auth, that identified the second, much smaller camp, located some two kilometers away as the crow flies, on the other side of the Emsbach valley. The “Blöskopf” is no blank slate when it comes to archaeology: Exploratory excavations carried out in 1897 uncovered processed silver ore, raising the assumption that a Roman smelting works was once located there. The thesis was further supported by the discovery of wall foundations, fire remains and metal slag. For a long time it was assumed that the smelting works were connected to the Limes, built some 800 meters to the east at around 110 AD. These assumptions, considered valid for decades, have now been disproved: The supposed furnace in fact turned out to be a watchtower of a small military camp holding about 40 men. It was probably deliberately set on fire before the garrison left the camp. The spectacular wooden defense structure was discovered on literally the penultimate day of the excavations – along with a coin minted in 43 AD, proof that the structure could not have been built in connection with the Limes.
-
-#### **Roman tunnels located above the silver deposit**
-
-But why did the Romans fail to complete the large camp, instead choosing to abandon both areas after a few years? What were the facilities used for? Archaeologists have found a possible clue in the writings of historian Tacitus: He describes how, under Roman governor Curtius Rufus, attempts to mine silver ore in the area failed in 47 AD. The yield had simply been too low. In fact, the team of Frankfurt archaeologists was able to identify a shaft-tunnel system suggesting Roman origins. The tunnel is located a few meters above the Bad Ems passageway, which would have enabled the Romans to mine silver for up to 200 years – that is, if only they had known about it. In the end, the silver was mined in later centuries only. The Romans’ hope for a lucrative precious metal mining operation also explains the military camp’s presence: They wanted to be able to defend themselves against sudden raids – not an unlikely scenario given the value of the raw material. “To verify this assumption, however, further research is necessary,” says Prof. Scholz. It would be interesting to know, for example, whether the large camp was also surrounded by obstacles meant to hinder an enemy approach. So far, no wooden spikes have been found there, but traces could perhaps end up being discovered in the much drier soil.
-
-#### **Silver mining reserved for later centuries**
-
-The fact that the Romans abruptly abandoned an extensive undertaking is not without precedent. Had they known that centuries later, in modern times, 200 tons of silver would be extracted from the ground near Bad Ems, they might not have given up so quickly. The soldiers who were ordered to dig the tunnels obviously had not been too enthusiastic about the hard work: Tacitus reports that they wrote to Emperor Claudius in Rome, asking him to award the triumphal insignia to the commanders in advance so they would not have to make their soldiers slave away unnecessarily.
-
-All considered, an exciting research story, which Frederic Auth, who has led the excavations in Bad Ems since 2019, also knows how to recount in an exciting way. His account won first prize in an interdisciplinary field of applicants at the 21st Wiesbaden Science Slam in early February. The young archaeologist is already booked for further appearances: Auth will perform in Heidelberg on March 2, in Bonn on March 7, and in Mannheim on March 19. More information about the events can be found at: [https://www.science-slam.com/](https://www.science-slam.com/) (in German).
-
-The research in Bad Ems was carried out jointly with the Directorate of State Archaeology in the General Directorate for Cultural Heritage of Rhineland-Palatinate, the Institute of Prehistory and Early History at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, and the Berlin University of Applied Sciences. Also involved were the hunter and honorary monument conservator Jürgen Eigenbrod and his colleague Hans-Joachim du Roi, as well as several metal detectorists with the necessary permits from the historical monument authorities. The project was financed with support from the Gerhard Jacobi Stiftung, the Society for Archaeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle, and the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG). The wooden spikes have meanwhile been preserved at the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum in Mainz.
-
-**Publication:** A monograph on the archaeological excavations in Bad Ems is currently being prepared.
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-Tag: ["🤵🏻", "🇺🇸", "🪖"]
-Date: 2024-06-23
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-Link: https://homeofthebrave.longlead.com/
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-&emsp;
-
-# Home of the Brave: Enduring the VA’s Homeless Veteran Crisis
-
-If you are or know a veteran who is unhoused — or at risk of losing their home — there are resources available. Call 877-4AID-VET (877-424-3838) for free, confidential advice from trained VA counselors, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
-
-The VA has existing programs to help unhoused veterans, but this problem is far from solved. To help end the epidemic of veteran homelessness, contact your local congressional representative and tell them about the federal government’s promise to build and maintain permanent, supportive housing for disabled service members in the late-1800s — and the policies that have undermined that plan ever since.
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-Date: 2023-01-19
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-Link: https://www.vulture.com/2022/11/jamie-spears-britney-spears-conservatorship.html
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-# House of Spears
-
-## The Curse of Kentwood
-
- One year ago, Britney Spears was freed from a notorious conservatorship. What possessed her father to seize control of her life?
-
- ![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/113/9ee/c7e2cd1cc9790428ccd6dfd695f249cff7-jamie-spears-lede.rhorizontal.w1100.jpg)
-
-Photo: The Kentwood Ledger (Jamie); Photograph by Martin Schoeller (Britney)
-
-This article was featured in [One Great Story](http://nymag.com/tags/one-great-story/), *New York*’s reading recommendation newsletter. [Sign up here](https://nymag.com/promo/sign-up-for-one-great-story.html?itm_source=vsitepromo&itm_medium=articlelink&itm_campaign=ogs_tertiary_zone) to get it nightly.
-
-**On May 29, 1966,** Jamie Spears was 13 years old, an eighth-grade honor-roll student small for his age, the son of a father a friend describes as “a fireball on steroids.” Jamie had three siblings, ages 3 and 5 and 8, and there ought to have been another one, the second born, but Austin Wayne Spears died at 3 days old, leaving Jamie alone again with his parents. The family lived near the Mississippi line in Kentwood, Louisiana, 70 miles from the hospital where Austin Wayne was born, far from anything then and far from anything now. Generations back and generations forward they lived and would live here, in Tangipahoa Parish, in the bare little towns that ran along the train tracks. The baby had been buried below an oak tree in a small cemetery loud with the buzzing of cicadas. Jamie’s mother was named Emma Jean Forbes, and everyone called her Jean. She was small, like her husband and son, and she was blonde, and she had married when she was 16 years old, which was older than her mother had been when she married in Mississippi. Later, her husband would tell the coroner that Jean had tried to kill herself three times, but whether to believe her husband, and what part he might have played in what unfolded in May 1966, remains in question.
-
-## On the cover
-
-### —
-
-Illustration: Tim O’Brien for New York Magazine. Source images from Maciel-MBF/X17online.com; Splashnews.com.
-
-Jean’s husband, Jamie’s father, was named June Austin Spears, and that’s what they called him, *June Austin*. June Austin was born in 1930 not far from Kentwood, a few miles from where a Black family had been purchased for the sum of $20 a solid 60 years after emancipation. June Austin had a mean streak, but June Austin would live for a very, very long time, and by the end of his life, many people would simply remember him as a man who loved to fish. As a baby, Jamie had his mother all to himself; June Austin was in the Air Force and didn’t meet his son until Jamie was a year old. June Austin was hired as a police officer down in Baton Rouge, was fired after either he or someone else on his team shot at an innocent man, and then was reinstated, but by May 1966, he was once again no longer working as a police officer. It was a Sunday afternoon when Jean Spears drove the empty streets sliced through slim shimmering pines to the little cemetery where her infant son was buried. The story the papers would tell is this: Jean Spears walked from her car to her son’s grave carrying a 12-gauge shotgun, a long hunting rifle that probably would have been over two feet long. She stood on the little piece of land where she had watched them lower her baby into the ground and pointed the gun up so the butt was in the dirt and the barrel pointed at her. She loaded it with 16-gauge shells, technically too small for the gun. She removed her shoe, pressed the trigger with her toe, and fell to the ground, where she would remain until someone found her the next morning and police traced the parked car back to the family.
-
-“I have been very good,” Jamie’s little sister, Jeanine, wrote to Santa Claus the following year. “Please bring me a Lucky Locket kiddle doll.” Eight months after their mother disappeared, Jamie and Jeanine and June Jr. and William watched their father marry another woman in the home of her parents in Kentwood. The woman was also from Kentwood, a town of not quite 3,000 people and a few last names reflected back at those people on the street signs and the businesses on those streets: Harrell, Spears, Easley, Ballard. Jo Ann Blackwell would be June’s second but not last wife. It was, the paper said, a “quiet, impressive rite,” attended not only by Jean’s children but by their new stepsiblings, Lisa and Joey.
-
-*Tap or click to enlarge.* Photo-Illustration: Facebook (June, Emma, Blackwell); McComb Enterprise-Journal (Ott); Todd Williamson/BBMA2016/Getty Images for DCP (Lynne); Valerie Macon/AFP via Getty Images (Jamie); Bryan James Spears/Instagram (Bryan); Jon Kopaloff/FilmMagic (Britney); Michael Loccisano/Getty Images (Jamie Lynn); emoofficial718/Instagram (Sean Preston, Jayden James Federline); iStock / Getty Images Plus (woman silo); Elwynn/Shutterstock (man silo)
-
-**Jo Ann Blackwell** was 28. Her brother Arlan was married to June’s stepsister. She had striking blue eyes, and she loved Willie Nelson, and she came from a well-respected religious Kentwood family. In high school, she had been named the Betty Crocker Future Homemaker of Tomorrow. The home she was now expected to make included Jamie and Jeanine and William and June and Lisa and Joey and, very quickly, the two children she would have with June Austin: Leigh Ann and, the year after, John Mark, whose eyes were as blue as hers. In later years, and in court, June Austin would number his children at ten, but it was never clear whom he was counting.
-
-Jamie Spears had a Louisiana drawl so deep a documentary in which he later appeared would include subtitles. He had delicate features of the kind a mother would dote over; he did not look like the sportsman he was. The September after Jamie’s mother died he ran three-on-threes on the patch of grass next to Highway 38 in the wet heat of the Deep South. After practice Jamie came home to June Austin, and June Austin would make him practice even more, beyond exhaustion. Sometimes his best friend, Sandy Jones, would come over after games, and June Austin would holler at the both of them and yank their hair and then take them out to dinner. June Austin had become a boilermaker, a job that involved shoving himself into small spaces and shooting fire at sheets of steel. When June Austin traveled out of state to look for work, Jamie spent time with Jean’s mother, Lexie, a still-young woman who would outlive all three of her children. It had been at Lexie’s house that the body of his mother was displayed after her death.
-
-The people of Kentwood raised Jamie Spears, and he returned the favor by entertaining them. It didn’t matter what game he was playing, Jamie was beautiful to watch. “Jamie could shoot the hell out of a basketball,” says Collis Temple, who played alongside Jamie and then for the San Antonio Spurs. “He was one of those special athletes, okay? There’s some guys who have this *hand-eye.* That’s special. He could shoot pool, he could play Ping-Pong, he could throw a football, he could shoot a basketball, he could throw a baseball. Some people have that, some people don’t. It’s called *It.*” There was no three-point line in Kentwood in 1969, but if there had been, Jamie Spears would have sunk untold numbers of three-pointers. He once scored 47 points in a single game. But it was football June Austin cared about, and there Jamie was the quick-footed quarterback calling the shots, shooting perfectly angled passes on a field lined with parents who knew exactly how his mother had died.
-
-**From top:** An early photo of Britney Spears (left) with her family. Jamie and Lynne Spears met in their hometown of Kentwood. Photo: Kentwood MuseumJamie, Lynne, and Britney in the 1980s. Jamie said repeatedly his daughter would be a star. Photo: britneyspears/Instagram
-
-**The football coach** was Elton Shaw, a reassuringly solid man who had been drafted by the Green Bay Packers and come home to Kentwood. Elton Shaw was the same age as June Austin and a man no one would call soft, but he thought June Austin was far too hard on Jamie, and he tried, when he could, to stand between June Austin’s rage and his star quarterback. Home games they played “under the tank,” on a ragged field beneath a blue water tower bearing the team’s name. Wherever they were, June Austin was in the stands, and you knew it. “A fireball, that he was,” says Shaw. “He would *fight.* Every time we went somewhere, we were going to get in a fight, because somebody was going to jump on him, because he was the littlest in the crowd. Didn’t know that he was the baddest son of a bitch in Louisiana.”
-
-It was challenging for people to mention Jamie’s talent without mentioning his size. “This little guy runs well, and we just don’t know but what we might use him as a running back,” a Southeastern Louisiana University coach told the Baton Rouge *Advocate* in 1972. “This Spears is a fine competitor,” an entirely different coach had told the same paper a year before. “While he’s a small boy, he can do it all.”
-
-A football team is a social unit in which everyone has a place. Jamie’s was at the top. In 1969, the schools finally integrated. Jamie showed up to practice to find a second football team in the gym — players from the Black high school across town, including star quarterback Collis Temple. Jamie stayed quarterback. Collis played basically every other position. The team took the state title before a crowd comprising both Black and white Kentwood. Jamie and Collis were champions.
-
-Louisiana named Elton Shaw coach of the year; pictured under him in the Kentwood *Ledger* was Jamie Spears, all-state quarterback. It was a positive story amid much hostility in 1969, and it might have been repeated in 1970, but by then Shaw, Jamie, and Sandy Jones had left Kentwood High for a private school or, as Collis Temple calls it, a “racist-ass school,” the school having been built, as so many were, in the general mania for private-school-building that pervaded Louisiana at the time and attended exclusively by white students. The people who established Valley Forge Academy offered Shaw more than double his salary. He had four children to feed and was making nothing much at Kentwood High. He took his star quarterback with him to play for a new team, which, lest the school’s reason for being seem too subtle, would be called *the Rebels.*
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-In the summer of 1970, Jo Ann Spears had been married for three and a half years to June Austin, a period during which, she later claimed in court, he had beaten her, failed to support her, “constantly defamed her,” and “committed numerous acts of cruelty toward her.” According to her children, June Austin institutionalized Jo Ann against her will at the psychiatric hospital known as Mandeville, the kind of place he referred to as a “nut house.” He then simply left, moved to North Carolina in search of work. He took his three younger children with him and left Jo Ann with her four biological children, two of whom were his. He was joined in North Carolina by Ruth Ott, who was his mother’s husband’s daughter, which is to say his stepsister. Soon after that, June Austin divorced Jo Ann and married Ruth, and the two of them lived for a time in the home of his mother and her father.
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-It was when June Austin was in North Carolina with the stepsister who would become his wife that Jamie was back in Louisiana staring out the window of a speeding car with two friends, William Easley and Joseph Lee. Easley was driving east on Route 16 in Amite, a bit south of Kentwood, toward a little bridge that spans the dark, winding mire of the Tangipahoa River, and he failed to account for a slight curve, at which point the car slammed into a concrete railing and split in half, sending the engine twirling into the muck of the river and the seats, with the boys in them, nearly to the other side of the bridge. Easley died. A patch of Jamie’s hair was, in the words of a teammate, “skint off his head.”
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-Shaw brought Jamie home to the low-slung brick house he had built himself, which was full of his own boys already. “We called his daddy,” says Shaw, “and oh, his daddy just went ballistic.” His response to his son surviving a deadly crash in which he lost a friend was to berate him for being out with those boys. “Jamie started crying,” Shaw says, “so I called June Austin somewhere in North Carolina. I said, ‘If you don’t call this kid back here, apologize, and talk to him like a human being, I’m going to catch the next airplane to wherever and whip your little ass.’” June Austin apologized. Jamie couldn’t play in the next game, in part because he couldn’t place his helmet over the wound. Two weeks later, he was back in position. Less than a month after the death of his friend, and four years after the death of his mother, before a crowd of thousands, Jamie Spears willed himself onto the field and won the team a championship.
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-**From left:** Britney with her parents at Planet Hollywood Las Vegas in 2001. Photo: Denise Truscello/WireImageJamie and Britney in Los Angeles in 2005. Photo: Ginsburg-Spaly/X17agency.com
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-**Britney Spears is her father’s daughter:** not a songwriter, not a diarist, but a *dancer,* an *athlete,* a woman so brilliantly embodied that every woman of her generation recalls the particular way she walked down a high-school hallway. The shock of this absolute command does not diminish with time. There is, in video after video, tour after tour, that crisp effortlessness, the sense of a body hitting each beat hardest yet trying least, a rock-steady presence never lost in the sweep of choreography. Here are a mind and body so perfectly synced that everyone else begins to look as if slowed by some invisible static, an affliction from which Spears alone has been spared. She could have been an elite gymnast had she chosen to, but there was something about her stare of which gymnastics could not make use. She became instead the pop star who smuggled more movement into every count, faster and better, the rare singer just as percussively corporeal as the professionals dancing behind her.
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-People would ask what it was that Lynne Bridges ever saw in Jamie Spears, but it was surely this, *It,* “an average sized guy,” as Lynne would write, who could “run circles around huge ball-players.” Jamie Spears was, by this time, lost. He had enrolled at a local college as a football player, but Jamie Spears was 161 pounds and five-foot-nine, dimensions perhaps no amount of training or determination could overcome. He broke his leg in the second game of the season. He dropped out and never went back. His life as a locus of admiration was permanently over. Jamie married a woman from Kentwood, a smart girl he had known all of his life who had made the honor roll in eighth grade right along with him. He left town, got divorced, and moved back to Kentwood. In 1976, he and Lynne Bridges were both living in the town where they had basically always been. Jamie made her laugh and took her dancing. She eloped against the wishes of her parents, who would have seen a former jock brought low by injury and circumstance, a divorcé with a dead mother and an abusive father married to his stepsister.
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-Years later, when people heard the haunting details of the conservatorship, there would be an impulse to assume that it was in some sense necessary and that somewhere it had just gone bad. But the [conservatorship of Britney Spears](https://www.vulture.com/2021/11/britney-spears-is-finally-free-from-her-conservatorship.html) is not a conflict that accrues moral complexity under further investigation. This is not the cloying tendency of American fans to conjure obstacles out of extreme privilege, not the “prison of fame” or the isolation of superstardom or the trials of being trailed by paparazzi. It is a matter of an extraordinary woman deprived of basic human rights over a period of 13 years. The question worth asking is not whether the conservatorship was necessary or right — it was not — but why a father would seek to exert dictatorial control over the hour-by-hour life of his adult daughter. “Why are all my doings always blasted?” Britney Spears, now estranged from all of her family members, asked in an Instagram post in July. “How come not one person knows my sister is building a huge home in Louisiana??? How come their lives aren’t exposed? … I would thoroughly enjoy showing up at my families home to see what secrets they’re hiding.”
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-Transparency has not been the way of Britney’s family. “My daddy’s people have been in that area as far back as anyone can remember,” Lynne Bridges Spears writes in her memoir. Lynne’s daddy was a rigid Christian dairyman who served in the Army in London in World War II, where he met a London girl and told her he was a landowner — “hundreds of acres of Louisiana soil” — which was, in its own particular way, true. He married her and brought her back to his farm in Kentwood, which did not, in the end, resemble anything befitting British gentility. “Where are all the lights?” she asked on the drive home, in thick air heavy with gnats, over dirt roads, toward all the farmwork and tragedy that lay ahead. She wept every night and over the next three decades made it back only once.
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-Lynne is “full of admiration for the British way of life” but considers Kentwood superior to any place in the world. When she was 20, a piece of tractor equipment fell on her brother. She sped with him to the hospital down Highway 1049, a road with houses set far back on either side and no sidewalks to speak of, such that the only way for a child to ride a bike would be to share space with cars. “As I was rounding the curve,” writes Lynne, “an oncoming car was coming in the left lane … I could see two young boys riding their bikes on the road … I had a sick sensation that I would hit one of them, that it would be impossible not to … a 12-year old boy … was hit.” Another way to say this would be that Lynne’s car slammed into a little boy. The boy was named Anthony Winters, his father was the first Black police officer to serve in Kentwood, and his mother was named Yvonne. He was, Yvonne told me, “just a normal teenager.”
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-Jamie Spears’s trailer in Kentwood in 2021. Photo: SplashNews.com/SplashNews.com
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-**Across town,** Jo Ann went back to Mandeville, and June Austin collected his children Leigh Ann and John Mark. These children, he told the court later, “were in such physical and mental state,” their heads “full of fleas and nits and lice.” He took them to New York in search of work, though he did not have permanent custody. When he returned to Kentwood some years later, Jo Ann wanted her kids back. June Austin would not give them back, and so they went to court.
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-The court interrogated Jo Ann as to her fitness as a mother.
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-“In your motion that is before the court today,” June Austin’s lawyer said, “you just stated that you had been in Mandeville and you referred to a nervous disorder.”
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-“I have never referred to it as a nervous disorder,” Jo Ann said.
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-“That was the term used in your petition.”
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-“Well that is a very broad term.”
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-“Could you be more specific.”
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-“Well I don’t know how much time we have for this,” she said, “but if you want to hear it I am manic depressive.”
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-The court awarded custody to June Austin, the man who had technically kidnapped them. Leigh Ann, Jo Ann’s daughter, would later say June Austin sexually assaulted her multiple times. John Mark, Jo Ann’s son, would call him a monster who beat his children and drove his wives to madness.
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-Lynne was pregnant within a month of marrying Jamie. They lived in Lynne’s trailer, and he brought her fried chicken and frozen grapes until the arrival of Bryan James, at which point he started drinking. “In our lives together,” Lynne writes, “if someone was sick or even dying, Jamie would find a way to act up and direct everyone’s attention to him.” In 1978, Lynne’s father was crushed to death by his own milk truck. Jamie disappeared for a week. Lynne went back to school, and Jamie told her she was too stupid to graduate.
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-Jamie Spears promised to stop drinking, got drunk, and made more promises. On the baby’s third Christmas, Jamie was not, according to a court filing, at home with his family. He was at Baby Tate’s Bar in Tangipahoa, where someone in this exceedingly small community evidently told Lynne he was “hugging, kissing, and fondling” one Cindy Ballard, whom he then took back to his place, Lot 13 in Simpson’s Trailer Park. Lynne filed for divorce and a restraining order alleging he might become violent when he heard about the divorce. June Austin showed up with his third wife and begged Lynne to give Jamie another chance. Lynne retracted her filing and had a child the next year. By the time she was a teenager, this child would look an awful lot like Jamie’s late mother, but they would not have known that when they named her Britney Jean.
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-Jamie promised to quit drinking. He “rededicated himself to God.” He tried to drive drunk with 5-year-old Britney in the car, and when his little brother Willie reached for the keys, Jamie punched him in the face. When Lynne worked, she left Britney with Jean’s mother, Lexie, who would have noticed that Britney had inherited Jean’s smile, eyes, and nose. Lexie had a crawfish place called Granny’s Seafood Deli; Jamie worked there on and off, as did little Britney, which is to say that Jean’s mother, Jean’s son, and Jean’s granddaughter all cooked together, four generations of which one had been horrifically lost. Britney worried about having her grandmother’s name; she thought perhaps it was cursed. Britney sang at the First Baptist Church, and after church everyone went to Papa June’s for dinner, where he lifted Britney onto the dinner table and she sang some more.
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-Jamie was fitfully employed as a boilermaker and a builder and a cook. Later, people would try to argue that he and Lynne were stage parents, but when Britney, who had excelled at Bela Karolyi’s elite gymnastics camp, wanted to stop taking gymnastics altogether, she stopped. She was, her teachers said, internally motivated, a perfectionist, a workhorse. Jamie told anyone who would listen that his daughter was going to be a star. Jamie and Lynne paid their taxes irregularly. They missed car payments. They made unorthodox financial choices, like paying for their daughter’s various lessons and competition-related travel instead of all their taxes, and sending their children to a private school established on the eve of integration, where, when asked whether the school served any Black children, an administrative assistant responded that they had children with the last name Black. They spent all their money on their children; they believed utterly in Britney’s future stardom. Later, the story everyone told was of a family that could barely feed itself, but they were not poor. They were messy. They lived in a solid home with long front windows and a big yard. Lynne owned a day-care center, and Jamie started a gym that went out of business.
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-Bryan, age 8, broke his hand, his leg, and his arm riding a motorized dirt bike; he was placed in a half-body cast. Bryan, age 10, fell riding the same motorbike and was so thoroughly burned by the exhaust pipe that he had to have the burn regularly cleaned at the hospital as he screamed. Jamie promised he wasn’t drunk as Lynne watched him stumble in front of a mirror. They were dressed up, on their way to Jean’s mother’s birthday party. Britney beat 20,000 other kids to be cast in *The Mickey Mouse Club,* and Lynne’s mother died in a swimming pool. Jamie got a vasectomy but did not appear for his follow-up appointment. Jamie and Lynne had another daughter, whom they named [Jamie Lynn](https://www.vulture.com/tags/jamie-lynn-spears/).
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-“When he was around,” Jamie Lynn writes of her father, “he spent much of his time in a chair trying to convince everyone else he wasn’t drunk.” Lynne began teaching Britney how to drive with Jamie Lynn in the car. “No one wore seat belts back then,” Jamie Lynn writes; this would have been 1997. Britney swerved over the midline, nearly hit a car, and drove into a ditch. Lynne switched places with Britney in the car so her husband wouldn’t know she was letting Britney drive. “Momma always cared more about Daddy’s feelings than doing the right thing,” Jamie Lynn writes. “Momma often put us in a difficult position rather than confronting the situation head-on.” While she was shopping with Jamie Lynn, Lynne’s card was declined at the Limited Too. Jamie and Lynne defaulted on a mortgage; the land was seized and auctioned off. Three years later, a sheriff took their Ford Probe from the body shop; they owed $10,000. Jamie and Lynne filed for bankruptcy in July 1998. “… Baby One More Time” was released three months later, when Britney Jean Spears was 16 years old.
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-**From top:** Jamie giving Britney grits in a 2008 MTV documentary. Photo: MTVBritney and Jamie arrive at LAX in 2008. Photo: SplashNews.com/SplashNews.com
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-**Britney Spears** is a 40-year-old woman who has enjoyed a total of nine years of independence from her parents’ control. The years went like this: [*… Baby One More Time*](https://www.vulture.com/2019/01/britney-spears-baby-one-more-time-20th-anniversary.html) sold 11 million records, *Oops! … I Did It Again* 9 million. *Britney* debuted at No. 1. According to her sister, Britney told her mother she would build her a new house on the condition that she divorce her father. Lynne divorced him, moved into the Kentwood mansion Britney built her, and let Jamie come over. Jamie lived in Britney’s childhood home, the interior of which was now covered, presumably by him, with Britney’s face: ticket stubs and records and concert posters and magazine covers and framed pictures. Her bedroom was bare because everything in it had been relocated to a model bedroom in a little museum downtown. Some girls who had just graduated from a Catholic high school in New Orleans drove to Kentwood to the house where Britney had grown up. Jamie emerged, loosed four dogs, and pulled a gun on them.
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-Britney Jean Spears lived in a 9,000-square-foot house cut into the Hollywood Hills. She starred in a road movie written with the purpose of her starring in it. She lifted aloft a seven-foot Burmese python known as Banana and draped it over herself as she moaned “[I’m a Slave 4 U](https://www.vulture.com/2022/03/when-britney-needed-a-new-sound-the-neptunes-delivered.html)” and hit every step.
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-When he was in L.A., Jamie seemed to become only more determinedly Kentwood. Sometimes he found work as a cook. He cooked venison sausage and crawfish and pulled pork and quail breast with bacon. There was no secret, he said. It was simple southern food, like the kind Jean’s mother would cook with him. Jamie went to rehab in 2004 and was sober for a while and found God again. He became entangled with the Evangelical wife of a Tennessee pastor, a high-school graduate who rode a Harley and claimed to “love nothing more than ministering to other women.” The pastor’s wife owned a business-management firm; she became Jamie Lynn’s business manager. She loaned Jamie money, and he paid her back.
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-Britney married her backup dancer, had two children in quick succession, divorced the backup dancer, and became what the press called *erratic* and *unstable* and, very often, *crazy,* though to many people later on, she looked like a person going through her 20s. She shaved her head. She spent a month in rehab. She performed lethargically at the [VMAs](https://www.vulture.com/2016/08/defining-britney-spears-eras-by-the-vmas.html), a step behind, as if thinking about something else. She missed a court-ordered drug test, was accused of driving with her kids without a California license, and lost custody of them. She began living with a man she met at a nightclub, Sam Lutfi, who called himself her manager. The press often quoted people from Kentwood saying that Britney Spears needed to “come home.” But Britney Spears did not go home to Kentwood. Kentwood came to her.
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-In 2007, Britney Spears, 25, lived in a 7,500-square-foot Studio City mansion with a pool and a yard and space shielded by walls of greenery. She found out that 16-year-old Jamie Lynn was pregnant by reading *OK!* magazine. From afar, Lynne and Jamie felt Lutfi was controlling Britney: In a petition for a restraining order, they accused him of drugging their daughter into compliance, crushing up pills and putting them into her food, disabling her cars, calling her a *bad mother* and a *whore.* (Sam Lutfi’s lawyer denied these allegations.) At the end of a supervised visit with the boys, Britney locked herself in a bathroom with her baby. Giving him back was like losing a child every single time. Someone called the police and Britney was strapped to a gurney, hospitalized, and deprived of further visitation rights. The press referred to this as a *meltdown,* the modern term for *nervous disorder.*
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-“Something drastic would have to happen for Sam to lose control and for Jamie to gain control of his daughter,” Lynne writes, laying out what appeared to her to be the available options. Jamie, who had not been central to Britney’s career, not gone to Orlando or New York, was suddenly dramatic, obsessive, engaged. Something had shifted. His daughter had in some sense lost her children, a tragedy that could drive a mother into darkness. “She used to talk about how she couldn’t believe she was named after her grandmother who killed herself,” Jamie’s brother William said at the time. “Now we are worried the same will happen to her.” He was talking, at the time, to the pastor’s wife. (Her attorney says she did not push for the creation of the conservatorship.) Jamie was praying and fasting. It was in times of sickness, Lynne said, that he made his presence known.
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-Lynne came to visit Britney at the mansion, and when the gates opened, Jamie sneaked in behind her. At the door, the manager, Sam Lutfi, told Jamie to leave; Britney, he said, was afraid of her father. Jamie, the manager alleged in court, lunged at him, fists balled, spitting, shouting, and chased him around Britney’s kitchen island. He was going to beat the hell out of him. Security removed Jamie. The manager, Britney, and Lynne went to Rite Aid, where Britney bought a lipstick. The next morning, Jamie showed up and punched the manager in the solar plexus.
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-Three days later, Britney was again hospitalized against her will. June Austin, 78 and a widower three times over, said he was worried about her. “She shouldn’t go in the nut house,” he said. “Sometimes you come out worse than you go in.” It was the same year that Jo Ann, the woman June Austin had had institutionalized against her will, died in poverty. She had become, late in life, highly medicated, vacant. Her daughter had her grave inscribed THY TRIALS ARE OVER, THY REST IS WON.
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-Jamie submitted a document requesting that he become Britney’s conservator, though this was not to be a typical conservatorship because the conservatee was not elderly, but a 26-year-old woman capable of generating hundreds of millions of dollars. The document suggested Britney suffered from dementia; the accuracy of this diagnosis would be contested. On the *Today* show the pastor’s wife instructed everyone to pray to God to “intercede” for the Spears family. Jamie put the pastor’s wife’s company in charge of Britney’s finances; her company would be intimately involved in the day-to-day conduct of Britney’s life. Britney was no longer in control of herself or her money.
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-In January 2008, Jamie had to sneak into Britney’s home. Shortly thereafter, Britney’s conservator walked freely into her large, dark, Italianate kitchen. He was hovering over a stove in a white tank and jeans, with both eyeglasses and sunglasses hanging around his neck, beside the island around which he had chased the manager. He had won. “I’m ready to go. I’m making my baby some cheesy grits,” he told a documentarian. “Grits is a old southern tradition. She’s been eating them since she was born, she loves them. I don’t have no sprinkle cheese, so I’m just putting her momma’s old-timey way here, doing it with just some Velveeta in it.” He licked some off a spatula, walked the grits to a bathroom where Britney was having her hair dried, and handed them to her. He wasn’t sure there was enough butter and cheese, but she said there was. She called him “Daddy”; he called her “Baby.” He could be brought to tears just looking at her, how beautiful she was. “Daddy!” she said of his tears. “I don’t understand how he can be such an asshole and then so nice!” When he tried to give creative input — he thought she should be thinking about other women as she sang “Womanizer” — she nodded and looked away, the way you do when a man traps you at a party, and made fun of him later. She and the team yelled at each other. He called her fat, she mocked him to his face, he cried. “Gimme that phone,” he said. “No, Daddy!” she replied.
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-There did not seem to be anything in Jamie that craved opulence. He did his own laundry when the others sent theirs out. He did not live in a stately house Britney bought him, as her mother did; his addresses were modest. He sought something else. He exerted what Lynne called “absolutely microscopic control” over every detail of Britney’s life. Britney wanted sushi for dinner; she was told sushi was expensive, she had had sushi yesterday. She wanted a pair of Skechers; she was told there wasn’t the budget for it. She was not allowed alcohol, and she was not allowed coffee, and she was not allowed to restain her kitchen cabinets. She was not allowed to drive and was only intermittently allowed a phone, which would, according to some members of a security team hired by Jamie, be surveilled. Close friends were removed from her life.
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-“My dad isn’t smart enough to even think of a conservatorship,” Britney said later on Instagram, and many people agreed with her; they blamed the company he kept. But it was Jamie to whom the team would turn when Britney was disobedient. It was Jamie who would threaten, should she refuse to work, to prevent her from seeing her children. It was his name on the paperwork that stripped her of autonomy. It was Jamie, drunk on power, who said, “I am Britney Spears.”
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-Britney returned to work immediately. She released an album. Because she had lost weight and begun working, many people said Jamie had “saved” her. Britney repeated this to the press; her father had saved her. Britney went on tour to 20 cities. “I don’t know, can she rehearse on her birthday?” someone asked an executive who worked for the pastor’s wife. “She’s gonna rehearse” was the response. Jamie hovered. They were shooting a scene in which she kissed a man; she asked her manager to ask him to leave because he made her uncomfortable. When Britney’s trailer was too hot, he duct-taped an air conditioner to a cylinder and piped it in. A “redneck air conditioner,” he called it. “Don’t go nowhere without duct tape.” “Daddy!” she said.
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-For Jamie, there were threats everywhere. Who wouldn’t want what his daughter had? She was too easily influenced, subject to predators, to men playing mind games. When she found a phone and called the manager, this was evidence that she was still being controlled; Jamie got a restraining order against him. When she covertly tried to hire her own lawyer to get out of the conservatorship, this too was evidence that she was being manipulated; Jamie got a restraining order against the lawyer. It was best if Britney were kept isolated from anyone who might try to, in the words of Jamie’s lawyers, “disrupt the conservatorship,” which was, after all, for her, in her interest, an expression of his love and devotion, a burden he had taken on to save her. His daughter wasn’t well versed in the ways of the world. Much like him, she was inarticulate, trapped within her extraordinary physicality. She couldn’t see through people trying to take what she had. “The best thing for her is what she’s doing right now,” Jamie told the documentarian. “She’s in her element. She’s in her world. Keepin’ her busy. Like me? I like to go fishing. She likes to sing and dance.” Jamie told Lynne their daughter was best treated like a “racehorse.”
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-A man who had trouble paying his taxes, had declared bankruptcy, had run a small business into the ground now found himself in control of his superstar daughter’s finances. With the money Britney made working at times against her will, her estate paid a lawyer the court had assigned to her hundreds of thousands of dollars a year; this lawyer never informed her, she told the court, that she could petition to end the conservatorship. Jamie’s lawyers fought to keep her inside the conservatorship and charged the hours to Britney’s estate; the estate paid Jamie $6 million, and dozens of different law firms’ fees totaling $30 million. The estate paid her brother; it is unclear for what. The estate paid $1.5 million for repairs and maintenance on her mother’s mansion in Kentwood; the estate paid Jamie Lynn’s husband (also, incredibly, named Jamie) $178,000 for “professional services” to this single house. Jamie decided, around 2015, that he ought to have a cooking show. It would be called *Cookin’ Cruzin’ and Chaos With Jamie Spears* and would involve a tour bus he retro-fitted and on which he painted a crawfish with a chef’s hat cooking over a cauldron that read KENTWOOD, LOUISIANA. There was never any show. According to Britney, he was drinking again.
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-Years stretched to a decade of Britney having to barter for dinner. All the youthful delicacy was gone from Jamie’s face; he looked thick-jowled and ragged. A hole appeared in his large intestine, and he spent a month in the hospital. June Austin passed away. Banana, thriving, grew to be 15 feet long. Jamie Lynn’s daughter was riding an ATV while her mother, Jamie Lynn, and her father, Jamie Watson, looked on; she flipped it into a pond, fell unconscious, and nearly died.
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-Britney refused to do a dance move and was, she said, hospitalized for four months and put on lithium, as Jo Ann had been. Britney did not have regular access to a phone, but she did have an Instagram account mediated by a social-media team; this quirky account was the subject of a podcast hosted by two comedians. A whistleblower, an anonymous paralegal, called in to the podcast and told these comedians that Britney had been forced into a mental-health facility against her will as retaliation for driving and refusing medication. Over time, hundreds of thousands of people became committed to the cause of freeing Britney Spears. “The world don’t have a clue,” Jamie told a journalist. These people were “conspiracy theorists.” Jamie allegedly busted through a door and got into a fight with Britney’s 13-year-old son. The boy’s father was granted a restraining order from the man in control of the boy’s mother.
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-Her de facto indentured servitude endured for 13 years, at the end of which Britney Spears begged once again to be freed. “I cried on the phone for an hour,” Britney told the judge, “and he loved every minute of it. The control he had over someone as powerful as me — he loved the control to hurt his own daughter, one hundred thousand percent. He loved it.” She thought he and her entire family belonged in prison.
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-Her family seemed puzzled, bewildered by the suggestion that it might have gone any other way. In the one interview he did, from the home Britney built her mother, Britney’s brother, Bryan, made a joke about how pushy women in his family always get their way. He agreed that perhaps it made sense to end the conservatorship, which had been “a great thing for our family,” but didn’t quite see how things could work with Britney granted the rights of an adult. “Oh, so are you gonna call and make reservations for yourself today?” he asked. “Like, if you’re coming into life and you’ve never had to do something, and having to learn it, it’s going to be an adjustment … everyday-task stuff is probably gonna be a great challenge, like driving,” he said. “She is the worst driver in the world.” The interviewer gently suggested Uber and an executive assistant.
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-Two people who did not seem confused were Leigh Ann and John Mark, the children June Austin had with Jo Ann. “Typical for this family and how they treat their women,” Leigh Ann told a journalist. “Jamie did to her what my daddy did to my mom and Emma Jean. They are mean and they will destroy you if they can’t control you.”
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-“These Spears men are something awful,” John Mark told the same journalist. “He ruined Emma Jean and he ruined my mama. He shipped them both off to Mandeville from time to time. So I’m not too surprised about what Jamie’s done to Britney. It’s all about control with the Spears men.” A judge declared the conservatorship ended, and fans popped pink confetti outside the courthouse. A lawyer for Jamie Spears failed to respond to a detailed set of questions from *New York* Magazine.
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-A princess freed from a tower is meant to go back to being a princess. Britney, restored to herself, did not do interviews. She stayed on Instagram, apparently unfiltered, where she reached the fans who had finally brought the conservatorship to broader awareness. But it was not the release for which many of them had hoped. She posted endless Reels of herself twirling wildly in yellow ruffles and dark eyeliner. An astonishing number of women told me that after supporting the Free Britney movement, they had regretfully unfollowed her; her posts had become uncomfortable to watch. She seemed unwell. Missing was the control that had turned her into someone we thought we knew: Britney’s unparalleled command of her body, her mastery of self-presentation, that sense that she could become precisely the person she wanted us to see. The connection had been ruptured. The *It* was gone. This was, in public, unsayable, because it seemed to imply a justification for the conservatorship, but of course social-media posts that provoke unwanted feelings do not justify the abridgment of a woman’s most basic rights. They merely suggest that one cannot be returned to the status of a child for 13 years, placed under the dictatorial control of a damaged man, and emerge unchanged.
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-A station wagon full of students from Valley Forge, the private white high school, smashed into a parked truck; four of the children died, and the school eventually closed. Collis Temple bought the building that had once housed Kentwood’s Black high school and turned it into a Head Start location, an educational center on the history of Black high schools, and housing for veterans. A local historian discovered there had been a train wreck in Kentwood in 1903 on those tracks that connect the little towns — Osyka, Amite, Kentwood, Tangipahoa — and 75 men had died, some with playing cards still in their hands. Carpenter crews arrived to build coffins and place the bodies in a mass grave. The historian’s name is Antoinette Harrell, and she will tell you with no hint of irony that she is still an outsider here in Kentwood because she is originally from Amite, 20 minutes south, and has lived here for only 17 years.
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-A place where you can be an outsider for 17 years is a place that keeps its secrets. June Austin “pulled the trigger one way or another” is Leigh Ann’s description of Jean’s death. When I asked a family member what she had heard about June Austin, she said she had only heard he had killed his wife. “Drove her to her death?” I clarified. “No,” she said. “Literally.” But the story that matters here is the story Jamie was told, which is the one everyone was told in the small town where people lived fast and died so often on the little roads winding through the tall trees.
-
-A year has passed since Britney Spears was freed from the control of her father. Lynne, estranged from Britney Jean, lives in the mansion Britney built for her. Jamie, still friendly with his football teammates and most of the town they entertained 50 years ago, chooses to live ten miles away in an RV parked on a vast, perfectly manicured lawn, behind a wooden fence with a gate sign that reads BEWARE OF DOG, four miles from the cemetery where his mother lived and died. Looming over the small RV is a large warehouse, and inside that warehouse are trunks full of stuff belonging to a beautiful woman who resembles no one as much as his mother. Here are the giant shimmering angel wings, here the red ringmaster’s jacket, underwear, the little green top in which she sang about being a slave.
-
-There is no answer to the question of why Jamie Spears effectively imprisoned his daughter for 13 years. If there is, it isn’t here in Osyka, under an ancient moss-furred oak in a graveyard loud with the low buzz of cicadas. Yet it would be hard to conjure a deeper wound than this: not just to be left with an abusive man by a loving mother at the fragile age of 13, but left over her grief for another boy, as if to say, “You, the living son, the eldest son, are not enough.” The opposite of seeking total control over another person is not the establishment of healthy boundaries. The opposite of control is this: a soft wind over a hard stone, a mother present at breakfast gone by dusk, the insistent whisper of that terrible word, *abandoned.*
-
--   [Kim Petras Honors Britney Spears on the AMA Red Carpet](https://www.vulture.com/2022/11/amas-2022-kim-petras-jean-dress-honors-britney-spears.html)
--   [Britney Spears Saw the Documentaries and Thinks They’re the ‘Trashiest’](https://www.vulture.com/2022/11/britney-spears-documentaries-trash.html)
--   [Britney Spears Claims She Wasn’t Being ‘Critical’ of Christina Aguilera](https://www.vulture.com/2022/09/britney-spears-christina-aguilera-instagram-fat-shaming-post.html)
-
-[See All](https://www.vulture.com/tags/britney-spears)
-
-House of Spears
-
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-Tag: ["🗳️", "🇺🇸", "⛺️"]
-Date: 2023-04-30
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-04-30
-Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/28/us/bend-oregon-mayor-homeless.html
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-&emsp;
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-# How Craig Coyner Became Homeless in the City Where He Was Once Mayor
-
-![A black-and-white photo of a man with a mustache wearing glasses and a jacket and tie.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/04/24/us/bend-mayor-top/bend-mayor-top-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Craig Coyner joined the Bend City Council in the 1980s and went on to become mayor.Credit...Bend Bulletin, via Deschutes County Historical Society
-
-Craig Coyner’s descent onto the streets of Bend, Ore., came after decades spent fighting as a lawyer and politician for those on the edge of society.
-
--   April 28, 2023
-
-BEND, Ore. — As he navigated one day last fall through a crowded grid of beds at one of Oregon’s largest homeless shelters, Steve Martin, a longtime rancher and community volunteer, was brought to a halt by a familiar voice that called out from an unfamiliar face.
-
-“Aren’t you going to say, ‘Hi,’ Steve?” said the man, with eyes peering through curtains of white hair and a beard that flared in neglected disarray. Mr. Martin, who spent many of his days working among the shelter’s residents, considered the man’s gaunt frame, searching for a clue. Then the man spoke again: “It’s Craig.”
-
-The words jolted Mr. Martin with a mix of recognition and disbelief. He had known Craig Coyner for more than 50 years, watching with admiration as the man from one of the most prominent families in Bend, Ore., rose through an acclaimed career — as a prosecutor, a defense lawyer and then a mayor who helped turn the town into one of the nation’s fastest-growing cities.
-
-Now, at age 75, Mr. Coyner was occupying a bed at the shelter on Second Street, his house lost to foreclosure, his toes gnarled by frostbite, his belongings limited to a tub of tattered clothing and books on the floor next to his bed.
-
-In the years since the two old friends had fallen out of touch, Mr. Coyner had been pulled through a vortex of the same crises that were churning through many boom towns across the West: untreated mental illness, widespread addiction, soaring housing costs and a waning sense of community. After a life spent as a pillar of Bend’s civic life, Mr. Coyner had somehow reached a point of near total destitution, surrounded by the prosperity he had helped create.
-
-Once a tiny timber town, Bend had undergone a striking transformation in recent decades, as moneyed newcomers from Seattle or Portland or San Francisco discovered a getaway that managed to be both trendy and a throwback to what everyone imagines small-town America can be. Families could float the Deschutes River in the summer and ski the Cascades in the winter, stopping at an array of craft breweries, organic eateries, art galleries and — a point of special pride for the city — the last Blockbuster video store on Earth.
-
-Image
-
-![A man stands at a white board in a room where several other people sit at tables.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/04/27/multimedia/00nat-bend-mayor-shelter-wzkc/00nat-bend-mayor-shelter-wzkc-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Lighthouse Navigation Center, a homeless shelter in Bend where Mr. Coyner sought refuge.Credit...Joe Kline for The New York Times
-
-But as housing costs strained the budgets of Bend’s nurses, teachers and police officers, homelessness soared in the city of 100,000 people, much as it had in far larger West Coast cities. RVs started parking on side streets; people with full-time jobs at gas stations and grocery stores at times went home to tents erected in the sagebrush along street medians. The shelter where Mr. Coyner had finally found refuge had been over capacity for months.
-
-Mr. Martin’s mind raced with questions for Mr. Coyner, as he wondered what had transpired in the years since they last connected and how Mr. Coyner’s life could have taken such a drastic turn.
-
-Over the next couple of months, he would pick up Mr. Coyner from the shelter from time to time, and they would go out for drives. They stopped to get Mr. Coyner an overdue haircut at King’s Razor. They grabbed coffee at the 7-Eleven. They sat out by the municipal airport, watching the private planes come and go while reminiscing about their long-ago efforts to save the airstrip from closure.
-
-They talked more about the future than the past, with Mr. Coyner wondering how he could find a more permanent place to live.
-
-“He was real discouraged that he would never find anything,” Mr. Martin said.
-
-But Mr. Coyner was also starting to regain the optimism that had long defined his view of the city. Plenty of people in Bend were going through hard times, he said in an interview earlier this year when he talked about the arc of his life. He had seen them overcome such times before, and they would do so again. So would he.
-
-“This is my town,” Mr. Coyner said. “I love it.”
-
-## A Mayor During Turmoil
-
-Mr. Coyner was born into a family committed to civic duty.
-
-In the early 1900s, his great-grandfather was mayor of Bend, then a newly incorporated outpost in central Oregon where timber prospectors were scooping up forestlands. Before long, a community once known as a place to ford the river was a key stop on a growing railroad network. Some of the largest pine mills in the world processed logs so massive that some first needed to be split by dynamite.
-
-By the mid-1970s, after getting drafted for a stint in the Marines, marrying his girlfriend from college and getting a law degree in Portland, Mr. Coyner returned to Bend, following his father into a career as a lawyer and settling into a compact one-story home, purchased for $25,500 in the northeast corner of town.
-
-The couple had two daughters but split up a few years later, as Mr. Coyner, still building his legal career, at times grew combative at home.
-
-Image
-
-Mr. Coyner, center, surrounded by his cousins, sister and grandparents in an undated family photo.Credit...Kristen Coyner
-
-Itching to spar over the wonkiest legal doctrines, he commanded such a depth of knowledge and a skill for arguing that he kept notching victories for clients and frustrating the local prosecutors, who decided the best course of action was to hire Mr. Coyner.
-
-“I thought he’d be better working in our office — working for us, rather than against us,” said Mike Dugan, who was in the county prosecutor’s office and later became the district attorney.
-
-In 1981, Mr. Coyner, who cut a figure around town with his tortoiseshell glasses and calculator watch, joined the City Council. He married Patty Davis, who worked selling radio advertising around Bend, and as his former wife also remarried, he stopped connecting with his daughters.
-
-In 1984, his fellow council members elected him as mayor.
-
-It was a time of tumult for the city. The global recession had gutted the timber industry, with less wood product going to customers around the world and more covering up windows in Bend’s empty business district. Locals feared the community was on the path to becoming a ghost town.
-
-Homeless people congregated along the railroad tracks that had helped establish Bend as a timber capital. On cold nights, rail crews would deliberately leave some of their idle train cars open, providing a modest refuge.
-
-Mr. Coyner worked with Mr. Martin to raise funds for them, at times going out to the railroad tracks himself to distribute donated clothes and 19-cent cheeseburgers picked up from the local Arctic Circle. His connections helped people find cheap places to live at a time when rooms could be rented for as little as $75 a month.
-
-Mr. Coyner saw it as a time to transition Bend’s economy to something that would harness the surrounding natural beauty in new ways, welcoming visitors who sought to ski, hike, camp and bike.
-
-He and fellow council members began drawing up plans to expand the sewer system and improve road capacity. Kathie Eckman, one of the council members at the time, said there was excitement but also uncertainty.
-
-“We were warned at that point: Be careful what you wish for,” Ms. Eckman said.
-
-Image
-
-Downtown Bend has transformed in recent decades as newcomers have flocked to the city.Credit...Joe Kline for The New York Times
-
-## New Directions
-
-The timber mills were shutting down, but the old mill district began evolving into what today is a ritzy shopping district with an REI, a spa and a designer jewelry store.
-
-Some people were wary of such swift change, and in 1992, Mr. Coyner was ousted from the City Council by rivals seeking to rein in growth. It did not work: Over the subsequent decade, the county’s population grew faster than anywhere else in the state.
-
-Mr. Coyner returned to his work as a defense lawyer, and he regularly reminded younger peers about the importance of continuing to fight for those who were less fortunate. He spoke about health care and transportation and poverty and all the other factors that might lead someone to commit a crime.
-
-“He would say, ‘To be effective at that job as a public defender, you have to fight for solutions to the problems that would cause your defendants to get involved in the criminal justice system in the first place,’” said John Hummel, who joined the public defender’s office in 1996 and later became district attorney.
-
-Image
-
-Mr. Coyner, right, and Glenn Reed at a Bend City Commission meeting in November 1985.Credit...Bend Bulletin, via Deschutes County Historical Society
-
-Mr. Coyner had long been a personable, intelligent lawyer who got along with judges and clients, said Tom Crabtree, who was the head of the public defender’s office at the time. But in later years, Mr. Crabtree said he watched as Mr. Coyner’s amiable nature started to grow caustic.
-
-Judges began to report concerns about Mr. Coyner’s work and conduct. The office altered his job duties to try and ease his travel schedule. But the concerns kept compounding.
-
-When a judge removed him from a case one day, Mr. Coyner’s startling outburst in the courtroom led Mr. Crabtree to decide it was time to terminate Mr. Coyner, who responded, he said, with a death threat.
-
-For several days, Mr. Crabtree wore a bulletproof vest to work.
-
-## A Series of Losses
-
-The underlying problem was an emerging bipolar disorder, Mr. Coyner said, compounded because he had turned to drinking as a way to cope.
-
-On the day after Thanksgiving in 2003, a few years after losing his job, Mr. Coyner was arrested, accused of damaging a woman’s car and resisting a police officer. The state bar suspended his license in response to complaints that he was neglecting duties to his clients.
-
-Then, in 2008, came the worst blow of all: His wife, Patty, [died after an illness](https://www.bendbulletin.com/localstate/patricia-ann-davis-coyner/article_c614c7f8-d881-52a6-acc7-86d2a27128ac.html).
-
-Mr. Coyner had already pushed others out of his life, not only his daughters, but his sister, who had started to distance herself when late-night drunken phone calls had turned abusive. After Patty died, his brother came to check on him, but Mr. Coyner did not seem to want him there.
-
-Police encounters twice led him to being placed briefly in psychiatric care, and he struggled to get his life back on track.
-
-But he managed to find a connection with a new friend, Cheraphina Edwards. They had met at a local saloon, and she later brought him a DVD of a film produced by the conspiracist Alex Jones about how global elites were advancing a secret plan to exterminate much of humanity. Mr. Coyner was enthralled, Ms. Edwards said, and as she moved in with him to serve as a caregiver, the two began discussing Mr. Coyner’s theories that powerful figures in Bend were plotting to kill him.
-
-Even then, Mr. Coyner was regularly welcoming people who had lost their housing to stay at his small house, or out in the yard. Some days, he would go down to the Bend Community Center, which served daily meals to the needy, arriving early to help set up coffee or staying late to wash dishes.
-
-But without a job, he was falling behind on his mortgage, and the bank began foreclosure proceedings in 2012.
-
-Image
-
-In Bend, vehicles park along Hunnell Road, which has become an encampment for people experiencing homelessness.Credit...Joe Kline for The New York Times
-
-Mr. Coyner had worked in prior years to help others facing foreclosure, and he resisted his own fate vehemently. Still, by 2017, the police were closing in on plans to evict him. Mr. Coyner had warned an agent at the mortgage company that the only thing the banks would receive from him was a “burnt house with a body inside,” one officer wrote in an email at the time to his colleagues.
-
-When deputies eventually removed Mr. Coyner from the house, he and Ms. Edwards found few living options in a changed city. Rents had jumped 40 percent in five years. Many people who had lived in town their whole lives could no longer afford to live there, he said.
-
-Mr. Coyner and Ms. Edwards crashed for a bit on a friend’s couch. They spent other times sleeping in a truck, parked in the woods next to a golf course. Eventually, they heard about an abandoned cabin in the nearby community of La Pine, driving out to find that it looked more like a shed and would require them to bathe from water heated on a wood stove.
-
-“It was so tiny, it scared me,” Ms. Edwards said. “I put it in reverse, and Craig said, ‘No, we’re going to have to live here.’”
-
-## New Connections
-
-On a spring day in 2018, Mr. Coyner was walking near the hospital in Bend when a woman stopped him.
-
-“Craig?” the woman asked.
-
-“You’re my daughter,” he said with a shock of recognition.
-
-It was Catherine Emick, one of the daughters he had not seen since she was a teenager. Now, she was 40. They exchanged phone numbers and made plans to meet again.
-
-It was the beginning of a slow reconciliation. One day, they met for drinks. She sipped a lemonade; he had a beer. Soon, he was beginning to reconnect with his other daughter, Elizabeth Smith. But he never asked for help.
-
-Things were not going that well between Mr. Coyner and Ms. Edwards, and in the spring of 2022, he moved out of the cabin and was once again on his own.
-
-By then, the coronavirus pandemic had heightened awareness of the attractive, small-town life that Bend offered, and remote workers with lucrative salaries were scooping up homes. The median home price jumped to nearly $800,000, with houses often snapped up by all-cash buyers.
-
-Mr. Coyner found himself camping sometimes in a tent along the Parkway, the road he had helped get built to prepare Bend for the growth city leaders had anticipated. Other times, he set up on the property of a group that served homeless veterans — an organization where he was once a board member. Sometimes he would venture near Coyner Trail, a walking path through town named for his family because of all they had done for the city.
-
-Image
-
-Catherine Emick reconnected with her father after bumping into him in Bend. They had not seen each other since she was a teenager.Credit...Joe Kline for The New York Times
-
-Last fall, as overnight temperatures were dipping below 20 degrees, Frankie Smalley, a homeless friend, walked through town to track down Mr. Coyner. Then he came upon a yellow tent near the Walmart. “Hey Craig, you in there?” he called out.
-
-He heard a voice inside and pulled back the tent flap. A pungent smell of urine and feces filled the air. Inside, Mr. Coyner’s shoes were soaking wet, his feet so frostbitten he was hobbling with pain when he tried to stand up. When he refused to go to a shelter, Mr. Smalley contacted Ms. Edwards, and she called the police for help.
-
-He wound up at the hospital, where he was treated for frostbite, but he was soon discharged to the city’s new low-barrier shelter. It had room for 100 but often had many more sleeping there.
-
-“I’ve got a lot of company,” Mr. Coyner said in the interview. “Places like this are absolutely necessary.”
-
-The frostbite had damaged Mr. Coyner’s toes so badly that he had to go back to the hospital at the end of January for an amputation. There were complications. After the surgery, he had a stroke that left him unable to speak.
-
-Mr. Martin came to visit, and so did Ms. Edwards, praying for him. Mr. Coyner lurched forward in joy when Ms. Smith, his daughter, came. She sat for hours, telling him about her life and introducing him to her husband.
-
-“I wanted to let him know I’m doing OK,” she said. “I wanted him to know that he wasn’t alone.”
-
-When his other daughter, Ms. Emick, held his hand and bowed her head, Mr. Coyner reached over and touched her head. She hugged him, the kind of embrace they had not shared in 35 years. She wondered how the city her father loved had missed so many opportunities to help him.
-
-If he had been a dog, she said, somebody would have rescued him long ago.
-
-Days later, on Feb. 14, Craig Coyner died.
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-Tag: ["🎭", "🎥", "🇺🇸", "👤"]
-Date: 2023-01-15
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-01-15
-Link: https://www.gq.com/story/gq-hype-dave-bautista
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-&emsp;
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-# How Dave Bautista Made Himself A Movie Star
-
-*GQ Hype: It's the big story of right now.*
-
----
-
-**It’s a sleepy, steamy** Thursday night in Tampa, and it’s even sleepier inside the intimate, upscale-ish eatery where I’m currently sitting alone at the bar. The tables around me are sparsely populated by a few families, a first date or two, and a smattering of well-sunned retirees. If a celebrity were to suddenly stroll through the door—like, say, an actor who appeared in the highest-grossing film of all time, or a pro wrestler who once headlined WrestleMania—you might reasonably expect all of the energy in the room to swiftly shift in that direction. 
-
-Only, when the wrestler-turned-actor Dave Bautista *does* amble in, nobody really looks up from their plates. Even the host at this establishment, where Bautista dines often, takes a beat to recognize his most famous client. (“Surprised you’re not at the Maiden show tonight!” he tells Bautista after they shake hands.) It is not for lack of movie star style on Bautista’s part—he’s squeezed his hulking frame into a flattering rollneck sweater and faded red jeans—but perhaps a purposeful lack of movie star aura. At 53, he still possesses the physique of an adult grizzly bear with a CrossFit habit, but in public he seems to shrink himself a little, treading as unassumingly as possible. (We are, after all, in Tampa—not LA, or even Miami.)
-
-Once we’re seated at a corner table in an empty adjoining room, away from any potential prying eyes, Bautista finally pulls off his newsboy cap and sunglasses and plops them on the table close by, as though he might need to yank them on again at a moment’s notice. “This is my pacifier,” he says, pointing to his shades. His disarming baritone is soft enough that I self-consciously nudge my recorder a little closer to him. “Like this”—bare-faced, he means—“I feel exposed. But if I put on glasses and a hat, that’s my security blanket. I want to cover up and have some protection.” 
-
-That…is not what Dave Bautista will be receiving any time soon. Because 2023 is shaping up to be the biggest year of Bautista’s improbably exciting career. He’s currently all over Netflix, stealing scenes as blowhard YouTuber Duke Cody in *Glass Onion*, the widely celebrated *Knives Out* sequel. Next month, he stars in the M. Night Shyalaman thriller *A Knock at the Cabin*. May brings his farewell to the Marvel Cinematic Universe in *Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3*, and he’ll cap the year off in November with a vastly expanded role in *Dune: Part Two*. The sunglasses are going to come in handy.
-
-That run of projects obscures the fact that it would’ve been easy for someone with Bautista’s biceps and resumé to settle into a string of mindless but lucrative action flicks. Instead, he’s spent the last decade carving out the weirdest, most artful filmography of any WWE alumnus, working with a murderer’s row of Letterboxd-approved directors: Denis Villeneuve, Rian Johnson, Sam Mendes, James Gunn. “I never wanted to be the next Rock,” he puts it plainly. “I just want to be a good fucking actor. A respected actor.” 
-
-He *is* that now—not just not the next Rock, but a wholly new sort of action star. He’s gotten there against incalculable odds—brawling through financial ruin, familial woes, prejudices against his former career, skepticism about his abilities, and, of course, his own self-doubt. And he's done it by taking off his cap and sunglasses and staring straight into the spotlight. Not that that's gotten any easier. 
-
-“I’m afraid of things,” Bautista says. “I’m nervous about things. But I can force myself to do things that make me uncomfortable, because I know I’m not gonna get anywhere if I don’t. I may cringe after the fact, but I’m not going to let that fear hold me back.” 
-
----
-
-**The first time Bautista** did something uncomfortable that paid off enormously, he was 30 years old. He’d been bouncing at clubs in D.C., where he grew up, ever since he dropped out of high school at 17. The job had its risks, of course—Bautista recalls shots being fired and bottles getting smashed over heads, and he was once arrested after a fistfight with two patrons. But mostly, the gig allowed him to drift into a complacent routine. “I bounced all night, I worked out, I went to sleep,” he says. “That’s what I did for ten-plus years.” 
-
-And then, one fateful Christmas in the late ‘90s, Bautista discovered he couldn’t afford presents for his two daughters. “I had to go to a guy I worked for at a club and ask him if I could borrow money,” he remembers. “I was so ashamed of myself that I said, ‘I can’t do this anymore. I gotta find something.’ I didn't know what the fuck to do. I had no education. I had nothing to fall back on. And I was fucking desperate.” 
-
-He wound up at an open tryout for World Championship Wrestling, where he figured his years of obsessive weightlifting would help him sail through and earn a contract. He was wrong. “My training partner and I walked in,” Bautista says, “and we’re twice as big as anybody in there. Not only do we look the part, but we’re athletic. And the guy who was running the camp singled us out and literally ran us into the ground. Just could not get rid of us fast enough. We’re puking, my buddy’s nose starts bleeding. He’s just humiliating us. End of the day, he tells me to leave and that I’d never be a professional wrestler.” 
-
-Bautista took the rejection personally. He signed up for classes at Wild Samoan Training Center, a legendary Pennsylvania pro wrestling school. He fell in love with the physical side of the sport immediately, but clamped up the moment anyone put a mic in his hand. When the local news dropped by the school one day to interview its top prospects, Bautista remembers, “they had to stop me and get somebody else to do the interview, because my lip was shaking so bad.” But he had enough potential for WWE to sign him to a developmental contract in 2000. 
-
-It took years, but Bautista eventually grew more comfortable with the performance side of the sport—and *Batista*, his wrestling persona, earned the respect of his peers and fans one monstrous, spine-shattering powerbomb at a time. He won the first of his six world championships in 2005, traded a tiny D.C. apartment for a Tampa megamansion, and filled the driveway with a fleet of exotic cars and motorcycles. By 2009, Bautista was one of WWE’s single biggest stars—though, from his perspective, he wasn’t getting treated like one. 
-
-“John Cena and I were both headlining shows,” Bautista says. “I was \[the face of\] *SmackDown*. He was *Raw*. But he was being used in \[WWE-produced\] films and television commercials and magazines, and I was just headlining shows. In fact, there was one point where he was off making a film and I was headlining both sets of shows and the pay-per-views. It was just a feeling of, ‘We’re not getting equal opportunities.’” 
-
-And in that particular moment—with superhero movies cementing themselves as the dominant form in Hollywood, and The Rock’s record-breaking film career starting to take flight—the opportunities for [wrestlers outside the ring](https://www.gq.com/story/20-best-wrestlers-turned-actors) were more lucrative than ever. Suddenly, Hollywood had plenty of time for the musclebound goliaths they’d spent decades largely ignoring. But WWE was less interested in letting Bautista cash in. 
-
-Following a series of failed negotiations, Bautista left WWE in January 2010 to become an actor. Up to that point in his career, Bautista says, he “couldn’t have cared less about acting. I felt like I was coming into my own as a wrestler. I loved it. I couldn’t get enough of it.” But denied the chance to pursue movies on the side the way Cena had, Bautista was forced to bet on himself again, leave the ring behind, and set off to prove yet another set of doubters wrong. 
-
----
-
-**The first few years** after his departure from WWE, Bautista floundered. He burned through his wrestling money. His house was foreclosed on. He sold the cars and the bikes and anything else he could. “I lost everything,” he says. “I had to start all over.” That meant heading to LA to work with an acting coach, and appearing in a couple of pride-swallowing direct-to-DVD movies just to get his reps in. Not *too* many, though, per advice from an old friend.  “Before I left WWE, Stone Cold Steve Austin pulled me aside and said, ‘You’re going to get offers for horrible scripts. The money will be tempting. Don’t get caught in that trap.’” So, even when he could hardly afford to do so, Bautista insisted on being “picky and choosy” about the projects he appeared in. Not poisoning his IMDb page with too much low-budget schlock, he figured, was more valuable in the long term than whatever experience he might gain from those roles.
-
-He snagged small breaks (a role in RZA’s film *The Man with the Iron Fists*) and then bigger ones (Vin Diesel’s *Riddick*), and by the time the right opportunity came around, he was ready. To land the role of Drax the Destroyer in Marvel’s unlikely space opera *Guardians of the Galaxy*, Bautista endured months of repeat auditions for ever-higher rungs of Disney brass and incessant rumors of bigger names up for the part. He was in the car on his way to the gym when he found out he got the job. “I had to pull over because I was crying so hard,” he says now. “I turned right back around and walked into my house shaking to tell my wife I had gotten the role, and we were both standing there freaking out.” 
-
-In Drax, Bautista discovered the ideal vessel for his still-developing acting abilities—a volatile killer with a heart of gold and a deeply literal brain, arguably the funniest part of what remains the single funniest Marvel movie. *Guardians* was a surprise smash critically and financially, and served as confirmation that Bautista had been wise to bet on himself. He bought a new house in Tampa. He even returned to WWE on occasion. And he found himself, for the first time, an in-demand actor. 
-
-Suddenly, there was Bautista squaring off against James Bond in 2015’s *Spectre*, staring down Ryan Gosling in 2017’s *Blade Runner 2049*, and going joke-for-joke with Kumail Nanjiani in 2019’s underrated buddy cop romp *Stuber*. Through all his movies, you can literally watch Bautista become a better actor. You can see him finding his rhythms, refining his nuances, and disappearing—as much as a 6’2”, 270-pound force of nature can disappear—into his characters. “I’m obsessed with it,” Bautista says of acting. “It’s this puzzle that I can’t figure out. You don’t know if it’s right, but sometimes it *feels* right. I don’t get those moments a lot, but every once in a while I do. And fuck, to me, there’s nothing like it. It’s a natural high. It’s an addiction.” 
-
-It’s the same feeling that took hold of him the first time he stepped into the ring, and that propelled him to megastardom in WWE. Now, that unbridled, unfiltered joy is drawing major filmmakers his way. “It felt more like working with Haley \[Joel Osment\] in *Sixth Sense* than anything else,” M. Night Shyalaman tells me of directing Bautista in *Knock at the Cabin*. “When Haley came on set, the set would become reverential—even though he was 10, he was approaching it with an importance, all of his cells were going toward the emotion of his character. Dave conveyed that same thing. All the other actors fed off his purity of intention. It was infectious in the best way.”
-
-*Knock*, to Bautista, marks a major stepping stone in his journey to leading-man-dom.  “It’s by far the most I’ve ever spoken in a film,” he says. “Just huge pages of monologues. We were shooting on film, which is very expensive. And we were shooting with one camera, so you don’t have the luxury of edits. It’s your only opportunity—you need a perfect take. It’s a lot of pressure. I want to remember my dialogue, but not at the expense of losing the emotion of the scene.” 
-
-By all accounts, Bautista absolutely crushed it. “It’s a revelatory thing,” Shyalaman says. “This anomaly of a person that looks like that and can perform at that level.” Rian Johnson, Bautista’s director on *Glass Onion*, believes he’s destined for even more towering heights. “I keep telling all my filmmaker friends,” he says, “that someone is going to give Dave a real dramatic lead role in a movie, and they’re going to look like a genius.” 
-
-Bautista knows what he has to do to reach that next level. It starts with saying farewell to Drax, the role that gave him a career, after nine years, six movies, and a holiday special. “I’m so grateful for Drax. I love him,” he says. “But there’s a relief \[that it’s over\]. It wasn’t all pleasant. It was hard playing that role. The makeup process was beating me down. And I just don’t know if I want Drax to be my legacy—it’s a silly performance, and I want to do more dramatic stuff.” 
-
-The thing Bautista craves more than anything is a chance to work even closer with Denis Villeneuve, the Canadian auteur who has led him on *Blade Runner 2049* and both *Dune* films. “If I could be a number one \[on the callsheet\] with Denis, I would do it for fucking free,” he says. “I think that’s how I could find out how good I could be. He brings out the best in me. He sees me in a different light, sees the performer that I want to be. That might be how I solve the puzzle.” 
-
----
-
-**A few months ago**, while filming *Dune: Part Two* in Budapest, Bautista set up an early screening of *Glass Onion* for the rest of the cast and crew. The man who once tackled The Undertaker off a collapsing steel stage was terrified. “I’m self-conscious about my performances to begin with,” Bautista admits, and the stakes here were especially high. It was his first time watching himself in *Onion*, and he was doing so in a roomful of Oscar winners and A-listers. By the time the credits rolled, though, the theater was delirious with laughter and applause, and Javier Bardem was dancing through the aisles. 
-
-“It felt fucking surreal,” Bautista says. He and Bardem had met while making the first *Dune*, and had even done some press together to promote it, but Bautista insists that his *Glass Onion* screening forged a genuine connection between them. “It was the first time he really embraced me,” he says. “Our conversations after that were different. Which, for me, was fucking everything.” 
-
-That night in Budapest feels a bit like Bautista’s entire career played out in miniature: crippling anxiety begetting wild success, initial underestimation giving way to deep admiration. Even now, he’s laser-focused on mastering his craft, not burnishing his brand. “Honestly, I could give a fuck \[about being a movie star\],” he says. “I don't live a great big glamorous life. I live here in Tampa. I don't care about the spotlight, I don't care about fame. I just want to be a better actor. I want respect from my peers. I don’t need accolades—I really don’t, man. It’s about the experience, about knowing that I accomplished something.” 
-
----
-
-**PRODUCTION CREDITS:**  
-_Photographs by **Dina Litovsky**_
-_Grooming by **Stephanie Hobgood-Lockwood**_
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-Date: 2023-11-12
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-TimeStamp: 2023-11-12
-Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/01/business/how-does-the-worlds-largest-hedge-fund-really-make-its-money.html
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-&emsp;
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-# How Does the World’s Largest Hedge Fund Really Make Its Money?
-
-Ray Dalio’s investing tactics have always been a closely kept secret, even inside Bridgewater Associates. Several years ago, some of Wall Street’s biggest names set out to discover his edge.
-
-![Ray Dalio, wearing a suit and purple tie, sitting in front of a microphone. Behind him, the words “World Economic Forum” appear repeatedly on the wall.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/11/05/multimedia/29The-Fund-Excerpt-qwvg/29The-Fund-Excerpt-qwvg-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Since founding Bridgewater in his Manhattan apartment in 1975, Ray Dalio has been said to have developed prodigious skill at spotting, and making money from, big-picture global economic or political changes.Credit...Xinhua News Agency, via Getty Images
-
-Published Nov. 1, 2023
-Updated Nov. 2, 2023
-
-For years, the whispered questions have passed from one Wall Street trading floor to the next.
-
-Bridgewater Associates, a global investing force, had $168 billion under management at its peak in 2022, making it not just the world’s largest hedge fund, but also more than twice the size of the runner-up. Bridgewater’s billionaire founder, Ray Dalio, was omnipresent in the financial media and said publicly that he had cracked what he termed “the holy grail” of investing, including a series of trading formulas bound to make money, “by which I mean that if you find this thing, you will be rich and successful.”
-
-### Listen to This Article
-
-So why didn’t anyone on Wall Street know much of anything about it?
-
-Since founding Bridgewater in his Manhattan apartment in 1975, Mr. Dalio has been said to have developed prodigious skill at spotting, and making money from, big-picture global economic or political changes, such as when a country raises its interest rates or cuts taxes. That made both a lot of sense and none at all; what was it about Bridgewater that made it so much better at predictions than any other investor in the world trying to do the exact same thing?
-
-Bridgewater earned worldwide fame for [navigating the 2008 financial crisis](https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/01/26/in-punishing-year-for-hedge-funds-biggest-one-thrived/), when the firm’s main fund rose 9 percent while stocks dropped 37 percent, making Mr. Dalio a sought-after adviser for the White House and Federal Reserve and attracting new deep-pocketed clients to his fund. Yet the hedge fund’s overall descriptions of its investment approach could be maddeningly vague. Mr. Dalio often said he relied on Bridgewater’s “investment engine,” a collection of hundreds of “signals,” or quantitative indicators that a market was due to rise or fall. Bridgewater rarely revealed any details of these signals, citing competitive pressure, but if they pointed to trouble ahead or even to uncertainty, Bridgewater said it would buy or sell assets accordingly — even if Mr. Dalio’s own gut might have told him otherwise.
-
-This supposed conquering of his base instincts was central to Mr. Dalio’s identity and expressed in his manifesto, “[Principles](https://www.google.com/search?q=ray+dalio+principles+nytimes&rlz=1C1GCER_en&oq=ray+dalio+principles+nytimes&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyCQgAEEUYORigATIHCAEQIRigATIHCAIQIRigATIHCAMQIRigAdIBCDIzMzVqMWo3qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8),” which prescribed a [doctrine of “radical transparency”](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/27/business/dealbook/bridgewater-associates-hedge-fund-culture-ray-dalio.html) and listed hundreds of rules for how to overcome one’s psyche. (One rule reads, in part: “Not all opinions are equally valuable so don’t treat them as such.”)
-
-What confused rivals, investors and onlookers alike was that the world’s biggest hedge fund didn’t seem to be much of a Wall Street player at all. Much smaller hedge funds could move the markets just by rumors of one trade or another. Bridgewater’s heft should have made it the ultimate whale, sending waves rolling every time it adjusted a position. Instead, the firm’s footprint was more like that of a minnow.
-
-What if the secret was that there was no secret?
-
-The book from which this excerpt is drawn is based on hundreds of interviews with people in and around Bridgewater Associates, including current and former investment employees. It also relies on contemporaneous notes, emails, recordings, court records, myriad other internal and external company documents, and published interviews and articles. Mr. Dalio and other Bridgewater executives declined requests for official interviews but provided feedback through their lawyers and representatives.
-
-## The Freelance Investigators
-
-Three men, each with a vastly different background, took three different passes at the mystery of how Bridgewater picked its positions.
-
-In early 2015, Bill Ackman, the endlessly opinionated hedge fund manager, took the first whack. The billionaire founder of Pershing Square Capital had long found Mr. Dalio’s public pronouncements about his quantitative investment style to be generic and even nonsensical. At a charity event in February that year, Mr. Ackman grilled Mr. Dalio during an onstage interview about how Bridgewater handled the assets it managed.
-
-Mr. Dalio responded: “Well, first of all, I think it’s because I could be long and short anything in the world. I’m basically long in liquid stuff. And I can be short or long anything in the world, and I’m short or long practically everything.”
-
-He also noted that some 99 percent of Bridgewater trading was automated, based on longtime, unspecified rules. “They’re my criteria, so I’m very comfortable,” Mr. Dalio said.
-
-Mr. Ackman tried another tack. He gave Mr. Dalio a layup, the sort of question asked six times an hour on business television. “Let’s say you were to buy one asset, or one stock, or one market, or one currency. Where would you put your money?”
-
-There was a pause, then Mr. Dalio said, “I don’t do that.” He went on to lay out how Bridgewater’s hundreds of investment staff members spent their days, describing a data-driven approach.
-
-Onstage, Mr. Ackman would remark that it was “one of the most interesting conversations I’ve ever had.” But he walked away shaking his head.
-
-“What was he even talking about?” he vented afterward.
-
-The financial analyst Jim Grant, the self-styled “prophet of reason,” watched the interview with amazement. He had an arcane newsletter, Grant’s Interest Rate Observer, which was popular in the sense that many serious investors claimed to read it.
-
-Mr. Grant for years had privately mulled dark questions about Bridgewater. He assigned his top deputy to dig in. They fanned out widely, scrutinizing the firm’s public filings, and furtively talking to anyone who might have a clue as to what was going on. They were inundated with “all sorts of people winking and nodding,” Mr. Grant recalled, “that there’s something really, really wrong.” In October 2017, Mr. Grant devoted a full issue of his publication solely to Bridgewater, and the themes of “distraction, sycophancy” and “mystery.”
-
-The newsletter claimed a litany of issues. Shareholders in Bridgewater’s parent company — a group that includes employees and clients — didn’t automatically receive copies of the firm’s financial statements. Five separate Dalio family trusts appeared to each hold “at least 25 percent but less than 50 percent of Bridgewater, something that seems mathematically difficult,” the newsletter said. Per public disclosures, the hedge fund lent money to its own auditor, which struck the longtime analyst as precarious and unusual. “We will go out on a limb, Bridgewater is not for the ages,” the newsletter concluded.
-
-At 8:30 p.m. the day the report was published, Mr. Grant settled in on the couch at home with his wife to watch a New York Yankees game. When his home phone rang from an unknown Connecticut number, Mr. Grant let the call go to voice mail. Not until about a half-hour later did his wife hear a distant beep. She walked over and hit play on the machine, putting the message on speakerphone. Mr. Dalio’s voice, measured and calm, rang out:
-
-“I’m not sure if you’ve seen the current issue of Grant’s,” Mr. Dalio said, according to Mr. Grant. Mr. Dalio’s message went on for nearly a half-hour detailing his complaints about the piece.
-
-Mr. Grant spent the next week on and off calls with various Bridgewater executives. He realized that he had gotten some crucial bits wrong regarding the fund’s regulatory filings and auditing relationship. Mr. Grant called into the television network CNBC to apologize, though overall, Mr. Grant said, he remained befuddled “about how it actually does business.”
-
-This all piqued the interest of a Boston financial investigator, Harry Markopolos, who had been a no-name analyst in the late 1990s when his boss asked him to reproduce a rival’s trading strategy that seemed to pay off handsomely. Mr. Markopolos couldn’t, but he figured out enough that he began chatting with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Six years later, when his warnings about Bernie Madoff proved right, Mr. Markopolos earned national fame.
-
-To Mr. Markopolos, what was happening in Westport, Conn., where Bridgewater has its headquarters, raised serious questions, according to people who worked with him. Here lay another giant hedge fund famed for an investment approach that no competitors seemed to understand. He got his hands on Bridgewater’s marketing documents, including a summary of the firm’s investment strategy and a detailed chart of fund performance. Bridgewater described itself as a global asset manager, yet these documents didn’t name a single specific asset that had made or lost the firm money. An investment-performance chart indicated the firm seldom had a down year — even when Mr. Dalio’s public predictions proved off, Bridgewater’s main fund, Pure Alpha, consistently seemed to end the year around flat.
-
-As he looked over the documents, Mr. Markopolos felt a familiar flutter in his heart.
-
-His team spoke with Kyle Bass, a Texas hedge fund manager well known for his ahead-of-the-curve predictions that the subprime-mortgage market was about to collapse in 2008, according to three members of Mr. Markopolos’s group. Mr. Bass told colleagues that he, too, had long wondered about how Bridgewater traded.
-
-Mr. Markopolos also went to see David Einhorn of Greenlight Capital, the hedge fund billionaire famed for spotting frauds. Mr. Einhorn welcomed Mr. Markopolos into his Manhattan office, and they sat down with a team of Greenlight analysts who Mr. Einhorn said were interested in investigating Bridgewater themselves, two people present recalled.
-
-After hearing Mr. Markopolos’s talk, Mr. Einhorn said it tracked with his suspicions, too.
-
-That was all the encouragement Mr. Markopolos needed.
-
-Bridgewater, he wrote to the S.E.C., was a Ponzi scheme.
-
-## Circle of Trust
-
-Bridgewater was not a Ponzi scheme.
-
-Which is not to say that all was as Mr. Dalio so often described it.
-
-The S.E.C. and other regulators dutifully took meetings with Mr. Markopolos and his team. The whistle-blowers’ report was passed through the organization, and a team at the agency looked into it. (The S.E.C. declined to comment.)
-
-According to a person briefed on the investigation, what they concluded, in part, was that the world’s biggest hedge fund used a complicated sequence of financial machinations — including relatively hard-to-track trading instruments — to make otherwise straightforward-seeming investments. It made sense to the S.E.C. that rivals couldn’t track them.
-
-Satisfied, the S.E.C. stopped responding to requests from Mr. Markopolos and his crew for updates. Regulators raised no public accusations about Bridgewater. Mr. Markopolos moved on.
-
-As it turned out, by the time the S.E.C. received Mr. Markopolos’s submission, the regulators had already looked into Bridgewater. In the wake of the Madoff fraud, and never having really dug into the world’s biggest hedge fund, S.E.C. staff spent a stretch in Westport, deeply studying the firm’s operations. The S.E.C. did not much bother with how Bridgewater made money, just that it did indeed invest its clients’ accounts.
-
-In fact, remarkably few people at Bridgewater were involved day to day with how the hedge fund made money.
-
-Of Bridgewater’s roughly 2,000 employees at its peak — and hundreds more temporary contractors — fewer than 20 percent were assigned to investments or related research. (The rest worked on operations tasks, including the expansion of Mr. Dalio’s “Principles.”) And of those investment staff members, many held responsibilities no more complicated than those of the average college student. They worked on economic history research projects and produced papers that Mr. Dalio would review and edit.
-
-As for whether those insights made it into Bridgewater’s trading, most research employees knew not to ask, current and former investment employees said.
-
-Only a tiny group at Bridgewater, no more than about 10 people, enjoyed a different view. Mr. Dalio and his longtime deputy, Greg Jensen, plucked the members from the crew of Bridgewater investment associates and offered them entry to the inner sanctum. In exchange for signing a lifetime contract — and swearing never to work at another trading firm — they would see Bridgewater’s inner secrets.
-
-Mr. Dalio called the group of signees the Circle of Trust.
-
-## A True Spectacle
-
-There were two versions of how Bridgewater invested hundreds of billions of dollars in the markets. One version, Mr. Dalio told the public and clients about. The other version, current and former investment employees said, happened behind closed doors.
-
-In the first version, Bridgewater’s hedge funds were a meritocracy of ideas. Every investment staff member or researcher could suggest an investment notion, and the Bridgewater team would debate the merits of the thesis dispassionately, incorporating a broad study of history. Ideas from investment employees with a record of accurate predictions would over time carry more weight and earn backing with more client money. Investors flocked to the approach, assured that Bridgewater — unlike other hedge funds — would not rise or fall off a single trade or prediction from the firm founder. It was the Wall Street equivalent of Darwinism, with a thick wallet.
-
-Every Friday Mr. Dalio’s assistants would deliver thick briefcases full of economic research, which a driver would whisk to Mr. Dalio’s mansion in Greenwich, Conn. The collection formed the basis for what Bridgewater called its “What’s Going On in the World” meeting, held every Monday morning. Mr. Dalio, along with Mr. Jensen and Bridgewater’s longtime co-chief investment officer Bob Prince, would sit at the front of the largest room on campus, where a river wound around a set of medieval-style buildings. Rows upon rows of staff members sat in front of them, as well as the odd visiting client invited to take in the show.
-
-With cameras recording so those in the rest of the firm could watch later, the room would debate for hours the grand topics of the day. It was a true spectacle.
-
-It was also almost entirely irrelevant to what Bridgewater did with its money.
-
-After the meeting, the Circle of Trust would file into a tight corner of offices that few others at the firm had access to, and the real work would begin.
-
-## Trading Game
-
-The bottom line: Mr. Dalio was Bridgewater and Mr. Dalio decided Bridgewater’s investments. True, there was the so-called Circle of Trust. But though more than one person may have weighed in, functionally only one investment opinion mattered at the firm’s flagship fund, employees said. There was no grand system, no artificial intelligence of any substance, no holy grail. There was just Mr. Dalio, in person, over the phone, from his yacht, or for a few weeks many summers from his villa in Spain, calling the shots.
-
-Lawyers for Mr. Dalio and Bridgewater said the hedge fund “is not a place where one man rules because the system makes the decision 98 percent of the time.” They said that “the notion that Mr. Dalio ‘call\[ed\] the shots’ on Bridgewater’s investments is false.”
-
-Mr. Dalio largely oversaw Pure Alpha, the main fund, with a series of if-then rules. If one thing happened, then another would follow. For Pure Alpha, one such if-then rule was that if interest rates declined in a country, then the currency of that country would depreciate, so Pure Alpha would bet against the currencies of countries with falling interest rates.
-
-Many of the rules dealt simply with trends. They suggested that short-term moves were likely to be indicative of long-term ones and dictated following the momentum in various markets.
-
-Bridgewater’s rules gave it an unquestionable edge in the wildly successful early days, in the late 1980s and 1990s, when most people on Wall Street, from junior traders to billionaires, still believed in the value of their intuition.
-
-As the years passed, however, Mr. Dalio’s advantage softened, then seemingly ceased by the 2010s and into this decade. The rise of powerful computers made it easy for any trader to program rules and to trade by them. Rivals quickly matched Mr. Dalio’s discoveries, then blew past them into areas such as high-frequency trading. Mr. Dalio stuck to his historic rules. (“They are timeless and universal,” he told one interviewer.)
-
-Though Bridgewater’s assets under management slowly contracted to under $130 billion in the postpandemic period, Bridgewater was so much larger than any other rival — and so willing to collect money from virtually any corner of the earth — that it was still the globe’s largest hedge fund. And if Bridgewater’s main hedge fund had for years fallen behind the pace of global markets, it still mostly avoided negative results, and so could fairly say it was making clients money on an absolute basis. Its growth was a testament to the firm’s marketing prowess, which had cultivated a mystique around Pure Alpha’s hands-off, rules-based approach.
-
-Plenty of smart, ambitious employees at Bridgewater, including members of the Circle of Trust, tried to move the hedge fund forward. But the only way to add a new rule to the hedge fund’s list was to win the unanimous approval of Messrs. Dalio, Prince and Jensen, and it was not a secret vote. Neither Mr. Prince nor Mr. Jensen went against the Bridgewater founder often, and Mr. Dalio seemed to shy from new ideas that he couldn’t understand. A newcomer to the investment team as recently as 2018 was gobsmacked to learn that the world’s biggest hedge fund’s trading was still reliant on Microsoft Excel, a decades-old software.
-
-The stasis was such that Bridgewater would create “the trading game,” a simulation of the real world in which members of the investment staff would bet their best ideas against a pot of Mr. Dalio’s own money. (If the ideas of staff members won, they would be paid in cash.)
-
-For many in the investing department, it was the only time in their Bridgewater careers that they could actually enact an investment idea.
-
-## ‘Get ’Em a Helicopter’
-
-Mr. Dalio could read the numbers as well as anyone else. From 2011 to 2016, a blistering period for the markets, Pure Alpha posted only low-digit returns**,** investors said, far below its historical pace, and the next five years weren’t much better.
-
-One edge was left that Mr. Dalio and Bridgewater went to great lengths to protect.
-
-On Wall Street, the phrase “information advantage” often carries an unseemly implication, suggesting that one is engaged in insider trading. Mr. Dalio’s information advantage, however, was as legal as it was vast.
-
-Bridgewater’s target was information about entire nations. According to employees involved with the effort, Mr. Dalio heavily courted well-connected government officials from whom he might divine how they planned to intervene in their economies — and Bridgewater used these insights to make money in its funds.
-
-Anywhere seemed fair game, even Kazakhstan.
-
-The Central Asian nation was not on the first page in any Wall Street manual. Ruled by an authoritarian government, it is the globe’s largest landlocked country yet sparsely populated. In 2013, Kazakhstan began developing what was then the most expensive oil project — a giant field in the Caspian Sea — helping it grow a $77 billion sovereign wealth fund. That money would have to be invested somewhere, and Bridgewater’s client services squad put a meeting on Mr. Dalio’s calendar with Berik Otemurat, the fund’s chief, a bureaucrat who had begun his career barely 10 years earlier.
-
-Mr. Dalio showed interest in the delegation. “What are they doing beforehand?” he asked Bridgewater’s marketing team.
-
-His underlings answered that Mr. Otemurat would be in New York a few hours before he was due in Westport.
-
-“How are they getting here?” Mr. Dalio then asked.
-
-Bridgewater had arranged for a chauffeur in a Mercedes.
-
-“Get ’em a helicopter.”
-
-The dramatic entrance preceded an unconventional presentation, at least compared with what Mr. Otemurat had experienced in New York. There, titans of industry, such as KKR’s co-founder Henry Kravis and Blackstone’s Stephen Schwarzman, wooed him over sea bass, caviar and an orange hazelnut Napoleon dessert loosely based on the Kazakh flag.
-
-Mr. Dalio drew an indecipherable chart on a dry-erase board and rambled on about the nature of markets. He barely mentioned the specifics of Bridgewater’s approach, according to a person present. There was an undeniable charm — and confidence — to it all.
-
-Bridgewater’s marketing team had seen this move before. The end goal would be something other than money. So when Mr. Otemurat raised the prospect of investing $15 million in Bridgewater’s main hedge fund, the fund’s representatives shooed away the suggestion. “We don’t want a relationship with you right now,” one marketing executive said. “We’re in it for the long game.”
-
-Inside Bridgewater, a relationship meant access. The country’s new oil field had taken more than a decade to develop, with near-constant delays. Anyone who knew how the project was proceeding could adjust bets on oil accordingly. Bridgewater’s representatives told the delegation that their firm would be happy to offer free investing advice, and Bridgewater’s team would likewise appreciate the opportunity to ask questions about industries of local expertise.
-
-Mr. Otemurat and others in his delegation seemed eager to chat.
-
-Soon enough, Bridgewater got it both ways. A few months after Mr. Otemurat’s Westport visit, the Kazakh fund asked again if it could invest in Bridgewater’s funds. This time, it dangled a sum far larger than $15 million, and Bridgewater assented, former employees said.
-
-A spokesman for Mr. Dalio said all of his interactions with government officials were proper.
-
-## No One Would Know
-
-
-Back in America, Mr. Dalio’s influence slowly petered out. During and after his financial-crisis era fame, he’d had little trouble reaching the Federal Reserve chair, Ben Bernanke. Mr. Bernanke’s successor, Janet Yellen, however, apparently wasn’t as interested in the Bridgewater founder. Mr. Dalio would regularly rail to others at the company that Ms. Yellen wouldn’t return his calls or meet.
-
-Mr. Dalio consistently found more success abroad. Mario Draghi, the Italian-born head of the European Central Bank from 2011 to 2019, frequently chatted with the Bridgewater founder and sought his advice. Mr. Dalio advised him throughout the mid-2010s to introduce more stimulus to the European Union, which would bolster European stocks and hurt the euro. During much of that era, Bridgewater was also betting against the euro. In Zurich, Mr. Dalio found the ear of the Swiss National Bank. He advised the bank on its efforts to decouple the Swiss economy from ailing broader Europe, according to a former Bridgewater employee who helped make the connection. When the Swiss National Bank in early 2015 yanked the Swiss franc from its peg to the euro, Bridgewater’s funds made a fortune.
-
-The longest-term project for Mr. Dalio was in China, where he made frequent trips.
-
-Mr. Dalio hired China Investment Corporation’s former chairman to a cushy job as head of a Dalio charity in China, and he became close with Wang Qishan, who would later become China’s vice premier and widely considered the second most powerful person in the country. Mr. Dalio would occasionally tell Chinese government representatives that when they invested with Bridgewater, their fees were not merely being sent back to America. “Whatever fees you pay, I will donate back to China personally,” he said in one meeting, according to a person present.
-
-In media interviews, Mr. Dalio stuck to a fixed, laudatory line about the country’s leadership. It was “very capable,” he said, over and again, sometimes repeating the phrase more than once in an interview. Those same leaders, he would also say inside Bridgewater, were quick to ask him for advice.
-
-To any reasonable observer — and even to the Chinese themselves — Mr. Dalio was the paradigm of a China booster. But there was also an advantage that could be played. He asked the Circle of Trust to help create a way for Bridgewater’s funds to place bets against Chinese assets, in an offshore way that China’s government couldn’t track. That way, when Bridgewater took the wrong side of China, no one would know.
-
-## A Coin Flip
-
-Mr. Dalio’s grand automated system — his investment engine — wasn’t nearly as automated or mechanized as was promoted. If he wanted Bridgewater to short the U.S. dollar (as he did, unsuccessfully, for roughly a decade after the 2008 financial crisis), the trade went in. There was not a rule more important than what Mr. Dalio wanted, Mr. Dalio got.
-
-As 2017 loomed, a handful of top investment staff members decided enough was enough. Pure Alpha was up just 2 percent for the year, well below most hedge funds.
-
-With the hope of turning around the firm’s investment performance, members of the Circle of Trust put together a study of Mr. Dalio’s trades. They trawled deep into the Bridgewater archives for a history of Mr. Dalio’s individual investment ideas. The team ran the numbers once, then again, and again. The data had to be perfect. Then they sat down with Mr. Dalio, according to current and former employees who were present. (Lawyers for Mr. Dalio and Bridgewater said that no study was commissioned of Mr. Dalio’s trades and that no meeting took place to discuss them.)
-
-One young employee, hands shaking, handed over the results: The study showed that Mr. Dalio had been wrong as much as he had been right.
-
-Trading on his ideas lately was often akin to a coin flip.
-
-The group sat quietly, nervously waiting for the Bridgewater founder’s response.
-
-Mr. Dalio picked up the piece of paper, crumpled it into a ball and tossed it.
-
-
-[Rob Copeland](https://www.nytimes.com/by/rob-copeland) is a finance reporter, writing about Wall Street and the banking industry. He is the author of "The Fund: Ray Dalio, Bridgewater Associates and the Unraveling of a Wall Street Legend," to be published in November 2023. [More about Rob Copeland](https://www.nytimes.com/by/rob-copeland)
-
-A version of this article appears in print on  , Section BU, Page 6 of the New York edition with the headline: How the Giant Of Hedge Funds Really Makes Its Money. [Order Reprints](https://www.parsintl.com/publication/the-new-york-times/) | [Today’s Paper](https://www.nytimes.com/section/todayspaper) | [Subscribe](https://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp8HYKU.html?campaignId=48JQY)
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-# How Hip-Hop Conquered the World
-
-![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/08/13/magazine/13mag-hiphop50/13mag-hiphop50-mobileMasterAt3x-v2.jpg)
-
-## How Hip-Hop  
-Conquered  
-the World
-
-A crowd in Harlem watching Doug E. Fresh, 1995.David Corio
-
-The Great Read
-
-We’re celebrating hip-hop’s 50th anniversary this week. Wesley Morris traces the art form from its South Bronx origins to all-encompassing triumph.
-
-Published Aug. 10, 2023Updated Aug. 18, 2023
-
-We’ve gathered here today to raise a glass to hip-hop. It’s 50, baby! Half a century of effrontery, dexterity, elasticity, rambunctiousness, ridiculousness, bleakness, spunk, swagger, juice, jiggle and wit, of defiant arrogance, devastating humor, consumptive lust and violent distress, of innovation, danger, doubt and drip. Salud! I’ll be honest, though. I knew the magazine covers and concerts and TV specials were coming, but I wasn’t feeling it. Seemed too arbitrary a date. Or maybe just impossible to ascertain. What I did feel was that hip-hop has so thoroughly infused the atmosphere of American life (we’ll just start with this country), that it has pushed so much forward — who cares that it’s pushing 50?
-
-### Listen to This Article
-
-The energy giving this form its art, this life its force — wasn’t that forged centuries ago with every African hauled onto this land? As far I could tell, hip-hop was just “always.” That energy has been with us Black Americans — in church, on stages, in studios, on the streets, in outfits and hair and posture and teeth, glinting, grinning, gritting, smirking, snarling, beaming, blinging. Simply smiling a miraculous-ass smile. So this anniversary couldn’t matter, according to me, because — well, isn’t it just on a continuum that bends from the African drum to the spiritual to ragtime, jazz, gospel and the blues, to R.&B., folk, rock ’n’ roll, funk, disco, new wave and house? Isn’t it also just more soul music, an energy that never dissipates but simply changes hosts?
-
-Well ...
-
-*Well* ...
-
-I was down to bring that dogma to my grave. But somebody made a case, and the case made a fool of me. It was February, at the Grammys, when in the middle of the broadcast, almost two dozen rap acts took the stage, one by one, and owned the history they made, the history they were. There was even a historian: [Ahmir (Questlove) Thompson,](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/12/magazine/questlove-summer-of-soul.html) who, among sundry other skills and passions, drums for the Roots and harbors a knack for the fine print and footnotes of American popular music.
-
-For [Grammy night](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXsqCrHSKvU), his job entailed boiling down five decades to 15 minutes, and some uncanny artisanship resulted. On the generations came, each one submitting no more than a snippet — a TikTok-ya-don’t-stop, if you will. The Roots’ rapper in chief, Black Thought, opened with a fairy tale. “Fifty years ago, a street princess was born to be an icon,” it began. Then appeared a whirl of originators. Grandmaster Flash with Barshon, Melle Mel, Rahiem and Scorpio, who melded into Run-DMC. And Run-DMC into LL Cool J. LL Cool J into DJ Jazzy Jeff. Jazzy Jeff into Salt-N-Pepa. Those two into Rakim, who was followed by Chuck D and Flavor Flav. That was simply the first course of three loosely chronological movements. The third closed with the progeny: Lil Baby then GloRilla then Lil Uzi Vert.
-
-The performances may not have lasted long. But revelations overtook me anyway, like how physical this music has always been to make, how bodily. Salt-N-Pepa, Kid ’n Play, MC Hammer, Missy Elliott, Beyoncé — they dance. That’s not what I mean. I’m talking about how you can’t just stand there and rap. Hands jab. Wrists snap. Heels stomp. Heads nod, bob, swivel, swing. Whatever parts can make action, do: Fingers, shoulders, brows. Used to be the move to kind of bow your legs, one hand on each thigh, bend forward and rock. LL would do this so hard his gold ropes would be punching him in the mouth. Suddenly something amazed me that just an hour before seemed as elemental as “it takes two to make a thing go right.” And that’s this: The body raps, too.
-
-Listen, I could go on, droolingly, about innate hip-hop hotness, about the bodaciousness of physiques: LL and Lil’ Kim, Tupac, Trina and 50 Cent; about Cardi B. About the rocket-science profundity in the hook of one of Megan Thee Stallion’s hits:
-
-“Body-ody-ody-ody-ody-ody-ody- ody-ody-ody-ody-ody-ody-ody-ody”
-
-Image
-
-![Queen Latifah.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/08/13/magazine/13mag-hiphop50-06/13mag-hiphop50-06-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Queen Latifah, around 1990.Credit...Al Pereira/Michael Ochs Archives, via Getty Images
-
-But I think what was actually dawning on me that night had less to do with hip-hop’s erotic possibilities and more to do with a new (also sexy) frontier: the accrual of carriage, grace, prestige, of stature. Now, this didn’t hit me until Queen Latifah took the stage to do a snatch of “U.N.I.T.Y.” What she wore was black and puffed; her vest, it sparkled. What astral slope had she downhilled to be there? In her early prime, Latifah’s limbs and head epitomized this style of embodiment. She nodded with aggression, yet her conical African hats (crowns!) refused to capsize. She could still throw down but in the way only someone in middle age might, with the force of calm, the surety of having fully lived. When I was 13, my question — everybody’s question — was what could this music look like at 50? Would it just be the old dude trying to mack at the club? Washed up. *Sad.* Mm mm. It really could be like going to catch Dee Dee Bridgewater or Dianne Reeves or Cassandra Wilson at Lincoln Center. It could be this. Grand. Presidential.
-
-None of this resplendence was irony-free. We’re talking about the celebration of an art form by an awards show that neglected it. The Grammys’ first rap category didn’t arrive until 1989, and there had been no plan to present the award during the live broadcast. So some of the nominated acts, including the Fresh Prince, Will Smith and Salt-N-Pepa, boycotted. Turbulence has abounded ever since. Hip-hop may have, as Black Thought declared during the anniversary segment’s curtain raiser, come to dominate the world, but only twice has it won album of the year. And the community has come to feel some type of way.
-
-Here then is why I can’t exclaim that hip-hop is on a continuum and call it a day. Here is why it’s apart from spirituals and jazz, blues, R.&B. and rock ’n’ roll while also being apiece. Here’s why the passage of these decades matters: Hip-hop, baby of the American musical family, has for 50 years been a contested category, unsettled because it remains unsettling, somehow unsung despite its centrality to multitudes. Tears salted my pizza that night because what I thought would be another awards-show nostalgia spasm was really a proclamation of endurance and a pungent condemnation. Here is music you can hear while dining out at a place where the only Black people are you and the dining room’s soundtrack. There aren’t many countries left on this planet that don’t have some kind of hip-hop scene or rap patois, some at-best oblivious comfort with “nigga” this and that. Yet there’s often a chip on some rapper’s shoulder, on some rap fan’s. Because it’s quite something, half a century in, to carry with you the suspicion that the thing you made might be valued more than the people you are. This is a continuum concern, of course: Every phase of Black artistic achievement treks through that cognitive-dissonance zone. The Negro spiritual is the other major American music whose existence floodlights a crime. But spirituals sought deliverance from this country’s original sin. Hip-hop doesn’t expect salvation. An alternate reality drives its craftspeople. Maybe nobody wants us to succeed. So we’ll deliver ourselves. Let’s build an empire from that.
-
-**I’m just younger** enough than hip-hop to have taken the empire for granted all these decades and just old enough to ask some urgent questions. What’s the point of this art form anyway? Why did we need it? Why did we need it so bad that it spread from the Bronx to everywhere else? Would there even be hip-hop had events in this country gone differently, gone farther, in Black Americans’ favor. Then I suppose I have to ask: which events? And how many would have had to go just right and stay right in order to complete Black Americans’ trajectory toward actual freedom, to head off the full force of hip-hop’s coming this vibrantly to life? Some back-of-the-napkin ruminating tells me that hip-hop was inevitable because this country has never been consistently sure about how to treat us. The mere fact of hip-hop denounces that inconsistency. It maybe shouldn’t exist. But here it is. In everything. Indicting.
-
-This 50th anniversary dates to the night, in the Bronx, in August 1973, that Kool Herc stood over a set of turntables and combined two records to form one continuous breakbeat. Doesn’t sound too seismic when you put it that way. But this was it: the Big Bang, a mythical event. And when you do put it that way, these 50 years really do have to stand on their own. The earliest blues artists were enslaved. Depending on when you think jazz was born — we’re talking about both history and mythology here — its originators had parents who were enslaved. The inventors of rock ’n’ roll hail-hailed from parts central and south. But hip-hop happens right about when the Great Migration winds down. Its beginnings are overwhelmingly Northern and completely urban.
-
-A D.J. would play records, and crews would dance. The early M.C.s? They were personalities who sometimes talked over the music. Rhyming and beat-making machinery, those came later. Inertia? Idleness? Conditions hip-hop was born trying to solve. How to keep b-boys and b-girls breaking all night? D.J.s invented the cure. “Hip-hop” identified a culture that already existed but made kids, adolescents and barely-adults make sense to themselves. The *new* New Negroes — fresh, then dope, then fly, then fire, then rizzy. They were also, to invoke a timeless community-outreach, daily-news euphemism, at-risk. Condemned.
-
-This music had penury, denial and neglect in common with its forebears and was developed down in a particularly hopeless ravine, amid the national abandonment of the post-Civil Rights movement, after the feel-good Blackness of Motown was deemed passé, when Afros and dashikis were part of the urban uniform and even Sidney Poitier was directing blaxploitation movies. White suburbanites rallied to stop Richard Nixon from stopping housing discrimination (not that ending it was his idea). Ronald Reagan slashed the housing-and-urban-development budget by about 70 percent. Elevators stayed broken. Trash piled up. Drugs stormed in and with them even harsher law enforcement. (Oh! Guess what else turns 50 this year: the D.E.A.)
-
-Image
-
-DJ Jazzy Jeff, left, and the Fresh Prince, 1986.Credit...David Corio
-
-You might expect a blues to take hold, or at least an ambivalence. Nope. An exuberant, insistent, impossible resolve defined early hip-hop, the jive part of the blues, the imaginative toughness, the tautological thriving. “That’s the breaks, that’s the breaks.” “It’s like a jungle sometimes. It makes me wonder how I keep from going under.” “It’s like that, and that’s the way it is. *Huuh!*”
-
-The music was streetbound, and the people performing it could be as hard as concrete and blacktop, as smooth as menthol smoke, in leather and velour and denim, in Shelltops, Jordans. And eventually Tims, in Coogis, in tracksuits with Kangols, Cazals, stopwatches and kitchen-clock garlands, gold ropes you could use to moor a yacht and gold earrings fit for announcing yourself at a castle door. They were battle-tested, arriving as victors, always slaying never slain; canniness and certitude were more important than luck. Defense outfitted as offense — pre-emptive style. LL Cool J’s first appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 was for the scratchy, boom-bapping wall-crawler he called “I’m Bad,” and the interludes of a police manhunt between the verses tell me he knew that, not even a quarter century before, he might have been nightsticked (at best) for thinking so highly of himself.
-
-The thrill of the music, the lifestyle — that life force — has been in its array of swaggers: MC Lyte’s sniping allergy to fools, Big Daddy Kane’s lounging back-pats (his own), Rakim’s cashmere self-portraiture, Salt-N-Pepa’s tag-team assertiveness. The audacity of both bagginess and hip-huggery. The collage work rightly deemed mix-mastery. Eyebrows might arch at any art form as reliant upon the performance of cockiness. But when vertiginous pride emanates from Black egos, eyes tend to burn in their sockets.
-
-It’s not as if Black artistic expression has ever relied on doubt. Consider all that it took for Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald, Dinah Washington, Billie Holiday or for Mahalia Jackson, Nat King Cole, Sammy Davis Jr. or Miles Davis, for the Supremes and the Temptations to embody then exude excellence during an era in which that sort of confidence was all but illegal in certain counties, when you were likely to have had a parent who fled those places. It’s just that a certain decorum was expected.
-
-Take Motown. Berry Gordy put his artists through a rigorous etiquette program, to make them palatable to the crowds of Jim Crow-tolerant white people who would be seeing them in concert or from their living rooms. I’ve wondered what kind of rappers a charm school might produce. I’ve also thought about what just a little charmlessness might have done for — or to! — the Motown sound. Charm afforded Motown its bounteous luxury. But by the late 1970s and early 1980s, Black decorum had reached its political limit. Gordy’s big new star was the magnetically louche Rick James, a hip-hop progenitor. The early rappers weren’t arguing for integration. They cultivated iconography all their own: hair styles, accessories, attitudes, these celebratory exponents of apartness, of apartheid (in America). The art form’s greatest innovation was its mass-production of unfettered, un-self-conscious self-esteem, of retributive refulgence. Boy, could you feel that. Friends and classmates took on such an unsinkable boldness that I can’t imagine them without this music and its style.
-
-But around the country, all kinds of people were encouraged, by Hollywood and the news, to be scared of Black youth (as they were called). Some of those people took out full-page ads wishing them the death penalty. Some chased them from neighborhoods and mistook them for piñatas. Our parents, though, weren’t afraid of the kids and the rappers those kids adored, not necessarily. The moms and dads and grandparents, the aunts, uncles and older cousins, understood the old life-or-death stakes. They knew that hip-hop had unleashed a new confrontational energy. They were afraid *for* them.
-
-I’ve thought sincerely about whether hip-hop’s boastfulness was a wonder drug for Black psyches in search of street-level hope. These rappers emerged from the same poverty a lot of us knew. But they turned that doubt into bright-sided art. So many Black children were scolded and mocked for dreaming of careers in basketball and rap. The odds were worse than low. We’re talking about young people, though. They dream. Somebody really is always making it in hip-hop. Why not one of them? I grew up watching all the practicing and rehearsing and studying, the rigor. The dream was big. They knew they could maybe be paid to fly, paid to flow. They could turn on a radio or press play on a mixtape and hear the flight.
-
-**For 50 years,** the essential writing — fables, comedies, diaries; adventure, memoir, porn — about young Black life in this country has been happening in hip-hop. Songs about feelings, fantasies, dilemmas, confessions, fantasias. What else is Notorious B.I.G.’s “Ready to Die” and its grueling, knowing, melodic re-creation of moral decay and sexual congress other than a triumph of literature? It is but one title on a shelf buckling with scores of comparable powerhouses. That’s one masterpiece set in New York.
-
-What eventually brews in Houston and Atlanta, Miami, New Orleans and Memphis, in Virginia and California, deepens hip-hop, takes it into freaky, funky, bouncy, hilarious, mischievously brewed realms, dark, dreamy, unstable landscapes. Frailty, paranoia, trippiness, Afrocentrism and minimalism emerge. It’s music mining the past but potently about the present, often about itself. Hip-hop kids didn’t know a national struggle for civil rights as more than lore or part of a lesson plan. They had experienced personal strife — the struggle for food, shelter, safety, stability, jobs and respect. How many of these artists came of age in or adjacent to public housing and the criminal-justice system? Plight was in the art.
-
-Image
-
-Missy Elliott, 1998.Credit...David Corio/Redferns, via Getty Images
-
-Hip-hop represents a break with the past because it exploded out of something that broke: this country’s promise to its Black citizens. And unlike aspects of jazz and Motown, this new music wouldn’t be arguing for its resplendence, worthiness and incomparable ingenuity. Salves, appeasement, subtlety, civility, love — those evidently didn’t work because here we are. *Bring the noise*.
-
-Its practitioners may have attended church, but there’s little church in this music, especially during its first waves, just communal jubilation and the streets. “La di da di, we like to party” alongside “I never prayed to God, I prayed to Gotti.” Hip-hop arose from want. It thrived in gain. The average love song culminates in consumption, brandishing what has been consumed. Capitalism has been trying to turn its back on Black America and to break Black America’s back. Hip-hop is Julia Roberts after being written off in “Pretty Woman” by that snooty sales lady: *Big mistake. Big. Huge.* The drug dealers and gangbangers weren’t my cup of tea. I more naturally gravitated to the nerds, bohemians and space cadets, the corners of the music that got called “conscious rap.” But I never bought that designation. You don’t enumerate the risks and luxuriate in the spoils of, say, the drug business unconsciously. How could you lavish such attention on production and rhythm, how could you realize such vision, with half a mind? Choices are being made, the choice to be frank, blunt, hyperbolic, wishful, catchy. Whatever pathology’s in the art form mirrors whatever pathology exists in the environment, in hip-hop’s, in the nation’s. “Cash rules everything around me” — “C.R.E.A.M”— functions as much as an excuse as it does as a rationale. Luxury has become a source of irony (I mean, the fact of Gucci Mane, alone) and a kind of getting even. What’s it Bey said? Best revenge is your paper.
-
-Before that reunion at the Grammys, I knew all the places the life force had gone and all it had come to mean. But after, I got to thinking about its stupendous range. Take the rap voice, for instance. It’s an instrument with timbres and pitches that expand at least my understanding of what else it means to sing — and if it’s Ol’ Dirty Bastard, Eminem, Nicki Minaj and Kendrick Lamar, we’re talking about singing in the rain, a monsoon. There’s almost nowhere hip-hop hasn’t been: the White House, the Pulitzers, the Oscars, the sitcom, the Louvre, syllabi, country radio, fashion week, Sesame Street. It uses some of everything, and everything uses some of it. But its longevity and ubiquity amount to more than what’s stamped in its passport. Even when its practitioners aren’t Black, maybe especially when they’re white, hip-hop incriminates the country that drove its people to dream it up in the first place. For it contains the stubborn truth of how America has felt about certain Americans. Hip-hop is what this country gets.
-
-It still possesses incantatory powers. But it also continues to acquire a tremendous capacity for melancholy, for a blues of sorts. The same group who fretted about C.R.E.A.M. also chanted, in harmony, that “you can’t party your life away, drink your life away, smoke your life away, \[expletive\] your life away, dream your life away, scheme your life away, ’cause your seeds grow up the same way.” That was 26 years ago. In the B.L.M. era, the seeds sound addled. The early boom-bap and the disco backbeats that exploded into a galaxy of sounds has, in its current incarnation, returned to a new, samey orthodoxy of beats that, for not much longer than two minutes, stutter, drag and drone. A little weed used to be all a rapper needed to get by; now it’s zany. It’s not just nerves that seek settling anymore. It’s entire psyches. The canon makes room for breakdowns: Lauryn Hill’s, Kendrick Lamar’s, Kanye West’s. Happiness and abandon are now hard to come by, that old sauce. The rappers seem to know this. They’re rhyming with a lot fewer words for the moment. The sound of some of this music doubles as another environmental mirror. Somebody thought to call it “trap.”
-
-Maybe another reason that that Grammy anniversary segment got to me was that it worked in defiance of the current gravity. It felt stress-free and full of exhalation, but, as crucial, also put inhalation on poignant display. As a practical matter, this wasn’t news. We karaoke people have our personal Everests. “Paid in Full” and “Mama Said Knock You Out” are mine. Very different songs in divergent styles. One is silk, the other is steroids. To pull either off, you have to know how to breathe. This is true enough for singing. But rapping requires the kind of respiration that a swimmer depends on: mechanical but rhythmic. (To excel at either, it helps to know your way around a freestyle.) Rappers have to time when in the stroke to snatch some air. Snatch wrong and choke. You have to be precise while still being you. Some rappers, like Busta Rhymes, rarely get caught taking a breath. A karaoke rapper will tell you: It’s not for the weak. I know someone who can perform “Tha Crossroads” as though Bone Thugs-n-Harmony were his government name. But by the time he’s done, he practically needs CPR.
-
-At the Grammys, as Busta stood there and 50-meter-backstroked his way through “Look at Me Now,” no one seemed to quite believe that he could still rap that fast that breathlessly. It wasn’t him at his most pinpoint. (His stroke made a lot of splash.) But when he finished, nobody called the paramedics either. They cheered. Cheered the dexterity, obviously, but also that he still had it, that everybody over the age of what, 28?, still had it, could still do the one thing we’ve heard so many of us, in states of distress, plead for: breathe.
-
-Nobody thought it would last this long. Maybe that’s some deeply ingrained self-doubt talking. Not everything lasts. And not everybody made it. Reason enough to pause and pay tribute, to say, “hip-hop hooray!” What they’ve made, however, has lasted. That’s what started my waterworks. Everybody was still breathing. Yeah, many of them are still alive and all. But also: They’re still able to make breath, deep, exhilarating breath.
-
-A version of this article appears in print on  , Page 10 of the Sunday Magazine with the headline: Hip-Hop’s Un-Shakable Life Force. [Order Reprints](https://www.parsintl.com/publication/the-new-york-times/) | [Today’s Paper](https://www.nytimes.com/section/todayspaper) | [Subscribe](https://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp8HYKU.html?campaignId=48JQY)
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-Date: 2023-07-29
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-# How I Survived a Wedding in a Jungle That Tried to Eat Me Alive
-
-Heading out the door? Read this article on the new Outside+ app available now on iOS devices for members! [Download the app](https://outsideapp.onelink.me/wOhi/6wh1kbvw).
-
-I lie half naked and miserable in a puddle of my own sweat. I open the tent flap to breathe but there’s no relief, even at midnight. *Who comes to the Guatemalan jungle in July?*
-
-Yesterday’s hike was rough, but the 15 miles today were raw pain. The mosquitoes were so vicious that by mile two even our local guides had asked to borrow our 100 percent deet. Bugs here suck down lesser repellent like an aperitif. Nothing provides complete protection.
-
-Our destination is La Danta, one of the largest pyramids on earth. It’s located in the ruins of El Mirador, a centerpiece of Maya civilization from 800 B.C.E. to 100 C.E. that was abandoned nearly 2,000 years ago. There are no restrooms, no gift shops. In fact, the site is still being excavated.
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-This is where Angela and Suley want to get married. So, accompanied by a pair of guides, a half-dozen pack donkeys, and their ten toughest (or least informed) friends, the brides are determined to march us 60 miles over five days through Parque Nacional El Mirador in northern Guatemala to La Danta to say “I do.” It’s our second night on the trail.
-
-I close my eyes and wait for Tara, a.k.a. Tent Dawg, to start snoring. I met her 48 hours ago. Broad shouldered and sharp jawed, she looks like she could win a car-tossing competition or spit and hit Mars. A major in the U.S. Army, she’s been training soldiers on how to survive in the field since before *Survivor* was a tiki torch in Mark Burnett’s eye. Back in the small town of Flores, the night before we all set off, she’d said something about a kidney condition with a shrug. Nothing fazes Tent Dawg.
-
-I slip out of our nylon cocoon to pee, swimming through the liquid night. Humidity 83 percent. Cicadas buzz from thick-vined shadows—the jungle’s 24-hour booty call.
-
-The misshapen moon shimmers like a mirage. I drop my underwear and flash a rounder moon at the donkeys. A languid tail whips a fly. Because my body temperature nearly matches the outer world, it’s hard to feel the boundary line. So I watch to be sure the piss is pissing. At least it runs clear; I’ve been pounding water to replenish the gallon I sweat off every hour.
-
-No sound emerges from our five tents, just green-black humming in all directions, 1.6 million acres of primeval rainforest teeming with the richest biodiversity in Central America. I shake my hips, pull up my skivvies, and float back to my tent.
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-I flop down and remind myself, *This is the opportunity of a lifetime,* when a mosquito the size of a Winnebago chomps my left butt cheek. The pain is electric but passes quickly. After frantic swatting and cursing, I drift off, anesthetized by this single dart.
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-It was not a mosquito.
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-Date: 2023-07-31
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-# How Larry Gagosian Reshaped the Art World
-
-It was the Friday afternoon of Memorial Day weekend on Further Lane, the best street in Amagansett, the best town in the Hamptons, and the art dealer Larry Gagosian was bumming around his eleven-thousand-square-foot modernist beach mansion, looking pretty relaxed for a man who, the next day, would host a party for a hundred and forty people. A pair of French bulldogs, Baby and Humphrey, waddled about, and Gagosian’s butler, Eddie, a slim man with a ponytail and an air of informal professionalism, handed him a sparkling water. Gagosian sat down on a leather sofa in the living room, his back to the ocean view, and faced a life-size Charles Ray sculpture of a male nude, in reflective steel, and a Damien Hirst grand piano (bright pink with blue butterflies) that he’d picked up at a benefit auction some years back, for four hundred and fifty thousand dollars. On a coffee table before him was a ceramic Yoshitomo Nara ashtray the size of a Frisbee, decorated with a picture of a little girl smoking and the words “*too young to die*.”
-
-Gagosian is not a household name for most Americans, but among the famous and the wealthy—and particularly among the very wealthy—he is a figure of colossal repute. He is dubious of art dealers who refer to themselves as “gallerists,” which he regards as a pretentious euphemism that obscures the mercantile essence of the occupation. He has always favored a certain macho bluntness, and calls himself a dealer without apology. With nineteen galleries that bear his name, from New York to London to Athens to Hong Kong, generating more than a billion dollars in annual revenue, Gagosian may well be the biggest art dealer in the history of the world. He represents more than a hundred artists, living and dead, including many of the most celebrated and lucrative: Jenny Saville, [Anselm Kiefer](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/07/03/anselm-kiefers-beautiful-ruins), [Cy Twombly](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-art-world/cy-twombly-the-content-painter), [Donald Judd](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/03/09/the-cold-imperious-beauty-of-donald-judd). The business—which he owns without a partner or a shareholder or a spouse or children or anyone, really, to answer to—controls more than two hundred thousand square feet of prime real estate. All told, Gagosian has more exhibition space than most museums, and he shuttles among his outposts on his sixty-million-dollar Bombardier Global 7500 private jet. He’s been known to observe, with the satisfaction of Alexander the Great, “The sun never sets on my gallery.”
-
-Traditionally, the model for dealers has been to bet on raw talents, and support these artists until work by some of them sells well enough to cover the bets made on all the others. Under the mega-gallery model that Gagosian pioneered, the top dealers don’t even bother with nascent artists. He has said plainly that an artist must achieve certain sales metrics before he’ll consider getting involved. Ellie Rines, who runs 56 Henry, a small gallery on the Lower East Side, told me, “What I can do that the big galleries can’t is that I spot someone who has potential. I say, ‘There’s something brewing here—the actual work may not be good, but there’s something tingling, it’s getting at something.’ ” Gagosian is content to let people like Rines do the wildcatting. Once they’ve discovered an unknown and nurtured her into a valuable commodity, he can lure the artist away with promises of more money, more support, and a bigger platform. When contemporaries describe Gagosian, they tend to summon carnivore analogies: a tiger, a shark, a snake. His own publicist once described him as “a real killer.”
-
-The languid calm that he exuded on the eve of the Amagansett party was that of a predator between meals. At seventy-eight, he remains tall and broad-shouldered, with a full head of white hair that he keeps trimmed close to the scalp, like a beaver pelt. Gagosian has blue eyes, which often flash with mirth—he has a quick, salty sense of humor—but they can just as suddenly go blank if he feels threatened or wants to be inscrutable. In conversation, these abrupt transitions from easy bonhomie to enigmatic hostility and back again can be jarring.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27854)
-
-“I vow to recount every weird dream I have with a generous amount of detail.”
-
-Cartoon by Hartley Lin
-
-“I have a weakness for entertaining,” Gagosian told me. At seven the following morning, he explained, trucks would arrive with garden furniture, and his staff would mobilize. There would be barbecue. Pizza baked in an outdoor oven. An Aperol-spritz bar and a gelato truck. Even as a child, Gagosian recalled, he liked to “have people over to my place,” and to his many friends and customers and sycophants the yearly swirl of “Larry parties” has become its own exclusive social calendar. In addition to the Memorial Day party, there is a Labor Day party, also in Amagansett; a dinner at Art Basel, in Switzerland, every June; a one-night-only exhibition at Casa Malaparte, a cliffside house in Capri; birthday parties and pre-release film screenings and opening-night banquets; a New Year’s bash at his place in St. Barts; and a pre-Oscars party at his home in Los Angeles. The sheer magnitude of his overhead is a source of envy—and confusion. His close friend Glenn Fuhrman, a financier and art collector, told me, “I’ve had so many conversations with other dealers over the years who are just dumbstruck that Larry could possibly be making money. They say, ‘I know how *my* business works—I don’t understand how he could be making a profit.’ ”
-
-Gagosian vets each guest list with the vigilance of a night-club bouncer. Of the Memorial Day festivities, he said, “There’s nobody invited that I didn’t approve.” The crowd, he explained, would consist of “billionaires, artists, neighbors—mostly people I really know and am close to.” A pause, a wolfish grin. “Or want to be close to.” Derek Blasberg, a writer and fashion editor who has held a staff position at Gagosian’s gallery since 2014, told me, “Larry is a full-time gallerist and a part-time casting agent. He knows how to pull the right mix of people from worlds that are financially lucrative and creatively inspiring.” Blasberg is known for his friendships with models and actresses, which he chronicles on [a popular Instagram feed](https://www.instagram.com/derekblasberg/?hl=en). Often, Blasberg told me, Gagosian will call him and say, “I saw you with So-and-So. Can you invite them?”
-
-A Gagosian party requires adroit curation. Too many billionaires and it’ll be as dull as [Davos](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/03/05/magic-mountain-davos); too many artists and celebrities and who’s going to buy the art? Some years ago, a staffer planning a dinner for a Richard Prince opening wrote in an e-mail to colleagues, “Before Larry approves this list he would like to know if you have sold any art to these people.” That list included actors (Robert De Niro, Leonardo DiCaprio), fat-cat art collectors (Steve Cohen, Henry Kravis), and models (Gisele Bündchen, Kate Moss). Models are important, Gagosian once explained, because they “look good at a dinner table.”
-
-The beach house’s front door opened and Anna Weyant, Gagosian’s girlfriend, entered. She is petite and blond and was wearing oversized sunglasses and holding a half-finished beer. Her hair was wet and she greeted him warmly.
-
-“Were you swimming?” Gagosian asked.
-
-“Yeah,” she said, smiling, before disappearing upstairs.
-
-At twenty-eight, Weyant is half a century younger than Gagosian. She is also one of his artists, and her work has sold at auction for more than a million dollars. One painting, an eerily sensual oil portrait of an upside-down young woman who is sticking out her tongue, hangs in the vestibule, between a Prince and a Twombly.
-
-Gagosian has been so successful selling art to the masters of the universe that somewhere along the line he stopped being their servant. “He’s *one* of them,” Andy Avini, a senior director at the gallery, told me. In fact, for much of Gagosian’s clientele he is less a peer than an aspirational figure.
-
-Unlike many luxury items, art works tend to be unique objects—“one of one,” in the parlance of the trade. The designer [Marc Jacobs](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/09/01/enchanted) told me, “Larry sells things that aren’t for sale.” Typically, the most coveted items become available only when the previous owner dies, or gets divorced, or goes bankrupt. An élite dealer like Gagosian, however, can sometimes wrest away a treasure by offering the owner—ideally someone he knows—a whopping premium. If you want the right kind of [Jasper Johns](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/10/11/jasper-johns-remains-contemporary-arts-philosopher-king) to round out your collection, you enlist Gagosian to help you find one hanging on somebody else’s wall, then make the owner an offer he can’t refuse. If he does refuse, double the offer. Then, if necessary, double it again. It is the super-rich equivalent of ordering off-menu.
-
-Gagosian, the businessman and collector Charles Saatchi, and the dealer Leo Castelli, in St. Barts in 1991.Photograph by Jean Pigozzi
-
-Gagosian maintains his influence by attending to the discreet status anxiety of the buyer who already has everything. Aaron Richard Golub, an attorney who represents galleries and wealthy collectors—and who has litigated against Gagosian on numerous occasions—told me, “People in the art world are incredibly insecure. The richest guy walks into the room. He wants a certain painting, but he can’t get it. Immediately, he’s insecure. That really is part of what Larry does. He exploits that.” A friend of Gagosian’s described attending a dinner at the dealer’s Manhattan town house, along with a fabulously wealthy tech founder, and witnessing a look of “real consternation” on the young man’s face as it dawned on him that, for all his money and power, he was not as connected as Gagosian, not as cultured, not as cool. Everybody was having a grand time, yet this potentate was experiencing an unspoken social demotion. Suddenly, he was a mere arriviste—a visitor at a club to which he didn’t belong. “It’s incredible,” Loïc Gouzer, a friend of Gagosian’s and a former co-chairman of contemporary art at Christie’s, marvelled. “He inverted this thing where normally the art dealers were trying to emulate their clients. Larry’s clients are trying to emulate *him*.”
-
-Gagosian isn’t the first to pull off this transposition. He is a big reader, and one of his favored subjects is the life of [Joseph Duveen](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1951/09/29/the-days-of-duveen), the great dealer who helped assemble the collections of Andrew Mellon, J. P. Morgan, and other Gilded Age titans. There are several biographies of Duveen, Gagosian informed me, and he has “read ’em all.” According to [one of them](https://www.amazon.com/Duveen-Story-Most-Spectacular-Dealer/dp/1892145170), by S. N. Behrman, Duveen made a point of “showing his multimillionaire clients that he lived better than they did.”
-
-Numerous friends of Gagosian’s cautioned me not to mistake the merry-go-round of parties and galas and superyacht cruises for a life of sybaritic leisure. The dealer and collector Tico Mugrabi, who has made many deals with Gagosian, said, “The guy is always working, even when he’s having fun. This motherfucker works 24/7.” The British painter Jenny Saville, the most expensive living female artist, who has worked with Gagosian throughout her career, concurred: “Even if he’s having dinner, or if he’s on holiday on a boat, it’s not a holiday. All the fun dinners—they have a *reason* for being fun.”
-
-Gagosian’s longtime friend Jean Pigozzi, a photographer and collector, described the parties as marketing showcases in disguise. “Larry’s a genius at finding these guys, then he brings them to his house, and people say, ‘Oh, perhaps *I* should get a couple of Picassos.’ ” Once, Pigozzi recalled, he was at Gagosian’s Manhattan home with the French billionaire Bernard Arnault, and Arnault expressed enthusiasm for some art on display. “I told him, ‘Everything here is for sale. Don’t be nervous. You want to buy the chair? You can buy the chair. You want to buy the painting? Just ask! It’s all for sale.’ ” Gagosian insisted to me that he does not “sell art out of my house,” then allowed that he actually has. A true dealer knows that everything has a price, and the best way to raise the price of something is to say that you would never sell it.
-
-As Gagosian likes to point out, he didn’t start life as an insider. He came of age in the San Fernando Valley, in a middle-class Armenian American family. His father, Ara, was a municipal accountant who later retrained as a stockbroker. The family never went to museums or emphasized the visual arts. But Gagosian’s parents both dabbled in show biz, performing in an Armenian theatre troupe, and his mother, Ann, had a small role in “Journey Into Fear,” a 1943 movie that was produced by [Orson Welles](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/12/07/the-shadow). Once, when Gagosian asked his mother what Welles had been like, she revealed that he’d taken her out for coffee. “And I said, ‘O.K., I don’t want to know any more,’ ” Gagosian recalled with a chuckle, adding, “My mom was attractive.”
-
-It wasn’t a happy childhood. Ara “liked to gamble, I think more than he should,” Gagosian said, and also “drank probably more than he should.” Gagosian rebelled as a teen-ager, and he told me that it was hard for his father “to discipline me, in a certain way, because *his* life didn’t seem particularly disciplined.” Most of Ara’s stockbroking, Gagosian said, seemed to consist of “trying to talk his relatives into buying securities from him.” (Gagosian has a sister, Judy, who declined to be interviewed for this article.) One peculiarity of Gagosian’s origin story, at least in his telling, is that his early years had a notable deficit of the quality that has come to define his life: ambition. He attended U.C.L.A., where he studied English, joined the swim team, and did a little photography. But he dropped out twice and took six years to graduate. It was the sixties, and he was in no hurry: he was a good-looking guy who liked chasing girls and playing pool and getting stoned with his pals. There was a brief, ill-considered marriage, in Vegas, to a college girlfriend, Gwyn Ellen Garside. They divorced after sixteen days. It was “stupid” to marry so young, Gagosian says now. In the divorce papers, Garside explained that she’d married him with the false understanding that they would “have children” and “both work and save to be self-supporting and to build a future together.” Gagosian’s aimlessness was so pronounced that his father once said, in exasperation, “If you just do something with your life, *I’ll* buy you pot.” (In 1969, the year Gagosian finally graduated, Ara died, of lung cancer. He was fifty-nine.)
-
-After college came a string of menial jobs: in a record store; in a grocery store; the graveyard shift at a gas station. Then, through a cousin, Gagosian became an assistant at the William Morris Agency, answering phones and reading scripts. But he hated the airless corporate environment and the jockeying of his colleagues, likening the experience to “a knife fight in a phone booth.” He has occasionally suggested that he was fired by William Morris, but when I spoke to Michael Ovitz, who supervised him there, he insisted that Gagosian quit. “I tried to get him to stay!” Ovitz recalled, adding that he thinks Gagosian could have made a formidable agent. He noted of art dealing, “The vocations are similar. You’re buying and selling.”
-
-Gagosian started working as a parking attendant in Westwood. He didn’t mind the job, he says: it paid better than the ninety dollars a week he’d made at William Morris. Then one day, in a moment now enshrined in art-world lore, he noticed a street vender selling posters at the edge of the parking lot. If Gagosian possesses one secret weapon that has equipped him for success, it might be his disinhibition. He approached the vender. The posters were “schlock,” Gagosian told me—a kitten toying with a ball of yarn and other images you might find on the wall at a pediatrician’s office. But they seemed to be selling. So Gagosian proceeded to, in his words, “copy the guy’s business.” The posters came from a company called Ira Roberts of Beverly Hills, and Gagosian started buying directly from the firm and selling on his own. Art was an arbitrary choice, in his account: “If he’d been selling belt buckles, I might’ve tried to sell belt buckles.”
-
-By adding a cheap frame, he discovered, he could sell a two-dollar poster at a considerable markup, for fifteen bucks. He leased a little patio on Broxton Avenue, in Westwood, and sold framed posters to passersby. Gradually, Gagosian’s slacker instincts gave way to a more hard-nosed entrepreneurialism. He began letting local craftspeople sell leather goods and painted trinkets on the patio, in exchange for six dollars a day and ten per cent of their gross. In an optimistic flourish, he bestowed a name on his ad-hoc enterprise: the Open Gallery. In 1972, Gagosian told the Los Angeles *Times*, “It’s sort of a halfway house, halfway between having to be in business for yourself and being a stone-freak-do-nothing hippie.” Eventually, he hired a few people and moved indoors, opening a proper shop on Broxton. One early employee was the musician Kim Gordon, who, before she formed the band Sonic Youth, assembled thousands of picture frames for Gagosian. In [a 2015 memoir](https://www.amazon.com/Girl-Band-Memoir-Kim-Gordon/dp/006229590X), Gordon recalled him shouting at her when she worked too slowly, and noted, “He was erratic, and the last person on the planet I would have ever thought would later become the world’s most powerful art dealer.”
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27826)
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-Cartoon by Jared Nangle
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-Ara Gagosian might never have made much money, Larry told me, but he always had “a nice car in the driveway.” At the start of Larry’s ascent, he also projected an image of success that was out of proportion to how well he was actually doing. From his first days in the business, stories circulated about unpaid bills, creditors chasing him, a repo man showing up for his car. Doreen Luko, an early staffer in L.A., told me that on payday Gagosian’s employees “literally ran to the bank in hopes that there would be money there for our paychecks—whoever got there first was going to get paid on time.” Mike Shatzkin, a U.C.L.A. classmate with whom he lived for a period during the seventies, told me that Gagosian sometimes walked out of a restaurant without paying the check. “I did it with him once, but it was a thing he did,” Shatzkin said. (Gagosian denies this.) One detail that has gone largely unreported in chronicles of Gagosian’s career is that, in 1969, he pleaded guilty to two felony charges of forgery, stemming from his use of someone else’s credit card. The card was “being passed around by a bunch of my friends,” he told me. “It was a stupid mistake.” He received a suspended sentence and probation.
-
-Sensing an opportunity to make a bigger mark, Gagosian began carrying fine art, mostly prints and photographs. The actor Steve Martin told me, “When he had his poster shop in Westwood, I went in. I was a novice art collector and he was a novice art dealer.” Martin and other young Hollywood types who were starting to collect would get drawn in by something in the window and find themselves in conversation with the eager, gregarious proprietor. Gagosian had no training in art history, but the business he’d stumbled into was one for which he was preternaturally suited. He had a keen sense of aesthetics and design, and what fellow-connoisseurs describe as a near-photographic visual memory. He also was a quick learner. “Next to his bed, he had these stacks of art books,” a woman he briefly dated around this time, Xiliary Twil, recalled. “He was really studying.” One day in the mid-seventies, Gagosian was paging through a magazine and came across a series of photographs he liked—moody black-and-white shots by the New York photographer Ralph Gibson. Gagosian cold-called Gibson and announced, “I’ve got this gallery.” How about a West Coast exhibition?
-
-“In those days, I was selling prints for two hundred dollars,” Gibson told me. “So I said, ‘O.K., but you’d have to buy three or four as a guarantee.’ ” Gagosian flew to New York with a check. Gibson was represented there by Leo Castelli, the legendary dealer who had nurtured the careers of Jasper Johns, Frank Stella, and Roy Lichtenstein. “In those days, Leo was just the Pope,” Gibson recalled. He introduced Gagosian to Castelli, and “Leo took a liking to him.”
-
-Castelli, then in his late sixties, had grown up in Trieste and come to America during the Second World War. A debonair man with courtly manners, he was a lifelong art lover who didn’t become a full-time dealer until he was middle-aged. He spoke five languages and was so devoted to his artists that he supported many of them with generous stipends. Gagosian began spending more time in New York, and cultivated a friendship with the older dealer over long lunches at Da Silvano. The photographer Dianne Blell once joked that Gagosian chased Castelli around “like a puppy.” At one point, Gagosian presented him with a gold Patek Philippe watch. Patty Brundage, who spent decades working for Castelli, told me, “Leo was always looking at other people to kind of keep him new, to make him vital, and I think Larry was one of those people.” In “[Leo and His Circle](https://www.amazon.com/Leo-His-Circle-Life-Castelli/dp/1400044278),” a biography by Annie Cohen-Solal, Gagosian posited that his impatience with art-world pretense may have endeared him to Castelli: “I did not do a lot of blah-blah-blah. I think my bluntness appealed to him.”
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-One day, Castelli and Gagosian were crossing West Broadway when Castelli greeted an unassuming-looking gentleman in his fifties who was walking by.
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-“Who was that?” Gagosian asked.
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-“That was [Si Newhouse](https://www.newyorker.com/news/postscript/samuel-i-newhouse-jr-the-longtime-owner-of-the-new-yorker-and-chairman-of-conde-nast-has-died-at-eighty-nine). He can buy anything he wants.”
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-Gagosian doubled back and introduced himself. “Give me your number,” he suggested, without an ounce of blah-blah-blah. It was one of the most fateful introductions of his life.
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-Castelli specialized in what is known as the primary market: he guided the careers of living artists and sold their new work in exchange for a commission. He took pride in spotting talent in chrysalis. “When I first saw the work of Johns and Stella, I was bowled over,” he told an interviewer in 1987. Castelli, who said that he dealt art chiefly “because of its groundbreaking importance,” regarded the commercial side of his profession as secondary. When Gagosian initially ventured beyond poster-hawking, he had no relationships with artists, so he couldn’t be a primary dealer in the Castelli mold. But what he did have was a gallery in Los Angeles, access to an untapped ecosystem of West Coast collectors, and something that Castelli decidedly lacked: chutzpah. The art dealer Irving Blum knew both men during this era, and he told me, “Leo was really aristocratic and civilized. And Larry”—he laughed—“Larry was a tiger.” Castelli, who had no gallery of his own in California, began consigning works to Gagosian, including pieces by Frank Stella. Gagosian established a reputation for showing top artists who already had representation in New York. “I’m a very bad salesman and Larry is a very good salesman,” Castelli conceded, with a gentle caveat about his more brazen protégé: “Of course, he wouldn’t be as scrupulous as I am in advising one of my clients *not* to buy a painting because it’s not good enough for them.” He added, “He also knows how to deal with very rich people.”
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-Gagosian and the artist Cy Twombly, in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 2003.Photograph by Jean Pigozzi
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-In pursuing a very rich clientele, Gagosian carved out a different niche from Castelli’s—one that harked back to Duveen’s relationships with the robber barons. The secondary market involves the buying and selling of previously owned work. Castelli had little interest in it, and in the mid-twentieth century—when Americans were creating the most dazzling art—the secondary business was perceived as a backwater by some dealers. It was also considered a bit distasteful: Duveen had often supplied his nouveau-riche clients by obtaining Old Master paintings from noble European families that had fallen on hard times.
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-By the nineteen-eighties, however, a new generation of wealthy Americans was eager to assemble great collections—and what they desired most was contemporary art. Si Newhouse had a media empire, and for more than three decades he was the owner of this magazine. (His family still owns Condé Nast, the parent company of *The New Yorker.*) He was also obsessed with twentieth-century art. On Saturday mornings, a car ferried him from his town house, on East Seventieth Street, to the galleries of SoHo. He had a sharp eye and a ready checkbook, and before long Gagosian could be seen squiring him on these excursions.
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-While Gagosian was on the rise, he occasionally championed promising young artists. When he saw the work of [Jean-Michel Basquiat](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/04/04/young-fun) for the first time—at a 1981 group show in SoHo, organized by the dealer Annina Nosei—he bought three pieces on the spot. The following year, he mounted Basquiat’s first show in L.A., where he had opened a bigger, nicer gallery. (Basquiat stayed at Gagosian’s house in Venice, along with Basquiat’s girlfriend at the time, a not yet famous [Madonna](https://www.newyorker.com/tag/madonna).) But the main service that Gagosian provided for Newhouse wasn’t scouting out the primary market; it was being his detective on the secondary market. The œuvres of even the most renowned artists are inconsistent. Masterpieces are rare and often hard to find. No central registry records the owners, locations, and prices of art works. Being a good secondary dealer requires knowing which people are collectors, where they live, what hangs inside their houses—and whether they might be induced to part with any of it. Gagosian excelled at what Douglas Cramer, a soap-opera producer and an early client, once called “the hunt.”
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-Like a secret society, the art market was governed by obscure social codes, and Gagosian was so unbound in his energies and so shameless in his tactics that he immediately attracted notice and controversy. The telephone was his instrument of choice, and he often made upward of a hundred cold calls a day, sniffing out the location of an art work, lining up buyers, then haggling with the owners until the work shook free. The artist [Jeff Koons](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/04/23/the-turnaround-artist), who first encountered him in this period, and went on to work with him for many years, told me that the young Gagosian infused the market with a thrilling sense of possibility: significant art that had been “locked up” suddenly became accessible. One reason that Gagosian knew where so much noteworthy twentieth-century art was hidden is that he had access to a treasure map, in the form of Castelli. “I could give him a lot of information on where the paintings were,” Castelli once acknowledged. “Because I sold most of them.”
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-Nosei told me that, during Gagosian’s parvenu years, he sometimes talked his way into parties and showed up at dinners to which he wasn’t invited. When we met in Amagansett, he mentioned that, in the eighties, he’d ventured into the house we were sitting in while the owner was throwing a party. Friends he was staying with at the time were invited, he told me, so he tagged along. “There wasn’t a place for me at the table, so I ate over there,” he said, indicating a side garden. He developed a reputation for wandering away from the festivities at private homes, taking clandestine Polaroids of any impressive art that he spied on the walls, and then offering those works to his collectors. A few days after a party, he would telephone the hosts and startle them with the news that he had a buyer who was very interested in the Matisse above their living-room sofa. His hunger, aggressiveness, and stamina were so conspicuous that people in SoHo began referring to him as GoGo.
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-Gagosian has denied surreptitiously photographing art works and offering them for sale without authorization, but there is ample evidence that he did just that. Douglas Cramer [told the *Times*](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/08/business/08larry.html), “I was in Larry’s office once and I saw Polaroids of pieces that were in *my home*.” Indeed, a version of this gambit (minus the Polaroids) remains part of Gagosian’s repertoire. Marc Jacobs told me about a dinner he once hosted at his apartment in Paris; among the guests was Gagosian. Several days later, Gagosian called Jacobs and proposed buying two paintings in the apartment—a John Currin and an Ed Ruscha. As it happened, Jacobs was about to build a new house, in New York, and needed money, so they quickly came to terms. “The deal was he would pay immediately,” Jacobs recalled. “Somebody came and picked up the paintings three days later, and the money was in my account. Done.”
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-In 1985, Gagosian relocated to New York and opened a gallery on Twenty-third Street, in Chelsea, which at the time was considered a deeply inauspicious location. (He has always possessed a genius for real estate—the investment paid off handsomely.) It can be difficult these days to recall how polarizing a figure he was when he first swept into the city. Then, even more so than now, people wondered about his finances: How could he afford to live so lavishly and pay so much for pictures? Did he have a secret backer? Gagosian has always denied it. (Newhouse, for his part, said that *he* was not Gagosian’s backer, but he once noted, “There are moments when I wish I were.”) Rumors circulated—without any apparent foundation—that Gagosian might be fronting for arms merchants, or in league with drug traffickers. His sudden success had prompted hostility and suspicion in the business, and he portrayed the scuttlebutt as a calculated effort to undermine him. In [a 1989 interview](https://www.villagevoice.com/2019/04/12/7-days-larry-gagosian-arts-bad-boy/), he lamented that “people don’t have anything better to do than make up gossip,” adding, “I’m not going to stop making money to squelch rumors.”
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-One widespread story at the time was that Gagosian liked to make lewd telephone calls to women. In a 1986 diary entry, Andy Warhol alluded to these accounts, writing, “Larry, I don’t know, he’s really weird, he got in trouble for obscene phone calls and everything.” (In the 1996 book “[True Colors: The Real Life of the Art World](https://www.amazon.com/True-Colors-Real-Life-World/dp/0871137259),” by Anthony Haden-Guest, Gagosian responded, “He called *me* weird. Warhol!”) The gossipy art magazine *Coagula* once expressed surprise that such allegations hadn’t slowed Gagosian’s ascent, noting, “Despite persistent rumors about dirty money and dirty phone calls, Larry Gagosian continues to fill his stable with big names.”
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-During this period, Gagosian developed an enduring reputation as a Lothario. He dated many glamorous women, including the model Veronica Webb and the dancer Catherine Kerr; he and Kerr were briefly engaged, but days before the wedding he called it off. (“Cold feet.”) On more than one occasion, he told people, “When women meet me, they either want to fuck me or throw up on me.” An item from *Coagula* in 1995 described a woman who allegedly called the police because Gagosian had been sending “a chauffeur-driven limousine to her pad every night, which patiently waits for her to emerge, kidnapping-style.” (Gagosian denied to me that he ever did this, pointing out, “It’s *expensive* to send a limousine.”)
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-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27953)
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-“Your screenplay is amazing. It’s fresh, original, like nothing we’ve ever seen before, but we can fix that.”
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-Cartoon by Matthew Diffee
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-“Talk to anyone you want—talk to people who don’t like me, I don’t care,” Gagosian told me when I first proposed writing about him, before catching himself and saying that maybe I shouldn’t talk to his “ex-girlfriends.” When I mentioned that I might be duty-bound to do so, Gagosian gave a little laugh, looked at me without blinking, and said, “I hope you have a good legal department.” He dismissed the stories about obscene phone calls as “complete horseshit.” He suggested that the rumors had originated with a woman who worked as an art adviser and was unaccountably upset with him, even though “I never had anything to do with her.” He wouldn’t tell me who the woman was.
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-I spoke to someone—not an art adviser—who said that she’d received such a phone call. She didn’t want to be named, she told me, because “Larry is very powerful and the art world is very small.” But she described an incident, in New York in the early eighties, in which she and her husband attended a party, and were introduced to Gagosian. They chatted only briefly, but then Larry came back and, looking at her intensely, asked her to tell him her name again. She told him, and he repeated it a few times, then walked off. Later that night, she and her husband were asleep in bed when the telephone rang. Her husband answered and a man asked for her by name. When the woman took the phone, the caller said a series of sexual things. “I hung up, and immediately we said, ‘It must have been Larry,’ ” she recalled. “It was so blatant. He could have waited a week, and I wouldn’t have figured it out.” It was only after this incident, the woman said, “that I started hearing from others, ‘Oh, he’s sort of known for doing that.’ ” (I also spoke to the husband, who corroborated this account, and to a friend of the woman’s, who remembers her recounting this experience four decades ago.)
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-When I told Gagosian about my conversation with the woman, without sharing her identity, he said, flatly, “Not true. Never happened. Never. I’m not that kind of guy.” In any case, the consensus among people who say that Gagosian made harassing phone calls is that he stopped. I did not hear so much as a rumor about this sort of conduct occurring at any point in the past twenty-five years.
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-As the business grew, Gagosian lost his patina of disreputability. He built a base of top-tier clients, and often played them off one another. The Chelsea gallery’s first show was an exhibition of Pop art from the collection of Burton and Emily Tremaine, a Connecticut couple with a sheet-metal fortune. Gagosian had established this relationship with his usual brio, looking up the Tremaines in the phone directory, then cold-calling them and offering to buy a Brice Marden painting that they owned. Gagosian befriended the couple, and soon they were entrusting more of their art to him. In his recollection, Burton would call and say, “Larry, we got too much art, we need some cash,” and he’d reply, “I’m your guy.” The Tremaines owned [Piet Mondrian](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/10/03/the-mysteries-of-mondrian-hans-janssen-piet-mondrian-a-life)’s final painting, “[Victory Boogie Woogie](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Piet_Mondriaan_Victory_Boogie_Woogie.jpg/1280px-Piet_Mondriaan_Victory_Boogie_Woogie.jpg),” and Gagosian told them that he thought he could get eleven million dollars for it. He then telephoned Si Newhouse and sold him the painting for exactly that amount. (After the sale, Newhouse said of Gagosian, “I think he has a refined eye. But at the level I’m dealing with, his eye is less important. It doesn’t take an eye to sell Mondrian’s ‘Victory Boogie Woogie.’ It takes a willing buyer and a willing seller and someone like Larry to bring them together.”)
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-In 1990, the owner of the Amagansett house was getting divorced, and Gagosian bought it, for eight million dollars. He bought a carriage house, with its own lap pool, on the Upper East Side. He bought a Ferrari. He also leased a big new gallery space in the Parke-Bernet building, on Madison Avenue. Allan Schwartzman, who was then a journalist and is now an art adviser, recalls meeting with Gagosian shortly after he signed the lease. The new space was still under construction, and they stood in the vestibule, looking out at the wealthy men and women of the Upper East Side walking by, like salmon running thick in a river. “He was clocking which men of extreme high net worth and which existing or potential art collectors were passing by, saying, ‘There goes So-and-So,’ ” Schwartzman said. “He knew *who everyone was*. He saw them before they knew him. That kind of aggressiveness and that eagle sharpness for who mattered—there was no precedent for that. That’s the eye of an industrialist. That’s someone who was seeking to build a massive financial empire.”
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-The Gagosian gallery is still headquartered in the Parke-Bernet building, and now takes up two whole floors. There’s a retail shop on the ground floor, which sells art books, prints, and T-shirts, offering the more budgetarily constrained consumer a little piece of the action. In what seems unlikely to have been an accident of design, you must pass through the gift shop in order to access Kappo Masa, the high-end restaurant that occupies the building’s basement, and is billed as a “collaboration” between Gagosian and the renowned Japanese chef Masayoshi Takayama. This was where I first met with Gagosian, for lunch in January. He was sitting at a prominent table in the wood-panelled, art-filled space, framed by an open kitchen where great flames occasionally ignited, like petroleum flares. The place was boisterous, and he greeted passing supplicants with the smiling disengagement of a village mayor. (“Hi, how ya doing? Maybe I’ll see you in Paris.”) He still lives nearby, but in 2015 he sold the carriage house, for eighteen million dollars, and moved into the Harkness Mansion, a twenty-thousand-square-foot domicile that he bought for thirty-six million dollars and then subjected to an exacting multiyear renovation. (He wanted a swimming pool on the roof.) It’s a lot of house, he concedes, but at the time he bought it he was dating Chrissie Erpf, a longtime employee, and she had four children, so he wanted enough space to accommodate her family. Then they broke up. Now Gagosian shares it with Anna Weyant, whom he started seeing in 2021, and their respective dogs, along with some staff. The house, which was renovated with an eye for entertaining, can comfortably seat fifty people at a dinner.
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-When Gagosian established his gallery, he disdained formal meetings—he finds bureaucracy and protocol dull. To increase sales, he hired several people to join him as “directors,” but he treated them a bit like those crafts peddlers in Westwood who had paid a commission to sell trinkets on his patio. Directors were given a phone and a computer and instructions to sell. There was no mentoring from Gagosian, and little lateral collaboration. A senior director in London, Millicent Wilner, once observed, “There’s no hierarchy. There’s Larry—and everyone else.”
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-Gagosian telephones his directors all day. If he can’t reach them, he will call them ten times. He will call their spouses. He will send company-wide e-mails demanding to know why people haven’t picked up the phone. When *he* won’t be reachable for any length of time, an e-mail is sent out: “Larry will be unavailable between 3 and 4:30 today.” By implication, he is accessible the rest of the time—and he expects the same of his underlings. Because the business is commission-driven, and still dominated by its charismatic owner, competition among directors can be ferocious. “There’s a lot of money on the table,” a source who has worked at the gallery told me, explaining that directors can make ten per cent of the gallery’s profit on a sale. The directors “are Larry’s children,” the person said, “and they all want to look the best in their father’s eyes.”
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-Other mega-galleries—Zwirner, Hauser & Wirth, Pace—are family operations. Gagosian has no kids. Having built this global colossus, he is now besieged by speculation about what will become of it when he’s no longer in charge. Kappo Masa was noisy, and Gagosian, who has become hard of hearing but does not wear a hearing aid, kept tilting his head so that I could repeat things. He is very well preserved for seventy-eight, but he recently had cataract surgery to fix one of his famously discerning eyes (“I couldn’t read a fucking book”), and the other eye has an underlying condition that can’t be corrected. Late last year, the gallery announced the appointment of a new board, a characteristically starry assortment of cultural and business types: Sofia Coppola, the film director; J. Tomilson (Tom) Hill, the former vice-chairman of Blackstone Group. Because Gagosian is such an object of fixation in rarefied circles, the press framed this reshuffle in corporate governance as a moment of Shakespearean portent. [The \_Times](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/16/arts/design/larry-gagosian-gallery-art-succession.html):\_ “*Without Heirs, Larry Gagosian Finally Plans for Succession*.”
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-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a26996)
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-“I did it! I solved the crossword! And I’m only two hours late for work!”
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-Cartoon by Johnny DiNapoli
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-At lunch, Gagosian bristled at this characterization. “That’s not really what drives this,” he said. “I don’t see it, per se, as succession planning.” He assured me that he has no plans to retire or to even step back a little. “I enjoy what I do,” he said, adding, “I don’t know what else *to* do.”
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-Gagosian, who eats at Kappo Masa several times a week, ordered grilled yellowtail and a seaweed salad. He was affable and charming but noticeably guarded. He will happily repeat anecdotes that he’s told a thousand times (Basquiat and Madonna, etc.), but he greets any questions about his motivations or his psychology, or about his clients or the particulars of his business, with the stone-faced implacability of a secret agent. This may be the natural result of running an operation that is reflexively discreet: Gagosian reaps huge profits from asymmetries of information. But, fundamentally, he does not seem to be an introspective person. In Michael Shnayerson’s 2019 book, “[Boom: Mad Money, Mega Dealers, and the Rise of Contemporary Art](https://www.amazon.com/Boom-Money-Mega-Dealers-Contemporary/dp/1610398408),” a director recalls asking Gagosian if he might write a memoir. Gagosian’s response was that he avoids self-reflection, because that is how you “lose your edge.” The late art critic Peter Schjeldahl once [observed](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/08/business/08larry.html), “We think of genius as being complicated. But geniuses have the fewest moving parts. . . . Gagosian is simple. He’s basically a shark, a feeding machine.”
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-That may be true, but Gagosian is also a scholar of appearances, and he told me that the image many people have of him is unfair. In contrast to his mentor, Castelli, he has been seen as more of a collector’s dealer than an artist’s dealer—a view that Gagosian considers a caricature. Of course, in the early days he *only* represented collectors. One innovation that even Gagosian’s detractors credit him for is holding museum-quality historical shows in a commercial gallery. He did this out of necessity, he explained: “We had no artists!” In 1995, he mounted a [Rubens](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/02/07/rubenessence) show, and later the [Picasso](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1957/03/09/picasso-profile-the-surprise-of-the-century) biographer John Richardson became a consultant for the gallery. Hiring a scholar was unconventional but clever. Richardson curated a series of landmark Picasso shows, including a 2009 exhibition in Chelsea of the painter’s late pictures, which drew an estimated hundred thousand people. The novelty of such events, in theory, was that in most cases the work on display was borrowed, and not for sale. But to assume that Gagosian was motivated purely by his love for Picasso or by his civic good will would be to miss his grasp of the subtle physics of the business. The historical shows were advertisements for the gallery, affiliating the Gagosian name with some of the greatest artists of all time. And often there *was* a thing or two for sale. On the gallery floor, it might have been all reverential appreciation for the brushstrokes, but a Gagosian director once divulged that Larry was also “aggressively negotiating in the back room.” (Deals were made on some of those late Picassos.) As for the relationship with Richardson, Irving Blum told me, “Larry was playing the long game,” adding, “He understood the involvement that John had with members of the Picasso family. He thought he could get a certain amount of material through that conduit.” Richardson died in 2019. The gallery now has relationships with several Picasso heirs. In the end, Blum said, he “got much more than he ever thought he could.”
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-Gagosian eventually amassed a stable of living artists, pursuing them as relentlessly as he had hunted for privately held masterpieces. One of the first major figures he went after, back in the eighties, was the Abstract Expressionist Cy Twombly. The artist, who died in 2011, was then in his late fifties and dividing his time between Lexington, Virginia, and the port city of Gaeta, south of Rome. Gagosian telephoned him in Italy incessantly. Nicola Del Roscio, the president of the Cy Twombly Foundation, told me that for a while Twombly greeted these intrusions by immediately hanging up. Finally, on one occasion, Twombly picked up and Gagosian said, “It’s the crazy Armenian—don’t put down the phone!” Twombly was so amused that he decided to hear Gagosian out.
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-It was the beginning of an extraordinary relationship. “I loved Cy,” Gagosian told me. Twombly began exhibiting at the gallery in 1986, and in the subsequent two decades he experienced the kind of late flowering that most artists can only dream of—big, vigorous canvasses that Gagosian sometimes sold days after they were finished. In another pioneering move, Gagosian opened international galleries—starting with London, Rome, and Paris—and he often inaugurated them with a show of new Twomblys. “It was an incredible collaboration,” Del Roscio said. “They almost were trying to outdo each other, like a game.” These new Twombly paintings often sold for five million dollars. “Naturally, there is also a financial interest—why not?” Del Roscio said. “Money is at the base of everything.” Gagosian sometimes jokes that “overhead is the mother of invention,” and it’s not an exaggeration to say that his gallery’s international expansion was subsidized largely by Twombly. Gagosian had secured a commission rate of about thirty per cent, so if he sold ten paintings at an opening he could pocket fifteen million dollars.
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-When Leo Castelli died, in 1999, Gagosian inherited a number of artists and collectors. (In a public conversation at the 92nd Street Y, Gagosian was asked what he had absorbed from Castelli. He replied, “I absorbed a lot of his, uh, clients.”) In 2001, a little over a year after Gagosian expanded to London, the city’s dominant dealer, Anthony d’Offay, retired, and Gagosian inherited yet more, including the sculptor Rachel Whiteread. He also poached artists with abandon. One advantage of having satellite galleries is that he could offer shows in other cities to artists who already had New York representation, just as he had introduced Ralph Gibson’s work to Los Angeles. Gagosian scorns any suggestion that luring artists away from other dealers is unsporting, and resents any dealer—[David Zwirner](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/12/02/dealers-hand) is a favorite example—who tries “to burnish his ethics on my hide.” Gagosian may be tetchy about this subject because these days he suffers the occasional defection himself: Yayoi Kusama left for Zwirner; Julian Schnabel left for Pace. It’s fair to say, though, that one way Gagosian has transformed the art business is by normalizing poaching. Many artists have clearly absorbed the idea that loyalty is sentimental and that, in a free market, they should always keep an eye out for a better deal.
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-When Schnabel quit the gallery, in 2016, he said, “I wanted to have a more human relationship with the person who was representing my work,” adding, “You want somebody to be on the other end of the line.” The sheer size of Gagosian’s current roster means that he cannot visit every studio or attend every opening, and this can generate anxiety and resentment. Even with his own artists, he must contend with the Gagosian reputation. In 2011, the artist Mike Kelley, who was represented by Gagosian before his death, [told the magazine *Artillery*](https://artillerymag.com/mike-kelley-part-2/), “Larry Gagosian, I know, doesn’t care about my work. It’s like, you’re there as long as he can make money off you.”
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-Nonetheless, many of Gagosian’s artists adore him. The front yard of the Amagansett house features a work by Richard Serra, who began showing at the gallery in 1983. His mammoth sculptures of weatherproof steel pose devilish logistical challenges: Andy Avini, the senior director, recalls a day when a huge curved sheet of steel was waiting to be installed for a show in Chelsea, and downtown skateboarders turned it into an improvised half-pipe. Gagosian offers artists commercial rewards, but he also helps them expand their ambitions, through big budgets and big spaces. The gallery has to approve expensive projects, and Serra once said of him, “He’s never told me no.”
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-Jenny Saville, who joined Gagosian in 1997, admitted to me that she was attracted by the illustrious lineup: “It was a gallery that showed Twombly and Serra, and Larry saw me as a peer in that way. I was twenty-six years old. What’s not to like?” There was a heady sense, she continued, not simply of graduating to that pantheon of esteem but also of entering into conversation with her heroes. Once, she got to help hang a Twombly show in New York. On another occasion, Gagosian arranged for her to spend an afternoon in the East Hampton studio of [Willem de Kooning](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/09/26/shifting-picture), which had remained essentially untouched since his death, a few years earlier. She passed the hours studying the master’s long palette knives. “I probably had ten years of development that day,” she said.
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-Gagosian entertaining at his Manhattan home, in 2016. The guests included the curator Thomas Campbell, Steve Martin, and Woody Allen.Photograph by Jean Pigozzi
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-The painter Cecily Brown, who grew up in England, told me that when her stepmother first met Gagosian she said, “He’s so *American*.” He was like someone “you would see on TV when you were little,” Brown continued. “The looks. The attitude. Very male.” In the early years, Gagosian often visited Brown’s studio. “He had a knack for finding the oddball thing,” she remembered. “There’s always the obvious favorite, but sometimes the artist has a secret favorite, and I’d often find that Larry would home in on the oddball work in the corner and say, ‘That’s a good painting.’ ” Gagosian is not given to flowery disquisitions when commenting on a work of art, preferring instead to render a clipped verdict: “She’s a good painter.” “Not his best.” For all his avaricious energy and negotiating prowess, Brown believes, Gagosian couldn’t have accomplished what he has without “that brilliant eye.”
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-When Gagosian first took on Brown, he told her, “Your paintings are too cheap for my customers.” He’d propose higher prices, Brown would balk, and they’d argue until they met somewhere in the middle. Brown left the gallery in 2014, after fifteen years there, and told me that she did so only because it was time for a change. But others suggested to me that the gallery may have placed too much emphasis on selling Brown’s work to plutocrat collectors, and not enough on placing it in museums. “I heard she thinks my gallery has become too commercial,” Gagosian told me. (Brown, now at Paula Cooper, currently has a solo show at the Met.)
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-There’s no question that Gagosian cares deeply about art. Like a lot of high-end collectors, he rhapsodizes about what it’s like to “live with” art, suggesting that it’s one thing to appreciate a painting in a museum or at somebody else’s dinner party but a whole other plane of experience to wake up each day and see a Lichtenstein or a Warhol. For many years, Gagosian had Picasso’s last finished painting above his bed. When I excused myself to use the bathroom at the Amagansett house, he instructed me, with practiced nonchalance, to “take a hard right at the Damien Hirst pill painting.”
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-Then again, what does it mean to live with something if not to take it for granted? Gagosian’s quasi-spiritual register often recedes in the face of more mechanistic concerns. Jean Pigozzi mused, “Sometimes it’s a bit depressing to be with all these guys, because they don’t really say, ‘Oh, this is an incredible painting and the colors are fabulous and it was influenced by Renoir.’ It’s more, ‘Well, this is seven million dollars, but Steve Cohen has bought one that sold for seven and a half, and there’s one that’s coming to auction that could reach nine.’ Sometimes they forget that it’s *art*.”
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-Saville made a similar observation. “Larry loves art, but he also loves money in a way that I just don’t understand,” she said. “I remember there being a de Kooning painting, and we were both going to see it. I was devouring the brush marks, and I could see he was devouring the price tag.” In an interview for a 2012 PBS documentary about [David Geffen](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1998/02/23/the-many-lives-of-david-geffen), the billionaire media impresario and art collector, Gagosian acknowledged that Geffen has a real eye, and loves art, and loves *living* with the art and blah-blah-blah—but then he observed that Geffen was also a master at treating art as an asset. After all, Gagosian pointed out, “it’s money on the walls.”
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-“I’m just looking in my apartment in New York at how many pictures I’ve bought that he’s been involved in,” David Geffen said, when I reached him on the phone. He counted out loud: “One, two, three . . . no, he wasn’t involved in that . . . four, five, six. I mean, six pictures in my apartment. I’m sitting here in my living room and I’m looking at this Twombly triptych. I had seen it at this house Larry used to have.”
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-Gagosian remarked to me once, about Duveen and Castelli, “It sounds egotistical, but I’m a little bit of a combination between those two. We represent some of the most important living artists, but we also have a very, very robust secondary-market business.” The strategy is to skim the cream off the top of both markets. He is able to maintain this enviable position through his relationships with top collectors. Gagosian may have strong bonds with some of his artists, but he has more in common with the collectors. Their interactions are sometimes combustible, but that’s inevitable, given the money at stake and the egos involved. “I’ve spent an incredible amount of money buying pictures from Larry,” Geffen told me. “At any given moment, I may feel like I’ve overpaid for something. But in the end I’ve never overpaid for anything. For me, they’ve been incredibly good investments. Most of the money I’ve given away, which is well over a billion dollars, I financed by selling paintings that I owned.”
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-Part of the reason Geffen’s bets have paid off so extravagantly is that Gagosian’s tenure in the business has coincided with a period of staggering growth in the price of contemporary art. In 1980, when Burton and Emily Tremaine sold a 1958 Jasper Johns painting, “[Three Flags](https://whitney.org/collection/works/1060),” to the Whitney for a million dollars, the deal made headlines, because it was the first known instance in which a work by a living artist had broken seven figures. In 2010, Steve Cohen purchased a different Johns flag painted in 1958—for a hundred and ten million dollars. Gagosian has acknowledged that the market he first flourished in, during the late eighties, was so overhyped that it was “like tulip mania, like a Ponzi thing.” There were subsequent dips, to be sure, but, as he pointed out to me, “each peak has been higher than the one that preceded it.” In 2012, he opened a gallery on the grounds of Le Bourget airport, outside Paris, where his clients can buy art upon landing in their private jets.
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-Even during downturns, he has found ways to thrive. After the Dow dropped in 1990, Geffen—still as liquid as the day is long—swooped in looking for bargains. According to Gagosian, staff at the Madison Avenue gallery used to joke that when Geffen stopped by it meant that they would “make payroll this month.” During this period, Si Newhouse and his wife, Victoria, moved into an airy apartment overlooking the East River. “I remember going there with Larry,” Pigozzi recalled. “Larry said, ‘Don’t you find the view a bit boring? Why do you need so many windows?’ ” (Windows, Pigozzi explained, “are the enemy of the art dealer.”) The Newhouses sold off part of their collection to Geffen, including many paintings that Gagosian had helped the couple acquire. For these art works, Gagosian landed a repeat commission. “I don’t like to sell paintings to museums,” he has quipped. “Then I can’t get them back.”
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-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a26690)
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-“These days, it’s all about local ingredients.”
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-Cartoon by David Sipress
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-Serial commissions became common for Gagosian as more and more wealthy people started to regard art as a category of investment. He maintained a small club of extremely affluent collectors who repeatedly mixed up their asset allocations—trading among themselves, through him. In 2003, Steve Cohen bought a [Jackson Pollock](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/12/21/the-dripping-point) drip painting from Geffen for fifty million dollars. Three years later, Gagosian asked Geffen if he’d ever sell a de Kooning he owned, “[Woman III](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e7/Woman3.jpg).” Geffen said, “I suppose, if you got me a hundred and forty million.” Cohen bought it that day. The reverse dynamic occurred in 2020, after Cohen spent $2.4 billion to acquire the Mets baseball team. “Perhaps Steve’s in the mood to sell,” Geffen said to Gagosian, who then orchestrated Geffen’s purchase of a Giacometti sculpture from Cohen, for a hundred and forty-seven million dollars. This is a lucrative situation in which to serve as middleman. As Geffen put it, “If Larry represents the owner, and you want it, you’ve got to buy it from him.” And, as Gagosian recognized, the competitive drive of self-made billionaires does not exactly go into remission once they’ve made a fortune. “What did Karl Marx say? Money creates taste,” he once joked. (In fact, he was quoting an ironic truism by the artist Jenny Holzer.)
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-Gagosian’s efforts to ensnare prospective customers sometimes became comical. In 1989, the magazine *7 Days* [described him](https://www.villagevoice.com/2019/04/12/7-days-larry-gagosian-arts-bad-boy/) prowling around a benefit, then spying a wealthy collector from the Midwest: “The collector, cut from his group of friends like a steer from its herd, was almost pinned against the wall.” More recently, a billionaire couple were scheduled to attend a wedding in the Hamptons and inquired, through a mutual friend, whether they could borrow Gagosian’s house for the weekend. They had one question about the accommodations: was there an infrared sauna? Gagosian, no doubt understanding the boundless upside of such a visit, said, “Of course”—and hurriedly had one installed.
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-He seems also to have intuited that a certain kind of overindulged potentate is so unaccustomed to being told no that rejection can actually become an enticement. Tico Mugrabi told me about a pilgrimage that he and Gagosian made, along with two other collectors, Aby Rosen and Harry Lis, to see Twombly in Italy. “These guys are willing to spend big money on paintings,” Mugrabi said. But, when they got to Gaeta, the three collectors found themselves stuck for days on a yacht that Gagosian had chartered, moored next to an unsightly naval base. At breakfast, Gagosian would announce, “I’ve got to go to the studio.”
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-“Take us with you!” the collectors would demand.
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-“I can’t,” he would reply. Each day, Gagosian returned with vivid reports of the magic he’d witnessed, exclaiming, “The paintings are incredible!”
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-“You son of a bitch!” Mugrabi said. “We’re sitting in this port and you have the audacity to not take us to the studio?” Reflecting on it now, he told me, “This is how Larry was able to lift the market: ‘I can’t show you the painting.’ Then he shows you the painting.”
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-By conjuring an atmosphere of unpredictability and intrigue, Gagosian imbues the dealing process with excitement—and creates a sense that when an opportunity finally presents itself you must seize it immediately, and at any cost. J. Tomilson Hill, who is a major collector, told me that when he started buying from Gagosian, in the nineties, he would go to the gallery and, in a private room reserved for V.I.P.s, spot something new on the wall. “I’d say, ‘Larry, is that for sale?’ And he’d say, ‘Yes, I’ve got it until Tuesday.’ ” The identity of the seller and the details of this short-term consignment could be anyone’s guess, but the message was clear: Move fast. “We bought our first Picasso painting from him in that manner,” Hill said. “Our first [Francis Bacon](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/05/24/francis-bacons-frightening-beauty), too.”
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-Gagosian complained to me that, these days, many collectors have an art consultant and want to do things by committee. With a dismissive shrug, he murmured, “Those people don’t get my first call.” He told me that he prefers collectors who are quick and decisive and who trust their own taste. But it has long been suggested that many of Gagosian’s collectors simply ape *his* taste. In 1984, the cantankerous art critic Robert Hughes bemoaned the new generation of collectors: “Most of the time, they buy what other people buy. They move in great schools, like bluefish, all identical.” Indeed, many prominent collections now reflect the sensibility of Gagosian: a Twombly, a Ruscha, perhaps a Serra. “I sometimes wonder how everyone can agree that a certain work of art is collectible,” Steve Martin told me, dryly. But the market’s confidence in Gagosian’s aesthetic judgment is such that he has taken one of the most notoriously subjective, eye-of-the-beholder human experiences and turned it into a matter of Apollonian objectivity. In the 2008 book “[The $12 Million Stuffed Shark: The Curious Economics of Contemporary Art](https://www.amazon.com/Million-Stuffed-Shark-Economics-Contemporary/dp/0230620590),” Don Thompson quotes a former Gagosian staffer who claims that when the gallery tells a client, “Larry said you need this for your collection,” the client sometimes blurts “I’ll take it!” before asking what the work costs or looks like.
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-Such fealty may seem crazy, but from a purely financial standpoint it might make sense. Even with secondary sales, Gagosian can demand a hefty commission—sometimes fifteen per cent—but the mere fact that he is the dealer endorsing and selling a work may well enhance its value. The artist Mark Kostabi once suggested that, whereas Gagosian started his career by adding a cheap metal frame to inflate a poster’s price, eventually it was his own imprimatur that justified the markup. As Kostabi put it, “*He’s* the frame.” The more you pay for a work, Gagosian has said, the more likely it is that your investment will retain its value. That sentiment may seem nakedly self-interested, but it’s also often true.
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-Diego Marroquin, a dealer who is friends with Gagosian, told me that collectors “know they’re paying more with Larry, and they know they’re not getting transparency, and they’re still happy to do it.” He added, “I’ve tried to sell the exact same painting to the exact same collector, and failed—and that person then went and bought it from Larry, with a significant premium on top.”
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-An art-world source told me about a conversation he once had with Si Newhouse, in which Newhouse indicated he’d heard that the owner of a particularly coveted Robert Rauschenberg painting was willing to sell it for about thirty-two million dollars. The source, who was aware of the Rauschenberg’s availability, gently corrected Newhouse: the real price was closer to twenty-five million. “No,” Newhouse insisted. “It’s definitely thirty-two.” The point of the anecdote was not that Gagosian might have jacked up the price to fleece Newhouse, my source insisted, but that “Newhouse *wanted* it to be worth more.”
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-Walk into a high-end art gallery and you will usually find that prices aren’t displayed. You must inquire, and that feels gauche. Already, you are on the back foot, conditioned by the imperious aura of exclusivity. Legally, the gallery must tell you the cost of an art work, but employees generally give you the runaround first. At Gagosian, the fetish for discretion is so strong that the gallery’s staffers are sometimes left in the dark about transactions. Though employees are typically informed via e-mail when a work is consigned or sold, there is also a secret list of especially sensitive or exclusive offerings. This information is not widely shared, in part because buyers are less interested in works that have been too “exposed”; as in real estate, the longer something is on the market, the less alluring it is.
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-This lack of transparency is one reason that the construction of value in the art world can be so opportunistic and imprecise. Most publicly reported prices come from auctions, which are estimated to account for less than twenty per cent of the art market. Further complicating matters, there is widespread market manipulation. *The Economist* has [described](https://www.economist.com/1843/2011/11/18/a-one-man-art-market) Andy Warhol as a “one-man Dow Jones,” because his work is seen as a bellwether for the contemporary-art market. But Tico Mugrabi and his family have effectively cornered the market on Warhol. They own about a thousand works by the artist, and are constantly buying and selling his paintings—regulating supply to keep prices high. They describe themselves, without irony, as “market-makers.” Mugrabi told me, “For me, this is *inventory*. If you’re dealing in currencies, and you see the dollar trading low, and you believe in the dollar, you buy dollars.” When a Warhol comes up at auction, the Mugrabis often bid on it—either to acquire it or just to boost the price. They collaborate with Gagosian in such strategizing and will subtly coördinate with him, bidding on works together in order to mitigate their risk. “We’re always sitting very close to each other in the auction,” Mugrabi told me. “Sometimes, with just a nod, we will agree we should buy it.”
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-According to Bloomberg, the global art market is a sixty-five-billion-dollar industry, yet it remains largely unregulated. A former federal prosecutor who has litigated art-market cases said of the Mugrabis’ control over the Warhol market, “If this were any other asset class, someone would be looking at it from an antitrust perspective, or conflict of interest, or breach of fiduciary duty.” In 2014, the *Hastings Law Journal* published [an article](https://repository.uclawsf.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol66/iss1/7/), by Nicole Dornbusch Horowitz, called “Price Fixing the Priceless? Discouraging Collusion in the Secondary Market,” which suggested that the government might want to investigate such behavior. In a footnote, Horowitz disclosed that, before attending law school, she worked as an art administrator for Tico Mugrabi’s father, Jose.
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-In 1992, the satirical magazine *Spy* described Gagosian as an “art trafficker.” Although he clearly revels in the slippery customs of the bazaar, he takes umbrage at the implication that there is anything unseemly about what he does. Even after he became a success, he recalled to me, his mother frowned upon his vocation: “She told me, ‘I had lunch with my girlfriends. One said her son is a doctor. Another said her son is a lawyer. I just kept my mouth shut.’ ” He paused. “She could see that I was making money—and she was benefitting from that—but she never said, ‘Well, great, honey, I’m so glad you found something you love.’ ” (She died in 2005.) People close to Gagosian have sometimes been taken aback by his cloak-and-dagger tradecraft. Veronica Webb, the model who dated him, once told *New York* about a time when a helicopter landed on the lawn. Gagosian told her that he had to go and look at a painting. “When I asked him which collector and which painting, he wouldn’t tell me,” she said. (Gagosian maintains that this whole episode never happened.) Buyers often don’t know who the seller is, and vice versa—if they did, they might well cut out the dealer. In any particular exchange, Gagosian might commission the artist, the buyer, and the seller—and not disclose a conflict of interest to any of them. He commissions his artists differently. The standard arrangement in the primary market is a fifty-fifty split between the artist and the dealer, but some artists, including Richard Prince and Damien Hirst, can command a larger share. Such accommodations are bespoke—and secret—but Gagosian confirmed to me that “in general” there is a “range within a narrow band.”
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-In a deposition some years ago, Gagosian resisted the idea that he should be constrained by fiduciary obligations. “I never get asked the question ‘Are you representing both sides?’ ” he said, while acknowledging that he often does represent both the buyer and the seller, without revealing this to either party. When the attorney deposing him asked whether he feels any “duty of loyalty” to the seller, it was as if Gagosian, on some fundamental level, hadn’t understood the question. “I just don’t think about it in terms of—in those terms,” he said.
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-Litigation occasionally offers a glimpse of the shadowy backroom aspects of the trade. In the nineties, the billionaire financier Ronald Perelman became a friend and client of Gagosian’s. They vacationed together and invested in an East Hampton restaurant, Blue Parrot. Over time, Perelman bought approximately two hundred pieces of art from Gagosian and, he has said, came to think of him as a “trusted art adviser.” Then they went to war. The trouble started in 2010, when Perelman arranged to purchase from Gagosian a Popeye sculpture, in black granite, by Jeff Koons. The market for Koons was so overheated that, when Perelman agreed to pay four million dollars for the work, it didn’t exist yet. Nevertheless, he committed to making five installments of eight hundred thousand dollars each, the last of which would be due when the work was delivered to his home, a year and a half later. Koons fell behind schedule, however, and, when it became clear that he wouldn’t meet the delivery date, Perelman decided that he didn’t want the Popeye anymore. But, rather than simply ask for his money back, Perelman demanded a premium, claiming that, because the value of Koons’s work rises so quickly, the Popeye was now worth more than the original price, even unfinished. Gagosian, for his part, didn’t want to take the sculpture back, because Koons—a canny and flagrantly corporate impresario who worked as a commodities trader before becoming a full-time artist—had a side agreement stipulating that he was entitled to a fifty-per-cent commission if the work was resold within five years, and eighty per cent of the profit if it was resold before it was finished.
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-Perelman sued Gagosian, and the Popeye was only one item on his list of grievances. Another was a blue Twombly canvas, “[Leaving Paphos Ringed with Waves](https://www.thebroad.org/sites/default/files/styles/webp_convert_only/public/art/twombly_leaving_paphos_2.jpg.webp?itok=5EQtqjPp),” which he’d spotted in the gallery one day in 2011. When Perelman asked what the painting cost, Gagosian told him eight million dollars. Perelman offered six, but Gagosian wouldn’t budge. Perelman kept thinking about the painting, however, and a week or so later he offered to pay up. Too late, Gagosian said—he’d just sold it to someone else. But sometime later Gagosian came back to him and said that the new owner, whose identity he didn’t disclose, would sell the Twombly to Perelman—for $11.5 million. After some further haggling, Perelman, who had balked at paying eight million dollars, agreed to pay $10.5 million, and the Twombly was finally his.
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-What Perelman did not know was that the other party in this transaction was the Mugrabi family. Tico Mugrabi told me that his family bought the Twombly from Gagosian for $7.25 million. Then, he continued, “Larry calls me and says, ‘Do you want to sell that painting?’ I said, ‘We just bought it!’ ” Tico maintains that the Mugrabis didn’t know the buyer’s identity. But, in the resale to Perelman, his family made a profit of two million dollars, and Gagosian got a million-dollar commission. When Perelman learned that he’d bought the painting from the Mugrabis—Gagosian’s frequent collaborators—he was incensed. The Mugrabis had never even physically taken possession of the Twombly, so it looked to Perelman as though Gagosian had colluded with the family on a shakedown.
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-Perelman is no stranger to litigation: he has engaged in legal battles with his own brother, numerous erstwhile business partners, and one of his four ex-wives. In this instance, he was pursuing a novel legal theory—that an art dealer should have a duty of loyalty to the people he is representing. But mainly Perelman was indignant. He [told the *Times*](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/19/business/the-feud-thats-shaking-gallery-walls.html) that Gagosian “is the most charming guy in the world,” adding, “Everyone thinks when they’re doing business with him they’re the one guy being treated honestly.” This was a crusade, he promised. “Art is such a beautiful thing,” he told the paper. “But it’s been sullied by an ugly business.” In the lawsuit he filed, in New York, Perelman accused Gagosian of “undervaluing works when purchasing them, overvaluing them when selling them, and pocketing the substantial differential.”
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-That description may seem shady, but it’s also an apt characterization of what an art dealer does. Stefania Bortolami, who worked for Gagosian for several years and now runs her own gallery, in Tribeca, told me about a Lichtenstein she once handled for him. When the gallery was trying to acquire the painting, Gagosian disparaged it, saying, “It was a good year, but this is one of the worst I’ve seen.” Having established the lesser value of this Lichtenstein, the gallery bought it “cheap,” Bortolami said. Shortly afterward, she continued, “I hear Larry talking about it with another client as if it’s the best painting that Lichtenstein had ever done.” (Gagosian said that this account was “malicious speculation,” adding, “You don’t stay in business doing things like that.”)
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-Whatever the merits of Perelman’s suit, there was something striking about his decision to speak up: the strong implication of his legal filings was that Gagosian had become so powerful in the art world that other aggrieved parties were too afraid to push back. Gagosian denied wrongdoing and moved to dismiss the suit, calling Perelman a “deadbeat” and a “bully.” It was difficult to identify, in this ugly dustup, the sympathetic party. “This is a crazy case to have going on,” the judge overseeing the matter declared, suggesting that the two moguls would be better served hashing out their differences over a cocktail in the Hamptons.
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-Perelman’s case was ultimately dismissed. When I asked Gagosian about it, he didn’t mask his sense of vindication. “It was complete bullshit,” he said. “And he completely lost.” But Perelman continued nursing a grudge. In 2018, the film producer Joel Silver sued Gagosian, alleging delays involving an eight-million-dollar Koons sculpture, but dropped the suit after court papers revealed that his legal bills were being covered by a secret backer: Ron Perelman.
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-Then something interesting happened. Perelman—who at his height was worth nearly twenty billion dollars—had a run of financial misfortune. In 2022, his company, Revlon, declared bankruptcy. Suddenly, he needed to offload some art. Perelman, whose collection was long on the artists Gagosian especially knew how to sell, put up the white flag.
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-“We’ve patched things up,” Gagosian told me, with an air of regal magnanimity. “In the last couple of years,” he continued, twisting the knife, “he’s been quite *motivated* to sell . . . which I’m sure you’ve read about.” According to Gagosian, they have since done “a lot of business.” He added, “I like Ronald—he’s an acquired taste, some people might say, but I always liked the guy.”
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-When I reached Perelman recently, he had jettisoned his righteous armor and seemed ready to wallow in self-abasement. He’d acted “more out of emotion than out of fact,” he told me. “In retrospect, if I wasn’t so bugged by all of the issues, I shouldn’t have filed the lawsuit.” What precisely had bugged him? “I don’t even remember.” Why had he financed the Joel Silver lawsuit in 2018? Initially, Perelman denied having done this. When I informed him I was looking at a legal document indicating that he had, he pleaded temporary senility: “I don’t remember that lawsuit.” Apart from this minor blip, his friendship with Gagosian had been beautiful, he assured me. “We’ve been doing business very successfully for the last couple of years, with no problems.” In Amagansett, Gagosian mentioned that Perelman was back on the guest list for Memorial Day.
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-The art world is a mercenary place where grudges often give way to expedience. In Phoebe Hoban’s 1998 book, “[Basquiat: A Quick Killing in Art](https://www.amazon.com/Basquiat-Quick-Killing-Phoebe-Hoban/dp/0670854778),” the photographer Paige Powell recalls a conversation about Gagosian with Andy Warhol: “I was terrified of Larry, with Andy telling me all of these stories about how he was making obscene phone calls. And then Andy did a show with him, and when I asked why he was doing it after terrifying me for years about this guy, he said, ‘Oh, well, it’s cash and carry.’ ”
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-Gagosian and the sculptor Richard Serra, in New York in 1993.Photograph by Jean Pigozzi
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-One small feature of Gagosian’s business that he is particularly proud of is his publishing operation. His company is now one of the world’s largest publishers of art books, he told me, with some six hundred titles. In financial terms, the books are “a loser,” he acknowledged. But they are characteristically sumptuous, and artists and collectors love them. The gallery also publishes a magazine, *Gagosian Quarterly*, with interviews and essays featuring artists and others in Gagosian’s orbit. The magazine runs advertising from luxury brands, he noted, “and the advertisers are many of our customers—Prada, Gucci, Vuitton.” Derek Blasberg, who helps produce the *Quarterly*, gave me some copies, pointing out that the gallery’s publications “spread Larry’s gospel of making contemporary art such a desirable and fabulous commodity.”
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-Paging through [the Winter 2017 issue](https://issuu.com/gagosianquarterly/docs/gg_magnov2017_001-168_zmag), I noticed a Q. & A. between Gagosian and his friend Woody Allen. The interview was published shortly before Allen’s adopted daughter Dylan Farrow wrote [an op-ed](https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-farrow-woody-allen-me-too-20171207-story.html), for the Los Angeles *Times*, accusing the movie industry of ignoring her claim that Allen had sexually abused her. (Allen vigorously denies the accusation.) Gagosian and Allen go back a long way: Allen’s wife, Soon-Yi Previn, once worked at the gallery, and Allen attended Gagosian’s seventy-eighth-birthday party. In the Q. & A., Allen tells a humorous anecdote. It begins, “You and I had dinner at Stresa in Paris and we talked about all getting together with Roman Polanski”—the celebrated film director who has avoided the United States since 1978, six months after he pleaded guilty to unlawful sex with a minor. Allen was acquainted with Polanski, he notes, but Gagosian knew him “very well.” Two weeks later, Gagosian called Allen and said, “Do you want to have dinner with Roman?” Plans were made for a gathering at Roman’s house. When Allen arrived at the address, he was startled by the grandeur of the home: “I’m sitting there thinking, ‘How well do his movies do? My God, he must have made a fortune.’ ” But when their host appeared, Allen exclaimed, “That’s not Roman.” At this point, the transcript in the *Quarterly* notes, “\[laughter\].” There had been a misunderstanding: the house belonged not to Roman Polanski but to [Roman Abramovich](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/03/28/how-putins-oligarchs-bought-london), the Russian oligarch. In 2022, Abramovich was sanctioned by the U.K. and the European Union in connection with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. (His lawyers have recently challenged the E.U. sanctions in court.)
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-One way that Gagosian has insulated himself from the ups and downs of the art economy is by seeking out emerging markets. During the two-thousands, a generation of post-Soviet oligarchs—many of whom had amassed fortunes by purchasing formerly state-owned assets in dubious transactions—became eager buyers of art. Victoria Gelfand, a Belarus-born director at Gagosian who was then based in London, began cultivating them. Incredibly, between 2004 and 2008, Russian buyers were responsible for almost half of Gagosian’s business worldwide, according to the *Times*. “You can e-mail a painting to Moscow and they e-mail you back the money, instantly!” Gagosian enthused in a 2008 interview. When the global financial crisis hit, later that year, Russian commissions kept coming in. Gagosian mounted a flashy exhibition at a former chocolate factory in Moscow. The timing was awkward: Russia had recently invaded its neighbor Georgia. But gallery staff vowed that this distraction wouldn’t dampen the mood, assuring a reporter that international clients hadn’t “canceled their trips because of the attack.”
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-Abramovich, along with his then girlfriend, Dasha Zhukova, began collecting on an enormous scale. According to *The Art Newspaper*, in a single week he spent a hundred and twenty million dollars at auction, buying a Francis Bacon triptych and a Lucian Freud. In 2015, Abramovich and Gagosian threw a New Year’s Eve party together, in St. Barts, that was reportedly attended by Chris Rock, Lana Del Rey, and Jon Bon Jovi. Abramovich wasn’t the only oligarch Gagosian did business with. He became friends with the financier Mikhail Fridman, whom the European Union [has described](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32022R0336) as having “strong ties to the administration of Vladimir Putin.” (Fridman’s attorneys have denied that this is true.)
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-Last year, after Russia invaded Ukraine, the New York *Post* ran a story characterizing Gagosian as “the official art dealer of the Russian oligarchy,” citing his relationships with “Bond villain” types such as Abramovich, Fridman, and the Putin associate Mikhail Piotrovsky, who directs the Hermitage Museum. The U.S. Treasury Department’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network released a [warning](https://www.fincen.gov/sites/default/files/2022-03/FinCEN%20Alert%20Russian%20Elites%20High%20Value%20Assets_508%20FINAL.pdf) that the art market is “attractive for money laundering by illicit actors, including sanctioned Russian elites,” and federal prosecutors began subpoenaing auction houses.
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-Shortly after the invasion of Ukraine, an e-mail went out to Gagosian employees. It said that “you absolutely cannot sell to a sanctioned person,” the source who has worked at the gallery told me. “You cannot sell to their fake business in Liechtenstein. You cannot jeopardize the gallery to sell to these people.” Suddenly, the mantra was “Know Your Customer.” But this directive seemed a little disingenuous—if there is one thing Larry Gagosian has always known, it is his customers. When I asked him about Abramovich, he shrugged and said, “He’s a nice guy.” There was a bit of a language barrier, but they enjoyed hanging out. “He came over to my carriage house and bought, like, half of the things in my house,” he continued, then emphasized, “When I was selling to him, there was no sanction. There was no war.”
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-From our conversations, I got the sense that Gagosian does not feel particularly burdened by such ethical conundrums, and that he adheres to a simple rule. If it’s illegal for him to do business with someone, he won’t. Otherwise, it is not for him to parse the moral credentials of potential buyers. He has sold art to Sam Waksal, who pleaded guilty to securities fraud, bank fraud, obstruction of justice, and perjury; Peter M. Brant, who served six weeks in federal prison on charges related to tax documents, then celebrated his release with a dinner at Gagosian’s house; Leon Black, who stepped down as the board chairman at *MoMA* after artists protested his close financial ties to the serial child predator Jeffrey Epstein; and Steve Cohen, whose hedge fund pleaded guilty to so much insider trading that it had to pay a $1.8-billion fine. (In 2004, Gagosian himself—along with his gallery—paid four million dollars to settle a federal lawsuit over unpaid taxes.) In recent years, Gagosian has also been doing a lot of business in the United Arab Emirates, a country with an appalling record on human rights and an appealing quantity of collectors.
-
-I asked Gagosian if there is anyone he would refuse to deal with on ethical grounds. He said that he might not do business with a “convicted murderer,” but that he doesn’t want to draw such lines when it comes to lesser allegations. “If the money is correct, if the transaction is correct, I’m not going to be a moral judge,” he said. Gagosian pointed out, rightly, that he wasn’t alone in having done business with the oligarchs: “Everybody did—the auction houses, the top dealers.”
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-In [a 2019 interview](https://news.artnet.com/market/art-2020-powerful-art-dealers-share-what-to-expect-in-the-new-year-stefania-bortolami-1705641) with Artnet, Stefania Bortolami, the Tribeca gallerist, declared, “There’s not enough ‘good money’ in the world to sustain this art world.” She speculated that “very few artists are going to have the guts to say no to millions of dollars.”
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-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a26557)
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-Cartoon by Pia Guerra and Ian Boothby
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-The art market is a star system like any other, and most artists, including many very good ones, do their work and live their lives far from the galaxy of Gagosian. If they are lucky enough to have representation, their work is shown by small or midsize galleries. Being supported by a mega-gallery like Gagosian is a gift, but it’s complicated: such artists must produce work while this rowdy bacchanal of late capitalism plays out around them.
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-In a 1989 interview, Gagosian spoke with impolitic frankness to Anthony Haden-Guest about the ways money can ruin an artist. Some artists get “really fucked up” by financial success, Gagosian said, and “start getting interested in antique furniture and wine and adding another wing to the house in the Hamptons.” (Money creates taste for artists as much as for their patrons, it would seem.) Such artists also become burdened with a new set of expectations, Gagosian continued: “You’ve got to keep the dealer happy. You’ve got to keep the pipeline loaded. And the marketplace doesn’t tolerate a lot of experimentation.”
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-For some artists closely associated with Gagosian, there is no apparent disconnect between the clamor of materialism and the art work itself. Admirers of Koons might claim that his glossily reflective sculptures of balloon toys are embedded with a sly social commentary on their multimillion-dollar price tags, and, for both the artist and his collectors, there must be some consolation in the idea that they’re in on the joke. Last year, Damien Hirst had a show at a Gagosian gallery in London. Jonathan Jones, a critic at the *Guardian*, [wrote](https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/mar/09/this-is-art-for-the-penthouses-of-oligarchs-damien-hirst-natural-history-review), “This is art for the penthouses of oligarchs who look out of their windows and ask who really cares about all those pieces of meat walking about down there.”
-
-But for other artists it can be unsettling to be reminded that some of your most devoted collectors are people whose politics and life styles you find repugnant. “I don’t actually think any work by a living artist should be more than a million dollars,” Cecily Brown once [told the *Financial Times*](https://www.ft.com/content/05b385dc-7925-11ea-9840-1b8019d9a987). “I think it’s sick. It’s out of control. It’s about big-dick contests.” Brown, whose paintings have sold at auction for more than six million dollars, has acknowledged that a relentless focus on prices could be inhibiting. “I can’t come in here painting, thinking, ‘Oh, this is worth . . . ’ ” Part of her process, she continued, is to sometimes destroy her work along the way. “I don’t think ‘This could be $350,000’ before I slash it.”
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-Jenny Saville said that she finds it easy to leave the pressures and perversions of commerce at the studio door. In 2018, her monumental nude self-portrait “[Propped](https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2018/history-of-now-collection-david-teiger-l18623/lot.6.html)” sold at Sotheby’s for $12.4 million—the most ever paid for a work by a living female artist. Of course, this was the secondary market, so Saville saw none of that upside herself. But higher resale statistics generally drive up your prices in the primary market. Even so, Saville told me that such benchmarks are extrinsic to her artistic process. “It wasn’t a better painting the day after the auction than it was the day before,” she said. “The noise—I got rid of all that very young. I learned quickly that that’s not where it’s at. It’s a rainy Tuesday, and you’re making a certain mark in a certain way. That’s all that matters.”
-
-I wondered how easy it was for other artists to maintain true north amid the powerful magnetic forces of the marketplace—to keep experimenting, to prevent their creative energies from becoming dissipated by their own wealth. (The *Guardian* review of the Hirst show—a survey of the formaldehyde-filled vitrines he’s been making for three decades—lamented the artist’s “progress from raw young punk to pretentious money-lover.”) Then again, Picasso didn’t exactly live like a monk, and he remained protean and vital until his death. Nearly five hundred years ago, Giorgio Vasari wrote about the lavish prices the great artists of the Renaissance commanded, and the manner in which they jockeyed for wealthy sponsors. Perhaps it was ever thus. In Twombly’s later years, when he was ill with cancer, Gagosian offered his private jet so that the artist could travel between Virginia and Italy in comfort. In Gagosian’s telling, Twombly would say, “The only two things I like are painting and flying on Larry’s plane.”
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-One explanation for Gagosian’s continued dominance after five decades in the industry is that, for a white man of a certain generation, he has been surprisingly adept at shifting with the times. He still has the vibe of a nineteen-eighties corporate raider, and he pointed out to me, more than once, that he is “not very P.C. by nature.” Yet he hasn’t been cancelled, or sidelined as a dinosaur. And soon after stories emerged online, in 2020, alleging predatory sexual conduct by one of his longtime directors, Sam Orlofsky, Gagosian fired him, and sent the gallery’s staff a memo saying that such behavior wouldn’t be tolerated. “I didn’t see it coming, I really didn’t,” he told me. He knew that Orlofsky had a certain life style (“Sometimes I couldn’t get him on the phone till three in the afternoon”) but maintains he had no inkling that his trusted director might have been harassing women—including staffers at the gallery. Gagosian might disdain bureaucracy, but by 2018 he had come to recognize that a muscular H.R. division was needed to keep everyone on track. (Orlofsky did not respond to requests for comment.)
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-The past several years have occasioned an overdue reckoning on questions of race and representation in the art world, and Gagosian has made moves that many people I spoke to praised as shrewd. In 2021, he hired Antwaun Sargent, a young Black writer and curator. Gagosian was uncharacteristically forthright about his motivation. “I may not see things as well as I saw things 20 or 30 years ago,” he [told the *Times*](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/23/arts/design/gagosian-antwaun-sargent-social-works.html), adding, “With somebody like Antwaun, I’m able to refresh my perspective.” Like John Richardson before him, Sargent was an unconventional hire; he’d never worked as a dealer. Sargent, who told me that he has a “pretty good barometer around tokenism,” sensed that Gagosian was sincere in his intentions, and he immediately warmed to the no-bet-too-big ethos of the gallery. For the début show, in Beverly Hills, of the Black painter Honor Titus—a series of paintings depicting tennis courts—Sargent got Gagosian to subsidize the construction of an actual tennis court on the gallery floor. The paintings sold. Sargent felt pressure not just to show Black artists but to make deals. “I joined a gallery, not a museum,” he said. “The tokenism thing would be to say, ‘O.K., Antwaun, tell me your ideas. You don’t have to worry about sales.’ Instead, they said, ‘Hey, you want to do shows? You’ve got to sell those shows.’ ”
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-The decision to sign Anna Weyant could also be construed as an example of Gagosian’s ability to adapt. Weyant, who grew up in Calgary and graduated from the Rhode Island School of Design, in 2017, is one of those fledgling talents originally boosted by Ellie Rines, of 56 Henry. As recently as 2019, Rines was selling drawings of Weyant’s on a beach towel at an art fair in the Hamptons, for four hundred and fifty dollars each. But, after selling one piece to Larry Gagosian, Weyant ended up moving to a larger gallery, Blum & Poe (“I was absolutely heartbroken,” Rines said), which raised her prices considerably. Gagosian and Weyant became romantically involved after he started collecting her work but before she left Blum & Poe to join his gallery, and both have been circumspect about discussing their relationship. From the outside, it is easy to suppose that this improbable liaison involves a familiar transaction. But unlike Susan Alexander—the hopeless vocalist in “Citizen Kane” who is promoted to the opera stage by her powerful older lover—Weyant has unquestionable skill. (“She’s a good painter,” Gagosian told me, with his usual linguistic economy.) And Rines, who remains friends with Weyant, said she believes that Weyant’s bond with Gagosian is genuine. Invoking the “mischievous” quality of Weyant’s art—lush studies of female figures, in the manner of Balthus or Currin—Rines said, “She kind of likes to be naughty and subversive, and there’s something naughty and subversive about being with Larry.” The *Wall Street Journal*, laying it on a bit thick, [described Weyant](https://www.wsj.com/articles/anna-weyant-paintings-larry-gagosian-11655482365) as the “millennial Botticelli,” and there’s little doubt that wealthy collectors in Gagosian’s circle have fuelled the vertiginous escalation of her prices. The *Journal* quoted Gagosian saying, “I’m just trying to protect her from the big bad wolves.” Talk about being in on the joke.
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-Late last year, Weyant had a solo show at Gagosian on Madison Avenue. A centerpiece of the exhibition was a large painting of a blond woman, standing on one foot with her arms outstretched; her toes graze a disembodied face lying horizontally at the bottom of the frame—her own face—as if she were pirouetting on it. The model for the painting, Sophia Cohen, is a friend of Weyant’s, and happens to be an associate director at the gallery. Sophia is also Steve Cohen’s daughter. Of course, museums are filled with portraits of noblemen’s daughters. But, as I gazed at the painting, it seemed that Weyant was saying the quiet part out loud.
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-Issy Wood is a thirty-year-old artist and musician in London. She paints a range of objects (cars, clocks) and details of human figures (teeth are a favorite), and often works on velvet. Her art has a febrile air of detachment. In early 2020, she had a show at a small gallery in New York, which Loïc Gouzer, the former Christie’s executive, attended. “Larry needs your number,” he told her afterward. Gagosian was interested in her work, and arranged to visit her studio, in East London. “It was bizarre,” Wood told me. “This was the guy that, for better or for worse, built the world that I live in as a young artist, and especially as a young painter, and he wanted to come to my disgusting studio.” When he arrived, he moved quietly among the works and didn’t say much. “He was shopping,” Wood said. “Like it was Harrods.”
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-Gagosian started buying her paintings and displaying them at his home in New York. Top collectors—as attentive as stock pickers to his tastes—noticed, and suddenly her paintings were selling on the secondary market for more than a quarter of a million dollars. “I could feel the hotness of Larry having approved my work,” she recalled. She attributes the surge, in part, to prospectors having heard that she might soon be joining Gagosian—which would drive her prices higher still. “It was insider trading,” she said, sardonically. “It’s an industry with no rules.” She met with Gagosian a few more times, including at the Ritz in Paris. Wood, who is sober, was put off when he urged her to drink and take ketamine. (He says that he was aware of Wood’s sobriety and would “never make such a suggestion,” and denied that he takes ketamine himself.)
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-Gagosian told Wood that he wanted to mount a show of her work. It was unnerving to be on the receiving end of a charm offensive from “someone who has kind of transcended having to charm,” she observed. “It felt like a necessary inconvenience to him.” She was still procrastinating over whether to commit to a show when the pandemic began. Gagosian seems to hate being alone, and now his famous ability to convene was curtailed. He spent much of the lockdown in Amagansett. Tico Mugrabi and his wife stayed in the guest house, and he told me that, even at the height of the pandemic, Larry never stopped thinking about business.
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-Gagosian started texting Wood, who was alone in London and feeling isolated herself, and calling her, often multiple times a day. She came to savor these exchanges, and gradually they developed a bond. “I loved speaking to Larry,” she said. To talk to him “was to be in touch with an era I was never a part of—these stories he would tell, with varying degrees of lucidity.” She sent him photographs of works in progress, which he greeted with his standard, nearly monosyllabic affirmations. (Responding to a painting of a faucet: “I love faucets.”) Even so, he had “amazing taste,” she thought, and he could be very funny, and she admired the fact that he was not some to-the-manner-born dandy. “He was also really vulnerable, I think,” she continued. “He’s an extrovert and I think he was very bored.”
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-Once travel restrictions eased, Wood visited New York. Gagosian offered to throw her a party, and suggested that she invite a bunch of friends. After she produced a provisional guest list, one of his assistants informed her that, apart from the music producer Mark Ronson, Gagosian didn’t recognize the names. Wood felt a momentary flush of embarrassment that her friends weren’t more famous. Gagosian, the assistant wrote, was “happy to host them but would like a little background to familiarize himself.” So Wood supplied him with bios.
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-Gagosian’s town house, decorated in the sterile fashion of today’s super-rich, resembles an event space in an exceedingly nice hotel: zero clutter, few personal effects. The party’s guest list ended up being a combination of his friends and Wood’s. It was the first in-person celebration many of them had been to since the pandemic began, and the mood was energetic. “I got a little taste of what it would be like to be a Gagosian artist,” Wood recalled. “It was very comforting to be around someone who is having that good a time all of the time.” Weyant was there. Eddie, the butler, served food. Everyone smoked indoors. Lichtenstein, Mondrian, Picasso. Warhol’s “[Triple Elvis](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/58/Andy_Warhol_Triple_Elvis.jpg)” over the fireplace. “Larry would keep insisting that I loosen up,” Wood recalled. “He’s, like, an old guy, and he had some crumbs down his shirt and he got so drunk and was making less and less sense, and was screaming at his staff to play Aerosmith.” She paused. “I wasn’t thinking, I hope this is my life.” (Gagosian denies that he was drunk or requested Aerosmith.)
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-Afterward, Gagosian and Wood continued to discuss the idea of her joining the gallery, but her reservations were intensifying. “Maybe he’s good at speaking to artists *once* they’re rich,” she said. “But I’ve never seen him do a really good job building a career from the ground up.” The matter came to a head when the two met again at his town house. They sat at an oversized table. An Olympic swimming event played on a silent TV. Wood wanted to know about the gallery’s long-term future, so she asked, “What will happen when you die?”
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-“What the fuck is wrong with you?” Gagosian exploded. “Talking about my death when we’re trying to have a meeting!” Wood now concedes that this wasn’t very diplomatic. But she wanted an answer, and she was “pissed at him.”
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-Gagosian told Wood that he wasn’t going anywhere. It may have been that he was succumbing to an affliction that is common among megalomaniacal plutocrats: an inability to imagine a world in which he no longer exists. His friend Diego Marroquin told me that he once proposed that Gagosian sell his building in Chelsea and lease back the ground-floor gallery. Gagosian said that if he did so he’d insist on a fifty-year lease. “I said, ‘Larry, it doesn’t work. You’re not going to be around!’ ”
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-Gagosian protested to Wood, “I’m in the best shape of my life. No one understands your work like I do. I want to make you a star.” When she wasn’t won over by this line of argument, he pivoted, saying, “I’ve done so much for you!” He mentioned that he’d bought her work—he owns about ten pieces—and displayed it in his house. As Gagosian was raising his voice, Wood noticed that Eddie had tactfully exited the room. Eventually, she excused herself to go to the bathroom. She sat on the edge of the toilet, staring at the room’s elegant marble design, in no hurry to return. Then her phone lit up with a text from Gagosian, and then another, and then another. He had sent the same text three times (by accident, she thinks):
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-> The other galleries you are considering will most likely go out of business before my demise.
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-When Wood came out of the bathroom, Eddie informed her that Gagosian had gone to take a nap. She left the town house and ended up joining a smaller gallery, Michael Werner. “I think she’s a talented woman,” Gagosian told me. “Why she went sideways like that I have no idea.” He seemed genuinely hurt and exasperated, and wondered aloud why she would “bite the hand that feeds her.” But he repeated several times that she is a good painter. In Amagansett, before I ever broached the subject of Wood, Gagosian had shown me a small canvas of two Marilyn Monroes that she had painted, and said, proudly, “A friend of mine gave me this, as a gift.”
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-Gagosian’s board meets twice a year, at the town house. “Everybody sits around one big table,” Glenn Fuhrman, who is a member, told me. People make presentations on technology, business, fashion. Jenny Saville, who is also on the board, said, “It’s a big think tank for him.” But nobody seems to believe that the board could take over should he die or retire.
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-Can Gagosian survive without Larry? When evaluating art, he has tried to pinpoint not just the works that might retain value but the ones that will endure—the masterpieces that will outlive us all. There are those who believe that the gallery could come to resemble a luxury brand: Chanel after Coco. There has been speculation in recent years of a possible acquisition by the French conglomerate L.V.M.H. (Gagosian says that it isn’t happening.)
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-The Gagosian brand unquestionably has tremendous value, and a desirable international footprint, but so much of what has made the gallery thrive is Larry’s own network and eye and persona. The art historian Avis Berman once described him by twisting a line from “[Coriolanus](https://www.amazon.com/Coriolanus-Folger-Shakespeare-Library-William/dp/1982157372/)”: “He was the author of himself and he had no other kin.” Jean Pigozzi put it in starker terms, saying, “If one day Larry goes, or retires, or whatever, I don’t know what you’re *buying*.”
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-It’s similarly unclear what will happen to Gagosian’s personal collection, which includes a breathtaking assortment of twentieth-century masterpieces. When I asked Tico Mugrabi what might become of these works, he joked, “He wants to take it with him and do what the Egyptians do.” Gagosian could set up his own museum, like the late Eli Broad, whose collection is now housed in a sleek white structure twelve miles east of the Los Angeles patio where Larry once peddled posters. (Broad acquired some eight hundred works—forty per cent of his collection—through Gagosian.) Among the very wealthy, a private foundation has become a fashionable way to present art and get a tax writeoff at the same time. These supposedly public-facing collections can be farcically inaccessible. Peter M. Brant, Gagosian’s friend and client, opened one location of the Brant Foundation Art Study Center down the road from his Greenwich, Connecticut, estate, in a converted 1902 farm building that formerly housed an indoor tennis court. The collection is tax exempt, despite admitting visitors by appointment only and having no signage welcoming the public. (When I tried to plan a visit to the Greenwich location, earlier this summer, I learned that it is “temporarily closed.”)
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-Patty Brundage’s sister Susan, who also worked for Leo Castelli, told me, “In our day, you had collectors, but they anticipated making gifts to the museums. They weren’t building temples to themselves.” These temples, however, may be preferable to the fate of much art that is treated like an asset. Some major collectors now buy and sell art so frequently, and in such enormous quantity, that little of it gets displayed at all. Several years ago, the Mugrabis had a legal dispute with a fine-art storage company in New Jersey, and it emerged that the family had stashed nearly fourteen hundred works there. The [Geneva Freeport](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/08/the-bouvier-affair)—a tax-free zone in Switzerland where art is stored, for a fee, in climate-controlled, highly secure facilities—is thought to contain more than fifty billion dollars’ worth of art and antiquities, including works by van Gogh, Picasso, and Leonardo da Vinci. It would be one of the biggest museums in the world if it were open to the public. “More and more art disappears into loading bays in Switzerland,” Irving Blum told me. One perverse outcome of the hysterical inflation of art prices in the past half century is that great works end up reduced to stock lists, packing orders, lines on a piece of paper.
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-There is an extraordinary scene in the 2018 documentary “The Price of Everything” in which [Gerhard Richter](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/03/16/the-dark-revelations-of-gerhard-richter) walks into a show of his work at the Marian Goodman gallery. “I would prefer to see it in a museum,” he says, surveying his paintings. “Not in a private collection.” Gesturing to one of his canvasses, he murmurs, “It’s not good when this is the value of a house. It’s not fair. I like it, but it’s not a house.” With a shrug and a laugh, he says, “Money is dirty.”
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-It is a nice sentiment. But Richter is now one of the most expensive living artists—a single painting can sell for thirty million dollars or more. Most museums cannot afford to buy a Richter. During our lunch at Kappo Masa, Gagosian told me that he would like to see his own collection end up in a museum that is accessible to the general public. If he follows through on this impulse, it will be a gesture rich in irony—because elevating private interests, private parties, and private ownership may be his ultimate legacy in the art world. Recently, the Whitney Museum sold the building it had occupied for decades at Madison and Seventy-fifth, not far from Gagosian headquarters. The new owner is Sotheby’s. ♦
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-Gagosian at home in Manhattan. He has an extensive personal art collection. Paintings, left to right: Piet Mondrian’s “Composition I” (1920); Roy Lichtenstein’s “Blonde Waiting” (1964); Ed Ruscha’s “Burning Gas Station” (1965-66). Sculptures, left to right: Henry Moore’s “Rocking Chair No. 3” (1950); Jeff Koons’s “Violet-Ice (Kama Sutra)” (1991); Moore’s “Family Group” (1945).Photograph by Tina Barney for The New Yorker; Art works © 2023 Mondrian/Holtzman Trust; Reproduced by permission of the Henry Moore Foundation (2); © Estate of Roy Lichtenstein; © Ed Ruscha; © Jeff Koons
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-# How Michael Cohen’s Big Mouth Could Be Derailing the Trump Prosecution
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-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/6ac/abc/2d76274a9022256763baf7d7366a9f31de-michael-cohen.rsquare.w700.jpg)
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-Shhh. Photo: MEGA/GC Images
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-As we continue [week two](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/03/manhattan-grand-jury-wont-discuss-trump-in-thursday-meeting.html) of the Donald Trump–indictment watch, questions abound. Is it really [going to happen](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/03/the-first-criminal-case-against-trump-is-this.html)? Did last week’s testimony from lawyer [Robert Costello](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/03/team-trump-launches-a-preemptive-strike-on-michael-cohen.html) in defense of Trump successfully throw a wrench in the process? Does [the testimony](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/27/nyregion/trump-grand-jury-witness-indictment.html) on Monday from David Pecker — the former publisher of the *National Enquirer* who helped arrange the hush-money payment to Stormy Daniels that appears to be at the center of the prospective prosecution — mean that the case is back on track for an indictment? And what, exactly, is the holdup?
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-The answers to these questions are as elusive at the moment as they are tantalizing, but one thing has become clear: Key witness Michael Cohen and his pathological need for media attention have not been making things easier for the Manhattan district attorney’s office in recent weeks.
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-The former Trump lawyer has always been a curious figure in this saga. He [pleaded guilty](https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/michael-cohen-pleads-guilty-manhattan-federal-court-eight-counts-including-criminal-tax) to a slew of criminal charges during the Trump administration, including [lying to Congress](https://www.politico.com/story/2018/11/29/michael-cohen-making-surprise-court-appearance-in-new-york-1026107), lying to a bank, tax evasion, and campaign-finance violations based in substantial part on his role paying off Daniels in the final weeks of the 2016 campaign. Cooperating witnesses in criminal prosecutions often have baggage, but the way prosecutors generally try to deal with this is by forcing them to admit responsibility for their own criminal offenses and corroborating as much of their testimony as possible through independent sources of evidence, including other witnesses and documents.
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-Cohen, however, presents additional challenges. He clearly thinks very highly of himself and seems to have little awareness of his limitations — a toxic combination in both life and the law. He appears constitutionally incapable of telling the same story twice in the same way, though whether that is a function of malice, dishonesty, or some other factor is never entirely clear. He is also obsessed with taking down his former boss Trump, and he has managed to make a second career out of it — both through [his podcast](https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mea-culpa/id1530639447) and his countless appearances on cable news, which have been crucial to maintaining his public prominence.
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-The voluminous record of Cohen’s public statements has always been a problem for prosecutors because it creates a risk that he could be confronted with inconsistent or problematic past statements at trial to undermine his credibility. That risk was on full display in what was supposed to be the final stretch leading, at long last, to charges against Cohen’s arch nemesis. Indeed, Cohen has said at least two things in recent interviews that would ordinarily raise red flags for prosecutors working with an important cooperating witness — first, that the cooperator is unwilling to fully accept responsibility for his prior criminal conduct and, second, that even now he is unwilling or unable to be forthright about unhelpful facts.
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-Take, for example, [an interview](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W295sdkklic) with Cohen conducted by CNN’s Don Lemon. This was styled as Cohen’s first television appearance following the conclusion of his grand-jury testimony, which, by itself, almost certainly drove prosecutors in the Manhattan DA’s office crazy. Ideally, a key cooperator in a high-profile criminal case would not be talking to the press at all at this point, if ever.
-
-That, however, was not the end of it. At one point in the discussion, Cohen touched on his criminal convictions but suggested that he had in fact been unfairly prosecuted. “One of the things that I think will come out of this investigation,” Cohen told Lemon, “other than the potential indictment of Donald Trump, is a lot of information about how the Southern District of New York dealt with me in my specific case.” Referring to his current lawyer, Lanny Davis, Cohen added, “He has so much information about the weaponization of the Justice Department against me that — there’s nobody else that knows the story better.”
-
-Lemon did not seem to register what Cohen was saying in the moment and moved on, but this was by far the most interesting and potentially consequential thing Cohen said during the sit-down. What exactly did he mean? Davis, for his part, seemed to back Cohen up late last week in an [interview with Politico](https://www.politico.com/newsletters/playbook/2023/03/24/cohens-lawyer-dishes-on-the-n-y-trump-investigation-00088701), recalling that at one point in the history of his dealings with his client “Michael was angry because he had been, I think, mistreated by law enforcement in the Southern District, and prosecuted.”
-
-One interpretation of these comments is that Cohen does not actually believe he should have been criminally prosecuted and does not believe he should have had to plead guilty to the litany of federal offenses that now make up his criminal history. If that is the case, it would be difficult to understate how large a problem this would be for his credibility — and for prosecutors. Either he committed the offenses at issue and has accepted responsibility for them, a fundamental prerequisite for a crucial cooperating witness, or he was unfairly railroaded and forced to plead guilty despite being innocent of some or all charges. He cannot have it both ways, and there is no way that [Trump’s lawyers](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/03/joe-tacopina-donald-trumps-lawyer-vs-e-jean-carroll.html), in a trial setting, will let this slide.
-
-Cohen’s slipperiness was on display elsewhere during the discussion. He described his willingness to cooperate with the Manhattan DA’s office as reflecting his newfound commitment to democracy and the rule of law, and he said he had told the federal judge who sentenced him that he would work to help the government. Cohen told Lemon that he did not ask for a cooperation agreement (potentially protecting his legal interests in the future) when he was dealing with the Department of Justice in his own criminal case — in his telling, a signal of his own good faith and public-mindedness.
-
-He left out an important fact, though: The reason he did not have a cooperation agreement with federal prosecutors is that they did not actually believe Cohen had fully cooperated with their investigation. The sticking point was that Cohen would not agree to disclose to them any criminal conduct they had not already uncovered — a prerequisite for cooperation with the Southern District of New York (though not all prosecutors’ offices).
-
-As the New York *Times* [reported at the time](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/09/nyregion/michael-cohen-sentencing.html), “prosecutors made clear” to the presiding judge “that Mr. Cohen was less useful to their investigation because he would not fully cooperate, therefore he would not reap benefits, such as a government letter on his behalf” advocating for a reduction in sentence. “Had Cohen actually cooperated,” prosecutors told the sentencing judge, “it could have been fruitful,” but because he did not, the government was unable to “fully vet his criminal history” and assess “his utility as a witness.” This is important not only because it undermines Cohen’s claim that he is deeply committed to cooperating with the government — and not only because it is almost certain to come up if Cohen is ever cross-examined — but also because his unwillingness to be completely forthright with Lemon about what happened seemed to reflect a deeper, more problematic relationship with the truth.
-
-In [another](https://www.msnbc.com/the-beat-with-ari/watch/trump-clown-show-see-key-witness-scorch-trump-ally-s-testimony-165838917597) [appearance](https://www.msnbc.com/the-beat-with-ari/watch/-panic-trump-melting-down-over-imminent-arrest-says-star-witness-cohen-165838405569) on Ari Melber’s MSNBC show, Cohen offered Trump’s lawyers more future ammunition. At one point in the discussion, Melber played a clip of Trump lawyer Joe Tacopina attempting to discredit Cohen at length by referring offhand to Cohen’s misconduct “with the medallions and all that stuff.” Cohen began his response to Melber by saying, “Shame on Joe Tacopina. First and foremost, there was no fraud in the medallions. I don’t know even what he’s talking about.”
-
-Here is a good guess: Tacopina was probably referring to the fact that Cohen [pleaded guilty](https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/michael-cohen-pleads-guilty-manhattan-federal-court-eight-counts-including-criminal-tax) to tax evasion in connection with millions of dollars in revenue that he received through [taxi medallions](https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/23/taxi-commission-warns-michael-cohen-they-may-revoke-his-medallions.html) he had acquired. The conduct formed the basis for five of the federal charges against him, which makes it very difficult to believe he did not know what Tacopina was talking about. (Again, if Cohen is actually maintaining his innocence on those counts, that would be very bad for the case against Trump.)
-
-Cohen also took aim at Costello, who evidently briefly served as [a legal adviser](https://www.politico.com/news/2023/03/20/former-attorney-to-michael-cohen-tries-to-discredit-him-in-grand-jury-testimony-00087982) to Cohen. The two now seem to dispute the extent of their relationship, but Costello had been allowed to testify before the grand jury about his dealings with Cohen as the result of an agreement that Cohen executed to waive any attorney-client privilege between the two men. Cohen told Melber that he did not recall such an agreement. “If in fact I waived attorney-client privilege, I’d like to know when, how, where. I don’t recall waiving anything.” Later that night, Costello presented a copy of the agreement with Cohen’s signature in [an interview](https://www.foxnews.com/video/6322993205112) with Fox News’s Tucker Carlson.
-
-The odds that the waiver was a fabrication of some sort, even before Costello presented the document on live television, were very low, whatever one might think of Costello himself. The reason is that prosecutors in the Manhattan DA’s office would have been treading on ethically problematic ground if they had allowed a lawyer to breach his privilege with a former client in the absence of evidence that their dealings had furthered a [crime or fraud](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/22/us/politics/trump-lawyer-classified-documents-investigation.html), which has not been alleged here.
-
-It is not clear whether or to what extent Cohen’s comments — or questions about his credibility more generally — might be playing any role in the apparent delay in the Trump proceedings. Prosecutors may already have reconciled themselves to the notion that Cohen is both central to their prospective case and that he will continue to be a nuisance until the proceeding ends, one way or another, years from now. There is, however, no question that it would be better for the case if Cohen could bring himself to stop talking for the foreseeable future, even if he appears incapable — financially, temperamentally, and psychologically — of exercising some much needed self-restraint.
-
-How Cohen’s Big Mouth Could Be Delaying Trump’s Prosecution
-
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-&emsp;
-
-# How Michael Goguen Got Conned
-
-## Seed Money
-
-How one billionaire with a savior complex and a voracious sexual appetite got conned by his best friend, who saw him as the perfect mark.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/b3c/3e8/9ec2c7df03d0a125ff8f255493ffbc2475-DSC-8086-v1.rvertical.w570.jpg)
-
-Michael Goguen. Photo: Alexei Hay
-
-This article was featured in [One Great Story](http://nymag.com/tags/one-great-story/), *New York*’s reading recommendation newsletter. [Sign up here](https://nymag.com/promo/sign-up-for-one-great-story.html?itm_source=disitepromo&itm_medium=articlelink&itm_campaign=ogs_tertiary_zone) to get it nightly.
-
-**One morning** in March 2021, I got a call from a former CIA officer named John Maguire. Maguire had once been an important person at the Agency. He was the man the Bush administration called on the day after 9/11 to take command of a team that operated clandestinely in Iraq. Since his retirement in 2005, he’d provided me with solid information on topics ranging from money laundering to gunrunning — he was a clearinghouse for information about criminal activity and geopolitical hot spots worldwide.
-
-On the phone that day, Maguire told me an incredible story about a billionaire venture capitalist in Whitefish, Montana, named [Michael Goguen](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/11/cover-story-seed-money-podcast-they-were-relationships-nothing-yucky.html). In 2013, he said, Goguen and another CIA veteran, [Matthew Marshall](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/11/cover-story-seed-money-podcast-they-were-relationships-nothing-yucky.html), had founded a private security firm later named Amyntor. It was the start of a collaboration that would eventually lead to plans for a kind of wildcat mercenary force that would help right wrongs around the globe: taking on drug cartels in Mexico, the Islamic State in Syria, and anti-American political movements in Africa.
-
-Marshall in turn recruited Maguire, and in 2015 Maguire packed up his home in Virginia and moved out to Whitefish. He still had good contacts at the CIA and other three-letter agencies, which he could leverage to help Amyntor become a major defense and intelligence contractor. Once the flow of federal money started, the company could potentially be worth hundreds of millions of dollars.
-
-Maguire was still in Montana when he called me, but the plan that brought him there had fallen apart. Goguen seemed at first like a billionaire do-gooder, ready to spend his fortune in service of America’s interests at home and abroad. But instead, Maguire said, Marshall had discovered that Goguen was a dangerous man.
-
-Goguen was a sex trafficker, Maguire told me, who used his private plane to bring women — sometimes very young women — to Whitefish, where he would stash them in his safe houses. Goguen apparently kept an Excel spreadsheet with the names of 5,000 women he’d had sex with, and in the basement of a restaurant he owned in the center of town, he had set up something called the Boom Boom Room, where he would have sex with young women. He had also seduced a high-school-age babysitter and impregnated his teenage daughter’s best friend, according to Marshall. On one particularly debauched night, Marshall claimed, he’d given a local 17-year-old girl alcohol and cocaine and then paid her $1,200 for sex.
-
-In February 2021, Maguire and Marshall filed a $300 million civil lawsuit against Goguen. They chose that figure, Maguire told me, because it was roughly equivalent to the amount Amyntor had lost in contracts with the CIA and other agencies because Goguen couldn’t get a top-secret security clearance. His boundless sexual escapades allegedly made him vulnerable to blackmail by foreign powers and hence a security risk in the eyes of the government.
-
-When he discussed the likely outcome of the $300 million lawsuit, Maguire’s gravelly voice radiated confidence. Goguen would settle quickly, he said; Marshall had so much damning evidence that Goguen would never risk the discovery process.
-
-Could all of these wild claims be true? Maguire told me that if I wanted the full story, I should come to Montana, where Marshall could tell me firsthand about Goguen’s alleged misdeeds. In June 2021, I went to Whitefish for the first time.
-
-Whitefish, Montana: A former railroad town that became the playground of wealthy Californians. Photo: Pierrette Guertin-EC / Alamy
-
-**A word about Whitefish:** It is exactly the kind of place a billionaire would go to hide out. In the past 30 years, its natural beauty has attracted a steady stream of wealthy Californians who have remade its sleepy main street into a string of fancy shops and restaurants. You can build a giant mansion in the woods, as Goguen did, and no one will intrude on your privacy. Plus it has a tiny police department.
-
-Maguire’s house outside town was spacious and strikingly tidy, but it was no mansion. A taxidermied buffalo head was mounted on the wall, and a Glock pistol lay conspicuously on Maguire’s bedside table. “I’m not going to make it easy for him if he tries anything,” he said, claiming that Goguen could easily hire a biker in Las Vegas to come up and take him out.
-
-Marshall soon arrived at the cabin. With his ramrod posture and bulked-up frame, he towered over me. Goguen had hired him not just to run Amyntor but to provide personal security, and you could see why.
-
-When Marshall and Goguen first met, over coffee at the Wynn Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas during the 2013 Shooting, Hunting and Outdoor Trade Show, they had much to offer each other. Goguen had earned the bulk of his fortune at the venture-capital firm Sequoia Capital in Menlo Park, California, where he and the other partners made a big early bet on Google. Between 1996 and 2016, when he left Sequoia, Goguen had helped launch dozens of tech companies with a combined market value of over $64 billion. His many successes had earned him a spot on *Forbes* magazine’s annual “Midas Touch” list of “The World’s Best Venture Capital Investors” multiple times.
-
-In recent years, Goguen had turned to philanthropy — often with an adventurous bent. In Montana, he had founded Two Bear Air Rescue, a search-and-rescue operation, and he sometimes participated in its missions, locating lost hikers and mountain climbers via helicopter. A local news station dubbed him the state’s “real-life Batman.” His handle for Wickr, an encrypted text-messaging app, was Batman234.
-
-In Marshall, Goguen saw someone who could take his rescue operation global. He had the right résumé: At the Wynn, Marshall talked up his time as a member of the Marine Corps’s elite Force Reconnaissance unit, his work with the CIA, the job he’d taken providing security for the Koch family. Now, he said, he was living in Mexico fighting the cartels, which had put a $20 million bounty on his head. His activities were so sensitive that his own family didn’t know what he did for a living.
-
-Their conversation quickly turned to all the crises in the world that, with enough firepower and enough money, they could resolve. This was the start of Amyntor, which Goguen later described as like Blackwater — though only contracts “that were ethically unambiguous, noncontroversial, and clearly ‘good’ (from the average person on the street’s perspective) would be taken.”
-
-The two men exchanged phone numbers and agreed to meet again later that day at Spearmint Rhino, a club that claims to have Las Vegas’s hottest strippers. Goguen was a regular — his nickname was “the Mayor of Spearmint Rhino,” Marshall said. When the pair drove up to the club in Goguen’s car, a manager was waiting out front and escorted them to a table near the stage.
-
-Inside the club, Marshall entertained Goguen with more tales of his international exploits. He’d run a covert mission in Syria during the early days of the Iraq War under the command of Cofer Black, a CIA veteran who was then the State Department’s coordinator for counterterrorism. His unit was discovered by the Syrian army, triggering a chaotic battle during which Marshall was captured. He was tortured, but after a week in captivity, he managed to escape, crossing into Iraq with help from a friendly Syrian truck driver, who hid him under a pile of chicken coops.
-
-After a few hours of drinking and shooting the shit, Goguen told Marshall he had a proposition. “He gave me a wad of cash and said, ‘There’s $5,000 here,’” Marshall recalled. “‘I’m going to give it to you, and I want you to spend it here in the club; I want you to have a great time, but whatever you don’t spend at the end of the night, I want you to give back to me.’” Goguen then disappeared into the back of Spearmint Rhino.
-
-“I’m sitting in this club; you have to repel these strippers, too, because they’re like — they actually make you crazy,” Marshall said. Goguen finally returned as the sun was coming up. “He’s taking me back to my hotel, and I’m like, ‘Oh, hey, here’s the money.’ He was super-shocked by that. He’s like, ‘I do this all the time, and I’ve never had anybody give me back money.’” After that night, the pair forged a bond — and a business partnership.
-
-   ![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/dca/ba8/564fd824ece0209590d59c5792e7b12fdd-22-CV-ST-II-TILE-500-LO-RES.rsquare.w180.jpg)
-
-## *Cover Story: Seed Money*
-
-Listen to the actual voices of all the players in the podcast version of this article. Exclusive interviews with … everyone. Liars included. New episodes Tuesdays.
-
-### Subscribe on:
-
-Marshall flew back to Mexico the following day. A week later, he FedExed Goguen a package with a set of Islamic prayer beads and a letter describing how he’d been involved in the 2006 operation that killed Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the leader of Al Qaeda in Iraq. After two 500-pound bombs were dropped on his remote hideout, Marshall wrote, he and other CIA operatives entered the smoldering ruins, and he’d retrieved the beads: “I’m giving you this historical gift because I don’t want a guy like you to ever lose faith in the fight against good vs. evil.”
-
-Marshall would later send Goguen photos from his past CIA deployments. One from 2003 showed him in a village in northern Iraq where he and his team had carried out sabotage operations. In another, he sat on a C-130 plane that was parked on an airfield in Afghanistan shortly after 9/11.
-
-The pair met again in Whitefish in February 2013, where they finalized plans for Amyntor. Marshall would be the CEO, protect Goguen and his properties, and generally serve as his jack-of-all-trades. The position included a six-figure salary, a home in Whitefish, and a car. Goguen threw in an all-expenses-paid beach vacation and, as a final sweetener, the cost of breast-augmentation surgery for Marshall’s wife.
-
-Soon, Marshall moved his family to Whitefish. Goguen typically spent the week in California and weekends in Montana, where he had a 75,000-square-foot mansion with six elevators, a UFC ring, an indoor swimming pool, a racquetball court, and an underground shooting range. In Montana, the two men were inseparable. “I met him at the hangar when he landed,” Marshall said. “We did basically everything together.”
-
-As Amyntor ramped up, Marshall went on a hiring spree. He brought in Frank Gallagher, a former Marine who had provided personal security to Henry Kissinger and, at Blackwater, had been charged with protecting Paul Bremer, the American installed to oversee Iraq after the invasion. “This is our big break,” Marshall wrote to Gallagher. “We have to capitalize on this because it won’t come around like this again.”
-
-They spent some time figuring out what their company would be: Would it do security training? Private missions for the government? One of the people they talked to was a friend of Marshall’s, Mary Beth Long, a former assistant secretary of Defense and longtime CIA operative who had gone into business as an intelligence and defense contractor. Long later said in an interview their approach sounded familiar: Goguen wouldn’t be the first tech billionaire who had surrounded himself with generals and intelligence operatives and tried to make a business out of it. “They’ve conquered the world,” she said, but they’re still missing “the masculinity thing.” To compensate, they play at statecraft and espionage. “It’s the revenge of the nerds,” she said. “It’s all about the size of your freaking penis.”
-
-In 2014, Goguen sent Marshall a news story about Boko Haram, the Nigerian terrorist group known for kidnapping schoolchildren. “This is the kind of situation that I would love Amyntor to be able to ‘fix’ in the future,” Goguen wrote. “Talk about global-scale Batman shit.”
-
-“It’s become an epidemic with child abductions–murders–forced prostitution,” Marshall replied. “The downside now is that there’s no funding to support the operations because no government has taken a hard line stance on it. Our country, for example, is run by a pussy. This kind of tragedy needs a Batman.”
-
-“Well then we’ve just agreed this kind of shit is going to be a core part of our mission, ’cuz … I couldn’t think of a more worthwhile thing to spend my money on,” Goguen answered. “Watch out evil fuckers.”
-
-Before they were enemies: Michael Goguen and Matthew Marshall with their wives, Jamie Goguen (top center) and Heather Marshall (bottom left).
-
-**Building a virtuous Blackwater** was going to take time, but Marshall wanted to act now. He came to Goguen with a plan: Give me money to support top-secret CIA operations — including a hit on a Mexican drug-cartel leader and a mission to assassinate Islamic State leaders in Syria — and I’ll send you postgame updates and body counts from the operations. These missions would not only eliminate a variety of global evil fuckers, Marshall told Goguen, but would win Amyntor favor, and future business contracts, with the Agency. In all, Goguen funded five such operations for a total of more than $2 million.
-
-In the fall of 2013, Marshall told Goguen that one of these CIA missions would take him to Mexico, where he would help to rescue three kidnapped DEA officers. When he returned to Whitefish, he texted Goguen that the operation had been a success. Goguen replied, “Fuck buddy, I’ve been feeling like a super-worried mom. Awesome to get your msg. You get what you took the trip to retrieve?” Yes, Marshall wrote back, “all 3 safe and sound with minimal long-term issues.”
-
-This dynamic continued for two years: Marshall the intrepid warrior, reporting from the front; Goguen back in Whitefish with his wife and family, eager for every update. Frequently, Gougen would send Marshall news of his own. In one text, he wrote that he’d partied with “some gazillionaire UAE prince and his 30 person entourage of hot woman \[*sic*\] and lackeys … Btw of course I ended up with some new hot 23 yr old stripper at 5 in the mornin.”
-
-Maguire joined the company in early 2015. After he came aboard, Amyntor’s business plan evolved to focus on intelligence-gathering operations in “denied areas” — places where the CIA wasn’t active. Maguire had solid political connections to the Republican Party. After Trump’s inauguration, he met with CIA director Mike Pompeo and White House chief strategist Steve Bannon to discuss contracts.
-
-It wasn’t long, though, before Goguen’s sexual appetites threatened to wreck him and Amyntor. In May 2014, as part of a settlement, he had agreed to pay $40 million over two years to Amber Baptiste, a former dancer he’d met at a Dallas strip club, to keep their relationship secret. After Goguen wired her a first installment of $10 million, however, Baptiste demanded he accelerate the payment schedule, and he canceled the deal.
-
-In March 2016, Baptiste filed a $40 million lawsuit against Goguen that alleged he collaborated with human traffickers who brought her from Canada into the United States when she was 15. Goguen himself, she said, had brutalized her for more than a decade. In one gruesome episode, he had allegedly sodomized her in a London hotel room and left her bleeding on the floor. Sequoia fired Goguen within days of the suit being filed.
-
-Soon afterward, Baptiste received an email from the young woman in Whitefish whom Goguen had allegedly paid $1,200 for sex when she was 17 years old. “I’ve been reading the stories that have went out against Michael Goguen and this other lady,” the woman wrote. “Seeing these allegations against him makes me happy that karma is coming back around because he took away an important part of my identity search as a teenager.”
-
-Baptiste forwarded the email to Shane Erickson at the Whitefish Police Department, but he did not report it and never interviewed the young woman. The reason was obvious, Marshall alleged. Goguen and Erickson had become friends, dining at the billionaire’s estate and going on a hunting trip together that cost $15,000 per person. Later, after the state opened an investigation into Erickson for accepting the trip, he got a job at a nonprofit that Goguen funds.
-
-The woman, who asked to be identified as Jane Doe, subsequently signed a sworn declaration in which she denied contacting Baptiste’s lawyer and said her email account had been hacked. She wrote that she’d had consensual sex with Goguen and had consumed alcohol that night but it didn’t impair her judgment. In 2020, Baptiste’s lawsuit was dismissed. For Marshall, it was a clear example of how Goguen used his money — and his influence with the local police department — to obscure his crimes.
-
-Marshall said he was troubled by what he had learned about Goguen’s behavior with women during his early time in Montana but had “played along” to assess the risk his boss posed to Amyntor. He claimed it was only later that he learned about the alleged sex trafficking and underage girls. “The one recurring question that everybody’s asked me is, ‘Why didn’t you just pack up your shit and leave?’” he explained with a look of remorse. “It just doesn’t work that way. I relocated my cousin, his wife, and his two kids.”
-
-“You owe people. It’s a code,” Maguire added. “You don’t just bail out because this guy is a dirt ball.”
-
-Goguen’s actions left a paper trail: His amended tax returns show that, between 2012 and 2015, he gave away millions of dollars to more than 30 women, some longtime partners and others brief hookups, which he belatedly disclosed under the IRS’s gift-tax provision. The payments were made in cash or routed through what appeared to be shell companies the women set up: NT Cookies, Liquid Kisses Magazine, Laugh Out Loud, Bizdrive Asset Management. Marshall said Goguen was paying the women for sex — and to ensure they would keep quiet about their experiences with him.
-
-Some of the women Goguen met, Marshall said, couldn’t handle his callousness. From his laptop, Marshall played voice-mails from a Spearmint Rhino dancer, which Goguen had forwarded to him. The messages were chilling. “I want my life back — do you understand that?” she screamed in one. “I want my mind, my past, my present and future the way before I met you, motherfucker.”
-
-In a second voice-mail, she told Goguen she’d contemplated suicide. To emphasize the point, she fired a gun twice. “I cannot even laugh very hard because my heart hurts,” she said. “This is not amusing. I don’t smile or laugh when I leave you a message. I cry, Mike; I collapse on the floor.”
-
-Goguen described the woman as “that hot batshitcrazy chick” in an email to Marshall. “Her threats are starting to get much more explicitly focused on killing me,” he wrote. “When a crazy starts getting this explicit and directly threatening, isn’t there grounds to have her forcibly brought to a mental hospital?”
-
-Marshall played a few more of the women’s voice-mails. There was silence in the room. The lawsuit, Marshall said, was the only check remaining on Goguen. “If I can’t stop him, I don’t think anybody will be able to.”
-
-The accuser: Amber Baptiste filed a $40 million lawsuit against Goguen. Photo: DECLARATION OF MORGAN LERETTE, U.S. V. MARSHALL
-
-**At first,** Goguen declined to speak to me on the record. But then, about a month after I first talked with Marshall, he agreed to meet me at the headquarters of his new investment firm, Two Bear Capital, in Whitefish, for an interview. When he arrived at the second-floor conference room where I was waiting, one explanation for the delay suggested itself: Goguen wanted time to get prepared. As I watched, he unpacked a small suitcase and backpack stuffed with three-ring binders, which he arranged along the table.
-
-Goguen has picture-perfect, dental-advertisement-ready white teeth. His smile, however, couldn’t mask his jumpiness: As we talked, he steadily tapped a foot and frequently leaped from his chair and circled the table until he found a binder with a document he wanted to share.
-
-First, he walked me through how he had built his fortune. Born in 1964, Goguen was raised in Bedford, Massachusetts, outside Boston, the fifth of six children. His parents “were married more than 60 years, and they were first loves,” he said. His father got a job as a bookkeeper at Sexton Can Company and worked his way through the ranks, ultimately being named president when the founder died.
-
-Goguen joked that he watched too many cartoons as a kid, which gave him a hero complex and a warped attitude toward women. “If I see damsels in distress,” he said, “I want to be that guy riding on the horse” to save them.
-
-After graduating from Cornell, Goguen landed his first job with Digital Equipment Corporation, an early computer manufacturer, where he was paid $29,500 a year. “I remember writing down every deposit and withdrawal in a little bank book,” he said. In 1991, while still at DEC, he got a master’s degree in electrical engineering. He joined Sequoia five years later after working at a start-up that the venture-capital firm had funded. He was 40 years old when Google’s IPO made him unimaginably rich.
-
-After Baptiste went public, Goguen’s career seemed finished, but he had resurrected his image in Montana. The Chamber of Commerce twice named him Man of the Year, and he won praise for his charitable giving. In Whitefish, he had protected hiking trails, set up a soup kitchen, and donated to a group that taught young girls computer coding. In 2017, he and his fourth wife, Jamie, were at a Jason Aldean concert on the Las Vegas Strip when a gunman opened fire from the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay hotel, killing 60 people and wounding hundreds. Rather than running, the couple tended to the victims for hours.
-
-When we turned to Marshall’s allegations against him, Goguen began by emphatically denying that he had a spreadsheet with the names of 5,000 sex partners. “Take two zeros off and you might be close,” he said. The only thing he was guilty of was having extramarital affairs. “If you want to crucify me for that, go for it,” he said. “I wasn’t a Moral Majority leader.”
-
-He said there was nothing improper about his financial gifts to women. “I mean, gosh, it even sounds yucky,” Goguen said. “‘Make payments.’ Did I help out women I dated? Abso-fucking-lutely. Would I in a split second again? Absolutely.” His great wealth allowed him to make large donations that could change the course of a person’s life, which was “the biggest high you can get.”
-
-Marshall had also mischaracterized the Boom Boom Room, he said. In 2012, Goguen had a friend rebuild a restaurant he owned in Whitefish called Casey’s, including a basement space that he intended to use as a green room for bands. Goguen took a look one day after construction was underway and discovered that it resembled a strip club. “I was just kind of rolling my eyes,” he said. When Casey’s reopened, “I never fucking went down there.”
-
-The Jane Doe affair, he said with a grimace, was “the most embarrassing thing” he had ever done. “I don’t really have one-night stands,” he said. “I had a lot of girlfriends … but they’re all long relationships.” Jane Doe was the exception, but Marshall’s version was a lie. They’d met and had consensual sex. Jane Doe was not 17 but a “full-grown adult” — he later wrote that she was “a college graduate when I met her” — and he provided copies of friendly text messages between them that showed they’d discussed seeing each other again.
-
-Goguen was visibly surprised when asked about the Spearmint Rhino dancer who had left the threats on his voice-mail. She was a “beautiful, stunning blonde” he met at the club around 2009. She had built a website that offered marital advice, and Goguen told her to send the link. “Later, I’m looking at the link and I’m like, *Ooh, this is a little out there.* I think I gave her a little feedback. That was it.”
-
-He bumped into the dancer at Spearmint Rhino about two years later. They exchanged numbers and talked about meeting for lunch the next day, but he “blew her off.” Flash forward to 2014 and the woman began leaving him hundreds of frightening messages. “I think you do unfortunately have an illness,” he recalled telling her. “I really suggest you see somebody, and whatever you have, try to get it taken care of.” Finally, she stopped calling. “There’s no story,” he said, “other than it’s a really sad story.”
-
-**Goguen and I spoke many more times** over the months that followed. I had expected him to refuse to answer my questions about the lurid accusations against him, but he was diligent about pushing back against each one.
-
-Some of his attempts to defend himself strained credibility. Goguen insisted he didn’t have one-night stands, but I had copies of his text messages with Marshall, in which he frequently boasted about casual hookups with women he met at strip clubs. He had also been wrong about key details in the Jane Doe case. Doe was not a college graduate when she and Goguen met; she was 19 and had recently graduated from high school. Was this a mistake or a deliberate fabrication?
-
-Police reports about the Jane Doe incident painted a sordid picture. One of Goguen’s friends had invited Doe to dance at the billionaire’s condo in town. Once she got there, she told police, she got “really, really drunk at that point ’cause they were just making drinks the whole time.” She said the friend pressured her to have sex with Goguen and told her he’d pay her. “I ended up just being, like, sleeping with him anyway because I was just, I don’t know, like naïve and stupid.” When she woke up the next morning, Goguen was gone, but he’d left $1,200 for her.
-
-The Jane Doe case, however, provided some of the first hints I got that many of Marshall’s accusations were baseless. Doe herself told me she was “sick and tired of people making this out to be something it isn’t and acting like I’m some sort of victim. The only victims here are Mike and his poor family.” Their relationship, she said, was entirely consensual.
-
-Other parts of Goguen’s account also held up. Evidence submitted during Baptiste’s civil suit proved her trafficking claims were invented. For several years during which she claimed to have been in the U.S. under the control of traffickers, she was living in Canada and had a boyfriend — from whom she’d demanded money on the grounds that she’d been his common-law wife. The evidence suggested otherwise, but he agreed to resolve the dispute by paying her $250,000.
-
-Years of text and email communications between Goguen and Baptiste suggested their relationship had been consensual. The court also found she had altered medical records about an alleged STD that Goguen had given her. No basis was found to support the civil lawsuit’s allegations about Goguen’s involvement in sex trafficking. In a countersuit brought by Goguen, Baptiste was eventually found liable for defamation and extortion.
-
-Interviews with other possible witnesses and with Goguen’s alleged victims quickly undercut Marshall’s claims. The friend of his daughter’s whom he allegedly impregnated when she was a teen flatly denied the story. There was no evidence of a high-school-age babysitter whom Goguen seduced. And other than Marshall, who offered colorful and conflicting accounts, no one interviewed ever put Goguen in the Boom Boom Room.
-
-Whatever loose strands I might be able to pull regarding his behavior, Goguen told me, Marshall was the one I should be focused on: “It is very clear to me — and anyone who follows the evidence — that everything leads back to Marshall. It is evident that he has orchestrated a complete reputation-destruction campaign to distract from his crimes.”
-
-**According to Goguen,** Marshall’s lawsuit had nothing to do with stopping sex trafficking or Goguen’s alleged inability to get a security clearance. Marshall was out for revenge. By 2018, Goguen had invested $10 million in Amyntor, but it had earned back only a fraction of that, mostly for consulting work for Republican megadonors such as Elliott Broidy. Marshall, Goguen said, was forever promising that fat government deals were just around the corner, but the contracts never materialized. “I was like, (a) *I don’t want to just keep … building this thing when I don’t know what’s going on,*” he said, “and (b) *I just want to get off the train.*”
-
-In May 2018, Marshall wrote to Goguen complaining that “things have gotten to a point that you don’t communicate with me at all” and “I can’t keep begging you for funding every two weeks.” In June, Goguen replied, “I know I’ve been a black hole when it’s come to communication over the past month, and I apologize for that.” But he also made clear that he no longer believed Marshall when he said new contracts for Amyntor were just about to be signed. Marshall wrote back, bitterly, “I’ve now been marked as an enemy to Mike Goguen.” Although Goguen wouldn’t formally dissolve Amyntor until September, he made his final payment to the company on July 5, 2018. By that point, he had stopped replying to Marshall’s emails.
-
-The next month, Goguen went to Albuquerque to meet Nic McKinley, a CIA veteran who had started a nonprofit called DeliverFund, which works to disrupt sex-trafficking networks. Goguen would become one of the organization’s biggest donors, but at that first meeting he joked to McKinley and a colleague that he was wary of investing with ex-military guys after his failure with Amyntor. “I told them I wouldn’t hold it against them but that my first experience with a guy like them wasn’t a good one,” Goguen recalled.
-
-“You don’t mean Matt Marshall, do you?” McKinley asked.
-
-McKinley told Goguen about the evidence uncovered by Evan Hafer, the founder of Black Rifle Coffee Company and a former CIA officer and Green Beret. Hafer had enlisted Marshall as an adviser, but they had a falling out after Hafer began to question the stories Marshall told about his past. Marshall’s claim that he’d been the first CIA officer dropped into Afghanistan after 9/11, for example, seemed farfetched to Hafer. “There’s not like a one-man Jason Bourne unilateral direct-action asset,” Hafer recalled. Plus Marshall didn’t speak a word of Pashto or Dari. “I left that dinner thinking, *Holy shit, this guy is full of shit, and everyone around me believes he’s the man.*”
-
-Hafer contacted former CIA officers and Force Recon marines. None had heard of Marshall. He ran a background check, and it showed that Marshall had struggled with money for years and had declared bankruptcy in 2003. Financially, he was “a train wreck,” Hafer said.
-
-When Hafer confronted Marshall about his record, Marshall feigned outrage. He told Hafer he “didn’t know who he was dealing with” and that “he’d own Black Rifle Coffee one of these days.” What he didn’t do was provide evidence to prove his past.
-
-Talking to McKinley convinced Goguen to look again at his former employee. It didn’t take him long to conclude that Marshall was defrauding him. In the fall of 2018, he compiled hundreds of emails, text messages, and photos from Marshall and sent them to the FBI.
-
-The resulting investigation would reveal Marshall had lied about nearly everything on his résumé: He’d received an associate’s degree, not a bachelor’s degree, from the University of Southern Indiana. He hadn’t been awarded a scholarship to play soccer and didn’t even play on the university’s soccer team.
-
-Marshall’s stories about his military service also proved false. He had proudly claimed to Goguen, among many others, that he’d been a Force Recon Marine. Although Goguen didn’t know it, that story had been debunked by the Indiana state police more than two decades ago, when he was an officer on the force.
-
-In what would become a familiar pattern, Marshall’s lie only unraveled once he started embellishing it. He wasn’t just a Force Recon Marine, he’d said — he had won the Silver Star for battlefield valor during the Gulf War. One of his colleagues, a former Marine, smelled a rat: U.S. combat operations in that war had lasted only a few days; very few Silver Stars were awarded.
-
-A state-police investigation eventually revealed that Marshall had never been deployed overseas. When he returned to Indiana after boot camp, he served in the reserves and provided infantry training to new recruits on weekends, but after a short time, he was given an other-than-honorable discharge because he had missed too many shifts.
-
-Marshall resigned from the police force in June 1999 to avoid being fired. “There is no evidence of any kind of personal decorations, let alone ones for valor, nor is there any evidence that he served in any combat campaigns,” said a May 3, 1999, summary of the case against him. “He has never been anything but a basic rifleman, never a highly trained Force Reconnaissance Marine.”
-
-The FBI discovered that Marshall had faked his CIA history, too, and in our conversations, Marshall couldn’t provide the name of a single person he served overseas with during his time at the Agency other than Johnny Spann. Conveniently for Marshall, Spann had died in Afghanistan in November 2001. Cofer Black, Marshall’s supposed boss at the Agency, denied knowing him.
-
-Marshall had indeed been in Iraq — not as a CIA agent but as a hired gun for Blackwater. Morgan Lerette, a Blackwater veteran, was familiar with two of the photos Marshall had shown Goguen from his alleged days with the CIA. The one from the village in northern Iraq had been taken in 2004, when he and Lerette were working at Blackwater, not the year before, when Marshall was allegedly conducting sabotage operations for the CIA. The photo of Marshall on the C-130 in Afghanistan was not taken in 2001 but in 2004.
-
-Photographic evidence: Marshall in Iraq in 2004. Photo: Courtesy of Matt Marshall
-
-Lerette had been fooled by Marshall as well. When they first met, on a shooting range at a Blackwater training facility in North Carolina, Marshall introduced himself as a former Force Recon Marine. Lerette had no reason to doubt him. “Heck, I even introduced him to a buddy who was a Force Recon Marine, and it didn’t throw off any red flags,” Lerette said. “I thought the guy was legit.”
-
-In the fall of 2018, court records would show, Marshall started searching online for terms like “Stolen Valor Act Punishment,” “Crime of Stolen Valor,” and “Stolen Valor Act 2017.” During that time, he messaged Mary Beth Long asking if she could help dig up dirt on Goguen. He added that he had a lawyer who was a “rockstar” but “bound by keeping within certain lines.” They may need to “blur those lines a bit to get some shit done quickly and effectively,” Marshall wrote. One of the strategies Marshall seemed to have in mind was to recruit a credulous journalist — that would later be me, apparently — who would faithfully repeat the claims from the civil lawsuit against Goguen. (The New York *Post* and the *Daily Mail* did publish stories about Goguen’s alleged crimes in the months that followed.)
-
-In July 2020, federal authorities indicted Marshall on ten counts of wire fraud, money laundering, and tax evasion. The government alleged that his purported secret international missions were all phony. For an operation to assassinate ISIS leaders, for example, Marshall had told Goguen that he would need to hire 15 private contractors and that the CIA would supply helicopters and armed drones in support. Goguen wired Marshall $750,000. The FBI and prosecutors said there were no missions and Marshall never left the country. When he was supposed to be in Syria killing terrorists, he’d gone to Miami with his girlfriend and bought jewelry and other gifts for himself and friends.
-
-Marshall’s account of his first night out with Goguen at Spearmint Rhino — when he’d spent a tiny portion of the $5,000 while virtuously shooing off strippers — also didn’t go down as he’d related it. “It’s official,” he’d written Goguen in a text message at 2:44 a.m. “Your seed money for entertainment is now gone. Get some rest or pussy, hopefully pussy.”
-
-Goguen still seemed shocked by the scale of Marshall’s deceptions. “As an investor who has to make really good judgment decisions in finding entrepreneurs and companies and all that, the most embarrassing part is, *Hey, you got duped* ” he said. But Goguen said Marshall had skillfully reeled him in with his war stories, beginning at Spearmint Rhino. “I admire heroism. I admire those kinds of people,” Goguen said. “That’s what I remember that night, these amazing stories.”
-
-**Marshall’s trial in** the fraud case was set to begin in November 2021. He had vowed to fight it out in court because he was wholly innocent of the charges, but days before the trial began, he cut a plea deal with prosecutors. In March, Judge Donald Molloy of the U.S. District Court in Missoula sentenced him to six years in a federal prison and ordered him to pay $3.2 million in restitution. Two months later, Molloy dismissed Marshall’s civil lawsuit with prejudice, saying its “torrent of accusatory factual allegations” lacked merit and the complaint that contained them was as easy to read as “completing a 10,000-piece jigsaw puzzle of a polar bear in a snowstorm.”
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-Marshall and I began corresponding by email after he was sent to the federal penitentiary in Marion, Illinois. Each time he wrote, he insisted on his innocence. His lawyers were to blame for mishandling his case, he said. Goguen and the prosecutors had railroaded him.
-
-After Marshall was sentenced, I caught up with Maguire, who was bitter and pissed off. He realized the scope of Marshall’s lies only at the sentencing hearing when he confirmed, with prodding by the judge, that he was guilty as charged of defrauding Goguen with the secret-mission stories. “I’m too old to be grifted,” Maguire said. He was sure he had met Marshall in post-invasion Iraq, but he had about 700 people under his command, and it was difficult to tell CIA and private contractors apart. He described himself and other Amyntor employees as “collateral damage” of Marshall’s con. “Two shitbags who got in a cock fight and one was better funded than the other,” was his verdict on the legal battle between his former friend and Goguen.
-
-The portrait of Goguen that emerged from the whole mess was of a man who, though his life seemed to be dominated — and nearly ruined — by his affairs, wasn’t the supervillain Marshall made him out to be. But he was also no Bruce Wayne. Even as he mostly stuck to the truth in our interviews, he never strayed from the narrative that he was a perfectly conventional father figure, a billionaire Ward Cleaver. Sure, he was a slightly tarnished, four-times-married Ward Cleaver, but, in his telling, he was an ordinary family man nonetheless.
-
-By some measures, Goguen has emerged mostly unscathed from the Marshall affair. His venture-capital firm is doing well, and last year he even did a deal with his old partners at Sequoia. In May, his wife gave birth to a baby. But the court cases and his local indiscretions have left their mark in Whitefish.
-
-During a final trip to the town last summer, I dropped by a handful of bars and struck up conversations with customers and employees. When I told one man drinking a beer I’d heard good and bad things about Goguen, he laughed and asked, “What good have you heard about him?” No one would speak on the record, but their observations largely centered on his activities with women.
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-I thought of a text message from Goguen I saw, which a lawyer involved in the Goguen-Baptiste legal dispute provided me. In May 2014, he wrote to Marshall, “This is that nutty girl I just paid a zillion dollars to go away, & who I fucked one last goodbye time.” He included a picture of Baptiste in a bikini.
-
-In every interaction, Goguen’s immense wealth seemed to have a gravity all of its own, a by-product of a society in which the tiny few control an obscene amount of money and more and more people struggle to get by. In this setting, when people meet a billionaire, many see only an opportunity to cash in. The billionaire, in turn, starts to believe that enough money can make any problem disappear. And who’s to say, in the end, that either side is entirely wrong?
-
-*Additional reporting by Kathleen Horan, Whitney Jones, Marianne McCune, and Hanna Rosin.*
-
--   [The Billionaire’s Epiphany](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/11/cover-story-seed-money-podcast-all-the-voids.html)
--   [The Spy Who Screwed Me](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/11/cover-story-seed-money-podcast-i-am-the-victim.html)
--   [Where Does Sex With a Billionaire Land You?](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/11/cover-story-seed-money-podcast-baby-youre-fine-with-me.html)
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-[See All](https://nymag.com/tags/cover-story-podcast)
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-How Michael Goguen Got Conned
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-# How Some Men Play Dungeons & Dragons on Texas’ Death Row
-
-The Marshall Project is a nonprofit newsroom covering the U.S. criminal justice system. [Sign up for our newsletters](https://www.themarshallproject.org/newsletters?ref=post-leadin&newsletters=ca,li,ex) to receive all of our stories and analysis.
-
-The first time Tony Ford played Dungeons & Dragons, he was a wiry Black kid who had never seen the inside of a prison. His mother, a police officer in Detroit, had quit the force and moved the family to West Texas. To Ford, it seemed like a different world. Strangers talked funny, and El Paso was half desert. But he could skateboard in all that open space, and he eventually befriended a nerdy White kid with a passion for Dungeons & Dragons. Ford fell in love with the role-playing game right away; it was complex and cerebral, a saga you could lose yourself in. And in the 1980s, [everyone seemed to be playing it.](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/18/us/when-dungeons-dragons-set-off-a-moral-panic.html)
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-D&D had come out a decade earlier with little fanfare. It was a tabletop role-playing game known for its miniature figurines and 20-sided dice. Players were entranced by the way it combined a choose-your-own-adventure structure with group performance. In D&D, participants create their own characters — often magical creatures like elves and wizards — to go on quests in fantasy worlds. A narrator and referee, [known as the Dungeon Master](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/13/books/dungeons-dragons.html), guides players through each twist and turn of the plot. There’s an element of chance: The roll of the die can determine if a blow is strong enough to take down a monster or whether a stranger will help you. The game has since become one of the [most popular in the world](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/21/style/dungeons-and-dragons.html), celebrated in nostalgic television shows and dramatized in movies. It is played in homes, at large conventions and even in prisons.
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-By the time Ford got to high school, he had drifted toward other interests — girls, cars and friends who sold drugs and ran with gangs. Ford started doing those things, too. He didn’t get into serious trouble until Dec. 18, 1991. Sometime before 9 p.m., two Black men knocked on the door of a small home on Dale Douglas Drive in southeast El Paso, asking for “the man of the house.” The woman who answered, Myra Murillo, refused to let them in. A few minutes later, they returned, breaking down the door and demanding money and jewelry. One opened fire, killing Murillo’s 18-year-old son, Armando.
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-Within hours, police picked up a suspect, who said Ford was his partner. They arrested Ford, who was 18 at the time, the following day. He has maintained that the two men who entered the house were brothers, and that he was outside in the car the whole time. There was no physical evidence clearly connecting him to the crime. He was so confident that a jury would believe him that he rejected a plea deal and took his case to trial in July 1993. He lost. By October, at age 20, he was on death row.
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-Back then, death row for men was [located in a prison near Huntsville, Texas](https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/death_row/dr_facts.html#:%7E:text=Texas%20leads%20the%20nation%20in,death%20in%20the%20United%20States.), where hundreds lived in tiny cells. The men were allowed to hang out together, watch television, play basketball and go to work at prison jobs. And because they were locked behind bars rather than solid doors, they could call out to one another and talk. That was how, one day, Ford caught familiar words drifting down from the cells above him, phrases like, “I’ll cast a spell!” “Aren’t there too many of them?” and “I think you have to roll.”
-
-It was the sound of Dungeons & Dragons.
-
-Roughly 200 people are on death row in Texas today, [less than half the peak population](https://www.texastribune.org/2015/06/24/shrinking-death-row/#:%7E:text=row%20is%20falling.-,At%20its%20peak%20in%201999%2C%20460%20men%20and%20women%20were,Today%2C%20there%20are%20260.) in 1999. The number of people sentenced to death each year has declined over the past two decades [in Texas and across the country](https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/sentencing-data) as the cost of [prosecuting and defending death-penalty cases](https://www.themarshallproject.org/2017/10/02/what-s-behind-the-decline-in-the-death-penalty) has ballooned and [public support for capital punishment has dropped](https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/2021-gallup-poll-public-support-for-capital-punishment-remains-at-half-century-low).
-
-While fewer prisoners arrive on death row each year, they languish there far longer. Some states have had difficulty procuring execution drugs, and landmark court rulings have banned executions of people deemed “insane” or intellectually disabled. Lawyers can spend years arguing that their clients have such low cognitive capacity that it would be cruel to kill them, or that new DNA technology could prove their innocence. In the early 1980s, prisoners across the country spent an average of six years on death row before they faced execution. Now, they can wait for [two decades](https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/death-row/death-row-time-on-death-row).
-
-![A Black man dressed in white pants and a white shirt stands in a small enclosed room behind a transparent partition with his knee propped up. In one hand he holds a telephone to his ear, with a metal cable connecting the phone to the wall beside him. His other arm is resting on his raised knee. In the bottom right, another black telephone rests on a counter on the foreground side of the transparent partition.](https://d1n0c1ufntxbvh.cloudfront.net/photo/596f280f/88354/1140x/)
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-Tony Ford in the Allan B. Polunsky Unit in Livingston, Texas, in 2021.
-
-Miranda Barnes for The New York Times
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-In many states, prisoners spend those years living in isolation so extreme [the United Nations condemns it as torture.](https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2020/02/united-states-prolonged-solitary-confinement-amounts-psychological-torture) “All international standards and norms say that the use of isolation should be a last resort,” says Merel Pontier, a Texas-based lawyer who has studied death-row conditions. Decades of research shows long-term isolation can cause hallucinations and psychosis. Prisoners living in severe isolation — like the men on Texas’ death row — turn to suicide at a higher rate than those in the general population. Some simply drop their appeals and [volunteer for execution](https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/galveston/article/Death-row-inmate-who-stomped-baby-s-head-in-13109223.php).
-
-Not every state keeps its death-row population in solitary. Some prisoners sentenced to death in Missouri and California, for example, are mixed with the general population. In Arizona, people on death row can go to the rec yard and day room in groups for a few hours a day. In North Carolina, they can take prison jobs; in Florida they can have TVs in their cells; and in Louisiana, they’re allowed to have contact visits, where they can hug their friends and families.
-
-The death row that Ford entered in Huntsville offered some of those freedoms until an incident in 1998 changed everything. The night of Thanksgiving, seven men staged a breakout. One person stayed behind in the rec yard to shoot hoops, making enough noise to cover the sound of a [purloined hacksaw](https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Long-ago-Thanksgiving-prison-break-has-lasting-12382280.php) cutting through a chain-link fence. When the guards spotted the men and started firing at them, six surrendered. Only one made it all the way into the woods. Off-duty prison workers found his body a week later, drowned in a nearby stream.
-
-By the time the following summer rolled around, the men on Huntsville’s death row knew their lives were about to change for the worse. Officials spoke of imminent transfers to a new, higher-security death row in Livingston. As Ford remembers it, he was on the second bus there.
-
-In the decades since then, the men on death row at the Allan B. Polunsky Unit have spent their days in near-total isolation, only allowed to leave their cells for two hours of recreation, three days a week, alone, in day rooms or fenced-in cages — if the guards feel like letting them out or aren’t too short-handed. Sometimes, the men say, they go weeks without setting foot outdoors or being able to take a shower. (The Texas Department of Criminal Justice denies these claims.) The prison permits one five-minute phone call every 90 days. Their only regular physical contact with another human is when the guards put them in handcuffs. Even when the men manage to nurture relationships with girlfriends or wives in the free world, they’re never able to touch.
-
-Just after the start of the pandemic, a new warden made a few changes, setting up TVs in some of the day rooms and letting the men exchange written notes with a handful of [prisoners who run a radio station](https://www.themarshallproject.org/2021/12/20/the-prison-radio-station-that-s-reaching-men-on-death-row). When the Texas prison system got tablets last year, the men on death row were given limited access to email, which was closely monitored. Even so, Polunsky remains home to one of the most restrictive death rows in the nation. To report this article, I spent several years exchanging letters with men on death row in Texas. Phone calls with reporters aren’t permitted, and I could only conduct monitored, in-person, one-hour interviews with specific individuals every three months. For some of these men, I was their most regular visitor.
-
-To cope with the isolation they face daily, the men on death row spend a lot of their time in search of escape — something to ease the racing thoughts or the crushing regrets. Some read books or find religion. Some play games like Scrabble or jailhouse chess. Others turn to D&D, where they can feel a small sense of the freedom they have left behind.
-
-![](https://d1n0c1ufntxbvh.cloudfront.net/photo/19292d94/88357/1140x/)
-
-When Ford first overheard the men on the old Huntsville death row playing D&D, they were engaged in a fast, high-octane version. The gamers were members of the Mexican Mafia, an insular crew that let Ford into their circle after they realized he could draw. The gang’s leader, Spider, pulled some strings, Ford recalls, and got him moved to a neighboring cell to serve as his personal artist. Ford earned some money drawing intricate Aztec designs in ink. He also began to join their D&D sessions, eventually becoming a Dungeon Master and running games all over the row.
-
-Playing Dungeons & Dragons is more difficult in prison than almost anywhere else. Just as in the free world, each gaming session can last for hours and is part of a larger campaign that often stretches on for months or years. But in prison, players can’t just look up the game rules online. The hard-bound manuals that detail settings, characters and spells are expensive and can be difficult to get past mailroom censors. [Some states ban books](https://www.themarshallproject.org/2022/12/21/prison-banned-books-list-find-your-state) about the game altogether, while others prohibit anything with a hard cover. Books with maps are generally forbidden, and dice are often considered contraband, because they can be used for gambling. Prisoners frequently replace them with game spinners crafted out of paper and typewriter parts.
-
-![A progress sketch shows three phases of a 20-piece segmented circle. On the left, there are 20 lines extending outwards from a center point. In the center, those lines are numbered one through 20. On the right, the circle is drawn on a square piece of board that is divided into 20 slices, each numbered and colored in alternating hues of green, orange and red.](https://d1n0c1ufntxbvh.cloudfront.net/photo/ed4a41d5/88471/1140x/)
-
-Sketches of Wardlow’s handmade game spinner, which was created in lieu of a 20-sided die.
-
-On the old death row, prisoners could call out moves easily through the cell bars; they also had the chance to play face to face, sitting around the metal tables in the common room or under the sun of the outdoor rec yard. That was where, sometime in the late 1990s, Ford saw four men playing Dungeons & Dragons together. He asked someone who they were and learned that the 6-foot-5 White guy from the country, with a buzz cut and glasses, was Billy Wardlow.
-
-Ford didn’t know Wardlow — they were never housed near each other for very long — but he had heard about him. “From what everyone that knew something about him said, there was universal agreement that Billy was one of the ‘good guys,’” Ford wrote in a court document in 2019. Wardlow kept his word and didn’t start trouble. He even participated in [a hunger strike](https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/1995/nov/15/tx-death-row-protest/) organized by Black prisoners in the mid-1990s to protest the growing frequency of executions. (After the Supreme Court reauthorized the death penalty in 1976, Texas accelerated the pace of executions, which jumped from one in 1982 to 19 in 1995, peaking at 40 in 2000.) “It was surprising to a lot of us Black guys that there was some White guy joining in because in prison it is HARD to organize any efforts across racial and ethnic lines,” Ford wrote.
-
-![As Dungeon Master, Billy created vast and intricate worlds. Although he could play D&D without books, he drew intricate maps of places and settings.](https://d1n0c1ufntxbvh.cloudfront.net/photo/666bc477/88360/1140x/)
-
-As Dungeon Master, Billy created vast and intricate worlds. Although he could play D&D without books, he drew intricate maps of places and settings.
-
-Glenna Gordon for The New York Times
-
-The men in Ford’s D&D group struggled to bring their gaming world with them to Polunsky. When they arrived, they found that many of their belongings had gone missing or been confiscated. They lost game notes and hand-drawn maps, spinners and character sketches. And now they could not sit at a table together to play. They had to rely instead on a variety of clandestine communications, including written messages called “kites,” passed from cell to cell.
-
-For Ford, there was one silver lining. At Polunsky, he could finally play D&D with a death-row legend: Billy Wardlow.
-
-By death-row standards, Wardlow’s past was not remarkable. He had grown up in the small town of Cason, Texas, where his father worked in factories and his mother was a custodian at the First Baptist Church. He had an older brother and would have had two, but his parents’ second child died at 6 months. His mother, Wardlow said, visited the boy’s grave to claw at the dirt with her fingers, wailing as she prayed to God for another child. Then came Wardlow.
-
-“As far back as I can remember, Mother told me that I was a gift from God,” he wrote in a court filing. “But I didn’t always feel that way.” His mother was prone to violent tantrums, beating him with belts, car antennas and PVC pipes. Once, when Wardlow was 10, she pulled a gun on him after she caught him swiping money from her purse. “She told me my father was an alien from another world and that I would never find anyone to love me but her,” he wrote in a letter to me. “I believed it.”
-
-![A White man sits at a desk in a small enclosed room with his hands folded in front of him on the desk. He is dressed in a white shirt and he wears dark, thick-rimmed glasses. On the wall to the left, a metal phone cable extends towards the floor. In the bottom right of the photograph, a timestamp label says “11/02/2019 18:35.”](https://d1n0c1ufntxbvh.cloudfront.net/photo/ba634eb7/88355/1140x/)
-
-Wardlow in 2019. Wardlow ran D&D games on death row, often serving as a mentor to the other players.
-
-Courtesy of Dani Allen
-
-In school he was a loner, though he did well in class and was good with electronics (other prisoners told me he earned a reputation for being able to fix anything). When Wardlow was 16, he met Tonya Fulfer, a classmate, in the high school library. Like him, she had problems at home. During senior year, they both dropped out of school and left town.
-
-Before long, they were back in Cason where, on the morning of June 14, 1993, Wardlow knocked on Carl Cole’s door and asked to use the phone. The young couple hoped to steal his car and flee to Montana, where they would start a new life together. But the plan went wrong, and Wardlow, who was 18 at the time, shot the older man. Afterward, he and Fulfer fled the state in Cole’s pickup truck. They were arrested two days later in South Dakota. Wardlow was sentenced to death on Feb. 11, 1995. He arrived on death row two days later.
-
-Unlike Ford, Wardlow never played Dungeons & Dragons before prison. But months later, another man on the row handed him a book full of fantasy names and magical creatures. “This is the game,” Wardlow remembered him saying. “Be ready tomorrow.” Over the next two decades, Wardlow went on to play dozens of games with many characters. One he became known for among his death-row peers was Arthaxx d’Cannith, a magical prodigy. Though his home planet, the war-torn Eberron, was an established setting among D&D players, Arthaxx was Wardlow’s creation — a character he developed through pages and pages of game notes and hand-drawn illustrations.
-
-Born to a professor and an inventor, Arthaxx had a twin sister who died as a baby. After the girl’s death, Arthaxx’s mother refused to let the tragedy derail her academic career. Instead, she threw herself into her work, leaving her son to be raised by tutors. They gave him all the tools for magical greatness, and after graduating early from a prestigious wizarding college, he got a job with a top guild, where he invented secret weapons for war.
-
-Arthaxx could cast spells to control the elements, manipulate electricity or send walls of fire raging across enemy battlefields. Every day, Arthaxx used his gifts to help the higher-ups of House Cannith perfect the invention they hoped would end a century of war. At night, he came home to his wife, his childhood sweetheart.
-
-![A detailed map drawn on graph paper showing the outline of a building is labeled “Citadel Arthaxx” in the upper right corner. In the lower left corner, a scale notation drawn around one square of the graph paper says “10 ft. squares.” Interior rooms show labels including “Observatory,” “Staff Wing,” “Grand Dining Hall,” and “Council Chamber.” There is a section of the map labeled “Education Wing” with individual rooms labeled “Wizard”, “Architect,” “Magewright,” and “Artificer.” Each hand-drawn room includes tiny icons, which, according to a legend in the lower right corner of the map, show tables, chairs, windows, and other pieces of furniture. On the outside of the building on the lower left side, green landscaping surrounds a large, gray boar head with red eyes.](https://d1n0c1ufntxbvh.cloudfront.net/photo/880594f9/88415/1140x/)
-
-One character Wardlow became known for among his death-row peers was Arthaxx d’Cannith, a magical prodigy raised by tutors who went on to graduate early from a prestigious wizarding college.
-
-Glenna Gordon for The New York Times
-
-Arthaxx was, to some extent, a version of Wardlow whose mother was not shattered. Whose parents loved him and sent him to a prestigious school. Whose proficiency with electricity earned him a comfortable living. Whose best options never included running away. Whose worst mistake never landed him on death row.
-
-“‘Friends is a loaded word in prison,” Ford wrote to me in a long, typed letter sent three years ago. “So many people have been betrayed by their ‘friends.’ What we have around us are more associates, close associates.”
-
-But D&D turned associates into a crew. After they started playing together at Polunsky, Ford noticed that when Wardlow was in charge of the game, the other guys didn’t bicker as much. As Dungeon Master, Wardlow created vast and intricate worlds. He could play without books or hand-drawn maps and could run the game on the fly, improvising the narrative as he went along.
-
-Some D&D crews on death row liked to play at random times, diving into a fantasy world whenever the mood struck. But when Wardlow ran the games, he liked to set a schedule, usually starting around 9 a.m. Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, sometimes playing until they fell asleep. It was the rare activity Ford and his friends could look forward to, a time when no one would talk about legal cases or lost appeals.
-
-Sometimes, through their characters, they opened up about problems they would never otherwise discuss — abusive parents, fractured childhoods, drug addictions — unpacking their personal traumas through a thin veil of fantasy. “With Billy, D&D has become our therapy,” Ford wrote in 2019.
-
-Some of the character sheets that Wardlow created for D&D included detailed notes about spellcasting abilities, physical traits and the powers of individual characters. Glenna Gordon for The New York Times
-
-Death row didn’t offer any of the educational or mental-health programs available in regular prisons; rehabilitation isn’t the goal for those on death row, and special programming is not always logistically feasible for people held in solitary confinement. For these players, the games served as their life-skills course, anger-management class and drug counseling, too. Like Ford and Wardlow, a lot of the men on the row came to prison at a young age and never had a chance to be adults in the free world.
-
-In 2005, the Supreme Court banned capital punishment for crimes committed by people under 18, [saying that “evolving standards of decency” forbade it](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/02/politics/supreme-court-54-forbids-execution-in-juvenile-crime.html). Though Texas had to stop executing minors, the state could still sentence older teenagers — those who were 18 and 19 — to death. Some of the men in the D&D crew never had their own apartments or bank accounts, never paid rent or bought car insurance or cashed a paycheck. Once they got to prison, their lives were, in essence, frozen.
-
-Wardlow gave the men something to aspire to, not only because his games offered players a sense of structure and purpose, but also because his legal case had the potential to establish an important precedent. Prisoners in Texas can be sentenced to death only if a jury decides they are guilty and will pose a danger to society. That controversial “future danger” finding has [been part of Texas death-penalty law](https://www.themarshallproject.org/2022/07/11/this-doctor-helped-send-ramiro-gonzales-to-death-row-now-he-s-changed-his-mind) since the 1970s. But brain science has evolved over the past half-century, and experts question whether it’s possible to make that determination with any accuracy if someone was just 18 or 19 at the time of a crime. Research shows that the prefrontal cortex — a part of the brain associated with emotional regulation and understanding consequences — keeps developing into a person’s 20s. Wardlow’s legal team [leaned on science in their court filings](https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-8712/145983/20200619160740671_19-8712%20-%20Wardlow%20v.%20Texas%20-%20Professional%20Organizations%20et%20al.%20cert.%20amicus.pdf), arguing that an 18-year-old’s brain wasn’t notably different from that of a 17-year-old.
-
-When the men heard about the details of Wardlow’s appeal, they began to feel hopeful. “You had a lot of guys that were really like: ‘Hey, man. This is our shot, this is our shot right here,’” Ford told me last year, peering through the scratched visiting-room glass. “The Supreme Court’s going to do this.”
-
-In the meantime, D&D was their best chance to learn about the world. They had to manage “money,” to make sure they had enough gold to rent a tenement or buy a horse. And when they were running low, they had to consider the best path for getting more: finding work at the local tavern, for example, or searching for treasure in a dungeon. If they opted for the latter, they had to exercise caution and weigh the risks.
-
-[Intimate portraits of people who have been touched by the criminal justice system](https://www.themarshallproject.org/we-are-witnesses)
-
-Over time, their lives in the game world led to the sort of friendships solitary confinement usually prevents. From their respective rec cages in the prison yard, Wardlow would offer Ford advice whenever he was having problems with another prisoner. Or Wardlow would get one of the general-population prisoners who worked as janitors to deliver the jailhouse comfort food he made in his cell. Sometimes they would test recipes, like the time they both made Kool-Aid-flavored cheesecakes with powdered creamer, and shuttle samples back and forth. They talked about game strategies and what to do when guards confiscated their playbooks or moved them to different cells every few months.
-
-And whenever Ford and Wardlow were housed near each other, they played D&D. Some games were small, with only three or four players. Others looped in more than a dozen men. Most often, Wardlow was the Dungeon Master, but sometimes Ford took on that role instead.
-
-Some of the settings that Wardlow drew for D&D adventures. Glenna Gordon for The New York Times
-
-In 2013, Ford’s mother died, and he quit the game. But Wardlow kept talking to him, even when it was just a one-way conversation through the rec-cage fence. At first, Wardlow just mused aloud about whatever was on his mind, his voice calming and hypnotic. As he kept talking, Ford started to open up, too, crying as he recounted memories of his mother. He remembered the pride she took in her work as a police officer, and how much she taught him about computers when she worked in an Atari warehouse years later. He remembered how she showed him the basics of chess. At one point, Wardlow sent over some jelly beans — he knew Ford loved them, especially the black ones.
-
-“Next thing you know, I’m not crying when I’m talking about my mother,” Ford told me two years ago during one of our first in-person interviews. “I’m just talking about her.” A few weeks later, he jumped back in the game.
-
-In late 2019, Wardlow was moved to a cell in the section known as death watch, for the men who have execution dates. [Wardlow had just received his](https://theamericanscholar.org/this-man-should-not-be-executed/#.Xotz0shKhPY): April 29, 2020.
-
-At first, he said he wasn’t going to play D&D anymore. But Ford started discussing how the players were facing a potentially world-ending threat. Wardlow knew he had to join the game to save the story. “I’m in,” Wardlow said. And so Arthaxx, his character, opened his eyes.
-
-On a sunny morning in a lush area of Eberron, Arthaxx was hard at work on a new invention when a green fog swept in, rolling down from the palaces. Arthaxx saw it coming and fired a spell, but the magic clashed with the mist and his spell came to life, attacking its creator. Arthaxx fell unconscious.
-
-![](https://d1n0c1ufntxbvh.cloudfront.net/photo/2372a9a7/88352/1140x/)
-
-When he woke up, he saw the face of a stranger covered with magical runes. Seven years had passed, and the world he knew was in ruins. By that point, an evil moon called Atropus had begun orbiting the planet, bringing down a foul rain that made the dead rise from their graves.
-
-Even the animals that men killed for food came back to life before they could be eaten, their flesh writhing and pulsing with a dark energy. The gods had disappeared, locked away in an hourglass prison. Without them, good magic no longer worked.
-
-Arthaxx came up with a plan to defeat the moon and save the world — but victory came at a heavy price. Half the adventurers died, and the survivors soon realized they still needed to free the gods. To do that, Arthaxx cast a spell to turn himself into a more powerful being. It was potentially a winning move, but it was risky, too: The being had a tendency to explode, especially if he suffered a serious blow.
-
-No matter how powerful Arthaxx was — or how much his Dungeon Master wanted him to prevail when the crew faced off against a horde of villains — the outcome came down to chance. “One of the things of D&D is that it’s the roll of the dice,” Ford told me, leaning toward the glass between us during one of my visits. “And if you make a roll of the dice and your dice roll is too low to be able to save you,” he said, “then, you know, you bite the bullet.”
-
-With a flick of the spinner, Arthaxx was gone. The rest of the raiding party continued on, but without his help, they all died. Afterward, some of the men decided to start over. But not Wardlow: He knew he didn’t have enough time. The state canceled his April execution [because of the pandemic but set a new one](https://apnews.com/article/ca6ae0727808fad4fb71dc1c7de0cc8b) for July 8, 2020.
-
-As the weeks crept along and the execution date remained firm, Wardlow and Ford realized they were trapped in a story line they were powerless to imagine their way out of. “You have this certain reality,” Ford told me. “Not only are they telling you that one of your best friends that you consider your brother is going to die on this particular day, but that you pretty much have nothing that you can do about it.”
-
-In the spring of 2020, Wardlow decided to start one last game, a smaller, simpler campaign that he created for a few of his friends, involving a mythical city and a quest to save a magic sword. “I’m sure you’ve seen those Final Episodes of your favorite shows,” Wardlow wrote to me in his last letter on June 24, 2020, which he composed on his prison typewriter. “That’s what this is like. Although I hope this isn’t the Final Episode.” Two weeks later, the state executed him.
-
-Later that day at the funeral home, Wardlow’s girlfriend in the free world — a longtime pen pal and anti-death-penalty activist — touched him for the first time, sobbing and caressing his face as he lay in his coffin. She messaged me afterward to ask if I wanted his cardboard box of gaming supplies. Inside, an aging piece of paper made me catch my breath: It was a handwritten apology to Carl Cole’s son, dated 1997. Folded in half, it sat tucked among hundreds of pages of character sketches, game charts and hand-drawn maps, the remnants of a fantasy world of wizards and orcs. That letter was never mailed, Wardlow’s lawyer said recently, but Wardlow wrote another one to the Cole family that was sent after he was executed.
-
-Since Wardlow’s death, Ford has had a harder time reading and doing the small things that he once enjoyed. “This place, it does something to you,” he told me during one of our visits.
-
-Ford watched other friends and fellow players face execution dates, and he began to worry about when the state would set his. In the meantime, a team of lawyers asked him to be a lead plaintiff in a [lawsuit aimed at changing the isolating conditions of death row](https://www.hoganlovells.com/-/media/hogan-lovells/pdf/2023-pdfs/2023_01_26_robertsoncomplaintfiledversion.pdf). They filed the case this January, and it is still pending. If they win, the men at Polunsky might be able to play D&D together again, sitting around a table for the first time in two decades. Wardlow, of course, won’t be there. “As long as we have D&D,” Ford told me, “we’re keeping his legacy alive.”
-
-![Drawings, maps and character sheets lie scattered in a pile. Atop the pile in the upper left corner sits the handmade spinner. It is a circle drawn on a square piece of board that is divided into 20 slices, each numbered and colored in alternating hues of green, orange and red. In the center of the pile of papers lies a full-page colored drawing of an upside-down mountain. On the top of the mountain, on the widest part, sits a red-and-blue striped castle. Near the bottom of the mountain, as it narrows to a point, a small submarine-style ship flies next to it, with two flags waving. An orange ring surrounds the ship vertically.](https://d1n0c1ufntxbvh.cloudfront.net/photo/726a62db/88353/1140x/)
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-After Wardlow’s death in 2020, he left behind a box of D&D gaming supplies and drawings. His handmade game spinner is in the upper left.
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-Glenna Gordon for The New York Times
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-# How a Grad Student Uncovered the Largest Known Slave Auction in the U.S.
-
-Sitting at her bedroom desk, nursing a cup of coffee on a quiet Tuesday morning, Lauren Davila scoured digitized old newspapers for slave auction ads. A graduate history student at the College of Charleston, she logged them on a spreadsheet for an internship assignment. It was often tedious work.
-
-She clicked on Feb. 24, 1835, another in a litany of days on which slave trading fueled her home city of Charleston, South Carolina. But on this day, buried in a sea of classified ads for sales of everything from fruit knives and candlesticks to enslaved human beings, Davila made a shocking discovery.
-
-On page 3, fifth column over, 10th advertisement down, she read:
-
-“This day, the 24th instant, and the day following, at the North Side of the Custom-House, at 11 o’clock, will be sold, a very valuable GANG OF NEGROES, accustomed to the culture of rice; consisting of SIX HUNDRED.”
-
-She stared at the number: 600.
-
-A sale of 600 people would mark a grim new record — by far.
-
-Until Davila’s discovery, the largest known slave auction in the U.S. was one that was held over two days in 1859 just outside Savannah, Georgia, roughly 100 miles down the Atlantic coast from Davila’s home. At a racetrack just outside the city, an indebted plantation heir sold hundreds of enslaved people. The horrors of that auction have been chronicled in books and articles, including The New York Times’ [1619 Project](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/12/magazine/1619-project-slave-auction-sites.html) and “[The Weeping Time](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/weeping-time/5508CF20D6430EA872C661B8E0BC7995): Memory and the Largest Slave Auction in American History.” Davila grabbed her copy of the latter to double-check the number of people auctioned then.
-
-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20230616-Charleston-Slave-Auction-WeepingTime.png?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=1230&q=80&w=800&s=ff1d3db93d8494af45f10dce8ea89dda)
-
-It was 436, far fewer than the 600 in the ad glowing on her computer screen.
-
-She fired off an email to a mentor, Bernard Powers, the city’s premier Black history expert. Now professor emeritus of history at the College of Charleston, he is founding director of its Center for the Study of Slavery in Charleston and board member of the [International African American Museum](https://iaamuseum.org/), which will open in Charleston on June 27.
-
-If anyone would know about this sale, she figured, it was Powers.
-
-Yet he too was shocked. He had never heard of it. He knew of no newspaper accounts, no letters written about it between the city’s white denizens.
-
-“The silence of the archives is deafening on this,” he said. “What does that silence tell you? It reinforces how routine this was.”
-
-The auction site rests between a busy intersection in downtown Charleston and the harbor that ushered in about 40% of enslaved Africans hauled into the U.S. In that constrained space, Powers imagined the wails of families ripped apart, the smells, the bellow of an auctioneer.
-
-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20230616-Charleston-Slave-Auction-ExchangeBuilding.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=545&q=75&w=800&s=73e2fde462ebd5ebdbac6faa51cbe9ff)
-
-Traffic drives along Broad Street toward the Old Exchange and Provost Dungeon in Charleston, the site of slave auctions Davila researched. Public auctions were held outside on the building's north side.
-
-When Davila emailed him, she also copied Margaret Seidler, a white woman whose [discovery of slave traders](https://www.postandcourier.com/news/a-white-woman-bridged-the-races-then-she-found-slave-traffickers-in-her-family/article_7b395e16-3dc8-11e8-aa1e-7308ef7578b4.html) among her own ancestors led her to work with the college’s Center for the Study of Slavery to financially and otherwise support [Davila’s research](https://uploads.knightlab.com/storymapjs/81875680c644cb589d4a46c28dcb527f/domestic-slave-trading-in-charleston-sc-1820-1855/index.html).
-
-The next day, the three met on Zoom, stunned by her discovery.
-
-“There were a lot of long pauses,” Davila recalled.
-
-It was March 2022. She decided to announce the discovery in her upcoming master’s thesis.
-
-A year later, in April, Davila defended [that thesis](https://avery.cofc.edu/public-memory-of-the-domestic-slave-trade-in-charleston-south-carolina-street-by-lauren-davila/). She got an A.
-
-She had discovered what appears to be the largest known slave auction in the United States and, with it, a new story in the nation’s history of mass enslavement — about who benefited and who was harmed by such an enormous transaction.
-
-But that story initially presented itself mostly as a great mystery.
-
-The ad Davila found was brief. It yielded almost no details beyond the size of the sale and where it was being held — nothing about who sent the 600 people to auction, where they came from or whose lives were about to be uprooted.
-
-But details survived, it turned out, tucked deep within Southern archives.
-
-In May, Davila shared the ad with ProPublica, the first news outlet to reveal her discovery. A reporter then canvassed the Charleston newspapers leading up to the auction — and unearthed the identity of the rice dynasty responsible for the sale.
-
-### The Ball Dynasty
-
-The [ad Davila discovered](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23848817-full_page__charleston_courier__february_24_1835__p3) ran in the Charleston Courier on the sale’s opening day. But ads for large auctions were often published for several days, even weeks, ahead of time to drum up interest.
-
-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20230616-Charleston-Slave-Auction-ad-FinalCrop.png?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=698&q=80&w=800&s=a8311a995fe93817b930115355e96fd4)
-
-The ad (see bottom left of screenshot) that Davila found was buried in the middle of a sea of classifieds in the Charleston Courier on Feb. 24, 1835. The handwritten marks on preserved copies of old newspapers were made by typesetters or printers at the time for their records. Credit: NewsBank/Readex
-
-A ProPublica reporter found the original ad for the sale, which ran more than two weeks before the one Davila spotted. Published on Feb. 6, 1835, it revealed that the sale of 600 people was part of the estate auction for John Ball Jr., scion of a [slave-owning planter regime](https://lowcountryafricana.com/ball-family-slaveholder-index/). Ball had died the previous year, and now five of his plantations were listed for sale — along with the people enslaved on them.
-
-The Ball family might not be a household name outside of South Carolina, but it is widely known within the state thanks to a descendant named Edward Ball who wrote a bestselling book in 1998 that bared the family’s skeletons — and, with them, those of other Southern slave owners.
-
-“[Slaves in the Family](https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374534455/slaves-in-the-family)” drew considerable acclaim outside of Charleston, including a National Book Award. Black readers, North and South, praised it. But as Ball explained, “It was in white society that the book was controversial.” Among some white Southerners, the horrors of slavery had long gone minimized by a Lost Cause narrative of northern aggression and benevolent slave owners.
-
-Based on his family’s records, Edward Ball described his ancestors as wealthy “rice landlords” who operated a “slave dynasty.” He estimated they enslaved about 4,000 people on their properties over 167 years, placing them among the “oldest and longest” plantation operators in the American South.
-
-John Ball Jr. was a Harvard-educated planter who lived in a three-story brick house in downtown Charleston while operating at least five plantations he owned in the vicinity. By the time malaria killed him at age 51, he enslaved nearly 600 people including valuable drivers, carpenters, coopers and boatmen. His plantations spanned nearly 7,000 acres near the Cooper River, which led to Charleston’s bustling wharves and the Atlantic Ocean beyond.
-
-ProPublica reached out to Edward Ball, who lives in Connecticut, to see if he had come across details about the sale during his research.
-
-He said that 25 years ago when he wrote “Slaves in the Family,” he knew an enormous auction followed Ball Jr.’s death, “and yet I don’t think I contemplated it enough in its specific horror.” He saw the sale in the context of many large slave auctions the Balls orchestrated. Only a generation earlier, the estate of Ball Jr.’s father had sold 367 people.
-
-“It is a kind of summit in its cruelty,” Ball said of the auction of 600 humans. “Families were broken apart, and children were sold from their parents, wives sold from their husbands. It breaks my heart to envision it.”
-
-And it gets worse.
-
-After ProPublica discovered the original ad for the 600-person sale, Seidler, the woman who supported Davila’s research, unearthed another puzzle piece. She found an ad to auction a large group of people enslaved by Keating Simons, the late father of Ball Jr.’s wife, Ann. Simons had died three months after Ball Jr., and the ad announced the sale of 170 people from his estate. They would be auctioned the same week, in the same place, as the 600.
-
-That means over the course of four days — a Tuesday through Friday — Ann Ball’s family put up for sale 770 human beings.
-
-In his book, Edward Ball described how Ann Ball “approached plantation management like a soldier, giving lie to the view that only men had the stomach for the violence of the business.” She once whipped an enslaved woman, whose name was given only as Betty, for not laundering towels to her liking, then sent the woman to the [Work House,](https://discovering.cofc.edu/items/show/31) a city-owned jail where Black people were imprisoned and tortured.
-
-A week before the first auction ad appeared for Ball Jr.’s estate, a friend and business adviser dashed off a letter urging Ann Ball to sell all of her late husband’s properties and be freed of the burden. “It is impossible that you could undertake the management of the whole Estate for another year without great anxiety of mind,” the man wrote in a letter preserved at the South Carolina Historical Society.
-
-Ball did what she wanted.
-
-On Feb. 17, the day her husband’s land properties went to auction, she bought back two plantations, Comingtee and Midway — 3,517 acres in all — to run herself.
-
-A week later, on the opening day of the sale of 600 people, she purchased 191 of them.
-
-### More Than Names
-
-In mid-March 1835, the auction house ran a final ad regarding John Ball Jr.’s “gang of negroes.” It advertised “residue” from the sale of 600, a group of about 30 people as yet unsold.
-
-Ann Ball bought them as well.
-
-Given she bought most in family groups, her purchase of 215 people in total spared many traumatic separations, at least for the moment.
-
-As she picked who to purchase, she appears to have prioritized long-standing ties. Several were elderly, based on the low purchase price and their listed names — Old Rachel, Old Lucy, Old Charles.
-
-Many names included on her bills of sale also mirror those recorded on an inventory of John Ball Jr.’s plantations, including Comingtee, where he and Ann had sometimes lived. Among them: Humphrey, Hannah, Celia, Charles, Esther, Daniel, Dorcas, Dye, London, Friday, Jewel, Jacob, Daphne, Cuffee, Carolina, Peggy, Violet and many more.
-
-Most of their names are today just that, names.
-
-But Edward Ball was able to find details about at least one family Ann Ball purchased. A woman named Tenah and her older brother Plenty lived on a plantation a few miles downriver from Comingtee that Ball Jr.’s uncle owned.
-
-Edward Ball figured they came from a family of “blacksmiths, carpenters, seamstresses and other trained workers” who lived apart from the field hands who toiled in stifling, muddy rice plots. Tenah lived with her husband, Adonis, and their two children, Scipio and August. Plenty, who was a carpenter, lived next door with his wife and their three children: Nancy, Cato and Little Plenty.
-
-When the uncle died, he left Tenah, Plenty and their children to John Ball Jr. The two families packed up and moved to Comingtee, then home to more than 100 enslaved people.
-
-Life went on. Tenah gave birth to another child, Binah. Adonis tended animals in the plantation’s barnyard.
-
-Although the families were able to stay together, they nonetheless suffered under enslavement. At one point, an overseer wrote in his weekly report to Ball Jr. that he had Adonis and Tenah whipped because he suspected they had butchered a sheep to add to people’s rations, Edward Ball wrote in his book.
-
-After her husband’s death, Ann Ball’s purchase appears to have kept the two families together, at least many of them. The names Tenah, Adonis, Nancy, Binah, Scipio and Plenty are listed on her receipt from the auction’s opening day.
-
-Yet, hundreds more people who remained for sale from the Ball auction likely “ended up in the transnational traffic to Mississippi and Louisiana,” said Edward Ball, now at work on a book about the domestic slave trade.
-
-He noted that buyers attending East Coast auctions were mostly interstate slave traders who transported Black people to New Orleans and the Gulf Coast, then resold them to owners of cotton plantations. In the early 1800s, cotton had taken over from rice and tobacco as the South’s king crop, fueling demand at plantations across the lower South and creating a mass migration of enslaved people.
-
-### Birth of Generational Wealth
-
-Although the sale of 600 people as part of one estate auction appears to be the largest in American history, the volume itself is hardly out of place on the vast scale of the nation’s chattel slavery system
-
-Ethan Kytle, a history professor at California State University, Fresno, noted that the firm auctioning much of Ball’s estate — Jervey, Waring & White — alone advertised sales of 30, 50 or 70 people virtually every day.
-
-“That adds up to 600 pretty quickly,” Kytle said. He and his wife, the historian Blain Roberts, co-wrote “[Denmark Vesey’s Garden](https://thenewpress.com/books/denmark-veseys-garden),” a book that examines what he called the former Confederacy’s “willful amnesia” about slavery, particularly in Charleston, and urges a more honest accounting of it.
-
-Slavery was a form of mass commerce, he said. It made select white families so wealthy and powerful that their surnames still form a sort of social aristocracy in places like Charleston.
-
-Although no evidence has surfaced yet about how much the auction of 600 people enriched the Ball family, the amount Ann Ball paid for about one-third of them is recorded in her bills of sale buried within the boxes and folders of [family papers](https://schistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Ball-family-papers-1134.00.pdf) at the South Carolina Historical Society. They show that she doled out $79,855 to purchase 215 people — a sum worth almost $2.8 million today.
-
-The top dollar she paid for a single human was $505. The lowest purchase price was $20, for a person known as Old Peg.
-
-Enslaved people drew widely varied prices depending on age, gender and skills. But assuming other buyers paid something comparable to Ann Ball’s purchase price, an average of $371 per person, the entire auction could have netted in the range of $222,800 — or about $7.7 million today — money then distributed among Ball Jr.’s heirs, including Ann.
-
-They weren’t alone in profiting from this sale. Enslaved people could be bought on credit, so banks that mortgaged the sales made money, too. Firms also insured slaves, for a fee. Newspapers sold slave auction ads. The city of Charleston made money, too, by taxing public auctions. These kinds of profits helped build the foundation of the generational wealth gap that persists even today between Black and white Americans.
-
-Jervey, Waring & White took a cut of the sale as well, enriching the partners’ bank accounts and their social standing.
-
-Although the men orchestrated auctions to sell thousands of enslaved people, James Jervey [is](https://charleston.com/charleston-insider/diary-of-a-charleston-tour-guide/55-laurens-street-james-jervey-house) [remembered](https://charleston.com/charleston-insider/diary-of-a-charleston-tour-guide/55-laurens-street-james-jervey-house) as a prominent attorney and bank president who served on his church vestry, a “generous lover of virtue,” as the South Carolina Society described him in an 1845 resolution. A [brick mansion](https://charleston.com/charleston-insider/diary-of-a-charleston-tour-guide/55-laurens-street-james-jervey-house) in downtown Charleston bears his name.
-
-Morton Waring married the daughter of a former governor. Waring’s family used enslaved laborers to build a [three-and-a-half story house](https://www.charlestonmuseum.org/research/collection/morton-waring-house/F4D7A4E3-8C3B-4197-B073-033417052370) that still stands in the middle of downtown. In 2018, country music star Darius Rucker and entrepreneur John McGrath bought it from the local Catholic diocese [for $6.25 million](https://www.postandcourier.com/news/south-of-broad-neighbors-upset-by-darius-ruckers-pool-house-plans/article_48b72a5a-1cc5-11ed-8fb5-4f50356f743d.html).
-
-[Alonzo J. White](https://eveningpostindustries.cmail19.com/t/ViewEmail/j/E0C46EFF9C5C5426/66255C132D7DD1B7B4B1B1F623478121) was among the most notorious slave traders in Charleston history. He also served as chairman of the Work House commissioners, a role that required him to report to the city fees garnered from housing and “correction” of enslaved people tortured in the jail.
-
-“Yet, these men were upheld by high society,” Davila said. “They are remembered as these great Christian men of high value.” After John Ball Jr. died, the City Council passed a resolution to express “a high testimonial of respect and esteem for his private worth and public services.”
-
-But for the 600 people sold and their descendants? Only a stark reminder of how America’s entrenched racial wealth gap was born, Davila said, with repercussions still felt today.
-
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-# How a Man in Prison Stole Millions from Billionaires
-
-Early in 2020, the architect Scott West got a call at his office, in Atlanta, from a prospective client who said that his name was Archie Lee. West designs luxurious houses in a spare, angular style one might call millionaire modern. Lee wanted one. That June, West found an appealing property in Buckhead—an upscale part of North Atlanta that attracts both old money and new—and told Lee it might be a good spot for them to build. Lee arranged for his wife to meet West there.
-
-She arrived in a white Range Rover, wearing Gucci and Prada, and carrying a small dog in her purse. She said her name was Indiana. As she walked around the property, she FaceTimed her husband, then told West that it wasn’t quite what they had in mind, and that he should keep looking. West said that he’d need a retainer. She reached into her purse and pulled out five thousand dollars. “That was a little unusual,” West recalled.
-
-Later that summer, Lee called again, with a new proposal. His wife, he said, had been “driving around Buckhead, and she came across this amazing modern house and thought it had to be a Scott West house.” She was right. The house, on Randall Mill Road, wasn’t quite finished, and it had not been on the market—but Lee told West that he was already buying it, from the owner, for four and a half million dollars. Now he wanted West to redo the landscaping and the outdoor pool, plus some interior finishes. West took another retainer, but he had other clients to attend to, and Lee grew impatient. Eventually, Lee asked West for his money back and began planning the renovations without him.
-
-The renovations were supervised, as far as the neighbors could tell, by Indiana’s father, Eldridge Bennett, a sturdy man who drove an old Jaguar and wore a pair of dog tags around his neck. Neighbors described him as friendly but hard to pin down. He told one that he worked in the concrete business—and that he’d been on the team that killed [Osama bin Laden](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/08/08/getting-bin-laden)—but gave another a card that identified him as the marketing manager for an accounting company. This neighbor noticed that a wine tower in the house was being stocked with Moët & Chandon (“thousands of bottles, like, twenty feet tall”) and asked who was paying for it all. Bennett told him that the new owner was in California, “working on music stuff.” Like many residents of Randall Mill Road, this neighbor is white. The Bennetts are Black. “It seemed like they didn’t come from money,” the neighbor said, “but they had sure found a lot of it.”
-
-A closing meeting was scheduled for early September at a bank in Alpharetta, north of the city. By then, Lee and the Bennetts had made three down payments on the house, totalling seven hundred thousand dollars, most of which Indiana and Eldridge had delivered in rubber-banded bundles of cash. Lee told the seller’s attorney that they would deliver the rest—about three and a half million dollars—in similar fashion, at the closing. He couldn’t be there himself, he said, because he was still busy in California. (Lee, the lawyer recalled, said that he “represented a variety of entertainers and got paid in a variety of ways,” and also that he’d made money in Bitcoin.)
-
-Because so much cash was going to be exchanged, the bank arranged for the closing to be held in its kitchen and break room, which offered some privacy. The bank also asked a local cop to be present. At the appointed time, Eldridge and a younger man carried several black duffelbags into the room and began handing stacks of bills to a bank employee, who spent the next three and a half hours counting them all. Afterward, on the phone, Lee asked the seller to complete a few punch items on the property. When the seller got to the house, he noticed that the door to a large safe that he’d installed—and which he’d left open—was locked, and that the combination had already been changed.
-
-A few weeks after the close, Lee sent Scott West another e-mail. “I’m buying land in a month or so to start planning on designing a house 100% to my liking,” he wrote. “I want to give you the ball and let you run the entire project. Let you go insane on your ideas. I’m thinking of a seven million dollar budget just for the house, not including the landscaping.” He suggested that the two of them “become a team.” West replied, as gently as he could, that he was too busy. A week before, he’d received a call from a federal agent, who asked him if he knew a man named Arthur Cofield. West said that he did not, and the agent began rattling off names. “He kept going through aliases until he said ‘Archie Lee,’ ” West told me. Arthur Lee Cofield, Jr., the agent said, resided in a maximum-security prison in Georgia. He had been incarcerated for more than a decade.
-
-Arthur Cofield probably stole more money from behind bars than any inmate in American history. His methods were fairly straightforward, if distinctly contemporary: using cell phones that he’d had smuggled into prison, and relying on a network of people on the outside, he accessed the bank accounts of the very wealthy, then used their money to make large purchases—often of gold, which he’d typically have shipped to Atlanta, where it was picked up by his accomplices. Some of that gold he seems to have converted to cash: he and his associates bought cars, houses, and clothes, and they flaunted all of it on social media. (At one point, Cofield wrote on Instagram, “Making millions from bed.”) By the time Cofield was charged—with identity theft and money laundering, among other crimes—he had likely stolen at least fifteen million dollars. “I don’t know of anything that’s ever happened in an institutional setting of this magnitude,” Brenda Smith, a law professor at American University who has researched crime in prison, told me. Cofield, she said, was “something of an innovator.”
-
-He didn’t arrive in prison as a man with a lot of connections or a history of fraud. He didn’t have much history at all—he was just sixteen. He had grown up in East Point, a poor and predominantly Black suburb southeast of Atlanta. A number of gangs operate there, but, if Cofield belonged to one back then, no one seems to have noticed. When he was a kid, dirt bikes were his passion. He began riding at a motocross track northwest of the city when he was little; at eight, he finished fourth at the Amateur National Motocross Championship, in Tennessee. A friend from his riding days told me that Cofield stuck out among the motocross crowd for two reasons: “He was African American, and he was freaking badass.” Cofield told the friend that he was called racial slurs by fans and other racers. “Nasty stuff,” the friend said. “It almost fuelled the fire.”
-
-Competing in motocross is expensive, and Cofield’s father, who mostly made his living hanging drywall, converted a box truck into a trailer, with living quarters, so that the family could get Arthur to the big races. At one of those races, when Cofield was about fourteen, a gate collector noticed that more than eight thousand dollars had gone missing from the till, and told the track’s operators that Cofield had been lingering nearby when it vanished. “We went into Arthur’s mobile home and he had the money hidden in there,” a member of the family who owned the track told me. The family was fond of Cofield and his father, and declined to press charges, but it was the last time that they saw the Cofields at a race. Soon, Cofield began to “slack off from racing,” his friend said, adding, “That’s when everything happened.”
-
-In October, 2007, when Cofield was sixteen, he brought a gun into a bank in Douglasville, just west of Atlanta, and demanded that the tellers give him all the money they had. He walked out with twenty-six hundred dollars and headed for a stolen station wagon, where a friend of his older brother’s was behind the wheel. A smoke-and-dye pack hidden in a stack of bills exploded as he got into the car; the young men crashed soon after getting on the road. They ran but didn’t get far. The driver was sentenced to ten years and was paroled after three. Cofield got a fourteen-year prison sentence and ended up in a maximum-security facility in middle Georgia.
-
-It took a few years and a couple of prison transfers before he became a more successful thief. Early in 2010, Cofield sustained cuts on his arm from a razor blade; according to a prison report, he initially told a guard that he’d cut himself shaving. But he later handwrote a carefully argued lawsuit alleging that he’d been attacked by a fellow-inmate and that prison staff had not only failed to intervene but knowingly allowed the assault to take place. Citing the damage to his motocross career, which he slightly embellished, he demanded more than a million dollars. A judge dismissed the suit on procedural grounds. Cofield was sent to another prison. Later that year, he was mailed a package containing bottles of shampoo and conditioner. Inside each bottle was a cell phone.
-
-As smartphones have become more powerful and more ubiquitous, the barrier between life in prison and life on the outside has become more porous. Thousands of phones are confiscated from Georgia prisons every year, according to the state’s Department of Corrections. Prison guards are generally not well paid, and they are often bribed to assist in the smuggling or simply to look the other way. Most people in prison use phones in innocuous ways: to talk to loved ones, for instance—prison phone services are [notoriously expensive](https://boltsmag.org/massachusetts-prison-jail-phone-calls/)—and to keep up with what’s going on in the world. In 2010, inmates at seven Georgia prisons used smuggled cell phones to organize a [protest](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/13/us/13prison.html) for better living conditions. But phones are also used to carry out drug dealing and other crimes. Authorities have recognized this problem for more than a decade now, but the phones keep coming.
-
-In the years that followed Cofield’s first prison transfer, he was found with phones in his soapbox, taped around his waist, and inside his undershorts. Many more seem to have gone undiscovered. On one occasion, he told a guard seizing yet another phone, “I don’t give a fuck about that phone. I’ve had hundreds of phones.”
-
-In 2014, he was transferred again, to Telfair State Prison, in south Georgia. There he met a man named Devinchio Rogers, who was serving a seven-year sentence for manslaughter. Rogers grew up not far from Cofield, but he was a few years older, and flashier. Cofield is stocky and gruff—he was lean and muscular in his motocross days but put on weight in prison. Rogers was tall and stylish. He shared Cofield’s knack for getting cell phones behind bars. He’d attained some brief local notoriety in 2011, when he began tweeting from inside Fulton County Jail. (His tweets were “littered with foul language and pictures of prison food, something that appears to be marijuana and himself,” a local TV station reported.)
-
-Cofield and Rogers started a crew, which they called *YAP*, for Young and Paid. There are dozens, if not hundreds, of similar crews in Atlanta, many with three-letter names, most of them small-time. They are typically founded in prisons or on particular city blocks. Some are involved in the drug trade; some flaunt a connection to nationally known gangs, such as the Bloods; some aspire to be movers and shakers in hip-hop. The most famous of these crews is Y.S.L., which was allegedly co-founded by the rapper Young Thug, whose real name is Jeffery Williams. Like Cofield, Williams, who is Cofield’s age, grew up in East Point. He and more than two dozen other alleged members of Y.S.L. are currently [facing *RICO* charges](https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-controversial-legal-strategy-behind-the-indictment-of-young-thug) in Fulton County. They stand accused of crimes that range from drug dealing to murder. (Williams, who started a record label also called Y.S.L., has denied involvement in criminal activity.)
-
-Cofield and Rogers adopted aliases, like hip-hop m.c.s, incorporating the name of their crew. Rogers went by *YAP* Football, or just Ball. Cofield called himself *YAP* Lavish. In March, 2017, they filed paperwork to establish *YAP* Entertainment as a limited-liability partnership in the state of Georgia. *YAP* Entertainment, according to its filing, planned to provide “agents and managers for artists, athletes, entertainers, and other public figures.” Within about a year of the partnership’s formal creation, three hundred thousand dollars went missing from a bank account in Alabama.
-
-The Alabama theft was probably not Cofield’s first big score, but it is the earliest, from his prison career, of which he has been formally accused. The target was a wealthy doctor. Cofield got hold of the doctor’s personal information, logged in to the doctor’s bank account, used money from the account to buy gold, and had the gold shipped to a UPS center near Atlanta, where someone else picked it up for him. According to a detective who has investigated Cofield and Rogers, the Secret Service, during the previous several months, had noticed a string of similar thefts, and began making inquiries. (The agency, which has jurisdiction over some federal financial crimes, declined to comment.) Eventually, the agency opened an investigation, and dubbed the case Gold Rush.
-
-The year that followed, 2018, was a big one for Cofield and Rogers. They were, evidently, beginning to bring in a lot of money, and they also seem to have been actively recruiting associates. This recruitment could allegedly be quite direct. A young woman named Selena Holmes was approached by a friend, who, according to Holmes’s former lawyer, said, “Look, there’s these guys in prison. They’re really rich. And all you got to do is talk to them. They’ll look out for you.” A few days later, the lawyer said, Cofield called Holmes on the phone. She was nineteen and had grown up poor on the west side of Atlanta. (Cofield may have known her through a family connection.) She had dropped out of high school after becoming pregnant and was working at Panera. Shortly after Cofield called, according to the detective, a man named Keonte Melton found her outside work and handed her fifteen thousand dollars. (Melton could not be reached for comment.)
-
-Soon, Holmes and Cofield were spending hours together on the phone. She got a *YAP* tattoo and people began calling her *YAP* Missus—the queen to Cofield’s king. He bought her a Mercedes-Benz and rented a penthouse apartment for her in Buckhead. He also flew her first class to Los Angeles, to shop on Rodeo Drive, where she bought a three-thousand-dollar purse. (The detective believes that Holmes was running *YAP*\-related errands.)
-
-In May, 2018, a video was posted to YouTube of a pool party that *YAP* threw at a “secret location” that looks a lot like a Buckhead mansion. The party was hosted by an aspiring rapper, Anteria Gordon, who had adopted the name *YAP* Moncho. Gordon, in the front seat of a Bentley, gives a shout-out to Lavish. “Nobody doing it bigger than us,” he says later, amid drinking and twerking revellers. Around this time, Gordon released a single called “Lavish,” mostly about spending large amounts of money (“two hundred thousand, blow it on a stripper”), and gave an interview to the YouTube channel Hood Affairs, sitting in an ornate gold chair at the same mansion where the party was held. Wearing a diamond chain that spelled “*YAP*,” Gordon shows his interviewer around the mansion, praising Missus and thanking Lavish, seeming to call him “the most richest motherfucker in the city.”
-
-In June, Rogers was released from prison, and quickly began throwing money around, according to a person who knew him before he was incarcerated. “He bought four hundred and thirty-six pairs of Reeboks,” this person told me. “He had a line around Greenbriar Mall—people lined up to get those shoes that he paid for. He was giving them to kids.” This person also saw pictures of Rogers “standing on top of Mercedes-Benz trucks” and “living in penthouses.” (In one of them, there was a shark tank.) A lawyer for Rogers told me, “I’ve seen the photos, but he gets paid a lot because he’s attractive and he does social-media posts wearing different clothes and things of that nature. I don’t know if it’s called ‘influencing,’ but he’s a fashionista type.” As for *YAP*, the lawyer said, “their business did sign people and do social media and marketing—club things—and that’s what our client Mr. Rogers is good at.”
-
-The detective who has investigated Cofield and Rogers believes that the two men were both building a brand and enlisting accomplices—mostly young men who had spent time in prison, plus a handful of young women with whom one of them had been romantically involved. The detective pointed, for example, to an attempted theft for which neither man was charged. A woman who worked at Wells Fargo, in Atlanta—and who had, according to the detective, exchanged “affectionate text messages” with Rogers—gave Keonte Melton access to a large account at the bank in August, 2018. (Melton is the man who allegedly delivered Cofield’s cash to Selena Holmes.) The account belonged to one of the family businesses of John Portman, a famous Atlanta architect and developer who had died several months before. Melton tried to withdraw eight hundred and fifty thousand dollars; another Wells Fargo employee called two of the account’s signatories, who said that they had no idea who this withdrawer was. Melton was charged with an attempt to commit a felony; he pleaded guilty and is on probation.
-
-The woman left Wells Fargo for another bank, then went into real estate. (She has also appeared in multiple episodes of the reality show “Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta.”) When I reached her on the phone, she denied knowing any of the men involved. She does follow Rogers on Instagram; on her own account, she often posts pictures of herself in Lamborghinis or wearing diamond-encrusted watches, not only in Atlanta but in places like Dubai and Aruba. She was questioned by police in connection with the Wells Fargo theft but was never charged. (As part of Melton’s plea deal, he was ordered not to have contact with her.) “It was like a big ring that all of them were part of,” the detective said.
-
-In the summer of 2018, Cofield heard that Selena Holmes was growing close to a man she had met named Antoris Young. Cofield, perhaps flexing his growing power and resources, allegedly hired someone to kill him. The hit man, Teontre Crowley, tailed Young in a car; Rogers and Holmes followed in a separate vehicle so that Holmes could I.D. the target. Prosecutors say that the pair was on the phone with Cofield so he could be sure that the hit was carried out. Crowley shot Young around ten times outside a recording studio. Young survived but was paralyzed from the waist down.
-
-Days later, according to the detective, Rogers threw a birthday party for Cofield at Club Crucial, on Atlanta’s west side. “They had ‘Lavish’ on the club’s marquee,” the detective told me. Within months, Holmes, Rogers, and Crowley had been arrested for the shooting. All pleaded guilty and are now in prison. (Cofield was also charged, and pleaded not guilty; the case against him is ongoing.) A lawyer for Holmes maintained that she had been forced at gunpoint to help Crowley identify Young; Holmes later filed to withdraw her guilty plea but was denied. Last summer, at a hearing related to her sentence, an investigator said, of Cofield, “He finds these women from the outside and kind of pretends like he owns them from the inside, using money and things like that, and they enjoy the life style, so they go along with it. And they’re O.K. with it, as long as the money is good.”
-
-“I was a pretty girl in a strip club,” Eliayah Bennett, who goes by Indiana professionally, told me recently. “I wouldn’t say that I’m, like, a million-followers type of girl. But people know me. I danced for big people and stuff like that.” I had asked her how she and Cofield met. The full story would “probably take about two hours,” she said. I asked for the CliffsNotes. “Somebody seen my picture,” she said. “I don’t know who it was. And people was trying to find me. I was out of town. I think I was dancing in Miami or something, because, in the summer, Georgia gets slow. So one of my homegirls, they would have, like, stripper parties and I was invited to one. And that was it.” I waited for more. “It’s a real long story,” she said.
-
-The detective offered me a shorter version: Cofield “wanted Selena to recruit a stripper and for them to have a girl-on-girl encounter in front of him on FaceTime,” the detective said, explaining that this detail came from Holmes. “That’s how Eliayah got involved. Then she and Cofield developed a relationship behind Selena’s back.”
-
-Bennett told me that she and Holmes are very different. She said she comes from a more middle-class background and went to a good school—a charter school just north of the city. But, like Holmes, she began to live more fabulously after coming into Cofield’s orbit. She moved into a Buckhead home with separate floors for her mother and her father; she bought two Range Rovers and a four-hundred-thousand-dollar Rolls-Royce S.U.V.; she got breast implants and a nose job, though she said she funded those procedures herself. (“I’ve always had my own before Arthur,” she told me.) “When I talk to him, really it’s just to see me naked,” she told an investigator, downplaying the role of money in their relationship. “And that’s about it. And we’ll watch movies together.” They liked true crime, she told me.
-
-She and Cofield were married, online, in July, 2019. Afterward, she was approved to handle his finances. As his spouse, she received another privilege: she could no longer be compelled to testify against him. Meanwhile, Cofield’s reputation within the prison system continued to grow. A month after his marriage, Cofield was moved temporarily to Fulton County Jail to attend a court hearing related to the Antoris Young shooting. “The jail was buzzing,” a person familiar with the case told me. “You could hear it on calls from inmates using the jail phone system: ‘That guy Lavish is here!’ ”
-
-Cofield was transferred to the Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Prison and later placed in solitary confinement in its Special Management Unit—a notorious facility that had been described by a social psychologist, a few years earlier, as “one of the harshest and most draconian such facilities I have seen in operation anywhere in the country.” There, he was kept alone for around twenty-three hours a day. But every prison has guards, and smuggling happens at all of them. Jose Morales was the warden of the prison when Cofield arrived. He described him as an unusual inmate. “The others were boisterous, loud, violent,” he told me. “Cofield was the opposite of that. Very cordial, very respectful.” Morales thought he was up to something.
-
-In September, 2019, the Secret Service was contacted by Fidelity Bank. Someone had breached a large account belonging to Nicole Wertheim, the wife of the billionaire investor Herbert Wertheim. This person had used more than two million dollars from the account to purchase gold coins and had then had the coins shipped to a suburb near the Atlanta airport. Investigators traced the I.P. addresses of devices that had accessed the account: one led to an apartment building in Buckhead, and another led to a Verizon cell tower near the Special Management Unit of the Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Prison.
-
-Investigators informed Georgia’s Department of Corrections, which began looking for the second device. In November, guards at the Special Management Unit found two phones on Cofield, including one hidden in the rolls of his stomach. They gave the phones to prison investigators, who matched one of them to the Wertheim breach. The phone had a virtual private network that could mask its user’s identity by routing its connection through a private server, and it had a free app called TextNow, which is marketed as a provider of affordable phone service but can be used to disguise the number that a call or text is coming from. It also had several saved Yahoo and Gmail accounts that incorporated, presumably for the purposes of impersonation, the names of some of the richest men in the country, including the real-estate tycoon Sam Zell, the media mogul Sumner Redstone, the hair-care entrepreneur John Paul DeJoria, the businessman Thomas Secunda, and multiple founders of the global investment firm the Carlyle Group.
-
-Cofield had apparently narrowed his targets to aging billionaires: men who were rich enough to not notice if millions went missing—and old enough, perhaps, not to have set up personal online-banking accounts. Secunda, who is in his late sixties, was the youngest person on the list. Two men on the list have since died: Redstone, less than a year later, at ninety-seven, and Zell, at the age of eighty-one, this past May. Before Redstone died, his Fidelity account was breached twice. (Secunda and the founders of the Carlyle Group declined to comment for this story; DeJoria told me that he hadn’t heard anything about Cofield’s scheme.)
-
-Having identified a likely suspect in Georgia, the Secret Service turned the case over to Scott McAfee, an Assistant U.S. Attorney in the state’s Northern District. In August, 2020, one of McAfee’s investigators was contacted by the brokerage firm Charles Schwab. Two people, working in tandem, had successfully impersonated the ninety-five-year-old clothier and Hollywood producer Sidney Kimmel and his wife, Caroline Davis. Kimmel, who had recently executive-produced “[Crazy Rich Asians](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/crazy-rich-asians-and-the-end-point-of-representation),” reportedly had a net worth of around one and a half billion dollars, and had several accounts with Schwab. Cofield created an online brokerage account in Kimmel’s name, then called Schwab, claiming to be Kimmel, in order to connect the new account to a checking account. Over the phone, he provided Kimmel’s Social Security number, his mother’s maiden name, his date of birth, and home address. Three days after that, someone claiming to be Kimmel’s wife called Schwab and asked about making a wire transfer. Half an hour later, Cofield submitted a signed form authorizing such a transfer. The transfer was for eleven million dollars. It was used to purchase gold coins.
-
-An investigator who has listened to these phone calls told me that the vocal impersonations were not sophisticated. “It was a bad old man’s voice,” he said, of Cofield’s Kimmel. “Just gravelly.” Even so, he said, the representative from Schwab was deferential. “I don’t know if they checked every single security-protocol box before transferring that money,” the investigator said. “It really seemed, like, ‘Yes, Mr. Kimmel. Yes, sir.’ ” Schwab, at the phony Kimmel’s behest, wired funds to a company called Money Metals Exchange L.L.C., in Idaho. This company was also deferential, the investigator told me: “They’re, like, ‘Folks, I’ve researched this Sidney Kimmel guy, this could be a really good client. Let’s give him the V.I.P. treatment! Let’s get him that gold!’ ” (When I asked the company’s director, on the phone, for comment, he hung up.)
-
-Cofield, still impersonating Kimmel, contacted security and logistics firms capable of transporting highly valuable assets from Idaho to Atlanta; that job was ultimately subcontracted to a man named Michael Blake. One night in June, just after 2 *A.M.*, Blake landed on a private runway in Atlanta, during a heavy storm, with millions in gold coins in tow. He was met by two men in a Jeep Cherokee. The car was a rental, with Florida plates, which struck Blake as a little off. The driver showed him a license, and Blake loaded the gold into the car. He asked for a ride to a nearby hotel, due to the late hour and the weather, but the driver said no.
-
-After the handoff, Cofield texted Blake with instructions to delete any photos that he had taken of the car or the driver’s license—and to send him a screenshot of his photo library and his deleted-files folder as proof. Blake, who had Googled Kimmel, thought this was an odd request to get, in the middle of the night, from a ninetysomething-year-old man. He complied, but he also kept a screenshot of the folder with the photos for himself.
-
-Later, Cofield initiated another Schwab transfer, of eight and a half million dollars, again for the purchase of gold. But, before the transfer was complete, he cancelled the order and asked Schwab for a credit-line increase instead. At that point, a Schwab employee contacted a lawyer for Kimmel, who told Schwab that neither he nor his client had requested the transfer, or the previous one. (Kimmel’s lawyer did not respond to requests for comment. Last fall, he told the Atlanta *Journal-Constitution* that neither he nor Kimmel had knowledge of anything related to the theft, adding, “Mr. Kimmel was unaffected by whatever occurred.” According to the investigator, the Kimmel breach alone doubled Schwab’s average annual loss from fraud. Schwab, which reimbursed Kimmel, declined to comment on this figure.)
-
-In the meantime, guards at Cofield’s prison found two more phones in his cell in the S.M.U. and gave them to a prison forensics unit. The timing was fortunate: Cofield had been using the TextNow app, on which messages can permanently expire, to communicate with Money Metals Exchange and with someone listed in the phone as Yum. Prosecutors believe that Yum is a bank employee who provided Cofield with a driver’s license and a utility bill that belonged to Kimmel. Federal investigators also contacted Michael Blake, who sent them his screenshot of the I.D. that the driver in the Jeep Cherokee had shown him. Investigators enlarged the screenshot and determined that the photograph on the I.D. was of Eldridge Bennett.
-
-Cofield was indicted in December, 2020, and charged with aggravated identity theft, conspiracy to commit bank fraud, money laundering, and conspiracy to commit money laundering. His lawyer, a prominent Atlanta attorney named Steven Sadow, declined to comment. (Sadow currently represents Donald Trump in the ex-President’s [election-interference case](https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/in-georgia-trump-and-his-gang-get-the-mob-treatment) in Georgia; Cofield’s legal team also includes [Drew Findling](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/08/07/on-the-run-with-trumps-billion-dollar-lawyer), who represented Trump until Trump replaced him with Sadow, in late August.) Eldridge and Eliayah Bennett were indicted on conspiracy and money-laundering charges.
-
-Soon afterward, a resident of Randall Mill Road was working at his kitchen table when he looked out the window. “Up comes a white locksmith truck followed by maybe ten black unmarked S.U.V.s,” he said. Armed federal agents circled the house. “I’m, like, ‘This ain’t good.’ It was right out of the movies.” The agents couldn’t get the house’s large safe open; McAfee, the Assistant U.S. Attorney, became convinced that that’s where the gold was. He tried, unsuccessfully, to subpoena the man who designed the safe, in Arizona. (“He was, like, ‘You’re not the real government,’ ” McAfee told me.) A team of six safecrackers finally got it open. It was empty. The vast majority of the gold that Cofield is known to have purchased with stolen money has never been accounted for. Laundering tens of millions of dollars in gold coins is not easy—it often requires dealing with transnational organizations capable of smuggling the gold out of the country.
-
-Agents also searched the Bennetts’ place, seizing electronic devices, a Range Rover, a firearm, three hundred thousand dollars, and six Buffalo Tribute Proof gold coins, which were found on Eliayah’s desk. Cofield entrusted his wife with much of what he stole, and text messages between the two, discovered by investigators, suggest that this strained their relationship: on several occasions, Cofield seems to have become convinced that Bennett was going to steal, in turn, from him. “I get why u mad,” Bennett wrote at one point. “Cause U think I’ll steal a house from u. Like I don’t steal money from u I had Millions in my house for months. I know u love that house probably more than me I’ll never do that to u.”
-
-“Phones were the key to his success,” Scott McAfee said, of Cofield, “but also his downfall. For me, it’s all there.”
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-A few months after Cofield was indicted, McAfee was appointed inspector general of Georgia. He handed the case off to another U.S. Attorney, who left the post after two years and then handed the case off yet again. McAfee’s successors both declined to comment for this story. (McAfee has since become a judge in Fulton County’s Superior Court. In August, he was appointed to oversee Donald Trump’s election-interference trial.)
-
-In March, I got a call from Eliayah Bennett, who told me that she had Cofield on the other line. She then patched him through. Calmly and firmly, with a cool Georgia drawl, he told me that he was going to take a plea on the fraud and conspiracy charges. With Bennett listening in, the only matter he seemed intent on discussing, apart from the plea, was his connection to Selena Holmes, which he insisted did not exist. “In the story, if you don’t mind, don’t put this lady’s name anywhere close to mine, because she don’t know me,” he said.
-
-The detective who investigated Cofield and Rogers described listening to hundreds of calls that Holmes made from a county-jail phone—many of which, the detective said, were obviously with Cofield. “He’d disguise his voice like he was an old lady when they talked, the same way he disguised it as an old man when he called the banks to take over the accounts. It was crazy Madea-type stuff,” the detective added, referring to the grandmother played, in several movies, by Atlanta’s own Tyler Perry. “They’d usually try to talk in code, and she’d slip up every now and then. When she’d get really angry, she’d write e-mails saying she was gonna tell everything that happened.”
-
-Several people I spoke to expressed a fear that Cofield could try to retaliate against anyone whom he perceives to be working against him. He has, after all, been charged with ordering the murder of one person, and he committed most of his crimes while detained in maximum-security prisons—it’s not clear what authorities can do to make things more difficult for him than they are. Earlier this year, Georgia’s attorney general, Chris Carr, announced that he and twenty-one other attorneys general were pushing Congress to pass a law allowing states to jam phone reception in correctional facilities, which is forbidden as a result of the Communications Act of 1934. Todd Clear, a criminal-justice professor at Rutgers, told me that the better approach would be to allow people in prison to have cell phones, and to closely monitor their use. This, he noted, would also make prison life more humane.
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-A month after I spoke with Cofield, I attended his plea hearing, at a downtown courthouse. His high-priced lawyers made small talk about their ties while he hunched between them in his jumpsuit. He has a large tattoo on his neck, which was partly visible: “Laugh now, cry later,” it reads, alongside drawings of clowns.
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-After he pleaded guilty, lawyers for the government laid out the agreement that they had reached with him: a hundred and fifty-one months for fraud committed in Georgia and Alabama. The judge asked Cofield to explain what he’d done.
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-“What did I do,” he began. He took a deep breath. Without visible emotion, he described gaining access to bank accounts belonging to Sidney Kimmel and to the doctor in Alabama, using their funds to buy gold coins, and shipping the coins to Atlanta. “I got possession of it,” he started to say, when one of his attorneys cut him off. “I think that’s enough,” the lawyer said. The judge accepted this, then shook his head. “If you would have taken the ability and knowledge you have and put it towards something that was legal and right—” he said, in Cofield’s direction.
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-“I would be investing my money with him,” one of the lawyers said.
-
-Eliayah Bennett, who has not yet entered a plea in her case, sat a few rows behind Cofield in the gallery. (Her father, who declined to comment for this story, has pleaded guilty and is awaiting sentencing.) Cofield smiled at her before a U.S. marshal escorted him out of the room. Later, the detective told me that another phone had recently been found in Cofield’s cell, and that he’d been Googling “U.S. marshal uniforms.” The detective suspected that he was trying to formulate an escape—that he wanted to get back to the free world, where he hasn’t set foot since he was sixteen. Devinchio Rogers is now in Ware State Prison, in south Georgia. His lawyer told me that, in July, he was stabbed multiple times. He is currently recovering, the lawyer said.
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-On one of my last visits to the house on Randall Mill Road, I saw that weeds had grown in the yard and around the unfinished pool. “Someone smashed a basement window,” a neighbor told me. “It’s attracted lots of activity and gawkers.” Neighbors said that they had also seen Eliayah Bennett around, late last year, in a Mercedes. “She was taking everything that wasn’t screwed down to the ground,” one said (including the Moëts). Bennett has opened a business in a North Atlanta strip mall offering facials and ombré brows. When I asked her on the phone whether she’d been by the house, she said, “I don’t want to talk about that.” Earlier this year, the government seized the property and put it on the market for around two and a half million dollars. It went under contract quickly. The new owner is an ophthalmologist. Proceeds will go to Cofield’s victims.
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-When I visited, it had not yet sold. As I stood outside, a black Lamborghini pulled up and parked nearby. Two well-dressed young men got out and ventured onto the property. When they returned to the street, one of them said to me, “The guy who built this house is in prison. Have you walked up on it? It’s *nice*.” This man turned out to be a real music producer, with the stage name of BricksDaMane. He mentioned his work with Drake, Future, and Lil Baby. (The Lamborghini was his.) I told him that I’d spoken with the architect who designed the house, and the producer asked me for his number. He wanted to chat with him, he said. He had some ideas for how it might be finished. ♦
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-Date: 2023-01-19
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-# How a Nepo Baby Is Born
-
-Hollywood has always loved the children of famous people. In 2022, the internet reduced them to two little words.
-
-Photo-Illustration: Joe Darrow for New York Magazine
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/5f8/028/da950aaed5d9df46da06db829c6327db7e-2622Nepo-Cover-Essay-Lede.rvertical.w570.jpg)
-
-
-This article was featured in [One Great Story](http://nymag.com/tags/one-great-story/), *New York*’s reading recommendation newsletter. [Sign up here](https://nymag.com/promo/sign-up-for-one-great-story.html?itm_source=vsitepromo&itm_medium=articlelink&itm_campaign=ogs_tertiary_zone) to get it nightly.
-
-**In 2022, the internet** uncovered a vast conspiracy: Hollywood was run on an invisible network of family ties — *and everybody was in on it!* Everyone is someone’s kid, but it was as if everybody were *somebody’s* kid. *Euphoria,* the buzziest show on television, was created by the son of a major director and co-starred the daughter of another. Actress Maya Hawke was not only born to two famous parents but looked like them, too. Half of Brooklyn’s indie artists had dads with IMDb pages. Even *Succession*’s Cousin Greg turned out to be the son of one of the guys who designed the Rolling Stones’ lips logo. Aghast, content creators got to work. An unwieldy phrase — “the child of a celebrity” — was reduced to a catchy buzzword: [*nepo baby*](https://vulture.com/article/hollywood-nepotism-babies-list-taxonomy.html)*.* TikTokers produced multipart series about nepo babies who resembled their [famous parents](https://www.vulture.com/article/nepotism-parents.html), exposés on people you didn’t know were nepo babies (everyone knew), and PSAs urging celebrity parents to roast their nepo babies “to keep them humble.”
-
----
-
-Like psoriasis, the label was something you were born with, and those who had it found it equally irritating. Maude Apatow (daughter of Judd Apatow and Leslie Mann) told *Porter* magazine the term made her “sad.” It filled Zoë Kravitz (daughter of Lenny Kravitz and Lisa Bonet) with “deep insecurity.” Gwyneth Paltrow (daughter of Blythe Danner and Bruce Paltrow) commiserated about it with Hailey Bieber (daughter of Stephen Baldwin and niece of Alec) on the latter’s YouTube channel: “People are ready to pull you down and say, ‘You don’t belong there.’” Scratching the itch could only make it worse. At 16, the model and actress Lily-Rose Depp landed her first campaign with Chanel, the same house her mother, Vanessa Paradis, worked with; the year before, she’d made her film debut alongside her father, Johnny Depp. In a November *Elle* profile, she brushed off suggestions that her path had been cleared for her: “It just doesn’t make any sense.” The response was swift. On TikTok, [floating heads](https://www.tiktok.com/t/ZTRV5bkLu/) begged Depp to “shut up and stop being delusional.” Her fellow models castigated her on Instagram. “i have many nepo baby friends whom i respect,” the top model Vittoria Ceretti wrote in an Instagram Story, “but i can’t stand listening to you compare yourself to me. i was not born on a comfy sexy pillow with a view.”
-
-The intensity of the backlash may suggest we live in a world where bands of sansculottes are roaming Pacific Palisades rounding up anyone whose parents’ names are blue on Wikipedia. In truth, nepo babies have always been a fact of Hollywood. Today, they’re not only abundant — they’re thriving. In an industry built on reboots, a famous last name can be valuable intellectual property. A celebrity child brings an easy marketing hook as well as millions of TikTok followers who, the theory goes, will slide seamlessly from watching their wardrobe reveals to watching their war-drama reels. Ang Lee tapped his son, Mason, for the starring role in his Bruce Lee biopic, and 2021 saw two sons of actors, Michael Gandolfini and Cooper Hoffman, follow in their dearly departed fathers’ footsteps. Streaming series such as *Stranger Things, Never Have I Ever,* and *The Sex Lives of College Girls* may well be federally funded make-work projects for well-connected private-school graduates. This year, small films such as *I Am Ruth* and *Sam & Kate* seemingly exist solely to pair famous actors with their less famous offspring (Kate Winslet and Mia Threapleton in the former; Dustin Hoffman, Jake Hoffman, Sissy Spacek, and Schuyler Fisk in the latter). And that’s just the working actors. Elsewhere, the celebrity-media complex allows Brooklyn Beckham (son of David and Victoria Beckham) to headline *Variety*’s “Young Hollywood” issue without ever approaching anything you or I would recognize as a normal job.
-
-*Nepo baby*: How could two little words cause so much conflict? A baby is a bundle of joy; a nepo baby is physical proof that meritocracy is a lie. We love them, we hate them, we disrespect them, we’re obsessed with them.
-
-**From left:** Maude Apatow in 2005. Photo: FilmMagicLily-Rose Depp in 2013. Photo: WireImage
-
-**From left:** Maude Apatow in 2005. Photo: FilmMagicLily-Rose Depp in 2013. Photo: WireImage
-
-**In a single** tweet in February, a Canadian tech-support worker named Meriem Derradji brought the idea of nepo babies into the public conversation. The 25-year-old was born in Montreal, but when she was 9, she and her family moved to Algeria, where her parents had been born. She spent three years there with no internet, cut off from pop culture. When she returned to Canada as a tween, plugging back in was like taking a starving man to a Cheesecake Factory. In 2013, she joined Twitter and enlisted on the side of the Barbz, Nicki Minaj’s obsessive, protective stan army. There, she learned how to speak fluent internet, crafting tweets that would push people’s buttons.
-
-The stir over Hollywood nepotism had begun to percolate at the start of the pandemic, which both supercharged the backlash against celebrities and heightened the salience of their dynastic ties. (Since many famous families were quarantining together, even the most exalted stars felt [a little bit D-list](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19392397.2020.1834224), ripe for the plucking.) It didn’t take much to set off a round of discourse: A Deadline article about a short film called *The Rightway* — directed by Steven Spielberg’s daughter, starring Sean Penn’s son, and written by Stephen King’s son — spurred days of online controversy. As Derradji caught up with the conversation, a lot of things started to make sense. She often passed time watching catwalk videos. “You would see models walk super-well and then there’s Kendall Jenner walking, and you’re like, *Oh my gosh. It’s really bad,*” she says. How bad? “She walks like a normal person.” Like many zoomers, Derradji watched *Euphoria* and absorbed everything about it online. She wasn’t a particular fan of Maude Apatow’s character (“Her acting wasn’t bad, but it wasn’t anything special”), and when she discovered both of the actress’s parents had Wikipedia entries of their own, she fired off a tweet: “Wait I just found out that the actress that plays Lexi is a nepotism baby omg 😭 her mom is Leslie Mann and her dad is a movie director lol.”
-
-Her tweet received more than 4,000 likes, but the more important figure was the 2,500-plus quote tweets, mostly from millennials and Gen-Xers incredulous that someone had gotten to Judd Apatow *through* Maude Apatow. Prompted by the hubbub, major publications wrote explainers on the subject of nepo babies, and soon no celebrity child could do press without getting grilled on their parentage. To Derradji’s critics, few of whom were aware that she had been a child living in North Africa during Apatow’s heyday, she was emblematic of Gen Z’s naïveté. (In turn, the anger her tweet stirred up was partly attributable to older generations’ discomfort with their own cultural irrelevance.) The pot-stirrer in her couldn’t help but be a little proud. If you called out a nepo baby online, they might be forced to respond. “Whatever you say could get the attention of those nepotism kids, get a reaction out of them,” she says.
-
-You can trace the origins of the modern backlash to two pivotal events. First, the *Girls* wars of 2012, in which nepotism allegations became tangled up in discourses around race, misogyny, and privilege, prompting unanswerable questions like “Aren’t they actually *satirizing* people with zero Black friends?” Second, the [Operation Varsity Blues](https://www.vulture.com/tags/operation-varsity-blues/) scandal of 2019, which revealed the underhanded methods by which celebrities like Lori Loughlin and Felicity Huffman sought to get their children into high-ranking universities. By exposing the inner workings of the process in humiliating detail, down to staged photos of the applicants posing on rowing machines, it stripped them of their mystique. Nepotism became *funny.* Nobody exemplified this better than Loughlin’s daughter Olivia Jade Giannulli, a YouTube personality seemingly uninterested in the expensive education her mother had risked prison to help her obtain. One of the earliest instances of *nepotism baby* being shortened to *nepo baby* appears in a 2020 post from the blog [Pop Culture Died in 2009](https://www.popculturediedin2009.com/post/631741083506868224/weekend-gossip-roundup), which describes Olivia Jade as our era’s answer to Bling Ring icon Alexis Haines. While Haines embodied the aughts’ unsightly hybrid of sleaze and luxe, Olivia Jade exposed the lie at the heart of relatable social-media fame: “The stars pretending to be just like you and me whilst shacked in a palace in Beverly Hills.”
-
-It makes sense that zoomers, a generation steeped in pop analyses of structural oppression, would hit on the nepo baby as their particular celebrity obsession. Though as anyone who followed the journeys of *mansplain* and *gaslight* could tell you, a word that goes viral can shed its nuances. Hollywood is built on minute gradations of status, which the online conversation has a tendency to elide. At times, it seems any young star whose parents did anything more interesting than accounting is liable to be named and shamed as a nepo baby — and even accountants’ children aren’t safe, as Jonah Hill and Beanie Feldstein, whose father was the tour accountant for Guns N’ Roses, can attest.
-
-Better to imagine nepo babies on a spectrum. At the top are the classic nepo babies, inheritors of famous names and famous features: Dakota Johnson, Maya Hawke, Jack Quaid. The next tier down are people who got a leg up from family connections even if they were not famous per se. These include figures like Lena Dunham, whose artist parents supplied the necessary cultural capital, as well as “industry babies” like Billie Eilish, daughter of a voice actress, and Kristen Stewart, whose mother was the script supervisor on *The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas.* The Hadid sisters are a tricky case: As with that other famous Palestinian, Jesus Christ, the benefits of the filial relationship clearly flowed both ways. And we can probably draw a line when it comes to figures like Paris Hilton, for whom the term *rich people* is already sufficient.
-
-**From left:** Ben Platt in 2014. Photo: Alamy Stock PhotoZoë Kravitz in 1997. Photo: FilmMagic, Inc
-
-**From left:** Ben Platt in 2014. Photo: Alamy Stock PhotoZoë Kravitz in 1997. Photo: FilmMagic, Inc
-
-**The nepo baby’s path** to stardom begins when they’re a literal baby. A celebrity child takes center stage in a series of highly visible tabloid rituals: “We’re expecting” photos, birthday parties, holidays. As they age into adolescence, the mere fact that they physically resemble their famous parents is a news event on par with a closely fought primary. (In the past five years, People.com has written no fewer than 17 articles about how Ava Phillippe looks like her mother, Reese Witherspoon.) There can be delicious Schadenfreude in the realization that, far more than most of us, a nepo baby’s destiny is determined by a spin on the genetic roulette wheel. The model [Kaia Gerber](https://vulture.com/article/nepotism-baby-models-examples.html) has profited handsomely from looking exactly like her mother, [Cindy Crawford](https://vulture.com/article/nepotism-baby-models-examples.html), while Bruce Willis and Demi Moore’s daughters were undoubtedly hampered by inheriting their father’s most famous feature, his chin.
-
-Once children receive their own Instagram handles, they become tabloid protagonists in their own right. (From [“7 Reasons to Follow Reese Witherspoon’s Daughter on Insta”](https://people.com/celebrity/reese-witherspoon-daughter-ava-phillippe-on-instagram/): “No. 2: She Takes Perfect Selfies With Mom Reese.”) Gwyneth Paltrow’s daughter, Apple, went from an object, most notable for her unusual name, to a subject by issuing sassy clapbacks on her mother’s posts. Kate Beckinsale’s daughter, Lily Mo Sheen, made headlines for posting selfies with her boyfriend, who fans thought resembled her father, Michael Sheen. But if they want to stick around into adulthood, an ambitious nepo baby must soon justify their place in the Hollywood firmament.
-
-How can they begin to prove themselves? Traditionally, Mom and Dad have helped out. Apatow is the latest in a long line of directors’ children who got big breaks in their parent’s projects, one that stretches at least as far back as 1969, when a teenage Anjelica Huston made her debut in her father’s film *A Walk With Love and Death.* The disgraced screenwriter Max Landis got his first credit alongside his father on an episode of *Masters of Horror.* Jake Kasdan co-wrote the behind-the-scenes book for his father’s film *Wyatt Earp.* Hawke was one of many actresses who auditioned for a small part in *Once Upon a Time in Hollywood,* but she was the only one whose self-tape co-starred Ethan Hawke and hopefully the only one who received “an extra-tight hug and a wink from Quentin” after her callback. When Witherspoon told her friend Mindy Kaling that her son Deacon Phillippe was interested in acting, Kaling cast him as a prep-school cutie in two episodes of *Never Have I Ever,* in which he did an impressive job of not staring directly into the camera. “He’s obviously so talented, and he’s great-looking, and we just thought he would be great,” Kaling told [*Variety*](https://variety.com/2022/scene/news/mindy-kaling-reese-witherspoon-never-have-i-ever-deacon-phillippe-1235340462/)*.*
-
-In a rough study, approximately 100 percent of celebrities’ children were hailed by their collaborators as talented, humble, and ready to put in the work. Noah Baumbach [recalled](https://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-11173123/Emily-Mortimers-children-Sam-18-Nivola-12-major-roles-White-Noise.html) going “through audition after audition and all the callbacks” to find actors who could play Adam Driver’s children in *White Noise,* only to land upon “these two Nivola kids” — Sam and May, whose parents are Emily Mortimer and Alessandro Nivola. (“They were just so wonderful.”) Donald Glover praised Malia Obama’s work ethic in the writers’ room for his upcoming Amazon series, telling [*Vanity Fair*](https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/03/donald-glover-malia-obama-atlanta-season-3-premiere?utm_social-type=owned&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter&mbid=social_twitter&utm_brand=vf)*,* “Her writing style is great.” Such quotes often appear in the nepo baby’s traditional coming-out party: a profile in a glossy magazine. (The Nivolas recently got one in [*The New Yorker*](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/12/12/the-nivola-kids-enter-the-family-business)*.*) The hottest trend in media right now is the intergenerational team-up, which *GQ* has made a specialty, running spreads of John C. Reilly [posing](https://www.gq.com/story/john-c-reilly-and-son-leo-profile) with his “model-musician son” LoveLeo, and Pierce Brosnan [alongside](https://www.gq.com/story/the-brosnan-boys) his “model-musician-filmmaker sons” Dylan and Paris.
-
-Like Obama, a few brave nepo babies step outside their parents’ chosen field. (The bravest don’t try to become famous at all. Bruce Springsteen’s son is a firefighter, while Willem Dafoe’s is a law clerk.) Cazzie David made her name through funny Instagram captions, which prompted 2017-era headlines like “[I Wish I Was Larry David’s Cool Daughter](https://www.thecut.com/2017/02/i-wish-i-were-larry-davids-cool-daughter-cazzie.html)” and landed her a book deal. Gordon Ramsay’s daughter Holly started a podcast about young people’s mental health, which helped get her signed to CAA (presumably, the 300,000-plus TikTok followers didn’t hurt either). Sometimes, capturing the internet’s attention for a moment is enough. After Kamala Harris’s stepdaughter, Ella Emhoff, showed up at the inauguration looking like a goth Margot Tenenbaum, she landed a modeling deal, which led to her walking New York Fashion Week and being named an “icon” by *Harper’s Bazaar.*
-
-For those not ready to commit to one profession, the industry can provide a buffet of opportunities. In August 2020, Ísadóra “Doa” Bjarkardóttir Barney, the then-17-year-old daughter of Björk and Matthew Barney, was cast alongside her mother in Robert Eggers’s *The Northman* on the plausible basis that the role called for a specific type of medieval Norse singing that only someone related to Björk could pull off. In February, Doa received her first magazine profile in the British quarterly [*The Face*](https://theface.com/culture/isadora-bjarkadottir-barney-doa-d0lgur-bjork-daughter-interview-bjork-daughter-music-the-northman-film-robert-eggers-the-witch-the-lighthouse-volume-4-issue-10)*,* which highlighted the avant-garde video diary she shot in lockdown (current views: 8,100) and the Joanna Newsom cover she recorded to benefit refugees. In April, *The Northman* flopped, but never mind; in July, Doa signed a modeling contract with Miu Miu.
-
-This is the nepo baby’s credo: Try, and if at first you don’t succeed, remember you’re still a celebrity’s child, so try, try again. No one exemplifies this maxim better than Brooklyn Beckham — in the words of [*The Guardian*’s Marina Hyde](https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/aug/17/brooklyn-beckham-career-high-profile), a celebrity scion incapable of having “what other mortals might regard as amateur hobbies without considering them nascent professional empires.” At 23, Beckham has already cycled through aborted attempts to follow in his parents’ footsteps in the worlds of football and modeling. He next tried to become a professional photographer, releasing a coffee-table book full of out-of-focus pictures of elephants. Then he was a chef, a career he embarked upon despite possessing a level of culinary talent most commonly seen in BuzzFeed videos. While these endeavors have not been successful in the traditional sense, they have enabled him to amass 14.6 million followers on Instagram, where the only important metric is the one thing a nepo baby is assured of on the basis of their name: attention.
-
-**From left:** Jack Quaid in 2005. Photo: Getty ImagesMaya Hawke in 2013. Photo: Getty Images
-
-**From left:** Jack Quaid in 2005. Photo: Getty ImagesMaya Hawke in 2013. Photo: Getty Images
-
-**We have all** heard the anti-anti-nepotism argument: Sure, children of the famous may have an advantage at the beginning, but eventually talent will win out. Those who can’t hack it will fade away, while the truly gifted nobodies will be discovered if they only keep at it.
-
-“This is ludicrous,” Fran Lebowitz wrote in a 1997 issue of [*Vanity Fair*](https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2016/01/fran-lebowitz-on-race-and-racism)*.* “Getting in the door is pretty much the entire game, especially in movie acting, which is, after all, hardly a profession notable for its rigor.” Lebowitz brought this up in service of a metaphor about structural racism: Just as the children of celebrities got a leg up from the fact that they physically resembled people who were already famous, so too did America’s whites benefit from fitting the nation’s mental image of who should be in charge. In this context, being a nepo baby is the Cadillac of privilege. Nobody’s got it better.
-
-Those in a position to know often agree with Lebowitz’s assessment. “They don’t realize how lucky they are because this is their world,” says one talent manager who has worked with multiple celebrity offspring. “I am very transparent with my clients that there are steps they need to take to be able to be relevant past the 15-second mark. It’s not just about your clout. Where is your résumé? A lot of them are working toward their own thing, but at times they’re trying to bypass the steps a person coming from nowhere would have to do.” Having been spared the seasoning of everyday hardship, a nepo baby can often seem guppyish, unformed. Pauline Kael once wrote of Peter Fonda, “He doesn’t have a core of tension; something in him is still asleep, and perhaps always will be.”
-
-It’s no surprise so many nepo babies get their start as models, the manager says: The child doesn’t have to open their mouth. “I’ve learned that once they start speaking, the public doesn’t go along for the ride,” they say. “The more they talk, the more unrelatable they become.” The most self-aware among them have the savviness to play against type, but that creates its own problems. “On Instagram, a lot of them are not necessarily showcasing their life as a socialite. They’re like, ‘Oh my God, look at me at this dive bar.’ *Girl, weren’t you just on a yacht last night?*”
-
-Within the industry, there is little use in being subtle about the familial strings. “Someone once said to me, ‘We should hire so-and-so because their parents will come to the opening night,’” says a veteran casting director. The need to maintain relationships can ease a famous child’s path through the door. “A big agency will write and say, ‘This is so-and-so’s kid,’ and you understand that to mean ‘So you have to see this kid.’” If the nepo baby is obviously untalented, it usually ends there. “I have learned to simply say, ‘Not right for the role. But lovely.’ There are a number of veiled responses rather than saying, ‘Are you guys kidding me?’ ”
-
-The casting director puts it bluntly: “A lot of the children of famous people are not good.” How often are they meeting with them? “God, there have been so many over the course of my life.” They once met with an aspiring actress who was the daughter of two movie stars. “There was something else that walked in the room with her,” they say. “Like, ‘My parents are famous, and I’m here because somebody told me to meet you.’ A lovely person but definitely a sense of entitlement. She left, and I was like, *That person doesn’t excite me. The struggle isn’t there.*” This is not always a deal-breaker. Afterward, the daughter booked the role that made her a household name.
-
-Despite suspicions, you don’t always know someone’s background. A while back, a young actress with a famous family but a common last name came in to read for her first lead role. “I had no idea who she was,” says the casting director. “I don’t know why I didn’t get the memo. From my vantage point, she won that job fair and square.” (The actress’s performance was widely acclaimed, and she became a major star.)
-
-The casting director laments changes in the industry that have perhaps enabled the nepo babies’ rise. “I don’t think people know or understand what acting is anymore,” they say. With the advent of streaming and social media, the big screen no longer rules. “A lot of these people watch this crap, and they think that what they’re watching is good acting, and they mimic what that is,” the casting director says. “And it’s not good.” That devolution explains why it may feel as though there are so many more well-born mediocrities than ever before: The medium’s standards are merely lower.
-
-We need not sign on to the fiction that nepo babies actually have it worse to acknowledge that there are elements of their lives we wouldn’t trade for our own. “Nobody treats you seriously,” filmmaker Owen Kline (son of Kevin Kline and Phoebe Cates) told [*The Guardian*](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/sep/15/no-one-wants-to-read-someones-kids-thing-its-a-sucky-scenario-owen-kline-on-his-debut-hit-funny-pages) in September. “No one wants to read someone’s kid’s ‘thing.’” Others taking you seriously doesn’t necessarily cure the anxiety. “For a long time, I wondered whether my career had come to me because of my own talents or because of some kind of genteel nepotism,” a 30-something Jeff Bridges told the authors of *Hollywood Dynasties.* “The guilt caused big problems for me.”
-
-The casting director can empathize: “How do you know if somebody really likes you?” Some nepo babies take this vulnerability and use it — the struggle is the spice that finally makes them interesting. “And others, it’s the thing that gets in their way.”
-
-**From left:** John David Washington in 1998. Photo: Frank Trapper/Corbis via Getty ImagesDakota Johnson in 2000. Photo: Ron Galella Collection via Getty
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-**From left:** John David Washington in 1998. Photo: Frank Trapper/Corbis via Getty ImagesDakota Johnson in 2000. Photo: Ron Galella Collection via Getty
-
-**The industry’s** original nepo baby was Douglas Fairbanks Jr., son of Douglas Sr. and stepson of Mary Pickford, who in the 1920s were arguably the most famous couple on the planet. Sensing the power of a good name, Paramount’s Jesse L. Lasky handed the 13-year-old a $1,000-a-week contract and set about trying to make him a star. Like many who followed in his footsteps, Fairbanks Jr. never came close to equaling his father’s legacy, but he had a long career, was briefly married to Joan Crawford, and seemed entirely at ease with his station in life. “I have, since maturity, known full well the limits of my capabilities,” he wrote in his memoir. The younger Fairbanks, who was mobbed by adoring throngs upon his arrival in Los Angeles, likely escaped the backlash that hits today’s nepo babies, though presumably there were a few bitchy telegrams sent about him.
-
-Those who came after were often treated as tragic figures. Take Frank Sinatra Jr.: While Frank hung out with criminals in a cool way, Junior did it in an extremely uncool way. (He got kidnapped.) It wasn’t until the late ’60s, when second-gen stars like Liza Minnelli and Jane Fonda came onto the scene, that the first celebrity kids were able to climb out of Hollywood’s primordial soup and carve identities apart from their lineage. Each was aided by a natural divide separating them from their famous parent: Fonda by working in Europe, an ocean away from America, Minnelli by the somewhat more dramatic distance between the living and the dead.
-
-Long before TikTok got ahold of these descendants, scholars had been studying our obsession with multigenerational stars. Austrian academic Eva Maria Schörgenhuber argues that celebrity children function as living links to a shared pop-culture history, connecting us to a nostalgic vision of the past. You can see this keenly in the types of nepo babies the culture does not have a problem with. Stars like Minnelli, Mariska Hargitay, or Freddie Prinze Jr., who all had a parent die in tragic circumstances, garner respect, not scorn, for following in their footsteps. The same way the Kennedys went from nouveau-riche boot-leggers to inhabitants of a fairy-tale castle, so does the passage of time transform a nepo baby into someone “from a famous family.” Few today care that Michael Douglas, Laura Dern, or Tracee Ellis Ross had celebrity parents. The same principle holds true for someone like Dakota Johnson, who reps multiple generations of Hollywood legends and is thus exempt from the tasteless striving that defines celebrity children of a more recent vintage. Paradoxically, the nepo babies we like best are often the ones who are *most* privileged.
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-The director Luca Guadagnino, who cast Johnson in two of his films, once told me, “I can see Tippi Hedren” in her. He glimpsed flickers of her grandmother, the great Hitchcock blonde. We often talk about the “It” factor, the otherworldly charisma that stars like Clara Bow exhibited in front of a camera. As the career of Chet Hanks makes abundantly clear, this quality is not guaranteed to be passed down through the generations. But it can be off-putting to discover that “It” may indeed be hereditary, to see a Zoë Kravitz or Kate Hudson display that same intangible sparkle you saw in their parents. “They walk in the room, and they have this *thing,*” says the casting director. “They just know. They literally know. You’re drawn to that, and you’re a little bit afraid of it. Because it’s bigger than you.”
-
-Photo-Illustration: Joe Darrow. Photographs for Cover Photo-Illustration: Jason Mendez/Getty Images (Washington); Osobystist (Washington Body); Roy Rochlin/Getty Images (Johnson); Anna Sungatulina (Johnson Body); Axelle/Bauer-Griffin/FilmMagic (Quaid); Irina\_Geo (Quaid Body); FilmMagic (Apatow); Qwasyx (Apatow Body); Dave Benett/WireImage (Kravitz); Comstock Images (Kravitz Body); Rodin Eckenroth/Getty Images (Platt); Orbon Alija (Platt Body); Karwai Tang/WireImage (Depp); LightFieldStudios (Depp Body); Marilla Sicilia/Mondadori Portfolio (Hawke); Prostock-Studio (Hawke Body); Rich Polk/Getty Images (Collins); Andrey Zhuravlev (Collins Head); Purple Collar Pet Photography (Cribs); Stockbyte (Feet); Tijana Simic (Feet); Prostock-Studio (Feet); CoffeeAndMilk (Head); nemchinowa (Head); Theo Wargo/Getty Images (Head)
-
--   [We’re Making Nepo-Baby Merch for Actual Babies](https://www.vulture.com/2023/01/nepo-baby-merch-new-york-magazine.html)
--   [These Magazines Ran on Nepo Babies](https://www.vulture.com/article/nepotism-babies-magazine-interns.html)
--   [Fashion Loves a Familiar Face](https://www.vulture.com/article/nepotism-baby-models-examples.html)
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-[See All](https://www.vulture.com/tags/the-year-of-the-nepo-baby)
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-How a Nepo Baby Is Born
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-# How a Sexual Assault Case in St. John’s Exposed a Police Force’s Predatory Culture
-
-## [JUSTICE](https://thewalrus.ca/category/justice/) / [DECEMBER 2023](https://thewalrus.ca/category/issues/december-2023/)
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-#### How a Sexual Assault Case in St. John’s Exposed a Police Force’s Predatory Culture
-
-### Winning a sexual assault conviction against a cop is hard. That didn’t stop Jane Doe
-
-## BY [LINDSAY JONES](https://thewalrus.ca/author/lindsay-jones/)
-
-## PHOTOGRAPHY BY [JOHNNY C.Y. LAM](https://thewalrus.ca/author/johnny-c-y-lam/)
-
-Published 6:30, Oct. 16, 2023  
-
-![Photo of an anonymous woman, Jane Doe, facing away from the camera. She is standing on the edge of a body of water with beached fishing boats on the land beside her. The sky is grey and mist obscures trees along the coast.](https://walrus-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/img/Jones_StJohns_1800.jpg)
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-A portrait of Jane Doe on a Newfoundland beach near where she now lives
-
-*This story contains details about sexual assault that some readers may find disturbing.*
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-It was late January 2015, after midnight, when one of the few female officers at the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary received a call on her police radio. “Unknown trouble,” said the dispatcher. A woman was upset. She had been drinking, was confused by her whereabouts, and feared for her safety.
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-“I’ll go,” constable Kelsey Muise radioed back.
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-Muise (then using her maiden name Aboud) pulled over when she saw a young woman with dark hair and glasses standing on the side of Newfoundland Drive in St. John’s. The woman, known today only as Jane Doe, asked to be taken to a friend’s house. In the back seat of the patrol car, she said, “I need to tell you something.” Jane Doe gulped back air and began crying hysterically. Muise pulled into a convenience store parking lot and flicked on the dome light. She turned to her passenger to better take in what she was saying.
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-As Jane Doe would later explain in court, she’d left a bar shortly after 3 a.m. four days before Christmas. She descended an alleyway of stairs and stepped into a downtown street. She was drunk and wanted to go home. Scanning for a taxi, she noticed a patrol car close by. She discussed a ride home with the policeman, and he unlocked the back door. A cop was safer than a cabbie, she figured, and got in.
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-After a few minutes, they pulled up outside her basement apartment. Jane Doe couldn’t find her keys. The officer discovered an unlocked kitchen window and slid it open for her to climb through. He came to the back door to make sure she was okay, and Jane Doe let him in. The two stood talking in her living room. They kissed, and then, feeling too drunk to stand, Jane Doe sat on her brown loveseat. She passed out and came to at the sound of the police officer’s voice. She was naked, and he was standing over her, penetrating her anally. He said he’d missed two call-outs and had to go. Jane Doe recalled seeing him in her bathroom, adjusting his uniform. The whole encounter, a jury would later learn, from the time the police officer parked outside the apartment to when he left, lasted about nineteen minutes.
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-The next morning, Jane Doe awoke in bed, confused. Her flowered crop top and purple high-waisted pants were strewn on the living room floor. There were muddy footprints on the white kitchen countertop. It hurt to go to the washroom. And there were friction burns on the inside of her thighs. She also noticed bruises on her legs.
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-In the back of Muise’s cruiser, Jane Doe’s story came tumbling out. She didn’t even know the name of the police officer who had driven her home. All she knew was he had short hair, was taller than her, and looked like he was in his thirties. Over the course of the month since the assault, Jane Doe had wavered between blaming herself and wondering if she could have stopped or changed what happened. She felt too scared to go to the police. “Who’s going to believe me?” she confided to a friend at the time.
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-After more than an hour, Muise drove Jane Doe home and hugged her goodbye. Someone would be in touch, she said. Then Muise took a deep breath. She had witnessed inappropriate and illegal sexual behaviour at the RNC before. It had always been brushed aside. But she vowed it would be different this time. She wasn’t about to let this one go.
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-![Photo of Kelsey Muise standing in front of green bushes outside of her home. She has shoulder-length blonde hair and is wearing a yellow sweater, hands clasped in front of her.](https://walrus-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/img/Jones_StJohns_1800_03.jpg)
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-Kelsey Muise outside her Newfoundland home
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-The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, one of the oldest police forces in North America, was officially founded in 1871. For more than a century prior to that, British soldiers had helped police St. John’s, but when Britain decided to withdraw its garrison from the port city in 1870, Newfoundland was left to set up its own force to maintain law and order. The next year, a notice appeared in the Royal Gazette. “Wanted, a few strong active young men between 19 and 27 years of age,” read the ad. “They must be well recommended for honesty, sobriety, and fidelity.” The Newfoundland Constabulary moved into Fort Townshend, the former headquarters of the British garrison, where it remains today in a modern brick and glass building. About 400 officers serve the major towns and cities in the province.
-
-The RNC swore in its first female members in 1980—six years later than the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, which also patrols rural areas in the province. Women had already been part of the constabulary for more than two decades by the time Muise arrived, at age twenty, shortly after graduating from the Atlantic Police Academy in Prince Edward Island. She was blonde with green eyes and a shy smile. She’d grown up around the police officers who visited her father’s tow truck business at their home in Sydney, Nova Scotia. Those officers were kind and friendly, and as she got older, Muise realized she wanted to help people like they did. As a kid, she tried to rescue every stray cat and dog she encountered. Once, at a movie theatre with her mother, she got up and sat with an elderly man who was sitting alone.
-
-Arriving in a new city where she had her own apartment and car felt freeing and exciting. But it wasn’t long before she started to see, as a patrol officer, the harshness of the real world, one where men threw women through walls and beat their faces bloody.
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-She often took flak, for being so young and also a woman, from people she was arresting.
-
-“What are you gonna do?”
-
-“Are you even old enough to be here?”
-
-And so she’d hit the gym, to lift weights, so that even if those around her didn’t think she could handle herself, she knew she could. She was stationed in the west district where, at the time, there were a handful of female officers. The first time she remembers a colleague saying something unsettling to her was in the parking lot of the police station. “How many fucking batteries does your baton take?” a much older constable asked. Muise, taken aback, laughed stiffly. She felt she had to try to fit in.
-
-It became obvious that some of her fellow male officers didn’t see her as one of them. She recalled walking into a meeting room and glancing around for a seat. One officer tipped his head back and waggled his tongue in the air. “You can sit right here,” he said as the room full of men chortled in unison. She’d grown up with an older brother and was familiar with juvenile male behaviour, but this was far worse than she had expected.
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-That same year, an officer brandished a furry highway patrol hat in front of his crotch. “Does your curtain match your drapes?” he asked as the room erupted in laughter. Embarrassed, Muise walked away. These were the people who were supposed to be protecting women?
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-After meeting Jane Doe, Muise took a moment to collect herself. She knew how rare it was for survivors to come forward in the first place. She had heard about male colleagues declaring reports of sexual violence “unfounded,” or baseless. That meant no arrest, no trial, no conviction and no punishment. So, instead of filing a report in the computer system as she normally would, Muise turned in a handwritten report to the active sergeant that night—someone she trusted. The complaint moved swiftly up her chain of command and ended up with the RNC unit that deals with sexual assault cases.
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-Later that morning, sergeant Tim Hogan was at home when his work cellphone rang. A seasoned cop in charge of the child abuse and sexual assault unit, he was ordered to take over the investigation. Hogan arranged for Jane to be interviewed that weekend and listened as she tearfully recounted the assault. He felt certain there was enough to continue the investigation, but he had to move quickly. Careful to loop in only senior staff to stop news of the investigation from spreading, Hogan brought on the supervisor of the police communications centre. At the time, the centre used GPS to monitor the location of police vehicles. The supervisor searched those records, looking for the cars signed out on the night of the assault. They showed car number 221 had been parked outside Jane Doe’s address. Communication logs revealed that dispatch had called for the officer twice around 3 a.m.
-
-Next, Hogan and a forensic identification sergeant visited Jane Doe’s apartment. She showed them where the assault had occurred, then she waited outside with her family. The sergeant shone a UV light on the middle of her brown loveseat and saw an effervescent blue glow, signalling the presence of human bodily fluid. He unzipped the cushion cover and sent it to a lab.
-
-Hogan knew it would be difficult to keep the investigation quiet within the constabulary. There was no way they could use their own surveillance teams. His supervisor reached out to the RCMP, and Hogan asked them to help surveil the suspected officer and obtain a DNA sample.
-
-On a drizzly day in February, the Mounties staked out an off-duty cop at a local Starbucks in St. John’s. When he got up to leave, they snagged the white ceramic mug he had been drinking from and slipped it into an evidence bag. The DNA from the loveseat was a near-perfect match of the DNA from the mug. It belonged to Carl Douglas Snelgrove, a thirty-seven-year-old married street patrol cop. He had been on the force for a decade.
-
-That summer, an officer arrested Snelgrove and read him his rights, the same words Snelgrove had said to others over the years. This time, he was one of the bad guys.
-
-![Streetview photo of the Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador, a tall stone building in downtown St. John's, Newfoundland. Other buildings and parked cars are seen around the building.](https://walrus-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/img/Jones_StJohns_1200_01.jpg)
-
-The Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador, where former constable Carl Douglas Snelgrove’s first trial took place.
-
-![Streetview photo of the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, a three-story building in St. John's, Newfoundland. Police cars sit in the parking lot in front of the building.](https://walrus-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/img/Jones_StJohns_1200_02.jpg)
-
-The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary located at 1 Fort Townshend in St John’s
-
-A year and a half later, in 2017, Jane Doe trudged up the stone steps of the fortress-like Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador. She wore her first ever suit—a black polyester jacket and slacks carefully purchased at the mall after she googled “what to wear in court.”
-
-In the courtroom, Jane sat on a wooden bench alongside her parents, sister-in-law, an aunt, and some cousins. Her two brothers, who had always looked out for her, were absent; they couldn’t face being in the same room with the cop who had violated their baby sister.
-
-The odds were against her. Winning a sexual assault conviction against a cop is hard. A [September 2022 study](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08974454.2022.2126744) by Kate Puddister and Danielle McNabb, published in *Women & Criminal Justice*, looked at this problem in Ontario, [analyzing](https://theconversation.com/convictions-remain-rare-when-police-are-accused-of-sexual-assault-194965) the outcomes of 689 reports of police-involved sexual assault made to the Special Investigations Unit, a police oversight agency, between 2005 and 2020. According to the findings, only 7.4 percent of those reports resulted in criminal charges, and only 1.59 percent ended in a conviction and sentence. It’s not difficult to see why the rate is so low. Cases often hang on the credibility of the complainant versus that of the accused. And here police have advantages. They enjoy built-in authority in the justice system—a system they know their way around.
-
-This was the institutional machinery and lopsided dynamic that Jane Doe faced as she took the stand, reliving the night of the assault and describing it in detail. The job of undermining Jane Doe’s story went to Randy Piercey, Snelgrove’s defence lawyer at the time. Piercey maintained that all sexual activity was consensual. Throughout the trial, he tried to chip away at the claim that Jane Doe had felt coerced. He focused on her choices after leaving the bar the night of the assault.
-
-“Why did you go alone?”
-
-“Why not go to your friends?”
-
-“You felt confident enough to go get a cab at that hour of the morning by yourself?”
-
-At one point, Piercey showed the jury a photo of the basement window Jane Doe had climbed through, to argue that she wasn’t as intoxicated as she said she was.
-
-“Did you have any difficulty getting through that window?”
-
-“No,” she said.
-
-“Even at your size, I imagine it was difficult to get in through that window?”
-
-“No,” she said. “Not for me.”
-
-The lawyer asked her to describe the counter height and whether she had any trouble getting down: “Would you agree that, even sober, that would not be an easy thing to do—climb into the window onto the countertop and down onto the floor?”
-
-“I don’t know,” she said.
-
-“OK, but you can imagine, sober—is that something you would want to be doing every day?”
-
-“No,” said Jane Doe.
-
-“So, I would suggest to you that you would appear to be sober when you did that,” said Piercey.
-
-“OK,” she whispered.
-
-“Would you agree or disagree?”
-
-“Well, I wasn’t,” she said.
-
-“But if someone was looking at you, and saw what you were doing, would that not give them a message about your degree of intoxication?”
-
-“I guess,” she said.
-
-Piercey seized on the fact that Jane Doe had told police she couldn’t remember whether she consented or not. He argued that not only created reasonable doubt about her level of drunkenness but left open the possibility she was aware enough to make decisions—including agreeing to sexual activity. Later, when Snelgrove took the stand, he delivered his script: she didn’t seem drunk, she invited him in, she took her clothes off, she wanted it. To Jane Doe, he sounded confident, cocky even. Dudley Do-Right tricked into unzipping his pants.
-
-The case against Snelgrove rested on the definition of consent. Sexual activity in Canada is legal only when both parties agree to it, and, as the courts have interpreted it, consent must be communicated voluntarily and affirmatively, either through words or conduct. It can’t be inferred from silence or passivity.
-
-Crucially, the criminal code has a provision for situations where the accused has abused their position of trust, power, or authority to commit a sexual crime. Crown prosecutor Lloyd Strickland argued that the presiding judge, justice Valerie Marshall, needed to instruct the jury on that provision. The Crown was confident that the jury would come to see that Jane Doe could not have consented because she was either unconscious or too drunk. But even if she had said yes, the Crown maintained, this still didn’t meet the legal threshold for consent: Snelgrove could have induced her into sexual activity by exploiting her feelings of trust in him.
-
-Consent must be communicated either through words or conduct. It can’t be inferred from silence or passivity.
-
-Justice Marshall wouldn’t accept that. Because Jane Doe could not recall what had happened, the judge pointed out, there wasn’t enough evidence that Snelgrove had attempted to leverage his position to gain consent. It was thus unfair, she argued, to instruct the jury on this aspect of the law. And so, uninstructed, the jury never considered it.
-
-It took two days for jurors to declare Snelgrove not guilty. Immediately after the foreperson uttered the words, Jane Doe was whisked, sobbing, out the back of the courtroom by supporters.
-
-Outside, a protest erupted. A crowd lingered on the steps of the courthouse until nightfall, chanting, “No excuse for violent men.” The next day, the courthouse door had been pelted with eggs. The downtown was defaced with graffiti: “Believe victims,” someone had sprayed in white letters. “St. Johns cops believe in rape” and “Fuck u RNC.”
-
-Jane Doe, encouraged by the protest, decided to keep fighting. The Crown appealed on her behalf and won. Her lawyers argued that the jury should have been allowed to consider the power differential. In the fall of 2018, two of three appeal court judges agreed, a decision later upheld by the Supreme Court of Canada in 2019. “It would have been open to the jury to conclude,” wrote Supreme Court justice Michael Moldaver, that “the accused took advantage of the complainant who was highly intoxicated and vulnerable, by using the personal feelings and confidence engendered by their relationship to secure her apparent consent to sexual activity.”
-
-The Supreme Court of Canada decision paved the way for a new trial. By then, it had been five Christmases since Jane Doe had stepped into Snelgrove’s patrol car. After months of being jolted awake at night, sweaty and scared, she had started on new antidepressants and completed two programs at community college. Still, she felt stagnant, like she couldn’t heal. St. John’s no longer felt safe. She worried she’d run into him. So she moved to a remote cove hours away.
-
-The retrial was set for March 2020 but took place in September due to pandemic delays. Proceedings were held in a former school in St. John’s to allow for physical distancing. The case captured the attention of the island again, but things unexpectedly unravelled. About eight days in, before the verdict was delivered, the presiding judge declared a mistrial after improperly dismissing two jurors.
-
-Jane Doe, increasingly exasperated, agreed to try again. A third trial, under a different judge, took place in the same building in May 2021. The city blossomed with support. There were signs, some hand drawn, in the windows of homes, cars, and businesses all over St. John’s. “Three trials is too many,” said one. “We believe survivors,” said another. A woman painted rocks with messages of support and tucked them beside the hyacinth and heathers of her garden. Students hung banners in solidarity. Many updated their social media profiles with a post that said `#SupportForJaneDoe`.
-
-![Photo of Jane Doe standing in her kitchen. She is facing away from the camera, looking out the window above the sink.](https://walrus-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/img/Jones_StJohns_1800_02.jpg)
-
-Jane Doe by her kitchen window
-
-Jane Doe was advised to keep her composure in court. If you start to feel angry, ask for a break, she recalled being told by the Crown and victim services. On the stand, Snelgrove’s lawyer pressed her about her decision to seek advice from a litigation lawyer in the early days of the police investigation. Piercey seemed to suggest what Jane Doe was really after was a cash settlement. “You wanted to find out if this jury is going to find him guilty, then you will pursue him civilly,” Piercey said to her during cross-examination.
-
-“No,” Jane Doe cried. “I just want this over.”
-
-Piercey swung again. He accused Jane Doe of waiting for the outcome of the trial before going forward with a suit. He kept needling, trying to get her to say she was going to sue. “If they convict, you’ll consider it?” he asked.
-
-“It’s a consideration,” yelled Jane Doe. “I just don’t know.”
-
-The jury deliberated for two days. Jane Doe and her family members gathered in one of the school’s empty classrooms, waiting to hear the verdict on a television broadcasting from the room. At the word “guilty,” her jaw dropped. She sat in disbelief. Her mother, who had taken time off from her job as a grocery store cashier to be with her daughter, felt a rush of pride. Everyone had underestimated her daughter, she thought—“that tiny scrap of a thing.”
-
-In the parking lot, Muise, the police officer who had picked Jane up that cold January night more than six years earlier, sat in her Jeep. Tears streamed down her face when she saw the verdict on Twitter (now X). She had hoped to catch Jane Doe’s eye when she left the building, but instead, she spotted Snelgrove being escorted in handcuffs.
-
-Outside, supporters cheered and hugged. Cars and trucks blew past, honking in support. Across St. John’s, a dozen billboards flashed the words “Support for Jane Doe.” In the small fishing town where Jane grew up, members of a women’s dart tournament held a moment of silence.
-
-In November 2021, Snelgrove was sentenced to four years in prison. He shook his head as the judge declared him a federal sex offender and stood as a sheriff clinked handcuffs on his wrists behind his back. He faced a row of mostly female supporters, who included his wife. She wore a pink sweater, her hair in a bun, and put her fingers to her mask, as if to blow him a kiss.
-
-Lynn Moore, a litigation lawyer who had given Jane Doe advice in the early days of the police investigation, wrestled with what to do. After Snelgrove’s conviction, a credible source provided details suggesting that the culture of sexual misconduct within the RNC ran deeper than anyone suspected. On July 19, 2021, Moore turned to Twitter and asked for information about other assaults by on-duty police officers. Her phone blew up. She fielded dozens of calls from women with stories disturbingly similar to Jane Doe’s. Moore, who is married to a retired police officer, was apoplectic. “When you’re on duty as a police officer, you’re supposed to be upholding the law, not violating it, not violating people,” she told me. “It’s just such an abuse of power.”
-
-The Supreme Court of Canada decision about Jane Doe’s case—namely, that Snelgrove at the wheel of a marked police car and wearing a uniform was enough of a potential inducement—led to a clearer, more nuanced understanding of consent law, providing better protection for victims of sex crimes. Almost a year after her tweet, Moore represented eight women who filed two separate civil suits in Newfoundland and Labrador’s Supreme Court. They allege that the province, the employer of the RNC, knew or ought to have known that police officers were preying on women and took no steps to stop them.
-
-One of Moore’s clients is an RNC officer. Her lawsuit alleges she was out drinking downtown in June 2014 when an on-duty sergeant gave her a ride home in his police car. He invited himself in for a beer and raped her. The second lawsuit details allegations, from seven other women, of sexual assaults by police officers, spanning more than a decade and a half. They say they were picked up in police cars and forced into unwanted sexual acts. One incident from around 2014 was similar to the Snelgrove case. A drunk woman left a downtown bar and was driven home by an RNC officer. According to court documents, he helped her get into her home as she had lost her keys. Once inside, he raped her. (When asked for comment on the pending lawsuits, an RNC spokesperson said that the department “does not comment on matters before the court or those anticipated to be before the court.”)
-
-The RNC quietly changed its rules about transporting the public in patrol vehicles, according to a Canadian Press story from September 2021. Officers are now allowed to drive civilians only as part of a call for service. The next summer, a civilian-led police oversight agency found a “disturbing pattern” of police officers using their position “to solicit sexual favour from women in the St. John’s area.” The agency determined that several incidents deserved a more thorough investigation, including one reported in 2017 in which a police officer drove a woman home from downtown, put his tongue in her mouth, and tried to put his hand up her skirt. The RNC allowed the officer to resign with no further action.
-
-The impact of Jane Doe’s case on the RNC went further. An independent workplace review, published in 2022, found a significant number of police officers—as many as 45 percent—did not believe their workplace was free of offensive, degrading, and humiliating behaviour. One of the review’s recommendations was to create an office for police personnel to bring allegations of misconduct.
-
-For Jane Doe, the realization that her case encouraged other sexual assault victims to come forward was staggering. “If I hadn’t spoken up, none of these people likely would’ve either,” she told me at her kitchen table in rural Newfoundland. “I still can’t believe it.”
-
-What she really wants is to start her life again. To go on vacation without worrying about being called back to court. To start a family with her partner. To move into a new house. And to tell her scared younger self that she’s going to be okay, that it’s finally all over. (As of this writing, Snelgrove has petitioned the Supreme Court of Canada to overturn his guilty verdict.)
-
-Five months after picking up Jane Doe and reporting her case, Muise was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. During the years the case wound through court, she struggled. She felt targeted as officers showed up in court to support Snelgrove. She felt they looked down on her for “selling out” one of their own. Eventually, it became too much, and she took stress leave. She recalled one occasion when Snelgrove approached her outside the courtroom. He wasn’t mad at her, he said, and leaned forward to give her a hug. Disgusted, Muise walked away.
-
-Muise thought of Jane Doe often but held back from contacting her throughout the trials. Ahead of the sentencing, Jane Doe texted Muise a copy of her victim impact statement. In the four-page document, Jane Doe described how she took medication for anxiety and depression. How she felt suicidal. How she had become scared of people in positions of power. How she felt like she had lost control of her life and her body. How she still woke up from nightmares and experienced flashbacks of Snelgrove standing over her. And how she credited Muise with saving her life. “Thanks to grace, higher powers and reasons unknown to me,” Jane Doe wrote, “Constable \[Muise\] was driving that night. She changed my life by believing in me.”
-
-Looking back, after years of therapy, Muise sees that Jane’s case is part of her own story. “It changed so much in my life,” said Muise, who spoke to me last October on an overcast afternoon in St. John’s. Recently retired after nineteen years in service, she finally felt free to speak.
-
-In a baseball cap and facing the front door of the cafe so she could see who walked in, Muise, then thirty-nine, described how, when she was twenty-one—the same age Jane Doe was at the time of her assault—she was out drinking downtown and was offered a ride home by a cop in his patrol car. She was drunk when the officer made unwanted sexual advances and inappropriately touched her while parked outside her home. She described another time when she was twenty-nine. Again, she was out drinking with friends downtown, and a sergeant offered her a ride home. When they got to her place, he invited himself in to use the bathroom and groped her.
-
-Muise said she didn’t report the assaults because, at the time, it seemed normal—just another instance of crude behaviour she was expected to tolerate on the job as a female police officer. Plus, she said, echoing Jane, “Who’s going to believe a drunk person over a sober police officer?”
-
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-Date: 2023-03-12
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-TimeStamp: 2023-03-12
-Link: https://www.npr.org/2023/03/08/1161694400/fox-news-lawsuit-civil-war-ingraham-hannity
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-&emsp;
-
-# How a civil war erupted at Fox News after the 2020 election
-
-  ![](https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2023/03/07/laura-ingraham-75e0f1d5968ad3c48e900af1863614600cd8bf5d-s1100-c50.jpg)
-
-Fox News host Laura Ingraham said the head of the network's political Decision Desk "always made my skin crawl," in messages to stars Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity following the 2020 election. **Alex Wong/Getty Images**
-
-The aftermath of the 2020 presidential election sparked a civil war within Fox News, as the network that had spent years building record profits and ratings by catering to fans of then-President Donald Trump saw millions of those viewers peel away.
-
-In private notes to one another, Fox's top stars spat fire at their reporting colleagues who debunked Trump's claims of election fraud, even as they gave those allegations no credence. "We are officially working for an organization that hates us," said prime-time host Laura Ingraham.
-
-Reporters said they were being punished simply for doing their jobs. One producer told colleagues he was quitting because he could not justify working for Fox anymore.
-
-And the network's chief executive, Suzanne Scott, said pressure from conservatives online meant that she couldn't defend "these reporters who don't understand our viewers and how to handle stories."
-
-These exchanges, some of which have been quoted by previous legal filings, have been captured by Dominion Voting Systems' legal team. The election tech company is suing Fox for $1.6 billion over bogus claims it helped cheat Trump of victory in 2020. Fox maintains the false charges, spread by a sitting president and his advocates, were inherently newsworthy, and that any challenge to its ability to air such claims represents a strike against First Amendment principles.
-
-### Legal observers cite an avalanche of evidence in a powerhouse case
-
-The level of discovery in this case — an avalanche of evidence — would trigger disclosures that would make any news organization quail. In a statement, Fox News accused Dominion of "using distortions and misinformation in their PR campaign to smear Fox News and trample on free speech." But legal observers say Dominion has put together a powerhouse case.
-
-The internal strife at Fox stemmed from a single fateful decision blending journalism and broadcasting: Fox's dramatic election night 2020 projection of Joe Biden as the winner of Arizona. It was the first TV network to do so, and it made the prospect of a Trump victory remote.
-
-The fury from the top was palpable. "I hate our Decision Desk people!" Fox Corp. boss Rupert Murdoch wrote on Nov. 7, the night the networks projected Biden would prevail nationally. He confided to Col Allan, the editor of his tabloid paper, *The New York Post*: "Just for the hell of it still praying for Az to prove them wrong!"
-
-By mid-November, a small cadre of Fox reporters were debunking some of the lies and wild conspiracies of election projected by the Trump camp, often echoed on Fox's airwaves.
-
-In a group chat of the network's three biggest prime-time stars on Nov. 15, Tucker Carlson noted that a segment by Fox reporter Eric Shawn was being used by the Daily Beast to assail Maria Bartiromo — one of the most pro-Trump hosts on the network.
-
-"What are we all going to do \[tomorrow\] night," Ingraham responded. "I think 1-2-3 Punch."
-
-Carlson wrote he didn't trust attorney Sidney Powell, who appeared on Fox repeatedly to allege Dominion committed fraud against Trump. Ingraham called her "a bit nuts." (Separately, Carlson wrote to an associate, "I hate \[Trump\] passionately.")
-
-### "My anger at the news channel is pronounced"
-
-Yet they reserved their anger for their reporting colleagues, mocking, for example, Arnon Mishkin, the director of the Fox News Decision Desk. "Mishkin always made my skin crawl," she texted the other two prime-time hosts.
-
-How much of the network's ratings "bleed is due to anger at the news channel?" Ingraham asked, adding "My anger at the news channel is pronounced."
-
-"It should be," Carlson responded. "We devote our lives to building an audience and they let \[*Fox News Sunday* host\] Chris Wallace and \[correspondent and anchor\] Leland f------ Vittert wreck it."
-
-"Let's be honest," Hannity joked. "Without Chris Wallace where would we be? We owe him everything."
-
-Ingraham then prods her peers, saying "We have more power than we know or exercise."
-
-The message was received at the network's top echelons.
-
-Fox Corp. boss Lachlan Murdoch called Vittert "smug and obnoxious" for his coverage of pro-Trump rallies supporting ideas of electoral fraud.
-
-And CEO Suzanne Scott and Fox News President Jay Wallace, the network's executive editor, exchanged irate notes a few days later after appearances by White House reporter Kristin Fisher.
-
-### "I can't keep defending these reporters who don't understand our viewers"
-
-On Nov. 19, Fisher appeared on Fox host Dana Perino's afternoon program knocking down claims made by Trump campaign attorney Rudy Giuliani. "That was certainly a colorful news conference from Rudy Giuliani but it was light on facts," Fisher told viewers that night. "So much of what he said was simply not true or has already been thrown out in court." And she unraveled many of Giuliani's false claims.
-
-Fox founder Rupert Murdoch was scathing about Giuliani in his own private remarks. So were other executives. But that night, Scott shot off an email to Jay Wallace calling Fisher's segment "editorializing."
-
-"I can't keep defending these reporters who don't understand our viewers and how to handle stories," Scott wrote. "The audience feels like we crapped on \[it\] and we have damaged their trust and belief in us."
-
-She concluded, "We can fix this but we cannot smirk at our viewers any longer."
-
-Wallace replied, "She has been spoken to — internet definitely seized on it."
-
-A Fox Corp. staffer warned of "a backlash from the pro-Trump orbit," citing social media posts from a trio of right-wing commentators who have spread baseless conspiracy theories.
-
-### "I'm being punished for doing my job. Literally."
-
-Fisher vented to a colleague over the pressure she felt. The two women said they each had lost assignments to serve as guest anchor on news shows and their appearances on other programs had dried up. "I have had zero live shots from the \[White House\] except for \[*Special Report*\]," Fisher texted to reporter Gillian Turner. (*Special Report*, anchored by Fox's Bret Baier, is the network's prime political newscast.)
-
-"F---. Really?" Turner replied. "You think they pulled you from anchoring over that sh--?"
-
-"100%," Fisher wrote. "I'm being punished for doing my job. Literally. That's it."
-
-In late November, Hannity chatted by text with *Fox & Friends* host Steve Doocy. It was Thanksgiving weekend, and Hannity sent a picture of his turkey. "This year is gonna suck my friend," Hannity texted Doocy. "'News' destroyed us'."
-
-"Every day," replied Doocy. Nine seconds later, Hannity texted, "You don't piss off the base."
-
-"They don't care," Doocy wrote, mockingly. "They are JOURNALISTS."
-
-Doocy's son Peter had covered the Biden 2020 campaign for Fox News as a reporter and became its White House correspondent the following January.
-
-### "I couldn't defend my employer to my daughter"
-
-On Dec. 9, reporter Gillian Turner picked up the theme once more, writing to Kristin Fisher that she was no longer being asked to fill in as a host on the popular morning show *Fox & Friends*. "That makes two of us!" Fisher texted. "It's a sh-- network. I'm 100% being muzzled."
-
-A producer on *Special Report* later wrote to Fisher of his decision to leave the network, saying Fox "removed every panelist on SR who spoke out against Trump\['\]s false election sh--."
-
-Phil Vogel wrote he was taking a pay cut and forgoing six weeks paid leave to get out. "The post election coverage of 'voter fraud' was the complete end," Vogel wrote, citing the birth of his daughter. "I realized I couldn't defend my employer to my daughter while trying to teach her to do what is right."
-
-### A rash of departures followed internal clashes
-
-The network took two hours of political news programs and gave them to opinion hosts; it laid off a significant number of writers and reporters; and it forced out political director Chris Stirewalt and Washington Managing Editor Bill Sammon, both of whom were part of the decision desk team that made the Arizona projection for Biden.
-
-While Turner remains with the network, Vogel left for a software technology company in early 2021. So did Leland Vittert, now with News Nation. Fisher departed Fox for CNN that spring.
-
-Carlson moved on to new conspiracy theories, seeking to discredit the import of the bloody siege of the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021, by Trump supporters intent on blocking the formal congressional certification of Biden's victory. Carlson has variously suggested it was organized by antifa and the FBI. This week, he relied on snippets of official video released to him by House Speaker Kevin McCarthy, a Trump ally, to contend falsely that the insurrection represented the harmless ambling of peaceful protesters.
-
-Carlson's show feeding such baseless beliefs led Fox commentators Jonah Goldberg and Stephen Hayes to leave Fox in fall 2021. *Fox News Sunday*'s Chris Wallace followed suit a few weeks later, taking a job at CNN.
-
-*Mary Yang and Maddy Lauria contributed to this story.*
-
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diff --git a/00.03 News/How an FBI agent stained an NCAA basketball corruption probe.md b/00.03 News/How an FBI agent stained an NCAA basketball corruption probe.md
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-Date: 2023-03-22
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-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-03-22
-Link: https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-03-09/fbi-agent-ncaa-basketball-corruption-investigation-las-vegas
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-&emsp;
-
-# How an FBI agent stained an NCAA basketball corruption probe
-
-The FBI agents arrived in Las Vegas with $135,000 and a plan.
-
-They took over a sprawling penthouse at the Cosmopolitan, filled the in-room safe with government cash and stocked the wet bar with alcohol. Hidden cameras — including one installed near a crystal-encrusted wall in the living room — recorded visitors.
-
-In the heart of a city known for heists and hangovers, the four agents were running an undercover operation as part of their probe into college basketball corruption that investigators code-named Ballerz.
-
-One of the agents was posing as a deep-pocketed businessman wanting to bribe coaches to persuade their players to retain a particular sports management company when they turned professional. He distributed more than $40,000 in cash to a procession of coaches invited to the penthouse. The sting concluded at a poolside cabana on a blistering afternoon in July 2017 with a final envelope of cash passed to one last coach.
-
-After that transaction, the lead case agent, Scott Carpenter, joined the undercover operative and the two other agents in eating and drinking their way through the $1,500 food and beverage minimum to rent the cabana.
-
-Carpenter had consumed nearly a fifth of vodka and at least six beers by the time he returned to the penthouse to shower and change clothes before a night out.
-
-He grabbed $10,000 in undercover cash from the penthouse safe, then headed to a high-limit lounge at the casino next door. What happened next would ultimately stain the investigation like a cocktail spilled on a white tablecloth.
-
-      
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- ![](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/ce67f03/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1918x1080+0+0/resize/840x473!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff9%2F81%2Fae9d496146e0a8d90bf89da2bc0a%2Fnathan-yt-v4.jpg)
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-Reporter Nathan Fenno recounts a lesser known scandal behind the FBI investigation into college basketball corruption — one that involved the lead case agent finding himself on the wrong side of the law after a wild weekend in Vegas.
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-The investigation was hailed as a watershed moment in men’s college basketball. But in an extensive reassessment, The Times examined thousands of pages of court testimony, intercepted phone calls, text messages, emails and performance reviews. The records provide a detailed look inside the high-profile investigation, led by a veteran FBI agent whose conduct on a vodka-soaked day in Las Vegas landed him on the wrong side of the law.
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-Ballerz was the top priority for the New York FBI’s public corruption squad for almost a year, according to Carpenter’s performance review in 2017, and included two undercover agents, operations in at least eight states, dozens of grand jury subpoenas and thousands of wiretapped phone calls.
-
-The performance review and other court records offer new details about the lead case agent’s role and provide the most comprehensive account to date of the FBI’s handling of an investigation that, for all its hype, focused on lesser-known coaches and middlemen, most of them Black.
-
-The weight of the federal government crashed down on college basketball at a livestreamed news conference in Manhattan when authorities unveiled the investigation in September 2017. The assistant director in charge of the New York FBI office warned potential cheaters that “we have your playbook.”
-
-FBI agents, some with weapons drawn, had [arrested 10 men](https://www.latimes.com/94717652-132.html), including assistant coaches from USC, Arizona, Auburn and Oklahoma State. Prosecutors alleged that the coaches took bribes and, in a related scheme, that Adidas representatives funneled money to lure players to colleges the company sponsored.
-
-Major universities and shoe companies were deluged with subpoenas. Coaches retained attorneys, even if they hadn’t been charged, and rumors swirled about the government’s next target in its crusade to clean up the sport.
-
-Carpenter’s performance review said the “takedown has already had a major national impact and … is likely to continue to have major impact.” Prosecutors characterized the effort in a court filing as “arguably the biggest and most significant federal investigation and prosecution of corruption in college athletics.”
-
-But almost six years later, the operation that was supposed to expose college basketball’s “dark underbelly” didn’t transform the sport. No head coaches or administrators were charged. There wasn’t a public outcry.
-
-Instead, the meandering government effort seemed at times like an investigation searching for a crime, marshaling vast resources to ultimately round up an assortment of low-level figures for alleged wrongdoing — particularly the coach bribery scheme — that people involved in the sport said wasn’t a common practice until the FBI started handing out envelopes of cash.
-
-“This was a massive waste of time on everybody’s part,” said Jonathan Bradley Augustine, a former Florida youth basketball coach who was among those charged, though the charges were later dismissed. “It was a sexy case. This was big news. It was everywhere. … A lot of money wasted. A lot of people’s lives turned upside down.”
-
- ![Sketch of a man in a suit drinking from a glass](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/968092d/2147483647/strip/true/crop/2400x1600+0+0/resize/2000x1333!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fcd%2F57%2Fee0b5e494f6a8b784cecdc34d82f%2Finline-carpenterportrait.jpg)
-
-Scott Carpenter was the lead FBI agent on the undercover operation investigating corruption in men’s college basketball.
-
-(Clay Rodery / For The Times)
-
-> “He had started to become reliant on vodka. Whenever I saw him, he either had a drink or I could smell it on his breath. I didn’t connect this to bigger mental health issues or the symptoms of PTSD that I learned about later.”
-
-— Frank Carpenter
-
-The saga started more than a decade ago with a Pittsburgh financial advisor and two ill-fated movie projects.
-
-Louis Martin Blazer III, whose clients included professional athletes, had pumped money into two minor films. “A Resurrection,” which was about a youngster who thinks his brother is returning from the dead, earned just $10,730 at the box office. The other movie, “Mafia,” went straight to DVD with the tagline: “He crossed the wrong cop.”
-
-To bankroll the investments along with funding a music management company, the Securities and Exchange Commission later alleged, Blazer misappropriated $2.3 million from five clients between 2010 and 2012, forging documents, making “Ponzi-like payments” to hide the theft, faking a client’s signature and lying to investigators.
-
-Seeking leniency, Blazer met with federal prosecutors and the SEC in New York in June 2014. He came clean about the fraud — and volunteered details about an unrelated scheme prosecutors didn’t know about in which he had paid about two dozen college athletes to use his financial services firm when they turned professional. This could have rendered the players ineligible under NCAA rules and left their schools vulnerable to sanctions.
-
-That fall, prosecutors put Blazer to work as [a cooperating witness](https://www.latimes.com/sports/usc/story/2020-01-31/key-informant-cooperating-ncaas-probe-into-college-basketball-corruption) posing as a financial advisor trying to sign up college athletes as clients. He traveled the country to meet with agents, coaches, athletes and their family members, while recording conversations.
-
-Blazer’s undercover operation had stalled by the time the FBI took over in November 2016, though the bureau saw “major unrealized potential” in the case, according to Carpenter’s performance review. Carpenter was transferred from the Eurasian organized crime squad to take over as the lead case agent on the basketball probe.
-
- ![An illustration from documents of Scott Carpenter's 2017 performance review.](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/857c0b4/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1600x1600+0+0/resize/2000x2000!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F0c%2Fd4%2F81ad29ca428496a46fd591172b3c%2Fballerz-doc-illo-1.jpg)
-
-Scott Carpenter received a “successful” rating on his performance review and was mostly lauded for his work as the lead FBI agent on the investigation into college basketball corruption.
-
-(Illustration by Los Angeles Times; Documents from court exhibits)
-
-Raised in New Jersey as the son of a municipal judge and lawyer, Carpenter graduated from Wake Forest in the top of his ROTC class and served in Iraq as an officer with the 82nd Airborne. Carpenter’s annual officer evaluation in 2008 described his performance during 15 months in Baghdad as “absolutely phenomenal” with an “ability to turn chaos into order.” He left the Army that year as a captain, lived on the family’s sailboat and joined the FBI.
-
-But signs of trouble began to emerge.
-
-“He had started to become reliant on vodka,” his father, Frank Carpenter, would later write in a [letter filed in court](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/a9/50/97a3adc14dcaa700d2286618c3c6/42-carpenterfatherlettertocourt.pdf). “Whenever I saw him, he either had a drink or I could smell it on his breath. I still did not connect this to bigger mental health issues or the symptoms of PTSD that I learned about later.”
-
-A court filing blamed his heavy drinking on the emotional toll from the lengthy deployment in Iraq and an improvised explosive device destroying the Humvee behind his vehicle.
-
-At work, however, the complexities of the basketball probe appeared to be an ideal match for the skills of Scott Carpenter, who had worked on the high-profile investigation into global soccer corruption. His [performance review](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/bb/2e/eb59129c4c0083b75f31fd854e76/8-carpenterperformancereview.pdf) said Blazer had previously been “unsuccessful in developing evidence,” but became “highly productive” under Carpenter’s direction.
-
-Without Carpenter, the performance review said, “it is likely there would have been minimal if any investigative results.”
-
-Jeff D’Angelo had money and wanted to invest it in a sports management company. The exact source of his wealth wasn’t clear. Real estate? Restaurants? Family? Wherever it came from, he talked like someone who orchestrated major deals.
-
-The thirty-something slicked back his hair, liked to mention he served in the military and had the thick biceps of a workout fiend.
-
-One person who met D’Angelo described him as a “mix between a hedge fund baby and Jersey Shore Italian.”
-
-In fact, “D’Angelo” was a pseudonym. He was an undercover FBI agent. Carpenter served as D’Angelo’s handler. The lead case agent’s performance review lauded the work, saying that the undercover agent “had the resources and guidance to significantly expand this investigation” thanks to Carpenter.
-
-In mid-May 2017, D’Angelo was introduced at a Manhattan restaurant to Christian Dawkins, an ambitious 24-year-old attempting to start a sports management firm.
-
-“If it makes sense ... I’ll invest,” D’Angelo said. “I would put down some capital.”
-
- ![Sketch of a man holding cash in both hands and being patted on the back by another man](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/d595eac/2147483647/strip/true/crop/2400x1600+0+0/resize/2000x1333!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F9b%2F24%2Feec392764b69aa1b25fb0ac4cbc6%2Finline-dawkinsdangelo.jpg)
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-Christian Dawkins launched his sports management company with the help of a $185,000 loan from an investor called Jeff D’Angelo, who was really an undercover FBI agent.
-
-(Clay Rodery / For The Times)
-
-Dawkins had grown up in Saginaw, Mich., the son of a basketball coach and middle school principal, and hoped to become a sports agent or college coach. As a teenager, he started a high school basketball scouting service called “Best of the Best” and peddled it to college coaches for $600 a year. He was a relentless self-promoter, mentioning himself in prospect updates, adding inches to his true height and listing himself among “standout campers” at a clinic run by his father.
-
-After the 2009 death of his younger brother Dorian from a heart ailment while playing basketball, Dawkins helped start a youth travel team named Dorian’s Pride. He created an event company called Living Out Your Dreams — LOYD for short — named himself chief executive and organized basketball camps.
-
-Just shy of 21, Dawkins joined a Cleveland financial advisory firm working with NBA players. He later moved to New Jersey-based ASM Sports, recruiting clients for the powerhouse sports agency.
-
-Dawkins continued to pursue the goal of leading his own sports management company. He connected with Blazer through a bespoke suit maker with deep links to professional basketball. Dawkins outlined his ambition in an email to Blazer and another associate in April 2016 that, like secret recordings of their meetings, ended up in the hands of authorities: “I want to have my own support system, and I want to be able to facilitate things on my own, independent of ASM. ... I just have to have the resources to continue.”
-
-After the SEC accused Blazer of defrauding professional athletes in a news release the following month, Blazer testified that Dawkins “didn’t want to be around” him for almost a year.
-
-In the meantime, Dawkins paid players and their families to retain ASM, according to his court testimony and exhibits, used two phones to stay in touch with some of the biggest names in the sport and relaxed in the green room at the NBA draft as players waited to be selected. When an associate joked in a text message that Dawkins seemed to be everywhere, he responded with apparent pride, “But never seen.”
-
-On a windy afternoon in June 2017, Dawkins boarded a large yacht moored at the North Cove Marina in Manhattan’s Battery Park.
-
-He expected to finalize the launch of his sports management company. In reality, the gathering was a setup. Everything was recorded. Among those in attendance were Blazer and D’Angelo, who introduced Dawkins to a wealthy friend named Jill Bailey. She was another undercover FBI agent.
-
-In the [agreement signed](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/09/5a/526c75a646d0ac007890acfbda28/9-loydinccontract.pdf) that day, D’Angelo pledged to lend $185,000 to the company in exchange for a minority stake. Dawkins got 50% of the firm called Loyd Inc. and would be president. The company didn’t have a licensed NBA player agent, formal structure or even an office. D’Angelo — whose name was misspelled in the contract — handed out $25,000 in cash for the company’s start-up expenses.
-
-     
-
- ![](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/9770090/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1918x1080+1+0/resize/840x473!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F46%2Fb6%2Fcb3652674c34b3cbc58cac0bfea8%2Fyacht-bw-0000000.jpg)
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-In June 2017, Christian Dawkins, second from right with arms folded, boarded a two-story yacht in Manhattan expecting to finalize the launch of his sports management company. In reality, the gathering was a setup. (U.S. Justice Department)
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-D’Angelo wanted to pay college coaches to direct their players to use the new company when they became professionals, saying if the firm had “X amount of coaches that are on board with our business plan ... that’s just that many more kids we’re gonna have access to essentially every month.” Dawkins was skeptical. If the investor insisted on paying coaches, he argued, only “elite level dudes” should get money. Still, Dawkins offered to introduce D’Angelo to several coaches the following month when they flooded Las Vegas for a huge youth basketball tournament.
-
-In the days and weeks that followed, Dawkins complained to associates in recorded conversations that bribing coaches was nonsensical. The best players usually spent less than a year on campus before leaving and had limited time with coaches. Parents, close relatives, youth coaches or middlemen, like Dawkins, exerted the real influence in the daily lives of many top-level players.
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-A system built around the NCAA’s ban on paying players and their families was lucrative for everyone but the people on the court. The NCAA brought in $761 million from the March Madness tournament in 2017. Multinational shoe companies paid universities to wear their gear. Top head coaches earned $4 million or more a year. It all helped to nurture a thriving underground economy with bidding wars for top players to attend universities, retain agents, sign with financial advisors.
-
-The distribution of aboveboard money reflected only part of the power imbalance. While 81% of Division I athletic directors and 70% of men’s basketball head coaches were white in 2017, 56% of their players were Black. If the 47% of assistant coaches who were Black had a prayer of landing a head coaching job — or remaining employed — they needed to land top-level players.
-
-The four college assistant coaches charged in Ballerz — and eight of the 10 initial defendants, including Dawkins — are Black. The four Black coaches all worked for white head coaches.
-
-“When you’re a Black assistant coach, man, you’ve got the world on your shoulders,” said Merl Code, a former college basketball player who worked for Adidas and Nike and became a target of the sting. “If you don’t get kids, then you don’t keep your job. But if you don’t do what’s necessary to get kids, you’re not going to be successful, and what’s necessary to get the kids is to help the family.”
-
-> “We’re just going to take these fools’ money.”
-
-— Merl Code
-
-In conversations with D’Angelo, who is white, Dawkins maintained that paying coaches to influence their athletes wasn’t “the end-all be-all.”
-
-“I’m more powerful,” Dawkins told him, “than any coach you’re going to meet.”
-
-The dispute came to a head during another recorded phone call a few weeks after the yacht meeting.
-
-“If you just want to be Santa Claus and just give people money, well f—, let’s just take that money and just go to the strip club and just buy hookers,” Dawkins told D’Angelo. “But just to pay guys just for the sake of paying a guy just because he’s at a school, that doesn’t make common sense to me.”
-
-D’Angelo wasn’t swayed. The investigation was built around ensnaring coaches.
-
-“Here, here, here, here’s the model,” D’Angelo stammered.
-
-He had the money, he said. They would pay coaches.
-
-“I respect that ... you don’t think that’s the best approach, but that’s what I’m doing,” D’Angelo said in the call. “That’s just what it’s going to be.”
-
-Afterward, Dawkins vented to Code in a wiretapped phone call that throwing cash at a slew of coaches meant spending lots of money for no discernible purpose.
-
-“We’re just going to take these fools’ money,” Code said.
-
-“Exactly,” Dawkins replied. “Because it doesn’t make sense. ... I’ve tried to explain to them multiple f— times. This is not the way you wanna go.”
-
- ![A photo illustration of Christian Dawkins](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/cdf651a/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1600x1600+0+0/resize/2000x2000!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F3b%2F4f%2F9968edb7414485a2b4b65d78b464%2Fballerz-doc-illo-2v4.jpg)
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-Christian Dawkins set up a sports management company and boasted to potential investors of his relationships with prominent college basketball coaches. In reality, the biggest investor in his firm was an undercover FBI agent.
-
-(Illustration by Los Angeles Times; Photo by Seth Wenig / Associated Press; Documents from court exhibits)
-
-During a call with an associate in early July, Dawkins wondered aloud if he should find someone to pay back the money D’Angelo had invested in Loyd and end their relationship. The investor’s odd requests, like wanting to meet players and their parents, unnerved Dawkins. He wondered why D’Angelo cared so much.
-
-“People are gonna think that honestly they’re being set up,” Dawkins said in the recorded call.
-
-But he still wanted D’Angelo’s cash. A few days after the call, Dawkins and Code faced a problem. Prosecutors alleged they had agreed to help funnel cash from an Adidas company employee to the family of a touted high school prospect who had agreed to play for an Adidas-sponsored university. An installment had been delayed. D’Angelo agreed to provide a loan of $25,000.
-
-The payment came at a critical point in the investigation, according to Carpenter’s [performance review](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/bb/2e/eb59129c4c0083b75f31fd854e76/8-carpenterperformancereview.pdf). He pushed for it to preserve D’Angelo’s “bona fides as a high roller” and “set in motion events which would widely expand the case from addressing bribery by NCAA coaches to incorporating the illegal conduct of officials at a major international sportswear company.”
-
-As the Las Vegas trip approached, Code and Dawkins brainstormed which coaches could meet D’Angelo, but Code’s unease about the investor was growing.
-
-“I’m looking up Jeff D’Angelo and I can’t find nothing on him,” Code told Dawkins in a phone call on July 24, 2017, “and that s— is really concerning to me.”
-
-Carpenter flew to Las Vegas on July 27, 2017, accompanied by a supervisor, junior agent and the undercover operative — and having “serious misgivings” about whether he had enough personnel to run the operation.
-
-Over three days, D’Angelo, Dawkins and Blazer met with 11 coaches — 10 college assistants and one youth coach, all in town for the youth tournament — at the Cosmopolitan. The trendy hotel that advertised “Just the right amount of wrong” seemed to be the ideal setting.
-
-     
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- ![](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/521bc80/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1918x1080+1+0/resize/840x473!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F39%2Fd6%2F14ebb9fe444e87feb1cc54d4ee7e%2Fhotel-bw-0000000.jpg)
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-Tony Bland, in a white shirt, was among the college coaches who met with Jeff D’Angelo and Christian Dawkins in the penthouse suite at the Cosmopolitan. (U.S. Justice Department)
-
-Augustine, the Florida youth coach, recalled that Blazer fixed him a vodka water when he stopped by the penthouse on the first night. The opulent surroundings staggered the coach. His players were jammed into rooms at a budget-friendly hotel. The penthouse appeared to be a different world. Black marble and dark wood. Enough seating — bar stools, couches, easy chairs — for a full team. Master bathrooms that rivaled the size of some hotel rooms. A huge balcony. Quirky art around every corner, like the enormous photo of a golden-hued woman dancing underwater in a swirl of purple fabric.
-
-Augustine received an envelope from D’Angelo stuffed with $12,700, according to the complaint. The next day, Augustine said he deposited much of the cash at a nearby bank and, since his players had flown to Las Vegas on one-way tickets, used some of the windfall to pay their way home. Augustine said he used the remainder to pay down debt he had accumulated while running the team. (He was later charged with four felonies, but all counts were dropped.)
-
-The hidden agendas at play in the penthouse seemed tailor-made for Sin City. D’Angelo distributed envelopes of bribe money as cameras recorded each transaction. But Dawkins later claimed he had arranged for three of the coaches to give him their would-be bribe money so he could run the company his way.
-
-Dawkins pleaded with Preston Murphy, then a Creighton University assistant coach and longtime family friend, to meet with D’Angelo in the penthouse, saying he would be forced to move in with his parents if the financial backers didn’t support him, according to Murphy’s attorney.
-
-“I needed him to basically help me, you know, continue to get funding,” Dawkins testified.
-
- ![Former Creighton University assistant coach Preston Murphy and former USC assistant coach Tony Bland.](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/5bbb890/2147483647/strip/true/crop/2940x2007+0+0/resize/2000x1365!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ffc%2F31%2F54099af44520afde92c4417c9b93%2Fmurphy-bland.JPG)
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-Former Creighton assistant coach Preston Murphy, left, was caught up in the investigation but was never charged. Former USC assistant coach Tony Bland, right, pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit bribery and was sentenced to probation for admitting to receiving $4,100.
-
-(Associated Press)
-
-NCAA investigators said in reports that Murphy and TCU assistant coach Corey Barker knew before their meetings in the penthouse on July 28 that they would be paid and had agreed to give all of the money to Dawkins. Prosecutors alleged Murphy and Barker each received $6,000 from D’Angelo. Murphy handed the cash over to Dawkins in a bathroom off the main casino floor, while Barker did the same near the hotel’s valet parking stand, according to accounts they gave to the NCAA. The same day, Dawkins deposited $5,000 in cash into the Loyd bank account. (Neither Barker nor Murphy was charged.)
-
-Shortly after midnight on July 29, Tony Bland, a USC assistant coach, sank into a couch in the penthouse. He had arrived from L.A. that afternoon and looked tired. The conversation sounded like the others — boasts about influence over college players, banter about prospects with a shot at the NBA.
-
-“I have some guys that I bring in that I can just say, this is what you’re f— doing,” Bland said. “And there’s other guys who we’ll have to work a little harder for, but we’ll still have a heavy influence on what they do.”
-
-Hidden-camera footage shows Dawkins, not Bland, pick up an envelope of cash from the coffee table. The federal criminal complaint alleged Bland — making more than $300,000 a year at USC — got the $13,000 in the envelope. But bank records show Dawkins deposited $8,900 at an ATM later that day. Bland eventually pleaded guilty to receiving $4,100, the difference between the $13,000 and the deposit.
-
-Dawkins testified that the actual amount Bland received was less because he only gave Bland “between $1,000 and $2,000” to spend at a bachelor party that night.
-
-For the final undercover meeting, the FBI team had rented a poolside cabana at the Cosmopolitan. Afterwards, the agents decided to use the cabana for themselves when they learned the $1,500 they paid for the space was actually a food and beverage minimum, according to a [court filing](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/c7/8f/40d69cf541069242c47743d52cbb/carpenterpresentencingmemo.pdf).
-
-“Despite the obstacles, all of the undercover meetings were very successful,” Carpenter’s attorney wrote in a court filing. “At the same time, there is no doubt that the intensity, anxiety, elation and exhaustion of the weekend’s activities left Mr. Carpenter in an even more precarious position.”
-
-After showering and changing clothes in the penthouse following the alcohol-filled afternoon at the cabana, the four FBI agents walked next door to the Bellagio Hotel and Casino and ended up at a high-limit lounge.
-
-Carpenter bought $10,000 in gambling chips with the government cash he had taken from the penthouse safe and started playing blackjack. The three other agents — including Carpenter’s supervisor — watched him gamble from an adjacent bar and took turns visiting, according to court testimony and a [filing by his attorney](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/c7/8f/40d69cf541069242c47743d52cbb/carpenterpresentencingmemo.pdf), as Carpenter gulped free drinks and lost.
-
-“They at least had to have a decent idea it was undercover FBI money and nobody took the keys to the car,” Carpenter’s attorney Paul Fishman said in court.
-
- ![Sketch of a man sitting at a gambling table and holding a glass](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/15c89bb/2147483647/strip/true/crop/2400x1600+0+0/resize/2000x1333!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fe3%2F1c%2Faa5abfec4b34b0a6088267d01831%2Finline-carpentergambling.jpg)
-
-The lead FBI agent lost $13,500 in government cash while gambling in Las Vegas.
-
-(Clay Rodery / For The Times)
-
-Carpenter churned through the $10,000, then pressed the undercover agent — D’Angelo — for additional government cash. He handed it over.
-
-According to [a court filing](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/c9/31/94688de447b5a30af7a49286f87a/gov-uscourts-nvd-154467-3-0-1.pdf), Carpenter played for two to three hours, placed an average bet of $721 and, by the time he walked away, had lost $13,500.
-
-As the alcohol wore off in the early hours of July 30, Carpenter paced around the penthouse. According to a document [read in court](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/7e/9c/c2e40c004f1dbe86c8bab5080dc7/carpentersentencingtranscript.pdf), one of the agents told an investigator that Carpenter was brainstorming how to make it right and asked if they could say the gambling was part of the operation. The agent refused.
-
-The undercover agent alleged that the four agents met early that morning and “there was a discussion ... to just take care of it,” Assistant U.S. Atty. Daniel Schiess said in court. The supervisor and junior agent, Schiess said, “hotly contest” that such a meeting occurred.
-
-In a court filing, Carpenter’s attorney wrote that his client “vehemently disagrees” that he “intended in any way to conceal his conduct or evade responsibility.”
-
-After returning to New York and taking a scheduled day off, Schiess said, Carpenter met with his supervisor about the missing money and, afterward, told the undercover agent and the junior agent he was going to try to pay it back and asked if they could split the cost. The other agents and Carpenter’s supervisor who was in Las Vegas aren’t identified in court records.
-
-> “Carpenter appeared to have displayed poor judgment in some of his operational security practices and behavior ...”
-
-— FBI performance review
-
-Two days later, Carpenter was transferred from the public corruption squad and college basketball investigation. He checked into an inpatient alcohol treatment program the following week, according to [a court filing](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/c7/8f/40d69cf541069242c47743d52cbb/carpenterpresentencingmemo.pdf).
-
-D’Angelo was also pulled from the case. He told Dawkins in a phone call Aug. 8 that he was traveling to care for his ailing mother in Italy.
-
-Carpenter’s performance review from 2017 devoted one paragraph to the incident: “Carpenter appeared to have displayed poor judgment in some of his operational security practices and behavior … (he) did not immediately or in a timely manner report events constituting potential misuse of funds to his chain of command.”
-
-Nevertheless, the review rated Carpenter’s overall performance as “successful.”
-
-Heavy footsteps woke Bland almost two months later in Tampa, Fla., early on the morning of Sept. 26. Someone pounded on the door of his hotel room. The USC assistant coach had stayed out late the night before to celebrate the commitment of a recruit to play for the school. Bland got out of bed and opened the door. A team of FBI agents with weapons drawn burst into the room. One of them twisted his right arm behind his back — the arm still doesn’t feel right today, Bland said — and shoved him against a wall. Bland told them they had the wrong man.
-
-Around the same time, Code answered the door at his home in Greer, S.C., in his underwear. He counted at least 20 FBI agents, some brandishing pistols and assault-style rifles, and 15 vehicles lined up on his block.
-
- ![Sketch of an officer grabbing the arms of a handcuffed man](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/4956e7a/2147483647/strip/true/crop/2400x1600+0+0/resize/2000x1333!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fdd%2F48%2Fe3a80692490897d9099f59f75b58%2Finline-brutalarrest.jpg)
-
-Four NCAA assistant coaches were charged after the investigation.
-
-(Clay Rodery / For The Times)
-
-Augustine, the Florida youth coach, had planned to meet Dawkins that morning at a New York hotel. He checked his phone on the walk over and found scores of tweets mentioning him, then scrolled through the criminal complaint against him while standing in Times Square. He thought it was some kind of elaborate, twisted joke. Then the FBI called and, a half-hour later, arrested him.
-
-Similar scenes played out across the country. At the news conference in Manhattan the same day, the acting U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York alleged the defendants had circled “blue chip prospects like coyotes.”
-
-The four college assistant coaches who were charged lost their jobs. Augustine resigned from the youth team and swept floors in his father-in-law’s warehouse to make ends meet.
-
-Carpenter kept his badge, service weapon and security clearance after returning from the alcohol treatment program. But he was exiled to a facilities squad to help manage a remodeling project at the FBI office in New York.
-
-Judges in the two Ballerz trials barred defense attorneys from questioning witnesses about alleged misconduct by agents during the Las Vegas trip. One of the judges ruled that it “did not occur while the agents were conducting investigative activities” and was “irrelevant to this case.”
-
-Though Carpenter and the agents posing as D’Angelo and Bailey were subpoenaed, they didn’t testify. In the first trial, Code, Dawkins and a former Adidas employee were convicted of using payments to steer players to attend three universities sponsored by the sportswear giant. Then Code and Dawkins were found guilty during the second trial, which focused on the alleged scheme to bribe coaches to persuade their players to use the sports management company that the undercover agent had helped finance.
-
-The investigation led to 10 men being convicted of felonies at trial or by taking plea deals. Five were sentenced to prison. Dawkins got the longest combined term — 18 months and a day.
-
-After Dawkins’ sentencing, prosecutors released a statement warning that the outcome “should make crystal clear to other members of the basketball underground exposed during the various prosecutions brought by this Office that bribery is still a crime, even if the recipient is a college basketball coach, and one that will result in \[a\] term of incarceration.”
-
- ![Merl Code and Book Richardson.](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/84bdcd0/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1532x1145+0+0/resize/2000x1495!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fd8%2F7a%2F4eaecc8343eb9e76b96d45e07a19%2Fcode-richardson.JPG)
-
-Merl Code, left, a former college basketball player who worked for Adidas and Nike and became a target of the FBI’s investigation, served five months and nine days in prison. Book Richardson, right, a former University of Arizona assistant men’s basketball coach, was sentenced to three months.
-
-(Photos by Bebeto Matthews and Larry Neumeister / Associated Press)
-
-Bland had been placed on administrative leave by USC after being arrested, then was terminated about four months later. He [pleaded guilty in 2019 to a felony](https://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la-sp-tony-bland-guilty-20190102-story.html), conspiracy to commit bribery, and was sentenced to probation for admitting to receiving $4,100. Prosecutors argued that USC faced “significant potential penalties from the NCAA” because of his conduct, echoing claims they made in sentencing memorandums for other defendants.
-
-The cases were built around the theory that universities were the victims. Prosecutors argued the schools had been deceived into issuing scholarships to athletes who would be ineligible under NCAA rules barring payments to players or their families. They also argued the schools had been exposed to penalties from the organization for other rule-breaking, including a prohibition on coaches and other employees benefiting from introducing athletes to agents, financial advisors or their representatives.
-
-In a victim impact statement filed in court, USC said the school, “its student athletes, and college athletics as a whole have suffered greatly because of what Mr. Bland and his co-conspirators did.” The school’s statement came at a time when USC was already reeling from its involvement in the Varsity Blues college admissions scandal and allegations that a campus gynecologist had sexually abused hundreds of students.
-
-In the years since Ballerz became public, several universities have been sanctioned by the NCAA in connection with the investigation, but the penalties have largely been lighter than the “significant” punishments prosecutors warned about in sentencing memorandums for the defendants. USC, for example, received two years of probation and was fined $5,000 plus 1% of the men’s basketball budget.
-
-More significantly, some long-standing NCAA rules have shifted. College athletes can now profit from their name, image and likeness, [known as NIL](https://www.latimes.com/sports/story/2022-06-27/nil-what-is-next-name-likeness-image-college-high-school). Last year, Adidas unveiled a nationwide NIL program for athletes at schools sponsored by the sportswear giant.
-
-Jay Bilas, a former Duke basketball player who is an attorney and ESPN television analyst, called the investigation a waste of time and resources.
-
-“It seemed like bringing in the National Guard to deal with jaywalkers,” Bilas said. “It damaged people’s lives over nothing. ... At the end of the day, all it did is make a lot of noise without a lot of result.”
-
-The FBI declined to comment for this story.
-
-Blazer, who originally told prosecutors he could expose college sports corruption, pleaded guilty to five charges — for misappropriating money from five clients and paying college football players to retain his financial advisory firm — and was sentenced to one year of probation in February 2020. He admitted misappropriating $2.35 million from clients — much more than all the bribes combined in Ballerz.
-
-Today, Bland coaches basketball at St. Bernard High School in Playa del Rey. He said he loves working with young players, but is eager to return to coaching in college when a three-year penalty imposed by the NCAA as punishment for the bribe expires in April 2024.
-
-He struggles to sleep in hotel rooms, his heart pounds if there’s an unexpected noise in a hallway, and he can’t get past the allegations against the lead case agent in Las Vegas.
-
-“It’s like, OK, \[the FBI\] can mess up ... and still run you over,” Bland said. “It doesn’t even matter.”
-
-Code wrote a book about college basketball’s underbelly called “Black Market” before serving five months and nine days in prison.
-
-“If anyone thinks that there is such a thing as a clean big-time program, they need to wake up and smell the donkey s—,” he wrote in the book.
-
-[Book Richardson](https://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la-sp-book-richardson-arizona-plea-20190107-story.html), a former University of Arizona assistant coach, was sentenced to three months in prison in the case. He now makes $3,000 a month working with youth basketball players in New York. He has kidney disease and sometimes struggles with the person he sees in the mirror. He said he contemplated suicide on two occasions in the years following his arrest — once when he put a pistol in his mouth but was interrupted by a phone call from a friend.
-
-“Your mind starts messing with you, man,” Richardson said. “‘Maybe I am the scum of the earth. Maybe I am the worst coach ever. I threw my life away for $20,000. I should be dead.’”
-
-Carpenter was transferred to a counterintelligence squad in October 2020, the same month he and his wife bought a home listed at 3,200 square feet with a swimming pool in suburban New Jersey. In a letter from his wife later filed in court, she wrote that the couple had assumed Carpenter’s construction assignment had been the extent of his punishment.
-
-On Dec. 13, 2021, the Supreme Court denied the final appeal related to the Ballerz investigation. Four days later, Carpenter [signed an agreement](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/c9/31/94688de447b5a30af7a49286f87a/gov-uscourts-nvd-154467-3-0-1.pdf) to plead guilty to a misdemeanor charge of conversion of government money for gambling away the $13,500. The agreement and his presentencing memo detail the events surrounding his misconduct in Las Vegas. The FBI suspended Carpenter after he pleaded guilty, then terminated him in May.
-
- ![A photo illustration of documents related to Scott Carpenter's trial.](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/bbf62c1/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1600x1600+0+0/resize/2000x2000!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F3d%2F1d%2Ff62b5f06400c96a0d0bfda068b83%2Fballerz-doc-illo-3v3-1.jpg)
-
-In the criminal case against Scott Carpenter, his father wrote a letter to the judge asking for leniency, saying his son suffered from PTSD symptoms after his military service in Iraq.
-
-(Illustration by Los Angeles Times; Documents from court exhibits)
-
-Steve Haney, the attorney for Dawkins, learned about Carpenter’s plea in a news release and moved for a new trial for his client. But a judge rejected the motion, finding the “misconduct did not concern the defendants.”
-
-Last August, Carpenter returned to Las Vegas to be sentenced. He was contrite during brief remarks at the hearing: “Five years ago, I made a terrible and stupid mistake. ... While there isn’t an excuse for what I did, there’s an explanation: The combination of job stress, alcohol and lingering issues from my military service.”
-
-Fishman, Carpenter’s attorney, characterized the blackjack episode as an isolated error in an otherwise exemplary life. He told U.S. District Judge Gloria M. Navarro that Carpenter returned from Iraq “not quite right” and has been “hellbent” on righting his wrong. The judge interjected during Fishman’s argument that his client had not been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder.
-
-Navarro told Carpenter he had “already received a lot of lenience.” He wasn’t immediately fired, hadn’t been arrested, kept being paid — he and his wife reported an income of $411,000 on their 2020 tax return, the judge said — and wasn’t even on pretrial supervision, something the judge couldn’t recall for a defendant in her courtroom. She sentenced him to three months of home confinement and ordered him to repay the government money. Carpenter declined to comment.
-
-The status of the three FBI agents who accompanied him to Las Vegas is unclear.
-
- ![Two men leave a courthouse.](https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/5aa4fd7/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4000x2988+0+0/resize/2000x1494!/quality/80/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F5b%2F6d%2F97bcaf9447ba82c132631caf1179%2Ffbi-gamble-aug17-22-bt03.jpg)
-
-Former FBI Special Agent Scott Carpenter, right, leaves a federal courthouse in Las Vegas in August after being sentenced for gambling away $13,500 in government money.
-
-(Bizuayehu Tesfaye / Las Vegas Review-Journal)
-
-The Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, which investigated the Las Vegas misconduct along with the U.S. attorney’s office in Nevada, has declined to comment on the case and refused to turn over any records in response to Freedom of Information Act requests, saying to do so could interfere with enforcement proceedings.
-
-Meanwhile, Dawkins is serving his sentence at a low-security federal prison in North Carolina and is scheduled for release in May.
-
-Before reporting to prison, Dawkins founded another company. Unlike the ill-fated venture backed by undercover FBI agents, Par-Lay Sports and Entertainment has a veteran management team that includes his defense attorney. A teenage phenom named Scoot Henderson, projected to be the second overall pick in June’s NBA draft, is one of the firm’s clients.
-
-The draft will be held in Brooklyn, N.Y., some three miles from the courthouse where Dawkins’ life was upended and the room where the FBI boasted they had the “playbook” for college basketball corruption. Dawkins, his attorney said, is expected to attend.
-
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-Date: 2023-06-11
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-TimeStamp: 2023-06-11
-Link: https://eu.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/investigations/2023/06/04/carbondale-illinois-abortion-clinics/70180040007/
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-```button
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-^button-HowonetownbecamethesymbolofabortionrightsSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# How one quiet Illinois college town became the symbol of abortion rights in America
-
-CARBONDALE, Ill. – The 26-year-old had never heard of the distant southern Illinois town, but it had become the closest option.
-
-So she cobbled together money. Found child care. Asked her brother for a ride. And set off early one morning to drive north across state lines to 22,000-person Carbondale.
-
-It was a nearly seven-hour round trip from her home in Tennessee. Long enough for the decision to rattle in her head as the flat Midwestern landscape slipped by the car windows.
-
-No, she told herself. I thought it out. It's not the right moment to have a child.  
-
-She was already raising two young children. She had split with her boyfriend. She was financially unstable from losing a job. And she could face health risks. 
-
-She finally tried to go to sleep. 
-
-They crossed into Illinois. 
-
-From there it was another hour’s drive to the outskirts of Carbondale, a place often reached by a two-lane state highway that winds by farm fields and churches or a busier route dotted with fast food, strip malls and a building on which, for a time, hung a banner reading, “Pro Life. Pro God. Pro Gun. Pro Trump.”
-
-Mostly rural, conservative southern Illinois was an unexpected place for an abortion clinic, the 26-year-old thought, even if the town’s welcome sign noted it was home to Southern Illinois University.
-
-They parked outside a single-story office building, across from a Kroger, at the Choices Center for Reproductive Health. She walked in past a security guard to a waiting room, donning a green wristband.
-
-![CHOICES Center for Reproductive Health  in Carbondale, Ill.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/73f64d16-de34-4a54-bfd8-bb4752de23ef-abortion_story_carbondale_036.JPG)
-
-![A security guard stands inside Choices Center for Reproductive Health in Carbondale, Illinois. April 2023.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/d12d4674-6a05-407f-9188-3b42d2d2c1f5-5D5A4104.jpg)
-
-![The Choices Center for Reproductive Health in Carbondale, Illinois.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/6de59856-d7e5-421e-980c-13a9d877e5f1-5D5A2441.jpg)
-
-When it became clear Roe v. Wade would be overturned, Choices Center for Reproductive Health looked to move abortion services from Memphis to Carbondale, Illinois, where abortion would remain legal. Choices braced for expected anti-abortion demonstrations and hired a security guard.
-TOP AND ABOVE LEFT: NICOLE HESTER, THE TENNESSEAN/USA TODAY NETWORK; ABOVE RIGHT: CHRIS KENNING, USA TODAY
-
-Soon she sat on an exam table. 
-
-Outside, a staffer put a mark on a whiteboard grid where the center kept track of its days, a row for each of six rooms, a column for each of the four people a patient would wait to see, including a nurse and a medical provider. Once each row was checked off, one patient was done; the next one could begin. Nearby, receptionists scheduled appointments for patients from as far away as Texas and Mississippi. 
-
-After medical checks and an explanation of what to expect, the woman with the green wristband lifted a small water bottle and swallowed the first of two pills that would end her pregnancy. 
-
-Similar scenes play out each day five miles away, a short drive past the city’s Amtrak station, downtown shops and neon-lit 1950s-era Dairy Queen, on the other side of town. There, at an anodyne medical office where a vinyl sign stuck in the grass reads “Alamo Women’s Clinic,” the parking lot is often filled with out-of-state license plates – women who drive as long as 10 hours from the Deep South for an abortion.
-
-![Carbondale, Illinois. April 2023.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/3354aafb-bdd8-4eeb-9ec9-f4fa503d6e22-9X0A0388.jpg)
-
-![A city street in Carbondale, Illinois. April 2023.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/5a57a2aa-75d2-4ebe-86b9-0171cdce05cd-5D5A4003.jpg)
-
-The road into Carbondale is dotted with signs of conservative rural America. At Illinois' far southern end, the city is closer to Mississippi than it is to Chicago. But inside city limits, where a university and a regional medical hub anchor a more left-leaning community, many people welcomed the new clinics.
-
-Chris Kenning, USA TODAY
-
-Outside, on a spring morning, anti-abortion protesters wore orange vests and tote brochures, hoping to persuade arriving women to turn back. A woman drove past them and strode determinedly through the waiting room to the office window. "I have an appointment," she said. 
-
-Not far away, just off State Highway 13 near a busy farm supply store, contractors were renovating what some locals expect will soon become Carbondale’s third abortion clinic.
-
-A year ago, there were no clinics in this former coal-country railroad junction turned college town.
-
-In Illinois, anchored by liberal Chicago far to the north, abortion rights were legally protected. But they weren't as much of a local concern.
-
-Abortion clinics operated in towns just across from St. Louis. But elective abortions had not been provided in Carbondale since 1985, when opponents had persuaded the local hospital to halt them.
-
-The Supreme Court’s dismantling of Roe v. Wade changed all that.
-
-![A woman stands at the window of the Alamo Women’s Clinic in Carbondale, Illinois, November 3, 2022.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/0f13137f-7057-420e-9caf-a7b9b89bf95b-5D5A2860.jpg)
-
-![The Alamo Women’s Clinic in Carbondale, Illinois, April 2023.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/d9042b21-ba57-44e7-a5c9-7e01f20460dd-5D5A4088.jpg)
-
-With the changing legal landscape, Alamo Women's Clinic looked to move out of Texas and Oklahoma and reopen in other spots including Carbondale. After some contractors were reluctant to work on the site, the clinic said, it operated without a permanent sign. CHRIS KENNING, USA TODAY
-
-In the year since Roe fell, few places in America have experienced the court’s radical redrawing of abortion access as intimately as some small, blue-state towns near red-state borders. States moved to restrict or ban abortions, and some clinics moved or opened anew in these border towns.
-
-In places like Bristol, Virginia (straddling the Tennessee border), and [Moorhead, Minnesota](https://apnews.com/article/abortion-minnesota-north-dakota-fargo-3ca02dd6ab32139562c0a7857f79b068) (just a bridge away from Fargo, North Dakota), tight-knit communities suddenly found themselves newly split by a post-Roe front line in the battle over abortion: their state line.
-
-And as more states in the Midwest and the South put restrictions in place, abortion providers set their sights on Carbondale.
-
-The city would become the closest abortion destination for more than 1.2 million women from states as far as Louisiana, according to an analysis by Caitlin Myers, an economics professor at Middlebury College who studies abortion access.
-
-Carbondale had long been a blue-dot college town amid deep-red farm country. It had a history of activism dating back to Vietnam. But it had never planned on being the center of anybody’s abortion fight.
-
-In some other year, the city council might have spent most of its time talking about potholes or police budgets.
-
-Gary Williams, Carbondale city manager
-
-> We never imagined we would be in the middle of this national, highly polarized policy issue.
-
-A year ago, the story of how Carbondale would grapple with its new place on the fault-lines of America’s post-Roe landscape was just beginning to unfold. 
-
-Providers would have to move clinics and, in some cases, themselves. Could they serve the crush of women who had never heard of Carbondale – but soon would?  
-
-Could opponents turn clients, or clinics, away?
-
-Would their opening bring disruptive protests? A glaring national media spotlight?  Would tensions become a permanent presence? Would it change the area’s identity?
-
-The stakes, for everyone, felt enormous.
-
-“Everybody’s about to zone in on Carbondale,” Chastity Mays, a resident and mother of three, recalled thinking a year ago as she watched people she knew from her kids’ gymnastics and judo classes expressing clashing positions in a contentious meeting before any of the clinics had arrived.
-
-“And I‘m just thinking, ‘Are people ready for this?'”
-
-![Getting ready](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/indepth-static-assets/uploads/master/70180040007/90617b6c-b520-4b98-8e80-b491e53d19f3-orange-line.png)
-
-The busy diner was loud with chatter as waiters wove around full tables carrying hot coffee and plates of eggs. 
-
-Sitting at one of the tables was Jennifer Pepper, in her early 40s, with bangs, tattoos of a lightning bolt and a heart on her fingers and a shirt emblazoned with the logo of the clinic she leads – Choices Center for Reproductive Health.
-
-A waiter came up to pour coffee, glancing at her shirt and around the cafe.
-
-![Jennifer Pepper of Choices Center for Reproductive Health began looking at Carbondale even before the Supreme Court overturned abortion rights. She brought her executive staff to visit the town. “I made everybody look me in the eye and said, ‘We're going to do this,'” she recalled.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/29e1d0aa-7621-4fcb-867d-2c1907a38141-5D5A2422.jpg)
-
-Jennifer Pepper of Choices Center for Reproductive Health began looking at Carbondale even before the Supreme Court overturned abortion rights. She brought her executive staff to visit the town. “I made everybody look me in the eye and said, ‘We're going to do this,'” she recalled. Chris Kenning, USA TODAY
-
-“Are you working at the new place?” he asked, to which Pepper nodded and explained they were hoping to open later in the year.
-
-“Well,” he said, “welcome.”
-
-Pepper, the CEO of Choices in Memphis, Tennessee, had been eyeing Carbondale for a while.
-
-Republican lawmakers in her state and others nearby such as Kentucky and Missouri had for years been passing more and more restrictions, regulations and measures to squeeze access.
-
-In May 2021, when the U.S. Supreme Court decided to hear the case of a Mississippi ban on abortion after 15 weeks — and said it would rule on the constitutionality of all prohibitions on abortion before “viability,” when a fetus can survive outside the womb – Pepper concluded the clock was ticking.
-
-She figured she had little more than a year before the conservative-majority court struck down Roe in the case known as Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization. That, in turn, would lead Tennessee to enact its “trigger law,” designed to ban abortion as soon as any future Supreme Court ruling made it possible to do so.
-
-While Choices would continue to provide a range of other women’s health services in Memphis, Pepper had to find a new place to provide abortions. Her clinic had performed roughly 4,000 a year.
-
-But where? 
-
-Illinois, whose Democratic-controlled legislature enshrined abortion rights in 2019, was already a destination for clients forced to seek care elsewhere because of restrictions in conservative states.
-
-Pepper looked at a map, seeing clinics across the river from St. Louis, set up to maintain access amid growing restrictions in Missouri, that were already getting a crush of out-of-state patients.
-
-“How much farther south could I get?” she asked.
-
-Pepper knew the area. She grew up in the Rust Belt Mississippi River town of Alton, Illinois. Her eyes quickly fell on Carbondale, founded as a railroad junction in the 1850s. The presence of Southern Illinois University’s campus had long made it a Democratic-leaning outlier in the region – a blue college town inside a red rural swath inside a blue state.
-
-The town, dotted with churches, hadn’t provided abortions for a generation. Still, it was home to a thriving LGBTQ community center, and voters there – unlike in many counties in the area – chose Joe Biden over Donald Trump in 2020.
-
-In Texas, even before Roe was overturned, more than 40 towns prohibited abortion services inside city limits, an approach that [spread to other politically conservative towns](https://apnews.com/article/abortion-clinic-border-virginia-tennessee-bristol-7dfed02251e668fdded6ac97ae7fd281) in states such as Iowa, New Mexico and Ohio.
-
-But she figured Carbondale would be a welcoming place with support from leaders and volunteers. And unlike other smaller options even closer to the Illinois border, it had a local police force to quickly respond to trouble and was already a regional medical hub.
-
-Most important, though, was the location. Wedged between states likely to limit or ban abortion, it was in a spot where the Ohio and Mississippi rivers dipped the Illinois border toward the American south. Carbondale was closer to Tupelo, Mississippi, and Huntsville, Alabama, than it was to Chicago.
-
-That could make it a key outpost for abortion rights in a part of the country where an “abortion desert” was about to spread. 
-
-In November 2021, six months before word of the impending Supreme Court ruling first leaked out, Pepper visited Carbondale to meet with advocates, civic leaders and others.
-
-Soon she pitched the location to supporters and donors – some of whom were initially skeptical that five decades of the federal right to abortion would just disappear. “Don't you think this is ‘Chicken Little, the sky is falling?’” they would ask her. “And I was like, no.” 
-
-Many also hadn’t heard of Carbondale. 
-
-“How far is that?” they would ask, as Pepper heard the clack-clack-clack of keyboards typing in the name to look it up on a map.
-
-It’s only three hours from Memphis, she’d reply. It was even on an Amtrak line that ran to New Orleans. 
-
-In January, she brought her executive staff to town. “It was like the exit row of an airplane,” she said. “I made everybody look me in the eye and said, ‘We're going to do this.’”
-
-Pepper knew things were about to get so stressful and time-consuming that she and her husband “preemptively started couples therapy, just like, to be sure that this would not ruin our marriage,” she said. Pepper's mother worried that photos of her in online news stories about abortion rights could put her at risk. 
-
-In the months that followed, Pepper clocked thousands of miles in her Honda Accord between Memphis and Carbondale, quietly identifying a former dermatologist’s office they would later buy. It sat on a busy commercial strip, across from a large grocery store, next to a burger restaurant and a half-mile from Carbondale Community High School.
-
-In what often felt like blind dates, she met with supporters who might help with housing or volunteer as clinic escorts. Grassroots abortion funds could help women pay for travel and other expenses.
-
-By early March, she was meeting with local government and law enforcement. 
-
-Police officials peppered them with questions: How many protesters would there be? How many officers would it take? Would there be safety concerns for staff, patients and the community? FBI agents came and toured their site. 
-
-Many asked: Why Carbondale? 
-
-“We would take an iPad and show people the map: ‘You’re this blue in the middle of all of this,” she said, showing the red states expected to enact post-Roe abortion bans and restrictions: Missouri. Arkansas. Kentucky. Tennessee. Mississippi. Louisiana. Texas.
-
-And southern Illinois was farther south than practically the entire state of Kentucky.
-
-“‘This is why you’re going to be important,’” she would say to people in Carbondale.  
-
-And she’d hear the response: “Oh, that’s going to be a lot of people.” 
-
-Carbondale City Council member Adam Loos, a lawyer whose father worked in coal before the industry dried up, had watched the region outside the city, like other parts of rural America, turn from union blue to Trump-country red.
-
-Sitting in a Mexican restaurant, near the railroad tracks that shoot through on their way from New Orleans to Chicago, Loos noted that polls showed a majority of Americans favored some level of abortion access.
-
-Inside the city limits, he said, most people would probably welcome the clinics.
-
-Outside the city? That was another story.
-
-Mississippi’s stretched health system deals with thousands more births after abortion ban
-
-The rumors had begun to spread over kitchen tables, across church pews and through campus offices. 
-
-In May 2022, the news finally burst into the open.
-
-An overflow crowd estimated at more than 150, most of them opponents who had learned of Choices’ plan to open in Carbondale, poured one night into the normally sleepy city council chambers.
-
-It marked the second time that month that speakers lined up for a chance at the podium. Two weeks earlier, speakers included one local church leader who said he had more than 50 families who opposed the arrival of an abortion clinic. Another said he didn't want one of America's most contentious culture war battles in their city.
-
-This time, before a far larger audience, another minister – Phil Nelson, a pastor at Lakeland Baptist Church – warned of a “judgment that will come to our city” along with abortion. One elected official from another county urged the council to pass a resolution opposing abortion, as his county had.
-
-Some welcomed the clinics, citing the dangers of maternal mortality rates they said are particularly high among Black women. But critics promised to boycott the city, which they hinted was struggling with falling college enrollment and some closed downtown storefronts.
-
-"A lot of us shop here. A lot of us have family here. Anything that happens here in Carbondale is going to affect the respective communities," a woman who said she worked as a nurse told the council. "I’m going to boycott Carbondale if you guys bring an abortion clinic here."
-
-Then-Mayor Mike Henry at one point waved a paper with a legal opinion, explaining that, under state law, there was nothing they could do to allow the clinic or stop it, in part because it was in an area zoned for medical use.
-
-![A lawn sign in December 2022. In Carbondale, not everyone was ready to welcome the clinics – or the city's new reputation.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/890b5892-31d7-468a-bcb7-8443bf966a88-9X0A0297.jpg)
-
-A lawn sign in December 2022. In Carbondale, not everyone was ready to welcome the clinics – or the city's new reputation. Chris Kenning, USA TODAY
-
-“I’m not overly fond of it myself,” he said. “You folks can demonstrate and maybe they won't come here if they understand that the community is truly, truly against them.” 
-
-Some clinic supporters believed most of the opponents were from out of town and had little right to demand that Carbondale block the clinics.
-
-Loos, who supported the move, pushed back – at one point telling opponents they represented a “radical” minority driven by religious views. “I guess we might call this Y’all Qaida," he said.
-
-After a night of tense exchanges, opponents shuffled out, vowing to do what they could to stop abortions. Supporters, meantime, discussed volunteering to help.
-
-By then, a second clinic – Alamo Women’s Clinic – was already focusing on Carbondale. In Texas, Dr. Alan Braid, a longtime abortion rights advocate, would also seek to move clinics in San Antonio and Tulsa, Oklahoma, to New Mexico and Illinois.
-
-Some Carbondale-area abortion opponents, while happy that the leaked Supreme Court opinion appeared to signal a pending win in a 50-year fight to overturn Roe, were dismayed that the battle had wound up right on their doorstep. 
-
-“It just made things absolutely worse for where I live,” the Rev. Mark Surburg, a pastor in a nearby town, said later, lamenting that the city would become known as the “death capital of the Midwest.”
-
-Rumors were that more clinics would come. 
-
-![JUNE 2022](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/indepth-static-assets/uploads/master/70180040007/90617b6c-b520-4b98-8e80-b491e53d19f3-orange-line.png)
-
-Pepper was visiting her mother in her hometown of Alton, working at the city's only coffee shop, when her phone started pinging and buzzing. 
-
-It was June 24. The Supreme Court ruling finally hit. 
-
-She expected it. But it was still staggering.
-
-"I gathered my stuff up very hurriedly, jumped in the car and drove to Memphis," she said, spending the drive juggling calls from staff and attorneys about what was next.
-
-By the time she arrived at the clinic, more than 5,000 calls had poured in, crashing the phone system – all women scrambling for appointments or asking where they could go.
-
-OK, she thought, here we go. This is finally it. Her efforts to open a new location had been months in the making. But plenty of challenges remained.
-
-For one thing, Pepper wondered if she’d struggle to hire staff in a small town – one where a secret about where you work would be hard to keep. 
-
-![Jennifer Pepper worried she would struggle to hire staff for the Choices clinic, in a small town where a job would be a hard secret to keep. Instead, she found that some people wanted to be part of a historic moment.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/d6cb7eaa-3c30-424a-b73e-3b8f88987bf3-abortion_story_carbondale_035.JPG)
-
-Jennifer Pepper worried she would struggle to hire staff for the Choices clinic, in a small town where a job would be a hard secret to keep. Instead, she found that some people wanted to be part of a historic moment. Nicole Hester, The Tennessean/ USA TODAY Network
-
-But the prospect of thousands of women who'd soon be unable to get abortions in their home states helped draw staff to the clinics from near and far in the months after the ruling.
-
-There was the 36-year-old transplant to Carbondale named Unique, who like others didn’t want to use her last name to protect her safety. After moving from Boston for her husband’s medical position, she signed on as Choices’ operations manager.
-
-“This is a historic moment,” she said. “I want to be a part of it.”
-
-There was the nurse practitioner with a streak of colored hair who moved from Chicago. The medical assistant with a child who had grown up in an even smaller southern Illinois town. The local resident drawn by the chance to make a difference.
-
-“Initially we all had these worries: How will it be? How are the protesters going to react to us?” Unique said. 
-
-Unique’s husband was initially uneasy. The clinics were the talk of the town. “It was a big thing,” she said. The fact that Choices also planned to offer transgender care, along with a wide range of women's health care, only added to the potential for controversy. 
-
-One Choices employee said she kept it quiet, afraid that her relative’s business would suffer if people learned where she worked. Another wondered how her church would react. Doctors would have to come in from outside the area.
-
-Across town at Alamo, which [announced](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/07/13/abortion-roe-texas-illinois-new-mexico-alan-braid/) its new location in July, Braid’s daughter, Andrea Gallegos, the administrator of the clinics in Tulsa and San Antonio, had decided to move her family 14 hours north to Carbondale.
-
-“We’re essentially in the same position that patients are – having to make the choice to travel,” she said, wondering if she’d run into protesters in town after work, something she didn’t experience in a city of more than a million.
-
-“Will I see them on the corner at the clinic and then also later at the school picking up my children?” she said. “Will I see them at the grocery store?”
-
-![Andrea Gallegos, administrator of the Alamo clinic, decided to move to 14 hours away to open the clinic in Carbondale in hopes of serving women traveling for abortions.  “We're essentially in the same position that patients are," she said.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/2afdb297-bcce-495f-ba63-a48d2c4fa1bb-5D5A2874.jpg)
-
-Andrea Gallegos, administrator of the Alamo clinic, decided to move to 14 hours away to open the clinic in Carbondale in hopes of serving women traveling for abortions. “We're essentially in the same position that patients are," she said. Chris Kenning, USA TODAY
-
-At Choices, staff were trained on “clinic invasions,” active shooters and how to scrub certain personal information from the internet to avoid targeting or harassment.
-
-Opponents pressured several contractors to boycott them. “Found out what you all do. Take me out, I’m not working for you guys,” Gallegos said one contractor told them. Later, they could not get a sign erected for the same reason.
-
-Still, the clinics began to take shape. They hauled in equipment.  Exam tables and copiers arrived. As opening days approached, misgivings began to fade.
-
-Most employees said they were warmly supported around town in their work gear. People thanked them at gas stations and dropped off supportive letters.
-
-“I’ll go to the post office or the grocery store and people will see me in my uniform. And they’ll stop me and be like, ‘Thank you for your work.’ People stop by to offer to volunteer,” Unique said. “I honestly didn’t expect to have that much support. But we do. And it’s a really good feeling.”
-
-![August](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/indepth-static-assets/uploads/master/70180040007/90617b6c-b520-4b98-8e80-b491e53d19f3-orange-line.png)
-
-By August, a group of pastors from Carbondale and surrounding southern Illinois counties had begun to meet along with opposition groups from the St. Louis area.
-
-News of the clinics’ plans to open in Carbondale had landed like “a punch in the gut,” said Surburg, head of the Good Shepherd Lutheran Church in the residential neighborhood of Marion, 17 miles east of Carbondale.
-
-Now there was a challenge ahead.
-
-For decades, there had been little for anti-abortion opponents to organize against in the area. Active opponents thought of praying or working as so-called sidewalk counselors outside of abortion clinics as a “St. Louis thing,” the biggest city several hours away. 
-
-![Before the Dobbs ruling, there were no abortion clinics to protest in Carbondale. But once the clinics arrived, a group of pastors and others vowed to build up an opposition movement.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/9831fb42-c9cb-484a-ad17-aa34b1e8901f-9X0A9983.jpg)
-
-Before the Dobbs ruling, there were no abortion clinics to protest in Carbondale. But once the clinics arrived, a group of pastors and others vowed to build up an opposition movement. Chris Kenning, USA TODAY
-
-Carbondale did have a small pregnancy center, which offered aid to mothers and sought to offer alternatives to abortions. But many churches weren’t connected or organized around abortion, Surburg said.
-
-He and others wanted a regular, peaceful presence outside the clinics. A big city might easily field a regular crowd of demonstrators. But a town of fewer than 22,000 – and a liberal-leaning one at that? 
-
-“We’re going to have to build it up by scratch,” Surburg said.
-
-Brian Westbrook, director of the St. Louis-based nonprofit Coalition Life
-
-> The abortion industry is pouring millions of dollars now into Carbondale. And so the pro-life movement wants to do the same.
-
-In other cities where clinics had crossed state lines, opponents had employed new tactics, including city-specific campaigns of door-knocking and, in more conservative towns, newly constitutional zoning restrictions to keep clinics away. In Carbondale, such suggestions went nowhere.
-
-Helping organize a response was Brian Westbrook, director of the St. Louis-based nonprofit Coalition Life.
-
-Westbrook discussed erecting billboards and signs on highways leading to Carbondale and funding an expansion of the local anti-abortion pregnancy center. It had expanded hours and ultrasounds, director Cassie Walden said during an August webcast called “Carbondale Crisis.” There was talk of a mobile ultrasound unit parked near the clinics to get women to rethink abortions. 
-
-“The abortion industry is pouring millions of dollars now into Carbondale. And so the pro-life movement wants to do the same,” Westbrook said.
-
-![After the fight to overturn Roe v. Wade, Rev. Mark Surburg, a pastor in a town near Carbondale, was dismayed to find the battle had wound up on his doorstep. “It just made things absolutely worse for where I live,” he said.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/8a117f07-5ebf-4411-b004-ff7cf9f9ad0e-abortion_story_carbondale_048.JPG)
-
-After the fight to overturn Roe v. Wade, Rev. Mark Surburg, a pastor in a town near Carbondale, was dismayed to find the battle had wound up on his doorstep. “It just made things absolutely worse for where I live,” he said. NICOLE HESTER, THE TENNESSEAN/USA TODAY NETWORK
-
-Pastors from Kentucky and Tennessee volunteered to make trips to Carbondale and opponents formed the Southern Illinois Pro-Life Alliance, a group of dozens of churches, to coordinate what they said would be a peaceful presence outside the new clinics.
-
-Surburg said some wanted to fund supported living facilities for mothers who didn’t believe they could afford a child.
-
-At that point, just a few months after the Supreme Court ruling, the landscape of abortion remained unsettled as the battle moved to state legislatures, courts and ballot boxes.
-
-Tennessee’s “trigger” law went into [effect](https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2022/07/26/tennessee-abortion-trigger-law-ban-2022-expected-august/10061093002/) that month, making it a felony to provide abortions, with rare exceptions. At the same time, Kansas voters rejected a [state constitutional amendment](https://www.npr.org/sections/2022-live-primary-election-race-results/2022/08/02/1115317596/kansas-voters-abortion-legal-reject-constitutional-amendment) that would have stripped away abortion protections, reflecting [national polls showing](https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/06/13/about-six-in-ten-americans-say-abortion-should-be-legal-in-all-or-most-cases-2/) about 61% believe abortion should be legal in most instances.
-
-But during an appearance on the “Carbondale Crisis” webcast, Republican state Sen. Terri Bryant, who represents a portion of southern Illinois, predicted Illinois would only pursue more permissive abortion laws.
-
-“Everyone in the country is going to want to come here,” she said. 
-
-![Nov. 3](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/indepth-static-assets/uploads/master/70180040007/90617b6c-b520-4b98-8e80-b491e53d19f3-orange-line.png)
-
-On a sunny fall morning, Gallegos got out of her car and walked up to the Alamo Women’s Clinic, a one-story building set among small medical offices on the corner of a divided state highway.
-
-Trailing her that morning were a cable news camera crew, a wire-service photographer and another reporter. Carbondale was coming to symbolize the shifting map of U.S. abortion access, and the media glare was intensifying.
-
-She kept thinking: Was she forgetting something? 
-
-She’d slept little the night before, holed up in one of the few hotels downtown, chasing down final details. Pushing through the glass door, she sipped a large coffee, both exhausted and excited.
-
-It was far smaller than their San Antonio office, which had surgery suites. There was no sign yet outside announcing the clinic. But it had been a long road to get here. 
-
-In 2021, [Texas](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/09/01/texas-abortion-law-faq/?itid=lk_inline_manual_11) banned abortion beyond roughly the sixth week of pregnancy, shutting down many of the abortions Alamo performed. They had directed women to their clinic in Oklahoma, a nine-hour drive, before that state, too, passed a ban. A month later, in June, “it was over,” she said.
-
-Finally, she was once again able to serve women seeking care.
-
-“It’s been a long time coming,” she said, walking amid quiet, white-walled hallways decorated with encouraging words such as “know your worth,” and checking on exam rooms and supply closets.
-
-![A patient room at Choices Center for Reproductive Health, in December.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/4549edff-a2aa-4c00-af92-4479d087c733-abortion_story_carbondale_001.JPG)
-
-A patient room at Choices Center for Reproductive Health, in December. Nicole Hester, The Tennessean/ USA TODAY Network
-
-A physician, who had driven in from another state, entered and said hello.  A calendar on the wall showed the date: Nov. 3, opening day.
-
-By then, more than a dozen states had enacted near-total abortion bans. Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas – places where women might now look toward Carbondale. And that meant people seeking an abortion had to bridge longer and costlier distances. A [study published in JAMA](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2798215?utm_campaign=articlePDF&utm_medium=articlePDFlink&utm_source=articlePDF&utm_content=jama.2022.20424) found that travel time for women in Texas to the nearest abortion facility increased by nearly eight hours.
-
-Waiting lists swelled as providers looked to open clinics and give financial aid to help women cross state borders. Planned Parenthood’s abortion clinic in Fairview Heights, across from St. Louis, saw a 370% increase in patients since the court ruling. 
-
-Soon the first woman, in her early 20s, checked in at the window. Her boyfriend sat in the waiting room. It would be $600 to see a provider and get [mifepristone](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/08/briefing/abortion-pills.html), the first pill in the two-drug medication abortion regimen that had grown to account for more than half of U.S. pregnancy terminations.
-
-![Medication for abortions, at the Choices clinic in Carbondale. More than half of American abortions now use this method.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/bc70f1c4-4e1a-4161-8e28-4571530a64d1-abortion_story_carbondale_023.JPG)
-
-Medication for abortions, at the Choices clinic in Carbondale. More than half of American abortions now use this method. Nicole Hester, The Tennessean/ USA TODAY Network
-
-“Our credit card machine decided not to work,” Gallegos said of a glitch that would require clients to retrieve cash from an ATM.
-
-On hand was Braid, still fighting for access after 45 years. At the time, he was still facing [a lawsuit for performing an abortion](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/12/09/texas-abortion-ban-judge-alan-braid-sb-8/10865066002/) on a patient who had passed Texas’ six-week legal limit, a move hoping to draw a legal challenge.
-
-Sitting in a clinic office, Braid said the lack of protesters that day was fine with him. He was sure they’d arrive but hoped they would not be as intense as they’d been in Oklahoma. 
-
-“In Tulsa, the antis bought an empty lot across the street from the clinic. They put up a cross, a little shelter, a little prayer area. They were out there, 20 people at a time, screaming at patients,” he said. “It was pretty awful.”
-
-Before long, the patient walked back to an exam room. She told staff she had returned from a trip and realized she believed she was pregnant. 
-
-After some tests, the doctor who’d arrived from another state pulled up a chair on rolling wheels to the exam table. 
-
-“I don’t see a pregnancy yet. You’re very early,” he said. She left without getting an abortion. More tests were needed.
-
-Walking out, the woman said that was grateful to find access near where she was living. 
-
-“I’m glad it’s here,” she said.
-
-Already that day, Alamo was setting appointments for people coming from as far away as Texas and Florida.
-
-But first, those women would have to find ways to bridge the distance.
-
-![December](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/indepth-static-assets/uploads/master/70180040007/90617b6c-b520-4b98-8e80-b491e53d19f3-orange-line.png)
-
-More than a month later, Alison Dreith hunched over her laptop.
-
-Outside her remote Illinois farmhouse, a distant drive from Carbondale – she's careful not to say exactly where – goats grazed on a cold December day. Inside, she scrolled through messages from women across the South: Jasmine from Texas. Kyler from Arkansas. Lesha from Georgia.
-
-They were facing unwanted pregnancies – but needed financial help to reach clinics like Carbondale. Gas money. Airfare. Hotels.
-
-Some tried to explain. They didn’t have someone to care for their other children. They lacked a car or a ride for drives to Carbondale that could take up to 10 hours. They needed help with hotels to stay overnight.
-
-![Alison Dreith went to college in Carbondale. Now, from elsewhere in Illinois, she helps run the Midwest Access Coalition, which offers support for women trying to reach clinics in Carbondale, and elsewhere, for an abortion.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/c6367fbd-3151-4382-ab03-deb4e4323ad1-5D5A2995.jpg)
-
-Alison Dreith went to college in Carbondale. Now, from elsewhere in Illinois, she helps run the Midwest Access Coalition, which offers support for women trying to reach clinics in Carbondale, and elsewhere, for an abortion. Chris Kenning, USA TODAY
-
-“I’m looking to receive help with transportation for my upcoming appointment,” one woman messaged.
-
-Dreith, who went to college in Carbondale, helps run the Midwest Access Coalition, a donations-and-grants-funded nonprofit that started in 2015 as state restrictions were already fracturing the abortion landscape. 
-
-Now, months after Dobbs, they and other abortion funds were playing an increasingly critical role for women having to travel hundreds of miles to reach clinics. A Planned Parenthood center in Fairview Heights, Illinois, just across the river from St. Louis, had provided travel and lodging to thousands of patients since Dobbs.
-
-Toward the end of 2022, the Midwest Access Coalition helped more than 1,600 women. That was double the number from the previous year and nearly four times the 380 clients they aided in 2019.
-
-Dreith, a former leader of NARAL Pro-Choice Missouri, said on any given day, she has to vault unexpected hurdles on behalf of the women who call: A missed flight. An inability to get off work. A domestic violence victim whose abuser took her identification and phone. 
-
-On this day, she was helping a 24-year-old woman in Arkansas who had an appointment at the Alamo clinic in Carbondale.  It was 680 miles round trip. $150 gas, $40 food. A room at the Best Western in Carbondale. 
-
-“I have sent $190 in cash to the clinic for you to pick up at your appointment for gas and food support,” Dreith messaged. “I’ll call and check in on you next week, but I’m here if you need me or if something changes.”
-
-The woman thanked her. “Happy to help,” Dreith replied, with a hands-heart emoji. 
-
-But the demand never stopped.
-
-The group already had to temporarily stop supporting partners to travel with patients. It would eventually have to shut down the hotline during the latter days of some weeks because of the overwhelming demand, waiting until the following week to help those seeking it. 
-
-That means some were managing their own abortions or winding up carrying an unwanted, or even dangerous, pregnancy to term.
-
-“It just reminds you that lives are on the line,” she said.  
-
-![Christmas](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/indepth-static-assets/uploads/master/70180040007/90617b6c-b520-4b98-8e80-b491e53d19f3-orange-line.png)
-
-Just a few days before Christmas, a blizzard was forecast to sweep across southern Illinois’ fields and forests.
-
-Outside huddled several protesters, including a local resident who had a sign, a folding chair and a cooler with snacks and two women at their checkpoint sign. One driver raised a middle finger at the protesters as he sped by. 
-
-Inside Choices, “Let It Snow” played on speakers as staffers clicked keyboards at a long desk. At one end were paper bags filled with pregnancy-ending medication.
-
-![at CHOICES Center for Reproductive Health  in Carbondale, IL., Tuesday, Dec. 20, 2022.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/10be69b1-9ca9-4dbf-83a1-fd39e974a8f0-abortion_story_carbondale_004.JPG)
-
-![at CHOICES Center for Reproductive Health  in Carbondale, IL., Tuesday, Dec. 20, 2022.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/20ae976a-db72-413e-8f75-a0ba9b01b2c2-abortion_story_carbondale_030.JPG)
-
-In December, as patients from across the country flowed in and out of Carbondale, employees at Choices Center for Reproductive Health kept up with their system. A whiteboard on one wall tracked each staffer's visit to each waiting patient. NICOLE HESTER, THE TENNESSEAN/USA TODAY NETWORK
-
-Between July and December of 2022, more than 65,000 people were unable to receive a legal abortion in their home state, according to a [FiveThirtyEight analysis](https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/post-dobbs-abortion-access-66000/) of Society of Family Planning data, because of banned or restricted access. 
-
-Another [analysis](https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/abortion-driving-distance/) showed women who lived in a swath stretching from southern Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico faced some of the longest drives for care in the nation.
-
-Illinois is one of the few places where abortion is legal for up to 24 to 26 weeks of pregnancy. Choices performs abortions up to 12 weeks.
-
-In the Carbondale clinic’s exam rooms, women flowed in and out.
-
-In one room was a matter-of-fact, 30-something flight attendant in black boots, who said she was upset she'd had to travel so far, take off work and face protesters who tried to stop her. They had no idea of her reasons, she said. What if she’d been raped? 
-
-In another room was a 21-year-old factory worker from Kentucky, a single parent not ready for a second child. She didn’t know much about the abortion debate. Only that she’d looked up where to go and found Carbondale. Her boyfriend waited outside in the car. 
-
-In yet another was a young woman in a hoodie and sweatpants. She was nervous and kept an earphone in one ear. She said she wanted to be ready to care for a child. 
-
-“I’m barely able to take care of myself,” she said.
-
-![at CHOICES Center for Reproductive Health  in Carbondale, IL., Wednesday, Dec. 21, 2022.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/1448850f-9e4e-4749-b1ce-5db2c2a313c8-abortion_story_carbondale_043.JPG)
-
-![at CHOICES Center for Reproductive Health in Carbondale, IL., Wednesday, Dec. 21, 2022.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/b8414834-e48e-42f1-9389-3b90f9b798a1-abortion_story_carbondale_044.JPG)
-
-At Choices, the walls are dotted with encouraging artwork. Patient handouts give guidance on what to expect after taking abortion medication. At Choices, the walls are dotted with encouraging artwork. Patient handouts give guidance on what to expect after taking abortion medication. At Choices, the walls are dotted with encouraging artwork. Patient handouts give guidance on what to expect after taking abortion medication. NICOLE HESTER, THE TENNESSEAN/USA TODAY NETWORK
-
-Some women arrived with firm determination, staff said. Some wavered and left. Others let loose a floodgate of tears when they finally reached a sympathetic staffer after a long journey. Staff neither encouraged nor discouraged them – it was their own choice.
-
-In one room, the young woman with a green wristband was upset that protesters had gotten her to stop at a sign that read “Check In.” There, two people she thought were clinic workers with safety vests and clipboards had tried to get her to visit the local pregnancy center for an ultrasound and to persuade her against abortion.  
-
-Her decision was anything but blithe, she said.
-
-![Outside the Choices clinic, people with orange vests and a check-in sign hope to stop arriving women and steer them toward a pregnancy center that encourages alternatives to abortion.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/3c224617-a5d9-40ea-bfc2-5d767a374928-abortion_story_carbondale_050.JPG)
-
-Outside the Choices clinic, people with orange vests and a check-in sign hope to stop arriving women and steer them toward a pregnancy center that encourages alternatives to abortion. Nicole Hester, The Tennessean/ USA TODAY Network
-
-The clinic staff asked her about her period, took her vital signs and medical history. They went over what to expect with the two-drug regimen. 
-
-There would be cramping. Bleeding is normal. Watch for blood clots bigger than a lemon, they said. Call if she had concerns. And they stressed that once the pill is taken, there is no turning back.
-
-“So of course you just have to be sure of your decision before you take that pill,” one staffer said. 
-
-She was handed the first pill and a small bottle of water.
-
-Not long after, she walked out, past the security guard. She looked exhausted. Back home, her kids were waiting. And there was a long drive ahead. 
-
-![JANUARY](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/indepth-static-assets/uploads/master/70180040007/90617b6c-b520-4b98-8e80-b491e53d19f3-orange-line.png)
-
-It was already dark on an early January night in downtown Carbondale as more than a dozen abortion opponents held hands in a prayer circle inside city hall – hoping to persuade the city not to approve a 100-foot “bubble zone” to keep demonstrators away from those entering clinics or any health care facilities.
-
-After taking Communion, they sang hymns and prayed. “Our God, won’t you stop them?” one woman asked. Another person, his head bowed, said, “It’s not your will that children be sacrificed.”
-
-![By January, Carbondale was preparing to pass a law to keep protesters farther away from the abortion clinics. A group of activists gathered inside city hall to try to stop the new rule.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/4cf3dbef-cef2-4f7c-9e0e-fd33fb28fb54-5D5A3023.jpg)
-
-By January, Carbondale was preparing to pass a law to keep protesters farther away from the abortion clinics. A group of activists gathered inside city hall to try to stop the new rule. Chris Kenning, USA TODAY
-
-Watching and shaking her head was a woman who owned a business in Carbondale. She declined to provide her name. But she said the debate had created lingering local tensions.
-
-“It’s a very dark road we’ve come down,” she said. 
-
-About 70 opponents, and six supporters, waited through more than an hour of mundane council business: a liquor license dispute, complaints about potholes and whether Carbondale should have new year’s fireworks.
-
-A series of anti-abortion speakers said the "bubble zone" proposal violated their constitutional rights and they threatened legal action. They said the decision was part of a larger question of the city’s identity. Supporters countered that women and clinic workers shouldn’t be bullied.
-
-But some of the more fiery speeches from the previous May, when some opponents had hoped to block the clinics quickly, seemed absent. 
-
-And the city council members didn’t budge. One said he didn’t appreciate being threatened with lawsuits. Loos launched into a dressing-down over the tactics including demonstrators’ use of ladders they climbed to peer over Choices’ fence. 
-
-“It’s creepy. It’s weird,” he said. “Stop it.”  
-
-The council passed the ordinance. 
-
-![An anti-abortion speaker addresses the Carbondale City Council, January 2023.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/de9672ab-12f1-4035-a48f-6c9894e410aa-9X0A0322.jpg)
-
-![The Carbondale City Council debates a buffer zone for abortion clinic protests in January 2023.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/1250ff35-02d4-4713-add8-97e36274273d-5D5A3070.jpg)
-
-Anti-abortion speakers said the city council's plan for a protest buffer zone violated their constitutional rights. The ordinance passed. Anti-abortion speakers said the city council's plan for a protest buffer zone violated their constitutional rights. The ordinance passed. Anti-abortion speakers said the city council's plan for a protest buffer zone violated their constitutional rights. The ordinance passed. CHRIS KENNING, USA TODAY
-
-Curt Caldwell, a former teacher, had been going out with his wife, Connie, to pray outside the clinics. He said they were disappointed more residents weren’t actively involved.
-
-After the fervor of the initial meetings, they said, some of the enthusiasm seemed to have dissipated. “It just was like, 'Hey, where are they? Where did they go?'” Connie Caldwell said.
-
-“When it’s our town, and then something invasive comes in that you know in your heart is wrong, then it’s hard,” she said.
-
-After the buffer zone passed, clinic staff said they saw a drop in demonstrators. By late March, sometimes there were just a few protesters, if any. Anti-abortion activist Scott Davis, standing with several others one day outside of Alamo's long drive, acknowledged turnout had dipped but said at least a small number of women had been persuaded to go to the pregnancy center. 
-
-Carbondale resident Stanley Tucker wrote to the local paper, saying he’d sat in his chair holding a sign reading "Choose Life" or "Protect the Unborn,” and complained about residents passing by and shouting obscenities at protesters.
-
-A local man who opposed the clinics was running for mayor. But opponents knew that what they really needed, to flip the state’s Democratic legislative supermajority, was a tall order.
-
-“Long term, it ultimately ends up being a political thing, because the state legislature is the one that decides these laws,” said Surburg, the pastor. 
-
-While that seemed out of reach, he said, so too did overturning Roe v. Wade before it happened.
-
-![April](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/indepth-static-assets/uploads/master/70180040007/90617b6c-b520-4b98-8e80-b491e53d19f3-orange-line.png)
-
-On a warm day in late April, Cindy Courtney looked over the shelves of diapers, books, baby clothes inside Carbondale’s Cradle of Hope.
-
-The Catholic-supported charity, whose stated goals include “to encourage life and prevent abortions from taking place,” had recently opened near a building under renovation that was widely rumored to become the city’s third clinic.
-
-City officials confirmed a new clinic was set to open this year but wouldn’t say where, and some clinic operators stayed publicly mum about their plans.
-
-“It’s right behind us,” said Courtney, the center’s volunteer director. “My first thought is to stand there and pray, or throw some holy water on it.”
-
-![-](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/17/USAT/5fc60770-9085-40aa-8c56-fba52eab21b6-IMG_8963_2.jpg)
-
-![-](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/17/USAT/9a60f20d-774b-4db7-b9ec-95e5f9611a61-IMG_8959_2.jpg)
-
-At Cradle of Hope, a Catholic-supported charity, Cindy Courtney stocks baby supplies for needy mothers that it hopes to persuade not to have abortions. She laments how the town became synonymous with the abortion fight. “It just happened so fast,” she said. At Cradle of Hope, a Catholic-supported charity, Cindy Courtney stocks baby supplies for needy mothers that it hopes to persuade not to have abortions. She laments how the town became synonymous with the abortion fight. “It just happened so fast,” she said. At Cradle of Hope, a Catholic-supported charity, Cindy Courtney stocks baby supplies for needy mothers that it hopes to persuade not to have abortions. She laments how the town became synonymous with the abortion fight. “It just happened so fast,” she said. CHRIS KENNING, USA TODAY
-
-In the year since locals first heard clinics were moving into town, Courtney lamented that Carbondale had become so widely associated with abortion. Southern Illinois had even been referenced as an abortion haven in an episode of the ABC show “Grey’s Anatomy.”
-
-“It just happened so fast,” she said. “It wasn’t here. Then all of a sudden, here in a little bit, we’re going to have three abortion clinics.”
-
-By May, after ramping up over months, Alamo and Choices together were scheduling about 20-30 women each day, with 95% from out of state – making Carbondale the emerging haven of access that clinic operators had envisioned more than a year earlier.
-
-Illinois as a whole also saw more and more distant patients amid bans both nearby and in the South. Planned Parenthood of Illinois, which operates in various locations, saw numbers of out-of-state patients rise to 30% from 6%.
-
-“The fact that so many people are traveling daily is pretty incredible and ridiculous, all at the same time,” Gallegos said after climbing into her car after a day at the Alamo clinic. She said she was still working to move her family to a city she said had become an “island of access.”
-
-Elsewhere in Illinois, a new abortion battle was brewing in a small town along the eastern border with Indiana, whose total abortion ban was still being hammered out in court. And months earlier, in Peoria, a man was charged with setting fire to a Planned Parenthood clinic, causing $1 million in damage just days after Illinois passed [legislation aimed at protecting abortion patients and providers](https://apnews.com/article/abortion-us-supreme-court-health-care-costs-illinois-bbc4df0d3bec21ad84febd9ee0f0937d).
-
-Gary Williams, Carbondale city manager
-
-> We’re a little blue dot and this huge sea of red in Southern Illinois. And you’ve got this dynamic of local residents that have been really quiet about it. It hasn’t riled them up, it hasn’t caused a lot of stress. And then you’ve got a lot of dissension and activism and protests from folks who don’t live here.
-
-But even as the Carbondale clinics gained notoriety outside the city, the visible signs of tension that some feared would be a permanent fixture in Carbondale – for the time being, at least  – had appeared to ebb.
-
-Clinic protests hadn’t proven as large or disruptive as Williams, the city manager, feared a year earlier after the tumultuous council meetings in Carbondale.
-
-Nor had the clinics faced any major threats of violence. Carbondale police responded to once-weekly calls to remind protesters of property lines, officials said.
-
-A Carbondale anti-abortion mayoral candidate who emerged was defeated in a spring election by Carolin Harvey, who served as mayor-pro-tem after the former mayor stepped down. Other city council members who supported the clinics were reelected.
-
-“It’s been really interesting to see how this whole thing has played out,” said Williams, who viewed Carbondale’s experience with abortion as reflecting the nation’s larger political divides.
-
-“We’re a little blue dot and this huge sea of red in southern Illinois. And you've got this dynamic of local residents that have been really quiet about it. It hasn’t riled them up, it hasn’t caused a lot of stress. And then you’ve got a lot of dissension and activism and protests from folks who don’t live here,” he said.
-
-How area residents viewed the impact of the clinics’ presence – whether it was the talk of the town or a non-issue, a crisis or something that elicited shrugs – tended to be colored by like-minded social circles that rarely intersected.
-
-“I don’t hear any opposition. But that’s because everybody I’m around is in support of the clinics,” said Mays, who explained that she learned that, in Carbondale, “there turned out to be much more pro-life people than I thought there was.”
-
-The Chamber of Commerce hadn’t quantified any economic impact, but some people in town said it likely gave at least some boost to restaurants, gas stations and hotels, at least one of which offered a discount to clinic clients. Nor had any obvious boycotts appeared to materialize.
-
-Still, clinic leaders said protests tended to ebb and flow. And local anti-abortion groups said they would not stop their efforts. By mid-May, Coalition for Life and the conservative Thomas More Society would file a federal lawsuit seeking to overturn the city’s 100-foot buffer zone.
-
-At a news conference in front of city hall, Peter Breen, a Thomas More Society attorney, said the suit represented a renewed push in Carbondale and was part of a broader struggle in a state surrounded by those with stricter abortion rules.
-
-Breen said he was reminded of the complaints he heard from southern Illinois lawmakers when he served in the state legislature.
-
-“What is with you guys in Chicago imposing your values on us here in Carbondale and in southern Illinois?” he said. “Why should these folks here in southern Illinois be turned into an abortion hub for a good third of the country? It’s not right.”
-
-![Abortion pills, held by an advocate in Illinois.](https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/05/03/USAT/f364f4d4-5908-40cd-b8e7-61eba27a969b-5D5A2938.jpg)
-
-Abortion pills, held by an advocate in Illinois. Chris Kenning, USA TODAY
-
-Across town at Choices, a group of staffers huddled by the front desk one morning near a still-empty waiting room, clicking on computers, preparing exam rooms and making small talk. Their work on the front lines of the abortion fight had grown routine. They got plenty of support – people still regularly stopped by the clinic to make donations or bring cookies or flowers – despite an occasional dirty look. 
-
-“I think Carbondale has been a very different experience from other new clinics opening in smaller communities or along borders,” Pepper said.
-
-By the end of March, in the first five and a half months they were open, Choices had performed just over 1,400 abortions, reaching an average of about 400 a month, the largest numbers of women coming from Tennessee, Mississippi and Arkansas.
-
-Though rising each month, it’s just 75% of the surge that Pepper predicted – likely a function of the newness of the location, greater use of abortion pills via telemedicine, unpredicted preservation of abortion access in some states and the struggle to reach distant clinics, she said. 
-
-Jennifer Pepper, president and CEO of Choices Center for Reproductive Health
-
-> I think travel is an even bigger barrier for people than we had anticipated. Probably lots of people are choosing to continue their pregnancy because a place like Carbondale just seems like too high a hurdle to jump, especially for people living in poverty in southern Mississippi or southern Louisiana. That’s a long way.
-
-“I think travel is an even bigger barrier for people than we had anticipated,” she said. “Probably lots of people are choosing to continue their pregnancy because a place like Carbondale just seems like too high a hurdle to jump, especially for people living in poverty in southern Mississippi or southern Louisiana. That’s a long way.”
-
-For Pepper personally, it’s been a long 18 months since first setting her sights on Carbondale – one full of fundraising, long commutes, media attention, hiring local staff, navigating city leaders and protesters and serving as a public advocate.
-
-“It was incredibly stressful. I probably spent more nights in hotels and Airbnbs than I did at home,” she said. “And quite frankly, what makes me even more tired is that I don't see it slowing down for us, for our patients, for our communities, anytime soon. Especially with all the additional attacks on medication, abortion and gender-affirming care. It feels like drinking out of a firehose.”
-
-To Pepper, the meager showing of daily protesters outside the clinic's windows was a reminder of public attitudes often lost amid heated fights over abortion. 
-
-“Most people in this country, and even in very red areas, support access to abortion,” she said, citing polls that show 61% say it should be legal in all or most cases, something that helped fuel a midterm election backlash to the high court ruling. 
-
-Yet as the one-year mark approached, legislatures in Florida and North Carolina continued pushing [moves to further limit abortions](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/05/16/north-carolina-12-week-abortion-override-governors-veto/70226030007/), and courts weighed the use of the pill mifepristone. The battles over abortion rights continued.
-
-So too did the demand for abortion – and the work of those determined to provide it.
-
-At Choices, it could be seen in the flickering appointment screens.
-
-The cars with out-of-state plates in the parking lot.
-
-And the exam-room whiteboard that is checked, erased and checked again.
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
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-# How the Biggest Fraud in German History Unravelled
-
-Late in the spring of 2020, Jan Marsalek, an Austrian bank executive, was suspended from his job. He was a widely admired figure in the European business community—charismatic, trilingual, and well travelled. Even at his busiest, as the chief operating officer of Wirecard, Germany’s fastest-growing financial-technology company, he would assure subordinates who sought a minute of his time that he had one, just for them. “For you, always,” he used to say. But he would say that to almost everyone.
-
-Marsalek’s identity was inextricable from that of the company, a global payment processor that was headquartered outside Munich and had a banking license. He had joined in 2000, on his twentieth birthday, when it was a startup. He had no formal qualifications or work experience, but he showed an inexhaustible devotion to Wirecard’s growth. The company eventually earned the confidence of Germany’s political and financial élite, who considered it Europe’s answer to PayPal. When Wirecard wanted to acquire a Chinese company, Chancellor Angela Merkel personally took up the matter with President Xi Jinping.
-
-Then, on June 18, 2020, Wirecard announced that nearly two billion euros was missing from the company’s accounts. The sum amounted to all the profits that Wirecard had ever reported as a public company. There were only two possibilities: the money had been stolen, or it had never existed.
-
-The Wirecard board placed Marsalek on temporary leave. The missing funds had supposedly been parked in two banks in the Philippines, and Wirecard’s Asia operations were under Marsalek’s purview. Before leaving the office that day, he told people that he was going to Manila, to track down the money.
-
-That night, Marsalek met a friend, Martin Weiss, for pizza in Munich. Until recently, Weiss had served as the head of operations for Austria’s intelligence agency; now he trafficked in information at the intersection of politics, finance, and crime. Weiss called a far-right former Austrian parliamentarian and asked him to arrange a private jet for Marsalek, leaving from a small airfield near Vienna. The next day, another former Austrian intelligence officer allegedly drove Marsalek some two hundred and fifty miles east. Marsalek arrived at the Bad Vöslau airfield just before 8 *P.M.* He carried only hand luggage, paid the pilots nearly eight thousand euros in cash, and declined to take a receipt.
-
-Philippine immigration records show that Jan Marsalek entered the country four days later, on June 23rd. But, like almost everything about Wirecard, the records had been faked. Although Austrians generally aren’t allowed dual citizenship, Marsalek held at least eight passports, including diplomatic cover from the tiny Caribbean nation of Grenada. His departure from Bad Vöslau is the last instance in which he is known to have used his real name.
-
-The rise of Wirecard did not occur in a vacuum. Rather, it reflected a convergence of factors that made the past half decade “the golden age of fraud,” as the hedge-fund manager Jim Chanos has put it. In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, governments sought to revive depressed economies, and central banks suppressed interest rates, making it cheaper for businesses to get loans. The venture-capital and tech worlds, awash in easy money, developed a culture of selling narratives and vaporware—lofty and sometimes fantastical ideas, with no clear path to implementation. Redditors shared their *YOLO* trades; offshore crypto exchanges posted their own tokens as collateral for multibillion-dollar loans. In late 2021, amid the investing frenzy, a CNBC guest—the author of such books as “Trade Like a Stock Market Wizard” and “Think & Trade Like a Champion,” who charges people a thousand dollars a month for “private access” to his market research—recommended a tech company called Upstart, asserting that its earnings were “very powerful” and that the company had “a good-looking name.”
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a25550)
-
-“Next time, could you not use your podcast voice?”
-
-Cartoon by Sophia Glock
-
-“What do they do?” the host asked.
-
-“Uh, excuse me?”
-
-“What does Upstart do?”
-
-“Uh, well . . . I’m, I’m . . . I’m sorry.”
-
-“What kind of company is it?”
-
-“Yeah, I’m not . . . You’re breaking up,” the guest said. (Upstart’s share price has since dropped by ninety-five per cent.)
-
-It was against this backdrop that German institutions supported Wirecard. The country’s traditional industry is in cars and energy systems—BMW, Volkswagen, Daimler, Siemens. Wirecard represented the nation’s challenge to Silicon Valley, its leap into financial technology and the digital era. “German politicians were proud to be able to say, Hey, we have a fintech company!” Florian Toncar, a German parliamentarian, observed. Wirecard’s rising stock price was regarded as a sign that the business was dependable, that its critics were clueless or corrupt. The German business newspaper *Handelsblatt* called Wirecard’s C.E.O. a “mastermind” who had “come across the German financial scene like the Holy Spirit.” But it was not regulators or auditors who ultimately took the company down; it was a reporter and his editors, in London.
-
-Dan McCrum often jokes that his marriage was a minor fraud—his wife met him when he was a banker, but she ended up with a journalist instead. When McCrum was in his mid-twenties, he worked at Citigroup in London for four years, “which was long enough to look around the room and think, Hang on, there’s nobody I want to *be* here,” he told me. One evening, he went out for dinner with a group of colleagues “and everybody was bitching about their jobs,” he said. A young woman suggested that they go around the table and share their real aspirations, most of which required years of training or an advanced degree. “And when it came to me, without hesitation, I was, like, ‘I’d be a journalist,’ ” he said. “And the woman who had asked the question just looked at me as if I were a bit stupid and said, ‘Well, you know, you can just *do* that.’ ”
-
-The timing was serendipitous; eighteen months later, in July, 2008, as a fledgling reporter at the *Financial Times*, McCrum was sent to New York, where he witnessed the collapse of Lehman Brothers and the chaos that ensued. By the end of the year, Bernie Madoff’s Ponzi scheme had unravelled, leaving investors some sixty-five billion dollars poorer. “It felt as if we were through the looking glass,” McCrum recalled. “If a fraud of that magnitude was hiding in plain sight, then anything could be fake.”
-
-In the summer of 2014, McCrum was casting about for story ideas in London when a hedge-fund manager asked him, “Would you be interested in some German gangsters?” He added, “Be careful.”
-
-In 2000, a year after Wirecard was formed, it nearly imploded—partly because it had hired Jan Marsalek to oversee its transition to the mobile era. “The first warning sign was when the company’s systems crashed and Wirecard’s engineers traced the problem to Marsalek’s desk,” McCrum later wrote, in a book called “Money Men,” from 2022. “In an ‘accident,’ he’d routed all of the company’s internet traffic through his own PC, rather than the dedicated hardware in the server room—a set-up ideal for snooping.” But Marsalek, a talented hacker, couldn’t be fired; his job was to rebuild from scratch the software that the company used to process payments, “and the project was too important and too far along to start over with someone new.”
-
-Around the same time, a German businessman named Paul Bauer-Schlichtegroll was trying to move into online payments, focussing on pornography. There was no shortage of demand, but it was the end of the age of dial-up Internet, and Bauer-Schlichtegroll’s payment systems were clunky. When he learned that Wirecard could process credit- and debit-card transactions, he offered to buy it. Wirecard refused. But the company was struggling, and after its offices were burglarized it became insolvent. Bauer-Schlichtegroll bought what was left of it for half a million euros.
-
-In the early two-thousands, Wirecard’s company culture resembled that of a frat house. Marsalek took new hires for bottle service at night clubs, and sometimes sent clients back to their hotels with models in tow. When Wirecard signed a live-streaming porn service as a client, Marsalek’s colleague Oliver Bellenhaus, who often played Call of Duty at the office, hooked up his laptop to a TV and paid for a private session. It was ten-thirty in the morning. “Touch your nose,” Bellenhaus and another salesman instructed a topless woman onscreen, to test if the service was really live. The woman complied; the men burst out laughing, and carried on with more orders, as colleagues filed by. “Touch your nose” became a running joke at the office.
-
-Wirecard’s new C.E.O. was a tall, somewhat awkward consultant from Vienna named Markus Braun. He lacked Marsalek’s charisma and affability, but he claimed to have a Ph.D. in social and economic sciences, which gave outsiders the impression that he was a quiet visionary. Under his leadership, Wirecard expanded its payment processing to the world of online gambling—legal in some jurisdictions, prohibited in many others. Wirecard skirted rules by acquiring companies in other countries and routing payments through them. “By allowing third parties to serve as the primary processor or acquirer, Wirecard is not directly identified” by Visa or Mastercard, a critical investor report later noted. “Some of these partners may ultimately lose their own license, but Wirecard’s remains intact.”
-
-The core tenet of the business was that for anything to be sold there must be a way to pay. The fewer the options for payment, the higher the fees; the higher the legal risk, the more complex the transaction.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a26445)
-
-“Don’t pause it—just let me ask you questions for the next twenty minutes.”
-
-Cartoon by José Arroyo
-
-In 2004, Bauer-Schlichtegroll saw an opportunity to transform Wirecard into a publicly listed company, whose shares could be traded on an open exchange. He bought a failing telephone-service provider that was listed on the Frankfurt stock market. With the help of lawyers, Bauer-Schlichtegroll implemented a process known as a reverse takeover, which allowed for listing with less regulatory scrutiny. “Like a parasite devouring its host from the inside, Wirecard was injected into the corporate shell, emerging to walk the stock market in its place,” McCrum wrote.
-
-The following year, having raised capital from the investing public, Braun arranged for Wirecard to buy a small German bank, for about eighteen million euros. To observers, it seemed as if Braun had overpaid; the company could have applied for its own banking license for as little as a million euros. But Braun’s acquisition procedure—as with the stock listing—let the company achieve the desired outcome while avoiding regulatory scrutiny, which would have likely ended in rejection. By owning a bank, the investor report explained, Braun “created a bridge between online and offline cash.” For Wirecard, eighteen million euros wasn’t the price of doing business; it was the price of being able to do business at all.
-
-In October, 2006, the United States passed a law that made it illegal to take bets online. The act was an existential threat to Wirecard’s business. Most major payment processors cut off their American clients from gambling. Wirecard, however, exploited a loophole: the law allowed “games of skill,” which theoretically included poker. In 2007, the company acquired another payments entity, an Irish firm that specialized in online poker, and fired its auditor. That year, Wirecard reported a surge in revenue of sixty-two per cent. Bauer-Schlichtegroll gradually sold his entire stake in the company.
-
-Wirecard had carved out a profitable, if tenuous, operation. But the major poker companies began to ditch Wirecard and its affiliates, to work with better-run businesses; pornography, meanwhile, was now ubiquitous and free. In 2009, although the business was struggling, Braun prepared for investors an unrealistic set of projections that showed a forty-five-degree line of profits and growth, and soon afterward the chief operating officer quit.
-
-Braun appointed Marsalek, who was then twenty-nine, as the new C.O.O. Marsalek sought out new, scammy business partners in the unregulated world of nutraceuticals—açai-berry powder, weight-loss tea. The scheme, McCrum later wrote, “was to get hold of a credit or debit card number by offering ‘risk-free’ trials, then sting the customer with charges buried in small print that were nigh impossible to cancel.” Visa was aggressively shutting down accounts that were associated with fraud, so, according to McCrum, Marsalek spread the payments “over many different Merchant IDs, to keep the number of complaints below the threshold which drew attention.” But it wasn’t enough: Visa froze Wirecard’s accounts, and issued more than twelve million dollars in penalties—facts that Braun withheld from shareholders.
-
-By now, a German investor named Tobias Bosler had discovered irregularities on Wirecard’s balance sheet. He eventually suspected that the company was also miscoding illegal gambling transactions as legal ones, so he asked a friend in America to transfer money to a Wirecard-affiliated poker site. “The money went to the poker Web site, but on the monthly statement it showed a French online store for mobile phones,” Bosler told me.
-
-In 2010, the U.S. government charged a German man living in Florida, who was linked to Wirecard, with money laundering. (He pleaded guilty to a lesser charge, of conducting an unlicensed money-transfer operation, and has claimed not to know who paid his legal fees.) Wirecard had apparently laundered at least a billion and a half dollars’ worth of gambling proceeds, through deliberate miscoding alone, and the German man had transferred to American gamblers some seventy million dollars, with funds originating from Wirecard Bank. When news of the indictment was made public, Wirecard’s share price dropped more than thirty per cent. Braun announced a pivot to Asia.
-
-In the fall of 2014, Dan McCrum noticed that Wirecard had bought many small companies in Asia that no one had ever heard of. The official explanation was that the acquisitions had “local strengths,” which Wirecard helped to grow on a “synergistic basis.” No one seemed to care any longer about the accusations of money laundering in Florida. The company had simply denied any connection, and the investing public had slowly bought into the idea that Wirecard had a wildly profitable Asia division; the firm’s stock valuation surged past four billion euros.
-
-Over coffee in London, a hedge-fund manager named Leo Perry shared with McCrum his theory: Wirecard’s primary business model was to lie to the public, claiming huge profits, so that investors would push up its share price. However, “faking profits, you end up with a problem of fake cash,” Perry said. “At the end of the year, the auditor will expect to see a healthy bank balance—it’s the first thing they check. So what you have to do is spend that fake cash on fake assets”—dormant shell companies in Asia, reported as profitable investments.
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-A week later, McCrum headed to Manama, the capital of Bahrain, where a company called Ashazi Services was supposedly licensing Wirecard’s payment-processing software for a fee of four million euros a year. McCrum spent his first day in the country hunting for the Ashazi office. But there was no trace of it at its listed address. The next day, he set out to find Ashazi’s corporate lawyer, Kumail al-Alawi, at an office down a trash-strewn alley behind a fried-chicken joint. A man waved him in, and told him that Alawi no longer worked there. But he had Alawi’s number, and, after a quick phone call, McCrum was given directions to an empty parking lot. Alawi arrived in a dust-covered car. “They’re still working on the building, nobody can ever find it,” he said. He and McCrum approached a construction site and walked into what appeared to be the only occupied office—white walls, cheap furniture, and a couple of ferns.
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-“Ashazi, Ashazi,” Alawi muttered, as if he were hearing the name for the first time. He produced a folder, containing a few registration papers, and suggested to McCrum that he call the woman who was listed as Ashazi’s founder, a local actress and TV presenter. McCrum reached her by phone, but she had no recollection of the Ashazi contract, and suggested that he ask her business partner in the Philippines. The business partner had heard of Ashazi, but said that he was involved only in marketing—he thought that the actress was running the company.
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-McCrum concluded that Ashazi’s online presence was “stacked with lies,” as he later put it. (Alawi claims to have no memory of McCrum.) And, as far as McCrum could discern from the documents, the licensing fee had never been paid to Wirecard. Back in London, he brought his findings to the *F.T.’s* features editor. But that editor “didn’t really know what to do with it,” Paul Murphy, who had launched Alphaville, a blog at the paper, told me. “The *F.T.* doesn’t have an investigative tradition—it’s not like the *Guardian* or the New York *Times*.” A story in print “has to be understandable to the whole breadth of readers,” he went on, whereas “Alphaville had ditched that idea. Alphaville was doing hard-core, hard-core finance.”
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-Murphy brought McCrum onto his team. “I needed someone who had the kind of hard-core technical ability to take balance sheets apart,” Murphy told me. Although McCrum didn’t yet have enough evidence to use the word “fraud” in print, Murphy, as he recalled, encouraged McCrum, “Just use Alphaville as a platform, to get out your suspicions.”
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-The resulting series, “House of Wirecard,” ran in the spring of 2015. But even Alphaville’s finance-savvy readership struggled to make sense of the material. “This article could do with a paragraph that states, in plain english, what the author’s point is,” one reader commented. “There are a lot of facts presented, but their significance is lost on me.”
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-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a21759)
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-Cartoon by Corey Pandolph and Craig Baldo
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-Wirecard’s response was less ambivalent. It spent much of the next few years seeking to create the impression that it was the victim of a criminal conspiracy between short sellers—who make money when a stock craters—and journalists, whom they paid off.
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-In 2016, a pair of short sellers in London released an anonymous, hundred-page inquiry called the Zatarra Report, alleging a litany of criminal activity at Wirecard. The report occasionally veered into conspiracy theories that were unsubstantiated or simply untrue. In the ensuing months, the company spent almost four hundred thousand euros on private investigators, to unmask and humiliate the authors of the report. Before long, their e-mail inboxes were spammed with phishing links and gay porn. Their correspondences were hacked. After McCrum wrote about the Zatarra Report, he was targeted, too, and soon he was driven to the edge of paranoia: he started logging license-plate numbers, checking hedgerows for cameras, and sleeping with a hammer under his bed.
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-It was not the first time Wirecard had pursued its detractors; in 2008, the company threatened Tobias Bosler, the investor in Munich. He had bet against Wirecard’s share price, telling no one about his position, but a Wirecard lawyer managed to track him down anyway. “I got a call from this lawyer, and he said, ‘You are short Wirecard,’ ” Bosler recalled. “He started reading my trades. He said the date, the time stamp, the number of shares—he had all the details of my transactions.” A few days later, the lawyer and two Turkish boxers arrived at Bosler’s office. The boxers backed him into a corner. One of them punched the wall next to his head; the other threatened his life. Terrified, Bosler closed his short positions. (He provided the German authorities with information about Wirecard’s money-laundering activities, but nothing ever came of it.) “No one else looked closely into Wirecard, until Dan McCrum,” he said.
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-“People have this view of finance—that it is, you know, all suited and booted,” Murphy told me. But, in his experience, the appearance of respectability usually ends at the façade of the banks. In the United Kingdom, gambling winnings aren’t subject to any taxes, so speculators have created a parallel market, to trade on tips and inside information; using a strategy known as “spread betting,” they are technically gambling on the directions of stock prices without taking possession of any company shares. They trade on margin, and routinely blow up their accounts. “These guys can be worth twenty million one day and nothing the next,” Murphy told me. It is here, among the “bandits,” as he affectionately calls them, that he finds many of his best sources. “A lot of them are really kind of rough,” he said, over a lunch of champagne and fish sandwiches at the restaurant Sweetings, his favorite haunt. “But they have mathematical brains, you know? They can do numbers, and they can do odds.”
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-Murphy, who is sixty, has been covering the London finance scene for so long that he still answers his phone by announcing his surname, as if on a landline with no caller I.D. In 2016, he got a call from one of his bandits, a businessman, spread-betting speculator, and night-club owner from Essex named Gary Kilbey. “What’s this stuff you lot are writing about Wirecard?” Kilbey asked. “Are you sure it’s right?”
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-“Yeah, it’s fucking right,” Murphy replied.
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-“I’ve got a guy who says it’s all wrong,” Kilbey said. “He doesn’t like Dan. He wants to talk to you.” That guy was Jan Marsalek; he had got another spread-betting speculator (who had previously pleaded guilty to securities fraud) to employ Kilbey as an intermediate.
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-“Tell him to fuck off,” Murphy said.
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-Almost two years passed before Marsalek made another overture. Again, the approach was indirect; another of Murphy’s sources casually mentioned to him over a lunch of lobster linguini that Marsalek would pay him “good money” to stop publishing reports about Wirecard. “I’m serious,” the man said. “I’ve heard ten million thrown about.”
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-Marsalek wanted to meet Murphy for lunch, and would fly in from Munich for the occasion, with Kilbey and his son, Tom, a former reality-TV star, in attendance. (Marsalek paid the Kilbeys more than a hundred thousand pounds each to broker the meal.) A few weeks later, Murphy walked into a steak house near Hyde Park, wired with a microphone, hoping to catch Marsalek dangling a bribe. He was without backup: three of Murphy’s colleagues were supposed to film the interaction with a hidden camera, sewn into a handbag, but Marsalek had changed the venue at the last minute.
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-Marsalek was at the table, dressed in a blue suit. He greeted Murphy warmly. Wagyu steak, sparkling water, fine wine. Marsalek wanted Murphy to know that, in his experience, journalists could easily be bought. But he spoke carefully; there was no explicit offer. At one point, Marsalek insinuated that Murphy and McCrum were under surveillance, noting that “friends” of his had reported to him that the two men lived “very normal lives.” Murphy suspected that another diner—a man, sitting alone—was running countersurveillance. When the bill came, according to Murphy, Marsalek paid with a credit card made of gold.
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-“He was obviously interesting—he knew people, and he was throwing a lot of money around,” Murphy told me. “So I started developing Marsalek as a potential source.”
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-At another lunch, Murphy promised that the *F.T.* wouldn’t publish more stories based on Wirecard’s past indiscretions, and Marsalek swore to Murphy that there was nothing new to find. They shook hands. After Murphy walked out of the restaurant, Gary Kilbey told Marsalek, “Look, if you are lying, Paul will find out. He will find out, and you’ll be buried.”
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-To Murphy, it seemed significant that many of Marsalek’s extracurricular activities had some tie to the Russian state. Wirecard had no business presence there, no subsidiaries. But Marsalek travelled to Russia constantly—often on private jets, sometimes landing after midnight and leaving before dawn. According to the investigative outlet Bellingcat, his international travel was closely monitored by the F.S.B., Russia’s primary security service. “His immigration dossier numbers 597 pages, much more than any foreigner’s file we have come across in over five years of investigations,” Bellingcat’s lead Russia investigator reported, years later. In Munich, Marsalek decorated his office with a collection of Russian *ushanka* military hats and a set of *matryoshka* dolls depicting the past century of Russian leaders, from a tiny Lenin to a bloated Putin. He also hosted secret gatherings at a mansion across the street from the Russian consulate in Munich, which he rented for six hundred and eighty thousand euros a year.
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-In Vienna, Marsalek and Braun mingled with far-right politicians who held openly pro-Russia views. Both men became paying members of an organization called the Austrian-Russian Friendship Society, and set up business deals with its general secretary, Florian Stermann. In late 2015, Stermann asked Wirecard to donate twenty thousand euros to the Society, to help pay for its fifteenth-anniversary gala, titled From Russia with Love, a lavish, all-night affair featuring trapeze artists and a Putin impersonator. Marsalek agreed, but asked that Wirecard’s name be omitted from the corporate-sponsorship list.
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-In 2016, Marsalek helped facilitate a deployment of Russian mercenaries into Libya. An American businessman—who had partnered with Wirecard on an electronic-payments startup—had invested in a cement plant near Benghazi, and he needed the facility cleared of unexploded remnants of war. Marsalek suggested one of his Russian friends, Stanislav Petlinsky, an executive at a security company.
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-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a26649)
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-“He has this crazy conspiracy theory about object permanence.”
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-Cartoon by Paul Noth
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-Petlinsky’s company—which is known as the R.S.B. Group—cleared the cement plant of more than four hundred explosives. But the arrangement later haunted the American businessman: it is the first known instance, in the chaos following Muammar Qaddafi’s death, of an armed Russian deployment on Libyan ground. The R.S.B. mercenaries posed for photographs in front of the cement plant with a banner that read “We are not angels but we are here.” According to an essay by Sergey Sukhankin, a senior fellow at the Jamestown Foundation, who has studied Russian mercenary operations, the R.S.B. Group’s activities in Libya “should be viewed as a combination of economic interests and, arguably, intelligence gathering/surveillance, which could have been used for preparing the ground for more ‘serious’ players.” In the years that followed, Russia strengthened its relationship with the Libyan commander in the area, and deployed some twelve hundred soldiers from the Wagner Group. They seized oil fields, expanded Russia’s security footprint, and influenced economic and political affairs in Africa.
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-At the time, Russian military and intelligence operations were increasingly active in Europe. There were a number of assassinations and suspicious deaths—state targets who fell from windows or were shot in broad daylight. Then, on March 4, 2018, two Russian military-intelligence officers travelled to the small English city of Salisbury, carrying a vial disguised as perfume. They sprayed its contents on the front-door handle at the home of Sergei Skripal, a former senior Russian intelligence officer who had defected to the U.K.; later that afternoon, Skripal and his daughter, Yulia, were found unconscious on a park bench, seizing uncontrollably and foaming at the mouth.
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-British chemical-weapons analysts determined that the substance was Novichok, a deadly nerve agent devised decades earlier by Soviet military intelligence. In response, the U.K. expelled twenty-three Russian diplomats, who were suspected of being intelligence officers, and launched an inquiry into fourteen other deaths of Russian exiles and businessmen in the U.K.
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-That fall, Marsalek summoned Murphy to Germany for another lunch, in a private dining room, and handed him a stack of documents. They contained official Russian government talking points, addressed to the U.N.’s chemical-weapons body, casting doubt on the British investigation of the Skripal poisoning. The files—marked classified—also contained the chemical formula for Novichok. “Where did you get these?” Murphy asked. Marsalek smiled and said, “Friends.”
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-In August, 2018, Wirecard had a market capitalization of twenty-eight billion dollars. The company displaced Commerzbank from the *DAX* 30, Germany’s most prestigious stock index.
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-Markus Braun—who owned eight per cent of the company and was now a billionaire, on paper—had taken out a personal loan of a hundred and fifty million euros from Deutsche Bank, using his Wirecard shares as collateral. Marsalek, for his part, appears to have defrauded the company out of tens of millions of euros, if not hundreds of millions, according to a whistle-blower.
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-Wirecard reportedly had five thousand employees and was processing payments for a quarter of a million merchants, including major airlines and grocery chains. Braun told investors that he expected sales and profits to double in the next two years. At tech conferences, where he was lauded as a “Steve Jobs of the Alps,” as one German journalist later put it, he said that Wirecard’s business edge resulted from its proprietary artificial intelligence. “It’s not about owning data, but it’s about the algorithms that deliver a value out of data,” Braun, who had a background in computer science, said. But there was no A.I.; most Wirecard accounts were cobbled together manually, on spreadsheets. As a bank with no branches, Wirecard kept cash in a safe at the office, and sometimes distributed it to business partners, in sums in the hundreds of thousands of euros, by hiding it in grocery bags.
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-While Murphy puzzled over Marsalek’s Russian security connections, McCrum had a new investigative thread to follow. Pav Gill, the head lawyer at Wirecard’s Asia division, in Singapore, had quit, taking seventy gigabytes of e-mails with him. As he agonized over what to do with the materials, he learned that his mother had written to McCrum. “Oh, my God, Mum,” Gill said, when he found out. “What have you done?”
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-Soon afterward, McCrum flew to Singapore to collect the data leak. The two men met near a public fountain, to shield against audio-surveillance equipment. McCrum copied the files and returned to London. For the next six weeks, he worked in a windowless room at the *F.T.’s* headquarters, trying to trace individual acts of fraud amid hundreds of thousands of e-mails and calendar appointments. “What drove me on was Jan Marsalek,” McCrum later wrote in his book. They had never spoken or met, but McCrum could see in the documents that “he was always at the edges, sometimes dishing out orders but more often his instructions were relayed second-hand, or a mystery would be explained simply by his involvement; that it was one of ‘Jan’s companies.’ ” Each evening, his head spinning with new data, names, and organizational charts, McCrum locked his laptop in a safe before leaving the office.
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-Earlier that year, a woman on Wirecard’s Asia finance team had nervously approached Gill, to report that her boss, Edo Kurniawan—who answered to Marsalek—had given a presentation in which he taught his staff how to commit serious financial crimes. (Kurniawan has since been charged with financial crimes in Singapore; he is the subject of an Interpol Red Notice, and his whereabouts are unknown.) Using a whiteboard and a marker, Kurniawan sketched out the practice of “round-tripping,” in which an amount of money is moved among several locations, as needed, to fool auditors in different jurisdictions into thinking that each supposedly unrelated account is well funded. (Wirecard’s auditor, Ernst & Young, reportedly relied on documents and screenshots of accounts, supplied by the company, without checking with the constituent banks.)
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-Gill contacted his supervisor in Munich, who told him to commission an internal investigation—which turned up instances of round-tripping, backdated contracts, and other illegal schemes. But when the findings reached Wirecard’s board, the concerns were quashed. “I think Jan understands very well what it’s about, but they don’t shit in each other’s bed,” Wirecard’s deputy general counsel wrote to Gill, on an encrypted communications app. A few months later, Gill was told that if he didn’t resign he would be fired.
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-By the morning of January 30, 2019, the story was complete and ready to run in the *F.T.* McCrum sent off questions to Wirecard, and waited for the company’s response.
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-At lunchtime, Paul Murphy went to Sweetings for a crab sandwich and a glass of white wine. Then Gary Kilbey called. A broker had stopped at Kilbey’s office, above his night club, to let him know that a popular spread-betting account was “shorting the absolute bollocks off Wirecard,” as he put it. The hot rumor in the London finance scene was that the *F.T.* would publish a hit piece at 1 *P.M.* “You’ve got a fucking leak,” Kilbey said.
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-Murphy rushed back to *F.T.* headquarters. “We’ve got a fucking leak!” he shouted.
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-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27306)
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-“He’s perfect, but he lives all the way on the other side of the apple.”
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-Cartoon by Suerynn Lee
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-How had the story slipped out? McCrum and Murphy had taken unusual precautions—speaking about the story only in person, never on the phone. The story hadn’t even been uploaded into the *F.T.’s* internal system. But one of Kilbey’s details was off: the *F.T.* planned to publish that afternoon but had never settled on an exact time—1 *P.M.* was the deadline it had given Wirecard for comment. It seemed impossible that anyone but the company had been the source of the disclosure.
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-Murphy went over to a Reuters terminal and pulled up the Wirecard stock listing. “We literally sat there watching the share price drop as it approached one o’clock,” he told me. “And then there was no story, so people started buying.” They waited two more hours for Wirecard to reply. Then, as Murphy put it, “you hit Publish, and then you almost throw up.”
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-The headline said “*forged contracts*”; the subtitle, “Falsification of Accounts.” The article wiped five billion euros from Wirecard’s value in a single afternoon. A follow-up piece, published two days later, knocked off three billion more.
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-The response in Germany was reflexively defensive, as if the *F.T.’s* reporting were an attack on the country itself. “Another fake news article from Dan McCrum,” a Commerzbank equities analyst wrote, in a letter to investors. Any dip in share price was “a buying opportunity.” “I read in the FT what a naughty boy you are,” a member of Deutsche Bank’s supervisory board wrote to Markus Braun. He added a winking emoji, and said that he had just bought Wirecard shares. “Do this newspaper in!!”
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-On February 18, 2019, Germany’s financial regulator, known as BaFin, issued a ban on creating new short bets against Wirecard, citing the company’s “importance for the economy.” “It was at that moment that they sided with criminals,” a German parliamentarian later said. The same day, prosecutors in Munich confirmed to a German newspaper that they had opened a criminal investigation. But they weren’t going after Wirecard—they were going after the *F.T.*
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-In a functioning marketplace, the magnitude of short selling tends to correlate with the egregiousness of the financial irregularities in question. “We conduct investigative due diligence over the course of hundreds and even thousands of hours,” a young fund manager named Fahmi Quadir wrote to BaFin, in the aftermath of its short-selling prohibition. Such investigations involve visiting offices and monitoring satellite images to see if, for example, activity at a supposed factory in China is actually taking place. “People think that investors spend all their time looking at charts and data. But companies are more than that—the core of a business is human,” Quadir has said. “Executives are driven by a certain set of emotional factors, and stressors. You can’t pick out these things just from wading through financial statements.”
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-Quadir grew up on Long Island, as the second daughter of Bangladeshi immigrants, and studied biology and mathematics in college before getting a job in finance—an industry that she holds largely in contempt.
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-Working as a researcher for a hedge fund, Quadir investigated and ultimately contributed to the downfall of a pharmaceutical price-gouging operation, earning her the nickname the Assassin. She places no long bets—only shorts on companies that she believes to be engaged in criminal activity. “At the end of the day, predatory, fraudulent, criminal behavior is bad for business,” she has said. She considers her role of exposing fraud, and subsequently profiting from its collapse, “a way to use capitalism and capital markets in a subversive way,” something between a “civic duty” and a “revolutionary act.”
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-In January, 2018, Quadir launched her own fund, from a co-working space in Manhattan. She named it Safkhet Capital, for the Egyptian goddess of mathematics, and hired as her only employee Christina Clementi, who had recently taken a course at Yale on the history of fraud, taught by Jim Chanos. By then, Wirecard had acquired Citigroup’s North American prepaid-debit-card program. To Quadir, this was a reckless move: if the company was committing crimes, they would now be taking place on American soil.
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-“In finance, globally, you have a situation where the only effective police are the Americans,” Paul Murphy told me. “Our regulators—they’re out to lunch. Incompetent, mainly.” He added, “What you’ll find, say, here in London is that you can be a crook, stealing money from people around the world. As long as you’re not stealing from people *in* Britain, you can do anything.”
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-In early 2019, Quadir and Clementi set off in Clementi’s 2002 Volkswagen Cabrio for Wirecard’s U.S. headquarters, which were registered in an office park in Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, outside Philadelphia. In Suite 5040, they found an office space large enough for perhaps six hundred employees. But only a couple of dozen people were there.
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-A man who greeted them offered to sell them prepaid cards loaded with up to a hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and added that it would be perfectly acceptable for them to distribute the cards to other people. Quadir and Clementi were stunned. “You can’t find prepaid cards loaded with more than ten thousand dollars on the dark Web,” Quadir told me.
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-Quadir and Clementi cultivated confidential sources in the payments industry, and developed a working theory: that the company’s primary business purpose was to serve organized criminal networks and Russian oligarchs—to be a “one-stop-shop” for “large-scale money laundering operations that would require scale to support billions in dirty money, annually,” they wrote, in a presentation for Safkhet investors. The key was Wirecard’s banking license, which enabled it both to accept criminal funds and to obscure their source.
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-For Wirecard’s leadership, Germany’s criminal investigation into the *Financial Times* did not come as a surprise—Marsalek had supplied its first witness. For three years, he had maintained a relationship with Gary Kilbey’s son, Tom. “It was quite a difficult period,” Gary Kilbey told me. “Jan was promising him the world.” It paid off: Tom had been at his father’s office when the broker walked in and shared the rumor that the *F.T.* was publishing its hit piece at 1 *P.M.* Now Tom reported it to Marsalek, who wanted affidavits from everyone in the room. “Don’t you fucking get me anywhere near it,” Gary Kilbey replied. But Gary’s daughter’s boyfriend—fresh out of prison for laundering money for a drug-dealing gang—had witnessed the scene with the broker, and he offered to make a statement.
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-In February, 2019, Marsalek met with Munich’s top public prosecutor, Hilde Bäumler-Hösl. He told her that he had spent years infiltrating the London spread-betting scene, as a matter of “enemy reconnaissance,” and that the *F.T.* was colluding with short sellers. Three days later, Bäumler-Hösl issued a statement to the German press: “We received serious information from Wirecard that a new short attack is planned, and that a lot of money is being used to influence media reporting.”
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-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a26966)
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-“Oh, God, outside is calling.”
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-Cartoon by Lawrence Lindell
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-This was not the only defensive action that Marsalek took. Wirecard signed an agreement with Arcanum Global Intelligence, a strategic-intelligence firm whose leadership is made up of former senior British, American, French, and Israeli intelligence and military leaders. Representatives for Arcanum insist that the firm’s work for Wirecard consisted only of an internal investigation into Pav Gill’s leak of confidential information from the Singapore branch. But on February 5th, days after McCrum’s first article about the Asia division, Arcanum’s founder, Ron Wahid, sent Marsalek a proposal, titled Project Helios, to “investigate and identify short sellers” and to carry out a multi-stage “plan of attack.” Although Arcanum’s leadership claims that the proposal was never executed, a letter written by the firm, addressed to the U.K.’s Financial Conduct Authority, says that Arcanum was “retained by Wirecard to investigate a series of short selling attacks.”
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-“Phase I will be a ‘scoping and disclosure phase’ where all existing information and initial intelligence findings are reviewed,” the proposal read. The next phase would include “more targeted and in-depth intelligence collection and analysis.” Targets’ “wrongdoings and vulnerabilities” would be “judiciously pursued.” For a fee of two hundred thousand euros a month, former “senior leaders from the world’s most powerful intelligence and law enforcement agencies,” as Arcanum put it, would deploy their combined networks and expertise in the service of Wirecard.
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-McCrum had continued to investigate Wirecard’s activities in Asia. Half of its global sales appeared to come through three clients: one in Dubai, one in Singapore, and the third, called PayEasy, in the Philippines. McCrum’s colleague Stefania Palma set off for Manila, to check out PayEasy. Its supposed headquarters turned out to be shared with a bus company. Another Wirecard partner, ConePay, was a private home in a remote village surrounded by rice paddies. Palma was greeted by two Filipino men, who were grooming a small white poodle and a Pomeranian. Neither of them had heard of ConePay. Then a family member produced a few scraps of mail. One was a document from Wirecard Bank, addressed to ConePay International, showing a balance of thirty euros.
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-By now, Marsalek had fully entrenched himself in the affairs of his Russian mercenary friend, Stanislav Petlinsky. Wirecard arranged a deal with the R.S.B. Group’s holding company in Dubai, to sell the mercenaries its prepaid-debit-card software. In an encrypted chat with Dagmar Schneider, a senior member of Wirecard’s finance team, Marsalek wrote that if auditors had questions about R.S.B. they should call Vladimir Putin. As McCrum and Palma closed in on the fraud in the Philippines, Marsalek joked with Schneider about having people “shot by MY Russians at RSB.” The following week, he wrote to her that he had “been struggling with the FT since 5 in the morning.”
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-“Send YOUR Russians to London,” Schneider replied. “They should give us some peace.”
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-McCrum and Palma published their investigation into Wirecard’s partners on March 28th; two weeks later, BaFin filed a criminal complaint against them for “suspicion of market manipulation of Wirecard shares.” Outside investors took the German government’s actions as a powerful signal. In late April, the Japanese company SoftBank, which runs the world’s largest tech-focussed venture-capital fund, invested a billion dollars in Wirecard, in exchange for bonds that could be converted into a 5.6-per-cent stake. But the *F.T.* stories still rattled the SoftBank team enough to ask to see lists of Wirecard’s biggest clients in Asia—which Marsalek faked.
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-Wirecard treated every short seller as an existential threat. In 2016, Marsalek had approached Nick Gold, another of Gary Kilbey’s contacts in the London spread-betting scene, and offered him three million pounds to persuade a rich friend to stop shorting Wirecard. Gold declined; he found Marsalek boring, he said, and thought that the way he held his cup of coffee suggested that he was “a loser.” Only a crooked company, Gold said, would send a senior executive to hunt down its critics.
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-Three years later, a British former undercover cop, who now works as a private investigator and goes by Jon, was hired to work for a client who had set up temporary residency at the Dorchester hotel, in London. The client was well built, with close-cropped hair and an even stubble. He was of Libyan background, but had grown up in France, spoke flawless English, and tipped the hotel staff with high-denomination notes. “He wanted countersurveillance on himself when he was in the U.K., to make sure that no one was following him,” Jon told me.
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-Jon doesn’t like the term “private investigator,” because he thinks it diminishes the scope of what he does. On an average day, he collects the travel histories and police files of five to ten targets, through contacts in the public sector. They don’t know his full name—they just know not to ask questions, and that they will be paid in cash. His clients include businesses, government agencies, and billionaires, and his duties range from spying on philandering spouses to helping international criminal gangs insure that a stolen passport can be used to get a murderer across a border. “There’s a lot that is very questionable that I can do, that I have done,” he said. “In the police, you have to have morals—or you’re meant to. That’s the whole point of being a police officer. And then you come out into the private sector and—let’s be honest—it *really* doesn’t matter.” For almost four hours, he spoke candidly, on the condition that I neither publish his full name nor describe him physically.
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-The client at the Dorchester introduced himself as Rami, but Jon didn’t know his business. After a couple of months, Jon found the man’s full name, Rami El Obeidi, and learned that he had briefly served as the head of foreign intelligence for Libya’s transitional government, during the revolution.
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-Like Marsalek, El Obeidi wore high-end Italian clothing brands, and he moved with ease through the strange world of former military and intelligence officers. He was apparently a major Wirecard investor, and a regular visitor to Marsalek’s secret mansion near the Russian consulate in Munich. To protect his financial interests, El Obeidi had come to London to run an intelligence operation of his own. The main target was Nick Gold, who had somehow been named as a suspect in BaFin’s complaint, alongside Dan McCrum.
-
-Gold had made a fortune selling industrial supplies, and gambled it wherever he thought he had an edge. He was handsome and athletic, with dark, flowing hair—a generous, charismatic party host in his forties who did lots of cocaine and dazzled guests with card tricks at his mansions in London, Miami, and Cannes. “I used to go up to Oxford Street when I was seventeen and I would hustle people,” he told me. “Some sucker would come, like you, and you’d lose.” In the decades since, he has been banned from casinos for counting cards, and from betting on horse racing for coördinating with jockeys to throw races. Once, before betting on how long it would take for a soccer match to reach its first throw-in, he paid off a player to kick the ball out of bounds in the opening seconds of the game. “It’s not gambling if I know the outcome,” he insisted. “I’ve never gambled. I’ve never played a game I thought I could lose.”
-
-Paul Murphy met Gold at Gary Kilbey’s sixtieth-birthday party, a raucous gathering at which Kilbey urged his guests to “drink as much as you can take.” Murphy had heard that Gold was a partial owner of the Box, a high-end cabaret club in Soho, where the hostess reportedly welcomed guests to the 1 *A.M.* burlesque show with instructions to “answer every fetish” and “do all the cocaine you can.” As Gold remembers the encounter, Murphy gave him his number and invited him to call if he ever had a newsworthy tip. Murphy’s recollection was of something more instrumental: “I wanted to send in a young, blond, female reporter to harvest crap from him.”
-
-One day, Gold called Murphy, to pitch a story about a sports-betting company. But Murphy told him that he had no time to talk—he was tied up with Wirecard matters. “The minute he said, ‘I’m stuck on Wirecard,’ I knew this was a no-brainer scenario,” Gold recalled. “I have to short sell this company within an inch of my life. Which I did.”
-
-That summer, a mutual acquaintance of El Obeidi and Gold’s, a soccer agent named Saif Rubie, casually bumped into Gold at a party in Cannes. Gold, as he recalls, was “dancing on tables and being a lunatic, as I am—having a great time” when Rubie approached him and said that he was working for a group of foreign investors who were looking to invest billions. Gold invited Rubie to bring the investors to his office in London the following week.
-
-On the morning of July 17, 2019, Rubie walked into Gold’s office, accompanied by a man from Lancashire who claimed to represent the foreign investors. In fact, he was a private-intelligence operative working for El Obeidi, carrying a hidden recording device. Gold suggested a bet against Wirecard, claiming that the *F.T.* was about to publish a story that would send the share price to zero. “It could be tomorrow, could be—you never know,” Gold said. The tip was solid, he assured them: his source was the investigations editor, Paul Murphy.
-
-“German politicians were proud to be able to say, Hey, we have a fintech company!” a parliamentarian observed.
-
-By coincidence, Gold’s timing was right. A few hours after that meeting, Dan McCrum sent Wirecard a series of questions, revealing he knew that most of the company’s operations in Dubai were centered on fake customers. Marsalek, who had already received a copy of the Nick Gold recording from El Obeidi, summoned a public-relations expert, who suggested that they share the recording and McCrum’s suspiciously timed questions with Sönke Iwersen, the head of investigations at *Handelsblatt*, the German newspaper. The private investigator from Lancashire spoke to Iwersen on “deep background,” to supply details without being named. He mentioned that he had been working for a Wirecard investor but omitted that the investor was a former Libyan spy.
-
-Wirecard’s lawyers wrote to the *F.T.*, saying that Wirecard had passed evidence of insider trading between Nick Gold and Paul Murphy to the British and German authorities. The letter demanded that the paper not publish any Wirecard stories until investigations were complete.
-
-Murphy immediately texted Gold and told him that he had been recorded. “Paul, you’re a brilliant reporter, but you’ve just done something really dumb,” Lionel Barber, the editor of the *F.T.*, told Murphy. Murphy offered Barber a full audit of his finances. But it wasn’t enough; the reputation of the paper was on the line. For four years, “I had told the compliance people, the lawyers, ‘Get lost, we’re doing this story,’ ” Barber told me. “But when this came up I had to do something.” He hired outside counsel to investigate Murphy and McCrum. “You’re going to have to spend some time in the sin bin,” he told Murphy.
-
-Wirecard, now emboldened, delegated legal authority to the Arcanum officers to act on its behalf “in any such way that they consider necessary and lawful.” Arcanum’s vice-chairman at the time, Keith Bristow—who had served as the first director-general of the U.K.’s National Crime Agency—met with the Financial Conduct Authority, as part of Wirecard’s effort to get the agency to investigate the *F.T.* (The F.C.A. declined to comment on its relationship with Arcanum.) Arcanum’s leadership includes a former director of national intelligence in the U.S. and a former head of the British Army. The group capitalized on its connections even when it had no clarity on the origins of the information it shared. Although the Arcanum team had apparently never heard of El Obeidi, it drafted a letter to the British authorities in which it claimed to have “considerable knowledge” of the “events and subjects of interest” leading up to El Obeidi’s sting operation on Gold.
-
-That fall, El Obeidi hired twenty-eight operatives to set out on the streets of London, on a mission called Palladium. The ground team was led by Hayley Elvins, a former MI5 officer, and the operatives communicated with one another through a private walkie-talkie channel. There were a number of targets—all short sellers in London. Jon was now assigned to follow Gold.
-
-From time to time, Jon learns too much about an operation, and begins to question his role in it. “If there was just six of us watching him, I would have just gone along with it,” he told me. “And, looking back, in some ways I wish I had.” The team was instructed to use only legal practices, so that any intelligence collected would stand up in court. But Palladium felt disproportionate. It had a running cost of eighteen thousand pounds per day, and employed some of the most comprehensive, hostile surveillance methods Jon had seen. “I felt terribly sorry for him,” he said of Gold. “You know, I still have a conscience.”
-
-One day, Jon called Gold’s housekeeper from a burner phone. He said that he was a police officer, and needed Gold to call him about an ongoing investigation. Gold called him back almost immediately. “They’re doing a huge surveillance operation on you,” Jon told him. “I think you’re going to get fucked over here, royally.”
-
-Gold summoned Jon to his office. “I’ve been, you know, in the business long enough to know when someone’s high on coke,” Jon said. “He was high. And he goes, ‘Right! One of my contacts at the *Financial Times* is Paul Murphy. You’ve got to tell him about the surveillance operation!’ ” They went to Claridge’s, an upscale London hotel, to meet Murphy. Jon supplied him with Palladium documents and told him what he knew of the operational structure.
-
-Murphy asked Jon to prove his access and credentials. At that point, Jon remembered that, for a previous job, he had spied on another *F.T.* reporter, a man on Murphy’s team named Kadhim Shubber. Moments later, as Murphy recalled, “he sends me a fucking picture of Kadhim’s mum’s passport!”
-
-“It made me chuckle,” Jon told me. He also had a copy of Shubber’s bank card. “But I wasn’t trying to show off. I was just, like, Oh, what a small bloody world this is!” he said. “Like, how fun is this? I’m talking to Paul Murphy, who sat across from Kadhim, who I’ve gone and looked at—like, what are the chances? I found it quite ironic, really.”
-
-Now Murphy reached out to Elvins, the former MI5 officer who was running El Obeidi’s operation on the ground. “I tried to flip her,” he told me. “Unfortunately, I did it at about eleven o’clock at night, and I’d had a couple of drinks.” He texted Elvins that he could “obv see the damage to your firm we are about to do,” and added, “Work with me and I promise we won’t fuck you over.” Her reply came in the form of a complaint from her lawyers. Barber summoned Murphy to his office, and Murphy offered to resign. When Barber refused his offer, Murphy grew defiant. “You know, these stories—they don’t just float in through the fucking window!” he shouted.
-
-“Paul, I want the fucking fraud nailed,” Barber replied. “I want the story. And the story is not that you’re texting some ex-MI5 agent at eleven o’clock at night!”
-
-After two months, the external law firm cleared Murphy and McCrum. All summer, they had been quietly preparing the paper’s final blow—a straightforward piece that presented tangible proof of fraud and included all the underlying Wirecard spreadsheets and e-mails. The instructions from Lionel Barber were to “draw blood.”
-
-The piece was published on October 15, 2019. “And we just thought, We killed it—that’s it,” Murphy recalled. The story was so damning that investors called for a forensic audit, and Wirecard acquiesced. But the investigation would take six months, and Braun, Wirecard’s C.E.O., assured stock analysts that it would put to rest any concerns. At that point, “the fucking share price goes up,” Murphy said. “Everybody in Germany was saying, ‘Oh, yeah, the *F.T.* are full of shit.’ And also, at this time, people like Nick Gold actually were going mad. They were having psychotic episodes. He was found near death, slumped over his steering wheel.” (As Gold tells it, he had mixed alcohol and Xanax and pulled over for a nap on the side of the road.) “Nobody knew who to trust,” Murphy continued. “In this entire broad community that believed Wirecard was a fraud—and by this time it was kind of a wide community—everybody was fucking paranoid about everybody else.”
-
-Marsalek, who held eight passports, escaped to Moscow. His last known phone activity was last year.
-
-In the following months, the attacks on short sellers grew increasingly personal, and even violent. Fahmi Quadir was punched in the head by a masked man with brass knuckles while walking her poodle on the Upper West Side; she was knocked unconscious, and the assailant, who stole nothing, was never found.
-
-It also appeared as if operatives were collecting detailed information on Nick Gold’s trades; in the next few months, all his leveraged bets were liquidated, with losses into the tens of millions of pounds. “My name was tarnished. Banks were now shutting me off, overnight,” Gold recalled. “My wife left me.”
-
-One night, at the Box, “I’m doing coke, I’m off my mind, I’m going drinking like a lunatic, and I walk out with the hottest girl you’ve ever seen,” he told me. “Fifteen out of ten.” But it was a trap; a blackmail recording of the liaison arrived by e-mail. “The worst part was that I had my socks all the way up,” Gold, who is now sober, said. “You don’t want to be seen fucking with white socks up at my age.”
-
-In the year leading up to Wirecard’s collapse, in June, 2020, the leadership plotted a takeover of Deutsche Bank—an acquisition so huge that Wirecard’s balance-sheet fraud might be buried in the deal. “It was essentially Braun’s last roll of the dice,” Murphy said. Wirecard’s desperation continued. The auditors focussed on two bank accounts in the Philippines, which purportedly held the missing two billion euros. *COVID* restrictions complicated the auditors’ ability to visit the banks in person, so Wirecard reportedly hired Filipino actors, posing in fake bank cubicles, to attest to the funds on a video call. But the auditors persisted, and asked Wirecard to prove that it controlled the funds by transferring four hundred million euros to one of its accounts in Germany. When Wirecard failed to perform the transfer, the auditors contacted the Philippine banks directly—both of which replied that Wirecard’s accounts did not exist. Days later, Braun was required to announce the auditors’ findings. Wirecard’s share price plummeted eighty per cent, and the company was soon forced into bankruptcy.
-
-Fahmi Quadir’s short bet cleared tens of millions of dollars. A couple of larger funds made hundreds of millions. Other short sellers made no money, because they were too early. “We consistently underestimated people’s ability to look the other way,” Leo Perry, the fund manager in London, told McCrum.
-
-In Germany, there was a raft of resignations and firings: Felix Hufeld, the head of BaFin; the head of Germany’s audit regulator; several leading Wirecard analysts at other European banks. A German parliamentary inquiry held a hundred witness hearings and reviewed nearly four hundred thousand pages of documents, concluding that the behavior of Wirecard and its enablers was “the largest financial scandal in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany.” The report blamed “collective supervisory failure,” “the longing for a digital national champion,” and “the German mentality toward non-Germans”—specifically, Quadir and McCrum. “German supervisory authorities are not fit for the ‘Internet Age,’ ” the report concluded. Olaf Scholz, Angela Merkel’s finance minister, who oversaw BaFin, told the parliamentary inquiry that he bore no direct responsibility for what had taken place under his watch. Later that year, he became the Chancellor of Germany.
-
-Markus Braun was arrested in Munich, and charged with fraud. He maintains that he is an unwitting victim of a scheme orchestrated by Marsalek and others. The trial is ongoing. Oliver Bellenhaus, who ran Wirecard’s fake partner in Dubai, recently testified that the company’s partnerships in Asia were “a sham right from the beginning.”
-
-“You cannot understand Wirecard if you understand Wirecard only as fraud,” Felix Holtermann, a financial reporter at *Handelsblatt*, told me. “It’s not a Potemkin village, it’s not a Bernie Madoff case.” According to Holtermann, who has also written a book about the company, Marsalek routinely “used his power to override Wirecard’s very, very small compliance department” to issue bank accounts, credit cards, and debit cards to Russian oligarchs who were on European financial blacklists. “Germany was, and still is, the money-laundering saloon of Europe,” he said. “Only the biggest washing machine broke.”
-
-In the past two years, investigations by journalists, prosecutors, police, and intelligence agencies have turned up an array of astonishing facts about Marsalek’s activities outside Wirecard. At his secret mansion near the Russian consulate, he regularly hosted gatherings with government officials and spies. They came from Russia, Austria, and Israel—but never, it seems, in any official capacity.
-
-Marsalek was also dabbling in political affairs. A major issue in the lead-up to Austria’s 2017 elections was migration from sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. Marsalek—who was connected to members of Austria’s far right—started developing plans to assemble a fifteen-thousand-man militia in southern Libya, to prevent migrants from reaching Mediterranean shores. Organizational meetings were held at the mansion in Munich, and included current and former senior members of Austria’s defense and interior departments. The project’s security adviser was Andrey Chuprygin, a former Russian lieutenant colonel and a professor of political economy who is widely suspected, in Western intelligence circles, of maintaining a close relationship with Russia’s military intelligence agency, the G.R.U. (Chuprygin, who denies links to Russian intelligence, told the *F.T.* that he advised Marsalek only on “shifting politics and tribal dynamics.”)
-
-At some point, Marsalek asked an Austrian intelligence officer named Egisto Ott to design a surveillance-proof room in the mansion. “It was a complete botch,” an independent security professional later testified. “The execution was extremely poor.” But Ott was useful in other ways. Under the direction of his former boss Martin Weiss—the onetime head of operations at Austria’s intelligence agency, the B.V.T.—he carried out regular background checks on Marsalek’s behalf, according to thousands of pages of leaked Austrian investigative files. Marsalek allegedly paid for searches on at least twenty-five people whom he suspected of having ties to intelligence agencies. Neither man still had access to the B.V.T.’s systems—Weiss had resigned his post, and Ott, who was suspected of selling state secrets to Russia, had been reassigned to work at Austria’s police academy. But they managed to run the searches regardless. (Weiss could not be reached for comment. Ott denied conducting background checks.)
-
-It is unclear what Marsalek was up to. He seemed to take every opportunity to play a part in political matters, no matter how strange or futile. At one point, he involved himself in an effort to relocate Austria’s Israeli Embassy to Jerusalem, to align with the policy of President Donald Trump. Marsalek’s name was found on a list of possible seed investors in a company that would buy the remains of Cambridge Analytica, the data-collection firm that was mired in scandal for its role in influencing elections. When it came to Libyan matters, Marsalek seemed to get a thrill out of telling people that he had body-cam videos of horrific battlefield violence, saying that they showed “the boys” killing prisoners. He boasted that Petlinsky had taken him to Syria to embed with Russian soldiers, on a joyride to the ancient city of Palmyra. According to Weiss, Marsalek “wanted to be a secret agent.” But there’s no concrete evidence that he was.
-
-Nevertheless, Marsalek’s position at Wirecard gave him access to materials that might be of interest to a foreign intelligence service. In 2013, the company began issuing credit cards with false names to the German Federal Criminal Police Office, for use during undercover investigations—meaning that Marsalek might have had insights into the agency’s operational spending. It later emerged that the B.N.D., Germany’s foreign-intelligence service, used Wirecard credit cards, too. After Marsalek’s escape, the B.N.D. claimed that it was unaware of his connections to Russian intelligence.
-
-In 2014, Marsalek led an effort at Wirecard—in partnership with private Swiss and Lebanese banks—to issue anonymous debit cards that could be preloaded with up to two million euros per year. In his pitch, he told Mastercard that such cards would spare ultra-high-net-worth individuals the annoyance of being asked for stock tips, for example, when a waiter took a credit card and learned the client’s name. But it is difficult to conceive of a more useful setup for covert operational expenses—an anonymous asset, accepted by everyone, perfect for bribing politicians, paying assassins, or moving large sums of cash across borders.
-
-Jan Marsalek’s getaway jet landed in Minsk. From there, he continued to Moscow, on a fake passport, likely with the assistance of Petlinsky, according to the Dossier Center, an investigative outfit. Both men have changed their names; Petlinsky’s whereabouts are unknown. The next month, Germany sent an extradition request for Marsalek to Russian law-enforcement agencies. They replied that they had no address for Marsalek, and no record of his having entered the country. His last known phone activity was last year.
-
-“He’s quite clearly hiding in one place, just because of the logistics of how all sorts of systems work when you travel,” Jon, the private investigator, told me. “Every time a passport is visually scanned into another country, we can get those records here.” He speculated that Marsalek will soon be “drained of all his money,” and recalled clients “who have done disappearing acts,” made it to Russia, and come back a few years later, completely broke. “Out there, you pay for your safekeeping,” Jon said. “As soon as you don’t have money, then you’re disposable.”
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-Last summer, a grainy photo appeared to show Marsalek in an upscale Moscow neighborhood, wearing a red Prada jacket and climbing into an S.U.V. “It actually does look like him,” Rami El Obeidi, the former Libyan spy chief, mused on Twitter. “Except, knowing him, he never wore Prada (unless Russia got the better side of him). He preferred Brioni, like I do.” ♦
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-Date: 2023-05-07
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-TimeStamp: 2023-05-07
-Link: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/apr/25/how-we-survive-i-was-the-sole-survivor-of-a-plane-crash
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-&emsp;
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-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-IwasthesolesurvivorofaplanecrashNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# How we survive: I was the sole survivor of a plane crash
-
-Annette Herfkens and her fiance, Willem van der Pas, had been together for 13 years when he booked them on to a flight from Ho Chi Minh City to the Vietnamese coast. After six months of working in different countries, it was meant to be a romantic break. Van der Pas was a banker, Herfkens a trader. The plane was tiny, just 25 passengers and six crew. Being claustrophobic, Herfkens initially refused to board. To placate her, Van der Pas – “Pasje” as he was to her – fibbed that it was only a 20-minute flight. But 40 minutes had gone by when the plane dropped sharply. Van der Pas looked at her. “*This* I don’t like,” he said nervously. The plane dropped again. He grabbed her hand – and everything went black.
-
-When Herfkens came to, the sounds of the Vietnamese jungle were coming through a jagged hole in the fuselage. The plane had crashed into a mountain ridge. A stranger lay dead upon her. Pasje, a little way off, lay back in his seat, also dead, a smile upon his lips.
-
-“That’s where you have fight or flight,” says Herfkens. “I definitely chose flight.”
-
-The next thing she knew, she was outside in the jungle. She still doesn’t know exactly how she escaped the plane, remembering the experience mostly in pictures, an instinctive sensory edit – she has worked hard to forget the smells.
-
-![Annette Herfkens, With Willem van der Pas in Peru, 1983](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/1aa123b78e4c649878a48f833bba03646883a02c/0_0_1548_1123/master/1548.jpg?width=445&quality=85&dpr=1&s=none)
-
-Annette Herfkens with Willem van der Pas in Peru, 1983.
-
-She sounds matter-of-fact, but she has had time to become analytical about her behaviour: the crash happened 30 years ago, in November 1992. “That’s probably self-protection,” she says now. She is speaking on a video call from her holiday home in the Netherlands (she is Dutch, but usually lives in New York). “It must have been excruciating pain to get out of there.” First there was “the emotional pain of seeing Pasje dead”, and then the physical pain: 12 broken bones in her hip and knee alone; her jaw was hanging; one lung had collapsed. “So I must have crawled out of the plane and lifted myself down. And then I must have crawled another 30 yards” – away from the wreckage.
-
-The most vivid image from the hours that followed the crash, and from the subsequent eight days Herfkens spent in the jungle with the moans and cries of her fellow survivors slowly silencing, was of being “surrounded by leaves”. Green and golden, sequinned with dew, sunlit through her eyelashes. Time and again, Herfkens turned her focus on them, their light, their colours, movements, away from the man beside her, now dead, away from the white worm crawling out of his eyeball and the leeches on her own skin.
-
-“If you accept what’s not there, then you see what *is* there,” she says. She calls this idea the “elevator pitch” for her book, [Turbulence: A True Story of Survival](https://www.simonandschuster.biz/books/Turbulence/Annette-Herfkens/9781682450437), as well as the film or TV series she is writing. (A famous actor wanted to make the film before Covid, but the project stalled in the pandemic.) “I accepted that I was not with my fiance on the beach … Once I accepted that, I saw what was there – and it was this beautiful jungle,” she says.
-
-Beautiful? Did she really see it that way? Far from fearing the jungle, Herfkens says that since her escape she has sought it out in her mind. For three decades, it has been her “safe place”, somewhere to will herself back to at times of stress and emotional need or even in transcendent moments of meditation. But how could the very place her life had crumbled around her – her partner dead, along with the future they envisaged together – shift from being a place of peril to a haven?
-
-For Herfkens, the transformation began in the hours immediately after the crash. While she lay injured and thirsty, waiting to be rescued, she thought of the bond markets. She had been working for Santander in Madrid, and had been the only woman on the trading floor. She also thought of her mother back in The Hague. It seems incredible, given that she had no food or water, but while she waited for the rescue party, who eventually carried her down the mountain on a hammock, what Herfkens did not think was that she was going to die.
-
-“I stayed in the moment,” she says. “I trusted that they were going to find me … I did not think: ‘What if a tiger comes?’ I thought: ‘I’ll deal with it when the tiger comes.’ I did not think: ‘What if I die?’ I thought: ‘I will see about it when I die.’” She describes this experience of “moment after moment after moment” as mindfulness before its time, before we all knew the word for it.
-
-In some ways, this mindfulness was foisted upon her by her body. When, after a couple of days, the man who had been beside her died, Herfkens realised she was alone in the jungle. “And I had never been so entirely alone. I panicked.” Her collapsed lung made it hard to get the air in. She had to breathe intentionally. “And by breathing, I got back into the moment, back into the now.”
-
-Herfkens, who now works as an inspirational speaker, has often thought about what enabled her to survive – why was she the only one to make it? Did her innate qualities somehow equip her? Over the years, she has come up with lots of explanations. “I was the youngest child – I grew up with a lot of love – but I was left alone. I didn’t have parents telling me what I should do and feel. So I developed instincts.”
-
-![Annette Herfkens in a hospital bed](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/20071398c5dfc06879c27ede13c032b1462cabf7/0_0_1254_1780/master/1254.jpg?width=445&quality=85&dpr=1&s=none)
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-‘That’s where you have fight or flight. I definitely chose flight’ … Annette Herfkens in hospital after the crash.
-
-Herfkens thinks that she probably has attention deficit disorder and that if she were a child now “they definitely would have diagnosed me”. Growing up, she was reckless and forgetful, routinely mislaying her hockey stick. She learned to be “inventive and charming” and thinks that if she had “had Ritalin as a kid, I would never have developed the qualities I had for surviving the jungle”. (She has experience in this department, because her son, Max, 23, is autistic. Both of them tried Ritalin, but found it inhibited their sense of humour.)
-
-Years later – after Herfkens married her colleague Jaime Lupa, moved to New York and had two children – friends of her daughter, Joosje, and their parents quizzed her on her experience in Vietnam. At dinner parties, she was a prized guest. Some – mostly the dads – pressed books about survival into her hands. Reading them, she realised that in the jungle, her behaviour had been textbook. “I did all the right things,” she says.
-
-She knew she needed water, for instance, so she made a plan. “That’s what they always say – make a plan. I divided it into achievable steps.” From where she lay, she could see the aeroplane’s broken wing, and thought that the insulation material “could work like a sponge”. She propelled her body along on her elbows, damaging them so badly that they would later need a skin graft, until she could reach the tufty fibres. The pain was so great that she fainted. But by then she had eight little balls of the stuff. She needed only to “wait until it rained … and the little balls would fill up with water … Every two hours I would take a sip.” And then – a pattern she follows to this day – “I congratulated myself”, she says. “And that also makes you survive.”
-
-When Herfkens came to write her book and pitch her film, she realised she didn’t only want to write about her own experience in the jungle. She also wanted to write about the people who helped her, the victims of the crash and about her son. “I went to Hollywood and they said: ‘It has to be all about you,’” she says. It felt counter to the qualities that saved her: “I really think that why I survived is because I got over myself,” she says. “You get over your little self, then you get your instinct to work, then you get to connect with other people and then you achieve stuff.”
-
-When her son was diagnosed with autism at two, she found it helpful to apply what she had learned in the jungle to her life in New York. Herfkens felt the news as “a cold hand around my heart”, having read about some people’s experiences of autism – “the aggression … that you’ll never be able to connect to your child”.
-
-“I went through the steps of mourning,” she says. “Because Maxi was typical. He was typical until 18 months. And then I started losing him. So he could say words, and he was very warm. He was very sweet. And then he was gone.” Bit by bit, he unlearned to talk; she felt him “slipping away”, and a very different child emerged from the one she thought she knew. “You have to mourn what’s not there,” she says. “But focus on what is there. With my son, that’s what I did.”
-
-She connected with other parents who had children with autism, and began to see the world around her differently. She noticed groups of volunteers gathering at the corner of Central Park to run with people with disabilities. “It’s this little world. And you pass it. And you don’t give it a second thought. And then all of a sudden you are in this community.”
-
-![Remnants of the 1992 crash.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/66385ff08e9be311a989274862ab9ece790b0313/0_32_500_300/master/500.jpg?width=445&quality=85&dpr=1&s=none)
-
-Remnants of the 1992 crash.
-
-With her daughter’s friends’ families, conversation revolved around Upper East Side schooling and the best universities. “Then I was in this other world at the same time.” Her circle widened, diversified. “There were many black autistic boys in our circle, and it was so important to the mothers to teach them that when the police came, they had to keep their hands out of their pockets.” The stakes felt frighteningly high. She took Max on dry runs to the police station, drilled him on how to behave if he was arrested. She began to feel greater compassion for the other parents she met, and more connected.
-
-In the months after the crash, Herfkens, who was then 31, bounced back fast. Within three months, she flew back to her office in Madrid. But the legacy of the crash, the losses and traumas, have shaped the decades since. She clutches a water bottle wherever she goes, and still finds the taste of water “better than anything else”. When she flies, she tries to always sit in the front row, because the sight of another seatback reminds her of the weight of the dead body that landed on top of her. Small moments of trauma, such as a friend ordering Vietnamese food, sometimes ambush her.
-
-Herfkens had specialised in developing markets, with a particular talent for “the most imaginative debt-cancelling transactions”, and it’s clear that this specialism helped her in what she calls properly “taking a loss”. She applied this approach in the jungle, to Pasje, and then later in relation to three miscarriages, to Max’s diagnosis and her divorce from Lupa, who died of cancer in 2021 on the anniversary of Van der Pas’s death. But what does she mean exactly? “It’s really feeling it. Really thoroughly taking it,” she says. “You learn from taking losses. It’s painful, and you do it.”
-
-In trading, many people hold on to their positions even while the losses increase, she says. Say you buy shares at £10 and their value drops to £6. “On paper, you don’t feel the loss. But if you sell, instead of £10, you only have £6, so it hurts.” But then you can use the money to buy new shares that will rise beyond the initial £10. “You see? It takes an effort to actually accept the loss. It’s much easier to pretend that it didn’t happen. That’s very human. It’s the same with mourning. You cannot accept it if you don’t feel it … Be aware of it. Not just step over it.”
-
-For Herfkens, survival is an ongoing process. These days, as well as writing her script and giving motivational speeches, she is a carer to Max. Mourning Pasje is “an everyday thing”, stitched into the fabric of daily life. She still uses his method to keep her T-shirts tidy, taking the whole pile out to take one out so they get less messy. “Those little things, you know?”
-
-She has internalised him, her loss of him, and that too is a form of connection. Each year, she marks the anniversary of his death – now also the anniversary of her late ex-husband’s death – and counts each day for the next eight days, each sip of water, too. And then she buys herself a present. “I like treating myself,” she says. “I’m good at that.”
-
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-Date: 2023-10-29
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-Link: https://www.reuters.com/graphics/HAWAII-WILDFIRE/CLEANUP/egpbmemanvq/
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-# How workers remove toxic debris and ash after Hawaii wildfires
-
-![fading at the bottom](https://www.reuters.com/graphics/HAWAII-WILDFIRE/CLEANUP/egpbmemanvq/cdn/images/graphics/bottomFade.png)
-
-The teams of workers wrapped in white plastic suits stand out against a charred landscape as they pick through the toxic ash and debris that remain after Hawaii’s worst wildfire ripped through the historic town of Lahaina. When it was over, more than 1,700 buildings had been ruined – walls collapsed, pipes twisted, insulation materials broken and scattered across the breezy coastline in northwest Maui – creating a toxic mess that will haunt the Pacific island for months to come.
-
-As Hawaii mourns the 99 people killed in the Aug. 8 fire, and with 6 people still missing, it also must go through the painstaking process of clearing away Lahaina’s now-toxic remnants. In the harbor, dozens of sunken vessels appear as dark shadows on the seafloor, resting in sludge from ash and debris.
-
-“It may take up to a year, and cost up to $1 billion,” said Hawaii Senator Brian Schatz (D) during a September 5 briefing on the floor of the Senate.
-
-When heat and fire move through a town, they destroy treated timber, metal pipes and girdings, insulation and other materials – unleashing hazardous elements and chemicals into the air, water and ground. These toxins, if not properly cleared, can pose health threats for years to come.
-
-A map showing the locations of buildings that were destroyed in the fire and the approximate ages of the neighborhoods.
-
-In the case of Lahaina, the age of the building helps cleanup crews determine which ruined plots might be more dangerous than others. Older structures were more likely to have used asbestos, for example - a cancer-causing insulation material now banned in construction. The plantation-era wooden structures from the early to mid 1900s, which fueled the fire’s rapid spread through the town, might have used timber coated in poisonous arsenic to ward away insects and rot.
-
-The everyday objects and materials that populate an average U.S. household generally pose no threat. But when plastic materials, lead pipes, outdated insulation, treated wood or batteries are engulfed by fire, they can change dramatically for the worse.
-
-“It's basically a college chemistry course happening in real time, with chemicals being converted, one to another, with the heat of the flames,” said Gina Solomon, a clinical professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco.
-
-Chemicals released immediately in a fire can include chlorine, benzene and cyanide – all extremely toxic to humans. But as they’re released with the smoke from the fire, they also dissipate relatively quickly, limiting longer-term danger.
-
-Dioxins, a group of highly toxic chemicals that persist for a long time in the environment, can form through urban fire combustion, particularly with burning plastics. They are also initially released in the billowing smoke but will stick around, in the ash, soot and soils left behind. When ingested, dioxins accumulate in animal fatty tissues, which can lead to liver damage, reproductive problems, immune system suppression or illnesses like cancer.
-
-## A methodical process
-
-The arduous cleanup, led by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), begins once the canine teams from the Federal Emergency Management Agency have conducted their searches for victims and human remains. Before anything is cleared away, the cleanup crews must inspect and catalog the damage.
-
-Moving plot by plot, they map out the area with spray paint to mark dangerous sites. Pink paint is used for suspected asbestos, red marks lithium battery banks, orange shows highly hazardous areas and items, and white means safe or inert objects. Blue flags are used to mark areas or items of cultural sensitivity. Then the careful task of decontamination begins.
-
-To prevent further pollution, the EPA will also remove toxic hazards like propane tanks, oils, paints and pesticides that might still be found under a kitchen sink or in a garage. When firearms are found, they’re handed to the Maui police.
-
-The toxic materials are taken outside of the town to Ukumehame Firing Range, where the EPA has set up a staging area to sort through the mess. The area has been lined with special, liquid-tight material made from layers of woven polypropylene. Straw wattles surround the area to contain anything that might spill. Here, the various hazards are separated from one another, so they can be packaged and shipped to the U.S. mainland for safe disposal.
-
-Local officials are also working alongside both the EPA and Army Corps of Engineers to identify and preserve any culturally important artifacts or locations.
-
-Lahaina has long been a Hawaiian center of indigenous heritage. In 1802, King Kamehameha I made it the capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom, and it remained the seat of power until the 1940s, when King Kamehameha III moved the capital to Honolulu.
-
-“Lahaina holds some of the most historically significant cultural properties and highest-ranking sacred remains of our ancestors,” said Carmen “Hulu” Lindsey in a statement the day after the fire. She is chairwoman of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, an organization that provides resources for Native Hawaiians.
-
-## Hazardous building legacy
-
-The fire and the damage has not been limited to Lahaina. Preliminary testing of ash found at eight burned homes in the neighboring town Kula revealed very high levels of toxins, with 138 times the acceptable level of arsenic, 18 times the acceptable cobalt levels and about 3.5 times normal lead levels. Because the homes in Kula were constructed during the same time period as homes in Lahaina, the Hawaii Department of Health expects both locations to contain similar contaminant levels.
-
-There are no clear records of what materials were used in building Lahaina. But the age of each structure gives surveyors clues, based on which construction materials were available and commonly used during that period. Buildings constructed in the 1940s-1960s were built when most hazardous materials were available for use.
-
-“The major concerns are arsenic for the building materials, and you know there's lead-based paint and lead pipes,” said Cory Koger, a chemist and toxicologist for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
-
-“The arsenic would be from the Canec, and the lead coming from all the various sources of lead, including historic burning of lead-based fuels,” he said, noting that they won’t aim to reduce lead in the environment to zero, but to the pre-fire levels based on recent Maui environmental data.
-
-### The age of Lahaina’s buildings
-
-The chart below shows an approximate timeline of when some hazardous building materials were in use compared to the age of each building in Lahaina.
-
-Two rows of dots representing all residential and commercial buildings in Lahaina, with their position indicating when they were built from 1900 to the present, and shaded brackets above the lines indicating the potential building materials used in those years that can release toxic chemicals when burnt.
-
-## Sunken boats
-
-The cleanup effort is not limited to Lahaina’s land, but extends into the harbor where the remains of sunken boats now clutter the coastline in heaps of twisted metal and warped fiberglass. For this effort, U.S. Navy salvage divers coordinating with the Lahaina Fire Department and the U.S. Coast Guard have already catalogued dozens of submerged vessels, and expect to find more.
-
-Some of these vessels pose swimming or boating hazards. Some could be leeching dangerous materials into the surrounding water. Aerial surveys by the Coast Guard along with an underwater remote vehicle from the Navy are being used to map out hazards on the harbor floor.
-
-One month after the fire, Kelli Lundgren was able to check on her sailboat Lazy Daze moored at the south end of the harbor - and was shocked to find it was one of only 13 still afloat. She calls them “the Lucky 13.”
-
-“We’re still trying to analyze how that firestorm missed these boats,” Lundgren said. “It’s just incredible.”
-
-### Aerial assessment
-
-Composite image made from frames of a drone video provided by the United States Coast Guard.
-
-Images from drone video are stitched together to show an overview of Lahaina harbor, with dozens of sunken boats showing as shadows through the blue water, and a few white vessels floating at the far southern end of the harbor.
-
-There were 99 boats moored in the harbor before the fire. Winds carried the wildfire’s heat and smoke, along with fire embers, out over the water, warping plastic fiberglass hulls and setting wooden docks and boats aflame. Some people jumped into the ocean and were later rescued.
-
-"I was the last one off the dock when the firestorm came through the banyan trees and took everything with it. And I just ran out and helped everyone I could along the way," Dustin Johnson told reporters at Lahaina’s airport just after the fire. He had been working in the harbor for a company offering two-hour charter tours.
-
-A photograph of smoke billowing out into the water in Lahaina, Hawaii, U.S. on August 9, 2023.
-
-“The water quality inside the harbor is horrible,” said aquatic biologist Russell Sparks with Hawaii’s Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). “You can see it from the surface. There’s a constant sheen of diesel and other pollutants.”
-
-Already more than 2,000 gallons of polluting substances and potentially hazardous material have been removed from the harbor floor. The removal of damaged boats and larger debris will come next.
-
-![Photograph of a destroyed boat floating off Lahaina Small Boat Harbor after the wildfire.](https://www.reuters.com/graphics/HAWAII-WILDFIRE/CLEANUP/egpbmemanvq/cdn/images/melted_boat.jpg)
-
-A destroyed boat floats off Lahaina Small Boat Harbor after the wildfires. August 10, 2023. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources/Handout via REUTERS
-
-But Sparks and the DLNR’s Division of Aquatic Resources are also concerned about the micro-debris - the broken bits of fiberglass that can degrade marine habitat if not removed. Additionally, water quality devices have been placed along the coral reefs that skirt Lahaina’s coast, with scientists studying the results to understand what may be drifting out of the harbor.
-
-The devices, nicknamed “Fatbags”, contain a high-purity fat in which waterborne toxins, floating metals, dioxins, flame retardants and other hazardous chemicals will accumulate over time. “This mimics what a living creature like coral or fish would absorb. When the samples are analyzed, we’ll have a much better idea of what the reefs are being exposed to as a result of this fire,” Sparks said.
-
-Authorities will continue to monitor the air, soil and drinking water supply, as well as tracking contaminants in the ocean, as the cleanup continues.
-
-Water supply testing after the fire revealed that multiple locations contained benzene and other volatile organic compounds as a result of the wildfire, and drinking water in Lahaina was deemed unsafe to drink by the Maui Department of Water Supply. This decree remains largely in place today. Testing as of October 4 shows no benzene, but detectable levels of metals like lead and copper were found.
-
-Water systems may become contaminated if they lose pressure, sucking in smoke, chemicals or hot gases. This is what happened in parts of the Upper Kula and Lahaina system, according to a Maui County press release. Plastic pieces of the water system less than 1.5 feet underground can also cause contamination when exposed to high heat from a wildfire.
-
-As the cleanup goes on, officials have worried about the mass of toxic ash coating the entire area.
-
-Preliminary air sampling conducted in Lahaina and Upcountry Maui suggested the levels of contaminants were not hazardous. But there is worry that high winds could stir things up. Officials have approved the use of a thickening agent, to be sprayed on the ash to keep it in place until it can be cleaned.
-
-The area around Lahaina has also been grappling with a persistent drought, and the dry vegetation likely fueled the speed and severity with which the fire spread. That drought has also helped to keep pollution from water runoff in check. In the two months following the fire, less than a quarter inch of rain has fallen on the area.
-
-But as November heralds the start of a wetter season that tends to peak in January, that relief may be short-lived. Heavy rainfall would raise the threat of toxic ash and soot washing into the sea where coral reefs and other marine life could suffer.
-
-With about 75% of Lahaina destroyed, much will need to be rebuilt. The estimated cost of rebuilding is around $5.5 billion, according to the Pacific Disaster Center. While residents of small sections in the north, east and southern parts of the town have been able to visit their homes to see what remains, the majority of residents are being kept away while the cleanup continues. In a press conference only days after the fire on Aug. 10, Hawaii’s Lieutenant Governor Sylvia Luke saw recovery taking place over the span of not months but years. “It’s not just homes, it’s schools, businesses, there’s infrastructure, broadband needs. It’s going to be significant.”
-
-Sources
-
-Maui County; U.S. Coast Guard District 14; EPA; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources; Pacific Disaster Center (PDC); Office of Planning, State of Hawaii; USGS; Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA); U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission; Hawaii Department of Health (HDOH); Maps4news; HERE; OSM.
-
-Edited by
-
-Katy Daigle and Claudia Parsons
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Humans Started Riding Horses 5,000 Years Ago, New Evidence Suggests.md b/00.03 News/Humans Started Riding Horses 5,000 Years Ago, New Evidence Suggests.md
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-Date: 2023-03-08
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-Link: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/humans-started-riding-horses-5-000-years-ago-new-evidence-suggests/
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-# Humans Started Riding Horses 5,000 Years Ago, New Evidence Suggests
-
-Archaeologists have found a handful of human skeletons with characteristics that have been linked to horseback riding and are a millennium older than early depictions of humans riding horses
-
-![Humans Started Riding Horses 5,000 Years Ago, New Evidence Suggests](https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3F742542-E0B2-4E03-8791E5E563C70373_source.jpg?w=590&h=800&B94CD98F-0B87-439B-98333FA3D45E8DC4)
-
-An Egyptian graffito of goddess Astarte on horseback, Nineteenth Dynasty Egypt. This depiction dates about 1500 years later than the Yamnaya riders. Note particularly the rather stockily built, smaller, and shorter horse when compared to modern horse. Credit: [S. Steiß, Berlin](https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/976697)
-
-We may never know when a human jumped on a horse and rode off into the sunset for the first time, but archaeologists are hard at work trying to understand how [horses left the wild](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-secret-lives-of-horses1/) and joined humans on the trail to global domination. New research purports to have found the earliest evidence of horseback riding.
-
-A team of scientists reports that [humans may have ridden horses as early as 3000 B.C.E.](https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ade2451)—some 1,000 years before the earliest known artistic representation of a human astride a horse. The discovery, which is described in a study published on March 3 in *Science Advances*, hinges on skeletal analysis of human remains found across eastern Europe.
-
-“I always assumed that we would find it at some point,” says Katherine Kanne, an archaeologist at University College Dublin, who was not involved with the new research, about signs that humans were riding horses earlier than previous evidence had suggested. “A lot of us suspected this for a long time, and for it to come true is really exciting to see—and gratifying for sure.”
-
-To date, researchers have assembled only a patchy timeline of how humans have used horses. By about 3500 B.C.E., humans appear to have been [milking early domestic horses](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19265018/), a delicate process, which is evidence that the animals were already quite tame. But a [recent genetic analysis](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04018-9) suggests that the lineage of modern domestic horses didn’t arise until about 2000 B.C.E. That is around the same time that chariot wheels and artistic depictions of horseback riding begin to appear. Both indicate uses that would require fully domesticated animals.
-
-The new study tackles the challenge by focusing on human skeletons. Many of the remains it examines belong to [the Yamnaya people](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-evidence-fuels-debate-over-the-origin-of-modern-languages/), who have been long associated with horses by archaeologists and who [swept across much of Eurasia](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/when-the-first-farmers-arrived-in-europe-inequality-evolved/) from their origins in modern-day western Russia between 3000 and 2500 B.C.E. “The Yamnaya are extraordinary,” says the study’s co- author Volker Heyd, an archaeologist at the University of Helsinki. He notes that the group’s influence across Europe continues to this day in, for example, the Indo-European languages spoken across the continent.
-
-![Detail of the horse rider discovered in Malomirovo, Bulgaria. He displays the typical burial custom of the Yamnaya. The radiocarbon date puts him into the 30th century BC.](https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/assets/Image/2023/Malomirovo.JPG)
-
-Detail of the horse rider discovered in Malomirovo, Bulgaria. He displays the typical burial custom of the Yamnaya. The radiocarbon date puts him into the 30th century BC. Credit: [Michał Podsiadło](https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/976695)
-
-Heyd and a large group of his colleagues had set out to survey Yamnaya kurgans, or burial mounds, in eastern Europe. These structures and the items they contain are the only remaining traces of the culture. Co-author Martin Trautmann, an anthropologist also at the University of Helsinki, was stunned by a familiar pattern of marks associated with frequent horseback riding on the skeleton of a man in his 30s. These patterns—called “horseman syndrome”—happen as bones adapt to the biomechanical stress caused by repeated movements. “Bones are living tissue in living creatures,” Trautmann says. “You can read life histories from bones.”
-
-Horseman syndrome involves changes to the thigh bones, pelvis and lower spine. Trautmann had seen these alterations in countless skeletons from much later time periods. “Horseback riding is a very specific pattern of biomechanical stress,” he says. “You use muscle groups in a way you usually don’t do in everyday locomotion.”
-
-Trautmann initially hesitated to link the markings to horseback riding but soon found similar patterns on additional skeletons from that same time. All told, the new paper reports five Yamnaya skeletons displaying at least four of six such traits out of a total of 217 skeletons included in the kurgan survey.
-
-Not all the skeletons were preserved well enough to allow the researchers to evaluate every component of horseman syndrome, however, leading to some gaps in their assessments. “It’s a fascinating paper. I absolutely love it,” says Birgit Bühler, an archaeologist at the University of Vienna, who was not involved in the new research. “But I would be cautious because of these missing criteria.”
-
-And because the research focuses exclusively on human remains, not everyone is convinced the analysis shows that humans were riding horses specifically, despite long-standing academic association of the Yamnaya with horses. “Those pathologies might totally be involved with animal transport, but I see no real evidence here to actually link them to horses,” says William Taylor, an archaeologist at the University of Colorado Boulder, who was not involved with the new research. Unlike horseback riding, scientists don’t have a sense of the traces that riding other types of animals might leave on a human’s skeleton, a gap he says he hopes researchers begin to address.
-
-Trautmann says he suspects that riding animals that are similar enough to horses, such as mules, would leave signs of horseman syndrome. Although he’s satisfied by the scattered horse bones found at Yamnaya sites, he hopes someday scientists analyze those remains for corresponding skeletal signs that a horse regularly carried a rider.
-
-### ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)
-
-**Meghan Bartels** is a science journalist and news reporter for Scientific American who is based in New York City.
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-# I Went on a Package Trip for Millennials Who Travel Alone. Help Me.
-
-![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/03/26/magazine/26mag-morocco/26mag-morocco-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Credit...Rosie Marks for The New York Times
-
-The Great ReadThe Voyages Issue
-
-On visiting Morocco with a group-travel company that promised to build “meaningful friendships” among its youngish clientele.
-
-Credit...Rosie Marks for The New York Times
-
--   Published March 20, 2023Updated March 24, 2023
-
-### Listen to This Article
-
-Imagine walking into a party where you know almost no one (pathetic) — a party at which I, a stranger to you (probably), have arrived well before you (sorry). Should this occur in real life, it is inevitable that shortly after your entrance, as you are tentatively probing the scene in search of safe ingress into social traffic, I will yank you, abruptly, into the middle of a conversation. I will turn to you and start talking as if you’d been involved in the discussion for an hour. I will lob questions at you that are tailored so that any answer you give can be right. Soon, you will forget I dragged you into this interaction; your easy popularity will seem, in retrospect, inevitable. You will most likely feel at least vaguely friendly toward me, because I so clearly want to be your friend. And the whole time I am doing this — because, despite your rewritten recollections, I am the one doing all of this — I will be thinking: Oh, my God, I’m doing it again. I hate this. I hate this. Why can’t I stop doing this to people?
-
-Of all my bad habits, it is the ruthless desire to befriend that exerts the strongest pull on my behavior. Not that I want more friends — God, no. If anything, I’d love to drop about 80 percent of the ones I have, so I could stop remembering their birthdays. But because I can’t quit — because constantly pulling strangers into my orbit is what stabilizes my bearing in the universe — I have determined to double down. And so, in January, I booked a package vacation to Morocco through a company whose stated aim — beyond offering package vacations — is to help people in their 30s and 40s make new friends.
-
-That millennials are the largest human adult cohort alive; in or about to enter their peak-earning years; less likely than earlier generations, at the same age, to live with a spouse and/or offspring; and highly susceptible to YOLO — a brain condition that makes a nine-day vacation to Croatia sound like a fun and affordable alternative to homeownership, which seems impossible anyway — would seemingly be enough to justify the existence of a travel company dedicated to serving them. Indeed, there is a nascent industry devoted to creating millennial-oriented travel package experiences of the type generally set aside for people much younger (e.g., [Birthright Israel](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/11/us/israel-birthright-jews-protests.html)) or older (e.g., [Rhine river cruises](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/travel/river-cruises-drought-europe.html)). In promotional copy, these companies’ sleek websites deploy the verb “curate” to describe the work of travel agents. Flash Pack, which aims to lure vacationers who would otherwise be traveling solo and marshal them into traveling bands of up to 14, is one such business.
-
-What makes Flash Pack unusual is its “mission” — “to create one million meaningful friendships” — and a method of execution that it telegraphs with evangelistic zeal: “We obsess over the group dynamics,” its website explains on one page. “We absolutely obsess over the group dynamic,” it states on another. “We’re completely obsessed with it” (“it” being the group dynamic), Flash Pack’s 42-year-old chief executive, Radha Vyas, is quoted as saying on an F.A.Q. page intended to calm nervous vacationers. Another page, titled “How It Works,” opens with the promise that the company “obsesses over the group dynamic, doing everything in our power to ensure you’re comfortable and building friendships within the first 24 hours.”
-
-With this intention, the agency stands in stark, even proud violation of a sociological paradox: to have many friends is a desirable condition; to plainly seek to make friends is unseemly and pitiful. Millennials’ broad acceptance of the taboo around extending oneself in friendship — perhaps an aversion to participation inherited from their direct predecessors, Generation X — is particularly irrational, given that millennials report feeling lonely “often” or “always” at much higher rates than members of previous generations.
-
-Who, I wondered as I scrolled through the inviting images on the company’s home page, are the millennial adults drawn to a pricey international vacation for the purpose of befriending strangers? If I plunged into a trip chosen at random, would I surface to find myself flailing among social incompetents — phone-addled young people who yearn for real-life connections but are unable to forge them under normal conditions? Or would I be surrounded by the sociopathic winners of this great game — the Jeff Bezoses of friend-making? Obviously, my fellow vacationers would be natural freaks of some kind — but would they be so because they had overcome the intrinsic shame of seeking friends or because they were naturally immune to it?
-
-Image
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-![The group learning to surf in Essaouira, Morocco.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/03/26/magazine/26mag-morocco-02/26mag-morocco-02-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Credit...Rosie Marks for The New York Times
-
-The mystery started to resolve itself two weeks out from our trip, when every participant of the “Morocco Highlights” tour was added to a WhatsApp group and encouraged to introduce themselves — a suggestion we responded to with so much zeal you would think it were an assignment that constituted 60 percent of our grade; and we were determined to maintain our perfect grade-point average; and we had actually been secretly hired as “plants” by the school administration to sit in on this class, in the hope that we would contagiously motivate the real students to strive for comparable excellence, creating a domino effect that would boost the school’s rankings; and we would love to take advantage of extra-credit assignments (if they were available); and, actually, we had gone ahead and conceived and executed what we felt might be some edifying extra-credit assignments, in case none were available.
-
-We sent portraits of our pets, announced which items on the itinerary we anticipated most eagerly and provided photos of what we loved most about the places where we lived (the mountains of North Carolina; sunlight gleaming off the Charles River; the solitary beauty of a Baltic beach, which, it was hoped even before meeting, some of us would “come visit one day!”). I wondered publicly in the chat if anyone in the group might be “superorganized” and willing to share a packing list. Within 60 seconds, I received in reply an image consisting of a tabular representation of our itinerary, each column head designating a day, underneath which was a cell listing the major activities of that day (extracted and paraphrased from the official itinerary), underneath which was a full-length photograph of the sender, wearing the exact outfit, including shoes and coat, she intended to wear on that day, for those activities.
-
-When I asked Radha Vyas, who founded Flash Pack with her husband, Lee Thompson, to give me the profile of a typical patron, she described her clients as “decision makers or leaders” in their regular lives who “want somebody else to take control” of their vacations. “Lots of our customers are lawyers, doctors, and they’ve done really, really well in their careers,” she said over video chat from London — so well that they have developed “decision fatigue” from the litany of correct decisions they have been forced to make while scaling new professional heights. “They just want to turn up,” Vyas said. “Somebody tells you where to be, what time, what to do, what to wear, and you can just let go.”
-
-**My group’s official** welcome meeting was scheduled for 6 p.m. the Sunday of our arrival, by which point nearly all pack members had taken it upon themselves to welcome one another in various permutations as they arrived at our Marrakesh hotel from Denver, London and beyond. I was still asleep, flying over the Atlantic Ocean, while the unofficial pre-welcome welcoming logistics began to be codified, and then continuously revised and expanded in the WhatsApp group. Before I got off the plane, most of the other travelers were already linking up, grabbing lunch, or coffee, or rooftop drinks at a restaurant near the hotel.
-
-I had been distressed that my late-afternoon arrival (well within the company’s recommended arrival window) precluded my participation in the unsanctioned, prefatory socializing. But then, while I was waiting in line at the hotel’s check-in desk, I was approached by a brisk British stranger who gave an instant, slightly terrifying yet invigorating impression of uncanny competence, who asked, “Are you Flash Pack?” She had spotted the small brown bag containing a tiny hamsa-shaped welcome soap I had been given by a company representative at my airport pickup, and recognized it as the twin of the small brown bag containing a tiny hamsa-shaped welcome soap she had received, she explained — and so I was able to be unofficially pre-welcomed anyway.
-
-There were 13 of us total. Each day of the trip, I would spend a little time privately trying to map the biblical significance of this number neatly onto our group, frustrated that no clear stand-in for Christ ever emerged. (If it was anyone, it was the vivacious and bubbly woman from a village called Burnham, which she described as “near Slough,” who was legitimately nice to everyone, and whose job investigating international commercial real estate disputes gave her experience performing little miracles in the Middle East.) Ultimately, the best I could come up with was that if Jesus had surrounded himself with 12 such team-oriented, schedule-conscious youngish (kind of) women, he might still be alive today.
-
-Image
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-Credit...Rosie Marks for The New York Times
-
-It is a matter of historical record that Flash Pack has some male customers. However, there were none on the mid-February Morocco tour. What were the women like? Slightly more likely to be white than not, to be single than not and to not have come from the British Isles ... than to have not *not* done that; but only just barely, in every category. Our average number of offspring was 0.15 per person, because only one of us had children. There were two doctors (American) and one pharmacist (not). There was a project manager; an account executive; a head of; and a director (not that kind). There was the “quantity surveyor” from near Slough, and a person whose job title was five words long, two of which were “learning” and “partner.” There was a health care data analyst and a person who coordinates tour logistics for adventure-travel companies, who insisted she was, in fact, on vacation. There was a woman who was Irish, which was not her job, but, my God, she was good at it; she owns a pug who apparently is a successful working actor, which was also not her job. We ranged in age from 31 to 45.
-
-“Morocco Highlights” is an expensive way to make friends: The price of the eight-day trip (the first and last days of which are devoted to arrival and departure) starts at $2,395. This includes shared accommodation in twin rooms with another traveler, most meals and all group activities. The additional expense of round-trip economy flights brought my cost to around $4,165 — within $30 of the median monthly income for an American woman at the end of 2022. The price and premise all but ensure that bookers will spend their trip surrounded by people who share not only their approximate income level (high, though not so high that they could fly a bunch of their actual friends to Morocco) but also their principles about what makes a vacation successful (an efficient use of time; a wide variety of commitments; transforming strangers into acquaintances).
-
-At 6 p.m. sharp, by the cold hotel pool, we officially met and were welcomed by Ismail, our guide. Ismail’s command of English — his fifth language, he told us, by way of apology — was so strong he was able to be genuinely funny in it. (“Call me Ishmael!” he said — and many people did, the whole time.) His opening remarks included polite yet firm advice regarding group punctuality: If you were going to be “five minutes late” for any activity, at any point, please send a quick note via WhatsApp informing everyone else. I thought of this counsel when Vyas told me later that as Flash Pack trains its guides, it makes a point of teaching them to instill confidence in their administrative abilities at the very first meeting. “Because if they don’t,” Vyas said, “our customers will try and take control — because they are natural leaders.”
-
-Over the course of approximately 30 distinct group activities — several of which required rising before dawn — there were two or three occasions when people dutifully gave warning that they could be very slightly late. Otherwise, all 13 of us were ruthlessly on time, except when we were early, which was often. It was the most exhausting vacation of my life.
-
-**Picture a normal** vacation. Now, picture an activity that would be the primary event of one vacation day — possibly of the entire trip. Now, picture scheduling it to happen first thing in the morning. And then, immediately after that, another diversion of equal heft, and sometimes another, and possibly a fourth. Interspersed within the tent-pole itinerary items are more options for spontaneous activities. That’s what every day of this trip was like.
-
-We started our first morning barreling through the thousand-year-old alleyways of Marrakesh’s serpentine medina in stylish retro motorbike sidecars; then headed straight into a self-guided tour of the Jardin Majorelle, the electric blue cactus paradise restored by the fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent; then took another tour of a secret garden (quite crowded, perhaps because it is well advertised as Le Jardin Secret); then had the option to embark on a supplementary souk shopping excursion before dinner, which itself consisted of an hourslong walking tour of medina food stalls and ended with one or two more spontaneous opportunities for shopping.
-
-The dinner tour was led by a young man named Abdul, who, like all the men who led any of the tours, was young, handsome and dressed as if he could, at a moment’s notice, be called to ride a motorcycle to the offices of a men’s fashion magazine for an emergency photo shoot. Abdul ushered us past corridors of pierced metal lamps that glowed with the diffuse light of distant galaxies, brightly dyed babouches perched in rows like colorful parrots and jeans for babies, stopping every few minutes when, all of a sudden, we would be handed things to eat: olives plucked from glistening heaps; shards of fried puff pastry; orange soup; a sheep’s eye; nuts. In fact, this is how most of our meals occurred, even in restaurants (where, invariably, we would be seated together at one long table): Food would simply be placed before us without anyone having ordered.
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-Image
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-Credit...Rosie Marks for The New York Times
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-The first time the food magically appeared, at our welcome dinner on a terrace overlooking the medina, we were served warm glasses of mint tea and tagines, which — not realizing these were but the first of 900 glasses of mint tea and 10,000 tagines we would be invited to consume over the next week — we ate heartily. The announcement of the final course inspired me to declare, in case anyone was listening, that I am “a dessert person.” Ismail was listening. Exhibiting the preternatural ability to get out ahead of potential threats to mood that the company strives to inculcate in its guides, Ismail informed me, as gently as possible, that “dessert in Morocco can be just fruit.” I began musing excitedly about the various fat and sweetness enhancements to which fruit can be subjected, transforming it into dessert. Ismail held my gaze. With the delicate assertiveness of one determined to form a connection with a jumper poised on the side of a bridge, he clarified: “Just fruit.” (As darkly foretold, the final course proved to be just orange slices.)
-
-We travelers were almost never asked to produce money for any service, experience or tagine. Those few times we were — purchasing souvenirs, for instance — the transaction was typically conducted on our behalf, in Arabic, Berber or French, by Ismail, who then told us in English how much colorful Moroccan currency to hand over. These encounters suffused our tour with an intoxicating ease. Each day was crammed with activities, but we were shepherded through them in a state of such perpetual mollycoddling that, increasingly, our travels around Morocco felt like trekking through a gentle dream world.
-
-We were driven into the foothills of the Atlas Mountains and introduced to a young Berber woman named Saida, who taught us how to make a meal (tagine) on her expansive living-room terrace, then gave us a tour of her apricot-colored stone-and-clay house. We were led virtually nude (not by Ismail), in trios and pairs, into a polished stone steam chamber where we were scrubbed, slathered, oiled and boiled until we resembled hot dogs fresh from the package. We were escorted across two lanes of traffic to an argan tree whose branches served as scaffolding for goats, and invited to hug the goats’ sweet, warm, soft babies to our chests. We were deposited before a squadron of ATVs and trusted to operate these roaring vehicles over a route of rocky desert terrain — pausing midtrip so that we could be guided, via graceful pantomime, through a sequence of photo poses — until, an hour later, we had driven ourselves to the sumptuously appointed canvas tents that would be our sleeping quarters in the Agafay Desert.
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-Image
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-Credit...Rosie Marks for The New York Times
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-It is Flash Pack’s good fortune to attract the kind of control freaks for whom the delicious little thrill derived from living through an incident of well-executed planning is entirely distinct from, and in addition to, their enjoyment of the activity itself. “I like the way it’s being incorporated into the schedule,” the angel of near-Slough confided in me, reflecting with satisfaction on the way the ATVs did double duty as transportation and excursion. I was terrified every single second my ATV was in motion at the uncontrollable speed of 19 miles per hour — but I had to admit that I liked it, too.
-
-**The company’s terms** and conditions grant it “the right to decline any booking at our absolute discretion.” In separate interviews, the founders described a postbooking process whereby a customer-service representative can internally “red flag” an individual who they suspect could pose a risk to the cohesion of the group.
-
-“Normally, if there was a flag against the individual,” Thompson said, “we speak to them to make sure we’re managing their expectations and make sure they’re booked on the right trip.”
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-“One really cantankerous person can disrupt the group quite quickly,” Vyas said. The failure of a group to click, according to Vyas, can usually be laid at the feet of “one person whose expectations are completely out of sync with what we can offer.” A tip-off is when someone gives the impression of being “extremely demanding” about their personal preferences for the trip. While Flash Pack does not loudly advertise that customers are at theoretical risk of pre-emptive ejection from a trip (with refund) if the company suspects them of being the kind of person who will try to ram too many solo-vacation elements through the intricate itineraries on offer, it’s quite possible this threat would only make the offerings more appealing to the plan-loving, rule-following, fine-print-studying, steadfast competitors who form its client base.
-
-About half the women on our trip had come to Morocco because they had always (or near enough) wanted to come to Morocco; the other half of the group had come because they wanted to take a trip of about one week’s duration sometime in mid-February, and the “Moroccan Highlights” tour satisfied this brief. If anything, those who ended up in the country by chance seemed especially delighted with how much they were enjoying a place that had never particularly occurred to them. Two members of the group — one British, one American — met on a previous Flash Pack excursion to Vietnam, during which they (as advertised) became good friends, such good friends that they decided years later to check out Morocco together.
-
-An I.T. consultant on the trip who was a veteran of multiple Flash Pack tours, and of the U.S. Army, observed to me that on every vacation she has taken with the company, across four continents, every single participant she has met has had “a Type A personality.”
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-The notion of “A” as a “type” was theorized in the late 1950s by Dr. Meyer Friedman and Dr. Ray H. Rosenman, two American cardiologists who believed that most heart attacks suffered by people under 70 were directly attributable to an abundance of emotional stress. Such high stress levels, they proposed, were found in individuals who tended to exhibit a cluster of personality traits: “excessive competitive drive,” “aggressiveness,” “a harrying sense of time urgency,” feeling “vaguely guilty” when relaxing, etc. These were meant to be habits, not traits — something a person could unlearn. Yet almost from the moment the concept was introduced to the public, “Type A personality” has been used as shorthand to describe an intractable manner of being.
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-Image
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-Credit...Rosie Marks for The New York Times
-
-I had never thought of myself as Type A before my fellow vacationer’s observation. I had assumed the designation implied at least a moderate degree of neatness, which I have never exhibited. But the hallmarks she identified (per the American Psychological Association: “chronic competitiveness”; “high levels of achievement motivation”; “a distorted sense of time urgency”) all felt familiar. Later, when I learned that Friedman and Rosenman described individuals with Type A traits as “quite prone to exhibit a free-floating but extraordinarily well-rationalized hostility,” I became convinced. My tendency to mechanically entrap others into friendship seemed suddenly explicated: I do it because I have no tolerance for those who unintentionally imperil fun party moods by fostering atmospheres of social awkwardness.
-
-I do not mean to suggest that all the women on the trip approached friend-making similarly. The lack of time for indecisive dithering was what made the trip soothing for me. For someone else, it may have been the ability to wonder, one afternoon, if it might be possible to get a tattoo while in Morocco — and then, by dinnertime, to have a brand-new tattoo, seamlessly facilitated by Ismail. But I contend that every member of our group, to some degree — to a very high degree — exhibited many of the traits designated Type A. I believe this because a vacation experience like the one Flash Pack offers — which promises a detailed itinerary, strict schedule, mandatory fun, controlled explosions of joy and defined periods of prearranged “free time” — is unlikely to attract a person who does not exhibit these tendencies, and also because by the end of the trip we had all memorized one another’s food allergies and were pre-emptively checking with waitstaff about them on one another’s behalf. (Vyas said that “stereotyping our customers as ‘Type A’” would be “a gross overgeneralization.”)
-
-> ## The less said about Wine Day the better.
-
-**We awoke on** the fifth day to a world of paradisiacal beauty. The clouds over the Agafay Desert were shot through with beams of gold at dawn. As the morning unspooled, these gave way to a creamy wash of slate blue and pearl gray, revealing our camp to be afloat on an ocean of gently swelling rocky dunes that stretched to the distant purple Atlas Mountains, whose peaks were luminous beneath fresh snow. The numbing cold of the previous day prevented us from using the pool that had, improbably, been built into the desert ground — and already it was time to depart. We were too committed to successfully executing the tour’s mission to be outright grumpy as we piled shoulder to shoulder into the van, staring down a three-hour drive to our vineyard visit. But it was clear to all, on the unusually quiet ride, that we would have to take proactive steps to turn the day around. And that well-intentioned resolve, I suspect, is what threatened to send the meticulously calibrated nuclear reactor of our group dynamic into meltdown.
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-From this point, the less said about Wine Day the better. Was there wine? Yes. Was there more wine? Yes! Was there anything else to do during the two and a half hours we were scheduled to be at the isolated winery — a period we were forced to spend indoors because of a cold drizzle — but guzzle wine? Yes! — I mean no! A little more wine before leaving? Wine! Did Wine Day bleed into Mixed Drink Dusk? For some. Was it followed by Shots Night? Absolutely. Was there a reason the 13 of us all dined together that evening, which was the only night of the trip we were not obligated by the itinerary to have dinner as one huge group? Friendship!(?) Did half our group end up at a club? Yes. Did two members of that half vanish when Ismail was not looking and sneak off to the ocean for a late-night skinny dip? Allegedly. Did this sort of behavior appear anywhere on the itinerary, an incorruptible document listing all legitimate activities? No, it did not. Had Ismail already formed an emergency recovery plan for the fugitives involving our hotel’s night manager by the time they sheepishly returned, wet from the sea? Of course. Did the unscheduled actions of these successful professional women threaten to cast a pall over Hammam Experience Day? Yes, but only because they detected (and confessed to us that they detected) the next day, through imperceptible indications, that Ismail was disappointed in them — a fate that would have been unendurable for any of us, who live to not disappoint others at any cost.
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-Image
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-Credit...Rosie Marks for The New York Times
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-Of course, the controversial acts of Wine Day were arguably a direct result of what the company set out to do. Because the tour had outlined its goals — for everyone on the tour to relax and become friends — very clearly on its website, it had attracted, as participants, a horde of demented overachievers whose determination to relax and become friends far exceeded that of the average person; who would stop at nothing to complete these objectives; who had paid thousands of dollars to pursue these aims among like-minded maniacs. These two women, while violating the tenet that Flash Pack vacations are not only vacations but also group projects, in which individual whims must be subordinated to the needs and desires of the commonwealth, had, nonetheless, passed the larger test: They had found time, outside the packed schedule, to do the sort of spontaneous thing a pair of real adult friends might, in theory, do on vacation. Had their behavior in any way impinged on the remaining officially sanctioned good times scheduled to fill out the final two days of our itinerary, it’s possible the remainder of the group would have devoted a portion of its collective acumen and pragmatism to ruining these women’s lives.
-
-But the next day we took a surprise excursion to a fish market, where Ismail arranged for a banquet’s worth of fresh seafood to be placed before us, and personally squirted soap into our hands so we could wash them, and then we did yoga on the beach, and then Ismail agreed to take us out for ice cream before bed, and everyone participated and was on time, and we still had one full day left after that. So everything was, in other words, back to normal.
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-Upon my return from Morocco, I awoke after dawn for the first time in over a week. Rather than dashing out of bed to learn to surf (and then, still in my wet suit, ride a camel), I luxuriated under my blankets. The obligations of my real life (work, chores) were a breeze compared with the responsibility of converting 12 strangers into new friends while participating in a full daily docket of group activities. In the WhatsApp group, my aggressive campaign to persuade everyone to stay friends forever was already underway. The vacation was over. I could relax.
-
----
-
-**Caity Weaver** is a staff writer for the magazine. She last wrote [a feature about spending time in a room engineered to be soundless](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/23/magazine/quiet-chamber-minneapolis.html). **Rosie Marks** is a photographer based in London and Los Angeles whose work focuses on people engrossed in their own worlds. She has published two books of documentary photography, including “Pretty Hurts.”
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-Audio produced by Tally Abecassis.
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-Link: https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/article270313997.html
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-# I went on 33 first dates in just six months. And I only regret almost all of them
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-     
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-Something I’ve learned from trading dating stories with other straight friends who only date people of the opposite gender is that men rarely go on bad dates, but women go on a whole heck of a lot of ’em. Getty Images
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-At the beginning of this year, I got dumped. The emotional wreckage of the breakup was bad, but the idea of rejoining dating apps, endlessly swiping left, engaging in the usual mindless small talk and enduring disappointment after disappointment was somehow even worse.
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-And as much as I dreaded getting back into the dating world, when I did, it was somehow a million times more terrible than expected.
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-I’d had limited experience with modern dating before last year — and by modern dating, I mean meeting strangers through dating apps. In college, one can still meet people in classes or through friends or by playing a drinking game in the middle of the day on someone’s front lawn (true story). But then I graduated into a global pandemic and in-person dating came to a sudden stop.
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-After I did finally download Hinge in 2021, I went on one god-awful, six-hour first date before promptly pausing all activity on the dating app. Months later, I tried again, this time going on four (significantly better but still not great) first dates and then a fifth with someone who became my boyfriend — and then, at the beginning of this year, my ex.
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-That’s how I thought it would be when I re-downloaded Hinge last summer: Suffer through a handful of bad dates and then really hit it off with someone. *Et voilà!*
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-How naive I was.
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-One bad date turned into two, then four, then 10 and 20. Over the past six months, I’ve been on 33 first dates — and enjoyed about five.
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-Something I’ve learned from trading dating stories with other straight friends is that men rarely go on bad dates, but women go on a whole heck of a lot of ’em.
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-I’m not talking about dates where maybe you don’t quite hit it off with someone. I’m talking about dates that are downright uncomfortable; dates that make you feel trapped; dates where you’re planning an escape route and frantically texting a friend for advice.
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-In my experience, the same date can be an enjoyable success in the eyes of one person, generally a man, and terribly uncomfortable in the eyes of another, generally a woman. This phenomenon tends to stem from a lack of self-awareness on the part of the former. I’ve had men ask for another date or even attempt to grab my hand or kiss me, sometimes without asking, despite my discouraging body language, my attempts to hurriedly finish the date or the fact that I’d been giving one-word answers for the past 20 minutes.
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-I once went on a three-hour-long date with a man who not only looked nothing like his profile pictures but also proceeded to talk the entire time. When he asked me a question, he would interrupt me to answer his own question at length.
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-More astoundingly, he subsequently texted me to ask for a second date. He had completely missed what an awful time I was having.
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-I never responded to the message. He didn’t want to hear from me during our date, so why should he now?
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-By the way, the experience of showing up to a first date and not recognizing the person you’ve been talking to because they look nothing like their profile pictures is more common than you might think. My theory is that guys generally have fewer photos of themselves than women, who tend to take many more photos of other women for Instagram, social media and dating profiles. I’ve had instances of wondering whether I was being [catfished](https://slate.com/culture/2013/01/catfish-meaning-and-definition-term-for-online-hoaxes-has-a-surprisingly-long-history.html) because my date was so unrecognizable.
-
-I’ve also learned that some people just altogether lack communication skills. There were several guys who didn’t ask me a single question for the entire date. On many other dates, I felt as if I should have been compensated for carrying the whole conversation on my back — but, for the record, always insisted on splitting the check.
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-If 33 dates strikes you as a lot — and it should — consider how many dating app “matches” and text conversations didn’t turn into dates. Across my now-defunct Tinder account, my “paused” Bumble account and my still-active Hinge profile, I have had hundreds if not thousands of matches.
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-A handful of matches don’t lead to conversations, but most yield conversations of at least one or two messages. Those that go on longer may die during the transition from dating app to texting or even during the process of nailing down first date details.
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-In short, all 33 of my first dates overcame tremendous hurdles to even happen, which means that each and every bad first date represented even more wasted time and potential.
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-I got through all those dates by telling myself I was “doing it for the plot,” a mantra popularized by Gen Z Twitter and TikTok meaning that one can turn a bad date into a good story.
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-And did I ever. I turned so many into amusing anecdotes that friends began to greet me by asking if I’d gone on any bad dates recently. Oh, yes — yes, I had.
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-There was the date with the pessimistic capitalist during which I ran into my high school nemesis; there was the communist and then the Marxist (the latter a sweetheart, the former a bore); the guy who told me he was so nervous about our date that he had called his mom beforehand for a pep talk; the guy who said he would prefer a race war to a class war; and the guy who kept calling me a “cute cutie” in the creepiest way possible.
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-Fairly early on, I realized that nine out of every 10 dates would be flops, so I developed a few strategies. On dates when I almost immediately realized I wasn’t romantically interested in the guy, I would switch into journalist mode and ask questions about their area of professional expertise, hobbies or hometowns. That way I could at least get an informational lecture out of the experience. I ended up learning about earthquakes, societal collapse, unsolved math problems and Canadian culture.
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-I began this dating journey confident that I would never “[ghost](https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/ghosting-words-were-watching)” anyone; I would always respond to messages even if my response was a rejection. But by date No. 20, you start changing the rules. I decided it was OK to ghost after just one date; after any more than that, I’d send my go-to rejection text: “I just don’t feel a romantic spark. I hope you understand, and I wish you luck on your dating journey.”
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-Oddly, though, the more bad dates I went on, the more convinced I became that the next one would be great. I just needed to be patient.
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-And then it happened: I met a truly great guy — perfect, even — a platinum-blond aspiring architect who asked more questions on our dates than I did; a creative type, excited about everything, with so many interests I shared; one of the kindest people I’ve ever met, and he even made his own pickles! What more could a Jewish girl want?
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-But the lesson I’ve learned and relearned over the past six months is that expectations are misleading. The guys I was most excited to meet up with frequently turned out to be the most underwhelming. And just when you think you’ve found the right person, it can turn out that it’s not quite right after all.
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-The perfect pickler only lasted for a couple of months, and then it was back to the apps.
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-My expectations were wrong again. That can be a bitter, brutal gut-punch, but it can also be a wonderful surprise.
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-My ex-boyfriend, the one who launched me on this journey by dumping me earlier this year, has become one of my closest confidants. I started 2022 dating someone I really liked; I ended it laughing with him about what a disaster dating can be.
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-This story was originally published December 24, 2022 5:00 AM.
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-[![Profile Image of Hannah Holzer](https://www.sacbee.com/latest-news/m46jyp/picture252236453/alternates/FREE_480/Hannah%20Holzer%20headshot)](https://www.sacbee.com/profile/251669333)
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-Hannah Holzer, a Placer County native and UC Davis graduate, is The Sacramento Bee’s opinion assistant.
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-# INTERVIEW: Christian Horner explains the F1 teams' opposition to Andretti Cadillac's proposal
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-It’s hardly been a quiet Formula 1 off-season, but most of the talking has been between F1 and the FIA. Even the Andretti Cadillac announcement led to statements from Mohammed Ben Sulayem that moved the limelight onto the battle between governing body and commercial rights holder, and away from the proposed entry itself.
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-Michael Andretti did try his best to change that, but in doing so lashed out at the teams, calling them “greedy” and telling Forbes that “it’s all about money.”
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-He’s right, but the impression that teams and F1 specifically don’t want Andretti – or any U.S. team – is wrong. Toto Wolff had already talked about what “a statement” the tie-up with General Motors was, but clearly teams have their own positions to defend.
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-For Red Bull team principal Christian Horner, the details around why it’s not as simple as granting Andretti Cadillac a spot on the grid in return for $20 million per team hasn’t been properly explained, and has led to a misinterpretation of the respect the project has gained.
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-“Look, Andretti is a great brand, a great team,” Horner tells RACER. “Mario, what he did in Formula 1 — as an American as well — is fantastic. Obviously GM with Cadillac as well would be two phenomenal brands to have in the sport, and I don’t think there can be any dispute about that.
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-“As with all these things though, it ultimately boils down to, ‘Well, who’s going to pay for it?’ And you can assume that the teams, if they’re perceived to be the ones who are paying for it –– or diluting their payments to accommodate it — of course it’s not going to sit that well.
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-“The two teams that are supporting it (McLaren and Alpine) either have a partnership in the U.S. with them, or are going to supply them an engine. The other eight are saying, ‘Well hang on, why should we dilute our element of the prize fund?’
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-“Then on the other side you’ve got the Liberty (Media) guys saying, ‘Well we’re not going to pay for it, we’re happy with 10 healthy, competitive franchises from an operational perspective — garages, logistics, motorhomes — it’s all more to accommodate.’ I’m sure they would prefer the Audi model, where they come in and acquire an existing franchise.
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-“If you introduce another one or two teams, you dilute the value of the current 10 franchises, which of course teams — particularly down towards the bottom end of the grid — have got a very inflated inherent value at the moment.
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-“I hope a solution can be found. What would be cleaner would be if they were able to take on one of the existing teams or franchises, but they are certainly both great brands that would be very, very welcome in Formula 1.”
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-The anti-dilution fee in the current Concorde Agreement was set at what the expected cost of Williams was at the time, with Dorilton Capital purchasing the team for around that $200m figure midway through the pandemic. 
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-That deal helped turn a struggling team into a far more robust business with increased investment, and further changes to the way the whole sport is structured solidified that, making it even more attractive to outside suitors. But Horner feels that a larger entry fee could prove too much to ask of a new team, leading to the likes of Audi investing in Sauber, other partners closing in with existing teams, and the current stalemate around Andretti. 
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-“Like all these things it all comes down to money, and I think there would be a tipping point,” Horner says. “If the teams’ prize fund was compensated to a value where you weren’t materially losing out, then of course it’s, what is that number? And then would that be prohibitive for a new entrant to come in? 
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-“In the 18 years that I’ve been involved I’ve seen certain teams come and go, and I think it’s the first time ever in the last couple of years that all 10 teams have had solid financial footing. There’s usually one or two teams that have been on the brink of insolvency or bankruptcy. I think all 10 teams are in great shape, and that’s in part due to the popularity of the sport, but also the budget cap and the fact that there are only 10 tickets and 10 franchises.
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-“I think Formula 1 will be very conscious of diluting that if they could be giving themselves problems further down the line.”
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-While F1 has been more cautious, the FIA president has pointedly welcomed the interest from Andretti and GM, further adding to the impression it’s about that specific entry.
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-“This view would be common to any team — it’s irrelevant,” Horner says. “As I said, to have the Andretti brand and name and Cadillac in Formula 1 would be fantastic, and hopefully a solution can be found.
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-“You can understand the FIA, they’ve got no financial consequence of this because they don’t participate in the prize fund, and they’d receive further entry fees for more teams coming in. So you can understand the FIA potentially wanting more teams on the grid. But I think they need to find alignment with the commercial rights holder, and the 2026 Concorde Agreement would seem the right place to deal with that.
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-“It just needs all parties to have a sensible conversation and agree something that is practical and workable.”
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-When you consider that the recent squabbling between the FIA and F1 escalated to a threat of legal action being sent to the World Motor Sport Council by Liberty Media this week, that conversation might be some way away.
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-# Ian Fishback’s American Nightmare
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-![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/02/26/magazine/26mag-whistleblower-01/26mag-whistleblower-01-articleLarge-v3.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
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-Credit...Photo illustration by Vanessa Saba. Source photographs: From the United States Military Academy; from the Fishback family; Owen Franken/Getty Images.
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-The Great Read
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-He was a decorated soldier, a whistle-blower against torture. Then he was undone by his own mind — and a health care system that utterly failed him.
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-Credit...Photo illustration by Vanessa Saba. Source photographs: From the United States Military Academy; from the Fishback family; Owen Franken/Getty Images.
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--   Feb. 21, 2023
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-### Listen to This Article
-
-Audio Recording by Audm
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-*To hear more audio stories from publications like The New York Times,* [*download Audm for iPhone or Android.*](https://www.audm.com/?utm_source=nytmag&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=fishbacks_american_nightmare_chivers)
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-Ian Fishback allowed the police officer to slip handcuffs around his wrists. It was Sept. 10, 2021, beside the Diag, the central plaza on the University of Michigan’s main campus in Ann Arbor, and Fishback, a recent graduate of a Michigan doctoral program and among the most prominent veterans of the American war in Iraq, was in a dizzying mental-health descent. Earlier in the day, a judge updated a court order giving police officers the authority to return him involuntarily to psychiatric care. He had been roaming campus intermittently for a week, shouting profanities at bystanders, creating a disturbance at the Wolverines’ opening football game, insulting police officers and raging about the U.S. Army and the C.I.A. He was already known to the university’s public-safety department, which had investigated complaints about him since at least 2019. Soon a caller notified the department that he was yelling at students again. The last time he was detained, in June, Fishback screamed at sheriff deputies that the Constitution doesn’t exist and bolted, only to be brought to the ground and shackled in belly restraints. Now he had no more fight.
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-Fishback once seemed a gentlemanly embodiment of martial ideals. Intellectually driven, impressively fit, a West Point graduate and Arabist with one combat tour to Afghanistan and three to Iraq, he was heralded as morally inquisitive and ethically rigorous, qualities that earned him international praise after he went public with accounts that fellow paratroopers had humiliated, beat and tortured Iraqi men in 2003. His allegations, confirmed by other paratroopers, shattered the Pentagon’s insistence that the sadism and brutalities at Abu Ghraib prison were isolated crimes and revealed systemic military failures to set humane standards for prisoner treatment. His message was so resonant that it swiftly spurred Congress to action, leading to a new federal law intended to protect anyone in American custody from the sorts of abuses that Fishback insisted were widespread.
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-Two tours in the Special Forces followed, then a promotion to major. After earning a pair of master’s degrees, he transferred to West Point in 2012 to teach courses about war and morality to cadets, before resigning his commission in 2015 for a career as a philosopher. His prospects appeared boundless. Hard-working scholar, sought-after public speaker, Fishback was a one-man brand — a soldier-turned-public-intellectual willing to expose the dark underside of American power.
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-Gloom dimmed the glow. For at least five years and mostly out of public view, Fishback struggled with a mercilessly advancing mental illness, never consistently diagnosed, that scrambled his sense of reality and altered his behavior. After a psychotic break in 2016, he managed good days and productive periods. But over time he resisted treatment — ceasing medications, skipping psychotherapy appointments, ultimately withdrawing entirely from care — and his illness progressed.
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-He spent 2021 in a delusional blur. His abrupt mood shifts made people afraid. His habit of shouting foul and conspiratorial screeds at most anyone, along with verbal attacks and threats, attracted police attention in several jurisdictions and from the F.B.I. By the time the university awarded Fishback a doctorate in April 2021, he was the subject of multiple campus police reports, had no fixed address and was unemployed, twice divorced and broke. On the evening of Sept. 9, his last full day loose in the world, the police observed him under the Diag’s 140-foot-tall flagpole, where over the years he would sometimes scream and unleash torrents of invective against American policy. He was ranting about freedom. Officers followed him as he wandered campus and verbally harassed passers-by, including R.O.T.C. cadets exercising in a botanical garden. “I got raped and tortured in the Army,” he shouted at them. “You might not want to R.O.T.C.” Officers intervened. One asked if he was in touch with a mental-health provider. The question might have yielded a yes-or-no reply. “My simple answer,” Fishback said, “is \[expletive\] you.”
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-For much of his life, Fishback was regarded as a principled officer who staked his future on protecting captors and captives alike through rule of law. Now the police characterized him in three words: “Potentially Violent Person.” The officer put him in a patrol car. The agonizing spiral of a formerly celebrated soldier entered its final phase.
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-**Fishback was an** unlikely candidate for martial life. Born in Detroit in 1979, he was raised by parents with strong antiwar sentiments. His father, John Fishback, a former Marine Corps machine-gunner, was wounded in Vietnam and, upon leaving the corps in 1969, joined Vietnam Veterans Against the War. “I had been getting lied to half the time,” he said. “What saved me was the peace movement.” Ian’s mother, Sharon Ableson, needed no such experience to inform her views; she distrusted the military viscerally.
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-Image
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-![Sharon Ableson reading one of the many letters that her son, Ian Fishback, wrote to her over the years.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/02/26/magazine/26mag-whistleblower-03/26mag-whistleblower-03-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
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-Credit...Lindsay Morris for The New York Times
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-When Ian was an infant, the couple settled on a 10-acre homestead in the forest west of Newberry, Mich., in the Upper Peninsula. There they raised two children — Ian and his younger sister, Jazcinda, who goes by Jaz — and practiced an uncommon degree of self-reliance. Ian spent most of his first five years in a house without plumbing that was heated with wood. The family used an outhouse and bathed in a tub beside a woodstove; water came from a well down the road. Outside, the Fishbacks raised turkeys, chickens and rabbits beside vegetable gardens. Inside, John and Sharon hung posters broadcasting their views. One read: “War is not healthy for children and other living things.” Another was an image of Malcolm X. A third bore a quote from Martin Niemöller, a Lutheran pastor imprisoned by Nazis in concentration camps; it begins, “First they came for the Socialists, and I did not speak out.”
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-Fishback’s parents divorced when he was in fourth grade. By high school, he had moved to his father’s home in Newberry. It was near school, which let him commute easily and stay late for sports. Athletics drew out Fishback’s competitive side; he started small but put on muscle, gained stamina and soon was an accomplished athlete, lettering in football, wrestling and track while working out in his spare time. “You know what he did every single moment when he was not in class?” said Justin Ford, his closest friend. “He lifted weights.” Away from sports, his father said, Fishback was an ascetic — studying hard, seeking few comforts, exhibiting self-discipline and manners. He did not drink alcohol or use tobacco or marijuana.
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-One day Ian told John he wanted to join the Army; a coach had encouraged him to consider military service. John was guarded. “I said: ‘Why? You know what I think about war,’” he said. Ian was upbeat. “He said, ‘I think I can make a difference in the military and make it a better place.’” John dropped his objection. Sharon did not. “I begged him not to go in,” she said. She saw Ian’s idealism as naïve and expected his sense of right and wrong to be betrayed. “He thought there was a higher code than there really was,” she said. As an athlete with high grades, he was accepted to West Point, securing a place as a cadet in return for five years of active service after graduation. Newberry, population about 2,000, was proud. Placing a student at the academy was grounds to celebrate. His mother could not raise a glass. “It wasn’t that I wasn’t proud,” she said. “I was just devastated because I knew it would destroy him.”
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-Fishback spent senior year preparing. “Zero body fat, no intake of sugar, no dressing on his salad,” said his stepmother, Sharon Brown. “He was building this temple to take to West Point.” In summer 1997, he left for austere cadet life. The transition went smoothly. “The spartan quarters at West Point were a step up for Ian,” John said.
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-Image
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-Credit...Lindsay Morris for The New York Times
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-With characteristic intensity, Fishback immersed himself in the academy’s rigors. He majored in Middle East foreign area studies, learned Arabic and joined a Christian fellowship. He let it be known that he intended to become an infantry officer — one of the Army’s most demanding tracks. In his third year, he began dating Clara Hoisington, a classmate. By senior year they were engaged. Fishback and Hoisington were commissioned as second lieutenants in June 2001. Two days later, they exchanged vows at the post chapel and embarked on active-duty careers. Hoisington became a signal officer; Fishback entered the infantry. When terrorists struck on Sept. 11, he was at Fort Benning’s course for infantry lieutenants, far along in a training program that became, in one morning, an angry nation’s pipeline to a new war. The next stop was the Ranger Course, a grueling tactics and leadership program, which he completed in 2002. His mother and sister traveled to Georgia for graduation. He had lost 40 pounds and exuded an exhausted determination. “I didn’t recognize him until he walked up to me,” Sharon said. That evening he was so depleted he fell asleep, face down, at a restaurant table.
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-**None of this** was unusual; such steps and stories inform a common arc for lieutenants heading to Army brigades. What differed was the era. With the United States settling in to Afghanistan and preparing to attack Iraq, Fishback entered a rotation system of a nation that would spend two decades at war. His early service also spanned a deeply confusing time. His first tours came after the initial, triumphal sweeps of American troops into both Afghanistan and Iraq and would give him a participant’s view of the difficult contours of occupation that followed. It would also make him an uneasy witness to the distance between Pentagon declarations of success and gaps in the tactics, equipment and force levels needed to counter rising insurgencies and violence.
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-In June 2002, Fishback joined the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg. The following month, he arrived in Afghanistan with the First Battalion of the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment. He talked little about the tour with family and friends; like many soldiers, he compartmentalized his life. Clara recalls his being upset that he was not assigned to lead a platoon out of Ranger School but said he shared little of his Afghan experience. He did describe living in the field. At one point his unit bought an emaciated cow to eat. She had scant sense, though, of the battalion’s operations or her husband’s role.
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-Fishback returned to Fort Bragg in early 2003, not long before the invasion of Iraq. By summer his battalion was preparing to relieve the first wave and become part of Iraq’s anticipated reconstruction. In autumn 2003, it took up positions around Falluja. The tour was intense. President George W. Bush’s “Mission Accomplished” speech in spring had given way to car and truck bombs, ambushes and a country seeming to disintegrate in real time. Violence against occupying forces and sectarian bloodshed were surging, the insurgency was growing in size and capability and Fishback’s battalion, operating in an expansive geography, had little background in reconstruction or counterinsurgency. “We were trained to destroy,” one former mortarman, Jeff Soltz, said. “We weren’t trained to build a society.”
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-Image
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-Credit...From the Fishback family
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-To counter the chaos, Soltz said, supervisors assured soldiers that “violence of action” had a social currency, as if Iraqis were primitive and best led by force. “We were told that’s what Iraqis would understand,” he said. Violence is organic to war and not necessarily remarkable. But the military had yet to develop thorough “escalation of force” procedures and “rules of engagement” for counterinsurgency work. The absence of clarity and training showed.
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-A dearth of rules was evident in prisoner handling too. After patrols and raids, paratroopers sometimes returned to bases with Iraqi men they deemed suspicious. The captives were often held for days. As prisoner numbers rose, the Americans lacked an organized system for handling them. Even the language around captured men was hazy. Rather than calling them “prisoners,” the military resorted to euphemism, labeling them “persons under control,” or PUCs, pronounced “pucks.” Amorphous terminology enabled a legally ambiguous state, effectively denying the men rights granted to prisoners of war. The acronym itself became a pejorative. Further, the military did not have a well-managed process for evaluating whether its captives had been apprehended justifiably, or for holding and safeguarding them over time. This confused circumstance was further complicated by differences in language and culture. Most paratroopers could not communicate with Arabic speakers in their custody, beyond simple gestures and commands. They needed interpreters, who were scarce.
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-In the absence of instructions, units organized locally. In Fishback’s battalion, soldiers erected at least one “PUC tent” on Forward Operating Base Mercury, near Falluja, and held prisoners there. Called the Red Devil Inn (the longstanding nickname of the battalion was Red Devils), the tent became the scene of a hastily arranged duty. Soldiers watched over and fed the men until they were released or transferred; they also allowed interrogators to remove captives for questioning. Most provisional guards had little training for this duty. Some were enduring stresses from combat themselves, putting them in heightened emotional states.
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-One former soldier who served as a guard, Gannon Tipton, said “PUC watch” was among the battalion’s most unpleasant duties. Soldiers assigned to it often worked in pairs, positioning themselves near the tent entrance, from where they generally required Iraqis to stand throughout the day, often for 45 minutes at a time, followed by 15 minutes to sit. Some of the guards abused even this arbitrary practice, forcing prisoners to stand, then sit, then scramble to their feet, constantly changing instruction until prisoners were breathless. “Some of the guys were really hard on them and took pleasure in it,” Tipton said. At night, he said, detained men were supposed to be allowed sleep. Certain guards woke the Iraqis ceaselessly. Guards were also permitted to “smoke” prisoners, jargon for ordering them to perform punitive exercises like push-ups. Smoking soldiers is a form of military discipline practiced to varying degrees by many American units. In the Red Devil Inn, prisoners were sometimes smoked until they could no longer move. Soltz said that during a visit to the Red Devil Inn he saw Iraqis confined in makeshift cages — lightweight metal frames, called HESCOs, typically used to construct bunkers or blast walls but repurposed there as tiny cells. To lie down, prisoners assumed fetal positions inside. In one incident, he said, a medic treating an Iraqi brought from the tent to an aid station with a rash that appeared to be leishmaniasis did so by roughly debriding the inflamed area. It looked intensely painful. The soldier involved, Soltz said, seemed as if he was “taking pleasure in it.”
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-One well-known act of violence occurred after an officer, Capt. Ernesto Blanco, was killed by an improvised explosive device three days after Christmas 2003. Blanco was immensely popular. His death shook the battalion. “Everybody was torn up about that,” said Tipton, who was on the patrol. According to Fishback and other soldiers, a sergeant sought revenge. He arrived carrying a baseball bat, with which he beat an Iraqi prisoner suspected of organizing part of the insurgency.
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-**The battalion** returned to Fort Bragg in spring 2004. Within weeks, The New Yorker published a report on the torture and humiliation of Iraqis at Abu Ghraib prison, including Iraqis hooded, leashed like dogs, beaten, stacked into human pyramids, forced to stand naked or simulate sex acts, suffering mock electrocution and other crimes. Fishback was appalled to hear Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld place blame, Fishback wrote, on “a few bad apples.” He believed that abuse was systemic and that the cruelty at Abu Ghraib, as at the Red Devil Inn, resulted from weak military leadership and undefined rules. He suspected a cover-up, too.
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-Fishback spent a weekend writing a memorandum of his concerns, along with a request for clarification on the standards for prisoner treatment. He presented it to his company commander on Monday. The commander “insinuated he would oppose me if I made an issue of the matter,” Fishback wrote in an unpublished essay he sent to Andrew Bacevich, an author and retired Army colonel who coedited a book on military dissent. Fishback then met with his battalion commander, who he said “was more reasonable” but referred to the Geneva Conventions “as a gray area” and recommended that Fishback talk with a judge advocate general, or JAG, a legal adviser. The meeting went poorly. The lawyer told him, Fishback said, that another battalion had built “a torture chair that forced prisoners into contortionist positions during interrogations,” and the JAG sat in the chair himself and decided that its use was not torture. The vignette hardened Fishback’s suspicion that no standard existed. Units were doing as they wished. “I left the JAG’s office profoundly unsettled,” he wrote.
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-Months later, Fishback wrote, he heard of another unit’s misgivings about the behavior of American soldiers toward prisoners in Iraq. The allegations renewed his belief that the Army was violating the law at a larger scale than it acknowledged. He tried reporting his concerns to an inspector general, he said, but was informed that the military awaited findings from two investigations into torture and prisoner abuse, and it would be wise to let them run their course.
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-When one of the reports was released, Fishback was a student at the Infantry Captains Career Course at Fort Benning. He saw that the Army’s public messaging again emphasized the “few bad apples” theme rather than acknowledging the extent of the problem. In conversations with peers, he wrote, he found that fellow captains held varied opinions on what was permissible. Some believed beating prisoners, depriving them of sleep or forcing them into stress positions was allowed. But none could point to an official basis of their views, beyond that these treatments were in practice. “There was widespread agreement that the pre-9/11 standard interpretation of the Geneva Conventions many of us learned at West Point was jettisoned in favor of something else,” Fishback wrote. “The question was: What is the new standard? No one knew.”
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-One Friday afternoon in mid-2005, more than a year after the crimes at Abu Ghraib, Fishback called the office of Human Rights Watch in the Empire State Building and told the receptionist he was an American soldier and wanted to talk about torture. The receptionist transferred his call to Marc Garlasco, an investigator who had previously worked in the Defense Intelligence Agency. In formal fashion, Fishback began asking pointed questions about standards of prisoner treatment under the laws of armed conflict. When pressed about the origins of his interest, he replied that he thought he had witnessed torture and that many of his soldiers had been involved, Garlasco said.
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-Garlasco did not know his caller’s name, or anything beyond the fact that a concerned soldier may have witnessed previously undocumented crimes. He made an offer. He told the caller to send written questions, and Garlasco would get answers. Early the following week, Garlasco checked his inbox and found a list of detailed questions, signed with Fishback’s name and rank.
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-Something between Fishback and Garlasco clicked. The two men began talking at length. As the comfort level grew, Fishback connected Garlasco to three sergeants from his battalion who witnessed torture. Soon the sergeants gave recorded interviews to Human Rights Watch, corroborating Fishback’s descriptions and expanding with details. Garlasco saw in Fishback a man to be admired. “For me he was Captain America,” he said. “He represented all that was good and right with the military in my eyes — duty, honor, selflessness, moral courage.”
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-**Soon the staff at** Human Rights Watch connected Fishback to members of Congress. During a meeting with Senator Joseph R. Biden Jr., Fishback later wrote, Biden suggested introducing him to Republican colleagues, including Senator John McCain, a former prisoner of war who survived torture in Vietnam. In September, Fishback composed a letter to a man he expected would understand. “I have been unable to get clear, consistent answers from my leadership about what constitutes lawful and humane treatment,” [he wrote to McCain.](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/24/politics/3-in-82nd-airborne-say-beating-iraqi-prisoners-was-routine.html) “I am certain that this confusion contributed to a wide range of abuses including death threats, beatings, broken bones, murder, exposure to elements, extreme forced physical exertion, hostage-taking, stripping, sleep deprivation and degrading treatment. I and troops under my command witnessed some of these abuses in both Afghanistan and Iraq.” He ended with a plea. “If we abandon our ideals in the face of adversity and aggression, then those ideals were never really in our possession. I would rather die fighting than give up even the smallest part of the idea that is ‘America.’ Once again, I strongly urge you to do justice to your men and women in uniform. Give them clear standards of conduct that reflect the ideals they risk their lives for.”
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-In September 2005, [Human Rights Watch released its findings,](https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/us0905.pdf) challenging the Pentagon’s false presentation that American torture in Iraq was isolated to rogue soldiers at Abu Ghraib. The sergeants’ accounts were damning, describing routine beatings and humiliations set against an Army unwilling to confront its wrongs. Some soldiers acknowledged that the whistle-blowers were truthful. “Everything they said was spot on with what I saw,” Gannon Tipton said. Fishback initially remained unnamed, though given his internal advocacy, his identity was most likely known. Anonymity was short-lived. Soon after the report’s publication, he sent his letter to McCain, putting his name in circulation.
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-A season of legislative intervention began. Congress drafted a bill to prohibit degrading and inhumane treatment of anyone in American government “control,” a word that rebuked the undefined status associated with “PUC.” Weeks later, in an editorial titled “The Shame of Torture,” the journal America: The Jesuit Review summarized the power of Fishback’s letter. “The logjam of denials about the torture and abuse of prisoners in U.S. detention sites in Iraq, Afghanistan and Guantánamo has finally been broken,” it read. That December, President Bush signed into law [the Detainee Treatment Act](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/28/washington/29detaincnd.html) of 2005. It read, in part, that “no individual in the custody or under the physical control of the United States government, regardless of nationality or physical location, shall be subject to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.”
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-Fishback’s life changed. Outside the military, he was hailed as a person of conscience who fought his own employer to protect the powerless and prevent soldiers from disgracing themselves. Garlasco, who escorted Fishback to a private meeting with Senator McCain, recalled Fishback emerging hopeful. “He said, ‘McCain said, “I got your back,” ’” Garlasco said. “That was important to Ian.” No matter this assurance, inside the Army Fishback often felt like an outcast. Over the ensuing years, he wrote or spoke of people applying pressure to silence him, including attempting to bar him from meeting with a member of Congress, and a warning from a deputy commander that Fishback should consider his and his family’s safety. A Special Forces trainer, he said, told him that “the battlefield is medieval” and that “what they did wrong at Abu Ghraib was take pictures.” The Human Rights Watch report also reverberated in his old battalion. “I was there when his story broke,” Soltz said. “It was like a bomb went off.” Soldiers were frightened and furious as investigators took statements. “They were just super angry,” he said. “There was a lot of anxiety and ‘Who is coming after me?’ There was a fear of people ratting on each other.” In this pressure cooker, Fishback lost relationships from two overseas tours. “Many in the 82nd were not supportive,” Clara said. “They were trying to cover their own, cover their backsides.”
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-Fishback’s public profile continued to rise. In spring 2006, Time magazine put him on its list of 100 influential people, placing him [among “Heroes & Pioneers.”](https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975847_1976748,00.html) The recognition enshrined him in the company of global boldfaced names, including Angela Merkel, George Clooney and Elie Wiesel. His detractors in the Army saw him differently: To them, Fishback was an opportunistic grandstander, a rat who betrayed his own and rode it to fame. He was loathed.
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-The Army opened a criminal investigation into at least one beating in the Red Devil Inn. In 2007, the soldier who wielded the bat was acquitted of felony charges but convicted of making a false statement and misdemeanor assault. Fishback was overseas as a Special Forces staff officer in Baghdad. He accepted the result. “Several witnesses (who I never spoke with) were ridiculously wrong,” he later wrote to Tipton. “Those who know what really happened were not called to testify.” But he added, “Personally, I agree with the outcome” because the sergeant “made a poor decision, however bad leadership and other circumstance (the death of CPT Ernie Blanco) had bearing on that decision.”
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-In 2008, Fishback was assigned to command an Operational Detachment Alpha, a 12-soldier Special Forces team. Clara said her husband clung to his idealism. He told her his new community differed from conventional forces, and its mission would be to form a partnership with Iraq’s military and gain local support. In this ethos he expected he would be understood. “He thought because their mission was to win hearts and minds, that they would be open to viewing Iraqis as people, not as expendable,” she said.
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-**Unknown to peers** and commanders, Fishback was reporting medical problems that caregivers thought had psychiatric roots. By late 2008, he suffered from a racing heart, tinnitus, insomnia and tingling in his hands.
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-In January 2009, Fishback arrived at an emergency room suspecting a heart attack. He said he had slept five hours in three days, felt burning in his hands and feet and an increased heart rate. Caregivers found no physical cause. They diagnosed him with anxiety disorder “of unknown etiology.” The following month, Fishback “presented with new symptoms of a burning sensation at back of his brain that increases when in proximity of a TV, computer and cellphone, and a sensation that he can feel energy ‘going through my body,’” according to medical records. One caregiver summarized his visits as “evidence of anxiety and psychiatrically based somatic symptoms.” By then Fishback insisted he was electromagnetic-sensitive and that his body reacted to radiation from Wi-Fi routers, electronics or old wiring. Some members of his family now wonder if his complaints and self-diagnosis were flashes of early mental illness. Clara worried about his state of mind. “As Ian’s wife I wanted to be supportive of him, and we were trying to do everything we could to figure out what was going on,” she said. “The paranoia and delusions made me wonder.”
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-Credit...From the Fishback family
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-Other problems surfaced. As Fishback’s Special Forces team readied for Iraq, his participation was cut short because he and his soldiers were unable to work together. He told Clara that “he was being treated differently and not respected, and his team or members of his team actively undermined him,” she said. His relationship with his team sergeant was especially bad. “They butted heads about just about everything,” she said. Fishback was stung. “It has been a long, hard slog that will likely end in my departure from the Army,” he wrote to Tipton. “Perhaps the hardest part of all this has been the way many soldiers turned on me.” Fishback transferred to a different battalion to lead a different team. His new company commander, Maj. Lawrence Basha, was sympathetic. As a captain, Basha, too, had been reassigned after a conflict with his team sergeant. Fishback told him, Basha said, that a senior sergeant joked about committing war crimes, including chopping up bodies, “just to poke fun at Ian.”
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-Basha said Fishback made a positive impression in his new company — “he was very professional in his appearance and was confident and very smart,” he said — and his performance improved with time. At first he had to redo a training raid, because rather than attacking a building he tried forcing the surrender of its occupants without the necessary forces. But at a later exercise on Fort Irwin, where the teams worked beside conventional battalions, Fishback was the best of the company’s six team leaders. “Everybody did all right, except Ian,” Basha said. “Ian’s performance was stellar. I was referring to him as ‘the puppet-master.’”
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-In January 2010, the battalion departed for Iraq. Fishback’s team was assigned to Diyala Province. The battalion was fortunate: “We didn’t issue a single Purple Heart on that deployment, which I am quite grateful for,” said Bill Raskin, the battalion’s commander. Fishback was miserable. He shared his disappointment with his sister. “He said, ‘They wouldn’t follow me as a leader, and they wouldn’t trust me because of what I had done,’” Jaz said. He later told a clinician that he grew distant from his team. “At this time he began to have some depressive symptoms, feeling irritable, ‘down’ and having withdrawn from his unit,” the clinician wrote in his notes. “These symptoms lasted the entire six months of his last deployment to Iraq, usually perpetuated by disagreements that he had with superiors about how to combat the Iraqi insurgency. Pt notes a constant tension between his view of how to do this and his fellow soldiers’ and leadership.”
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-His tour ended abruptly. While in Iraq, Fishback was selected to teach at West Point. Raskin approved of the change. “My conclusion at the end was, ‘OK, this is a guy who is not particularly happy he arrived in the Special Forces,’” he said. “I recall feeling relieved that he was intending toward academia, with hopes that he could find a better fit there, and find a path where his many great traits might shine.” The Army arranged for Fishback’s early departure from Iraq. Basha had a plaque made to honor him and organized a farewell. “He did extremely well in the sense that he did his mission and had good rapport with the Iraqis,” he said. “I tried to show him respect and camaraderie — I was hoping it would ease the pain.”
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-**Fishback moved** in summer 2010 to Ann Arbor, where he enrolled in the University of Michigan’s master’s programs in philosophy and political science. The move marked a personal and professional pivot. In academia he was regarded as a moral figure, a man to be heard, not shunned. His professors recall a sparkling student. “He was delightful,” said Tad Schmaltz, the current chair of the philosophy department, who had Fishback in class. “It was a totally positive experience.” Elizabeth Anderson, the previous department chair, agreed. “He was firing on all cylinders,” she said. “I considered him an incredibly promising scholar.” Looking back, she said, “I anticipated he might be the best graduate student I ever had.”
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-As ever, Fishback compartmentalized his life. On campus he was a star, a newly minted major drawn by lived battlefield experience to just-war theory, a genre of philosophy that assesses the behaviors of combatants in light of moral principles. His private difficulties, though, were mounting. The symptoms he reported at Fort Campbell — tingling extremities, headaches, racing heart — persisted. He theorized about his symptoms’ origins and pursued self-treatment. Suspecting heavy-metal poisoning, Clara said, he did a chelation, then spent thousands of dollars on supplements, without relief. He began sleeping in a basement, away from wiring he claimed made him sick. Further, his stature came with stresses. Fishback, who traveled frequently to speak at conferences, began an affair with a woman in Europe, which led to a divorce from Clara in May 2012, as he completed graduate work. Clara and their young daughter, Dresden, moved to Iowa.
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-Fishback relocated that summer to West Point. Each year a fresh group of officers with master’s degrees arrives at the academy as new academic instructors. The Army is thick with captains and majors; it raises them like crops. Fishback’s public profile made him unusual. An early friend he made, Kevin Schieman, a Black Hawk pilot turned philosophy professor, said he knew Fishback as a myth before he knew him as a person. Schieman respected Fishback’s stand against torture. He saw much to admire. “He was less susceptible to the tribalism that is sometimes characteristic of military units,” he said.
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-Teaching wove powerful strands from Fishback’s life into what seemed the peak of his career. He proved to be an earnest, committed professor whose four wartime tours as a paratrooper and Special Forces officer lent him experientialist cred, a form of West Point gravitas that could be riveting. In a course he taught multiple years, Introduction to Philosophy: The Morality of War, he would at times blast “Fortunate Son,” Creedence Clearwater Revival’s raucous antiwar and anti-privilege anthem. He told students they were on the path to being seen as “baby killers” and created an in-class writing prompt about that label, its application to their profession and in what circumstances infants might be incidentally but legally killed. He curated horrors, injustices and agonizing choices, then challenged students to untangle the moral from immoral, legal from illegal, courageous from cowardly, by applying philosophy’s body of thought. Students and peers said such exercises were not iconoclasm or mere theatrics. Fishback moved his subject from the abstract to the concrete. In this framing, the tenets and puzzles of just-war theory shaped “important questions that can determine who lives and dies in war,” Schieman said. “Ian had a way of saying this is not some vague intellectual pursuit.”
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-Many cadets were enthralled. Some recall Fishback’s instruction as a seminal — even singularly memorable — academic experience of four years at West Point. Kieran McMahon, a former cadet who is now a captain deployed overseas, said Fishback masterfully drew cadets into the discomfiting ambiguities of organized violence; then, with voluminous readings, writing assignments, on-the-spot quizzes and lively discussions, he confronted future officers with the disorienting circumstances they one day might face. He created, McMahon said, “a chance to wrestle with moral questions in a sterile academic environment rather than having the first time we wrestled with these questions be with our finger on the trigger.”
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-Acacia Mei Larson, another cadet, found Fishback’s instruction life-changing. “The questions I asked myself in that class, the baby-killer question and all the difficult questions about killing generally,” Larson said, “led me to decide to leave the academy and pursue another career.” Larson departed West Point weeks after completing his course and has felt gratitude since. Another former cadet, who requested anonymity because she remains on active duty and did not have permission to talk with a reporter, said even her limited interactions with Fishback — he was a substitute in another instructor’s class, then tutored her in person once — left an impression that lasted nearly a decade. “He was someone that listened so intently to what you said it made you think twice about the words leaving your mouth,” she said. “His eyes saw you. They saw you in a way that made you feel like you weren’t just one of 4,000 cadets in a granite fortress, but rather that you had a valuable perspective to share.”
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-In his second year, Fishback designed and introduced a new elective — Advanced Interdisciplinary Study of Morality in War — that he taught with Richard Schoonhoven, a tenured professor. It, too, mixed theory and experience. Schoonhoven recalled Fishback’s telling students of a team under his command breaching a door and killing a small girl on the opposite side, a chilling story he never shared with his family.
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-On the surface Fishback seemed healthy and satisfied. He was dating a literature instructor, Erin Hadlock, an MC-12 pilot by training. Clara, his ex-wife, said he was generous with child support and attentive to Dresden; he visited her in Iowa as often as two weekends a month. He was networking tirelessly in his new field. But beneath his activity and outward signs of success, away from cadets’ eyes, he was having difficulties with peers and exhibiting signs of grandiosity and delusion. On one occasion, Schoonhoven told Fishback he was considering writing about just-war theory, too. Fishback waved him off. “Don’t waste your time,” he said. “Once my stuff gets published, the field will be closed. I’ll answer all the important questions, and there won’t be much left to say.”
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-Credit...From the Fishback family
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-Behind the arrogance, paranoia took hold. One imagined plot emerged in 2012. Fishback showed up in Schieman’s office raging about Seth Lazar, an Oxford-trained philosopher at Australian National University who wrote on morality and war. Lazar was a rising public intellectual. Halfway around the world, Fishback saw a threat. “He started going on and on about how Seth Lazar was plagiarizing his work,” Schieman said. Fishback was a new scholar. He had little published work. The idea that a prominent academic was looting his writing, Schieman said, was implausible — in part because there was not much to lift. In time, Erin said, Fishback’s allegations of plagiarism grew to include an expanding list of established scholars, and he composed accusatory emails to share with professors he saw as potential allies, including Anderson at Michigan and Nancy Sherman, a philosophy professor and moral-injury expert at Georgetown University he cultivated as a mentor. Both reviewed his allegations, concluded that they were without merit and gently told him so. He refused to apologize, and he suggested in an email that he would defeat the “scumbags” in “the court of public opinion.” The just-war community is small. Anderson and Sherman, professional friends who wanted to help Fishback, were perplexed by his tilt toward self-sabotage. They wondered about his mental health. Sherman quietly arranged for him to meet with a therapist in New York.
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-As his teaching tour wound down, Fishback opted to leave the Army and return to Michigan in 2015 for doctoral work. For all he had done in 14 years, he ended his service embittered and almost alone. The once-heralded effects of his whistle-blowing had faded, undermined by what human rights advocates saw as American government bad faith. By the time Fishback exited the Army, said John Sifton, an advocacy director for Human Rights Watch, the American military and the C.I.A. had sidestepped the spirit of the Detainee Treatment Act by having prisoners on operations handled by partner forces — Iraqi, Afghan, Kurdish or otherwise — some of whom “continued to routinely torture, abuse and even execute prisoners.” This outsourcing, he added, showed that “officials were more interested in stopping U.S. personnel from directly engaging in torture than in actually stopping torture.” Whatever Fishback’s frustrations and troubles, he remained positive in front of his students. In at least one class, he wrote his cellphone number and Michigan email address on the chalkboard and invited cadets to remain in touch. A farewell message to the entire academy ended on a warmly human note, including a call for decency. “Do not be overly hard on yourselves or others,” he wrote, “especially foreigners.”
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-**The lifestyle changes** as he returned to Michigan were seismic. By resigning from the military, Fishback gave up an annual income of more than $100,000 and a structured active-duty life. His days became elastic. He was living without a partner for the first time in years. Erin transferred to a military-intelligence battalion in Texas to become its executive officer. She deployed to Afghanistan in October 2015. The couple planned to marry after her tour.
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-Fishback followed the rituals of a new veteran. The month after Erin departed, he appeared at the Department of Veterans Affairs hospital in Ann Arbor for a new-patient exam. He left an impression. The physician wrote that Fishback was “exceptionally pleasant,” was in a good relationship and found purpose in academic work. He also made a prescient entry, noting that Fishback described symptoms — including sensations he attributed to electromagnetic radiation — with no discernible cause. Fishback was sleeping in a foil bag he said insulated him from the debilitating effects of Wi-Fi and electric wiring. The doctor suggested psychiatric evaluation. This recommendation became a missed opportunity. In early 2016, another V.A. clinician concluded that Fishback had suffered from an unspecified adjustment disorder, most likely caused by stresses during military service, that appeared resolved.
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-> ## ‘He never could quite understand how it was that he could do heroic things and then be viewed as scum of the earth by so many people.’
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-The assertion that Fishback’s mental-health struggles were resolved was wrong. When Erin returned months later, he was tense, angry and racked by suspicions. He began imagining offenses and emotionally abusing his partner, accusing her repeatedly of infidelity, often with absurd allegations. He grilled her with questions through multiple nights, refusing to let her rest — punishing his partner with sleep deprivation, a tactic he formerly staked his career against. Fishback never struck her, Erin said. She never feared he would. But he could be condescending, nasty and cruel, then assume the victim’s mantle. Emotional abuse took its toll. “I wasn’t sleeping; I was getting massive headaches,” she said. “It was a crippling time.”
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-Recalling the earlier Ian and the warmth they shared, Erin said, she was determined to help him. They exchanged vows in July. At her urging, they attended couple’s counseling. Fishback participated briefly but stopped when a therapist suggested he might be suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. In November, after just months of marriage, he filed for divorce. Erin was devastated. “I still don’t know why he turned on me,” she said.
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-Alone in Ann Arbor, Fishback continued to decline. In December, he could not complete his grading responsibilities at semester’s end. He turned up at his sister’s house for Christmas, exhausted, agitated and, uncharacteristically, without gifts. When Jaz introduced him to a friend at a grocery store, Fishback told her the woman was an intelligence operative. At home he dressed Dresden and Jaz’s children in snowsuits and prepared to flee with them. On Christmas afternoon, Fishback suffered a psychotic break. The family found him upright in bed, rocking back and forth and alternately screaming, speaking in Arabic and imitating a British accent. A doctor at a local hospital stabilized him with rest and medication and offered a diagnosis: bipolar disorder. The next week, Fishback was discharged from a psychiatric ward and voluntarily reported to the V.A. hospital in Ann Arbor, which continued his care but did not affirm the diagnosis.
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-This period marked the end of his academic rise. Anderson relieved him of teaching duties in January. His divorce was finalized in February. Fishback stopped taking his medications in spring; his mother said he claimed they interfered with his studies. By May he was experiencing psychosis again, telling people that the C.I.A. was targeting him and that the police were on their way to arrest him at home for whistle-blowing. On May 3, he was admitted to the V.A. hospital in Ann Arbor for multiple days and assigned to a locked ward with camera monitoring. With rest and medication, he regained a sense of reality. “He became tearful,” a psychiatry resident wrote, “expressing his desire to improve his mental health and expressing gratitude for the team’s help.”
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-Over the next few years, Fishback would sometimes seem to improve, only to backslide. The conditions fueling his alarming behaviors remained unclear. The only consensus across his treatment history was that he was paranoid and delusional. For underlying conditions, clinicians proposed specified anxiety disorder, delusional disorder, adjustment disorder, unspecified depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, brief psychotic disorder, major depression and more. Others wondered if he suffered from PTSD, obsessive-compulsive disorder or a Cluster B condition, which includes narcissistic and borderline personality disorders. His providers never conclusively solved this puzzle, and from 2017 until 2021, as his mental state deteriorated, Fishback generally resisted further care.
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-He tried, usually in vain, to complete his dissertation, a three-part examination of morality in war. “For years he had only 30 pages left,” Anderson said. His interactions on campus were infrequent but sometimes argumentative. His once-collegial demeanor was occluded by an officious streak that eroded his reputation. The blowback was painful. Chris Nicholson, a friend in the Ph.D. program, said progressive peers branded Fishback a prejudiced, anti-woke crusader. He confided in Nicholson that he felt like a pariah. “He was naïve in some ways,” Nicholson said. “It’s like he read these fantasy novels growing up about the hero’s journey. He never could quite understand how it was that he could do heroic things and then be viewed as scum of the earth by so many people.”
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-Often he was in the grips of delusion; the strange statements and behaviors defy inventory. He told people Clara’s mother tried to poison him with a blue martini, and at a party for graduate students he threatened to kill on the spot anyone who violated his rights. He obsessed about the N.S.A. and the C.I.A., to the point of accusing Erin and his mother of being employed by the second agency, and telling Carol Stiffler, the editor of his hometown newspaper, that operatives rerouted his phone calls to actors pretending to be those he hoped to reach. At Oxford University, he told Jeff McMahan, a venerated just-war philosopher and member of Fishback’s doctoral committee, that the C.I.A. used technology against him that first rendered him impotent, then left him priapic.
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-On the basis of the strength of his earlier work, Fishback was awarded a Fulbright scholarship for a year at Lund University in Sweden. After arriving in autumn 2020, according to Swedish law-enforcement records, he walked into a police station to report that the N.S.A. was mistreating him. During much of the semester, he functioned well. Karol Nowak, a law professor and his sponsor in Sweden, said Fishback performed his duties effectively in fall 2020. He defended his dissertation by video conference that December. But forward steps were bracketed by crashes. He told family, friends or advisers that the U.S. government raped him and that three prominent former Army generals broke the back of his lover in Europe. His sense of reality slipped away. After another psychotic episode, Fishback and Lund University agreed to cancel a spring 2021 course he was to teach. His family coaxed him home.
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-**Fishback spent** spring 2021 in Newberry unemployed. He took to roaming on foot, wearing a backpack decorated with Disney characters, talking to himself. He received help from his family — housing, money to pay down debt, rides because he had no car — but fumed at suggestions to seek care. By June 9, after Fishback frightened people in town, including by threatening to “litter the fields” with the corpses of a couple whose dog chased him, it all became too much. Fishback’s father and stepmother worried that he would harm someone or provoke the police to violence. His stepmother met with the county’s undersheriff to obtain a court order to have him treated involuntarily. On June 10, a local mental-health provider, Pathways, worked on an inpatient placement. The V.A. hospital in Battle Creek, in south-central Michigan, declined admission, saying he was not registered as a patient, according to Pathways’s records. Bureaucracy was Fishback’s nemesis again. He was in urgent need, and the V.A. possessed detailed records of his mental illness, including showing how its clinicians safely stabilized him before. But he was transferred to a non-V.A. hospital in Marquette, about 100 miles away. New caregivers started from scratch. On June 11, the V.A. says, one of its social workers provided suggestions for follow-up care.
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-Credit...Lindsay Morris for The New York Times
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-At court on June 16, Judge Clayton Graham issued an order allowing for Fishback’s hospitalization for up to 60 days and injectable drugs “if medically necessary,” and mandating a treatment plan and therapy for up to 180 days. The first phase of care was an almost immediate disappointment. By late June, Fishback, still delusional, was discharged with a diagnosis of unspecified psychotic disorder and a rule-out of schizophrenia. He returned home with oral medications, which he promptly stopped taking; he also skipped his therapy appointments. In early August, a caller notified the sheriff’s office that Fishback was walking along a road removing American flags. This downturn prompted no action, even though Fishback was out of compliance with the order. The case manager, Pathways, did not notify Judge Graham. (Citing patient confidentiality, Pathways declined to comment on Fishback’s case.)
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-In mid-August, Fishback left for Florida, where he visited Disney World. On Sept. 10, the F.B.I. and the University of Michigan public-safety department informed authorities in Newberry that he had shown up in Ann Arbor and was threatening to disrupt the football game the next night. Judge Graham was livid. “I called Pathways myself,” he said, and he demanded to know why it had not informed him that Fishback had skipped appointments. That afternoon Graham updated the order, allowing Fishback to be returned to involuntary care.
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-Fishback’s reasons for visiting Ann Arbor were not apparent to the police. But he flew from Orlando to Detroit on Sept. 3 and at a minimum intended to attend the Wolverines’ first two home football games. On Sept. 4, the university’s stadium staff summoned public-safety officers to the season opener, where Fishback had “caused a disturbance,” according to a police report. When officers arrived, he told them that “he was making a political statement and that Black Lives Matter. He also stated he would continue to kneel against the national anthem.”
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-He drew police attention on campus again on Sept. 9, when officers observed him in sunglasses and a black shirt shouting about freedom. When an officer tried to talk with him, Fishback grew insulting, “then started to walk away,” the officer wrote. “However, Fishback turned around and stated, ‘Just so you know MI6 and the C.I.A. and the F.B.I. and the D.E.A. and the British S.A.S. and U.S. SOCOM broke the law on this campus.’” (SOCOM is an acronym for the Special Operations Command.) The officer then observed Fishback harassing R.O.T.C. cadets.
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-The next day, Fishback returned to campus. Under Judge Graham’s updated order, the university officers apprehended him without incident. They made a decision with consequences: They dropped him at the university’s hospital rather than the V.A. hospital nearby. This meant Fishback was again entering a health care system as a patient separated from his medical history. His evaluation and treatment started over once more, while more than 400 pages of his case file sat unconsulted. A few days later, Fishback was transferred to the Behavioral Center of Michigan, a psychiatric hospital in Warren, north of Detroit. He arrived with the same vague diagnosis he received in Marquette — “unspecified psychotic disorder.” Records described him as “assaultive” and “presents danger to self/others.” Over several days, a psychiatrist diagnosed him with schizophrenia, inventoried his delusional complaints and started him on fluphenazine, an oral dose to be taken daily, augmented by monthly injections. Fluphenazine, a first-generation antipsychotic, is associated with side effects including tremors, fatigue and irregular heartbeat.
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-In early October, he was moved again, to North Shores Center, a crisis-stabilization home in Oscoda, Mich., for “step down” care, which would provide him semi-independent living and medication management. His case managers viewed the home as an interim setting; they were trying to get him admitted to the V.A. hospital in Battle Creek. Again they were told the V.A. had no bed. When Fishback’s father, John, visited in early October, his son was depressed, crying and apologizing abjectly.
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-Throughout the next month, Pathways repeatedly contacted Veterans Affairs representatives in Michigan, lobbying for Fishback’s admission to V.A. medical centers in Saginaw or Battle Creek. They also worked with “navigators” — coordinators contracted by the state to connect veterans to services. Every effort failed. First the V.A. said it had no beds. Then, when it had a bed, Fishback was deemed not suicidal or psychotic, so he did not qualify. Later, a state navigator informed Pathways that because of an error on the V.A.’s part, Fishback had not been properly registered by the V.A. when he was treated in Ann Arbor years before. Whether this was true is unclear; a V.A. spokesman said this year that Fishback was in fact registered, though contemporaneous records indicate extensive confusion about his eligibility as Pathways sought admissions in 2021. What is clear is Fishback’s personal participation in efforts to seek V.A. treatment. In his first days at North Shores, he filled out standard V.A. applications for health care and disability benefits, claiming that retaliations for whistle-blowing on active duty “contribute directly to and cause my debilitating mental illness.”
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-His family sought help. A team of supporters alerted the V.A. inside and outside Michigan of his condition and lobbied for him to be treated elsewhere if the V.A. continued to deny him care. Among them were his childhood friend Justin Ford and his wife, Noémi, a clinical psychologist. With Fishback’s sister, they started a GoFundMe campaign to raise $60,000 for private care. The effort was joined by Nancy Sherman, the Georgetown professor, and Dr. Stephen N. Xenakis, a retired Army general and psychiatrist who met Fishback years before at a panel on moral injury. Both took to email and phone, contacting V.A. practitioners for help.
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-Communications appeared to break down. On Oct. 26, Fishback attended a video meeting with a manager at Pathways, who told him it was not clear what steps the V.A. was taking. His treatment plan had assumed a grim and simple shape: Hold him in a residential placement until the V.A. offered him treatment at Battle Creek. In the interim, Xenakis said, his caregivers essentially kept him “chemically restrained.” During the meeting, the case manager noted a flatness in Fishback’s presentation. “Ian appeared distant,” she wrote.
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-On Nov. 1, a letter from the V.A. shared its interim decision on Fishback’s applications: It had determined his medical conditions were “non-service-connected.”
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-To his family, Fishback seemed trapped in a nightmarishly unresponsive and fragmented health care system. He was receiving court-ordered treatment from the state that kept him heavily medicated but otherwise offered minimal services and limited attention as he weakened; simultaneously, his efforts to access federal care for veterans, to which he was legally entitled, had stalled. When his mother, Sharon Ableson, visited him on Nov. 3, her son was sluggish and almost unresponsive. At first, he couldn’t stand up, she said. Over two hours, Ableson observed one alarming sign after another. Fishback trembled. His eyes seemed unfocused. His voice sounded weak and slow. When he managed to stand, he walked in “microsteps.” Then he struggled to lower himself into a chair. “It was like he was unsure of every movement,” she said. “It was taking all the effort in the world to stand up, sit down or communicate.” He had been in excellent physical shape months before.
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-On Nov. 8, Fishback received the only assessment from a psychiatrist recorded in his case-management file after leaving Warren — a 17-minute videoconference. Judge Graham’s order was to expire in December; the appointment’s purpose was to obtain a recommendation to extend treatment until March. The psychiatrist documented worrying signs. “He moves somewhat slowly, perhaps slight Parkinsonism,” he wrote. He attributed the symptoms to fluphenazine. The same record memorialized Fishback’s own treatment goal: “I just want to comply with the court order. I do not want to put medications in my brain.”
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-The next day, Fishback was transferred to the Cornerstone adult foster care home outside Bangor, set near blueberry farms in southwestern Michigan. The transfer moved him hours farther from his parents. Soon after, Jaz, who is a critical-care nurse, spoke with a manager at Cornerstone and requested a medication review. “I told her he was having difficulties moving, and that this was not his baseline,” she said. “The medication seemed too strong for him.” (Cornerstone says it has no record of such a conversation.)
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-Early the next week, Noémi Ford arranged a conference call for Fishback with the Austen Riggs Center, a clinic in Massachusetts. During the interview, she said, Fishback labored to participate. “I am sorry I am talking so slowly,” he said. “And I don’t know why.” Ford left the call suspecting negligence. Exasperation gave way to alarm. Astonished by the V.A.’s denial of treatment and Fishback’s evident decline, his family and friends worked the phones, reaching out to government officials and reporters — anyone who might care or help.
-
-Fishback spent the week in a small room with an untidy roommate, according to police records. Aside from meals, he mostly stayed in bed. On a 15-minute call with Pathways on Nov. 16, “Ian indicated he would like to make a medication adjustment when he meets with the doctor next,” according to his case-management file. On the morning of Nov. 18, a staff member drove him into Bangor to a Hometown Pharmacy store, part of a regional chain. According to police records, the store provided Cornerstone and other group homes an unconventional drug-administration service: Its staff would inject patients with prescriptions — sometimes off the books. The practice, a pharmacy employee told the police, was “a favor” because group homes lacked qualified staff.
-
-In the lobby, a Cornerstone employee passed Fishback’s medication to a pharmacist, who read the label aloud, then injected Fishback. He made no record of the visit. (In response to questions about the injection, Amber Bunce, Cornerstone’s chief operating officer, wrote that the home “reasonably assumes that the pharmacy had the appropriate information and authority, in the form of a prescription or physician’s order, required to complete that service.” After a query about the injection to one of the pharmacy’s owners, a medical-malpractice lawyer sent an email. “My client has no response or comment to the questions you posed,” it said.)
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-After the injection, a social worker visited Fishback in his room and noted, according to case-management records, that “Ian appeared to have tears in his eyes. Ian struggled to get out of bed for this contact and needed staff to get his legs turned out of the bed due to stiffness. Ian has a slow gait and appears very rigid.” She added: “Ian’s only concern today was his medications. Ian stated that his stiffness and gait changed when he was prescribed current medications.” A short while later, a veteran navigator, Mike Hoss, met Fishback, too. A record of the visit indicates his surprise, with Hoss saying: “I didn’t expect him to be like that. He is almost catatonic.” Hoss then “explained that a woman from the V.A. would be reaching out to Cornerstone to set up an intake in Battle Creek.”
-
-Fishback slept that night, according to his roommate, who heard him snoring at 3 a.m. At about 7:30 a.m., an employee found him on the floor. He needed help getting up. Shortly after, Fishback made his way to the kitchen for breakfast or juice and “to take his medications,” the employee said.
-
-At about 9:15 a.m., the staff drove Fishback’s roommate to Bangor. Before leaving, an employee asked Fishback if he was OK. He was in bed. He asked for help repositioning his legs.
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-Shortly after 10 a.m., a representative from the V.A. in Battle Creek called Pathways. “Ian should be taken in to a local E.D. or a V.A. facility to be evaluated to determine what level of care would benefit Ian the most,” she said, according to the case-management file. The representative and her counterpart at Pathways agreed that the V.A. representative should “contact Cornerstone to see if they would take Ian in.” This was the breakthrough his family, supporters and case managers sought: The V.A. was offering Fishback care. He just needed a ride.
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-Eight minutes after that conversation ended, a Cornerstone manager called Pathways. Fishback, she said, had been found unresponsive in bed. The staff performed CPR, but was unable to revive him. When the police arrived seven minutes later, his body had cooled to room temperature. By 11:15, [Fishback was declared dead](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/23/us/ian-fishback-dead.html), then sealed in a body bag. He was now Tag No. 2342741, indexed for a state morgue.
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-Image
-
-Credit...From the Fishback family
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-**Indignities piled** on fast. Within hours, social media accounts wrongly declared that Fishback had taken his own life. News stories followed. Many noted Fishback’s accomplishments and contained tributes to his courage. Friends expressed admiration and grief. “He was our nation’s moral compass as an Army captain when Congress should have been doing it,” said Derek Blumke, quartermaster of Michigan’s chapter of the Veterans of Foreign Wars and an Air Force veteran of the Afghan war. But as tributes were passed along on Facebook, several veterans from his first battalion, which abused Iraqi men in the Red Devil Inn, commented with malicious glee. “Snitches get ditches,” one wrote. Another said, “This guy did more damage to a well honored unit than I can even explain.”
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-Within weeks, Denis McDonough, the V.A. secretary, called Fishback’s father and stepmother and pledged to determine what happened. Fishback’s family hoped for clarity and justice, along with survivor benefits for Dresden. By then they knew some of the facts and viewed the case as a complicated mess, with different forms of failure by the V.A. and by Fishback’s caregivers and case managers in the state. They recognized that responsibility could prove difficult to apportion but hoped the V.A. would give an honest try.
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-A year of disappointments followed. The medical examiner’s report, received by the family in May 2022, ruled that Fishback died of “sudden cardiac death in schizophrenia.” The last word surprised his family and friends, because Fishback’s diagnosis never seemed firm. The summary was also confounding: It could be read as either potentially exculpatory or accusatory. It noted that patients with schizophrenia are more prone to “sudden cardiac death” than “the general population,” before declaring that Fishback’s heart showed no sign of pre-existing condition. “In most cases, the cardiac pathology causing the death is visible, or a genetic abnormality that may result in an arrhythmia is detected. However, no such visible pathological or genetic abnormality was detected.” The report then raised the possibility that Fishback’s heart failure was triggered by medication, as his family believes: “Cardiac arrhythmias are also known to occur at a higher incidence in patients treated with psychiatric medications, including fluphenazine.” It did nothing to settle the matter.
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-Much of 2022 passed without apparent action from the V.A. until early August, when a regional director in Cincinnati replied to a query from Senator Gary Peters of Michigan. The statement falsely declared that Fishback was “assessed at the Battle Creek” V.A. medical center in fall 2021; his V.A. records and the case-management file indicate that he had never been there. Moreover, the reply suggested that the agency became aware of requests for Fishback’s treatment only on Oct. 1, 2021, and, quoting Fishback’s sister from a news article, blamed Fishback for being a difficult patient, “at turns refusing to get care from the Department of Veterans Affairs or accepting that he needed help.” It further blamed providers in Michigan — Pathways, which managed the case, and the navigators — claiming that coordinating with these entities “was not an expedient process, and V.A. faced regrettable delays from both offices.”
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-The reply was misleading. Fishback did have a history of refusing treatment. But the V.A.’s reply omitted that Pathways, along with family and friends, repeatedly sought V.A. admissions for Fishback while he was under Judge Graham’s order, beginning in June 2021 and resuming in September. The V.A. also did not share that Fishback himself had an active application for V.A. benefits when he died or that throughout his final slide the V.A. presented obstacles that effectively denied treatment — until the agency’s offer came minutes before his body was found. Further, Xenakis, the former Army psychiatrist and general, reviewed more than 400 pages of Fishback’s V.A. medical records and said V.A. care Fishback did receive in 2016 and 2017 was insufficient and incurious. Fishback’s combat history, he said, merited intensive attention, including into whether he suffered from PTSD, toxic exposures or brain damage from concussive blasts — any of which might have influenced his behavior and mental health. The V.A.’s reply addressed none of this.
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-In late August, after receiving a query about Fishback’s last injection, the State of Michigan’s Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs said it was opening an investigation. (In early 2023, a department spokesman said the investigation continued and declined further comment.)
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-With the potentially fuller set of facts about Fishback’s treatment awaiting the conclusion of the state’s investigation, those who knew Fishback suspected much was awry and not yet addressed. Blumke, for one, said Fishback’s providers in Michigan did not give him the comprehensive treatment that he needed or that the court order required, and then medicated Fishback to death while the V.A. dallied as he declined. It was not just that Fishback seemed to have been handled as if he were unwieldy refuse from a distant war; the case, Blumke said, was indicative of the abysmal nature of mental health care for the powerless, veterans and nonveterans alike, which he called “basically a body-stacking machine.” The last injection of fluphenazine, he said, was especially disturbing: “Animals get treated better than that.” Fishback’s treatment in his final months forced him into what his family and friends saw as a preventable fatal spiral illuminating a callously unresponsive and fragmented state of mental health care for patients with few resources. “This is beyond malpractice,” said Anderson, his doctoral adviser. “Malpractice goes to the treatment of a single patient, and this goes to the dysfunction of the entire mental-health system.”
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-Fishback’s family, meanwhile, remained in a state of confusion, grief and pain, hoping for clear information and accountability, faced instead with institutions that mostly remained silent or, in the case of the Department of Veterans Affairs, issued a misleading statement. His mother, Sharon Ableson, also wanted to know why, after multiple people saw her son failing in the hours after his last injection, no one intervened to save him. “How could they do nothing?” she said.
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-In fall 2022, Terrence Hayes, a V.A. spokesman, released a new statement in reply to written questions about the agency’s handling of Fishback and his case managers’ efforts to seek treatment. “We are deeply saddened by the loss of Army Veteran Ian Fishback and determined to get to the bottom of what happened so that it does not happen again,” the statement read, in part. “Veterans have a legal right to privacy when they interact with V.A., so we cannot comment in detail on many aspects of Mr. Fishback’s case.”
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-Hayes’s reply did contain hints that the V.A. uncovered shortfalls in its admissions process. After a review that looked into “transfer and administration coordination” at the V.A. hospital in Battle Creek, it said, the V.A. provided “a centralized phone number” for emergency cases, and established a “reconciliation council” to collaborate with state agencies to ensure veterans receive the care they need.
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-Almost a year after Fishback’s death, the V.A. informed Clara that her ex-husband had in fact been 100 percent disabled by PTSD “and unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder” connected to his military service. It awarded him the disability posthumously, backdated to the day he applied. The agency further granted Dresden a monthly death benefit of $607.
-
-Image
-
-Credit...Lindsay Morris for The New York Times
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-Soon after, the V.A. scheduled a telephone call from Secretary McDonough to Fishback’s father and stepmother in Newberry. They waited anxiously at their kitchen table, hoping for resolution. On the call, McDonough vowed never to let what happened to Fishback happen again. But he did not say what had gone wrong, leaving Fishback’s family and friends where they had been since he died, fated to wonder whether his providers and the V.A. would own their problems or continue to deflect — much like the Army that Fishback, in life, rose to fight.
-
-In early February, McDonough called John and Sharon again, this time unannounced, to inform them that he was referring their son’s case to the agency’s inspector-general for investigation. A new timeline he shared acknowledged that the V.A. erroneously reported to Senator Peters that Fishback was seen by the V.A. in Battle Creek. On Feb. 14, Michael J. Missal, the V.A. inspector-general, confirmed that his office had begun looking into the case. “We are reviewing the serious allegations related to this matter,” he said, “and considering the most appropriate course of action.” Tired, frustrated and still uninformed, Fishback’s family resumed their wait for answers, his mother said, about “a journey, all the way to the grave, that didn’t need to be.”
-
----
-
-**C.J. Chivers** is a staff writer for the magazine and the author of two books, including “The Fighters: Americans in Combat in Afghanistan and Iraq.” He won the Pulitzer Prize for feature writing in 2017 for a profile of [a former Marine with post-traumatic stress disorder who was imprisoned for a crime he could not recall.](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/28/magazine/afghanistan-soldier-ptsd-the-fighter.html) **Vanessa Saba** is an art director, designer and graphic artist in Brooklyn. She is known for her evocative collages, which distill complex cultural narratives into minimal visual statements.
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-# In 1970, Alvin Toffler Predicted the Rise of Future Shock—But the Exact Opposite Happened
-
-[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17254ac2-9cc2-48da-b4e2-44ed7686e96c_900x976.jpeg)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17254ac2-9cc2-48da-b4e2-44ed7686e96c_900x976.jpeg)
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-Back in 1970, Alvin Toffler predicted the future. It was a disturbing forecast, and everybody paid attention.
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-People saw his book *Future Shock* everywhere. I was just a freshman in high school, but even I bought a copy (the purple version). And clearly I wasn’t alone—Clark Drugstore in my hometown had them piled high in the front of the store.
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-The book sold at least six million copies and maybe a lot more (Toffler’s website claims 15 million). It was reviewed, translated, and discussed endlessly. *Future Shock* turned Toffler—previously a freelance writer with an English degree from NYU—into a tech guru applauded by a devoted global audience.
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-Toffler showed up on the couch next to Johnny Carson on *The Tonight Show*. Other talk show hosts (Dick Cavett, Mike Douglas, etc.) invited him to their couches too. CBS featured Toffler alongside Arthur C. Clarke and Buckminster Fuller as trusted guides to the future. *Playboy* magazine gave him a thousand dollar award just for being so smart.
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-Toffler parlayed this pop culture stardom into a wide range of follow-up projects and businesses, from consulting to professorships. When he died in 2016, at age 87, obituaries praised Alvin Toffler as “the most influential futurist of the 20th century.”
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-But did he deserve this notoriety and praise?
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-*Future Shock* is a 500 page book, but the premise is simple: Things are changing too damn fast.
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-Toffler opens an early chapter by telling the story of Ricky Gallant, a youngster in Eastern Canada who died of old age at just eleven. He was only a kid, but already suffered from “senility, hardened arteries, baldness, slack, and wrinkled skin. In effect, Ricky was an old man when he died.”
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-Toffler didn’t actually say that this was going to happen to all of us. But I’m sure more than a few readers of *Future Shock* ran to the mirror, trying to assess the tech-driven damage in their own faces.
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-“The future invades our lives,” he claims on page one. Our bodies and minds can’t cope with this. Future shock is a “real sickness,” he insists. “It is the disease of change.”
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-As if to prove this, Toffler’s publisher released the paperback edition of *Future Shock* with six different covers—each one a different color. The concept was brilliant. Not only did *Future Shock* say that things were constantly changing, but every time you saw somebody reading it, *the book itself had changed*.
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-Of course, if you really believed *Future Shock* was a disease, why would you aggravate it with a stunt like this? But nobody asked questions like that. Maybe they were too busy looking in the mirror for “baldness, slack, and wrinkled skin.”
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-Toffler worried about all kinds of change, but *technological* change was the main focus of his musings. When the *New York Times r*eviewed his book, it announced in the opening sentence that “Technology is both hero and villain of *Future Shock*.”
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-During his brief stint at *Fortune* magazine, Toffler often wrote about tech, and warned about “information overload.” The implication was that human beings are a kind of data storage medium—and they’re running out of disk space.
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-![Alvin Toffler](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07059b64-d1e4-4904-be71-ddda42b1ef50_946x826.png "Alvin Toffler")
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-Alvin Toffler
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-It’s not clear that Toffler invented either of those terms—“future shock” or “information overload.” Back in 1963, the former phrase had shown up in a talk delivered to a group of educators by Charles Weingartner and Neil Postman. They defined “future shock” as the “social paralysis induced by rapid technological change.” Two years later, Toffler published an article in *Horizon* magazine entitled “The Future as a Way of Life,” which showcased some of the key points.
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-Here Toffler announced the arrival of this new affliction. Future shock was the inevitable result of a “second industrial revolution” sweeping the world. “But it was “bigger, deeper, and more important” than the previous industrial revolution. Here, too, he looks at technology as a threat.
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-Toffler points out that there were now 15,000 academic journals, publishing maybe a “million significant papers in them each year.” Who could keep up with all this progress? (Of course, that assumes that the contents of 15,000 academic journals represent *progress*—but that’s a different discussion.)
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-I find it curious that Toffler spoke so much about technological change, and so little about *sociological* change. When he published *Future Shock* in 1970, the US had just experienced a tumultuous decade, but the disruptions weren’t coming from machines. The real sources of shock were the people themselves, the masses were unleashed.
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-> ### Instead of *Future Shock*, Toffler should have written a book called *Future Numbness* or *Future Couch Potato*. That would have hit the mark with a bullseye.
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-The real forces of change in that era were the sexual revolution, liberation from censorship, the rise of alternative lifestyles, vocal protests, and the overturning of inherited values of all sorts. But Toffler looked for disruptive change elsewhere, and pointed at “air travel and space flight, television, the development of nuclear energy, the invention of the computer, the discovery of DNA with its possibilities for the control of evolution,” and other trends of that sort.
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-You might think that Toffler, writing in 1965, would focus on the assassination of the President or the Civil Rights movement. But instead he devotes more attention to attempts to detect radio signals from Jupiter.
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-But does the existence of space travel really put us in a state of shock? Is air travel a danger to our psyches and organisms? 
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-And what about television? I have a friend who can’t fall asleep unless the TV is on in his bedroom. To my mind, that provides a much better metaphor for consumer technology. It doesn’t shock us—not at all.
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-It numbs us.
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-As I look back on *Future Shock* with the benefit of 50 years of hindsight, I see this everywhere in his book. Things turned out the exact opposite of what Toffler anticipated. Instead of *Future Shock*, he should have written a book called *Future Numbness* or *Future Couch Potato*. That would have hit the mark with a bullseye.
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-People today aren’t put into shock by all their tech devices. They are numbed and hypnotized. They’re addicted and won’t put them down. These folks haven’t been *invaded* by the future. If these machines are the future, they can’t get enough of it.
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-It’s the past that people have lost. They don’t care about it. They don’t understand it. They don’t want to understand it.
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-We live in cities that embody thousands of years of human labor, ingenuity, and imagination. Perhaps this might be shocking and anxiety-provoking if people thought about it—and especially if they focused on *how fragile all this is*. History tells of other cultures that created amazing technologies and then collapsed. Thinking about that might actually cause some real shock.
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-But that’s not how the dominant mindset right now views city life or digital devices—or any other legacy of the past. The reality is that people don’t think about much of anything at all, because technology turns them into passive receptors.
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-Nobody is “invaded by the future.” The citizenry is entirely absorbed by the *present moment*—to the exclusion of everything else.
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-Just watch them on the street or subway with their devices, and see that empty look on their faces. Like zombies in those horror films, they might have had a real life once, long ago, but they’ve forgotten what it’s like.
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-> ### “It’s the past that people have lost. They don’t care about it. They don’t understand it. They don’t want to understand it.”
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-And what about information overload? That has to be true, no?
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-Ah, the reality on the street is much different. As I noted in my recent article on [“The State of the Culture, 2023”](https://tedgioia.substack.com/p/the-state-of-the-culture-2023) people sip that information with a *very narrow straw*.
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-Your data stream is like a morphine drip at the hospital. And with the same result—you want to make sure you’re always hooked to the machine that provides the drip.
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-TikTok and Instagram, for example, can be described in many ways. But “information overload” or “future shock”aren’t the words I’d use. Consumers have become very skilled at blocking out information—maybe too skilled. That’s what happens when your interactions with the real world are reduced to 10 or 20 second video snippets.
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-Nobody is overloaded with information not in the year 2023. Not even students—or especially not students.
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-If we turn away from technology for a moment, and look instead at culture, we absolutely do *not* find rapid change. We see the exact opposite.
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-Movie studios keep releasing the same stories with the same characters. The hottest Hollywood star at the Cannes festival this year was Harrison Ford, age 80. Last year it was comparative youngster Tom Cruise, age 60. Both showed up to pitch sequels in which they played the same character they originated four decades ago.
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-Musical genres don’t change much from year to year, or even from decade to decade. A recent survey found that the [most popular song has been the same for three years](https://tedgioia.substack.com/p/the-music-business-turns-into-groundhog).
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-Many of the biggest names in commercial music are the same ones who were popular when Toffler peddled his *Future Shock* concept back in the 1970s. For example, here’s what a search engine told me when I asked about the bestselling rock artists in the year 2023.
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-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42846ce8-b4d4-4583-bafd-6c707fe27df2_2362x642.png)
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-So even if tech devices are evolving rapidly—and I’m not entirely convinced of that—the culture is stagnating. It needs more change, not less.
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-Yet Toffler was correct about one thing. People are getting sick.
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-Rates of depression are up. Suicide rates are up. Self-harm and eating disorders and mental illness are rising everywhere. Drugs kill millions of individuals—and it’s not always illegal drugs. Addictions of all sorts plague society, and ‘recovery’ programs of all sorts are big business. And so is ‘anger management’—a vocation that didn’t even exist in Toffler’s day. People can’t control their anger, and lash out at the slightest things. Violence is at a high point; tolerance at a low point.
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-Toffler saw something of this sort coming—in fact, he probably underestimated it. If you look through the index to his book, you won’t find suicide, depression, addiction, or other such topics. But you will find numerous references to the “nervous system” or “pace of life” or “adaptation.”
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-He clearly envisioned an anxious world on the go. People would travel in space ships. We would be operating complicated machines like Charlie Chaplin in *Modern Times*. But that’s not the world we live in now.
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-People aren’t flying in spaceships. (Well, a few billionaires do that, but there are no tickets for us.) In fact, people are barely interested in getting a driver’s license nowadays. Hey, there’s so much entertainment just sitting at home with that tiny screen.
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-That’s what Toffler missed. The future came and it didn’t shock us with its complexity. They simplified everything so we can manage by swiping left or right, or just clicking on a button.
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-It’s “information *underload”* nowadays—and huge corporations work to deliver it. They ensure that our digital lives have no shocks or surprises. Their algorithms are designed to deliver today something almost identical to what they gave us yesterday. And tomorrow will be no different.
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-As a result, the future has fallen from view, replaced by a sense of *stasis*. And so has the past, which ought to be a resource but has become so weightless that it might as well not exist at all. All this is causing real sicknesses, and we don’t need to invent new names for them. They’ve been around a while, only now they’re much worse and afflicting more people.
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-In a situation like this, we ought to reverse Alvin Toffler’s advice. We need more change, not less. And it ought to be centered on the areas of greatest numbness and disconnectedness. I’m talking about the *culture itself*, not the technology.
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-This isn’t the place to spell out the necessary agenda—that’s a huge issue beyond our scope here. But I can tell you one thing. The kind of change we need isn’t going to happen on an app.
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-# In Defense of the Rat | Hakai Magazine
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-## In Defense of the Rat
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-## Rats are less pestilent and more lovable than we think. Can we learn to live with them?
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-### Authored by
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-Text by  
-Illustrations by [Sarah Gilman](https://hakaimagazine.com/profiles/sarah-gilman/)  
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-### Article body copy
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-There was a time when we human beings used to put animals on trial for their alleged crimes against us. The earliest of these prosecutions in the Western tradition of law appears to be a case against moles in the Valle d’Aosta, Italy, in 824 AD, and legal actions continued into the 1900s. In the centuries between, a killer pig was dressed in human clothing and hanged in Falaise, France; Marseille put dolphins on trial for crimes unknown; and a rooster—in what must have been a case of mistaken identity—was burned at the stake in Basel, Switzerland, for the witchery of laying an egg while male.
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-The classic investigation of this subject, E. P. Evans’s 1906 book *The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals*, finds no evidence that these trials were carried out for comedic effect, or in fact that the litigation was anything but gravely serious. That said, things obviously did get weird.
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-In 1522, “some rats of the diocese” of Autun, France, were charged with criminally eating and destroying barley crops. A skilled legal tactician, one Barthélemy de Chasseneuz, was assigned to defend the rats.
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-The case is remembered for its procedural twists and turns. When his clients—guess what?—didn’t show up for their day in court, de Chasseneuz noted that the summons had mentioned only “some rats.” But which ones, specifically? The court ordered that a new summons be addressed to *all* the rats of Autun. When the rodents still failed to appear, their nimble lawyer had a second defense at the ready. His clients, he said, were widely dispersed, and for them the trip to court amounted to a great journey. The rats needed more time.
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-Again proceedings were rescheduled, and again the rats missed their date with the law. Of course they did, said de Chasseneuz. To arrive at court, the rats faced the twin perils of vindictive villagers and their bloodthirsty cats; his clients needed guarantees of safe passage. This tested the patience of the villagers’ legal team and, with the two sides unable to settle on a fourth trial date, the court decided in favor of the accused by default. The rats won.
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-[![](https://hakaimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/trial2-rats-1200x560.jpg)](https://hakaimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/trial2-rats.jpg)
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-Preposterous? Absolutely. Yet one lesson of de Chasseneuz’s victory is this: if we’re asked to see the world through a rat’s eyes, the results may surprise us. Suppose the trial had continued and a full defense of the rat was heard?
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-Some 16 human generations (and many more rat generations) later, I find myself pressed to pick up where de Chasseneuz left off. I do so for two reasons.
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-The first is that the charges against the rat have only grown stronger.
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-Rats today are widely seen as filthy, thieving vectors of deadly diseases like plague and hantavirus. They raid our food supplies, gnaw electrical wires, invade our homes, and undermine critical infrastructure with their burrows. No one knows how much rats cost people worldwide each year, but the total is likely in the hundreds of millions of dollars—and possibly much more.
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-The two most widespread and infamous rat species are the black rat (*Rattus rattus*) and brown rat (*Rattus norvegicus*). The former originally came from India, while the latter expanded out of northern China and Mongolia. Aided by our boats, most dramatically in the age of European imperialism, each species transformed into a peculiar kind of marine mammal, one that stows away to reach distant ports. They now inhabit every continent but Antarctica.
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-As an invasive species, rats are voracious destroyers of wildlife. This is especially true on islands—and they have reached 80 percent of the planet’s island clusters, ranging from the subarctic Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic to several subantarctic isles. Rats have been implicated in nearly one-third of recorded bird, mammal, and reptile extinctions, making them the worst nonhuman invasive species on the planet, followed by cats and mongooses. Ironically, mongooses have often been introduced to new lands in the hope that they will eat the rats.
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-Rats are better known, of course, as our immediate neighbors in cities, in towns, and on farms. Science defines the rat’s relationship to humans as commensal: an association between two species in which one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. The label is awkward, however, since many people feel harmed by the mere existence of rats. When they shuffle and scratch in our walls at night, rats assail our mental health. Some feel physical disgust at the mere sight of rats’ ball-bearing eyes and maggot-colored tails. As one rat researcher recently put it in an interview with the *New York Times*, we tend to place rats in a “special category of things we don’t want to exist.”
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-[![](https://hakaimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/trash-rats-1200x576.jpg)](https://hakaimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/trash-rats.jpg)
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-We have responded with vigilantism. Humans’ relationship with rats is often described as the “war on rats.” But like our wars on drugs and terrorism, the war on rats has proved to be an unwinnable “forever war”—a term popularized, appropriately enough, in a 1974 sci-fi novel about a 1,000-year conflict between humans and an alien species.
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-It is a brutal war. A recent comment in an online forum about rat-catching captures the rules of engagement: “Worrying about how to kill rats ethically is of concern only to people who do not have a rat problem.” We do things to rats that most of us would find abhorrent, and would often be illegal, if they involved almost any other animal capable of feeling. We snap them in traps that can fail to kill instantly, leaving the animals maimed. We lure them into pails of water, where they swim until they can’t anymore, then drown. We bait them into patches of glue, where they tear skin and break bones in their efforts to escape, or even gnaw off their own limbs; some glue traps kill by slow suffocation. We use poisons against them that cause death only after days of painful internal bleeding. Online videos of people siccing dogs and minks on rats receive millions of views.
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-In a world at war with the rat, a defense of the enemy might seem hopeless. Yet the second reason to mount that defense is that there is new evidence in the rat’s favor. A growing body of research paints a picture of the accused that is far less vile than has been portrayed, and that may even charm the jury. To begin, we must dust off the closed case that marked rats with their original sin again us: the Black Death.
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-Lars Walløe was a teenager in the 1950s when he first read about the raging plague that struck his hometown of Oslo, Norway, in 1654. The dread disease arrived in the summer of that year; before long, the townsfolk needed to add a new graveyard. Nearly 40 percent of Christiania, as Oslo was then called, died.
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-Walløe went on to become a polymath scientist, and one of his interests—“kind of a hobby,” he says now—was demography. In the early 1980s, he began computer modeling the population decline in the Middle Ages that occurred in Norway and across most of Europe. He wanted to help solve the mystery of what caused it and why it had persisted across centuries. Walløe suspected that the plague bacterium, *Yersinia pestis*, might be to blame.
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-In what is now remembered as the Black Death, plague killed nearly one-third of Europeans between 1347 and 1351. Less well known is that many lesser plague outbreaks, like the one that struck Norway, followed into the early 18th century. All of them, Walløe knew, had the same cause: rats would develop the plague, then die swiftly in large numbers, at which point their disease-carrying fleas—which normally didn’t bite people—would switch to human hosts. This had been known since 1898 when Paul-Louis Simond, a French scientist working in what is now Pakistan, proved that plague was rat-borne during a widespread pandemic in Asia.
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-Walløe soon learned, however, that the conventional plague narrative had been questioned. In 1970, a retired British bacteriologist, J. F. D. Shrewsbury, made the case that other diseases, not plague*,* must have been largely responsible for what was remembered as the Black Death and similar later epidemics in Great Britain. The reason, Shrewsbury said, was simple: at the time of those outbreaks, there weren’t enough rats there to spread the disease.
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-Walløe was intrigued. It turned out that Cambridge historian Christopher Morris had promptly and convincingly shown that Shrewsbury was wrong about the illness involved: it really was the plague. It was harder, though, to push aside his claim that Britain hadn’t had a lot of rats.
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-Brown rats were certainly innocent—they established themselves in Europe only in the past 500 years and didn’t put down roots in the British Isles until the early 1700s. Black rats made it there several centuries earlier, also as stowaways, but by most accounts lived mainly in small, often temporary colonies around ports. This appeared to be true not only of Britain, but of Europe as a whole north of the Mediterranean.
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-[![](https://hakaimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/mugshot-rats-1200x729.jpg)](https://hakaimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/mugshot-rats.jpg)
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-In the warmer countries of Asia, rats visibly suffered from outbreaks of plague. Records from India and China describe delirious rats coming out of hiding, hemorrhaging blood, and dying. A Chinese poet, writing during an epidemic in 1792, made the connection between sick rats and their human neighbors: “Few days following the death of the rats men pass away like falling walls.”
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-Shrewsbury believed that rats and plague were inextricably linked, and even his harshest critic, Morris, acknowledged that the bubonic form of plague—which strikes the lymph nodes—required the presence of infected rats. Yet no one in Britain had recorded dead rats falling from roof beams or staggering through the streets. Not even London’s famously meticulous diarist, Samuel Pepys, mentioned mass deaths of rats in London during plague outbreaks, or individual rats behaving oddly in broad daylight. Later, archaeologists rarely found rat bones in digs from that era. If Shrewsbury had been wrong about the bacterium causing plague epidemics in Britain, it appeared he might be correct that rats weren’t to blame for spreading it.
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-But if rats weren’t the culprit, what was?
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-Walløe widened his research. “I found it quite typical that the English did not read the French literature,” he says. He found studies from the early 1940s in which two French doctors showed that plague could spread person to person through parasites such as lice and *Pulex irritans* (the human flea), both much more common in the past than they are today. He also discovered that by 1960, a leading plague scientist at the World Health Organization had accepted that human fleas played an important role in the transmission of plague in areas where rats were uncommon or absent.
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-Even Simond, discoverer of rats’ link to plague in Asia, had written, “The mechanism of the propagation of plague includes the transporting of the microbe by rat and man, its transmission from rat to rat, from human to human, from rat to human, and from human to rat by parasites.”
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-In 1982, Walløe published his findings in a Norwegian science journal. His work would ultimately lead to what is now known as the “human ectoparasite hypothesis” of the plague’s spread—meaning that the illness swept across Europe not on a wave of rat fleas abandoning the carcasses of their rodent hosts but via human fleas and lice profiting from our own unhygienic habits and tendency to provide the poor with only squalid, unsanitary housing. Walløe’s paper became something of a sleeper success and, in 1995, was printed in English. That brought his clash with the prevailing narrative to a much wider scientific audience, which reacted more with noise than substantial counterargument.
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-“The response was very negative, but it wasn’t very strong,” Walløe recalls. “It was more like, ‘Here is a fool from Norway, and we don’t have to take him very seriously.’”
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-Since then, further lines of evidence have supported the human ectoparasite theory. In 2018, Katharine Dean, a Norwegian biologist, published research that modeled plague epidemics in nine European cities where detailed records were kept. They ranged in latitude from Stockholm, Sweden, to the Mediterranean island of Malta, and across time from 1348 to 1813. In seven of the nine locations, the spread of the disease fit best with human fleas and lice as the carriers; the other two outbreaks proved too small to clearly parse causes. A genetic study, meanwhile, found that plague was present in Europe for approximately 1,200 years without the presence of rats. Historical research notes that plague pandemics throughout Europe’s Little Ice Age (roughly 1300 to 1850) and in winter aren’t compatible with large, active populations of black rats or their fleas, both of which struggle in cold climates, not to mention outbreaks of “plague without rats” in medieval Iceland. The theory of rat-borne plague in medieval Europe now suffers in many places from what a 2021 paper published by *The Lancet* described as “the absence of its protagonist.”
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-Other recent research tracked the timeline of plague flare-ups in Europe. The scientists didn’t find a match with rat populations. Instead, they synched the pattern to climate-driven irruptions of another plague-carrying rodent—perhaps *Rhombomys opimus*, or the great gerbil, which was abundant along the Silk Road caravan route from Asia to the Mediterranean. In the case of the notorious plague in Europe, the event that forever marked rats as public enemy number one, the animals may be almost entirely innocent.
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-“They are sweet, small animals,” Walløe says about rats. “I have nothing against them.”
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-Critics will point out that even if we exonerate the rat for the Black Death, it doesn’t mean rats are not verminous. It remains a historical fact that rats were patient zero in horrendous outbreaks of plague in warmer parts of the world, killing millions of people across centuries. Set aside plague altogether, which modern hygiene and medicine have rendered rare and curable across most of the world, and rats are still carriers of dozens of diseases with the potential to spill over to humans.
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-*“*They have this incredible sponge capacity,” says Chelsea Himsworth, a veterinary pathologist and epidemiologist in Abbotsford, British Columbia. “They traverse all sorts of different environments, they come into contact with microbes from humans, different domestic animals, sewage, garbage, et cetera, and then they have the ability to carry these pathogens and potentially transmit them back to humans or other animals.”
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-This is not, as it turns out, a blanket condemnation of rats. Himsworth’s interest turned toward the rodents more than a decade ago, as scientists began to focus on the potential disease risks presented by wildlife in environments like rainforests and grasslands. She looked instead at the research into rats and disease, and discovered little contemporary science on the subject.
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-“*That* struck me as particularly odd,” she says. “If people are going to come into contact with a wild animal, it’s more likely going to be a rat than something more exotic.”
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-In 2011, Himsworth founded the Vancouver Rat Project, a research body dedicated to better understanding the true disease risk that rats pose in British Columbia’s largest city, which the pest control company Orkin has named as Canada’s second “rattiest” metropolis, after Toronto. She has since drawn a stark conclusion about the perception that every rat we meet is a superspreader: “It’s inaccurate from a scientific standpoint,” she says.
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-To understand what patterns of disease in rats really look like, we first must confront the myth that rats are swarming invaders, a vision often promoted in books and film (a recent example appears in the Netflix hit *Stranger Things*). In fact, they tend to be homebodies. The Vancouver Rat Project found that, in a typical day, the city’s brown rats stay within the length of a city block. They generally do not cross roads, and research in other urban areas shows that rats even prefer to stick to one side or the other of alleys.
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-[![](https://hakaimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/homebody-rats-900x753.jpg)](https://hakaimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/homebody-rats.jpg)
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-This means, Himsworth says, that even a ratty block of downtown Vancouver could have no diseased rats at all, while on another block every rat might carry sickness. For similar research in Vienna, Austria, published in 2022, researchers captured rats across two years at a popular riverwalk, a touristed square, and a cruise-ship port. They then tested them for eight types of dangerous virus known to be harbored in rats, including strains of hepatitis, coronavirus, hantavirus, and the influenza virus that causes global flu outbreaks. They found not a single rat that carried any of the diseases. The authors noted that studies that *don’t* find the presence of disease in rats are rarely published, and argued that this could lead to a “misconception of the reality”—a false belief that urban rats are all teeming with contagion.
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-Misconception is the order of the day with rats. Rats are aggressive, right? Bobby Corrigan, a legendary rodentologist and pest control expert in New York, has said that rats have never attacked him, “and I’ve put myself right in the thick of those animals, as thick as I can get.” But rats are filthy, right? In fact, they are such fastidious groomers, one scientist who researches laboratory animal welfare told me, that when she tried to use “permanent” ink to make identifying marks on rats’ tails, those marks were quickly cleaned away.
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-Even more surprising is how little we know about how often rats spread disease to humans. “We have no idea,” says Himsworth. She is, however, prepared to venture an educated guess. “Any rat you meet has the potential to have a disease,” she says. “But know that, in general, the risk—particularly for people in countries like Canada—is low.” Most people in wealthier nations live in sturdy, clean homes and have the resources to respond if faced with a serious rat infestation. On the other hand, a person who is living, say, in poor-quality housing, whose hygiene is affected by mental health struggles, and whose landlord refuses to act as rat problems worsen, is definitely at an increased risk.
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-Furthermore, if our main concern is the real (if overweighted) risk of rat-borne disease, then our current tactics may be counterproductive. Killing rats with traps can disrupt their social structures, creating chaos in which rats may spread disease through behaviors such as fighting for dominance. The result can be an increase in sickness among the surviving rats. A study in Chicago, declared America’s rattiest city for eight years running, found that poisoning had a similar effect. Modern rodenticides kill rats in a process that may take five to 10 days. Live-trapped rats that had been poisoned were three times more likely than other rats to carry disease. The poison likely weakens their immune systems, making them more susceptible to illness.
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-“The interspecies genocide approach—it’s not effective, it’s never worked. It’s just silly to carry on the way we have been,” says Himsworth. “I also don’t think it’s good for us as people and as communities to be dealing with another species in that manner.”
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-The rat, meanwhile, isn’t just another species. It’s one that we might reasonably learn to see as a fitting companion for human society.
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-When it comes to rats winning your heart, let me not hold back: rats can learn to play hide-and-seek with humans. They will do so for no other reward than tickles and fun. And they will laugh.
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-This is not woo-woo hearsay but scientific fact. Researchers at the Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience in Berlin found that rats can learn, with surprising quickness, how to play both the “hide” and “seek” roles in games against a human experimenter. To ensure that the rats’ motivation was play rather than profit, the animals were not given food rewards when they found, or were found by, their human. Instead, they were “tickled”—given a brief bout of light roughhousing by the researcher’s fingertips, which previous studies had shown that most rats enjoy.
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-It was clear, in any case, that rats were engaged by the game. They made eager playmates. When it was time to seek, they scampered out of a lidded box, carried out a systematic search of the game space, then beelined toward their quarry the moment they spotted the hider. When the rats were doing the hiding, some—behaving like human children—took off to hide again as soon as they were caught, lengthening the thrill of the chase.
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-The rats teased the humans. They performed *freudensprung*, a German word that means “joy jumps.” They also emitted the kind of ultrasonic chirps that have been linked to what scientists dryly call “positive affective states.” (“You can say it’s laughter, but it’s not sounding really like human laughter,” says Sylvie Cloutier, an ethologist who pioneered research into rat tickling but was not involved in the hide-and-seek study. “They’re more like little happy chirps when you can hear them.”) After the experiment, and rather chillingly, the researchers euthanized the rats that played with humans in order to further study their brains.
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-[![](https://hakaimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/freudensprung-rats-1200x567.jpg)](https://hakaimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/freudensprung-rats.jpg)
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-Paradoxically, much of what we now know about rats’ emotional and intellectual worlds is grounded in the fact that we experiment on them. A cottage industry of breeding brown rats for use in laboratory experiments emerged in Europe in the 1840s, making rats the first mammal to be domesticated mainly for scientific purposes. Industrial-scale production of “lab rats” began in 1906 at the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Even today, nearly half of all lab rats descend from the original Wistar colony. They are mainly albinos, favored for their genetic uniformity and calm dispositions.
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-At the outset, Wistar researchers Milton Greenman and Louise Duhring sought to make lab rats “contented and happy.” Their animals were “carefully gentled” to human handling and ate a diet that ranged from macaroni to kale to breakfast sausages, or even hot cocoa if a rat was feeling under the weather. The rodents enjoyed abundant direct sunlight—“unfiltered through glass windows”—and fresh air. “Most albino rats,” they noted, “are susceptible to the soothing influence of soft, sweet music, especially the higher notes of the violin.”
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-The rats’ cages, as you might by now have guessed, included some amenities. Each was furnished with material the rats could burrow in and had one of those exercise wheels familiar from hamster cages, except that the wheels were the size of bicycle wheels. The rats often spun the equivalent of more than eight kilometers a day in them.
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-A century later, modern lab-rat life is defined by what’s known as the “shoebox”—a cage too small for rats to carry out such natural behaviors as burrowing, climbing, or even standing upright. No more hot chocolate—they mainly eat a standardized laboratory rat chow. An estimated three million rats are used in laboratory experiments each year in the United States alone, with about 1.2 million of those experiments classified as painful or distressing.
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-Over time, scientists’ use of rats as test subjects began to reveal the possibility that rats, and therefore other animals, have qualities previously thought to be the exclusive domain of human beings. In 1959, American experimental psychologist Russell Church found that rats learned to stop pressing a lever that provided them with a tasty treat when doing so also delivered an electric shock to a rat in an adjacent cage. It was the first study to suggest that rats might recognize when one of their own kind was suffering and alleviate that suffering if they could.
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-The debate about whether rats and other animals really care about others or only act in ways that resemble empathy has gone on ever since. But picture this recent study: Rat A is safe and secure. Rat B is distressed, because it’s in a separate chamber where it has no option but to stand in a pool of water. Rat A will release Rat B from that chamber even if liberating Rat B does not provide Rat A with access to the water, or the other rat, or any kind of reward. It becomes difficult to propose motivations for Rat A that don’t involve a capacity to put itself in Rat B’s position.
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-Scientists who claim that animals share human qualities like empathy are often condemned for anthropomorphism—the sin of awarding human characteristics to things that are not human. In 2021, two researchers from the Medical University of South Carolina reviewed the numerous studies on empathy in rats and concluded that refusal to recognize the rodents’ empathic abilities now amounted to “anthropodenial.” The term was coined by primatologist Frans de Waal in 1997 to refer to a stubborn tendency to dismiss humanlike characteristics in animals, no matter how convincing the evidence.
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-Other laboratory experiments have shown that rats can solve complex puzzles, recognize cause-and-effect relationships, feel regret, make judgments based on perception, and understand time, space, and numbers. In online videos posted by owners of pet rats, you’ll find trained rats completing agility courses, raising tiny flags by pulling tiny ropes with their delicate fingers, and “reading” placards that instruct them either to jump onto a box or spin around. Rats even appear to engage in metacognition, meaning *rats know that they think*.
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-Rats have personalities, too. Nearly every researcher I spoke to who had worked directly with the animals recalled individuals whose distinctive way of being in the world stands out in their memories. Lazarus, for example, was a favorite of Kaylee Byers, who captured and released about 700 different rats for the Vancouver Rat Project. As the rat’s name suggests, Byers thought Lazarus was dead when she first found him motionless in one of her traps. It turned out he was simply unusually chill. After being captured that first time, he returned to be caught again and again. He would eat the peanut-butter-and-oats bait, then wait to be released, apparently grasping that Byers would do him no harm.
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-If rats have begun to remind you of another animal—you know, the one we increasingly treat with overweening kindness and respect, and rarely hesitate to anthropomorphize—then, well, there’s good reason for that.
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-Joanna Makowska, an animal welfare scientist, remembers a veterinarian once sharing with her the advice he gives to people who are looking for a very small dog. “He tells them, ‘Get a rat.’”
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-If the rat was not the bête noire of the Black Death; if it poses a low risk of disease in many places, and, where it is poses a higher risk, is a better reflection of how poorly our societies care for the vulnerable than the real dangers of the animal itself; if the rat is not aggressive or filthy; if the rat is not a shadow of our worst qualities but instead can reflect our best; and if—perhaps most important of all—we cannot win our cruel war against them, then an obvious question remains. What are we to do about rats?
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-The surprising answer—one that recalls Barthélemy de Chasseneuz’s demand that the voice of rats be heard—may be this: communicate with them.
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-“If we don’t want rats in the area, we should be more mindful of the signals that we’re sending to them, which are like, ‘Hey, there’s a bunch of food that we don’t really care about, and we usually put it out here at this time,’” says Becca Franks, an assistant professor in environmental studies at New York University who has studied rats and once had a wild rat gnaw through the wall of her home. “If we don’t actually want them there, I don’t think that’s the message that we’re sending in a way that they understand.”
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-The real, lasting solution to rats damaging our homes and eating our food, Franks says, is “unsexy infrastructure stuff.” Design buildings to exclude rats. Put garbage in rat-proof containers, as New York is only now beginning to require. Pass bylaws that give tenants the right to live in rat-free housing, holding neglectful landlords to account. If the scale of such changes seems overwhelming, history provides inspiration.
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-In the days of sail, rats truly *infested* ships, harrowing seafarers’ minds with their scraping and scurrying and sometimes getting hungry enough to lick or bite the hands and feet of crew in their bunks. Anthropologist Jules Skotnes-Brown writes that “their occasional gnawing away at extremities caused spine-chilling discomfort and pain.” Sailors sometimes returned the favor by eating shipboard rats.
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-In the 1920s, mariners made a hard turn toward rat-proofing their boats. This required thinking like a rat, said Skotnes-Brown: blocking their runways, storing food in impenetrable containers, and closing out hollows and nooks used for nesting. One early success reduced the rat population on a ship from 1,177 to zero. Through a combination of financial incentives and government regulations, rat-proofed ships were widespread by the mid-1930s, and the use of poisonous fumigants to kill ship rats steadily declined. Rodents are still a part of maritime life today, but a much smaller one than they once were.
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-We are relearning how to coexist with other wildlife species that were once dismissed as vermin or “man-eaters,” including wolves and bears, coyotes and beavers. Along the way, we’re finding that, as Aldo Leopold put it, “Wildlife management is comparatively easy; human management difficult.” Bears can be excellent neighbors, but not if they’re hooked on eating garbage from bins they can easily break into. Wolves can live almost unseen alongside us, but not if we feed them by hand to get a good selfie. Rats can be our shadow companions, but not if we openly discard so much food that some rats—and this is true—develop a taste for Chinese over Italian, or vice versa.
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-But Franks is prepared to imagine forms of communication that go beyond unsexy infrastructure and antilittering campaigns.
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-Franks recalls visiting a researcher who kept her lab rats in a small room—“almost like a broom closet,” said Franks. The researcher closed the door behind them, then opened the rats’ large cage. Scenes that seemed clipped from the film *Ratatouille* began to play out. The rodents, about 15 in all, tumbled out onto a table, then streamed down its legs to the floor. A few climbed one after another up a broomstick to the top, where the uppermost rat suddenly let go, sending every other rat playfully sliding down. The researcher used a bat detector to listen in on the rats’ ultrasonic voices. They could hear them, **“**chittering and laughing and squealing and having just a wild time,” says Franks.
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-[![](https://hakaimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/closet-rats-900x1340.jpg)](https://hakaimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/closet-rats.jpg)
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-Suddenly, Franks realized she had another meeting to get to, and here she was in a room full of free-ranging rats. She couldn’t just open the door and leave—rats would surely escape. But catching each rat and putting it back into the hutch would take forever.
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-“I think, you know, we should probably get them back in the cage,” Franks said.
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-“Oh, okay,” said the researcher.
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-She opened the cage door. The rats streamed back up the table legs and into confinement, where they continued to romp and play. Franks made it to her meeting.
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-It was an example of how building relationships and channels of communication with rats might allow us to come to understandings with them. “Rats can be quite responsive to human interests that potentially are not even in alignment with what the rats want,” said Franks. (It turns out that this has been shown in laboratory experiments as well, where rats have been trained to participate in procedures they cannot possibly enjoy, such as tube-feeding.)
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-I admit, and so does Franks, that we are entering unexplored territory here. What does it look like to form social relationships with wild rats? Do we hire rat-catchers who tickle rather than kill? Draw hard territorial lines where they’re most important—in homes, offices, restaurants—while accepting rats on a downtown street or in a park in the same way that we do a pigeon or any other commensal animal?
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-An idea that seems absurd is sometimes a truth that we haven’t yet accepted. Years after de Chasseneuz represented rats in the court of Autun, one of the strangest animal prosecutions on record gave hints of how the famous lawyer might have fully defended the rats had their trial proceeded.
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-The case in question was launched against beetles of the species *Rhynchites auratus*—handsome golden-green weevils—in Saint-Julien, France, in 1587. As with the rats of Autun, the accused were charged with ravaging crops, this time the local vineyards. Again, counsel was appointed to defend the verminous pests.
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-The prosecution relied on Biblical passages that give humankind dominion over “every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth”: since weevils surely creepeth, we were free to decide their fates. The defense, meanwhile, made the case that weevils were a part of divine creation, and God had made the earth fruitful “not solely for the sustenance of rational human beings.”
-
-The trial lasted more than eight months, and at one point the restless citizens of Saint-Julien offered to mark out an insect reserve where the weevils could feed without harming the vineyards. The weevils’ advocates were not placated. They declared the land inadequate, turned down the offer and, as lawyers will, sought dismissal of the case *cum expensis*—that is, with the accusers paying the weevils’ legal costs. No one today knows how the matter was finally decided, because the last page of the court record is damaged. It appears to have been nibbled by rats or some kind of beetle.
-
-Preposterous? Absolutely. Yet by putting weevils on trial, both defense and prosecution came to agree on one point that eludes us today: creatures have a right to exist in accordance with their nature, even if it is their nature to make trouble for humankind.
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-Tag: ["🚔", "🇺🇸", "🔫", "🏫"]
-Date: 2023-12-10
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-TimeStamp: 2023-12-10
-Link: https://www.propublica.org/article/uvalde-officer-student-trainings-mass-shootings
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-12-17]]
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-# In Uvalde, Students Followed Active Shooter Protocol. The Cops Did Not.
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-The children hid. They dropped to the floor, crouching under desks and countertops, far from the windows. They lined up against the walls, avoiding the elementary school doors that separated them from a mass shooter about a decade older than them. Some held up the blunted scissors that they often used to cut shapes as they prepared to fight. A few grabbed bloodied phones and dialed 911. And as students across the country have been instructed for years, they remained quiet, impossibly quiet. At times, they hushed classmates who screamed in agony from the bullets that tore through their small bodies.
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-Then, they waited. Waited for the adults, whom they could hear in the hallway. If they were just patient, those adults would save them.
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-Hundreds of law enforcement officers descended on Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas, that day in May 2022. They, too, waited. They waited for someone, anyone, to tell them what to do. They waited for the right keys and specialized equipment to open doors. They waited out of fear that the lack of ballistic shields and flash-bangs would leave them vulnerable against the power of an AR-15-style rifle. Most astonishingly, they waited for the children’s cries to confirm that people were still alive inside the classrooms.
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-“I’m watching that door. No screams. No nothing. No nothing. You know. Things you would think you would hear if there had been kids in there,” Cpl. Gregory Villa, who had been with the Uvalde Police Department for 11 years, told an investigator days after the attack that left 19 children and two teachers dead.
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-If there were children inside, Villa said, officers would have probably heard the shooter saying, “‘Hey, everybody shut up,’ and then kids are like, ‘Oh no, I gotta, I want my mommy.’”
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-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/frontline_texas_tribune_logos_side_by_side-copy.png?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=187&q=80&w=800&s=e63a3e7d6f8208a923ee59fae37b5b9c)
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-Villa, who received active shooter training four years earlier, was among several officers who told investigators that they didn’t believe children were in the classrooms because they were so quiet. The children’s strict adherence to remaining silent was, in fact, part of their training. Officers’ own training instructs them to confront a shooter if there is reason to believe someone is hurt.
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-“I just honestly thought that they were in the cafeteria because it seemed like all the lights were off and it seemed like it was really quiet. I didn’t hear any screaming, any yelling. I literally didn’t hear anything at all,” Uvalde police Staff Sgt. Eduardo Canales recalled to an investigator. “You would think kids would be yelling and screaming.”
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-The accounts of law enforcement’s actions during one of the worst school shootings in history are among a trove of recorded investigative interviews and body camera footage obtained by ProPublica, The Texas Tribune and FRONTLINE. Together, the hundreds of hours of audio and video offer a startling finding: The children in Uvalde were prepared, dutifully following what they had learned during active shooter drills, even as their friends and teachers were bleeding to death. Many of the officers, who had trained at least once during their careers for such a situation, were not.
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-Mass shootings have become a fact of American life, with [at least 120](https://www.theviolenceproject.org/mass-shooter-database/) since the 1999 Columbine High School shooting. Debates often erupt along partisan lines as anguished communities demand change. When children are gunned down, calls for tighter gun laws are matched with plans for arming teachers and hardening schools.
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-One thing that seemingly unites all sides is the notion of better training for law enforcement. But, in actuality, few laws exist requiring such instruction.
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-In the wake of the Columbine shooting, law enforcement agencies across the country began retooling protocols to prevent long delays like the one that kept officers there from stopping the two shooters. Key among the changes was an effort to ensure that all officers had enough training to engage a shooter without having to wait for more specialized teams.
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-More than two decades later, law enforcement’s chaotic response in Uvalde and officers’ subsequent explanations of their inaction show that the promise of adequate training to respond to a mass shooting has yet to be fully realized.
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-Officers failed to set up a clear command structure. They spread incorrect information that caused them to treat the shooter as a barricaded suspect and not an active threat even as children and teachers called 911 pleading for help. And no single officer engaged the shooter despite training that says they should do so as quickly as possible if anyone is hurt. It took 77 minutes to breach the classroom and take down the shooter.
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-“It’s pretty stunning that we’re 24 years after the Columbine massacre and we’re still dealing with a lack of training on how to deal with these active assailants,” said Mo Canady, executive director of the National Association of School Resource Officers. “I’m not sure who is to be held responsible for that, but it really is unacceptable that officers are not getting that training.”
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-A nationwide analysis by the news organizations shows states require far more training to prepare students and teachers for a mass shooting than they do for the police who are expected to protect them.
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-At least 37 states have laws mandating that schools conduct active shooter-related drills. All but four of those states require them at least annually.
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-In contrast, only Texas and Michigan have laws requiring training for all officers after they graduate from police academies. Texas’ law is the strongest in the country, mandating that officers train for 16 hours every two years. That requirement came about only after the Uvalde massacre.
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-The absence of legislation has created an uneven and inconsistent approach, which fails to ensure that officers not only receive the training they need to confront a mass shooter, but drill often enough to follow it in the adrenaline-soaked atmosphere of a real shooting, law enforcement experts said. Some also emphasize the importance of multiagency training so that officers are not responding to a crisis alongside people they’ve never worked with before. Yet few states, if any, require agencies to train together.
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-About 72% of the at least 116 state and local officers who arrived at Robb Elementary before the gunman was killed had received some form of active shooter training during their careers, according to an analysis of records obtained by ProPublica, the Tribune and FRONTLINE. Officers who received training before the Uvalde shooting had most commonly taken it only once, which law enforcement experts say is not enough. Only three officers would have met Texas’ new standard for training.
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-The news organizations reached out to each of the officers in this piece. An attorney representing officers with the Uvalde Police Department said the city has ordered them not to comment because of an ongoing internal investigation. Officers with other agencies did not return phone calls, texts and emails or declined to comment.
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-Across the country, officers are increasingly responding to situations with active shooters, some of whom have access to weapons originally designed for war. In the absence of gun control legislation, sales of these types of weapons have increased.
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-Unlike military service members who spend the majority of their time training for the possibility that they may someday see combat, police spend the bulk of their days responding to a variety of incidents, most of which do not involve violent encounters. Experts say that leaves many unprepared as the nation’s tally of mass shootings grows.
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-No clear consensus exists on just how much training is sufficient, though experts agree on the need for repetition. Even then, consistent training cannot guarantee that officers will do everything right, said John Curnutt, assistant director at Texas State University’s Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training Center, which is rated as the national standard by the FBI. Still, Curnutt said, routine training is the best way to improve officers’ response.
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-“It has to be really driven into somebody to the point where it becomes instinctive, habitual,” Curnutt said. “Before you really get a chance to think about it, you’re already doing it. And it takes more than 10 or 11 times to get that good at something like this that is going to be incredibly difficult to do when you know that, ‘I’m about to die, but I’m going to do this anyway.’ Who thinks like that? Not everybody. We know that. Not everybody that’s in uniform does.”
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-It was 11:30 a.m. on May 24, 2022. The timer that Elsa Avila set had just gone off, notifying her fourth grade class that the extra minutes she’d given them to make shoes out of newspapers for a STEM challenge had drawn to a close. Now they were going outside to test how long the shoes held up on the school track.
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-Avila gathered the children for a photo before they formed a single-file line. At the front, one of the students peered into the hallway. “Miss, there’s a class coming in and they’re screaming and they’re running to their room,” Avila recalled the student saying as the teacher of 27 years described the details of that day to investigators.
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-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20231204-uvalde-newspaper-shoes-pixelated.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=679&q=75&w=800&s=919008798e21e7d60addb73a37b98668)
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-Elsa Avila’s students pose for a picture in their newspaper shoes moments before the shooter entered their school. Children’s faces are shown with parental consent. Credit: Courtesy of Elsa Avila, pixelated by ProPublica, The Texas Tribune, and FRONTLINE
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-“You let their teacher worry about them,” Avila replied, believing that the student was simply reporting unruly behavior.
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-This was different, the girl insisted. The children were scared. So, Avila peeked into the hallway.
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-“Get in your rooms!” Avila heard a woman scream.
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-“So I just slammed my door back in, turned off the lights and, at that time, the kids know, because we practice these drills, they know: ‘OK, shut the door, you know. Slam the lights. We’ve got to go into our positions,’” Avila recalled.
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-“So I just slammed my door back in, turned off the lights and, at that time, the kids know, because we practice these drills, they know.”"
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-The educator and her students formed an “L,” crouching down against the two walls that were farthest from the doors and windows. It was a drill they’d practiced so much that, at times, it had become tiresome. The training that Avila had hoped they’d never have to use: Run. Hide. Fight.
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-For now, they hid.
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-Avila stood up momentarily to make sure that her students were safe.
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-It was then that a bullet pierced the wall, ripping into the teacher’s stomach.
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-Avila fell to the ground and dropped her phone. After dragging herself to the phone, she scrolled through previous texts to find one that included a group of teachers from the school.
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-“Im shot,” she wrote at 11:35 a.m., mistakenly texting her siblings before eventually also messaging her colleagues.
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-Only five minutes had passed since Avila’s timer rang for what was intended to be a celebratory moment.
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-In that time, the gunman had entered the building after crashing a truck into a nearby ditch and police had received their first 911 call from a teacher informing them that the shooter was in the school. In those five minutes, the teenage shooter unleashed nearly 100 rounds of gunfire.
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-![](https://propublica.s3.amazonaws.com/projects/graphics/2023-uvalde/assets/20231107-uvalde-children-map-1.png)
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-A child’s drawing for investigators shows how students in Room 109, two doors away from the shooter, followed their training.
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-In the drawing, the child wrote “hide,” reflecting a key part of the training.
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-One of Avila’s students was among those injured. Bullet fragments struck 10-year-old Leann Garcia on the nose and mouth. Blood dripped onto her clothes as her friend, Ailyn Ramos, held her and tried to keep her from screaming out in pain.
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-“If I die, I love you,” Leann whispered to Ailyn.
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-“As long as you’re in here with me, you’re not going to die,” Ailyn later recalled responding in an interview with the news organizations. (Ailyn’s account, like those of all the children named in this piece, is included with the permission of a parent.)
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-With their teacher flitting in and out of consciousness, the children huddled together. For a moment they did something that their lockdown training had not taught them, but that their teacher had always told them to do in difficult times, Ailyn told the news organizations.
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-They prayed.
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-“Please let the cops come in.”
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-Outside of the school, Uvalde police Sgt. Daniel Coronado heard the unmistakable gunfire from the shooter’s semiautomatic rifle. “Oh, shit, shots fired! Get inside,” Coronado yelled at about 11:35 a.m. while breathlessly running toward the building.
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-Entering a smoke-filled hallway, Coronado, a 17-year veteran of the department, walked past printouts of summer sandals that had been brightly colored by children, who were now nearing their last day of school. Seconds later, there was another round of gunfire from rooms 111 and 112, the adjoining classrooms from which the shooter was terrorizing teachers and children.
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-The shots injured Canales and Lt. Javier Martinez, two Uvalde police officers who had initially approached the classrooms. Blood trickled from Canales’ ear and bullet fragments grazed Martinez’s head. Both officers retreated. Though hurt, Martinez again ran toward the door. No one followed. He eventually pulled back. The officers had taken active shooter training only once: Martinez in 2014 and Canales the year before the shooting.
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-The failure to engage the shooter was the first in a handful of critical missteps by officers in the initial 10 minutes. Each ran counter to what the training teaches.
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-Among the missteps was the fact that no one took charge or set up a command post to guide the response, which experts say should happen quickly after arrival. Another was Coronado’s decision to relay an unconfirmed report from a school resource officer that the suspect was holed up in an office. The information proved to be inaccurate, and the misunderstanding helped shape officers’ approach to the incident.
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-“Male subject is in the school on the west side of the building,” Coronado radioed at 11:41 a.m. “He’s contained. We got multiple officers inside the building at this time. Believe he’s, uh, barricaded in one of the offices. Male subject’s still shooting.”
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-Though some officers struggled with malfunctioning radios, Coronado’s words reached enough of them to contribute to a widespread belief that the shooter was possibly alone inside a room with no victims, even as evidence mounted that children and teachers were in danger.
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-Initially believing he was responding to an active shooter, Texas Department of Public Safety Special Agent Colten Valenzuela told an investigator that his mindset changed after arriving at the school.
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-“When we did get there, we were told that it was a barricaded subject, so that kind of flipped the direction,” Valenzuela said.
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-Asked by an investigator about the determination that the shooter was barricaded, Coronado, who completed active shooter training a decade earlier, said: “I don’t know where that came out of, you know what I mean? You’re just reacting to what you’re dealing with at that moment in time.”
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-“You don’t see any bodies,” Coronado added. “You don’t see any blood. You don’t see anybody yelling, screaming for help. Those are motivators for you to say, ‘Hey, get going, move,’ but if you don’t have that, then slow down.”
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-Uvalde is among the most striking examples of a botched police response to a mass shooting, but officers’ failures to immediately stop a shooter despite being trained extend beyond the Texas city, according to a ProPublica, Tribune and FRONTLINE review of dozens of after-action reports and publicly released video. In some cases, the delays are well-known. In Orlando, Florida, officers waited about three hours to take down a shooter at the Pulse night club in 2016 despite 911 calls indicating some hostages were shot. The initial officer who responded to the 2018 shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, never entered the building where a shooter killed 17 students and staff.
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-Other missteps have not been as widely scrutinized. In Las Vegas in 2017, two officers stayed on the hotel floor below a shooter instead of rushing upstairs to confront him as he spewed bullets into a crowd of concertgoers. The next year in Thousand Oaks, California, officers attempted to confront a shooter within minutes of arriving at the scene. Some retreated after he shot at them. Police did not reenter to engage the shooter again for more than 40 minutes, even as victims remained inside.
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-In contrast, several officers credited their repeated training after they were celebrated for acting expeditiously to take down a shooter in March at a private Christian school in Nashville, Tennessee. Such instruction, they said, allowed them to momentarily ignore the emotion of stepping over a victim to get to the shooter so as to prevent further harm. About two months later, an officer in Allen, a Dallas suburb, shot a gunman minutes after his killing spree began at an outlet mall. Police and fire officials later praised years of joint training as key to the swift response.
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-The ability to work together was absent in Uvalde, Ruby Gonzalez, a school resource officer, told an investigator. Despite most of the officers being trained, various agencies that arrived at the scene were not accustomed to working together and had their own operating procedures, Gonzalez said.
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-“We couldn’t find a way to work together because each agency wanted to do things how they, how they see fit,” she said when asked if she believed the response that day followed the training she had taken.
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-At the time of the Uvalde shooting, Texas required only that school resource officers take an eight-hour active shooter course. The requirement did not apply to thousands of officers in police departments and sheriff’s offices across the state, contributing to vast disparities in training.
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-About 84% of the DPS officers who responded to the Uvalde shooting before the gunman was killed had been trained. Yet only about 67% of the Uvalde Police Department officers and roughly 36% of the Uvalde County Sheriff’s Office deputies had taken active shooter courses, according to an analysis of records that detail training after officers graduate from academies.
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-Collectively, local and state agencies sent at least 116 officers to the Uvalde shooting before the breach. While a majority of those officers had received some instruction to confront an active shooter, about half had not been trained since 2018 or before. That was the year a gunman entered Santa Fe High School near Houston and killed 10 people.
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-Federal law enforcement agencies, who sent about 180 officers to the scene before and after the breach, declined to provide training records for their officers, leaving the amount of instruction they received unclear. A spokesperson for Customs and Border Protection, the agency with the majority of the federal officers on scene, said in a statement that it continues to review the response and is “committed to identifying any improvements to training or tactics.”
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-Source: Texas Commission on Law Enforcement
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-DPS and the Uvalde sheriff’s office did not respond to questions about their departments’ training. A spokesperson for the city of Uvalde said that since the shooting, officials have purchased equipment like shields and breaching tools and have expanded training to include surrounding agencies.
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-Uvalde officers will also be among those required to meet Texas’ new standard — 16 hours of instruction every two years.
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-The post-Uvalde mandate is rare.
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-In the vast majority of states, officers are only required to prepare to confront a shooter in academies that train new recruits, but even that can vary widely between four and dozens of hours of instruction. Once those officers get the training, most are not required under the law to ever take it again.
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-“If we’re not training the right way and we’re not preparing ourselves and our kids and our responders, then we’re going to keep doing this for the next 25 years,” said John McDonald, who developed the school safety program in Jefferson County, Colorado, which includes Columbine, after the 1999 shooting. “We’re going to say, ‘Geez, for 50 years we haven’t figured it out.’ Well, shame on us.”
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-Nicole Ogburn, a teacher in Room 102, used her Apple Watch to dial 911 three times but couldn’t get through. On her fourth try, at 11:40 a.m., one of the city’s two dispatchers finally picked up.
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-Ogburn reported that there was an active shooter at the school, saying she could hear the gunshots outside of her classroom.
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-911 dispatcher: You can hear the gunshots being fired?
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-Ogburn: Yeah, they’re in the building. I don’t know. There’s been a lot. A whole lot. And I got a message that somebody, somebody is shot in another classroom.
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-911 dispatcher: Somebody is shot in a classroom, ma’am? OK, can you tell me …
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-Ogburn: Not mine. In another one. Another classroom. I don’t know. I don’t know. Please hurry. Hurry.
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-911 dispatcher: What room number? What room number? Can you tell me what room?
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-Ogburn: I’m in Room 102.
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-911 dispatcher: Is he going to be across from you?
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-Ogburn: I don’t know where he’s at right now. I got to go. I can’t let him hear me. I can’t let him hear me.
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-While Ogburn was on the phone with 911, dispatchers received another call. This time from Pete Arredondo. The school district police chief, who had taken active shooter training four times during his nearly 30-year career, was supposed to take charge, according to the district’s active shooter plan.
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-Arredondo, who had dropped his radio on the way into the school and didn’t have a body camera, asked the dispatcher for backup and more equipment.
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-“I’m inside the building with this man. He has an AR-15. He shot a whole bunch of times. We’re, yes, we’re inside the building,” Arredondo told the dispatcher. “He’s in one room. I need a lot of firepower, so I need this building surrounded, surrounded with as many AR-15s as possible.”
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-In that brief moment, Arredondo would learn from the dispatcher what police could not see on the other side of the classroom doors: Someone was injured.
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-Arredondo does not appear to have shared the information with other officers, according to body camera footage and radio calls reviewed by the news organizations.
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-Active shooter training instructs that officers should act immediately if there is reliable evidence that an attacker is killing people or preventing critically injured victims from getting medical attention.
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-But 17 more minutes passed before officers opened the door to Ogburn’s classroom. Even then, their discovery of children was an accident.
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-Uvalde County Sheriff’s Deputy Reymundo Lara recalled to investigators how he came to realize there were children in the room. Lara, who had not taken active shooter training, said he took a tactical position, aiming at the classroom where the shooter remained.
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-“I was like, you know what, my feet need to be a little bit more comfortable,” Lara added. “So, I get up, open the door. I propped it open so I could stick my leg in and lay back down and aim at the classroom where this suspect’s at. Something is telling me, ‘Hey, just check the classroom.’”
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-At first, Lara did not see anything. The lights were off and a movie played on the TV.
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-Then, the deputy spotted children.
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-“Hey,” Lara yelled. “We got kids in this room.”
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-Officers rushed to help Ogburn and her students escape through the window. “Kids coming out. Kids coming out. Kids coming out,” Coronado said, his body camera picking up the moment they were pulled out through the window.
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-Coronado’s heart sank. “Oh shit, there’s kids,” he recalled thinking while speaking with investigators. “That was the first time that we realized, no, there are kids inside the building.”
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-11:56 a.m.
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-Uvalde police Sgts. Daniel Coronado and Donald Page tell another officer outside of the school that there are no children inside.
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-Coronado Body Camera Footage
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-11:57 a.m.
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-Uvalde County Sheriff's Deputy Reymundo Lara opens a classroom door and discovers children inside.
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-Lara Body Camera Footage
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-11:58 a.m.
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-The children are evacuated from their classroom through the window.
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-Coronado Body Camera Footage
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- Your browser does not support the video tag.
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-Though officers were now aware that children and teachers remained in classrooms, Avila and her students continued to wait to be rescued.
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-Still losing blood from the gunshot wound to her stomach, the teacher knew she had to stay awake for her students.
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-“I didn’t want to pass out because I didn’t want to leave them alone,” she recalled in an interview with an investigator.
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-Moments of darkness were punctuated by the children trying to keep her calm. She could hear some of them saying, “Don’t let her go to sleep.”
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-“Miss, we love you. We love you,” she recalled one telling her. “Miss, you’re going to be OK.”
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-Avila could hear the school district chief, who began trying to negotiate with the shooter 24 minutes after officers entered the school.
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-“Can you please put your firearm down? We don’t want anyone else hurt,” Arredondo said.
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-At one point, the children in Avila’s class heard people fiddling with their door. “Police open up!”
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-“I thought it was a trick,” Leann, the injured 10-year-old, recalled thinking during an interview with investigators.
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-None of the children said anything. How could they know it was not the shooter?
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-Indeed, the students did as they were taught to do in their drills.
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-“We tell kids if someone’s knocking on a door and says, ‘Police officer, open up,’ don’t open the door. We tell teachers that all the time. And we test it,” said McDonald, who now serves as chief operating officer of The Council for School Safety Leadership, an organization that helps school leaders respond to threats and tragedies. “That could be someone trying to trick you to come out. Cops have keys. They have the ability to breach. They have tools to get in. They will come in.”
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-But the police didn’t come into Avila’s classroom at that moment. They also did not try to enter rooms 111 and 112, where the shooter remained, after learning from Ruben Ruiz, a school resource officer, that his wife, Eva Mireles, was injured in one of them.
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-At 11:56 a.m., Ruiz pushed urgently through a scrum of officers, attempting to get closer to his wife’s classroom after she’d called to tell him what happened.
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-“She says she’s shot, Johnny,” Ruiz said as an officer stopped him from pressing forward.
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-Instead of acting on the information, officers guided him outside and took away his gun.
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-One of the officers who heard Ruiz was Justin Mendoza. The rookie officer, who had only been with the Uvalde Police Department for about two years, had not received active shooter training, according to state records.
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-Mendoza said officers knew they needed to get into the classrooms, including Mireles’, but they didn’t have the right equipment. His sentiment was shared by more than a dozen officers who, in interviews with investigators, expressed [fear of the shooter’s semiautomatic rifle](https://www.propublica.org/article/uvalde-police-gunman-ar-15-delays).
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-“Like I said, we didn’t have any shields, no, no flash-bangs, no nothing that we could’ve used to create a distraction,” Mendoza recalled, “to, not only, like, not to sound selfish, but make sure we go home at the end of the day, but at least more of these kids can go home at the end of the day.”
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-Though officers signed up for the job knowing that they were putting their lives at risk, they’d never been confronted with a mass shooter, Mendoza said.
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-“None of us ever thought any of this situation would ever happen here, in Uvalde,” he said.
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-“Like I said, we didn’t have any shields, no, no flash-bangs, no nothing that we could’ve used to create a distraction, to, not only, like, not to sound selfish, but make sure we go home at the end of the day, but at least more of these kids can go home at the end of the day.”
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-About 40 minutes after the shooting began, officers received an urgent broadcast over their police radios that experts said marked another crucial moment that should have prompted them to immediately confront the shooter.
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-A child who was in one of the adjoining rooms with the shooter had reported a “room full of victims. Full of victims at this moment,” a dispatcher said over the radio.
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-“Fuck, full of victims,” one officer said aloud after hearing the radio communication. “Child called 911 and said room’s full of victims.”
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-Minutes later, the dispatcher radioed again: “Be advised, we do have one teacher that is still alive with wounds and eight to nine children.”
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-Officers did not hear the grueling 17-minute call in which 10-year-old Khloie Torres and her friend Miah Cerrillo pleaded for help, repeatedly asking for police assistance. They didn’t hear Khloie, who had been struck by shrapnel from the shooter’s bullets, as she quietly begged for them to hurry, telling the 911 operator: “There’s a lot of dead bodies. Please help. I don’t want to die.” The same officers who said that the children’s silence kept them from rushing the classroom didn’t get to listen in as the dispatcher repeatedly told Khloie to keep the children quiet. They didn’t hear her promises that officers were on their way to save Khloie and her classmates.
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-Despite some radios not working inside the school, officers who heard the dispatcher’s broadcast now knew that children and at least one adult remained alive, trapped with the shooter on the other side of the door. Those details, along with earlier signs that included sporadic gunfire and information that an officer’s wife was shot but still alive in the classroom, should have jogged in their minds a key lesson from training. They should have moved swiftly to stop the killing and stop the dying, experts said.
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-“You know kids are in there. You know you have a teacher that’s hurt. You’ve been shot at already. You’ve got an officer that’s been wounded. I mean, I think the intel is there,” said McDonald, the school safety expert who reviewed the footage at the request of the news organizations. “The environment is there. So how do you get in that room? What are your options to get in that room? And I think that has to be a priority. You already had one officer who said his wife was in there several minutes ago. Stop the dying.”
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-Instead, law enforcement officers, including members of a highly trained Border Patrol tactical team that had just arrived, continued to wait, even as they received some specialized equipment that they said they needed to breach the metal door and enter the classroom. No one ever checked the door to see if it was unlocked, although a state House committee that later reviewed the shooting determined it probably was.
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-Days after the attack, Uvalde police Officer Michael Wally recalled to an investigator the moment he heard there were victims in the classroom with the shooter. It didn’t make sense, Wally told him. Since he arrived at the school, he’d been asking who was leading the response. Who was the officer in charge? No one provided an answer, but he was repeatedly told the school district police chief was negotiating with the shooter.
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-Arredondo later told the Tribune and investigators that he did not view himself as in charge. He defended his actions and those of others.
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-“I kept going back to who is OIC. Who is, who’s, who’s fucking in charge? Excuse my language, but who’s, who’s in charge?” recalled Wally, who last took an active shooter course in 2015. “I’m a patrol officer. I can’t, you know, I’m not in there. I’m not in the hallway. I’m not talking to our gunman. I’m not talking to the guy who’s talking to our gunman. No communication is coming back out to me. So there’s got to be someone else. There’s got to be someone else that’s in charge. Someone tell me what to do.
-
-“And you know this, you’ve probably been wearing a badge a lot longer than I have,” Wally told the investigator, “but chain of command is everything. And, it was not there.”
-
-In the absence of clear leadership and communication, misinformation continued to spread.
-
-Shortly after the radio communication from the dispatcher, a Border Patrol medic arrived. He asked about the victims. A state game warden quickly replied that they had not heard of any injuries. “Uh, yes there are,” an Uvalde police detective responded.
-
-The medic pushed his way into the building and began setting up a triage station to treat the wounded. There, law enforcement officers, including members of the Border Patrol strike team, huddled, body camera footage shows.
-
-The minutes continued to tick away as the team prepared to enter the room.
-
-12:12 p.m.
-
-Uvalde police Officer Justin Mendoza and Uvalde police Detective Jose Rodriguez hear a dispatcher tell officers that a child said Room 112 was full of victims.
-
-Mendoza Body Camera Footage
-
-12:18 p.m.
-
-Six minutes later, state game warden Dennis Gazaway mistakenly tells Border Patrol medic Diego Merino-Ruiz that there are no injured children inside but is quickly corrected by Rodriguez.
-
-Though officers had already broken through windows to evacuate students, they fixated on finding keys to unlock the three classrooms that still had children in them.
-
-Arredondo had earlier decided that they would not enter the two adjoining classrooms that would force them to confront the shooter until they cleared others first, according to his interview with investigators and body camera footage.
-
-That left Avila’s classroom. Over the years, the teacher had learned that the only way the door to Room 109 would lock was if she slammed it closed. That is just what she did that day to ensure that the shooter could not enter.
-
-Arredondo later told investigators that he knew his decision would likely be scrutinized, but he did what he thought was best at the time. He said that he believed the shooter had probably killed at least one person inside rooms 111 and 112, but that he knew that children in other classrooms remained alive.
-
-“The preservation of life around everything around him, I felt was priority,” Arredondo said.
-
-Officers tried prying Avila’s door open with a knife. They also tested various keys that did not work in search of a master key. Eventually, they decided that the only way in would be through the outside and began breaking the window.
-
-Avila’s students started crying as officers yelled, “Police, we’re here to help you!” Some ran toward the window. Others waited, Avila recalled. They still did not know whether to trust the voices from outside.
-
-“They didn’t want to move until I told them to move,” the injured teacher recalled. “So, then I stood up, and I told them, ‘Come on guys.’”
-
-As soon as the classroom was cleared at 12:26 p.m., Arredondo signaled that officers could begin breaching the classrooms with the shooter. “Got a team ready to go? Have at it,” he can be heard saying on body camera footage as officers stood around him.
-
-It’s unclear if that message ever made it to the Border Patrol tactical team, which was on the other end of the hallway, or if anyone, at that point, was heeding the school district chief’s direction.
-
-Over the next 24 minutes, Khloie and other children in Room 112 continued to rely on one another for survival.
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-Despite the excruciating wait, now more than 50 minutes from the time the shooter had fired the initial volley of shots, the children continued to follow their training. They hid and remained quiet, even as several of them had injuries that made such silence inconceivable.
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-“I looked around, and I was like, people were cuddling up to each other, they were like, ‘I’m going to die,’” Khloie later told an investigator. “And I was like: ‘You’re not going to die. Just be really quiet.’”
-
-“I remember telling everybody that ‘we’re going to get through this, and just don’t make a sound,’” she added. “‘Just be as quiet as a mouse.’”
-
-“I remember telling everybody that ‘we’re going to get through this, and just don’t make a sound. Just be as quiet as a mouse.’”
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-Instead of being protected, Khloie told the investigator, she became the protector.
-
-Khloie worked to calm her classmate Kendall Olivarez, who wailed in pain. Kendall was wedged under a teacher who had been killed by the shooter, and bullets had pierced the girl’s arm, back and leg. Khloie helped pull Kendall from under her teacher. They crawled beneath a table as they hid from the shooter who was in the adjoining classroom. Meanwhile, Mireles, their other teacher, was losing blood and cried out for her daughter.
-
-Khloie grabbed her foot and tried to comfort her. “Don’t be scared,” she told her.
-
-Desperate for help, Khloie’s friend Miah dialed 911 one last time, pleading with the operator to send police. They were coming, the dispatcher assured her, adding that if anyone entered the classroom, the children should pretend to be asleep.
-
-As she waited, Miah, who had been struck by shrapnel, sobbed quietly into the phone.
-
-Finally, 77 minutes after the shooter entered the school, 54 minutes after one of the officers reported that his wife had been shot and 38 minutes after a dispatcher shared that there were victims in the classroom, the adults had arrived to help.
-
-At 12:50 p.m., a team led by the Border Patrol strike team entered Room 111. The gunman jumped out of a closet, firing at a federal officer and grazing him in the head. Officers returned fire, killing the shooter.
-
-Still on the phone with the 911 operator, Miah, who was hiding in Room 112, mistakenly thought the gunman was coming for her.
-
-She later recalled the moment to an investigator, saying, “I was, like, thinking it was him, he came back in the classroom. And then I look up and it was the police and all my friends started running towards them. And me and my friend were crying because we were scared. We ran to the hallway and I saw people, pass — dead and then blood on all of the floor.”
-
-“I was, like, thinking it was him, he came back in the classroom. And then I look up and it was the police and all my friends started running towards them. And me and my friend were crying because we were scared. We ran to the hallway and I saw people, pass — dead and then blood on all of the floor.”
-
-First responders tried to rush out the living, taking Mireles, who still had a pulse, outside to be treated by medics. EMS declared her dead [about an hour later in an ambulance that never left the school](https://www.propublica.org/article/uvalde-emt-medical-response). Two children also had a pulse when they were taken out but later died. With insufficient ambulances to treat victims, police placed six children in a school bus, including Miah, Khloie and Kendall.
-
-With them were two state troopers who were suddenly forced to act as medics, although they lacked qualifications. With blood from those who were injured around her soaked into her hair and clothes, and smeared on her face and hands, Khloie cried. She wanted her dad and she wanted to know if one of her friends survived, though she knew the answer even before asking.
-
-She also wanted the officer to know that she had tried.
-
-“Ma’am, I was on the phone with the police officer,” Khloie told a state trooper through tears.
-
-“Oh, that was you?” the trooper asked.
-
-“Yes, ma’am.”
-
-“OK, OK, you were so brave. Y’all were so brave, OK?” the officer said, stroking her head.
-
-“I was trying not to cry,” Khloie replied.
-
-1:02 p.m.
-
-More than two hours after the shooting began, the school was quiet once again.
-
-David Joy, a Border Patrol supervisor in Uvalde, picked up a body camera that an officer dropped. It was still recording.
-
-Once in his car, he called his daughters’ school.
-
-“I need, I need to talk to the principal as soon as I possibly can,” Joy said to the woman who answered the phone, explaining that he was a Border Patrol agent working out of the Uvalde station. After asking if she had heard about what happened, he said, “There’s some stuff that was extremely like, I, like there are some issues that I have with the way things, I want to be able to talk with somebody to just give you some advice and stuff that kind of slowed us down a little bit that maybe would be able to, God forbid something, God forbid something happen and y’all aren’t set up for it.”
-
-In the weeks that followed the shooting, hundreds of officers recounted their role in the failed response during interviews with state and federal investigators.
-
-Some said they did all that they could under the circumstances. Others sobbed. They recalled seeing the children’s lifeless bodies, the fear in the faces of the survivors. They had already felt the anger from residents in the city of 15,000 people who were forced to bury two teachers and 19 children, some of whom were related to officers. Several wrestled with whether they could have done more. A few wondered if any amount of training could have prepared them for that day.
-
-“It, it, it was a horrific thing and we lost no matter what. Um, I, I, I want to learn from it, you know,” Coronado, the Uvalde police sergeant, told an investigator. “I, I want, I, I, I want, I want an opportunity to have someone better than me tell me, ‘Hey, we could’ve done this or we could’ve done that.’ You know what I mean? I, I, I, I, I, I want that.”
-
-Two children in his family died that day. He did not attend their funerals, telling an investigator that some of his relatives “think that we fucking let ’em die.”
-
-The initial probe by the Texas Rangers, the DPS’ investigative arm, is complete but has not been made public. Of the hundreds of officers who responded that day, less than a handful have been fired, including Arredondo. An attorney representing Arredondo [released a statement before he was terminated](https://www.texastribune.org/2022/08/24/uvalde-school-police-chief-pete-arredondo-termination-board-vote/), saying that his client was being used as a “fall guy.” Several officers from various agencies either resigned, were reassigned or retired.
-
-News organizations, including ProPublica and the Tribune, have sued the state for records that would help families and the public better understand what happened that day. The state has repeatedly fought their release, citing an ongoing criminal investigation by the Uvalde district attorney, who has said that she plans to present a case before a grand jury this year. A state district judge [ruled in the newsrooms’ favor](https://www.propublica.org/article/texas-judge-orders-release-of-uvalde-shooting-records), though DPS has said it plans to appeal.
-
-The wait for the findings has now grown to 18 months. It’s unclear whether and when they will be released.
-
-“I just wish someone would have taken charge. I wish someone would’ve …,” Wally, the Uvalde police officer, said while talking with an investigator in the days after the shooting, his voice trailing off. “And I know this is going to be open record one day. Let it be on open record. Fuck politics. Someone take charge. Let’s fix this. That’s what I wanted. That’s what everybody wanted.”
-
-Juanita Ceballos, Michelle Mizner and Lauren Prestileo of FRONTLINE and Zach Despart of the Texas Tribune contributed reporting.
-
-Illustrations by Pei-Hsin Cho for ProPublica, The Texas Tribune and FRONTLINE
-
-Design and Development by [Zisiga Mukulu](https://www.propublica.org/people/zisiga-mukulu).
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-Graphics and Development by [Lucas Waldron](https://www.propublica.org/people/lucas-waldron).
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-Date: 2023-06-11
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-TimeStamp: 2023-06-11
-Link: https://newlinesmag.com/first-person/in-the-american-west-a-clown-motel-and-a-cemetery-tell-a-story-of-kitsch-and-carnage/
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-```button
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-&emsp;
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-# In the American West, a Clown Motel and a Cemetery Tell a Story of Kitsch and Carnage
-
-In the desert of central Nevada, somewhere between a shuttered brothel and a nuclear test site, lies the tiny town of Tonopah. The settlement’s main strip is a mix of dusty casinos, mining museums and old-timey shops. Faded missing-persons posters peer from store windows. A sign warns against entering the abandoned mineshafts. A smattering of tourists stroll the otherwise barren streets.
-
-Many of the visitors who do venture here stay at one of the few lodgings in town: the World Famous Clown Motel. It’s hard to miss. A pair of 20-foot-tall wooden clowns surveil the parking lot. A pink and powder-blue post topped with a brightly lit juggling clown beckons motorists in (or warns them off). Known as “the scariest motel in America,” it’s said to be haunted. It may well be.
-
-![](https://newlinesmag.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4285-web-1024x778.jpg)
-
-The Clown Motel office, January 2023. (Andrew Chamings)
-
-![](https://newlinesmag.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4231-web-1024x768.jpg)
-
-A large wooden clown adorns the front of the motel, January 2023. (Andrew Chamings)
-
-I came here in January, wanting to learn more about why America — my adopted home for 16 years — so strangely and uniquely fetishizes its brutal past. Nowhere is this more true than in the American West, and nowhere have I seen it better epitomized than in Tonopah.
-
-In the shadow of the clowns, just across the motel’s parking lot, lies a cemetery that holds the story of a truly ghoulish history. A little over a century ago, Tonopah was a bustling silver mining town of about 3,000 residents. Then a mysterious illness decimated the population. It was one of the most nightmarish events in Nevada’s history — known as the Death Harvest. In the spring of 1905, a local newspaper began reporting that about a dozen seemingly healthy men in their 20s were dying every day of an unknown affliction that killed four out of every five men it infected. Early details coming out of the town were sparse and horrific. A victim’s neck would swell, then his skin would turn black. Most died within a day of getting sick. One man who escaped the horror to Reno told reporters that he saw 12 bodies on slabs on his way out, “blackened by the terrible disease that is mowing down the people.”
-
-![](https://newlinesmag.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4234-web-954x1024.jpg)
-
-Old Tonopah Cemetery, located across from the motel’s parking lot, January 2023. (Andrew Chamings)
-
-No one knew how the contagion started. Some blamed the town’s unusual topography, noting that a noxious gas from the mines may have settled in the hollow between the small mountains on the edge of the desert. One report pointed to the foul-tasting whiskey being served in one of Tonopah’s bars. Another concluded the infection came from eating cannibalistic hogs. Most people believed the disease was contagious yet, somehow, women and children were spared. Even stranger, neighboring areas were unaffected. There was little to be done but escape.
-
-![](https://newlinesmag.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4266-web-1024x768.jpg)
-
-Old Tonopah Cemetery at dusk, January 2023. (Andrew Chamings)
-
-The shroud of death has since left Tonopah and has been replaced with something else: ghost hunters, social media stars, trinkets and guided tours through the grimmest moments of the town’s history. Under the kitschy gaze of a thousand clowns, I joined this crowd, trying to understand how tragedy in America so often turns to tourism.
-
-I grew up in a green, hilly part of England’s West Country, a few miles from the Atlantic Coast. There are no straight roads there. The longest section of uncurved tarmac was a single-lane, mile-long stretch that my dad would always say was “built by the Romans.” Every other journey around the cow-dotted hills of North Devon involved stomach-turning hairpins between the hedgerows, following winding tracks laid down by livestock thousands of years earlier.
-
-There may be no landscape more distant and more different from my childhood home than the road to Tonopah. I begin my journey about a week after a winter storm has frozen the desert. The temperature is still cold as I make my way down U.S. Route 95. Snow dusts the foothills between the sand and the Sierra Nevada, a place so desolate it inspires both loneliness and awe.
-
-Under the wide sky, scattered, forgotten towns litter the landscape. I pass empty roadside diners, rusted out trucks and thousands of miles of dead road. I stop periodically to photograph abandoned mine shafts and shuttered burger huts as the cold and grit whip off the desert. The only humans I see for a hundred miles are truck drivers shuttling goods between Reno and Las Vegas.
-
-![](https://newlinesmag.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4198-web-1024x768.jpg)
-
-A shuttered brothel near the Clown Motel on U.S. Route 95, Tonopah, Nevada, January 2023. (Andrew Chamings)
-
-As the sun begins to set, I eventually reach Tonopah. I see a garish sign piercing through the gloaming: Clown Motel. World Famous. Vacancy.
-
-“I added the ‘world famous’ part,” Hame Anand tells me proudly, as we stand among the 2,000 clowns in the motel lobby. Anand and his business partner, Vijay Mehar, a Las Vegas hotelier, took over this place in 2019. After surviving the pandemic, they’ve seen good business, largely due to the two horror movies that were filmed here and countless YouTubers and TikTokers who seek it out as part of their never-ending quest for viral content.
-
-Outside the lobby, a new cafe is under construction. I peer through an unfinished window frame and see the cemetery below. There’s more than just a neighborly connection between the two. After the plague, another tragedy struck Tonopah just a few years later, in 1911, when a fire in a mine took 17 lives. One of the victims was Clarence David. Little is known about him except that he collected clown memorabilia. When he died, he left behind a young son and daughter. They grew up nearby and, in their later years, in 1985, decided to open a clown-themed motel to honor their father, who was buried 20 feet away.
-
-There are countless ghost stories surrounding the motel, of course. The hauntings were eagerly advertised by its previous owner, Bob Perchetti, who had taken over in 1995. On one episode of “Ghost Adventures,” filmed here in 2015, he claimed that the specters of perished miners regularly visit guests in their rooms. He also said that guests have woken up to find clowns standing over them.
-
-Besides adding the words “world famous” to the sign out front, Anand tells me he painted the polka dots on the exterior of the motel and doubled the number of clowns in the lobby, most of which were donated by visitors. Next to one pink-nosed cotton clown, a curious note recalls the passing of a woman named Donna. “Lisa \[daughter\] dropped her clown doll off,” it reads, as if depositing the clowns of dead relatives here was normal, even routine.
-
-![](https://newlinesmag.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4211-web-1024x768.jpg)
-
-A clown collection in the motel lobby, January 2023. Many of the clowns have been donated by visitors. (Andrew Chamings)
-
-Anand is proud of the motel and seems to genuinely love the place. For years, he worked in advertising in India and Las Vegas, but this strange motel in the desert seems to be his calling. “This place needs me,” he says, smiling.
-
-As I walk to my room, Anand hands a young couple an electromagnetic field reader. The ghost-hunting tool is available to rent for $35 a day — although, as the small print notes, paranormal activity is not guaranteed. He happily tells the couple that all guests have “24/7” access to the cemetery.
-
-My room, 222, is the “Clownvis” room. That’s “Clown-Elvis,” a very real person I did not know existed until I found myself in a small red motel room with 20 gaudy painted portraits of him staring back at me.
-
-![](https://newlinesmag.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4223-web-1024x768.jpg)
-
-The Clownvis room, January 2023. (Andrew Chamings)
-
-Late that afternoon, I visit the cemetery, stepping across the motel’s snowy parking lot and down a few steps. This is the place where many of the young men from the so-called Death Harvest are buried. Every one of the roughly 300 bodies here met their fate from 1901 to 1911. Fourteen graves are filled by those who died in the mine shaft fire. It wasn’t just the fire and plague, however.
-
-Most graves are marked, not with headstones, but with spindly wooden crosses that draw long shadows over the hill. Many are marked with tin plaques that note the cause of death. There’s Charles Smith, an ore sorter “murdered in his cabin behind the midway mine.” There’s Jerry O’Donel, who died after falling down a mine shaft and being blown up by dynamite. And then there’s “Big” Bill Murphy, a mine cage operator, who climbed down into the fiery shaft during the infamous fire — three times — to save unconscious miners. He never emerged from his third descent.
-
-There are also a dozen infant graves, more than one set of brothers who died in mining accidents and a handful of young women’s names — allegedly sex workers who were murdered or who committed suicide by drinking carbolic acid.
-
-Allen Metscher has spent the past four decades researching the lives of those who perished during that brutal decade. He’s the one who engraves their stories on the small sheets of tin affixed to the graves. Metscher was born in Tonopah in the 1940s and has never left the small mining towns of central Nevada.
-
-“My grandfather came to Nevada with gold fever in 1902. He died after a mine caved in,” Metscher tells me. “He left behind a wife and two destitute sons, my dad and my uncle. They both eventually died from silicosis from working in the mines, too.” In the 1980s, Metscher and his two brothers formed the Central Nevada Historical Society and set out to protect the region’s history; much of that work has been here, in this graveyard. He spends many of his days leading tourists around and adding more plaques to the graves.
-
-As I wander the town and speak with residents and those passing through, I learn more about its history. For roughly 12,000 years, this part of Nevada was inhabited by Indigenous people. Then, as in most of the West, European settlers arrived, bringing plunder and bloodshed along with them. Settling began with the discovery of riches beneath the ground. The town was founded in 1900, when a man named Jim Butler decided to camp by a spring near the foothills on the edge of the desert. As the story goes, Butler awoke to find his donkey missing. When he finally caught up with the wandering burro, he went to hurl a rock at it in frustration, only to realize the rock was glinting with silver.
-
-News of the discovery reverberated across the West. Hundreds of fortune seekers landed in the camp and toiled in brutal conditions, as hastily formed mining companies laid claim to the valuable ore beneath the area’s dusty hills.
-
-By 1905, the bodies were piling up from the plague. Word of the deaths soon made its way to the newsrooms in San Francisco, where one mineralogist erroneously told reporters the cause of the mass death was almost certainly ammonia in the water drawn from volcanic rocks. That or rotten vegetables poisoning the water.
-
-Hundreds of men fled Tonopah in fear. City officials gathered and quickly issued a report to be sent out to the newspapers, in an attempt to save the town’s reputation and to outline their efforts to disinfect every corner of it and burn all the rotten vegetables. To no avail. Tonopah was decimated.
-
-The American West is full of these once-violent places now polished for tourism and consumption. On my way here from California, I passed a marker for the site of the last camp of the Donner Party, a notorious group of pioneers caught in a winter storm. More than 40 of them died, and some of the survivors consumed the dead. The tragedy is now memorialized in a park, a museum, a ski resort, movies and a musical.
-
-The town of Tombstone, Arizona — named after a marker of death — obtains most of its revenue from those visiting the location of the 30-second gunfight at the O.K. Corral, a legendary spasm of violence between lawmen and outlaws more than 140 years ago.
-
-Across the West, there are more obscure sites that trade dollars for a peek at their dark past. A few hours from Tonopah, in the city of Porterville, California, a red-brick family home named Zalud House sits across the street from a Rite Aid store. A century ago, a German immigrant family suffered inside those walls a string of tragedies so sad that the home now charges $3 for people to look inside. On display: the bed in which young Mary Jane Zalud died of consumption; the bullet-riddled rocking chair her father sat in when he was shot dead by a spurned lover; and the horse saddle the youngest boy in the family was thrown from, before dying from his injuries.
-
-The different approach to the horrors of history in England’s West Country couldn’t be more stark. In September 1975, a few miles from where I grew up in Devon, three elderly siblings shot each other dead on a farm in an apparent suicide pact. The story of their deaths was only told in whispers. No sign adorns the address today. No tours are available. Nothing is left to mark the tragedy, let alone profit from it.
-
-In England, every inch of soil has been warred over, killed for, harvested, bought and sold a hundred times, from the Druids to the Romans to the Gauls to the modern day. The horrors of those bygone eras are buried deep, even repressed, beneath the colonial guilt and secret tragedies of the past.
-
-The carnage of America’s manifest destiny is fresher, a bloodstain still drying in the sand. “The modern West was born in blood,” says William Deverell, a professor of history at the University of Southern California. “Events of violence and terror have somehow become part and parcel to aspects of the American character.”
-
-Americans have dug up that bleak history, dusted it off, repackaged it and put it up for sale. “History is shaped and contorted to meet the demands of that marketplace,” says Boyd Cothran, a historian and the author of “Remembering the Modoc War: Redemptive Violence and the Making of American Innocence.” “One of the main ways it gets remembered in the American West is, ‘How do we get tourists to stop in our town and spend a little bit of money there?’” continues Cothran.
-
-In Tonopah, the mass death is part of the draw, though less attention seems to be paid to the truth behind the tale. Back in 1905, months after the Death Harvest ended, the bodies were sent to San Francisco and Reno for autopsy. It wasn’t bad booze or noxious gas that killed so many people, it turns out, but a form of pneumonia caused by unsanitary water. In its rush to pull the riches out of the ground, the town had built no working sewer system. Chamber pots were thrown onto the wooden sidewalks. Waste from the town’s slaughterhouse flowed through the streets.
-
-Conditions eventually improved but, decades later, with its mines shuttered, Tonopah’s gruesome history became the cornerstone of its identity: an attraction for tourists long after the silver in its veins ran dry. Today, all that’s left to exploit in Tonopah is the lore.
-
-Somehow, I survive the night in the motel with nary a sight of a ghost, let alone Clownvis. In the morning, I see a director named Sydney Ostrander setting up a tripod and camera in the snowy parking lot. “We’re shooting a video for a song called ‘Hotel for Clowns,’” she tells me. I ask if the artist, a rising indie pop star named Chloe Moriondo, had Tonopah in mind when she wrote the song. “I think the song came from her own brain,” Ostrander says. “But then it just happened to be a real place.”
-
-As I climb into my car to take the long road back to San Francisco, a man stands in the parking lot filming his friend, perhaps another YouTuber, walking down the cemetery steps while eating some jerky bought from the gas station. At the city limit, on Route 95, as the sand and wind swirl off the asphalt, a model in a pink silk dress and feather boa strikes fabulous poses on the shoulder of the road for a photographer.
-
-Later, Metscher calls me to tell me he’s making his next graveyard plaque. “He was the town barber,” Metscher says of the interred man. “He used to shave the corpses so they’d look respectable for their families. He died of pneumonia, but — a story goes that he may have died of fright. I think I’ll put that on the plaque.”
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-TimeStamp: 2023-08-10
-Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2023/bahamas-human-smuggling-by-boat/
-location:
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-08-14]]
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-^button-IntheBahamasasmugglersparadiseNSave
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-# In the Bahamas, a smuggler’s paradise thrives on today’s cargo: people
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-> The Bahamas have been a smuggler’s paradise for generations: Rum. Cocaine. And, increasingly, people.
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-NASSAU, Bahamas — By day, Jet Ski operators zip through the turquoise waters around Arawak Cay, where tourists dine on conch salads from brightly painted wooden shacks.
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-But by night, inky blue waves become a covert gateway through the vast Caribbean to the United States.
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-It was here that a 33-foot boat named Bare Ambition set out after midnight one day last summer. It slid away from a rocky beach hidden behind a dilapidated former nightclub known as the Sand Trap, which sat beside a brothel and a block from a building once operated by the U.S. Embassy.
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-The boat, described by an investigator as a “pleasure craft,” was supposed to carry only 20 people. Instead, dozens of Haitians huddled together on board. Some had spent years living in the Bahamas. Others were recent arrivals. All hoped to reach the promised land for thousands of migrants crossing these waters: Florida.
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-The Bare Ambition didn’t get far. Battered by rough waters about six miles from the harbor, it began to take on water. In the darkness and panic, some on board began spilling over the sides of the boat and into the sea. Others were trapped inside. No one wore a life jacket.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/ZD2J5ZAMHQI63CHIYWG4HW5O4I.jpg&w=3840)
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-(Royal Bahamas Defense Force/AP)
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-At about 1:30 a.m. on July 24, 2022, Royal Bahamas Defense Force rescuers arrived to find about a dozen men sitting on top of the mostly submerged vessel. Other people were flailing in the water around them.
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-Authorities heard knocking from the hull. Inside, they found a woman who had survived in an air pocket.
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-At least 17 Haitians died that morning — a man, 15 women and a little girl. It was the worst loss of life in Bahamian waters in years.
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-This island nation has stepped up patrols to confront a record surge in migration to and from its many shores. Its prime minister has declared that “the Bahamas is for Bahamians.”
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-The country apprehended 3,605 migrants in 2022, more than in the previous three calendar years combined, according to the Royal Bahamas Defense Force. More than three-quarters of them were Haitian.
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-So far this year, Bahamian authorities have apprehended 1,736 migrants, 1,281 of them Haitian.
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-The United States also has increased enforcement. Coast Guard cutters have been rescuing migrants from foundering or overcrowded boats every few days and sending them back to their home countries.
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-To discourage irregular migration, the Biden administration has set up a system for foreigners to apply for asylum online, while turning back those who have not.
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-None of those measures have stopped the perilous journeys.
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-Only 25 people were rescued on that morning last summer.
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-Authorities laid the bodies of the dead facedown on a tarp and took photos. One of those images reached the cellphone of Lenise Georges as she sat in a Nassau church pew and listened to Sunday services.
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-There, on WhatsApp, was the body of her 43-year-old sister, Altanie Ivoy, a mother of three, in a pink zigzag shirt. Georges recognized her back and the shape of her arm, the elbow she’d known since they were children.
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-Next to her, wearing red polka-dot pants, was Ivoy’s 1-year-old daughter Kourtney, who had just begun to say her first words. She was the only child on the boat.
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-For centuries, the Bahamas has been a smuggler’s paradise.
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-The islands were a haven for pirates plundering gold in the 1600s, rum runners bootlegging liquor during Prohibition and “Cocaine Cowboys” ferrying drugs into Florida in the 1980s.
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-Now the smugglers are moving people.
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-As one put it: “All that changed was the cargo.”
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-The Commonwealth’s 700 islands, porous borders and proximity to the United States have for decades made it both a destination and a transit point for migrants, predominantly Haitians.
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-Ongoing chaos and violence in Haiti and a crippling economic crisis in Cuba are powering a new surge of people who try to slip into Florida by sea.
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-It’s no longer only people from the Caribbean who use this route to make a run for the United States. With its relatively lenient visa requirements, the Bahamas now draws migrants of means from around the world, from as far away as China, Cameroon and Iraq. They buy a plane ticket, land on an island and look for a boat.
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-Maritime smuggling of people to South Florida shot up by 400 percent last year over the previous fiscal year, according to Anthony Salisbury, the special agent in charge of the Homeland Security Investigations Miami field office.
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-Migrants are seen as “human commodities” and routinely extorted, kidnapped or forced into sex trafficking by larger smuggling networks, Salisbury said.
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-“It’s a volume business,” he said. “The more cocaine you can move, the more you’re going to get paid. The more people you can smuggle, the more money you get — only these are living, breathing human beings we are talking about.”
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-Since October, the U.S. Coast Guard has stopped 6,800 Cubans in Florida waters, more than seven times as many as during the 2021 fiscal year. It also stopped 4,717 Haitians, more than three times as many as in the 2021 fiscal year. In most cases, the Coast Guard takes those people back to their home countries, after giving medical aid to those who need it.
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-What’s unknown is how many people manage to slip ashore and into Florida’s large Caribbean communities — and how many die trying.
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-The U.N. Missing Migrants Project estimates at least 349 people either disappeared or died in Caribbean waters last year, nearly twice as many as the year before. That’s the highest toll since the agency began tracking them in 2014 and is probably an undercount, said Edwin Viales, a data and research assistant for the U.N. project.
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-“In the bottom of the Caribbean Sea,” Viales said, “there are thousands of remains of migrants who remain unidentified.”
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-People in Haiti and Cuba routinely call U.S. authorities distraught that they have not heard from loved ones who left days earlier. Coast Guard Lt. Katrina Prout, a pilot, is dispatched to fly over the vast Caribbean waters as often as four times in a week.
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-“We will go and search and search for them and we will never find them,” Prout said. “I can’t imagine that kind of heartbreak of a family just never knowing what actually happened.”
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-The flourishing smuggling business operates under the cover of tourism, at times with the knowledge of local authorities, according to migrant advocates and smugglers.
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-Interviews with half a dozen current and former smugglers here describe an illegal but profitable industry passed down through generations and made possible through small-town connections in a place where just about everyone has a boat, or knows someone who does.
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-The high-rise resorts of Paradise Island overlook the Nassau Cruise Port. In the Bahamas, it can be hard to know who's on a small boat with proper registration — tourists or smuggled migrants. The scene at popular Junkaroo Beach in Nassau. The desperate are easy prey. Mustafa al-Hamadani and his wife and children were stranded in Bimini for months when a smuggler took his cash.
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-“The game is easy to get in, once you get a boat and have a place to put people” while waiting to cast anchor, said one 37-year-old in Nassau, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to freely discuss illegal activity. He said he helped a friend smuggle groups of Haitians to Florida through Freeport — sometimes more than five trips a month — until his friend got caught by U.S. authorities. “If you don’t have a boat, you get money up front to buy a boat.”
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-Keturah Ferguson, the Bahamas’ immigration director, said catching smugglers is a challenge. Many use small fishing boats or medium-size yachts with proper registration, making it difficult to detect whether vessels carry migrants or vacationers.
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-Over-patrolling would be counterproductive for an economy heavily reliant on tourism, she added.
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-The country is “a big tourist destination” for island-hopping, she said. “That can be used as a camouflage.”
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-Louby Georges, a prominent advocate for Haitian immigrants in Nassau, put it another way: “The government and the people of the Bahamas do a good job of hiding it.”
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-Bahamian authorities are frequently accused of turning a blind eye to these trips, and some prominent Bahamians have been accused by the United States and others of smuggling and profiting from it.
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-In one well-documented case, federal prosecutors in New York in 2010 charged a Bahamian for arranging transport to smuggle Chinese nationals into Florida. Adrian Fox allegedly earned up to $300,000 from the scheme over three years. His co-defendant pleaded guilty and spent 33 months in prison.
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-Fox, however, was never extradited. The co-founder of the Bahamian casino and lottery company Island Luck, he has become an influential businessman and philanthropist.
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-In October 2021, Fox was fined $5,000 and sentenced to one year of probation after pleading guilty to grossly negligent operation of a vessel. His plea deal omitted all mention of the original human smuggling charges.
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-Before the sentencing, the federal judge in the case received letters vouching for Fox’s character from several Bahamian officials, including Philip Davis, who was the opposition leader at the time. A month before Davis’s election as prime minister, he wrote that Fox was a friend and exemplary citizen — “the poster boy for reform.”
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-Wayne Munroe, the Bahamas’ minister of national security, rejected claims that Bahamian authorities were taking bribes to ignore human smuggling. He spoke of what he said was the recent arrest of officers with the Royal Bahamas Defense Force for their alleged complicity in a smuggling operation, but declined to share details.
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-With the close cooperation between U.S. and Bahamian authorities, he said, it would be “possible but very hard” for Bahamian officials to profit from smuggling.
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-Ask just about anyone here, and they’ll acknowledge that smuggling as a business is part of life in the Bahamas. Many will know someone involved, or someone who has taken a trip. Yet they will rarely discuss specific journeys.
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-“That perception of paradise, that’s it,” said Louby Georges, who is no relation to Lenise Georges. “We don’t want that image to be tarnished in any way.”
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-Secrecy extends to the family members of those who make the dangerous journeys. Often, they learn a relative crossed the sea once they’ve made it safely to the United States — or once they’ve been caught. Others receive even less information.
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-Lenise Georges, who is 50, talked to her younger sister almost every day. And yet she had no idea that Ivoy, with two older children in Haiti, wanted to go to the United States. She knew nothing about the journey until she saw the photograph.
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-She knew nothing about her sister slipping away in the dead of night from the Sand Trap, a place that bristled with activity during the day.
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-A businesswoman and the mother of four, Lenise Georges had been in church when the phone rang. She ignored the first call, then decided to step outside to take the second.
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-“You hear from your sister?” the friend on the phone asked.
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-“No, she in Eleuthera,” said Georges, referring to the slender island some 60 miles east of Nassau. “If she was in Nassau, she would call me.”
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-“She went in a boat,” the friend said. “And the boat went into the sea. She died.”
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-Georges refused to believe it. Then another person called. It wasn’t until she saw the picture on WhatsApp that she started to cry.
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-Her pastor asked her what was wrong.
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-“You sure that’s your sister?” he asked.
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-“Yes, I know that’s my sister,” she replied. “Because I know her.”
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-In those initial moments and in the days that followed, she struggled to understand why her sister had taken the risk.
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-Ivoy was the youngest of nine siblings in Cap-Haïtien, Haiti, the baby sister all the rest wanted to protect. She was in her early 20s when her older sister moved to the Bahamas. Georges would miss the births of Ivoy’s first children, but the sisters remained close. For years, as life grew ever more difficult in Haiti, Georges encouraged Ivoy to join her in the Bahamas.
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-Her own life, she hoped, would prove what was possible for Haitians here.
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-Georges came to the Bahamas more than two decades ago. She soon met her husband, another recent arrival from Haiti. Noradieu Georges began working as an assistant mason and opened up his own construction company. He built the family’s three-bedroom home — magenta, with elegant white pillars in front.
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-The couple became Bahamian citizens. Lenise Georges, who has a U.S. visa valid for 10 years, travels frequently to Miami. Her twin daughters just finished their first year at Hastings College in Nebraska.
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-But the success of the Georges family remains out of reach for many of the estimated 80,000 Haitians who have settled here.
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-Work permits for foreigners can cost thousands of dollars, plus agency fees. That’s too much for many Haitians, fleeing the poorest country in the hemisphere and sending money back to their relatives.
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-Over the past decade, authorities have ramped up raids in densely packed Haitian shantytowns, knocking down doors in search of people without passports or work permits. Children born in the Bahamas to foreigners do not automatically gain citizenship.
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-“If you didn’t have papers, you were effectively a nonperson,” said Fred Smith, a human rights lawyer with offices in Freeport and Nassau. “You were an outlaw.”
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-Haitians now make up an estimated one-fifth of the Bahamas’ population. Davis, the prime minister, says the country is facing an immigration crisis. In February, he announced a new crackdown, with vows to root out unauthorized shantytowns and to deport more undocumented migrants.
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-Haitian Prime Minister Ariel Henry has apologized to the Bahamas “that the Haitian people are losing hope in the future and are taking boats. … We are really sorry that they affect the lives of the Bahamians.”
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-The United Nations, meanwhile, has pressured Davis to stop deporting Haitians.
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-Ivoy had arrived from Haiti just a few years before she drowned in the sea.
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-Georges helped her apply for a work permit and gave her a job in a restaurant she owned with her husband. When the family closed the restaurant, Ivoy struggled to find work in Nassau. She didn’t speak English or know how to use a computer, her family said, and her work permit eventually expired.
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-She decided to try her luck in Eleuthera, an exclusive and sparsely populated island, where she soon became pregnant with her third child, Kourtney. Georges said she would occasionally give Ivoy money to send to her two children in Haiti.
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-Ivoy would call her sister often, but their conversations never lasted very long. “Sister how you feel? How’s your back pain?” she would always ask. She would tell her she was working at a restaurant but give few other details.
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-“I can’t understand,” Georges said. “She was working. I don’t know why she would want to go. … She probably knew if she told me she was going, I’d tell her no.”
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-What actually happened on Ivoy’s brief journey remains a mystery.
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-Survivors estimated there were anywhere from 50 to 70 people on the boat. Some bodies were never recovered.
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-Last summer, Bahamian authorities charged four men with 18 counts of manslaughter in connection with the deaths. At least two of them have previously been convicted of smuggling migrants into the United States from the Bahamas, according to court records.
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-The Washington Post reached out to at least a dozen Bahamian government officials, as well as the lawyers of three of the defendants. They declined to release further details about the case.
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-These trips by sea are so furtive that some Haitians are afraid to claim the bodies of their relatives, worrying that they’ll face punishment.
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-Since the July 2022 capsizing, a Haitian bishop in Nassau, Celiner Saint Louis, has been posting YouTube videos in Haitian Creole urging family members to send him photos of their missing relatives, so he can identify their bodies in the morgue and give them proper burials. Many families can’t afford funerals, so Saint Louis has raised money on his own, performing multiple services a week.
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-A carpenter who has lived in the Bahamas since 1988, he delivers Sunday services in a cramped church he rebuilt himself after Hurricane Dorian in 2019 caused the roof to cave in.
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-“That’s my people,” he said. “I care for them in life. I care for them in death.”
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-During eulogies, he warns mourners against the boats. But he also understands the challenges that push Haitians in the Bahamas to desperation.
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-Georges can only imagine Ivoy was trying to find better opportunities to support her young daughter and her children back home in Haiti.
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-Officials say she was headed for Florida on a route often taken by smugglers.
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-First, the boat would stop in Bimini.
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-The Southern Cemetery in Nassau. Haitian migrants on the shore after a boat ran aground in the Florida Keys in March 2022. Dejani Louistan stands with the belongings she salvaged after Hurricane Dorian in September 2019. A migrant boat lies grounded on the shoreline in Tavernier, Fla.
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-A tiny island 50 miles from the lights of Miami, Bimini is often a migrant’s final stop before reaching the United States.
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-From this tourist destination — a weekend playground for yacht owners from South Florida’s elite — the wealthiest migrants rent boats and sail into Miami Beach undetected, wearing fancy watches and bathing suits. The less fortunate are smuggled in overcrowded, poorly maintained vessels without life jackets.
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-Before, the only migrants who came through here were Haitians or people from other Caribbean islands, hidden away in safe houses on Bimini. Those groups are still arriving, often staying in small, cramped mobile homes that house Bimini’s construction workers and hotel employees behind the Resort World property that takes up half the island. Now there’s an upper tier, the clients who stay in Airbnbs or hotels — even the Hilton — dressed as any of the hundreds of tourists who arrive on cruise ships almost every day.
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-“Now, the migrants don’t have to hide,” one smuggler in Bimini said. “You wouldn’t even know.”
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-Last year, the smuggler drove his golf cart around Bimini’s most luxurious hotel, the sleek white Hilton, with its rooftop infinity pool and oceanfront suites with floor-to-ceiling windows, and knew his clients were among the guests there.
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-To the hotel staff and to everyone around them, they were tourists, a family of three from Ireland enjoying a Caribbean vacation. But the smuggler knew Bimini was not their final destination.
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-He slowed down the golf cart as he approached a friend on a bicycle.
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-“I got three people waiting to go,” the smuggler said to his friend. “Do you have any captains ready to go?”
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-He did, the friend said, but the tide was high. They would have to wait a bit longer.
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-The smuggler, a scar-faced 51-year-old man who spoke on the condition of anonymity, was working as a kind of middleman in Bimini, connecting migrants from around the world with captains they would pay to take them to Florida.
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-“I was born into this,” said the smuggler, whose parents first arrived in the Bahamas on an illegal sloop from Haiti. His father was also a smuggler and migrated the family to the United States by boat in the 1980s. After serving time in prison in New York, the smuggler returned to Bimini at 38, upon hearing how much money he could make in the smuggling business — upward of $30,000 a trip. “This stuff just falls in your lap,” he said.
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-He estimates there are at least 15 other smugglers like him on Bimini. On an island with a population of about 2,500 people, many others are involved in some way — or will at least stay quiet if they hear about it. “Everybody’s in on it,” he said.
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-Some of his clients are sent to him by a Rolodex of smugglers in their home countries — Haiti, Cuba, Venezuela, Colombia, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic. Others from around the world simply arrive in Bimini for a week or two without a clear plan, but they know it’s the closest island to the United States, just a two-hour boat ride from Miami. He knows how to spot them from the crowds of tourists, looking slightly out of place as they walk around the island.
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-That was how he met Mustafa al-Hamadani, an Iraqi father who came to Bimini with his wife and children. A man had offered to smuggle his family to Miami for $6,000. But then the smuggler took his cash and ran, leaving them with no way to pay for a way to the United States — or even a place to stay at night. After three months, his children weren’t eating enough, his wife had suffered a miscarriage and the family was forced to sleep on the beach.
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-Unwilling to trust another smuggler, al-Hamadani chose an alternative approach: With donations from his family, he bought a boat and drove his family to Florida on his own.
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-Lenise Georges had spent weeks planning the funeral, and now the limo was on its way to her house. She darted around her kitchen in her high heels, giving instructions to her friends frying chicken and cooking peas and rice in a pot outside.
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-The twins helped each other with their makeup, while her husband tried fixing the zipper of her other daughter’s dress, the elegant blue gown with the gold-lace embroidery that Georges had custom-ordered for each of the women in the family.
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-Altanie Ivoy and her daughter Kourtney lie together in the casket at their funeral in Nassau. Apostle Cyprianna Johnson prays with the Georges family on the funeral day. Lenise Georges is consoled by her husband, Noradieu. and a funeral home associate. Noradieu wrote the names of his sister-in-law and her daughter in wet concrete at the cemetery.
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-Haitian funerals are known for being extravagant, with large family meals and elegant processions to honor the dead. The funeral for Georges’s sister and niece was no different. She decided to raise the $7,000 herself for a proper burial, instead of waiting for any help from the Haitian government.
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-“Let’s go, the limo is outside!” Georges shouted from the living room.
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-The family members walked one by one into the church where Georges and her husband serve as ministers. A man in a top hat escorted her to the dusty rose casket covered in flowers. Tears fell down her face as she looked down at her sister, lying beside her 1-year-old niece.
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-Facing an altar with a Bahamian flag on the left and American flag on the right, the congregation sang a hymn in English.
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-Georges began to wail. Her husband helped hold her upright.
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-And moments later, as the congregation was asked to read her sister’s obituary in silence, the only sound in the church was Georges’s high-pitched, roaring wail.
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-In the obituary, Noradieu Georges wrote of his sister-in-law’s brief visit with her baby last year.
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-“They brought a breath of fresh air into the home,” he wrote, “and we all appreciated it.”
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-Kourtney spoke her first words and learned how to walk during the visit, and “like other children of course she got obsessed to Cocomelon.”
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-Ivoy “was determined to making sure she could do as much as she could to make her children’s lives better,” he wrote, “and that is what she was trying to do when Kourtney and herself went on that boat.”
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-Pallbearers carried the casket out of the church, and Georges followed, still wailing.
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-And in the cemetery, as the casket was lowered into a grave, Georges stood and lunged forward, reaching for her sister and niece one last time.
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-Tag: ["🏕️", "🇺🇸", "🗻", "🐻"]
-Date: 2023-07-17
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-07-17
-Link: https://www.hcn.org/articles/bears-in-the-northern-rockies-grizzly-bears-are-on-the-move
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-```button
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-^button-IntheRockiesgrizzlybearsareonthemoveNSave
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-# In the Northern Rockies, grizzly bears are on the move
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-Nathan Keane is an early riser. On most mornings, he’d let the dogs out to run around the yard at around 7:30. Then he’d make a pot of coffee and enjoy a few quiet minutes to himself before the kids woke up and the farmwork began. But his routine changed one early June day in 2020. First, he forgot to put the dogs out. Then, as he waited for the coffee to brew, he glanced out the kitchen window, across the winter wheat. He did a double take. There — no more than 30 feet from the house — was a grizzly bear.
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-“There was no mistake about it. It had the big natural hump on the shoulder and the broad face,” he said. And, “It was eating a chicken inside our coop.”
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-Keane had lived on the plains 16 miles north of Loma, Montana, for 14 years. He married into the farm and he and his wife grew wheat, canola, flax and hemp. They kept chickens, but not cows. To the best of Keane’s knowledge, the closest grizzlies lived some 150 miles west in Glacier National Park — certainly not in the wide-open ranchland of north-central Montana. He reasoned that the bear followed the Marias River, which flows east from Glacier County, near the Blackfeet Reservation, and runs along the edge of the Keane farm. “I guess he happened to smell the chickens and came up out of the river bottom,” Keane said.
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-At the time, Keane’s grizzly sighting was the easternmost in the United States in more than a century. He had heard murmurings around town that the bears were moving closer, “but you just don’t expect one to be in your backyard,” he told me. As the grizzly pulverized his poultry, Keane dialed up the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks to report the animal. But before the officer could make it out to his farm to apprehend the grizzly, a neighbor drove by in a loud pickup. The bear took off, and Keane was left to assess the carnage.
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-When the state’s grizzly bear management specialist for the region investigated the scene, he surmised that the bear was a 3-year-old male that had been moving toward the area, traveling about 10 miles every day. The official set a trap next to Keane’s coop, but the bear was never caught.
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-After the encounter, the state official installed an electric fence around his coop to protect the ruffled survivors. Keane started carrying a pistol with him on his tractor. “I catch myself looking over my shoulder now,” he said. “It makes you think twice about what else is out there.” After the incident made the local news, Keane was criticized by others around town. “One guy said we should have known better to keep chickens, being in bear country and all. Well, we aren’t in bear country. But maybe we’re starting to be now.”
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-> “I catch myself looking over my shoulder now. It makes you think twice about what else is out there.”
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-**TODAY, KEANE’S RUN-IN** would not be newsworthy. Just a year after his sighting, another grizzly was photographed in the Big Snowy Mountains, about 100 miles southeast of the Keane farm. In the Yellowstone and Northern Continental Divide ecosystems, bears that have been isolated from one another for more than 100 years are venturing out of their respective regions, slowly reclaiming old territory.
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-The grizzly bear, despite what most people think, isn’t a species unto itself. Rather, it’s one of two living subspecies of brown bear found in North America, the other being the Kodiak bear (*Ursus arctos middendorffi*) in Alaska. Grizzlies (*Ursus arctos horribilis*) once ranged as far south as central Mexico, where they were known as *oso plateado*, silvery bears, for their grayish fur. An estimated 50,000 grizzly bears lived in the contiguous United States when the Lewis and Clark Expedition passed through in the early 1800s. But European settlers trapped and shot these bears until fewer than 1,000 remained. The southern edge of the grizzly’s range eventually contracted from Mexico to the southern border of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.
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-Grizzlies also disappeared from the Pacific Coast. In California in the mid-1800s, the bears were still so common that a $10 bounty was placed on their heads. Restaurants fried up greasy grizzly steaks and served them for less than a dollar. But by 1922, there were only 37 grizzly populations left in the contiguous U.S., and 31 would vanish within just 50 years. Survivors sought refuge in the remote forests of Montana, Wyoming, Idaho and Washington.
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-The grizzly’s gains in recent decades are the result of swift human intervention followed by natural expansion. In 1975, all grizzlies living in the Lower 48 of the United States were protected under the Endangered Species Act. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service later designated six ecosystems as the focus of recovery efforts: Greater Yellowstone, Northern Continental Divide, Cabinet-Yaak, Bitterroot, Selkirk and the North Cascades.
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-[![](https://www.hcn.org/articles/bears-in-the-northern-rockies-grizzly-bears-are-on-the-move/grizzlyportraitfinal-jpg/@@images/10f0bcfd-712d-453c-9a58-5e09520d16a1.jpeg "grizzlyportraitfinal-jpg")](https://www.hcn.org/articles/bears-in-the-northern-rockies-grizzly-bears-are-on-the-move/grizzlyportraitfinal-jpg/image_view_fullscreen)
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-Through taxes and donations, Americans spent millions of dollars to restore grizzlies — financing recovery planning, private land easements, and educational programs designed to teach people how to live with an animal capable of eating them. Critically, they also funded the relocation of bears. In the 1990s, scientists augmented the Cabinet-Yaak grizzly population in northwestern Montana by transplanting a handful of Canadian bears into the ecosystem. The descendants of those bears are now wandering into the Bitterroot Range, near the Montana-Idaho border, which has been devoid of grizzlies for decades. Biologists had initially planned to move some Canadian bears into the Bitteroots, too. Now they think the grizzlies may repopulate the ecosystem without their help.
-
-Today, grizzlies number just below 2,000 in the Lower 48. Their population has more than doubled in half a century, and, as evidenced by Keane’s encounter, the bears are no longer content to roam within the boundaries we’ve contrived for them. Yellowstone’s grizzlies have tripled their range in recent decades and are now moving north out of the national park. Meanwhile, grizzlies in the Northern Continental Divide recovery zone are heading south. The populations are now only about 50 miles apart, the closest they’ve been in more than a century. Scientists expect that the bears will join up in less than a decade — two islands becoming a continent.
-
-The return of the grizzly bear from near-extinction is one of America’s unlikeliest comeback stories. The bears are among the slowest-reproducing mammals in North America; they require vast tracts of habitat (an adult male grizzly can have a home range of 600 square miles); and they kill people. Bringing back the grizzly required humans to overcome their fear of predators and champion the return of a known man-eater.
-
-And the grizzly remains a fearsome animal. The bear is 800 pounds of muscle and fat, with sharp canines and 4-inch-long claws. It’s extremely defensive, always ready to neutralize a perceived threat. A human being is little more than a rag doll in its immense jaws. Though humans have protected the grizzly from extinction, public sentiment toward the subspecies remains divided: Only the wolf inspires more hatred and mistrust. And as grizzlies expand into places they haven’t inhabited in more than a century, they are crossing not only geographical and political boundaries but thresholds of tolerance.
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-> By 1922, there were only 37 grizzly populations left in the contiguous U.S., and 31 would vanish within just 50 years.
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-**I ENCOUNTERED MY FIRST** Yellowstone grizzly outside a resort hotel near Jackson, Wyoming, in 2015. Next to the stone facade, a portly man wearing a furry brown onesie was waving at passing cars. The bear costume’s head was perched above his own, and two fangs protruded over his mustachioed face, almost as if the man had been partially consumed by the bear and was now helplessly peering out of its open mouth. In front of his chest, clasped between wooden claws, he held a placard that read: “I’m Worth More Alive Than Dead.”
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-I approached the bear, notebook in hand.
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-“I got this costume just for this event,” the man beamed, performing a small twirl. “Grizzlies are my absolute favorite species! I always feel more alive when I’m in grizzly habitat.”
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-Extending a paw, he introduced himself as Jim Laybourn, and said he had shown up on behalf of Wyoming Wildlife Advocates, a nonprofit dedicated to conservation in the state. Inside the hotel, dozens of federal, state and tribal representatives were gathering to discuss the possible removal of federal protections from the Yellowstone grizzly population. If the states — Wyoming, Montana and Idaho — regained management authority, they were likely to legalize a trophy hunt.
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-The debate over Endangered Species Act protections for Yellowstone’s grizzly bears has dragged on for more than a decade. In 2007, when the population numbered more than five hundred, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service declared it recovered and removed protections. But environmental groups disputed the government’s assessment and took the agency to court, where a judge ruled that Fish and Wildlife had failed to adequately analyze the impact of climate change on whitebark pine, a key food source for Yellowstone’s grizzlies. Average temperatures in the region had increased by more than 2 degrees Fahrenheit since the 1950s, and the greatest warming was occurring at elevations above 5,000 feet, where whitebark pine grows. (In 2022, the tree was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.)
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-Federal scientists launched their own investigation into the grizzly’s food sources. They agreed that whitebark’s precipitous decline had caused bears to forage at lower elevations, making run-ins with humans more likely. And reduced cub survival rates, which had begun to slow grizzly population growth in 2002, coincided with the whitebark decline. However, the scientists also found that Yellowstone grizzlies relied more on meat than other populations, and that many bears already lived in areas without much whitebark pine. They proposed that cubs and yearlings were dying not from a lack of whitebark pine but because too many grizzlies were crowded into too limited an area.
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-[![](https://www.hcn.org/articles/bears-in-the-northern-rockies-grizzly-bears-are-on-the-move/grizzlymanfinal-jpg/image)](https://www.hcn.org/articles/bears-in-the-northern-rockies-grizzly-bears-are-on-the-move/grizzlymanfinal-jpg/image_view_fullscreen)
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-Federal officials had again recommended the removal of Endangered Species Act protections for the Yellowstone grizzly population. Laybourn, a lifelong Wyoming resident, declared that despite his costume, he was not a “bear-hugger.” He was most concerned about the economic ramifications of a trophy hunt. “Our tourism economy here is based on bears. I work as a guide myself, and I’ve taken hundreds of people to see grizzly bears,” he said. Scientists funneled past us into the building, carrying hefty manila folders. Laybourn held the door open with his toothpick claws, an inadvertent ursine bellhop. “I want to make sure we have a robust population,” he continued. “Whenever we take people out to see the wildlife and geysers, every single person asks me, ‘Are we going to see a bear today?’”
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-**FROM THE THREE BEAR LODGE** to the Beartooth Barbeque to the Running Bear Pancake House, businesses near Yellowstone rely heavily on the ursine theme. “Grizzly X-ing” mugs are well stocked at every souvenir stand. And bear claws — a sweet Danish pastry — are sold in almost every bakery within a 100-mile radius of the national park. But there are still those who long for an actual bear claw.
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-At his office in eastern Oregon, I met Steve West, the host of the TV show *Steve’s Outdoor Adventures*. West was huge in both height and girth — the kind of man who might stand a tiny chance against a grizzly in a fight. A trimmed sandy beard created the mirage of a jawline on his round face. On the day I met him, he wore a plaid shirt that pulled tightly across his chest and a camouflaged ball cap with his TV show’s logo on it. West explained that he had started out hunting for meat — deer and elk, mainly — and made his first foray into trophy hunting in the 1990s with black bears and grizzlies in Alaska. Part of what had made bears so attractive was the risk. “Grizzlies are hunted because they’re a challenge,” he said.
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-West was a connoisseur of charismatic megafauna, and had bumped off beasts around the world. Oryx in Namibia. Water buffalo in Australia. Musk ox in Canada. Exotic glass-eyed trophies decorated the wood-paneled walls of his office.
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-“Stalking a grizzly bear is completely different than going after anything else,” West observed as we moved through the halls. “There’s the man-versus-bear thing that comes into play. Yeah, I’ve got a rifle or a bow, I’m holding an advantage of weaponry, but there’s still an element of danger.”
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-West told me he supported a mix of management approaches to brown bears. He thought there should be places off-limits to hunters, like Brooks Falls in Alaska, where thousands of tourists can watch brown bears fish for salmon from wooden viewing platforms. At the same time, bear hunting is permitted in other parts of the state. “Alaska is the perfect compromise,” he said. I asked West whether he would hunt in the Yellowstone ecosystem given the chance. Without a pause, he replied:
-
-“I’ll buy the first tag.” 
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-> “Grizzlies are hunted because they’re a challenge.”
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-**IN 2017,** following years of highly contentious meetings, the Yellowstone grizzly population lost federal protections for a second time. Then-Department of Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke called the delisting “one of America’s great conservation successes, the culmination of decades of hard work.” Less than a year later, Wyoming and Idaho announced trophy hunts. The two states held lotteries for a total of 23 tags, each of which would enable the winner to bag a bear. 
-
-More than 8,000 people entered the lotteries, each paying a fee of less than $20. A few hunters gleefully anticipated killing the region’s best-known bear, Grizzly 399, who was often photographed ambling along park roads with two or three cubs in tow. World-renowned wildlife photographer Thomas Mangelsen entered the lottery, hoping to spare a bear’s life by winning a tag and then shooting with his camera instead of a gun. Miraculously, Mangelsen won a tag; Steve West did not.
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-Following the announcement of the grizzly’s second delisting, environmental groups and the Northern Cheyenne tribe sued the government, challenging the decision to remove protections from the isolated Yellowstone grizzly population rather than prioritize reconnecting populations across the West. Another lawsuit, filed by the Crow, Crow Creek Sioux and Standing Rock Sioux tribes and the Piikani Nation alongside other tribal leaders and societies, alleged that the federal government ignored legal requirements to consult with tribes about the decision. Since 2016, more than 100 Indigenous nations have signed the Grizzly Treaty, committing them to the restoration and revitalization of grizzly bear populations throughout North America.
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-“Our people have been separated from the grizzly since we were forced onto reservations, but we have not forgotten,” then-Crow Creek Sioux Tribe Chairman Brandon Sazue wrote to me. “In our genesis, it was the great grizzly that taught the people the ability for healing and curing practices, so the grizzly is perceived as the first ‘medicine person.’ ... It is no coincidence that the spiritual reawakening of Native people on this continent has coincided with the modest recovery of the grizzly since the 1970s — a recovery that will end with delisting and trophy hunting in a return to the frontier mentality of the 1870s.”
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-Just before the trophy hunt was scheduled to begin, the judge presiding over the environmental groups’ lawsuit brought down the gavel. He ruled that the federal agency had exceeded its legal authority when it removed protections from the Yellowstone grizzly. The judge wrote in his decision that it would be “simplistic at best and disingenuous at worst” to not take into account the five other populations of grizzlies outside of Yellowstone. With the bears so close to closing the gap, losing protections would be an enormous setback for the subspecies. If the Fish and Wildlife Service was going to succeed in delisting the iconic bears, it would need to rejoin these island populations, creating genetic linkages that would ensure long-term survival. The trophy hunt was canceled, and protections were restored.
-
-The ruling was a victory for the environmental groups and tribes who had fought hard to keep the animal protected indefinitely. For others living in close proximity to America’s growing grizzly population, it was anything but.
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-> “Our people have been separated from the grizzly since we were forced onto reservations, but we have not forgotten.”
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-**
-
-[![](https://www.hcn.org/articles/bears-in-the-northern-rockies-grizzly-bears-are-on-the-move/.0.grizzlylandscapefinal-jpg/image)](https://www.hcn.org/articles/bears-in-the-northern-rockies-grizzly-bears-are-on-the-move/.0.grizzlylandscapefinal-jpg/image_view_fullscreen)
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-
-
-**
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-**BLACK BART** is the only bear Trina Jo Bradley doesn’t mind having around. The enormous jet-black grizzly, pushing 900 pounds, has lived on her ranch on Birch Creek for close to six years. He’s well-behaved, Bradley said, and keeps his brethren out: “Normally, we get bears coming through here pretty thick in March, heading out from the mountains down to the prairie. Since he’s been here, we’ve seen way fewer bears.”
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-Ranching is in Bradley’s blood. She was raised on a cattle operation some 16 miles south, near Dupuyer Creek in Montana. Her father was a hired rancher, which meant that Bradley and her brothers were put to work at a young age. They rode horses and herded cows. Any free time was spent mucking around outside — but always within shouting distance of the house, and with a guard dog. There were bears near Dupuyer, she said, even back then, in the 1980s and 1990s. Glacier National Park wasn’t too far away, and occasionally a grizzly from the Northern Continental Divide population would wander out and kill one of their cows.
-
-Bradley went south to Casper, Wyoming, for college, where she studied agribusiness. At 22, a car accident forced her to return home to Montana, where, while recuperating, she met her husband. Instead of going back to school like she’d planned, she moved onto his family ranch, where she’s raised three daughters along with Angus cattle and quarter horses. When her father-in-law bought the Birch Creek land back in 1956, there were very few grizzlies in the area, she said. The first livestock loss happened in the 1990s when a bear killed a calf. Authorities promptly trapped and removed it. “That was the last bear they saw until I moved here. I’m pretty sure the bears followed me from Dupuyer,” she said.
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-As Montana’s bears grow in numbers and expand their range, they are spending more time on private land, leading to more encounters with humans and domestic animals. In 2019, for example, the state made more payments —$261,000 — to ranchers for livestock killed by predators than in any previous year, with nearly twice as many animals suspected to have been killed by grizzlies than wolves. In 2021, when ranchers reported 78 kills by wolves and 119 by grizzlies, payouts topped $340,000.
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-> As Montana’s bears grow in numbers and expand their range, they are spending more time on private land, leading to more encounters with humans and domestic animals.
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-Bradley’s sage-green farmhouse is surrounded by some 3,500 acres of hayfield and private pasture, where she and her husband run about 250 cows. The house’s living-room window looks out over rolling hayfields, toward the snowcapped perimeter of the Rocky Mountains. From this vantage point, Bradley often watches the bears go by. “Grizzly bears are super cool, and I love seeing them,” she said. “But I don’t love seeing them in my yard or in my cows.”
-
-Though grizzlies are around nearly every month of the year, her ranch hasn’t lost many of its domesticated animals to bears. Perhaps she has Black Bart to thank, or perhaps, she said, “our cows are just mean.” A neighbor less than a mile away, she said, loses between 15 and 20 calves to bears annually.
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-A few years ago, Bradley was appointed to Montana’s Grizzly Bear Advisory Council, a state-run initiative with the aim of “listening to Montanans” and “following their interests while also conserving bears.” She was passionate about protecting agriculture, and wanted to ensure that farmers and ranchers got the assistance they needed to cope with the grizzlies in their midst. “Pretty much everybody here is just tired. We’re tired of grizzly bears. We’re tired of conflicts. We’re tired of not letting our kids play outside. We’re tired of having to sacrifice our paychecks for the public’s wildlife.” This was one of the most common arguments I heard from livestock producers: Liberal urbanites want predators back on the landscape, but they aren’t suffering the consequences of a grizzly in the backyard. “It’s not like camping or backpacking,” Bradley said. “We don’t have a choice. We have to go outside. We have to take care of our cows. And there’s probably going to be a bear there.”
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-As long as grizzlies remain under the wing of the Endangered Species Act, state wildlife managers are unable to relocate or euthanize bears that kill livestock without first consulting the federal government. Ranchers believe this limits their ability to get rid of the bears causing problems. (Environmental groups and scientists have long questioned whether grizzlies are responsible for as many livestock deaths as states allege.) State and federal officials have discussed removing protections from the Northern Continental Divide bears, but perhaps chastened by the Yellowstone debacle, the Fish and Wildlife Service recommended in 2021 that all grizzlies in the Lower 48 remain listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.
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-> “Grizzly bears are super cool, and I love seeing them. But I don’t love seeing them in my yard or in my cows.”
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-Bradley disagreed with this assessment. “Grizzly bears no longer need to be protected. They’re not unicorns,” she said.
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-“How many bears do you think is enough, in an ideal world?” I asked.
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-“I think when the grizzly bears were put on the Endangered Species Act — there were only like (300 to) 400 bears in the entire state then — that was enough.”
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-Many ranchers want tougher punishments for encroaching bears. They want them removed from the population right away, not given multiple chances to redeem themselves after attacking livestock. They want more funding for conflict prevention measures. (In 2021 and 2022, Fish and Wildlife provided a total of $40,000 for grizzly-deterrent fencing, with the state chipping in $5,000.) Bradley had set up an electric fence around the chickens and goats in the yard, but it wasn’t feasible to put an electric fence around the entire ranch. For now, she’d have to rely on Black Bart to scare off the others.
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-“He’s the best guard bear there is.”
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-**  
-CHRIS SERVHEEN** first laid eyes on a grizzly in the Scapegoat Wilderness, near Helena, Montana. He was in his early 20s, backpacking with college friends, when they entered a meadow and caught sight of a bear tearing up a huge stump, looking for insects. “We stayed there for a while, just watching him from the trees,” he said. “Grizzlies have this ability to burn into your memory so that you remember everything that was happening when you saw them. It’s really amazing how much you can remember, even years later. … That’s the magic of grizzly bears.”
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-Servheen is arguably the foremost grizzly expert in the United States, having served as the Fish and Wildlife Service national grizzly bear recovery coordinator for 35 years until his retirement in 2016. He was the guy in charge of making sure bears didn’t disappear from the Lower 48, and evidently, he did a decent job of it.
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-Servheen grew up on the East Coast, but, inspired by the *National Geographic* wildlife specials that captivated him as a child, he moved to Montana to study wildlife biology. He began by researching eagles under the mentorship of famed biologist and conservationist John Craighead. Servheen pivoted to grizzly bears for his Ph.D., three years after the subspecies landed on the endangered species list. After finishing his doctorate in 1981, he accepted the newly created position of grizzly bear recovery coordinator, but he wasn’t optimistic about the bear’s prospects: There were only about 30 breeding females left in the Yellowstone population. “It’s important to recognize we were really close to losing grizzly bears at that point,” he said.
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-For more than three decades, Servheen was a constant presence at bear meetings. Whether in Yellowstone, the North Cascades or the Cabinet-Yaak, his nearly bald head stood out among the Stetsons. In 2015, still working at the agency, he maintained that the Yellowstone population, and possibly even the Northern Continental Divide population, should be delisted. The grizzly group had met its ecological recovery goals, and, provided the population was managed carefully after delisting, the bears were guaranteed to be around for a long time.
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-“The objective of the Endangered Species Act is to get a species to the point where protection is no longer required,” Servheen told me at the time. “The purpose is to fix the problem.” In the case of the Yellowstone grizzly, he believed it had been.
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-During Servheen’s final years as the grizzly recovery coordinator, he began to worry that the federal government was bending to the will of the states rather than serving the grizzly’s best interests. As the agency prepared for the second delisting, Servheen had written some guidance on how best to manage grizzly deaths once the population lost protections, essentially putting safeguards in place that would stem any future population decline. If too many bears died, for example, these measures would ensure that the population regained protections. But his document came back with such safeguards removed. This, he felt, eroded the credibility of the recovery program and made delisting “biologically incredible and legally indefensible.” Knowing it would be up to him to defend such a plan in the face of a lawsuit — which was all but guaranteed — “I quit.”
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-> “Grizzlies have this ability to burn into your memory so that you remember everything that was happening when you saw them. It’s really amazing how much you can remember, even years later. … That’s the magic of grizzly bears.”
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-It wasn’t the triumphant ending to his career that Servheen had imagined. “The grizzly bear recovery program is one of the most successful stories in the Endangered Species Act. They’re a challenging species to recover, and we did it,” he told me, “but all the political bullshit that happened right at the end kind of spoiled it.” Now, rather than spending his retirement fishing, Servheen had made it his mission to bring attention to the risks confronting grizzlies. I asked him if he thought grizzlies should still lose federal protections.
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-The answer was a decisive no. “For years, I was an advocate for delisting,” he said. He believed that the agency had gotten Yellowstone’s bears to the point where protections were no longer needed. And he hoped states would take on this responsibility with maturity and grace. But lately, “the actions of Montana’s Legislature have proven that the states are no longer able to be trusted when it comes to managing large carnivores.” Servheen pointed to a disconcerting trend in the West that he dubbed “anti-predator hysteria.” The Montana Legislature, for example, had approved a spring hound hunting season for the state’s black bears — a practice that had been banned in Montana for a century. Servheen perceived this as the state sliding backwards into a Manifest Destiny mindset. “It’s really horrifying to me to see this. If they weren’t still (federally) protected, one can only imagine what Montana would do to grizzlies.”
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-I asked Servheen how many grizzlies he thought the United States could feasibly handle. Some conservation advocates believed we could happily live with as many as 6,000, and lobbied for the bears to be returned to California, the Grand Canyon and the Southern Rockies. Then there were people like Trina Jo Bradley, who wanted far fewer bears than there were now. Most people weren’t willing to give a numerical answer, focusing instead on the genetic health and connectivity of the populations. However, Servheen — the scientist — was ready with an answer: 3,000 to 3,400 grizzlies, at least 1,000 more than estimated to now be living in the Lower 48.
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-The Yellowstone ecosystem and Northern Continental Divide, he explained, could support 2,000. The Bitterroot could hold 300 to 400. The Selkirks and Cabinet-Yaak could take another 150 bears. And the North Cascades could support up to 400 bears — though there were none present at the moment. But Servheen warned that, amid anti-predator sentiment, we could begin to see an overall population decline, not an increase. “Grizzly bears are special animals,” Servheen said. “They have low resilience. They live in special, remote places. And if we’re going to maintain grizzly bears, we have to behave and treat them in a special way.”
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-In February 2023, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced it would again review whether to remove federal protections from the grizzly bears in both Greater Yellowstone and the Northern Continental Divide ecosystems. Whether or not grizzlies continue to grow their numbers in the Lower 48 — and, eventually, close the gaps that exist between populations — depends now on our behavior and our politics.
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-*Excerpted from [EIGHT BEARS: Mythic Past and Imperiled Future](https://wwnorton.com/books/9781324005087), available July 11 from W.W. Norton.*
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-*Author Gloria Dickie, a former* High Country News *intern, is a climate and environment correspondent for Reuters. We welcome reader letters. Email* High Country News *at [\[email protected\]](https://www.hcn.org/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#9bfefff2eff4e9dbf3f8f5b5f4e9fc) or submit a [letter to the editor](https://www.hcn.org/feedback/contact-us). See our [letters to the editor policy](https://www.hcn.org/policies/lte).*
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-*Copyright © 2023 by Gloria Dickie. Used by permission of Gloria Dickie, care of The Strothman Agency LLC. All rights reserved.*
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-```button
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-
-# Inside Elon’s ‘Extremely Hardcore’ Twitter
-
-Twitter’s staff spent years trying to protect the platform against impulsive ranting billionaires — then one made himself the CEO.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/479/655/8d80490bbeaf0520d1c3ebfdd13ee42137-Twitter-Opener-5.rhorizontal.w1100.jpg)
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-Illustration: Kagan McLeod
-
-This article is a collaboration between *New York* Magazine and [The Verge](https://www.theverge.com/23551060/elon-musk-twitter-takeover-layoffs-workplace-salute-emoji). It was also featured in [One Great Story](http://nymag.com/tags/one-great-story/), New York’s reading recommendation newsletter. [Sign up here](https://nymag.com/promo/sign-up-for-one-great-story.html?itm_source=disitepromo&itm_medium=articlelink&itm_campaign=ogs_tertiary_zone) to get it nightly.
-
-**In April 2022,** [Elon Musk](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/04/what-elon-musk-did-in-his-first-week-as-twitters-new-owner.html) acquired a [9.2 percent stake in Twitter](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/04/elon-musk-is-close-to-actually-buying-twitter.html), making him the company’s largest shareholder, and was offered a seat on the board. Luke Simon, a senior engineering director at Twitter, was ecstatic. “Elon Musk is a brilliant engineer and scientist, and he has a track record of having a Midas touch, when it comes to growing the companies he’s helped lead,” he wrote in Slack.
-
-Twitter had been defined by the catatonic leadership of [Jack Dorsey](https://nymag.com/tags/jack-dorsey/), a co-founder who simultaneously served as CEO of the payments business Block (formerly Square). Dorsey, who was known for going on [long meditation retreats](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/05/where-to-buy-jack-dorseys-sauna-and-sleep-tracker.html), fasting 22 hours a day, and walking five miles to the office, acted as an absentee landlord, leaving Twitter’s strategy and daily operations to a handful of trusted deputies. When he spoke about Twitter, it was often as if someone else were running the company. To Simon and those like him, it was hard to see Twitter as anything other than wasted potential.
-
-In its early days, when Twitter was at its most Twittery, circa 2012, executives called the company “the free-speech wing of the free-speech party.” That was the era when the platform was credited for amplifying the Occupy Wall Street movement and the Arab Spring, when it seemed like giving everyone a microphone might actually bring down dictatorships and right the wrongs of neoliberal capitalism. That moment, which coincided with the rise of Facebook and YouTube, inspired utopian visions of how social networks could promote democracy and human rights around the world.
-
-Twitter rode this momentum to become one of the most important companies in tech: an all-consuming obsession for those working or merely interested in politics, sports, and journalism around the world. Frequently, the platform set the news agenda and transformed nobodies into Main Characters. What it lacked in profits it more than made up for in influence.
-
-## on the cover
-
-### —
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-Photo-Illustration: New York Magazine; Photo: John Shearer/Getty Images
-
-No one understood how to weaponize that influence better than Donald Trump, who in 2016 propelled himself into the White House in part by harnessing hate and vitriol via his @realDonaldTrump feed. A new consensus that the site was a sewer made it worth a lot less money. Disney CEO Bob Iger pulled out of a bid to acquire Twitter, saying the “nastiness” on the platform was extraordinary.
-
-After the election and the blown deal, Twitter overhauled its [content-moderation policies](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/this-was-always-the-problem-with-twitter.html), staffed up its trust and safety team, and committed itself to fostering “healthy conversations.” Never again would it let itself be used by a tyrant to sow discord and increase polarization. Two days after the [January 6 insurrection](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/01/what-january-6-insurrection-accomplished.html), the platform [banned Trump](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/01/twitter-says-it-permanently-banned-trump.html); the company had seen the toll of unfettered speech and decided it wasn’t worth it.
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-This was the Twitter that irked [Elon Musk](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/08/elon-musk-twitter-feed.html) so much that he became convinced he had to buy it. In his view, by 2022 the company had been corrupted — beholden to the whims of governments and the liberal media elite. It shadow-banned conservatives, suppressed legitimate discourse about COVID, and selectively kicked elected officials off the platform. Who better to restore Twitter to its former glory than its wealthiest poster?
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-Like Trump, Musk knew how to use Twitter to make himself the center of the conversation. His incessant, irreverent tweeting violated every norm of corporate America, endearing his fans, pissing off his haters, and making him the second-most-followed active account on the site. “At least 50% of my tweets were made on a porcelain throne,” he tweeted one evening in late 2021. “It gives me solace.”
-
-Musk offered to buy the company for the absurdly inflated price of [$44 billion](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/elon-musk-officially-owns-twitter.html). The move thrilled employees like Simon who chafed at Twitter’s laid-back atmosphere and reputation for shipping new features at a glacial pace. Simon, who owned a portrait of himself dressed as a 19th-century French general, told his team, which managed advertising services, that he wanted to build an “impact-focused, egalitarian and empirical culture, where any team member, with a strong data-driven justification, gets the metaphorical center stage.”
-
-Other employees noted the darker motifs of Musk’s career — the disregard he brought to labor relations, the many lawsuits alleging sexual harassment and racial discrimination at his companies — and found his interest in Twitter ominous. On Slack, a product manager responded to Simon’s enthusiasm for Musk with skepticism: “I take your point, but as a childhood Greek mythology nerd, I feel it is important to point out that story behind the idea of the Midas touch is not a positive one. It’s a cautionary tale about what is lost when you only focus on wealth.”
-
-The comment would prove to be prophetic. According to more than two dozen current and former Twitter staffers, since buying the company in October 2022, Musk has shown a remarkable lack of interest in the people and processes that make his new toy tick. He has purged [thousands of employees](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/twitter-former-employees-elon-musk.html), implemented ill-advised policies, and angered even some of his most loyal supporters. Those who remain at the company mostly fall into two camps: people trapped by the need for health care and visas or cold-eyed mercenaries hoping to ascend through a power vacuum.
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-Today, Musk has become notorious for the speech he suppresses, rather than the speech he allows, from suspending journalists for tweeting links to his jet tracker to briefly restricting users from linking to their accounts on Instagram and Mastodon.
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-In three months, Musk has also largely destroyed the equity value of Twitter and much of his personal wealth. He has indicated that the company could declare bankruptcy, and the distraction of running it has caused [Tesla stock](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/teslas-terrible-year-has-gotten-even-worse.html) to crater, costing him $200 billion.
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-If “free speech” was his mandate for Twitter the platform, it has been the opposite for Twitter the workplace. Dissenting opinion or criticism has led to swift dismissals. Musk replaced Twitter’s old culture with one of his own, but it’s unclear, with so few workers and plummeting revenues, if this new version will survive. As one employee said in December, “Place is done for.”
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-Illustration: Kagan McLeod
-
-**On October 26, an engineer** and mother of two — let’s call her Alicia — sat in a glass conference room in San Francisco trying to explain the details of Twitter’s tech stack to Elon Musk. He was supposed to officially buy the company in two days, and Alicia and a small group of trusted colleagues were tasked with outlining how its core infrastructure worked. But Musk, who was sitting two seats away from Alicia with his elbows propped on the table, looked sleepy. When he did talk, it was to ask questions about cost. How much does Twitter spend on data centers? Why was everything so expensive?
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-Alicia was already tired of Musk’s antics. For months, he had gone back and forth about buying the company where she had worked for more than a decade. He’d tried to back out of the deal, but Twitter sued, and the chief judge of Delaware’s Chancery Court said a trial would move forward if the acquisition wasn’t complete by October 28. Facing what many legal observers called an easy case for Twitter, Musk caved. So here they were, trying to show Musk what he was about to buy, and all he wanted to talk about was money.
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-*Fine,* she thought. *If Musk wants to know about money, I’ll tell him.* She launched into a technical explanation of the company’s data-center efficiency, curious to see if he would follow along. Instead, he interrupted. “I was writing C programs in the ’90s,” he said dismissively. “I understand how computers work.”
-
-Alicia knew Twitter had problems; when prospective employees asked her why she’d stayed there so long, she would tell them, honestly, that the company was incredibly inefficient. It took a long time to get buy-in on projects, and communication across teams was generally poor. But it operated with a “benevolent anarchy” through which anyone could influence the direction of the product. “You didn’t need someone in a position of power to explicitly grant you permission,” Alicia says. “It was very much a bottom-up organization.”
-
-Unlike some of her colleagues, Alicia wasn’t reflexively anti-Musk. She respected what he had done at his companies and felt hopeful that, as someone who thought of himself as an engineer, he would support her highly technical work. But Musk had a different interest that day. Twitter, he said, should immediately get into video.
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-“We really should be able to do longform video and attract the best content creators by giving them a better cut than YouTube,” he said, according to Alicia’s recollection. The infrastructure engineers in the room agreed that adding support for longform video was technically possible, but their job was building stuff — not strategy or marketing. It seemed as though Musk didn’t understand the basic organizational structure of a social-media company; it was as if a rich guy had bought a restaurant and started telling the cooks he wanted to add a new dining room. Might he want to speak with the *media product* team instead?
-
-Just then, David Sacks, a venture capitalist and friend of Musk’s who had advised him on the acquisition, walked into the room. A fellow native of South Africa, Sacks had worked with Musk at PayPal and later led the enterprise social-networking company Yammer to a $1.2 billion sale to Microsoft.
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-“David, this meeting is too technical for you,” Musk said, waving his hand to dismiss Sacks. Wordlessly, Sacks turned and walked out, leaving the engineers — who had gotten little engagement from Musk on anything technical — slack-jawed. His imperiousness in the middle of a session he appeared to be botching was something to behold. (Musk did not respond to multiple requests for comment.)
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-The next day, Alicia and her colleagues gathered in the cafeteria of Twitter’s San Francisco headquarters for a long-planned Halloween party. The room was decorated with miniature pumpkins and fake spiderwebs. Employees tried to get in the holiday spirit, but rumors were swirling that [Musk planned to cut 75 percent](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/elon-musk-owns-twitter-who-is-coping-now.html) of the company. People were audibly sobbing in the bathrooms. One company leader recalled the surreal moment of crying about the end of Twitter as they knew it, only to look up and see a person in a Jack Sparrow costume amble by. Outside on the balcony, one entertainer blew bubbles for staffers’ children. Another figure, dressed as a scarecrow, seemed to have a handler following him. There were whispers: Could it be Musk himself in costume? It turned out to be a hired performer.
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-As Alicia walked out of the office that evening, she passed Twitter’s head of product, Jay Sullivan, who was standing alone, looking solemn. “It’s done,” he said. The deal had closed during the party.
-
-It took only a few hours before news broke that Twitter’s executive team had walked the plank. [Parag Agrawal](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/elon-musk-officially-owns-twitter.html), the CEO, was out, along with [Vijaya Gadde](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/elon-musk-officially-owns-twitter.html), the head of policy, and [Ned Segal](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/elon-musk-officially-owns-twitter.html), the chief finance officer. They had known what was coming and stayed away from the office. [Sean Edgett](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/elon-musk-officially-owns-twitter.html), the general counsel, was also fired; he had been present for the handover and was unceremoniously escorted out of the building during the Halloween party.
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-**The days surrounding the acquisition** passed in a blur of ominous, unlikely scenes. Musk posing as the world’s richest prop comic, announcing his takeover by lugging a kitchen sink into the office: “[Entering Twitter HQ — let that sink in!](https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1585341984679469056)” (181.2K retweets, 43.6K quote tweets, 1.3M likes.) A fleet of Teslas in the parking lot. Musk’s intimidating security detail standing outside his glass conference room as if guarding the leader of a developing nation. Musk’s 2-year-old son, X Æ A-Xii, toddling around the second floor, occasionally crying.
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-Employees braced for layoffs, but no word came from Musk. People hunted for information on their unofficial Slacks, Discords, and Signal chats while glued to Musk’s Twitter feed for news like everyone else. “Hey all don’t forget to complete your q3 goals!” one employee wrote darkly on Slack. “Writes, ‘stay employed,’” responded a colleague.
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-Even Twitter executives were clueless. Chief marketing officer Leslie Berland sent an email encouraging employees to say hi to Musk if they saw him in the office and promised an all-hands meeting would happen that Friday. An invitation for a company-wide assembly appeared on people’s calendars, then disappeared. When employees followed up on Slack, the head of internal communications cryptically said she would “send out a communication when there are further details.”
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-Musk brought in a cadre of close advisers, including Sacks and his fellow venture capitalist and podcast co-host Jason Calacanis; Musk’s celebrity lawyer, Alex Spiro; Steve Davis, the head of his tunneling start-up, the [Boring Company](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/08/elon-musks-biggest-boondoggle.html); and [Sriram Krishnan](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/if-elon-musk-quits-who-could-be-the-next-ceo-of-twitter.html), who had previously been a consumer-product director at Twitter. To employees, this crew would be known by only one name: the Goons.
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-On [Musk’s first full day in charge](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/3-days-that-changed-twitter-elon-musks-chaotic-weekend.html), October 28, the executive assistants sent Twitter engineers a Slack message at the behest of the Goons: The boss wanted to see their code. Employees were instructed to “print out 50 pages of code you’ve done in the last 30 days” and get ready to show it to Musk in person. Panicked engineers started hunting around the office for printers. Many of the devices weren’t functional, having sat unused for two years during the pandemic. Eventually, a group of executive assistants offered to print some engineers’ code for them if they would send the file as a PDF.
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-Within a couple of hours, the Goons’ assistants sent out a new missive to the team: “UPDATE: Stop printing,” it read. “Please be ready to show your recent code (within last 30-60 preferably) on your computer. If you have already printed, please shred in the bins on SF-Tenth. Thank you!”
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-Alicia was scheduled to meet with Musk around 11 a.m. She felt bad about the anxiety coursing through the office, even if she was sanguine about the process. As a back-end engineer, she was used to being woken up in the middle of the night because something on the platform was breaking — a crisis that could impact millions of Twitter users. It took more than a code review to faze her.
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-She had printed out a few lines of Python rather than her actual code repository. (“Python is more at Musk’s level,” she says.) The mandate had felt like a stunt, and she’d doubted he would really engage: “I’m not gonna explain the project I’ve spent ten years working on in a fraction of an hour competing with ten other people — I’m just not.”
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-She never had to. The meeting was pushed back, then canceled. “We didn’t actually get to show our code to Elon,” she says, laughing. “Which is a shame. I was very much looking forward to it.”
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-Illustration: Kagan McLeod
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-**The botched code** **review** did little to deter the Goons, who still needed to figure out which of Twitter’s 7,500 employees were needed to keep the site running — and who could be jettisoned. At ten that same night, they told managers they should “stack rank” their teams, a common but cold method of evaluation that forces managers to designate their lowest performers.
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-Amir Shevat, who managed Twitter’s developer platform and had led large teams at Amazon, Google, and Microsoft, was perplexed. Every company did stack ranking differently. Should they sort workers by seniority? Impact? Revenue generated? No one had an answer. “They said, ‘We don’t know. Elon wants a stack rank,’” Shevat says.
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-The project succeeded in generating large lists of names, but because different managers had ranked employees according to their own methods, the results were incoherent. “If I were to get that list, I would probably throw it in the garbage because it’s completely useless,” Shevat says.
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-In the meantime, managers and other senior employees began receiving calls late at night from the Goons. “Who are the best people on your team?” they would ask. “Who’s critical? Who’s *technical*?”
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-The questions reflected Musk’s certainty that Twitter could be run with a relatively small number of top engineers — and almost no one else. Meanwhile, managers were fielding worried questions from workers, but the only one that mattered — “Will I still have a job here?” — no one could answer. The New York *Times* reported that one engineering manager [puked in a trash can](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/11/technology/elon-musk-twitter-takeover.html) after being told to cut hundreds of workers. Even Shevat didn’t know if his position was safe.
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-Soon another new directive came from above: Large meetings were banned. Musk and the Goons were wary of sabotage from soon-to-be-fired workers and didn’t want to risk any of them getting a warning before they were cut. The message was “group meetings are no longer a thing,” Shevat recalls. “And if you do that, you risk getting fired.”
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-Shevat had been scheduled to meet with Sacks at 1 p.m. to walk him through the developer platform’s product road map. (Musk was technically Shevat’s direct manager, but the two never met one-on-one.) Every hour, an assistant messaged Shevat to say the meeting was delayed. When it finally began, around 8 p.m., Shevat explained what his team did — they ran the services that allowed outside developers to create apps that connected to Twitter, a feature of any major platform. It would be a crucial component if Musk pursued his publicly stated aspiration to make Twitter a [“super-app” like WeChat](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/11/facebook-metaverse-super-apps.html), which has a thriving economy of mini-apps made by outside engineers.
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-Shevat thought Sacks seemed bored — he spent most of the meeting checking his phone. “He didn’t want to understand anything,” Shevat says. It made him want to cry, especially since he had actually been eager to work with Musk. “I would have worked really hard for him,” he says.
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-Similar meetings were taking place across the company. Musk had imported dozens of engineers from his other organizations — including Tesla, Neuralink, and the Boring Company — to help run Twitter and cull its staff. Two of his cousins, Andrew and James Musk, were added to the employee directory.
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-Twitter employees were soon either sitting around waiting to be fired or placed on Musk projects, pulling all-nighters at the office and trying to meet arbitrary deadlines, even as product plans changed by the day (and were often announced on [Musk’s Twitter feed](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/08/elon-musk-twitter-feed.html)). If they didn’t meet their deadlines, they were told, they’d be fired — a fate that, to some, looked increasingly desirable.
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-**The following week,** on November 3, employees received an unsigned email from “Twitter” relaying that the time for layoffs had started. By 9 a.m. the following day, everyone would receive a note telling them whether they still had a job.
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-“From ‘Twitter’ looool what fucking cowards,” a former employee said by text. “Your people are Twitter you shits.”
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-That night, hundreds of employees gathered in a Slack channel called `#social-watercooler`, which had become the company’s de facto town square since Musk took over. They posted salute emoji and blue hearts — solidarity for those who were being cut and for those who deeply wanted to be shown the door but were somehow asked to stay. One person posted a meme of Thanos from *Avengers: Infinity War,* the supervillain who exterminates half the living beings in the universe with a snap.
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-By morning, 50 percent of the workforce had lost their jobs, well over 3,000 people. “The alternation between relief about being done, sadness about \[waves at gaps and fires where there was cool people / hope\], anxiety that Musk might fuck with severance, and exhaustion at thought of interviewing is a bit much,” wrote the same former employee, “but veering towards relief.”
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-The worker left a message for Twitter leadership in a main Slack channel before their access was cut: “news articles aren’t comms. Tweets from an account associated with half-baked rants, copy pasted memes, and the occasional misinfo aren’t comms. Secondhand internal sharing and employee sleuthing aren’t comms … I also hope failure of this past week hangs heavy on you to remind you to do better.”
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-To avoid violating federal labor law, Musk said employees would be paid for the next two months, though they would lose access to Twitter’s systems immediately. But even this played out haphazardly; some workers lost access on schedule, while others lingered in Twitter’s critical systems for months.
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-The layoffs wiped out Shevat and his entire team. Alicia kept her position, as she’d expected, but was left with survivor’s guilt. She started quietly encouraging her workers to prepare an exit strategy.
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-Illustration: Kagan McLeod
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-**Moments of institutional chaos** are always someone’s opportunity, and at Twitter, that person was a product manager named Esther Crawford. Before the takeover, Crawford had been focused on products that let creators make money from their Twitter accounts and one that allowed users to show NFTs on their profiles. When Musk arrived, she began angling for a bigger role. She introduced herself to him on the first day as he mingled with employees at headquarters and soon was pitching him on various ways Twitter could be improved.
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-It worked: Crawford was tasked with relaunching Twitter’s subscription product, [Twitter Blue](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/06/twitter-blue-you-can-now-pay-for-your-addiction.html). The feature would allow users to pay [$8 to get verified](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/11/why-elon-musk-wants-to-make-twitter-users-pay.html) and, Musk hoped, wean the company off its dependency on advertisers. The two people who once led the subscription effort were ousted, making Crawford one of the company’s most prominent product leaders. In early November, she posted a picture of herself in an eye mask and sleeping bag at the office: “When your team is pushing round the clock to make deadlines sometimes you `#SleepWhereYouWork`,” she said.
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-Even the mass layoffs didn’t deter her. “I feel heartbroken that this process has required many good people to leave Twitter, but the business was not profitable and drastic cuts were going to be required to survive, no matter who owned the company,” she wrote on Slack, further alienating herself from colleagues. (Crawford declined to comment.)
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-Musk had made it clear he wanted to do away with Twitter’s old verification method, which he called a “lords & peasants system.” To be verified — a symbol that an account had been vetted as authentic — a user had to be approved by someone at Twitter. Blue check marks mostly went to brands, celebrities, and journalists, reinforcing Musk’s belief that the platform was tilted in favor of media elites.
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-To correct this imbalance, Musk wanted to implement a crude pay-to-play scheme. After originally proposing to charge $20 a month for verification, he was talked down to $8 after [Stephen King tweeted](https://twitter.com/stephenking/status/1587042605627490304) at his 7 million followers, “$20 a month to keep my blue check? Fuck that, they should pay me. If that gets instituted, I’m gone like Enron.”
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-Twitter’s trust and safety team compiled a seven-page document outlining the dangers associated with paid verification. What would stop people from impersonating politicians or brands? They ranked the risk a “P0,” the highest possible. But Musk and his team refused to take any recommendations that would delay the launch.
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-[Twitter Blue’s paid verification system](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/11/why-elon-musk-wants-to-make-twitter-users-pay.html) was unveiled on November 5. Almost immediately, fake verified accounts flooded the platform. An image of Mario giving the middle finger from what looked like the official Nintendo account stayed up for more than a day. An account masquerading as the drug manufacturer Eli Lilly tweeted that insulin would now be free; company executives begged Twitter to take down the tweet. The marketing team tried to do damage control. “You build trust by being transparent, predictable, and thoughtful,” one former employee says. “We were none of those with this launch.”
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-Days after the subscription service debuted, Twitter canned it. Yoel Roth, the head of the team whose warnings had been ignored, resigned. In an all-hands meeting, Musk vowed not to relaunch Twitter Blue until the company had gotten a handle on impersonators. (Shortly after he did, in mid-December, ostensibly with defenses in place, a columnist for the Washington *Post* managed to get a fake account for a U.S. senator verified.)
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-Musk’s blundering left a deep scar. Twitter Blue was meant to begin shifting Twitter’s sales away from ads toward subscriptions. But while chasing a relatively paltry new cash stream, Musk torched the company’s ad business — the source of the vast majority of its billions in revenue. The Blue disaster accelerated a rush of advertisers abandoning the platform, including Eli Lilly, and by December, what was left of Twitter’s sales team began offering hundreds of thousands of dollars in free ad spend to lure back marketers. (It did not work.)
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-In a series of tweets, Musk blamed the company’s “massive drop in revenue” on “activist groups pressuring advertisers.” To Musk, it was anyone’s fault but his own.
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-**The layoffs had left** teams in charge of Twitter’s most critical infrastructure and user experience with a skeletal staff. Many managers hadn’t been consulted about which of their employees would be fired; after the rapture, they used Google Docs to create lists of workers who still seemed to be active. Then they started angling to rehire some people who had been cut.
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-A debate broke out in the company’s Slack channels. Luke Simon didn’t like the idea of bringing engineers back. Then he did an about-face, angling to bring four recently fired workers onto his team, but not without reservations he aired on Slack. “This is going to be the challenge,” he wrote. “The engineers I am bringing back are weak, lazy, unmotivated, and they may even be against an Elon Twitter. They were cut for a reason.” Ella Irwin, a vice-president, said she had discussed the issue with Musk and reported that he was a “hard no” on rehiring.
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-The weekend after the layoffs, Musk reversed himself. Twitter’s remaining employees were told they could ask anyone who was fired to come back — with approval from leadership. The directive was given on Saturday, and managers were given till Sunday afternoon to share their lists of whom they wanted to un–lay off.
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-Irwin herself had been fired, but Musk brought her back after Roth resigned. When she’d talked to Musk about taking the job, she brought up her concerns that Twitter executives had historically displayed a relentless focus on juicing the numbers that mattered to Wall Street, often at the expense of making Twitter safer. Musk reassured her that trust and safety would be top priorities and later told her team he didn’t “care about the impact on revenue.” “He’s like, ‘I want you to make the platform safe,’” she said. “‘If there’s ten other things that come before trust and safety, you’re really not going to be effective as a team.’” Irwin believed him. “In my conversation with Elon, what became very clear was he actually really, really, really cares about this, more so than other executives have.”
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-That commitment was immediately tested by being pitted against his other goal of “freeing” speech on Twitter. In the weeks after Musk took over, hate speech spiked across the platform. Slurs against gay men rose 58 percent, antisemitic language was up by 61 percent, and anti-Black slurs more than tripled, according to some estimates. Twitter claimed the rise in hate speech was temporary, but the basic situation was clear: Trolls were testing the boundaries of Musk’s commitment to open discourse.
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-Musk said repeatedly that Twitter’s content-moderation approach should “hew close to the law,” yet speech laws are different in every country. In the U.S., many forms of hate speech and harassment are legal. But Germany has well-known laws against Nazism and Holocaust denial, and the government of India has wide latitude to request the takedown of speech they don’t like. Musk promised he would leave major decisions, such as whether to reinstate Trump’s account, to a council of experts. Then, on November 19, he reneged and made the decision via public Twitter poll.
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-“The speed at which he moves and expects people to move can be dizzying, for sure,” Irwin says. She still supports Musk. “It’s probably the fastest-moving organization right now that I’ve ever seen in my life.”
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-A former employee saw the Trump decision differently: “It shattered the naïve illusion that moderation would be anything more than dancing to the whims of one man’s inflated ego.”
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-**On November 10,** with just 20 minutes notice, Musk gathered his remaining employees to address them directly for the first time. He spoke frankly about the state of the business and suggested even more layoffs were to come. He also revoked a policy that had promised the entire staff the freedom to work remotely, forever, if they wished. “Basically, if you can show up in an office and you do not show up at the office, resignation accepted. End of story,” he said.
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-Slack and Signal erupted. A lawyer pointed out that this would be a fundamental change to their employment contracts, and employees did not have “an obligation to return to office.” One person said, “That’s so low.” And later, “Ok I’m quitting tomorrow 😂.”
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-Alicia decided she too had had enough. She enjoyed working from the office but felt that forcing employees to do so, and on such short notice, was immoral. She told colleagues, first publicly in Slack, then on Twitter, not to resign. “Let him fire you,” she said. Why give Musk what he wanted? Five days later, she was fired. In her termination email, the HR department said her behavior had violated company policy. The next day, she went to the office to retrieve her belongings, sneaking in through the service elevator. She was surprised to feel more relieved than upset. She was free.
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-Twitter might have had a reputation as a left-leaning workforce, but there had always been a faction that disapproved of its progressive ideals. On Slack, some of these workers had formed a channel called `#i-dissent`, where they asked questions like why deadnaming a trans colleague was considered “bad.” When Musk announced he was buying the company, one of the more active i-dissenters was thrilled. “Elon’s my new boss and I’m stoked!” he wrote on Linked-In. “I decided to send him a slack message. I figured you miss 100% of the shots you don’t make 😅 🚀 🌕.”
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-This employee was cut during the first round of layoffs. Soon, all the prominent members of the `#i-dissent` Slack channel would be gone. The channel itself was archived, while bigger social channels like `#social-watercooler` were abandoned.
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-On November 16, Musk emailed his remaining 2,900 employees an ultimatum. He was building Twitter 2.0, he said, and workers would need to be “extremely hardcore,” logging “long hours at high intensity.” The old way of doing business was out. Now, “only exceptional performance will constitute a passing grade.” He asked employees to sign a pledge through Google Forms committing to the new standard by the end of the next workday.
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-But who wanted that? Employees were still waiting to be given a coherent vision for what Twitter 2.0 could be. They lacked basic information about the new company, like how they would be compensated now that Twitter was no longer a public company with easily sellable stock. Employees knew what Musk didn’t want — content moderation, free gourmet lunches, people working from home — but had few clues as to what he did want. Besides, was being fired for not checking a box on a Google Form even legal?
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-Word quickly spread that a significant number of employees were going to say no to being “extremely hardcore.” After weeks of trying to get rid of as many employees as possible, Musk and his advisers were suddenly in the awkward position of needing to convince a subset of them to stay. They met with small groups of senior engineers to hear their concerns. But to many, Musk’s handling of the initial layoffs, coupled with the lack of details about what staying for Twitter 2.0 would entail, had soured them for good. As one once-loyal engineer put it, “Fuck Elon Musk.”
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-Hundreds of employees decided not to sign the pledge, effectively resigning. In Slack, they again posted the salute emoji, the unofficial symbol of Twitter 1.0: 🫡.
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-**Four days later,** Musk took the stage at Twitter headquarters. He was dressed in black jeans and black boots with a black T-shirt that read I LOVE TWITTER in barely legible black writing. Flanked by two bodyguards, he tried to articulate his vision for the company. “This is not a right-wing takeover of Twitter,” he told employees. “It is a moderate-wing takeover of Twitter.”
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-As employees peppered him with questions, the billionaire free-associated, answering their concerns with smug dismissals and grandiose promises. What about his plan to turn Twitter from a mere social network into a super-app? “You’re not getting it, you’re not understanding,” he said, sounding frustrated. “I just used WeChat as an example. We can’t freakin’ clone WeChat; that would be absurd.” What about rival social platforms? “I don’t think about competitors … I don’t care what Facebook, YouTube, or what anyone else is doing. Couldn’t give a damn. We just need to make Twitter as goddamn amazing as possible.” What about rebuilding Twitter’s leadership team that he’d decimated in his first week? “Initially, there will be a lot of changes, and then over time you’ll see far fewer changes.”
-
-Twitter employees were used to grilling their bosses about every detail of how the company ran, an openness that was common at major tech companies around Silicon Valley. Even employees who still believed in Musk’s vision of Twitter hoped for a similar dialogue with their leader. Some expected it, now that the slackers were gone. But over the course of half an hour, Musk made it clear that the two-way street between the CEO and staffers was now closed.
-
-**By December,** more than half the staff was gone, along with all of Twitter’s major perks, including reimbursements for wellness, classes, and day care. Remaining employees were warned not to take long Christmas vacations. Just when morale seemed to be bottoming out, Musk began doxxing their colleagues.
-
-Only a small inner circle knew Musk had invited the journalist [Matt Taibbi](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/10/what-happened-to-matt-taibbi.html) to comb through internal documents and publish what he called “[the Twitter Files](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/twitter-files-explained-elon-musk-taibbi-weiss-hunter-biden-laptop.html).” The intention seemed to be to give credence to the notion that Twitter is in bed with the deep state, beholden to the clandestine conspiracies of Democrats. “Twitter is both a social media company and a crime scene,” Musk tweeted.
-
-In an impossible-to-follow tweet thread that unfolded over several hours, Taibbi published the names and emails of rank-and-file ex-employees involved in communications with government officials, insinuating that Twitter had suppressed the New York *Post* story about [Hunter Biden’s laptop](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/hunter-biden-laptop-investigation.html). After it was pointed out that Taibbi had published the personal email of Jack Dorsey, that tweet was deleted, but not the tweets naming low-level employees or the personal email of a sitting congressman.
-
-“What a shitty thing to do,” one worker wrote in a large Slack channel of former employees. “The names of rank and file members being revealed is fucked,” wrote another. Employees rushed to warn a Twitter operations analyst whom Taibbi had doxxed to privatize her social-media accounts, knowing she was about to face a deluge of abuse.
-
-Soon after, Musk granted access to others, including [Bari Weiss](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/twitter-files-explained-elon-musk-taibbi-weiss-hunter-biden-laptop.html) and [Michael Shellenberger](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/twitter-files-explained-elon-musk-taibbi-weiss-hunter-biden-laptop.html), two influential writers who had gained the approval of his social circle, including David Sacks. They published Twitter threads on the company’s handling of COVD misinformation and shadow-banning. While the framing was intended to stoke outrage, the internal correspondence that was published was more banal. It mostly showed employees having nuanced discussions about complicated, thorny moderation topics and often resisting requests by government agencies to take action. What Musk saw as damning forms of censorship were actually thoughtful conversations about user safety.
-
-Musk followed this with a personal attack on [Yoel Roth](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/elon-musk-smears-former-twitter-executive-yoel-roth.html), Twitter’s former head of trust and safety. After Musk suggested that Roth was sympathetic to pedophilia — a dog whistle harking back to QAnon and Pizzagate — Roth fled his home and went into hiding.
-
-At the same time as he was putting Roth at risk, Musk bent the company’s free-speech policies to protect himself. After one of his children was allegedly stalked by a fan in South Pasadena, Musk blamed a Twitter account that tracked public data about the whereabouts of his private jet — his “assassination coordinates,” Musk said. He then had Irwin suspend the @ElonJet account, the account of its owner, and dozens of others that tracked celebrities’ planes. Several journalists from CNN, the New York *Times*, and elsewhere were suspended for tweeting the news. After she was publicly connected with the @ElonJet ban, a former employee says Irwin began insisting that instructions to restore accounts only be delivered verbally, so that the moves would not be linked back to her in Twitter’s systems. (Irwin denies this.)
-
-Even Musk’s new ally Weiss denounced the crackdown: “The old regime at Twitter governed by its own whims and biases and it sure looks like the new regime has the same problem. I oppose it in both cases.” Musk responded by unfollowing her.
-
-**Twitter continues to** hemorrhage money, so much so that Musk has stopped paying its bills. The landlords of one of its spaces in San Francisco are suing, seeking damages and threatening eviction proceedings. Twitter plans to auction off office furniture in January.
-
-On Christmas Eve, Twitter abruptly shut down a data center in Sacramento, one of the company’s three serving regions; it also announced it would significantly downsize a data center in Atlanta. Within hours, Twitter had to redirect a large amount of traffic to its remaining data centers, threatening the stability of the platform. Engineers struggled to keep the service running. Outages would happen sporadically, the worst one in January, when the site was down for over 12 hours for users in Australia and New Zealand. But it was nothing near the catastrophe Musk’s critics had predicted. Mostly, Twitter kept humming along.
-
-Meanwhile, more staff deemed non-essential were let go. In London, receptionists were fired just before the holiday. In San Francisco, the janitorial staff was laid off without severance. At one point, the San Francisco office got so low on office supplies that employees began bringing their own toilet paper.
-
-Late in December, Twitter employees noticed a prominent face was gone from Slack: Luke Simon had left the company. No one knew why. Some joked darkly that kissing Musk’s ring wasn’t enough to keep anyone safe anymore. Simon’s Twitter account no longer exists. (He did not respond to a request for comment.)
-
-The repercussions for Musk’s handling of Twitter are now coming. According to his public-merger agreement and internal Twitter documents, Musk agreed to at least match the company’s existing severance package, which offered two months of pay as well as other valuable benefits. Instead, he laid off employees with the minimum notice required by federal and state law and refused to pay out certain awards. Now more than 500 employees, with Shevat among the highest ranking, are pursuing legal action against Musk for what they are owed, in addition to his alleged discrimination against minority groups in his handling of the layoffs.
-
-“I think leadership doesn’t end after you get fired,” says Shevat, adding that he was already paid out for the acquisition of his start-up and isn’t doing this for the money. “I still feel responsible for my team and for my PMs and for my engineers. So I think that this is my way of showing them what is the right thing to do.”
-
-Originally, laid-off employees were given a 60-day notice. Now that it is up, they are receiving severance agreements asking them to sign away their right to sue Twitter or say anything negative about the company or Musk for life. In exchange, they get one month of pay before they need to find another job during what is the most difficult hiring market in tech in years.
-
-It’s an open secret that many employees who remain at Musk’s “hardcore” Twitter are actively looking for other jobs. Even the most publicly cheerful Twitter workers can’t fully mask the despair. On December 29, one tweeted a selfie, smiling in front of an empty office, with the hashtags `#solowork`, `#productivity`, and `#findingperspective`.
-
-Musk himself is starting to appear defeated. Tesla shares started 2022 trading at nearly $400. By September, [Tesla’s stock price](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/teslas-terrible-year-has-gotten-even-worse.html) had dropped by 25 percent. [It plummeted again after Musk bought Twitter](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/why-elon-musks-twitter-affair-could-cots-him-tesla.html) and ended the year at $123. Investors are begging Musk to step away; Tesla employees are too. As one person on Musk’s transition team put it, “What the fuck does this have to do with cars?”
-
-Musk claims he always intended to be [Twitter’s CEO](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/if-elon-musk-quits-who-could-be-the-next-ceo-of-twitter.html) only temporarily. With the damage he has done in three months — to the company and to his own wealth — those watching the nosedive, whether with horror or Schadenfreude, can’t help but wonder how much longer he can wait. His failures at Twitter have already damaged his reputation as a genius. How smart could he really be, the guy who purchased a company for far more than it was worth, then drove what remained of it into the earth?
-
-While both companies flail, Musk remains glued to his feed. It was an outcome Alicia predicted back in April when Musk first floated the idea of buying the company. “He’s too interested in seeking attention,” she said. “Twitter is a very, a very dangerous drug for anybody who has that personality.”
-
-As the year came to a close, Musk’s public statements about Twitter veered from pride in the site’s usage metrics (all-time highs, he regularly assured followers) to what might have been more sober self-assessments of his predicament. “Don’t be the clown on the clown car!” he tweeted on December 27. “Too late haha.”
-
-If he seemed certain of anything, it was the steadily improving technical architecture of Twitter itself. The staff might be vastly diminished, but what it lacked in size it more than made up for in growing technical competence. Bit by bit, Musk said, Twitter’s notoriously fragile infrastructure was improving.
-
-In some ways, Musk was vindicated. Twitter was less stable now, but the platform survived and mostly functioned even with the majority of employees gone. He had promised to rightsize a bloated company, and now it operated on minimal head count.
-
-But Musk appears unaware of what he’s actually broken: the company culture that built Twitter into one of the world’s most influential social networks, the policies that attempted to keep that platform safe, and the trust of users who populate it every day with their conversations, breaking news, and weird jokes — Twitter’s true value and contributions to the world.
-
-“Fractal of Rube Goldberg machines … is what it feels like understanding how Twitter works,” Musk wrote in a short thread on Christmas Eve. “And yet work it does … Even after I disconnected one of the more sensitive server racks.”
-
-Four days later, Twitter crashed. More than 10,000 users, many of them international, submitted reports of problems accessing the site. Some got an error message reading, “Something went wrong, but don’t fret — it’s not your fault.”
-
-“Can anyone see this or is Twitter broken,” one user tweeted into the apparent void.
-
-But in that moment, Musk found that whatever might be happening in the world at large — to his site, his other companies, his reputation and legacy — that tweet, at least, appeared on his screen as intended.
-
-“Works for me,” he replied.
-
--   [Ian Bremmer on How Putin, Xi, and Elon Musk Are Alike](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/01/on-with-kara-swisher-ian-bremmer-on-autocrats-elon-musk.html)
--   [Tesla’s Terrible Year Has Gotten Even Worse](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/teslas-terrible-year-has-gotten-even-worse.html)
--   [Piers Morgan on Free Speech, Elon Musk, and the Meaning of Meat](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/on-with-kara-swisher-piers-morgan-on-speech-musk-and-meat.html)
-
-[See All](https://nymag.com/tags/twitter)
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-Inside Elon’s ‘Extremely Hardcore’ Twitter
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-```button
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-&emsp;
-
-# Inside Foxconn’s struggle to make iPhones in India
-
-When Chinese engineer Li Hai left the wintry cold of northern China and flew into the humid heat of Tamil Nadu in southern India, he had little idea what to expect.
-
-It was early 2023. Months before the trip, a manager at the Foxconn iPhone factory where he worked had asked for volunteers to go on a temporary assignment to India. Li didn’t think long. He’d never traveled much, but was eager to. “I just wanted to go out and take a look,” Li told *Rest of World,* using a pseudonym because he was not authorized to speak to the media.
-
-Li is soft-spoken, sincere, and unassuming. He grew up in a rural part of China known for its steel mill industry, and had never strayed far. But what he lacked in his knowledge of the wider world, he made up for with curiosity.
-
-Foxconn organized a brief training session on cultural sensitivity before his trip. There, Li was taught not to mention religion or politics, and to say “please” when speaking with his new Indian colleagues. “People from China might talk in a blunt way,” he said. “But when we talk with Indians, we should be more polite.”
-
-Li worried most about food. On the eve of his departure, he packed his suitcase with diarrhea medication, packets of soup base to make his own Chinese hot pot, and — because he’d heard people in India ate with their hands — chopsticks.
-
-Nervous but excited, Li carried his first passport on his first flight for his first trip abroad. The flight was a series of surprises: Turbulence, the diverse crowds in the Singapore airport where he had a layover, the cabin crew who addressed him in English.
-
-His final destination was Sunguvarchatram, an industrial center on the outskirts of the state capital Chennai. The town sits at the heart of a global shift in electronics manufacturing currently underway.
-
-Like many of its competitors, Apple has relied on China for assembling its products for years. But political and economic factors have forced the company, as well as the broader tech sector, to rethink that approach by seeking partners from across the region.
-
-Foxconn — also known as Hon Hai Precision Industry — has been investing heavily in its iPhone factory in Sunguvarchatram. But with the factory’s higher material costs and a greater percentage of defective phones, the company has struggled to replicate the cutthroat efficiency it is known for, according to people familiar with the matter. As a result, the iPhones produced by Foxconn in Sunguvarchatram have always been less profitable than those made in China, two people close to the company told *Rest of World*. Foxconn did not respond to requests for comment.
-
-Early this year, in an effort to improve production and ready the plant to manufacture Apple’s upcoming flagship iPhone 15, Foxconn dispatched more Chinese workers to Sunguvarchatram. Engineers like Li would get the India plant up to China speed.
-
-> “Manufacturing an entire iPhone 15 within India — that is going to be projected as a big moment not just for Apple, but for India.”
-
-Using language apps, half-remembered classroom English, and gestures, Li and hundreds of his Chinese colleagues were tasked with translating the Foxconn formula for an Indian workforce largely unfamiliar with the intensity and intricacies of 21st-century electronics manufacturing.
-
-It would be a serious challenge. In late August, *Rest of World* visited Sunguvarchatram, where Foxconn and other Apple suppliers were working at full throttle ahead of the iPhone 15 launch. We spoke with more than two dozen assembly line workers, technicians, engineers, and managers, all of whom requested anonymity or pseudonyms to avoid being identified by their employers.
-
-They detailed the successes, struggles, and cultural clashes that, over the past year or so, have played out on one of the world’s most consequential factory floors. In China, Foxconn demands long days, high targets, and minimal delays and mistakes — all of which proved difficult, if not impossible, to replicate in India. The stress clearly took a toll on the company’s local workforce.
-
-The ultimate goal — a successful production run of the iPhone 15 — would be a high-profile marker of India’s budding manufacturing prowess.
-
-“The government’s message is that India has arrived on the scene, and is moving towards becoming a manufacturing powerhouse,” Anand P. Krishnan, a fellow with the Centre of Excellence for Himalayan Studies at Shiv Nadar University, who studies manufacturing labor in China and India, told *Rest of World*. “Manufacturing an entire iPhone 15 within India — that is going to be projected as a big moment not just for Apple, but \[also\] for India.”
-
-![A photo showing a set of road entrance billboards in English and Hindi with buses, cars, and trucks on the roads below it.](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Foxconn_070-40x27.jpg)
-
----
-
-**Every eight hours**, the streets of Sunguvarchatram come alive with buses emblazoned with the names of multinational tech giants — Samsung, Yamaha, or FHH, for Foxconn Hon Hai. Tired workers are ferried between factories and their apartments or dormitories — known as hostels in India. Others hop onto motorcycles or climb into three-wheeled auto rickshaws.
-
-Sunguvarchatram is part of a budding industrial corridor between Chennai and Bengaluru, southern India’s biggest cities. Foreign carmakers opened factories here first. Starting in the 2000s, Taiwanese tech manufacturers set up operations. Among them were Foxconn and its competitor Wistron, which was the first company to make iPhones in India in 2017 — the lower-end iPhone SE.
-
-The area is still in transition from an agricultural town to a global manufacturing hub. Fallow fields are interspersed with high-tech factory campuses and brand-new hostels built to accommodate thousands of assembly line workers.
-
-Sunguvarchatram’s evolution is a dream come true for Prime Minister Narendra Modi. In 2014, at a Delhi landmark during his first Independence Day address, he unveiled what would become his signature “Make in India” initiative. “​I want to appeal to people all over the world, from the ramparts of the Red Fort, ‘Come, make in India,’ ‘Come, manufacture in India,’” [Modi said](https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/full-text-prime-minister-narendra-modis-speech-on-68th-independence-day/).
-
-During most of the second half of the 20th century, India was home to a thriving industry of national [electronics manufacturers](https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Ashok-Parthasarathi-How-reforms-killed-Indian-manufacturing/article62116287.ece). But in 1991, import taxes were lowered, and foreign competitors flooded and dominated the market. Indian brands folded, and the country’s tech manufacturing sector collapsed. It is one of the reasons why India has had a persistent [problem with anemic job creation](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/13/business/economy/india-economy-jobs.html) for its young and quickly growing population over the past three decades.
-
-Annual foreign investment [has doubled](https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1861929) since the announcement of Make in India, according to the government, but critics say the initiative is a work in progress at best. The manufacturing sector slightly outpaced India’s economy overall between 2003 and 2018, but — despite Make in India — [has since fallen behind](https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/indias-manufacturing-sector-faces-worsening-decline-implications-for-growth-employment-and-income-11686851477882.html). Its output grew by just 1.3% over the past year. Tech manufacturing, however, has once again become a bright spot. Companies like Foxconn, Samsung, and the Chinese-owned Salcomp have all announced new or expanded facilities since last year.
-
-A primary driver of investment in India is the continuing U.S.-China trade war. Chinese workers are also no longer the cheapest option for some manufacturing: The country’s [workforce is shrinking](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-02/china-loses-more-than-40-million-workers-as-population-ages), [better educated than ever](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2022-07-25/bloomberg-big-take-china-s-growing-youth-jobs-crisis-risks-economic-setback?sref=QYWxDQ1o), and [not that interested in factory jobs](https://www.wsj.com/articles/asia-factories-consumer-goods-labor-prices-7140ab98?mod=article_inline) anymore.
-
-![A photo showing political posters on a wall.](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Foxconn_042-40x27.jpg)
-
-Late last year, [a series of crises at the world’s biggest iPhone factory](https://restofworld.org/2023/foxconn-iphone-factory-china/) — a Foxconn facility in Zhengzhou, central China — underscored Apple’s need to diversify its manufacturing partners. [According to one estimate](https://restofworld.org/2023/foxconn-iphone-factory-china/), the factory’s delays cost Apple $1 billion a week.
-
-Apple has since sped up plans to expand in India. Foxconn is in the middle of [doubling its workforce in the country](https://www.reuters.com/technology/foxconn-aims-double-jobs-investment-india-over-next-12-months-2023-09-17/). Company chairman Young Liu has [met with Modi three times](https://restofworld.org/2023/foxconn-year-in-india/) over the past 18 months to discuss expansion plans. Many other companies in the iPhone supply chain are also scouting locations for factories, Jules Shih, director of the Chennai branch of Taipei World Trade Center, a Taiwanese government-funded trade promotion group, told *Rest of World*.
-
-Some of China’s manufacturing strengths will be hard for India to match. China’s one-party system goes to great lengths on Foxconn’s behalf, [investing billions of dollars](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/29/technology/apple-iphone-china-foxconn.html) to help set up factories, subsidize energy and shipping, and recruit and bus in workers during labor shortages. Independent unions are banned in China.
-
-In India, Apple’s suppliers [have to contend](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/govt-expedites-land-allotment-for-foxconn-plant-says-deal-is-safe/articleshow/101769820.cms) with local policymakers, landowners, and labor groups. The country lacks China’s vast network of material and equipment makers, who compete for Apple orders by cutting their own margins. “Apple has been spoiled in China,” a senior manager at an Apple supplier, who was recently deployed from China to India, told *Rest of World*. “Here, except labor, everything else is expensive.”
-
-![A photo showing a street scene in India with a man riding a motorbike, a golden idol draped in flowers with his hand raised, a bus, and buildings with telephone lines running between them.](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Foxconn_039-40x27.jpg)
-
----
-
-**Foxconn [began manufacturing](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-india-idUSKBN1X01SM/)** iPhones at Sunguvarchatram in 2019, starting with the iPhone XR. At that point, the model was more than a year old. When Li arrived at Foxconn Sunguvarchatram in early 2023, the factory was making iPhone 14s, for which production in India had begun [two months after its launch](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-23/apple-s-new-iphone-14-to-show-india-closing-tech-gap-with-china). This year, the goal was to have a shipment of made-in-India iPhone 15s ready to go as soon as the model was announced.
-
-The iPhone plant is part of a sprawling 60-hectare campus where Foxconn also makes phones for other brands. About 35,000 employees go to work inside half a dozen white, three-story factory buildings. Li may as well have been walking back into the Chinese plant he was familiar with at home: the same advanced equipment, the same rows of tables with workers repeating tasks thousands of times a day, the same final product. But there was one obvious difference. Unlike in China, the assembly line was staffed almost exclusively by young women.
-
-When electronics manufacturing took off in China in the 1980s, rural women who had just begun moving to the cities made up the majority of the factory workforce. They didn’t have many other options. Managers at companies like Foxconn preferred to hire women because they believed them to be more obedient, Jenny Chan, a sociologist at Hong Kong Polytechnic University who studies labor issues at Foxconn, told *Rest of World*.
-
-Over the past 30 years, that’s changed. Today, most of China’s iPhone workers are men; women have moved into less arduous service sector jobs. But in India, Foxconn and other electronics manufacturers are once again recruiting from a female workforce beginning to migrate for better jobs.
-
-> "\[If\] they go out and not return by a specific time, their parents would be informed."
-
-Hiring a young, female workforce in India comes with its own requirements — which include reassuring doting parents about the safety of their daughters. The company offers workers free food, lodging, and buses to ensure a safe commute at all hours of the day. On days off, women who live in Foxconn hostels have a 6 p.m. curfew; permission is required to spend the night elsewhere. “\[If\] they go out and not return by a specific time, their parents would be informed,” a former Foxconn HR manager told *Rest of World*. “\[That’s how\] they offer trust to their parents.”
-
-![A photo showing two buses, filled with people, driving on a dirt road.](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Foxconn_029-40x27.jpg)
-
-Foxconn also had to find a workaround for employing married women. The company typically requires workers to pass through metal detectors when entering and exiting its factories in order to [prevent leaks about upcoming products](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-asia-secrecy/for-apple-suppliers-loose-lips-can-sink-contracts-idUSTRE61G3XA20100217), according to reports. But in India, married women wear a *mangalsutra*, a metal pendant; and a *metti*, a metal toe ring. These workers are searched manually and have their jewelry logged in a notebook.
-
-Padmini grew up as one of five siblings in the countryside near the ancient city of Tirunelveli — a nine-hour drive south of Chennai. The 26-year-old has a nursing degree, but felt “trapped” being on call 24/7 as a stay-at-home nurse.
-
-Padmini got an assembly line job at Foxconn in 2021. Initially, she felt overwhelmed — the protective clothing, the machinery, the ominous “please cooperate with us” slogan on the wall. Having lived her whole life in inescapable tropical heat, she struggled to adjust to what felt to her like freezing cold air-conditioning. “I didn’t even know what a tweezer was,” she told *Rest of World*. “I didn’t know the name. I didn’t know how to hold it.” 
-
-Padmini now shares a modest one-bedroom apartment in Sunguvarchatram with eight other women — five sleep in the hall, and four in the bedroom. They each pay 1,250 rupees ($15) in rent. “It is a little difficult,” Padmini said. She rarely sees her roommates, who all rotate through different shifts once a week — 6 a.m. to 2 p.m., 2 p.m. to 10 p.m., or 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. — and only have Sundays off.
-
-Every workday, Padmini rides a Foxconn shuttle bus to the factory, passes a metal detector, puts on an anti-static gown over her kurta, and sits down at the assembly line, where, every hour, she’ll stitch together at least 495 volume control parts.
-
-![A photo showing a street scene of a parked car, a billboard advertising a](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Foxconn_021-40x27.jpg)
-
----
-
-**When they first** got to India, Li and his peers struggled to communicate with their new coworkers. They’d learned English in high school and university but had barely used it since. Locals had trouble understanding how they pronounced even simple phrases, like “thank you.” Li studied vocabulary books during his commutes and meal breaks. He also carried a notebook and a pen, so that whenever Indian coworkers used words he didn’t recognize, he could ask them to write down what they said.
-
-Language barriers became most apparent when dealing with equipment, which is often sourced from China. “All machines have Mandarin. Standard operating procedures, work instructions, commands — everything comes only in \[Chinese\]. Even the software is like that,” an Indian senior manager said. “Even the ‘emergency button’ will be written in Mandarin.”
-
-Chinese engineers told *Rest of World* they train Indian colleagues on operating and repairing machines with the help of translation apps, or with more primitive methods. “Body language is universal,” one Chinese engineer said.
-
-> “Even the ‘emergency button’ will be written in Mandarin.”
-
-A Chennai-based translator who speaks fluent Mandarin and has worked for many Chinese and Taiwanese companies operating in the area, including Foxconn, told *Rest of World* they often find themself in the middle of tense situations and frayed patience.
-
-They recounted how a Chinese Foxconn worker became frustrated with a junior Indian technician who repeatedly failed to solve a technical glitch. The Chinese worker fixed it himself and walked away. “He did not teach me,” the translator recalled the Indian worker saying timidly. “How many times should I teach?” the Chinese worker replied.
-
-Indian workers initially couldn’t grasp why their Chinese colleagues would get so upset by things like a 30-minute machine breakdown, the translator said. Over time, though, the Indian middle managers have gradually become more sensitive to delays.
-
-Once, when a malfunctioning piece of equipment halted part of Foxconn’s iPhone assembly line, the resulting panic left a deep impression on the translator. As a technician rushed to fix the issue, an Indian manager hulking over him kept demanding in Tamil, “Is it over? Is it over?” The technician’s hands trembled under the pressure, the translator recalled.
-
-![A photo showing two cows grazing in a open field near a construction project.](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Foxconn_033-40x27.jpg)
-
----
-
-**This year, for** the first time ever, Apple wanted to build its new iPhone model in China and India concurrently. Trial production — a particularly challenging part of the iPhone manufacturing cycle — began around April. Foxconn flew in yet more Chinese employees to introduce new machinery to Sunguvarchatram workers and deal with any hiccups.
-
-The same month, the Tamil Nadu government sent a strong signal welcoming Foxconn and other manufacturers: Authorities approved new regulations that would increase workdays from eight to 12 hours. This meant that Foxconn and other electronics factories would be able to reduce the number of shifts needed to keep their production line running from three to two, just like in China.
-
-Shift lengths have been a point of contention this year in India, pitting big international manufacturing firms against local workers and interest groups. In February, following lobbying from Apple, Foxconn, and other companies, the Indian state Karnataka loosened its labor laws to allow for 12-hour work shifts, [according to the *Financial Times*](https://www.ft.com/content/86bf4c20-e95a-4f8e-bd8d-b7bdee3bc3ba). Foxconn plans to build two new factories in the state.
-
-In response, the All India United Trade Union Centre and other activist groups staged a protest, during which participants burned copies of the proposed bill. Although the Karnataka assembly [passed the law](https://restofworld.org/2023/india-labor-laws-apple-manufacturing/), no major company in the state is known to have implemented a 12-hour workday.
-
-> "I’ll die if it’s 12 hours of work."
-
-Tamil Nadu’s subsequent policy change also received strong pushback from opposition parties and workers’ rights groups. Political parties aligned with the government called the bill “anti-labor” and, during the vote, walked out of the legislative assembly. After the bill passed, trade unions in the state announced a series of actions including a demonstration on motorbikes, civil disobedience campaigns, and protests in front of the ruling party’s local headquarters. The government shelved its new rule within four days.
-
-Indian Foxconn workers told *Rest of World* that eight hours under intense pressure is already hard to bear. “I’ll die if it’s 12 hours of work,” said Padmini, the assembly line worker. “I have to be alive to do work.”
-
-For the expatriate workers, the slower pace of the factory floors in India is its own shock to the system. A Taiwanese manager at a different iPhone supplier in the Chennai area told *Rest of World* that India’s 8-hour shifts and industry-standard tea breaks were a drag on production. “You have barely settled in on your seat, and the next break comes,” the manager lamented.
-
-### Timeline: Foxconn in India
-
-### 2006
-
-Foxconn starts operations in India, including at its factory in Sunguvarchatram. Nokia is its main client.
-
-### 2010
-
-The Sunguvarchatram factory closes temporarily after 250 workers are hospitalized. Later in the year, hundreds are arrested after they go on strike.
-
-### 2014
-
-Foxconn announces it will shut its India operations, reportedly due to a lack of orders.
-
-### 2015
-
-The company reverses course. Chairman Terry Gou announces Foxconn is developing new facilities in India.
-
-### 2019
-
-Foxconn begins making iPhones in Sunguvarchatram, starting with the then-year-old iPhone XR.
-
-### 2021
-
-Thousands of Indian Foxconn workers protest after about 250 of their colleagues contract food poisoning.
-
-### 2023
-
-Several Indian states woo Foxconn to set up new factories as the company dials up its India plans.
-
-### September 2023
-
-Sunguvarchatram-produced iPhone 15s are the first made-in-India flagship iPhones available on launch day.
-
-In China, Foxconn relies on lax enforcement of the country’s labor law — which limits workdays to eight hours and caps overtime — as well as lucrative bonuses to get employees to work 11 hours a day during production peaks. Two foreign employees at the Sunguvarchatram plant told *Rest of World* that Foxconn used bonuses and promotional opportunities to encourage engineers and managers in India, too.
-
-But five Chinese and Taiwanese workers said they were surprised to discover that their Indian colleagues refused to work overtime. Some attributed it to a weak sense of responsibility; others to what they perceived as Indian people’s low material desire. “They are easily content,” an engineer deployed from Zhengzhou said. “They can’t handle even a bit more pressure. But if we don’t give them pressure, then we won’t be able to get everything right and move production here in a short time.”
-
-Three current and former Foxconn employees told *Rest of World* that the foreign managers and technicians hurled the same abusive language they used at home at underperforming Indian workers. It happened less often after some of them complained to HR, one employee said. But the foreign staff are still frustrated by local workers’ performance. “They know how to do it, but they are slow,” the employee said. “They even walk slowly.”
-
-A foreign manager complained that Indian workers requested leave too frequently — to care for sick family members, for instance — or for reasons they considered insufficient, such as a “blood moon” lunar eclipse, deemed particularly inauspicious for women. They and another foreign manager said Indian workers were also frequently late to meetings.
-
-At the same time, the expat staff enjoy the Indian work culture of tea breaks, chatting with colleagues, and going home on time. They recognize they are helping the company spread a Chinese work culture that they know can be unhealthy. At Foxconn’s factories in China, people strive to exceed their targets, sacrifice leave days, and stay late to impress the bosses.
-
-The Chinese workplace is too *neijuan*, or “involuted,” several expat employees said. The term, increasingly popular in China, describes [the incessant competition in Chinese society](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/chinas-involuted-generation) and the grinding race to the bottom that comes with it. “Gradually, we’re bringing involution to India,” joked an engineer.
-
-![A photo showing a night scene outside an upscale apartment complex with a man talking on a phone and other people milling about.](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Foxconn_010-40x27.jpg)
-
----
-
-**By May, Li** had overcome much of his language barrier, he said, amazed by his own progress. “Surprisingly, I could understand what they were saying!” He could talk about iPhone minutiae, but also engage in small talk. One woman on the assembly line told Li she was jealous of his “white” skin color. Others were curious why he was single. “House, car, and money,” he replied, explaining the requirements for an eligible bachelor back home. “Chinese girls, very bad,” he remembered a female worker responding. “Here no house, no car, no money. Only love.”
-
-The mostly male Chinese engineers live isolated from local communities. Foxconn has rented them homes in a high-end apartment complex called Hiranandani Parks. Its 27-story towers look incongruous with the surrounding countryside. The shared apartments are sparsely decorated. Some workers have hung their own mosquito nets above their beds — several Chinese workers have caught dengue in India.
-
-In the evenings, the Chinese engineers frequent a handful of East Asian restaurants, go jogging through their compound, or call their children, parents, and partners back home. On Sundays, Foxconn sends a shuttle bus to bring them to one of three shopping malls in Chennai.
-
-Li never adjusted to Indian food. He tried a few local dishes, but quickly gave up. “Every time I walk past the Indian canteen on my way to the office, I can’t stand the smell,” he said. “Their food is all yellow and mushy stuff.” During the weekly trips downtown, Li sticks with KFC and McDonald’s.
-
-![A photo showing a group of men eating and drinking at a restaurant.](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Foxconn_052-40x27.jpg)
-
-Foxconn has a Chinese food canteen where specially trained Indian chefs make dishes such as pork stew or tomato egg stir-fry. Chinese workers have $60 deducted from their weekly expat bonuses in exchange for three meals a day. On Sundays, the engineers cook themselves elaborate banquets using ingredients from a nearby Korean supermarket or use those they stuffed in their suitcases from home.
-
-Despite occasional disputes during shifts, Chinese and Indian coworkers socialize outside of work. Indian employees sometimes visit Hiranandani Parks for festivities like Chinese New Year, or to join the Sunday banquets, Li said. Chinese engineers take advantage of those occasions to video-call their children so they can practice English with their Indian colleagues.
-
-Both groups have picked up phrases from the other’s language. Sometimes an Indian colleague will greet Li with the common Chinese greeting, “Have you eaten yet?” To which Li will reply in Tamil, “I already ate.”
-
--   ![A photo showing people shopping in an isle at a grocery store.](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Foxconn_043-40x27.jpg)
-    
--   ![A photo showing packages of ramen for sale on a shelf at a grocery store.](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Foxconn_012-40x27.jpg)
-    
-
-![A photo showing the exterior of a grocery store with signage in English and Korean, at night.](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Foxconn_048-40x27.jpg)
-
----
-
-**From June onward**, the iPhone 15’s trial production ramped up ahead of the September launch. A sense of urgency spread throughout the factory. Workers who used to leave as soon as their shift ended now stayed at the office until late at night, in part so they could stay in touch with U.S.-based Apple employees.
-
-For Indian workers, it was a rough adjustment. “They might feel uncomfortable at first, but they need to gradually get used to it,” one foreign employee told *Rest of World*. “\[The company is\] slowly establishing the Chinese hardworking mode here.”
-
-On the assembly line, Foxconn’s targets were tough to reach, workers said. Jaishree, 21, joined the iPhone shop floor in 2022 as a recent graduate with a degree in mathematics. (With India’s high level of unemployment, Foxconn’s assembly line has plenty of women with advanced degrees, including MBAs.) Jaishree told *Rest of World* that during her first week, she was scared to use the screw gun to fasten an iPhone’s tiny screws and struggled to match the required pace. “At the start, during my eight-hour shift, I did about 300 \[screws\]. Now, I do 750,” she said. “We have to finish within time, otherwise they will scold us.”
-
-With the intense workload, bathroom visits require strategizing. “I go only during breaks,” said Jaishree. “If we go \[to the bathroom\], the work would build up.” Another worker, Rajalakshmi, said her target is to inspect 526 motherboards every hour. The soft-spoken 23-year-old tries not to step away from her work in between breaks, knowing an unmet target will invoke the ire of her assembly line leader.
-
-Mealtimes are an issue, too. In December 2021, [thousands of Indian Foxconn employees protested](https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/india-thousands-of-women-workers-at-foxconn-iphone-assembly-plant-stage-sit-in-protest-over-food-poisoning-in-company-hostel/) after some 250 colleagues contracted food poisoning. In response, the company changed food contractors, and increased its monthly base salary from 14,000 rupees to 18,000 rupees ($168 to $216) — double the [minimum wage prescribed](https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/go/labemp_e_44_2022_2D.pdf) by the Tamil Nadu labor department for unskilled workers.
-
-Though Foxconn’s Indian canteen currently serves a variety of local staples — flatbreads, lentil stews, spicy soups, and, on Wednesdays, meat-based dishes — assembly workers still complain of poor quality. “Just to satisfy our hunger we eat,” Padmini said. Women who live in Foxconn hostels complain about the food served there all the time, she said. “Sometimes they don’t eat at all.”
-
-Working conditions take a physical toll. Padmini has experienced hair loss because she has to wear a skull cap and work in air-conditioned spaces, she said. “Neck pain is the worst, since we are constantly bending down and working.” She has irregular periods, which she attributes to the air conditioning and the late shifts. “\[Among\] girls with me on the production line, some six girls have this problem,” Padmini said.
-
-Workers said they regularly see colleagues become unwell. “The day before yesterday, a girl fainted and they took her to the hospital,” Padmini told *Rest of World* in September, adding that two more women had fainted that same week. “Mostly it happens during the first shift. Many girls come without eating or wouldn’t have slept properly.” Rajalakshmi said she had witnessed three women faint in September.
-
-Two Chinese engineers confirmed that they had seen ambulances taking away unwell workers, and said this was uncommon in China. They theorized Indian women don’t eat enough. Another engineer suggested the female workers were too thin. “If you give them meat, they won’t eat it because of their religious customs,” he said.
-
-Apple declined to comment on the record. The Tamil Nadu Labour Welfare and Skill Development Department did not respond to requests for comment.
-
-> "They used to hire women up to age 30, now they hire only up to 28."
-
-Although Chinese workers today still deal with frequent overtime and constant pressure, their food, living conditions, and health care have improved, said Chan from Hong Kong Polytechnic University. But sleep-deprived women fainting and missing periods was common during the early years of China’s manufacturing boom as well, according to labor scholar Pun Ngai’s book *Made in China: Women Factory Workers in a Global Workplace.*
-
-Still, the factories’ relatively high pay, combined with an escape from village life and parental control, made the job worth it. The same is now happening in Chennai. Female workers at the factory told *Rest of World* that, as the main breadwinners, they are now able to convince their parents to delay marrying them off. Two iPhone assembly line workers told *Rest of World* they were using their income to build homes back in their villages.
-
-Padmini, now about two years into the job, talked about life at Foxconn with the confidence of a seasoned factory worker. Dressed in a plain red *churidar-kameez* — a long Indian dress — with a scarf around her shoulders and metallic earrings on her Sunday off, she said she was saving up most of her monthly income to repurchase the gold heirlooms her parents had pawned. She had also bought her first smartphone, a cheap Xiaomi model.
-
-Her biggest worry is getting too old for the job and being let go. Padmini and two other workers told *Rest of World* that Foxconn prefers to hire younger women. Padmini, at 26, believes she is close to the age where the company might consider her too old. “They used to hire women up to age 30, now they hire only up to 28,” she said.
-
-![A photo showing people waiting by the side of the road during twilight.](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Foxconn_061-40x27.jpg)
-
----
-
-**On September 12**, Apple unveiled the iPhone 15 at its headquarters in Cupertino, California. The company’s slick announcement video brimmed with buzzwords expounding on the iPhone’s qualities: “aerospace-grade aluminum,” “nano-crystalline particles,” “quad-pixel sensor.”
-
-Half a world away, Foxconn Sunguvarchatram had succeeded in its mission. By late summer, the iPhone 15 assembly line was humming. The percentage of defective phones — an important indicator — had decreased to the levels achieved in China, Foxconn employees told *Rest of World*.
-
-The same day that Apple executives unveiled the iPhone 15, Foxconn workers in Sunguvarchatram gathered to perform a *puja* for the plant’s first shipment of the new model.
-
-The Hindu ritual, common in India’s manufacturing industry, asks for a smooth production process. In front of a truck loaded up with new phones, workers placed framed pictures of Hindu gods decorated with flower garlands. They lit incense and offered bananas in prayer while the curious foreign employees watched. At the end, a worker smashed a coconut and a pumpkin on the ground.
-
-When the made-in-India iPhone 15s hit local stores on launch day, the moment sparked a wave of nationalist pride. “Proud and thrilled to own the MADE IN INDIA IPHONE 15.. `#MakeInIndia`,” [actor Ranganathan Madhavan posted on X](https://twitter.com/ActorMadhavan/status/1704941840875565070).
-
-At the factory, Foxconn threw a party. While assembly line workers remained bent over their workstations to produce more phones, engineers and office staff ate cake and other snacks while executives thanked them for their hard work. “It was like launching a rocket,” Li said. “After all the research and preparation, we finally sent the rocket into the sky.”
-
-Li is staying in India for now, though he’s unsure for how long. Both foreign and local workers said that having the Chinese engineers and managers in India would be necessary in the coming years to keep the factory operating efficiently, and to help it prepare for the iPhone 16 and beyond.
-
-> "If we didn’t come here, someone else would."
-
-“\[China’s\] learnings are from 15 years of factory work, now we need to catch up,” said an Indian middle manager who oversees iPhone assembly lines at Foxconn. The Sunguvarchatram plant still assembled fewer than 10% of all iPhone 15s, according to people familiar with the matter. Foxconn makes the larger Plus and more advanced Pro models exclusively in China. Indian conglomerate Tata is also [assembling a small number of iPhone 15s](https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/for-workers-at-this-iphone-plant-tata-means-a-fresh-start/articleshow/105501609.cms) from a plant it acquired from Taiwanese manufacturer Wistron, the *Economic Times* reported.
-
-Li said Chinese engineers sometimes talked about how they were working to make their own jobs obsolete: One day, Indians might get so good at making iPhones that Apple and other global brands could do without Chinese workers. Three managers said some Chinese employees aren’t willing teachers because they see their Indian colleagues as competition. But Li said that progress was inevitable. “If we didn’t come here, someone else would,” he said. “This is the tide of history. No one will be able to stop it.”
-
-During the first week of October, the national holiday celebrating Mahatma Gandhi’s birthday fell on a Monday and created a rare two-day weekend for Foxconn employees. Li planned to visit the Taj Mahal. He would spend a good deal of the weekend in buses and airplanes, but figured it would be worth it — he wanted to have seen it before his time in India was up.
-
-But a few days before he was due to leave, Li had to cancel. Management had announced that the factory needed to stay open to meet targets. Sunday would be a workday.
-
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-# Inside Rupert Murdoch’s Succession Drama
-
-O**n the afternoon** of July 2, 2022, [Rupert Murdoch](https://www.vanityfair.com/topic/rupert-murdoch)’s black Range Rover pulled up to a 12th-century stone church in Westwell, a storybook Cotswolds village 75 miles west of London. The then 91-year-old Fox Corporation chairman traveled to the Oxfordshire countryside to attend his 21-year-old granddaughter Charlotte Freud’s wedding. Invitations instructed the 70 guests to wear “formal theatrical” attire. Murdoch emerged from his SUV looking like Tom Wolfe in a white suit, red suede shoes, and red tie. Then he nearly collapsed. 
-
-A day earlier, Murdoch was in a bed at Cromwell Hospital in London battling a serious case of COVID-19, two sources close to him said. Over the course of a week, doctors treated Murdoch’s symptoms—labored breathing and fatigue—with supplemental oxygen and antibodies, one of the sources said. His recovery was frustratingly slow. At the wedding, Murdoch needed the help of his oldest son, Lachlan, to keep him on his feet. “Rupert was very weak. Lachlan was holding him up to get from place to place,” a guest recalled. 
-
-COVID was only the most recent medical emergency that sent Murdoch to the hospital. In recent years, Murdoch has suffered a broken back, seizures, two bouts of pneumonia, atrial fibrillation, and a torn Achilles tendon, a source close to the mogul told me. Many of these episodes went unreported in the press, which was just how Murdoch liked it. Murdoch assiduously avoids any discussion of a future in which he isn’t in command of his media empire. “I’m now convinced of my own immortality,” he famously declared after beating prostate cancer in 1999 at the age of 69. He reminds people that his mother, Dame Elisabeth, lived until 103 (“I’m sure he’ll never retire,” she told me when I interviewed her in 2010, a day after her 101st birthday). But unlike the politicians Murdoch has bullied into submission with his tabloids, human biology is immovable. “There’s been a joke in the family for a long time that 40 may be the new 30, but 80 is 80,” a source close to Murdoch said. On March 11, he turned 92. 
-
-Media tycoon Rupert Murdoch, surrounded by (clockwise from top left) his fourth wife, Jerry Hall, ex-fiancée Ann Lesley Smith, and sons James and Lachlan Murdoch. Illustration by Risko.
-
-Although he is a nonagenarian intent on living forever, [Murdoch has been consumed with the question of his succession](https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2008/12/the-secrets-of-his-succession). He long wanted one of his three children from his second wife, Anna—Elisabeth, 54, Lachlan, 51, and James, 50—to take over the company one day. Murdoch believed a Darwinian struggle would produce the most capable heir. “He pitted his kids against each other their entire lives. It’s sad,” a person close to the family said. Elisabeth was by many accounts the sharpest, but she is a woman, and Murdoch subscribed to old-fashioned primogeniture. She quit the family business in 2000 and launched her own phenomenally successful television production company. Lachlan shared Murdoch’s right-wing politics and atavistic love for newsprint and their homeland, Australia. “Lachlan was the golden child,” the person close to the family said. But Murdoch worried that his easygoing son, who seemed happiest rock climbing, did not want the top job badly enough. In 2005, Lachlan, then News Corp’s deputy chief operating officer, quit and moved back to Sydney after clashing with Fox News chief Roger Ailes and chief operating officer Peter Chernin. That left James as the heir apparent. For the next decade, James climbed the ranks, vowing to make the Murdoch empire carbon-neutral and investing in prestige media brands like Hulu and the National Geographic Channel. But James’s liberal politics and desire to make News Corp respected in elite circles rankled Murdoch, who continued to woo Lachlan with Ahab-like determination. In 2015, the older son agreed to return from Australia as his father’s heir. “It was a big slap in the face,” a person close to James said.
-
-Ascending to the throne and holding on to it are different propositions. Lachlan’s future will be decided by his siblings, all of whom sit on the board of the trust that controls the company through a special class of stock. According to sources briefed on the trust’s governance, Murdoch has four votes while Elisabeth, Lachlan, James, and Prudence, Murdoch’s daughter from his first marriage, each have one. Murdoch’s daughters Chloe and Grace from his third marriage, to Wendi Deng, have a financial stake but no voting rights. After Murdoch’s death, his votes will be distributed equally among the four eldest children, the source said. “The question is, when Rupert dies, how are the kids aligned?” said a former News Corp executive.
-
-The central fault line remains the rift between James and Lachlan. According to sources, the brothers no longer speak. James is horrified by Fox News and tells people the network’s embrace of climate denialism, white nationalism, and stolen election conspiracies is a menace to American democracy. But to overthrow Lachlan and get control of Fox, James needs Elisabeth and Prudence to back him—and that is hardly assured. “James is a lone wolf,” the former News Corp executive said. Politically, Elisabeth is liberal, but she has remained close with Rupert and Lachlan; she sat in a box with the pair at the Super Bowl. A person close to Elisabeth says she wants to enjoy the time she has left with her father. “She’s terrified of Rupert dying mad at her,” the source said. Prudence, who has stayed out of the family business, “is a wild card,” the former News Corp executive said. 
-
-[![](https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/643426228524ea96459b692e/1:1/w_200%2Cc_limit/undefined)](https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2008/12/the-secrets-of-his-succession)
-
-While the finale unfolds, Murdoch is trying to prove he has one last act in him. But his erratic performance, which has thrown his personal life and media empire into disarray, has left even those in his orbit wondering if he’s lost the plot. Last June, Murdoch abruptly left his fourth wife, model-actor Jerry Hall. For two brief weeks this spring, he was [engaged to Ann Lesley Smith](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/04/rupert-murdoch-engagement-off), a 66-year-old former dental hygienist turned conservative radio host with QAnon-style politics. (Smith told an interviewer in 2022 that COVID was a “plandemic” hatched by Bill Gates at Davos.) “Rupert has been radicalized by his own echo chamber,” said a person close to him, explaining his initial attraction to Smith. In January, Murdoch scuttled a plan to merge Fox and News Corp—which would have centralized Lachlan’s control over the television and publishing divisions—after major shareholders balked. “It was a harebrained scheme. They got their ass handed to them by investors,” said a person close to the Murdochs. 
-
-Murdoch’s most damaging error, though, has been Fox News’s coverage of President Donald Trump’s 2020 defeat and its aftermath. The crisis has led to an existential threat: the [$1.6 billion defamation lawsuit](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/04/fox-news-dominion-trial) Dominion Voting Systems brought against Fox News. The blockbuster trial is set to begin in April, but even if the parties settle before then, Dominion’s legal filings have already publicized internal communications that revealed those at the highest levels of Fox News didn’t believe Trump’s stolen election conspiracies even as the network was cravenly promoting the lies for ratings. (In one email, Murdoch called Trump’s fraud claims “really crazy stuff.”) I’ve covered Fox News for more than a decade and wrote a [2014 biography of Ailes](https://www.amazon.com/Loudest-Voice-Room-Brilliant-News/dp/0812992857), its longtime chairman and CEO. The Dominion lawsuit is the worst crisis at the network I’ve seen. In their own words, Fox hosts have been exposed as propagandists. “If we lose this suit, it’s fucking bad,” a senior Fox staffer told me. 
-
-There is an irony to Murdoch’s current woes. He monetized outrage and grievance to build a conservative media empire that influenced politics on three continents for the last half century. Now these same forces are threatening to destroy his legacy, his still-vast media empire, and the family that stands to inherit it. 
-
-T**o understand how** Murdoch got to this embattled chapter of his reign, it’s helpful to go back to 2015 and a brief moment when he had everything he wanted. He had recruited his favorite son, Lachlan, back to News Corp after a 10-year absence to be his heir apparent. He had rehired [Rebekah Brooks](https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2012/2/untangling-rebekah-brooks), the former CEO of his British tabloids, whom Murdoch treated like a surrogate daughter, after a London jury acquitted her of four criminal charges related to the phone-hacking scandal that roiled his UK business a few years earlier. An American election was on the horizon, and Fox News was primed to put a Republican in the White House after eight years of Barack Obama. At the age of 84, [newly divorced from Deng](https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2014/3/seduced-and-abandoned), Murdoch fell in love with the supermodel Jerry Hall. 
-
-Murdoch seemed like the last man Hall would go out with. The 1970s fashion icon was a BBC-watching liberal 25 years Murdoch’s junior. She previously dated rock stars Bryan Ferry and Mick Jagger, her longtime partner with whom she has four children. In 2013, Hall was in Melbourne playing Mrs. Robinson in the stage version of *The Graduate* when her friend Penny Fowler, Murdoch’s niece, suggested they meet. Murdoch and Hall spent months emailing and talking on the phone before she agreed to a lunch date in New York. When Hall arrived, her hotel room was filled with flowers and chocolates. “He was an old-fashioned gentleman. We laughed together nonstop,” she told friends. A couple of nights later, Murdoch took her to see *Hamilton.* 
-
-Soon they were a couple. “They seemed to our surprise very happy and a wonderful fit,” recalled Hall’s close friend Tom Cashin, who socialized with the pair. After a few weeks of dating, Murdoch and Hall flew on his private G650 jet to Texas to meet Hall’s Fox News–loving family. Hall left Texas at 16 to model in Europe, but as she watched her relatives line up to receive Murdoch like he was the king of red America, she realized that her family’s approval meant a lot. Six months into the relationship, Murdoch proposed. “Mick was so unfaithful to you, I’d never be unfaithful,” Murdoch told Hall, according to a person briefed on the conversation. They wed at an 18th-century mansion in London in March 2016, seven days before Murdoch’s 85th birthday. “No more tweets for ten days or ever! Feel like the luckiest AND happiest man in world,” he posted after the ceremony.
-
-Murdoch’s luck quickly ran out. He came down with a bad flu on their honeymoon in the South of France, according to a source. Then, in July, former *Fox & Friends* host Gretchen Carlson sued Ailes for sexual harassment. Murdoch desperately wanted to protect a longtime lieutenant and the $1 billion in annual profits he delivered. But after Carlson’s suit spurred dozens of women to come forward with horrific accounts of sexual abuse at Fox News, James and Lachlan, longtime Ailes antagonists, [forced Murdoch to push Ailes out](https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2016/11/roger-over-and-out). James seized an opportunity to steer Fox to the center and recruited then CBS News president David Rhodes as Ailes’s replacement. Rupert and Lachlan blocked the plan, with Rupert taking the Fox News CEO title instead. The message was clear: Ailes was gone, but Fox News wouldn’t change. 
-
-With a background in newspapers, not TV, Murdoch delegated decisions to lower-ranking Fox News executives. But the network was in chaos. For the first time since it launched in 1996, producers had to make programming calls without Ailes’s daily directives. As they grasped for a strategy, they saw one topic boosted ratings more than anything else: Trump. 
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-[![](https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/642c57d7e0b3e092abb56ae6/1:1/w_200%2Cc_limit/undefined)](https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2014/3/seduced-and-abandoned)
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-It’s ironic that Murdoch’s fortunes would become entwined with Trump’s, because Murdoch found Trump appalling. “Rupert knew he was an idiot,” a person close to Murdoch said. Murdoch was a longtime champion of immigration reform and free trade and loathed Trump’s nativism and know-nothingism. During the Republican primary, Murdoch waged a media campaign in the pages of *The Wall Street Journal* and on Fox News to deny Trump the nomination. Once Trump was in the White House, however, Murdoch went all in. Fox News became de facto state TV. It was a continuation of Murdoch’s time-tested strategy of forging alliances with politicians across the ideological spectrum as long as they advanced his interests. (His UK papers had backed both Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair.) 
-
-Trump more than delivered. One source with direct knowledge of their conversations told me Murdoch lobbied Trump to punish Facebook and Google for siphoning his newspapers’ advertising revenue. In 2019, Trump’s Justice Department launched an antitrust investigation of Google. In 2021, Google settled and struck a lucrative content-sharing deal with Murdoch. The source also said Murdoch pushed Trump to open up land for fracking to boost the value of Murdoch’s fossil fuel investments. The Trump administration released nearly 13 million acres of federally controlled land to fracking companies. Murdoch, who sources say has become more pro-life in recent years, encouraged Trump to appoint judges who would overturn *Roe v. Wade.* “Rupert wanted Trump’s Supreme Court justices in so they could make abortion illegal,” a source who spoke to Murdoch said. Murdoch’s alliance with Trump made Murdoch more powerful than ever but carried a personal cost.
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-F**or many American** families during the Trump years, politics became a third rail. And so it was for the Murdochs. Among Murdoch’s adult children, Elisabeth and James tilted `#resistance`, whereas Lachlan was hard-core MAGA. (The eldest Murdoch son was particularly close with Fox News host Tucker Carlson, sources said.) Meanwhile, Murdoch’s new wife despised Trump—and let Murdoch know it. “During dinners we had with Jerry and Rupert, Jerry wouldn’t hold back,” Cashin, Hall’s friend, said. According to a source, Murdoch wanted to buy a house in Florida to be closer to Mar-a-Lago, but Hall refused. Hall told friends she was alarmed by Trump’s lack of qualifications or respect for the office. At a lunch shortly after the 2016 election, Hall asked Trump to reroute the Dakota Access Pipeline away from Native American reservations that were protesting the project. Trump responded by asking if she wanted to serve in his administration as head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. “It was horrible. I couldn’t wait to get away,” she later told friends. 
-
-Discontent among the Murdochs simmered for the first months of Trump’s term. But after the August 2017 neo-Nazi march in Charlottesville, Virginia, tensions boiled over. James and his wife, Kathryn, a former marketing communications professional turned philanthropist, were aghast that Trump’s “very fine people on both sides” comment drew a moral equivalency between tiki-torch-wielding neo-Nazis chanting “Jews will not replace us!” and the counterprotesters standing up to them. James confronted Rupert and Lachlan about Fox News’s full-throated defense of Trump’s remarks. They rebuffed him. “They were both in denial. They didn’t want to see it for what it was,” a source briefed on the conversations said. Stymied, James took his criticism public. Days after the march, he donated $1 million to the Anti-Defamation League and sent an email to friends, which promptly leaked to the press, that denounced Trump’s refusal to condemn white supremacy. “I can’t even believe I have to write this: standing up to Nazis is essential; there are no good Nazis. Or Klansmen, or terrorists,” James wrote. It was an inflection point for James. He wanted out. At that very moment, Murdoch set in motion a media deal that would give the younger son a graceful and lucrative exit strategy. 
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-Two days before the Charlottesville rally, Murdoch hosted Disney CEO Bob Iger for a glass of wine at his $28.8 million Bel Air vineyard Moraga, one of the only vineyards in Los Angeles. As the two moguls discussed the rapidly shifting media landscape, Iger floated that Disney would be interested in buying 21st Century Fox, Murdoch’s movie studio and entertainment assets. Murdoch would have flatly dismissed the overture in the past. He was, after all, a pirate who conquered media companies, not dispensed with them. But in the streaming age, legacy Hollywood players like Murdoch and Iger lacked the scale to compete with tech giants like Apple, Amazon, and Netflix. The logic of selling 21st Century Fox to Disney made a lot of sense. Plus, Murdoch would get to keep Fox News and his beloved newspapers, the source of his political influence. Disney certainly wanted no part of those. 
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-James and Lachlan went to war with each other over the deal. James championed it for business reasons, but also because he and Iger discussed the possibility of James taking a high-level job at Disney after the acquisition. “James thought about what it might be like to have a boss who appreciates you for what you can do instead of a father that just sees you as the child where, no matter what you do, the other son is always better,” a person close to James said. Lachlan, meanwhile, felt Rupert and James were rushing into a deal that undervalued Fox’s assets. On top of that, the deal seemed like a massive bait and switch. A year earlier, Lachlan had moved his family from Australia to Los Angeles to be Rupert’s successor. Now his father and younger brother wanted to sell off a huge swath of *his* future kingdom. It would leave Lachlan to run a rump state comprising Fox News, a dying broadcast network, Fox Sports, book publisher HarperCollins, and some newspapers. “Lachlan’s whole self-image was that he was going to be the next Rupert,” a person close to him said. 
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-As James and Rupert pushed the deal forward in the fall of 2017, Lachlan seemed intent on derailing it. At a dinner with Iger, Lachlan unspooled a rant about illegal immigration that made Iger, an outspoken Democrat who flirted with his own presidential run, very uncomfortable, according to two sources briefed on the dinner. At another dinner in New York, Lachlan exploded at Rupert and James. “He said, ‘If you do this deal, I’m never speaking to either of you again!’ ” recalled a person briefed on the conversation. (Another person close to Lachlan denies this.) Unable to quash it, Lachlan reached a breaking point. According to three sources, he suffered a panic attack about the merger and was briefly treated at an LA-area hospital. (The person close to Lachlan denied this.) 
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-Eleven days before Christmas 2017, Disney and Murdoch announced they had reached a $52.4 billion deal. Lachlan would stay on to run Fox News and the family’s remaining assets. In 2019, Lachlan paid a reported $150 million—the highest price in California history—for the 25,000-square-foot Bel Air estate featured in *The Beverly Hillbillies.* James took his walk-away money and launched a media fund called Lupa Systems, investing in liberal-leaning companies like Vice and Tribeca Enterprises. (*Lupa* is Italian for “she-wolf”—as in the one that raised brothers Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome, before Romulus murdered Remus.) 
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-For Murdoch, the Disney deal was a career triumph. It solved his succession problems. James was out. Lachlan was in. And the price that Disney ultimately paid climbed to $71.3 billion, now seen as a high-water mark of the streaming content boom. The thrill didn’t last. In early January 2018, Murdoch and Hall were sailing the Caribbean aboard Lachlan’s 140-foot carbon-fiber yacht when disaster struck.
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-H**all was asleep** in the stateroom aboard *Sarissa* when she bolted awake at the sound of Murdoch moaning in agony. She later told friends she found her 86-year-old husband in excruciating pain on the cabin floor. He said he fell down a step trying to get to the bathroom and couldn’t get up. Hall alerted the captain. He quickly gave Murdoch a shot of a painkiller that allowed Murdoch to sleep fitfully while they sailed through the night to the nearest port, Pointe-à-Pitre, on the French island of Grande-Terre, in Guadeloupe. But the crisis kept getting worse. Lachlan’s massive boat towered over the pier, and it was perilous to lower Murdoch in a stretcher. Once they managed to get Murdoch off the boat, they discovered the island’s hospital was closed after a recent fire. Murdoch had to spend the night on a gurney under a tent in the parking lot until James’s private jet landed with a medevac team. By the time Murdoch flew to a UCLA hospital, he was in critical condition. “He kept almost dying,” a person close to the family said. Doctors diagnosed Murdoch with arrhythmia and a broken back. While examining the X-ray, they saw Murdoch had fractured vertebrae before, the person said. Murdoch explained it must have been from the time his ex-wife Deng pushed him into a piano during a fight, after which he spent weeks on the couch. (Deng did not respond to requests for comment.) 
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-Murdoch’s PR team scrambled to spin the sailing accident when reporters started calling. They leaked an email to show he was in command. “I have to work from home for some weeks. In the meantime, you’ll be hearing from me by email, phone and text!” it said. But in reality, Murdoch was in terrible shape and required Hall to spoon-feed him for months. “Jerry was as sensitive with him as a full-time nurse would have been,” her friend Cashin said. Then, in March 2019, Murdoch had another fall in his Bel Air home. This time, he tore his Achilles tendon tripping over the box of a chessboard Lachlan had given him for his 87th birthday. The injury confined Murdoch to a wheelchair for months, a source familiar with the incident said. Murdoch was in and out of the hospital with pneumonia and seizures. When COVID-19 emerged in early 2020, Murdoch’s doctors told him he needed to take extreme precautions to protect himself. 
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-While Fox News hosts railed against lockdowns and pushed dubious treatments like hydroxychloroquine, Murdoch followed the science. “He was scared for himself and was very careful,” a person who spoke to Murdoch at the time recalled. According to sources, Murdoch and Hall quarantined in Bel Air without any staff for months. Hall bought robot vacuums to clean the floors, baked sourdough bread, and cooked simple meals of roast chicken, leg of lamb, and vegetarian pasta. During the day, Murdoch watched the stock market and took Zoom calls while Hall took online courses in UC Davis’s winemaking program. (Hall told friends Murdoch wanted her to do it so he could write off $3 million of vineyard expenses as long as she worked 500 hours a year on winemaking.) At night, she and Murdoch played chess, backgammon, and gin rummy. She usually won, she told friends, except when they played Liar’s Dice. “He’s a good liar!” she told them. 
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-Murdoch was one of the first people in the world to be vaccinated in December 2020. As the months dragged on, Murdoch grew increasingly irate with Trump’s erratic pandemic policies, like the time Trump suggested Americans inject themselves with bleach to kill the virus. “Rupert had a strong view about how things were being mishandled,” a former Trump administration official said. Through Fox News, Murdoch had more power than anyone in America to pressure Trump to take the pandemic seriously. He did nothing. In fact, he took no responsibility for the COVID misinformation Fox News pumped out day after day. When a friend told Murdoch that the channel was literally killing its elderly audience, Murdoch replied, “They’re dying from old age and other illnesses, but COVID was being blamed,” said a source briefed on the conversation. Having milked Trump for ratings and profit, Murdoch was looking toward a post-Trump future. Shortly before the 2020 election, according to the source, Murdoch invited Florida governor Ron DeSantis and his wife, Casey, for lunch at Murdoch’s vineyard. As they dined outside on steak, Murdoch told DeSantis that Fox News would support him for president in 2024. 
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-Murdoch was over Trump, but the Fox News audience most certainly wasn’t. The disconnect would soon ignite the biggest journalistic scandal in Fox’s history. On election night, according to a source, Murdoch was home in Bel Air following the results on television and fielding calls. At 11:20 p.m. Eastern, Fox News was the first major network to declare Arizona, a crucial battleground state, for Joe Biden, which would all but ensure his election. The Trump voters’ official safe space was the first to break the bad news. 
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-The call exploded like a bomb inside the Trump campaign and sent shock waves ripping through Fox News. Trump’s son-in-law Jared Kushner called Murdoch and implored him to retract the Arizona call. Murdoch later testified he told Kushner, “Well, the numbers are the numbers.” The call became a target of Trump’s rage. “This is an embarrassment to this country. We were getting ready to win this election. Frankly, we did win this election,” Trump declared at an angry early morning press conference in the East Room of the White House as Biden led Arizona by 10,000 votes. As Trump cried fraud, Murdoch told Fox executives that it was “bullshit and damaging” that Trump refused to concede. Murdoch told Fox News CEO Suzanne Scott that Fox shouldn’t promote Trump’s stolen election claims, according to court documents. “If Trump becomes a sore loser we should watch Sean \[Hannity\] especially and others don’t sound the same. Not there yet but a danger,” Murdoch emailed Scott.
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-But in the post-truth world Fox News viewers inhabited, numbers didn’t matter. Fox viewers believed Trump’s baseless claims that the election was stolen because Trump said so. What’s more, many loyal Fox News watchers and Trump diehards bristled that the network had seemingly had a hand in delivering their president’s election night defeat. The irony of a news outlet being punished by its most ardent audience members for committing an act of journalism didn’t have much time to settle, as a siege mentality quickly set in. In the days after the election, Fox News hosts and executives panicked as they watched viewers flip to rival channels Newsmax and One America News, whose programs were hyping Trump’s stolen election conspiracies. “Do the executives understand how much credibility and trust we’ve lost with our audience? We’re playing with fire…An alternative like newsmax could be devastating to us,” Tucker Carlson texted his producer the day Fox declared Biden the president-elect. In an email conversation, Scott told Murdoch that Fox News needed to appease Trump’s base immediately. “We need to make sure they know we aren’t abandoning them and still champions for them,” she wrote. Murdoch told her he agreed. 
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-What Murdoch did next, or more accurately *didn’t* do, formed the core of Dominion Voting Systems’ [$1.6 billion defamation lawsuit against Fox News](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/03/fox-news-dominion-lawsuit-tucker-carlson-rupert-murdoch). According to Dominion’s court filings, Murdoch protected Fox News’s ratings by allowing the network’s hosts and guests to promote a batshit-crazy theory that algorithms inside Dominion machines secretly switched votes to Biden to steal the election, somehow at the behest of the Venezuelan government. Meanwhile, Murdoch looked for other measures to mollify Trump’s audience. On November 20, Murdoch suggested to Scott that Fox fire its Washington managing editor, Bill Sammon, who was a senior executive on the Decision Desk that made the Arizona call. “Maybe best to let Bill go right away which would be a big message with Trump people,” Murdoch said, according to court filings. Sammon retired in January 2021, the same month Fox let go of Chris Stirewalt, another Decision Desk member. According to court documents, Murdoch even discussed buying the rights to *The Apprentice*.
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-By mainstreaming Trump’s stolen election conspiracy, Murdoch and Fox had unleashed dangerous authoritarian forces. Just how dangerous became apparent on January 6, 2021, when a pro-Trump mob rampaged through the Capitol trying to stop Congress from certifying Biden’s election. Murdoch was horrified as he and Hall watched the attack unfold from home. Murdoch told Hall that Trump was “trying to kill Mike Pence because he was passing the presidency to Biden,” said a source who spoke with Murdoch that day. “Rupert kept calling the White House, Trump, Jared, Sean Hannity, Paul Ryan, Mitch McConnell, trying to get Trump to stop it,” said the source. But then, like a passing storm, Murdoch’s outrage gave way to a sunnier view of the events. He later told Hall the rioters were just good old boys who got carried away, the source said. Murdoch’s ability to blithely rationalize the violence on January 6 is a microcosm of how he evaded any responsibility for the immense damage his media empire has done to the public square over the past 50 years.
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-A**s chaos engulfs** Murdoch’s empire, a shadow war over its future is playing out inside the family. Who among the Murdoch siblings will control the spoils, though, remains an open question. Two people close to James told me he is biding his time until he and his sisters can wrest control from Lachlan after Rupert is gone. “James, Liz, and Prudence will join forces and take over the company,” a former Fox executive said. Some think James would purge Fox News and transform the network into a center-right alternative to CNN. Others think James would opt to sell Fox News to a private equity firm just so he could be rid of a toxic asset. Inside the network, there’s a visceral fear of what a James-led future would mean. “James sees destroying Fox News as his mission in life,” a senior Fox staffer told me. 
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-From left: Elisabeth in 2009. Prudence in 2016.David Paul Morris/Bloomberg/Getty. Alan Davidson/Shutterstock.
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-Then again, does Lachlan even want the throne? Several sources speculated the elder Murdoch son may be running the company out of filial duty. When his father is gone, he may prefer to live the good life in Sydney. “Lachlan goes to the rock climbing gym every day. I think he has kind of lost interest since James left, but he is still trying to impress his dad,” a person close to Lachlan told me. Other people I spoke to aren’t convinced Lachlan would cede the crown. “Lachlan tells people he’s determined to keep the company,” the Fox staffer said. The person close to Lachlan said he’s fully engaged in the job. 
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-Of course, none of these scenarios are sure bets in a family as volatile as the Murdochs, in which allegiances can shift on a day-to-day basis and brute expedience often rules the day. Even though James and his sisters are politically aligned, it might not be enough to win their favor. James and Elisabeth have a complicated history. When James was in the crosshairs at the height of the UK phone-hacking scandal in 2011, Elisabeth told Rupert that James should be fired. When the Murdochs celebrated Lachlan’s 40th birthday on Rupert’s 184-foot yacht *Rosehearty* that September, Elisabeth left before James and Kathryn arrived.
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-After interviewing dozens of people for this story, I was struck by how sad all the Murdochs seem. Some Murdoch profiles liken his late career arc to Shakespeare’s *King Lear.* Murdoch as the aging monarch confronting his mortality. I think the tale of King Midas is more accurate. Murdoch built a $17 billion fortune out of a small newspaper company he inherited from his father. The only thing that mattered was profit. But amassing that wealth required Murdoch to destroy virtually anything he touched: the environment, women’s rights, the Republican Party, truth, decency—even his own family. One source said Rupert got word to James that it would mean a lot if James attended his 90th birthday party, but James didn’t go. According to another source, Lachlan told Rupert that James was leaking stories to the writers of *Succession,* HBO’s acclaimed drama about a Murdoch-like media dynasty. (The person close to Lachlan denies Lachlan told Rupert this.) A person close to James said he and Kathryn believed PR operatives aligned with Rupert and Lachlan were digging up dirt on them. Lachlan, meanwhile, had to flee Los Angeles because the Murdoch legacy was so toxic. According to two sources, Lachlan’s family was ostracized in LA because of Fox News’s climate change denialism. Lachlan moved his family back to Australia in March 2021. Elisabeth had crises of her own. In 2014, [she and PR guru Matthew Freud](https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2001/8/scions-in-love) filed for divorce after 13 years of marriage.  
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-At the age of 91, Murdoch blew up his fourth marriage. Hall was waiting for Murdoch to meet her at their Oxfordshire estate last June when she checked her phone. “Jerry, sadly I’ve decided to call an end to our marriage,” Murdoch’s email began, according to a screenshot I read. “We have certainly had some good times, but I have much to do…My New York lawyer will be contacting yours immediately.” Hall told friends she was blindsided. “Rupert and I never fought,” she told people. There had been disagreements over his antiabortion views and some friction with the kids over Hall’s rules about masking and testing before they saw Murdoch, according to sources. But Hall never felt Murdoch treated these as major issues. Hall and Murdoch finalized their divorce two months later. (One of the terms of the settlement was that Hall couldn’t give story ideas to the writers on *Succession.*) Hall told friends she had to move everything out of the Bel Air estate within 30 days and show receipts to prove items belonged to her. Security guards watched as her children helped her pack. When she settled into the Oxfordshire home she received in the divorce, she discovered surveillance cameras were still sending footage back to Fox headquarters. Mick Jagger sent his security consultant to disconnect them. 
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-Four months later, Hall got a potential answer for why Murdoch broke off the marriage. Newspapers around the world printed photos of Murdoch vacationing in Barbados with a new girlfriend, Smith. Murdoch and Hall had hosted Smith for dinner at their ranch in Carmel, California, about a year earlier. Smith was dating the ranch manager. At the time, Hall didn’t think anything of it when Smith told Murdoch that he and Fox News were saving democracy. Or when she offered to give Murdoch a teeth cleaning. Or when Murdoch began making trips alone to Carmel, which he explained was because his daughter Grace wanted one-on-one time with him there. (A source close to Murdoch said such a dinner did not happen.) Looking back, Hall told friends that Murdoch had simply moved on, the way he had ended previous marriages. “She was devastated, mad, and humiliated,” Cashin told me. On the first day of Lent in February, Hall told friends she made an effigy of Murdoch, tied dental floss around its neck, and burned it on the grill. 
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-In March, Murdoch announced he was marrying Smith, whose life has been a series of operatic ups and downs. In her 20s, Smith married John B. Huntington, a descendant of a California railroad fortune. They divorced, she has said, when he became an abusive alcoholic. She was suicidal, then found Jesus in a coffee shop and became a street preacher in Marin County. She married the country music singer and broadcast entrepreneur Chester Smith, who died in 2008. On Facebook, Smith shares a mix of inspirational self-help talk with Christian nationalism and right-wing conspiracy theories. “The voting process may be so corrupted we may live in a de facto dictatorship with oligarchal \[*sic*\] control by the party in charge now,” one post said.
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-Murdoch and Smith had planned to marry this summer. He proposed with an 11-carat diamond engagement ring said to be worth upwards of $2.5 million. Then, a little more than two weeks after rolling out news of their engagement, the pair abruptly called it off. One source close to Murdoch said he had become increasingly uncomfortable with Smith’s outspoken evangelical views. “She said Tucker Carlson is a messenger from God, and he said nope,” the source said. A spokesperson for Murdoch declined to comment. (Smith did not respond to requests for comment on social media.) Still, the future of Murdoch’s hobbled empire depends on viewers who share Smith’s very outlook. What struck me most as I read the Dominion court filings was the fear that Fox executives and hosts expressed of losing their audience if they reported the truth, that Trump lost. I was also struck by how diminished Murdoch’s own influence was. After the election, Murdoch told Lachlan and Suzanne Scott that Fox hosts should say Biden won and move on, according to a source who spoke to Murdoch. “I told Rupert privately they are all there,” Scott wrote in an ensuing email to a colleague. “We need to be careful about using the shows and pissing off the viewers but they know how to navigate.”  
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-At one point, Murdoch even lobbied Trump to concede. “Rupert called Trump before Biden’s inauguration to tell him to accept defeat graciously and that he had left a good legacy and that this stolen election stuff would drag everyone down,” the source said. Trump refused. “Trump threatened to start his own channel and put Fox out of business,” the source said. Murdoch seemed trapped by the people he radicalized, like an aging despot hiding in his palace while the streets filled with insurrectionists. 
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-*This story has been updated.*
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--   [Fox News](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/04/fox-news-dominion-trial) Heads to Trial in Peril: “No Advantage for Dominion to Settle Now”
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--   Yes, [Prince Harry](https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2023/04/prince-harry-coronation-meghan-markle-is-staying-in-california) Is Going to the Coronation—Without Meghan Markle
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-# Inside an OnlyFans empire: Sex, influence and the new American Dream
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-SOMEWHERE IN FLORIDA — In the mornings, the workers of Bryce Adams’s OnlyFans empire buzz in through a camera-wired security gate, roll up the winding driveway that cost $120,000 to pave and park outside Adams’s $2.5 million home-office-studio complex. A large American flag waves from a pole above their office door. So does a banner depicting Adams, in tight shorts, from behind.
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-On OnlyFans, subscribers pay for monthly access to feeds of creators’ videos — many of them sex videos, known as “collabs” — as well as pay-to-watch clips the “fans” can buy a la carte. And as one of the platform’s most popular creators, Adams runs her business like a machine.
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-Inside, a storyboard designer opens the day’s publishing plans for not just OnlyFans but all of their customer feeder sites — Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, Twitter and YouTube. Editors start splicing video into short looping clips, optimized for virality. Collabs are sent to paying fans.
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-Bryce Adams and her boyfriend used to sell baseball equipment on the internet. Now they make millions as one of the top-earning accounts on OnlyFans. (Whitney Leaming, Julia Wall/The Washington Post)
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-Brian Adam, Bryce’s longtime boyfriend (who, like Bryce, uses a stage name for privacy), stops at each employee’s desk to review the day’s assignments, vetoing any posts or captions that seem “cringe” or “off brand.” In an office loft, four young women start texting with Adams’s paid subscribers, who talk about sex and their personal lives in conversations that often exceed a thousand messages a day.
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-This being a sex business, their workdays are filled with what others might see as debauchery, but which they see as just work: Two (or three) people will slip into a bedroom next to the kitchen or the gym with a cameraman, or just their cellphones, to record a collab or start live-streaming themselves exercising in the nude.
-
-###### The Creator Economy
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-Then they’ll head back to their desks to resume chatting or drive to the beach to make TikToks. After a few days, the video editors will upload the files to the OnlyFans servers with names like “Bryce & Holly Shower” or “Sex on a Jungle Trail,” retailing for $25 a scene.
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-Adams’s employees call their headquarters in central Florida “the farm.” Bought last year with OnlyFans money, the 10 acres of pastureland once held a grove of pecan trees.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/NYZVJFS2IYEOS6KSMW6CR7TJUU.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Adams's horse stable. She wants to remodel it as a guesthouse for OnlyFans creators visiting from out of town. (Photos by Sydney Walsh for The Washington Post)
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-Its only cash crop now is attention, and Adams’s business out-earns most American farms. The company brings in roughly $10 million annually in revenue, and many of her two dozen workers get paid more than the average farmer; her total corporate payroll exceeds $1 million a year.
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-“People don’t understand the scale of the opportunity. I mean, really: You can make your own world,” said Adams, 30, as she walked the grounds in jean shorts and a tank top. “This is our business. This is our life.”
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-In the American creator economy, no platform is quite as direct or effective as OnlyFans. Since launching in 2016, the subscription site known primarily for its explicit videos has become one of the most methodical, cash-rich and least known layers of the online-influencer industry, touching every social platform and, for some creators, unlocking a once-unimaginable level of wealth.
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-More than 3 million creators now post around the world on OnlyFans, which has 230 million subscribing “fans” — a global audience two-thirds the size of the United States itself, a [company filing](https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/10354575/filing-history?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) in August said.
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-And with help from a pandemic that isolated people at home, fans’ total payouts to creators soared last year to $5.5 billion — more than every online influencer in the United States earned from advertisers that year, according to an [analysis](https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/pages/the-creator-economy-could-approach-half-a-trillion-dollars-by-2027.html?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) into the creator economy this spring by Goldman Sachs Research.
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-If OnlyFans’s creator earnings were taken as a whole, the company would rank around No. 90 on [Forbes’s list](https://www.forbes.com/lists/largest-private-companies/?sh=385dd9cabac4&itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) of the biggest private companies in America by revenue, ahead of Twitter (now called X), Neiman Marcus Group, New Balance, Hard Rock International and Hallmark Cards.
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-On the surface, OnlyFans is a simple business: Fans (mostly men) pay to scroll through feeds of photos and videos (mostly of women), with a few perks offered at additional cost, like direct chats with the creator or custom-made videos by fan request. Most, though not all, of its content is risqué, or “spicy,” and company executives joke that they are often misconstrued as “sexy Facebook.”
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-But as OnlyFans’s pool of influencers has grown, it has also professionalized. Many creators now operate like independent media companies, with support staffs, growth strategies and promotional budgets, and work to apply the cold quantification and data analytics of online marketing to the creation of a fantasy life.
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-The subscription site has often been laughed off as a tabloid punchline, a bawdy corner of the internet where young, underpaid women ([teachers](https://people.com/human-interest/former-teacher-filmed-onlyfans-content-classroom-says-salary-did-not-pay-enough/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), [nurses](https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/mar/03/onlyfans-warning-to-nsw-nurses-and-midwives-prompts-sex-shaming-accusation?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), [cops](https://www.fox9.com/news/minneapolis-pd-officer-outed-as-onlyfans-model-after-pulling-over-subscriber?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template)) sell nude photos, get found out and lose their jobs.
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-But OnlyFans increasingly has become the model for how a new generation of online creators gets paid. Influencers popular on mainstream sites use it to capitalize on the audiences they’ve spent years building. And OnlyFans creators have turned going viral on the big social networks into a marketing strategy, using Facebook, Twitter and TikTok as sales funnels for getting new viewers to subscribe.
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-America’s social media giants for years have held up online virality as the ultimate goal, doling out measurements of followers, reactions and hearts with an unspoken promise: that internet love can translate into sponsorships and endorsement deals. But OnlyFans represents the creator economy at its most blatantly transactional — a place where viewers pay upfront for creators’ labor, and intimacy is just another unit of content to monetize.
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-The fast ascent of OnlyFans further spotlights how the internet has helped foster a new style of modern gig work that creators see as safe, remote and self-directed, said Pani Farvid, an associate professor and the director of the SexTech Lab at the New School, a New York-based university, who has made [interviews](https://www.routledge.com/Consent-Gender-Power-and-Subjectivity/James-Hawkins-Ryan-Flood/p/book/9781032415741?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) with digital sex workers a major topic of her research.
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-![Clockwise from top left: The pool features regularly in the safe-for-work “sales funnel” videos they make for mainstream social media; the team keeps tripods and ring lights in the home's guest room closet for quick recording sessions; Adams wants to remodel the 10-acre lot's horse stables into a guesthouse for OnlyFans creators visiting from out of town; a camera-wired security gate leads in from the outside dirt road and onto a winding driveway they paid $120,000 to pave; a flagpole flies a custom-made banner showing Adams's signature pose; a two-story gym features a side room for the company's video editors and tech employees as well as an upper loft where Adams's chat team talks with fans for $1.50 a minute.](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/D4L4DDVAYJDQ7FJ6OAU2EO2SGY.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-A map of Adams's $2.5 million home-office-studio complex in central Florida, where she and her boyfriend live and run their OnlyFans business. (Emma Kumer/The Washington Post; iStock)
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-Creators’ nonchalance about the digital sex trade has fueled a broader debate about whether the site’s promotion of feminist autonomy is a facade: just a new class of techno-capitalism, selling the same patriarchal dream. And even some OnlyFans veterans have urged aspiring creators to understand what they’re getting into: pressures to perform for a global audience; an internet that never forgets. “There is simply no room for naivety,” one said in a [guide](https://www.reddit.com/r/CreatorsAdvice/comments/ztvzyf/dont_fool_for_the_agency_manager_pimp_scammers/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) posted to Reddit’s r/CreatorsAdvice.
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-Farvid acknowledges that the job can be financially precarious and mentally taxing, demanding not just the technical labor of recording, editing, managing and marketing but also the physical and emotional labor of adopting a persona to keep clients feeling special and eager to spend.
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-But many creators, she added, still find it uniquely alluring — a rational choice in an often-irrational environment for gender, work and power. “Why would I spend my day doing dirty, degrading, minimum-wage labor when I can do something that brings more money in and that I have a lot more control over?” she recounted some telling her. “Does an accountant always enjoy their work? No. All work has pleasure and pain, and a lot of it is boring and annoying. Does that mean they’re being exploited?”
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-The attraction of financial freedom and the challenge of standing out have led many OnlyFans creators to run themselves like tech start-ups. Adams’s operation is registered in state business records as a limited liability company and offers quarterly employee performance reviews and catered lunch. It also runs with factory-like efficiency, thanks largely to a system designed in-house to track millions of data points on customers and content and ensure every video is rigorously planned and optimized.
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-The strategy is working: Adams and her employees, who spoke with The Washington Post on the condition that their real names and location be concealed and stage names be used to reduce the risk of harassment, have ascended to OnlyFans’s highest echelon of earners, which the platform calls its “top 0.01 percent.”
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-Since sending her first photo in 2021, Adams’s OnlyFans accounts have earned $16.5 million in sales, more than 1.4 million fans and more than 11 million “likes.” She now makes about $30,000 a day — more than most American small businesses — from subscriptions, video sales, messages and tips, half of which is pure profit.
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-Adams’s team sees its business as one of harmless, destigmatized gratification, in which both sides get what they want. The buyers are swiped over in dating apps, widowed, divorced or bored, eager to pay for the illusion of intimacy with an otherwise unattainable match. And the sellers see themselves as not all that different from the influencers they watched growing up on YouTube, charging for parts of their lives they’d otherwise share for free.
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-“This is normal for my generation, you know?” said Avery Leigh, the 20-year-old head of Adams’s advertising team, who made $150,000 in two months from her work with Adams and her own OnlyFans account. “I can go on TikTok right now and see ten girls wearing the bare minimum of clothing just to get people to join their page. Why not go the extra step to make money off it?”
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/EDWTBSZOJYB7UIB4QEMJRIBSNQ.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-The team poses for a photo in the gym at Adams's compound in August.
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-### ‘Cry in a Ferrari’
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-When Tim Stokely, a London-based operator of live-cam sex sites, founded OnlyFans with his brother in 2016, he framed it as a simple way to monetize the creators who were becoming the world’s new celebrities — the same online influencers, just with a payment button. In 2019, Stokely [told](https://www.wired.com/story/culture-fan-tastic-planet-influencer-porn/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) Wired magazine that his site was like “a bolt-on to your existing social media,” in the same way “Uber is a bolt-on to your car.”
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-Since then, OnlyFans’s popularity has skyrocketed. In financial filings in the United Kingdom, where its owner, Fenix International Limited, is based, the company said its sales grew from $238 million in 2019 to more than $5.5 billion last year. Its international army of creators has also grown from 348,000 in 2019 to more than 3 million today — a tenfold increase. (And its leadership has made a fortune: The company paid its owner, the Ukrainian American venture capitalist Leonid Radvinsky, $338 million in dividends last year.)
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-The United States is OnlyFans’s biggest market, accounting for a large portion of its creator base and 70 percent of its annual revenue. The site has fans in 187 countries, the filings show, and a company executive said recently that it is targeting major “growth regions” in Latin America, Europe and Australia. (The Mexican diver Diego Balleza said he is using his $15-a-month account to [save up](https://apnews.com/article/mexican-diver-onlyfans-diego-balleza-f632bb4f4b9f5e8656ff4ee482bb7aa9?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) for next year’s Paris Olympics.)
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-Before OnlyFans, pornography on the internet had been largely a top-down enterprise, with agents, producers, studios and other middlemen hoarding the profits of performers’ work. OnlyFans democratized that business model, letting the workers run the show: recording their own content, deciding their prices, selling it however they’d like and reaping the full reward.
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-The platform [bans](https://onlyfans.com/terms?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) real-world prostitution, as well as extreme or illegal content, and requires everyone who shows up on camera to verify they’re 18 or older by sending in a video selfie showing them holding a government-issued ID. Beyond that, OnlyFans operates as a neutral marketplace, with no ads, trending topics or recommendation algorithms, placing few limitations on what creators can sell but also making it necessary for them to market themselves or fade away.
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-Many OnlyFans creators don’t offer anything explicit, and the site has pushed to spotlight its stable of chefs, comedians and mountain bikers on a streaming channel, OFTV. But erotic content on the platform is inescapable; even some outwardly conventional creators shed their clothes behind the paywall. The company plugs itself as the only social network that is “openly inclusive of all creator genres.”
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-OnlyFans creators are categorized as independent contractors of the platform, which offers basic tools for content publishing and customer acquisition and keeps 20 percent of creators’ revenue. OnlyFans sends 1099 forms to the IRS and all U.S. creators who earn more than $600 a year to confirm they are paying taxes on all income. (Adams said her business paid roughly $1.3 million in taxes last year.)
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-Enticed by the promise of wealth, an influx of new creators has begun paying for OnlyFans mentors and coaching programs that teach marketing strategies and techniques of the trade. For those overwhelmed by the logistics, agencies and account managers offer to handle administrative tasks, write captions and manage social accounts in exchange for a cut of the proceeds.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/XGDT3OS5A7JYJTRU77YVSZYOXQ.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Adams at her Florida home in August.
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-On Reddit’s [r/onlyfansadvice](https://www.reddit.com/r/onlyfansadvice/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), an unofficial “educational space” with more than 300,000 members, creators share tips on how to secure a bank loan with OnlyFans income, handle fan disputes or cope with dramatic swings in pay. “I took one week off social media and have never recovered,” one creator there recently said.
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-Like most platforms, OnlyFans suffers from a problem of incredible pay inequality, with the bulk of the profits concentrated in the bank accounts of the lucky few. In 2020, the independent researcher Tom Hollands scraped the website’s payment data and [concluded](https://xsrus.com/the-economics-of-onlyfans?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) that the top 1 percent of accounts made 33 percent of the money, and that most accounts took home less than $145 a month. (OnlyFans declined to provide its own analysis, and Hollands said the company has since made it harder to access this data or conduct new research.)
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-For those who do make it, however, the rewards can be life-changing. When the OnlyFans creator Elle Brooke was pushed during a TV interview in June to explain how a future child of hers might feel about her work, her [response](https://uk.style.yahoo.com/onlyfans-model-elle-brooke-praised-163447258.html?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) — “They can cry in a Ferrari” — became an OnlyFans rallying cry. Stella Sol, a dominatrix, tweeted, “It’s always so funny how mad people get at beautiful Women happily winning the game of life.”
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-### ‘Dream girlfriend’
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-Bryce and Brian first met 13 years ago in high school, in a class on career development, and the two were an instant match: driven, competitive, a little obsessive. He played baseball for eight hours a day, and she attended every practice and game, sitting in the bleachers with a logbook to record every ball and strike.
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-Adams had spent her teen years selling her old clothes on eBay and became thrilled by making imaginary money become real. So after she dropped out of college, the couple devoted themselves to a small internet business, buying baseball bats and gloves from local mom-and-pop shops and reselling them online. They hired their friends, and the company expanded until it became self-sustaining, and they got bored.
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-One Sunday night in January 2021, as the couple halfheartedly watched a movie on the couch, Adams created an OnlyFans account with a fake name and posted a photo of her butt. The couple had an open relationship; it was, she said, kind of a joke. Then a guy who found her account messaged her, and they started texting, and he asked for more. She had no clue how to price the photos, but the guy just kept paying. After two hours and five photos, she had made $62.
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-Her boyfriend saw a major business opportunity. Other creators’ OnlyFans accounts looked underproduced, he recalled, and the market of paying schmoes seemed limitless. “There is a huge demand, and the vendors’ ability to meet that demand is awful,” he said. “It’s like taking candy from babies.”
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-For Adams, the experience was also energizing. She could snap a selfie in two seconds and some stranger would give her cash. She felt wanted, maybe even a bit powerful. A few nights later, her boyfriend walked into the bathroom around 3 a.m. and Adams was sitting next to the bathtub, sexting.
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-“She was like, ‘I made $400 so far,’” he said. “And I was like, ‘That’s actually really cool.’ Then I peed and went back to bed.”
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/EQZTDTBMW6DICNFX4TXRLELIGQ.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Brian Adam and Bryce Adams in the gym.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/MKOUNNO3R4SGE6WOQIR4PPYQIM.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Adam prepares the Chick-fil-A salads they eat every day for lunch. The couple closely tracks every calorie they eat.
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-They began studying OnlyFans like a puzzle, tracking what fans wanted, what they’d pay to get it and what to say to keep them hooked. They started logging a collection of data, from video sell-through rates to subscriber conversions. And they conducted what they called “micro-tests” on everything in hopes of gaining maximum engagement: the most lucrative seductive poses, the perfectly sized video-title length.
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-Every week, they competed with themselves to beat last week’s revenue, gradually pushing the boundaries in hopes of standing out in a porn-filled internet. They moved from selling individual photos to “picture packs” to full videos. They started recording in new places, involving each other and bringing on new partners. And their fan count continued to grow.
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-Watching their partner have sex with someone else sometimes sparked what they called “classic little jealousy issues,” which Adams said they resolved with “more communication, more growing up.” The money was just too good. And over time, they adopted a self-affirming ideology that framed everything as just business. Things that were tough to do but got easier with practice, like shooting a sex scene, they called, in gym terms, “reps.” Things one may not want to do at first, but require some mental work to approach, became “self-limiting beliefs.”
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-As Adams’s popularity exploded, so, too, did the workload for her and Brian, who became her “chief executive”; each worked about 90 hours a week. There was always a new sext to respond to, a new piece of social content to publish, a new collab to record. In the evenings, the couple would take long walks, strategizing about content, how to “take Bryce up a level.” Afterward, they’d pick up Starbucks to have caffeine through the night.
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-They started hiring workers through friends and family, and what was once just Adams became a team effort, in which everyone was expected to workshop caption and video ideas. The group evaluated content under what Brian, who is 31, called a “triangulation method” that factored their comfort level with a piece of content alongside its engagement potential and “brand match.” Bryce the person gave way to Bryce the brand, a commercialized persona drafted by committee and refined for maximum marketability.
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-“One of the things we do communicate is: ‘Hey, this is your dream girlfriend. She’s down to go to all your baseball games, you know?’ The fans like that,” he said. The “Bryce” character that Adams presents to her fans, “We’ve all always looked at it as if it’s an amalgam of all of us here. It’s not actually her.”
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/TKOXYQIZ54B5HKMF7UCMCT5SMM.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-The pool is a short walk from the company's main office and the employee parking lot.
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-### ‘What the hell are we looking at?’
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-The sprawling main house on “the farm,” which they bought with a mortgage last year, is still mostly unfurnished, largely due to their all-consuming schedules. There is a guest room with tripods and ring lights for shooting sex scenes and an office where Adams chats with her “VIPs,” who pay $30 a month. One unused room has been claimed by their cats.
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-The house is sprinkled with mementos of the couple growing up and falling in love in Florida, including thousands of chunks of sea glass they’d gathered over hours-long walks on the sand. They also own 15 guns, including a .22-caliber long rifle and a pink pistol they keep in the mudroom and take on late-night walks; wild hogs are common here and legal to hunt year-round.
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-Adams’s mom, a former substitute teacher, comes over twice a week to tidy up the house and fix up the flower beds for $25 an hour. Last Father’s Day, Adams told her parents and younger sister, a doctor who just had her first child, that the “new business in the content space” she’d told them about was actually OnlyFans. She’d intended to tell them at breakfast but got too nervous, then called them all later that day.
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-Her sister was supportive but didn’t say much, she said. Her parents, who had expected she would grow up to be an architect, nevertheless encouraged her to do whatever makes her happy.
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-“The world has changed so much … but she’s an adult. She has to do what makes her wheels move, what she finds fulfilling,” Adams’s mom said. “When you’re a parent, you want to support your child. And that’s what I do.”
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-The heart of the company is in the backyard, a cavernous office and gym space they built in a barn once used for storing boats. Most of their employees work in this building, including their video editors, social media managers, chatters and advertising staff; an accountant and a few others work remotely.
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-The team is trained in the basic software of the modern office: Slack for workplace communication, Google Docs for spreadsheets, Trello for managing team projects. Every Monday at 4:15 p.m., Bryce and Brian lead a company meeting where they review all of the content, captions and publishing plans for the week on a big-screen TV. At lunchtime, an assistant brings everyone Chick-fil-A.
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-The farm is wired with a server closet, two parallel internet connections, a whole-house generator and a battery backup to ensure they’re never offline. They hired an IT guy who moved from Missouri with his wife, an OnlyFans creator herself.
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-One of the operation’s most subtly critical components is a piece of software known as “the Tool,” which they developed and maintain in-house. The Tool scrapes and compiles every “like” and view on all of Adams’s social network accounts, every OnlyFans “fan action” and transaction, and every text, sext and chat message — more than 20 million lines of text so far.
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-It houses reams of customer data and a library of preset messages that Adams and her chatters can send to fans, helping to automate their reactions and flirtations — “an 80 percent template for a personalized response,” she said.
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-And it’s linked to a searchable database, in which hundreds of sex scenes are described in detail — by price, total sales, participants and general theme — and given a unique “stock keeping unit,” or SKU, much like the scannable codes on a grocery store shelf. If a fan says they like a certain sexual scenario, a team member can instantly surface any relevant scenes for an easy upsell. “Classic inventory chain,” Adams said.
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-The systemized database is especially handy for the young women of Adams’s chat team, known as the “girlfriends,” who work at a bench of laptops in the gym’s upper loft. The Tool helped “supercharge her messaging, which ended up, like, 3X-ing her output,” Brian said, meaning it tripled.
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-For efficiency, the chatters use keyboard shortcuts to quickly send common phrases (“I want to know the real you”) and a feature that displays, across a fan’s profile picture, how much he has paid in tips. On a recent day, one girlfriend was talking with “Ryan” (lifetime tip value: $321.60) about a trip he took to Texas while “Kev” ($46.40) was saying he’d travel “any distance” to find his “right person.” One of their longest-paying subscribers has given $10,000 over the years, Adams said.
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-Keeping men talking is especially important because the chat window is where Adams’s team sends out their mass-message sales promotions, and the girlfriends never really know what to expect. One girlfriend said she’s had as many as four different sexting sessions going at once.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/U5OCXZXFSB7O3MS2INYWI4YMNE.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Adams's chatters talk with her fans for $1.50 a minute.
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-“There’s not 10 minutes that go by that we’re not like: ‘What the hell are we looking at right now?’” said Zoey Hill, a chatter on the team. “But for the most part, it’s kind of just like you’re having a regular conversation with someone until they’re like, ‘Hey, I’m horny.’ And then you give them what they want.”
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-Adams employs a small team that helps her pay other OnlyFans creators to give away codes fans can use for free short-term trials. The team tracks redemption rates and promotional effectiveness in a voluminous spreadsheet, looking for guys who double up on discount codes, known as “stackers,” as well as bad bets and outright fraud.
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-After sending other creators’ agents their money over PayPal, Adams’s ad workers send suggestions over the messaging app Telegram on how Bryce should be marketed, depending on the clientele. OnlyFans models whose fans tend to prefer the “girlfriend experience,” for instance, are told to talk up her authenticity: “Bryce is a real, fit girl who wants to get to know you”; “If you’re looking for real, deep and personal connections ….” Creators with a more hardcore fan base, meanwhile, are told to cut to the chase: “300+ sex tapes & counting”; “Bryce doesn’t say no, she’s the most wild, authentic girl you will ever find.”
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-Avery Leigh, who runs advertising, was working as a server at a local pizza place, saving up for college in hopes of becoming an obstetrician, when a high school friend told her last year that Adams was hiring chatters. Leigh was later promoted to the ads team and, though she’d never touched a spreadsheet before, she now spends 40 hours a week coordinating with agents and managing an ad budget of more than $900,000 a year.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/IMHMYMSWCBNSWFUM36Q3TVKW5I.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Rayna Rose, left, and Avery Leigh, two of Adams's employees, at the compound in August.
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-The $18 an hour she makes on the ad team, however, is increasingly dwarfed by the money Leigh makes from her personal OnlyFans account, where she sells sex scenes with her boyfriend for $10 a month. Leigh made $92,000 in gross sales in July, thanks largely to revenue from new fans who found her through Adams or the bikini videos Leigh posts to her 170,000-follower TikTok account. Adams takes 20 percent.
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-“This is a real job. You dedicate your time to it every single day. You’re always learning, you’re always doing new things,” she said. “I’d never thought I’d be good at business, but learning all these business tactics really empowers you. I have my own LLC; I don’t know any other 20-year-old right now that has their own LLC.”
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-### ‘Cult of you’
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-By most measures, the Bryce Adams content machine is running at extreme efficiency.
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-The team is meeting all traffic goals, per their internal dashboard, which showed that through the day on a recent Thursday they’d gained 2,221,835 video plays, 19,707 landing-page clicks, 6,372 new OnlyFans subscribers and 9,024 new social-network followers. And to keep in shape, Adams and her boyfriend are abiding by a rigorous daily diet and workout plan: They eat the same Chick-fil-A salad at every lunch, track every calorie and pay a gym assistant to record data on every rep and weight of their exercise.
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-But the OnlyFans business is competitive, and it does not always feel to the couple like they’ve done enough. Their new personal challenge, they said, is to go viral on the other platforms as often as possible, largely through jokey TikTok clips and bikini videos that don’t give away too much.
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-In a [podcast](https://open.spotify.com/episode/5NAgoQpXLoAJ374LODlRvy?si=28Bxp7-4SVmUi1kHwA-5sQ&itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) last year on OnlyFans sales strategies — titled “How to Get More Simps,” using the internet slang for someone who does too much for someone they like — the host told creators this sales-funnel technique was key to helping build the “cult of you”: “Someone’s fascination will become infatuation, which will make you a lot of money.”
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-Adams’s company has worked to reverse engineer the often-inscrutable art of virality, and Brian now estimates Adams makes about $5,000 in revenue for every million short-form video views she gets on TikTok. Her team has begun ranking each platform by the amount of money they expect they can get from each viewer there, a metric they call “fan lifetime value.” (Subscribers who click through to her from Facebook tend to spend the most, the data show. Facebook declined to comment.)
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/2G6LKWJZFWDUCGJIHIR2MBXZOY.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Rose painted this image of Adams's signature pose. She now works as an OnlyFans creator herself.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/TMGCHGJ6L7LFS4ROZHR4MFNCMM.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Adams reviews a video editor's work before it's published online.
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-The younger workers said they see the couple as mentors, and the two are constantly reminding them that the job of a creator is not a “lottery ticket” and requires a persistent grind. Whenever one complains about their lack of engagement, Brian said he responds, “When’s the last time you posted 60 different videos, 60 days in a row, on your Instagram Reels?”
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-But some have taken to it quite naturally. Rayna Rose, 19, was working last year at a hair salon, sweeping floors for $12 an hour, when an old high school classmate who worked with Adams asked whether she wanted to try OnlyFans and make $500 a video.
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-Rose started making videos and working as a chatter for $18 an hour but recently renegotiated her contract with Adams to focus more on her personal OnlyFans account, where she has nearly 30,000 fans, many of whom pay $10 a month.
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-One recent evening this summer, Adams was in the farm’s gym when her boyfriend told her he was headed to their guest room to record a collab with Rose, who was wearing a blue bikini top and braided pigtails.
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-“Go have fun,” Adams told them as they walked away. “Make good content.” The 15-minute video has so far sold more than 1,400 copies and accounted for more than $30,000 in sales.
-
-The women in Adams’s business voice some uncertainty over how long this all can continue. They’ve seen how other creators have struggled and know that, on the internet, nothing lasts: audiences shrink, bodies change, people burn out and move on.
-
-Adams said there may come a time when she wants to spend fewer hours on the work but that she has no plans to change anytime soon. “For as long as OnlyFans is around, Bryce Adams will be there,” she said. “But there may be some point where I have a family and that becomes more of a primary focus than my pages, at least for a little while.”
-
-She and the others worry, too, about how friends and family might react, even though they feel they’ve done nothing worthy of being judged. Rose said she has lost friends due to her “lifestyle,” with one messaging her recently, “Can you imagine how successful you would be if you studied regularly and spent your time wisely?”
-
-The message stung but, in Rose’s eyes, they didn’t understand her at all. She feels, for the first time, like she has a sense of purpose: She wants to be a full-time influencer. She expects to clear $200,000 in earnings this year and is now planning to move out of her parents’ house.
-
-“I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life. And now I know,” she said. “I want to be big. I want to be, like, mainstream.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/NVDEUQFGMH35BIBPCV4N5IWKRU.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Adams at home.
-
-##### About this story
-
-Reporting by Drew Harwell. Photos by Sydney Walsh. Video by Whitney Leaming.
-
-Design and development by Emma Kumer. Design editing by Chloe Meister. Photo editing by Monique Woo. Video editing by Julia Wall. Video producing by Jessica Koscielniak.
-
-Editing by Mark Seibel and Wendy Galietta. Additional editing by Wayne Lockwood and Gaby Morera Di Núbila. Additional support by Megan Bridgman, Kyley Schultz, Brandon Carter and Jordan Melendrez.
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-Date: 2023-12-17
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-TimeStamp: 2023-12-17
-Link: https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2023/06/cnn-ratings-chris-licht-trump/674255/
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-```button
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-^button-InsidetheMeltdownatCNNNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# Inside the Meltdown at CNN
-
-![Chris Licht, chair and CEO, CNN Worldwide](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/nMZUCkbppWnAOk5jXy6jiAwtyWI=/0x450:8640x5310/1440x810/media/img/2023/06/01/mp_LICHT557-1/original.jpg)
-
-Mark Peterson / Redux for The Atlantic
-
-CEO Chris Licht felt he was on a mission to restore the network’s reputation for serious journalism. How did it all go wrong?
-
-Editor’s Note: On June 7, 2023, five days after this article was published, the CEO of Warner Bros. Discovery announced that Chris Licht would be leaving CNN immediately.
-
-*Updated at 11:34 a.m. ET on June 7, 2023.*
-
-“How are we gonna cover Trump? That’s not something I stay up at night thinking about,” Chris Licht told me. “It’s very simple.”
-
-It was the fall of 2022. This was the first of many on-the-record interviews that Licht had agreed to give me, and I wanted to know how CNN’s new leader planned to deal with another Donald Trump candidacy. Until recently Licht had been producing a successful late-night comedy show. Now, just a few months into his job running one of the world’s preeminent news organizations, he claimed to have a “simple” answer to the question that might very well come to define his legacy.
-
-“The media has absolutely, I believe, learned its lesson,” Licht said.
-
-Sensing my surprise, he grinned.
-
-“I really do,” Licht said. “I think they know that he’s playing them—at least, the people in my organization. We’ve had discussions about this. We know that we’re getting played, so we’re gonna resist it.”
-
-Seven months later, in Manchester, New Hampshire, I came across Licht wearing the expression of a man who had just survived a car wreck. Normally brash and self-assured, Licht was pale, his shoulders slumped. He scanned the room with anxious eyes. Spotting me, he summoned a breezy chord. “Well,” Licht said, “*that* wasn’t boring!”
-
-We were standing in the lobby of the Dana Center, on the campus of Saint Anselm College. Licht, the 51-year-old chair and CEO of CNN Worldwide, had spent the past hour and a half inside a trailer behind the building, a control room on wheels from which he’d orchestrated a CNN [town hall with Trump](https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2023/05/trump-cnn-town-hall-network-news-making-business/674028/). Licht had known the risks inherent to this occasion: Trump had spent the past six years insulting and threatening CNN, singling out the network and its journalists as “fake news” and “the enemy of the people,” rhetoric that had led to death threats, blacklists, and ultimately a severing of diplomatic ties between Trump and CNN leadership.
-
-But that had been under the *old* regime. When he took the helm of CNN, in May 2022, Licht had promised a [reset with Republican voters](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/06/the-chris-licht-era-at-cnn-is-taking-shape)—and with their leader. He had swaggered into the job, telling his employees that the network had lost its way under former President Jeff Zucker, that their hostile approach to Trump had alienated a broader viewership that craved sober, fact-driven coverage. These assertions thrust Licht into a two-front war: fighting to win back Republicans who had written off the network while also fighting to win over his own journalists, many of whom believed that their new boss was scapegoating them to appease *his* new boss, David Zaslav, who’d hired Licht with a decree to move CNN toward the ideological center.
-
-One year into the job, Licht was losing both battles. Ratings, in decline since Trump left office, had [dropped to new lows](https://apnews.com/article/cnn-ratings-chris-licht-584ea2b45819d2cc416006d7bd8b77e8). Employee morale was even worse. A feeling of dread saturated the company. Licht had accepted the position with ambitions to rehabilitate the entire news industry, telling his peers that Trump had broken the mainstream media and that his goal was to do nothing less than “save journalism.” But Licht had lost the confidence of his own newsroom. Because of this, he had come to view the prime-time event with Trump as the moment that would vindicate his pursuit of Republican viewers while proving to his employees that he possessed a revolutionary vision for their network and the broader news media.
-
-Trump had other ideas.
-
-For 70 minutes in Manchester, the former president overpowered CNN’s moderator, Kaitlan Collins, with a [continuous blast of distortion, hyperbole, and lies](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2023/05/donald-trump-cnn-kaitlan-collins/674019/). The audience of Trump devotees delighted in his aggression toward Collins, cheering him on so loudly and so purposefully that what began as a journalistic forum devolved into a WWE match before the first voter asked a question. Vince McMahon himself could not have written a juicier script: Trump was the heroic brawler—loathed by the establishment, loved by the masses—trying to reclaim a title wrongly taken from him, while Collins, standing in for the villainous elites who dared to question the protagonist’s virtue, was cast as the heel. “She’s not very nice,” Trump told the studio audience, pointing toward Collins while she stood just offstage during the first commercial break.
-
-Trump could be excused for thinking this was exactly what Licht wanted. The famously transactional ex-president had wondered aloud to his top aides, during their negotiations with CNN executives, what the network stood to gain from this production; when CNN made the decision to stock the auditorium with Republicans, the only thing Trump could figure was that Licht wanted a prime-time spectacle to resuscitate the network’s moribund ratings. The two men spoke only briefly backstage. “Have fun,” Licht told him. Trump obliged. He demeaned the woman, E. Jean Carroll, whom a jury had one day earlier found him liable for sexually abusing. He repeated disproved fictions about election fraud and suggested that he would separate families at the southern border again if given the chance. He insulted Collins, calling her “a nasty person” as the crowd hissed in agreement. At one point, when she and Trump assumed their marks onstage after another commercial break, Collins politely reminded him not to step past the giant red CNN logo in front of them. Trump responded by gesturing as though he might stomp on it. The crowd roared in approval.
-
-[Listen: An interview with Tim Alberta about his time with Chris Licht](https://www.theatlantic.com/podcasts/archive/2023/06/the-rise-and-fall-of-chris-licht-and-cnn/674329/)
-
-Licht had not wanted *this*. Sure, he was chasing ratings; in nearly 20 years as a showrunner, ratings had been his currency. But Licht had come to Manchester with bigger ambitions than lifting CNN out of the viewership basement for a single evening in May. He believed that Trump owed his initial political ascent in part to the media’s habit of marginalizing conservative views and Republican voters. That needed to change ahead of 2024. Licht wasn’t scared to bring a bunch of MAGA enthusiasts onto his set—he had remarked to his deputies, in the days before the town hall, about the “extra Trumpy” makeup of the crowd CNN was expecting—and he damn sure wasn’t scared of Trump. The way to deal with a bully like Trump, Licht told his journalists, was to confront him with facts.
-
-Collins tried to do just that. She was, however, no match for the environment she’d been thrust into. Squaring off one-on-one against the country’s most accomplished trickster is difficult enough, but this was 300-on-one. The result was a campaign infomercial: Trump the populist champion, slaying his old nemesis and asserting to televised fanfare his claim to the presidency.
-
-“Does CNN count that as an in-kind campaign donation?” the longtime broadcaster Dan Rather tweeted.
-
-Rather’s comment was gentle compared with the torrent of criticism aimed at CNN. “Ready to call it: This was a terrible idea,” the conservative writer Ramesh Ponnuru tweeted, just nine minutes into the event. “CNN should be ashamed of themselves,” tweeted Democratic Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. “This is an absolute joke,” tweeted former Republican Representative Adam Kinzinger. “Chris Licht is rapidly becoming the Elon Musk of CNN,” tweeted *The Bulwark*’s Charlie Sykes.
-
-When Licht found me in the lobby, commenting on how not boring the night had been, it wasn’t clear how much of the blowback he’d already seen. What *was* clear was that Licht knew this was bad—very, very bad. Republicans were angry at CNN. Democrats were angry at CNN. Journalists were angry at CNN. The only one who wasn’t angry, it seemed, was Trump, most likely because he’d succeeded in disgracing the network on its own airwaves.
-
-I felt for Licht. Having spent long stretches of the past year in conversation with him as he attempted to build “the new CNN,” I often found myself agreeing with his principles of journalism. Some media figures had trashed Licht for hosting the town hall in the first place, arguing that nothing good could come from “platforming” a man who’d tried to sabotage the peaceful transition of power. Licht [disagreed](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/11/business/media/cnn-donald-trump-chris-licht.html)—and so did I. Trump was the runaway favorite for the GOP nomination and a decent bet to occupy the White House in two years. The media had every obligation to scrutinize him, interview him, and, yes, platform him.
-
-As I’d settled into my seat in the Saint Anselm auditorium, however, I had been startled by my surroundings. This was no ordinary collection of Republicans and GOP-leaning independents, as CNN had claimed it would be. Most of them were diehards, fanboys, political zealots who were likelier to show up at a rally with a MAGA flag than come to a coffee shop with a policy question. These folks hadn’t turned out to participate in some good-faith civic ritual. They were there to celebrate Trump’s continued assault on the media.
-
-Licht’s theory of CNN—what had gone wrong, how to fix it, and why doing so could lift the entire industry—made a lot of sense. The execution of that theory? Another story. Every move he made, big programming decisions and small tactical maneuvers alike, seemed to backfire. By most metrics, the network under Licht’s leadership had reached its historic nadir. In my conversations with nearly 100 employees at CNN, it was clear that Licht needed a win—a big win—to keep the place from falling apart. The Trump town hall was supposed to be that win. It *had to be* that win. And yet, once again, the execution had failed.
-
-Pulling me into a darkened corridor just outside the auditorium, Licht tried to compose himself. He and I had spent many hours discussing what he described as “the mission” of CNN. I asked Licht whether the town hall had advanced that mission. He bit his lip.
-
-“Too early to say,” Licht replied.
-
-During our first interview, over breakfast last fall, Licht made a point of assuring me: David Zaslav had his back.
-
-Licht was off to a slow start—understandably so. CNN was still staggering from the forced resignation of Zucker, a beloved figure who had been defenestrated for [sleeping with his second in command](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/02/business/media/jeff-zucker-cnn.html#:~:text=Jeff%20Zucker%20resigned%20on%20Wednesday,senior%20executive%20at%20the%20network.), and the firing of Chris Cuomo, the prime-time star who, in addition to [shattering ethical standards](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/11/fire-chris-cuomo/620835/) by advising his politician brother, had a `#MeToo` problem. (Zucker declined to comment for this article; Cuomo has denied allegations of sexual misconduct.) Meanwhile, the ownership change that preceded Licht’s arrival—AT&T spun off WarnerMedia, which then merged with Discovery Inc. to create Warner Bros. Discovery—had been messier than expected. Thanks to shaky balance sheets, followed by an inflation crisis, Warner Bros. Discovery saw its stock price drop by half within months of its launch. Days before Licht assumed control of CNN, its new parent company announced the [termination of CNN+](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/24/business/media/cnn-plus-discovery-warner.html), a streaming platform that had been hailed as the future of the company.
-
-There was never going to be much goodwill between Warner Bros. Discovery and the journalists at CNN. In November 2021, not long after the corporate takeover was announced, John Malone, a right-wing billionaire who stood to become a major shareholder on the new Warner Bros. Discovery board, said that CNN could learn a few things from the reporters at Fox News. “I would like to see CNN evolve back to the kind of journalism that it started with, and actually have journalists, which would be unique and refreshing,” Malone told CNBC. After Zucker was sacked, Zaslav, the CEO of Warner Bros. Discovery, exacerbated these tensions by choosing Licht without interviewing any of CNN’s internal candidates. Zaslav told numerous people that he needed an outsider to revamp CNN’s journalistic practices because Republican politicians had told him they were no longer willing to come on the network—a rationale that worried staffers there.
-
-The CNN rank and file were nonetheless excited by the arrival of Licht, who had earned the reputation of a boy-genius producer from his work on *Morning Joe* and *The Late Show With Stephen Colbert*. But things went sideways fast. A few weeks into his tenure, Licht instructed his producers to downplay the first hearing of the January 6 committee—an event that MSNBC treated like a prime-time special, earning monster ratings that infuriated the CNN staff. Licht expressed regret to some top editorial personnel the day after the hearing. Still, the incident proved unnerving. Journalists at the network already had reason to question the motives of Malone and Zaslav; now they were wary of Licht, too. When the new CEO began making public confessions of CNN’s past sins—which sometimes came across like an endorsement of Trump’s attacks on the network—the wariness gave way to wrath. Top talent began to turn on Licht. Rumors of a spoiled honeymoon spread through the industry. By the time Licht announced forthcoming layoffs to his employees—there would be more than 300 in total—in an email sent two days before our October breakfast, CNN was spiraling.
-
-Drinking from a glass of iced coffee, Licht shrugged it all off: the internal leaks, the external media swarm, the printed columns and whispered anecdotes accusing him of remaking CNN into Fox News Lite. “This is too important for me to be worried about what someone’s calling me or suggesting I’m trying to be,” Licht said. “This is so mission-driven and so important. I genuinely am—I get mad, I get frustrated, but it doesn’t, like, affect me. Does that make sense?”
-
-It didn’t make sense. Matt Dornic offered to translate. Dornic, who was accompanying us in his capacity as CNN’s senior vice president of communications—and, I would learn, as a mainstay of Licht’s small entourage—explained that what upsets the new boss isn’t harsh coverage of him personally, but rather bad press about CNN’s journalists. Dornic cited recent reports about how Jake Tapper’s experimental show in the 9 p.m. hour—the slot vacated by Cuomo, which had yet to be permanently filled—was [drawing anemic numbers](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/11/jake-tapper-wasnt-the-answer-to-cnns-prime-time-headache). Licht pointed a finger at Dornic.
-
-“What drives me nuts,” he said, “is *that* has the potential to throw my group off the mission.”
-
-I asked Licht to explain that mission to me, as plainly as possible.
-
-“Journalism. Being trusted. Everyone has an agenda, trying to shape events or shape thought. There has to be a source of absolute truth,” he told me. “There’s good actors, there’s bad actors, there’s a lot of shit in the world. There has to be something that you’re able to look at and go, ‘They have no agenda other than the truth.’”
-
-Journalism was Licht’s first love. Raised in Connecticut, the son of a doctor and a physician assistant, he anchored make-believe newscasts in his basement as a grade-schooler. He studied broadcasting at Syracuse University then moved to Los Angeles, where, after a right-place, right-time chance to cover the O. J. Simpson trial, he got hooked on producing news. With a boyish tousle of blond hair and that bottomless supply of self-confidence, Licht talked his way into bigger and more consequential jobs, eventually finding himself back on the East Coast.
-
-It was Licht’s relationship with Joe Scarborough, the onetime Florida congressman turned television personality, that opened the biggest doors. First on MSNBC’s *Scarborough Country*, a prime-time success that featured sharp conservative punditry on all things political and cultural, and then on *Morning Joe*, Licht distinguished himself as a top-notch executive producer, someone known to run through walls (and run over people) to make great television. Mike Barnicle, a *Morning Joe* contributor, nicknamed Licht “Captain Intense.” But the intensity caught up with him. Licht suffered a brain hemorrhage at 38 and began to reassess his life and career. A few years later, Licht left MSNBC to run the morning show at CBS, and then left the news business altogether, joining Stephen Colbert as the showrunner of *The Late Show*.
-
-Licht had a superlative arrangement with Colbert: more money, fewer headaches, better hours. Only one job, he told me, could have justified leaving that life and returning to the grind of journalism. And then the offer came: Zaslav, who had been courting Licht informally long before the WarnerMedia–Discovery merger was complete, asked him in early 2022 to lead the new CNN.
-
-Licht knew “immediately” that he had to accept. Yet he was not oblivious to the challenges that awaited. His wife, Jenny Blanco, had worked for CNN as a producer. He knew some of the premier on-air talent. Both Colbert and Scarborough warned him not to take the job, and Licht understood their reservations. He had watched, over the previous five years, as the network became more polarizing. When I asked Licht what he’d thought about CNN—as a viewer, and as a seasoned journalist himself—while working on Colbert’s show, he hesitated, searching for the words.
-
-“I thought, *I’m having a tough time discerning between ‘How much are we getting played as an audience by Trump?’ and how much of it’s actually …*” He trailed off.
-
-Licht said Trump had done “really bad shit” as president that reporters sometimes missed because they were obsessing over more sensational stories. Trump had goaded the media with “outrage porn,” provoking journalists to respond with such indignation, so often, that audiences began to tune out. “When everything is an 11” on a scale of 10, Licht said, “it means that when there’s something really awful happening, we’re kind of numb to it. That was a strategy. And I felt like the media was falling for that strategy.”
-
-Licht recalled how, early in the Trump administration, a particular reporter hadn’t been allowed into a press gaggle because of a feud with the White House. During a subsequent meeting with his fellow board members at Syracuse’s Newhouse school of journalism, one of them suggested taking out a full-page ad in *The New York Times* denouncing this affront to the First Amendment. “And I’m like, ‘Guys, keep your powder dry. This is nothing. It’s gonna get much worse,’” Licht said.
-
-“I felt that there was such a mission—” He stopped himself.
-
-“The mission was to go after this guy—” He stopped again.
-
-“Right or wrong. I’m not saying he’s a good guy. He’s definitely not,” Licht said of Trump. “But, like, that was the mission *…* Sometimes something should be an 11; sometimes it should be a two; sometimes it should be a zero. Everything can’t be an 11 because it happens to come from someone you have a visceral hatred for.”
-
-I told Licht that while I agreed with his observation—that Trump had baited reporters into putting on a jersey and entering the game, acting as opposing players instead of serving as commentators or even referees—there was an alternative view. Trump had *forced us*, by trying to annihilate the country’s institutions of self-government, to play a more active role than many journalists were comfortable with. This wasn’t a matter of advocating for capital-*D* Democratic policies; it was a matter of advocating for small-*d* democratic principles. The conflating of the two had proved highly problematic, however, and the puzzle of how to properly cover Trump continued to torment much of the media.
-
-Licht didn’t understand all the fuss. “If something’s a lie, you call it a lie. You know what you’re dealing with now,” he said. “I think he changed the rules of the game, and the media was a little caught off guard and put a jersey on and got into the game as a way of dealing with it. And at least \[at\] my organization, I think we understand that jersey cannot go back on. Because guess what? It didn’t work. Being in the game with the jersey on didn’t change anyone’s mind.”
-
-The new boss told people inside CNN that Tapper’s 4 o’clock show, *The Lead*, was the model: tough, respectful, inquisitive reporting that challenged every conceivable view and facilitated open dialogue.
-
-Licht emphasized certain exceptions to this approach. He would not give airtime to bad actors who spread disinformation. His network would host people who like rain as well as people who don’t like rain. But, he said, CNN would not host people who deny that it’s raining when it is. This was no small caveat: More than half of Republicans in Congress had voted to throw out the electoral votes of Arizona and Pennsylvania based on lies. Meanwhile, plenty of Republicans who *weren’t* election deniers didn’t want to come on CNN anyway. Sensing this predicament, Licht had traveled to Capitol Hill early in his tenure, meeting with Republican leaders and promising them a fair shake under his leadership.
-
-What Licht viewed as a diplomatic visit, his skeptics portrayed as an apology tour. The narrative taking hold in elite media circles—that CNN’s new boss was a scheming, ruthless Roger Ailes wannabe—went into overdrive. Licht was amused at first. But he soon lost his sense of humor. He called Robert Reich and rebuked him after the former labor secretary [wrote a Substack post](https://robertreich.substack.com/p/why-cnn-cancelled-brian-stelter#details) criticizing CNN. He vowed to friends that he would “destroy” Kurt Bardella, a Democratic strategist, for a disparaging [*Los Angeles Times* column](https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2022-08-23/cnn-democracy-media-maga). Licht seethed about what he saw as a coordinated attack from liberals who feared long-overdue journalistic scrutiny of their ideals.
-
-“You have a certain segment of society that has had an unfettered megaphone to the leading journalistic organization in the world,” he said. “And at the slightest hint that that organization may not be just taking things that are fed to them from that segment of the population, it must be that a fascist is running the network and he wants to move it to the right … The fact that I want to give space to the \[argument\] that this thing everyone agrees with might be not right doesn’t make me a fascist right-winger who’s trying to steal Fox viewers.”
-
-Licht was no fascist. But he *was* trying to steal viewers from Fox News—and from MSNBC, for that matter. To succeed, Licht said, CNN would need to produce more than just great journalism. Reporting the news in an aggressive, nonpartisan manner would be central to the network’s attempt to win back audiences. But television is, at its essence, entertainment. Viewers would always turn on CNN in times of crisis, Licht told me. What he needed to find out was how many would turn on CNN for fun.
-
-[From the March 2023 issue: Megan Garber on how everything became entertainment](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/03/tv-politics-entertainment-metaverse/672773/)
-
-![Picture of the CNN This Morning set in at the CNN New York Headquarters in Hudson Yards](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/QGXzIqy0oZ4lnLaR3XgJKWglJ_Y=/0x0:4000x2667/928x619/media/img/posts/2023/06/mp_LICHT594-1/original.jpg)
-
-A CNN studio in New York (Mark Peterson / Redux for *The Atlantic*)
-
-Licht frowned and folded his arms, irritation curdling his voice.
-
-“I’m going to tell Don, the biggest mistake is commenting after every single story for the sake of commenting after every single story,” he said, talking to no one and everyone all at once. “Don’t tell me, ‘Oh, that’s horrible.’ We know it’s horrible. If you’ve got a specific insight into something, if you can add something, tell us. But don’t comment on every single fucking story.”
-
-Licht had wedged a rolling office chair in between the first and second rows of Control Room B, a darkened space that featured scores of monitors being manipulated by two dozen people in hooded sweatshirts and headsets. Everyone looked tense. They were 96 hours from Election Day 2022, when they would launch *CNN This Morning*, Licht’s first big swing as the network’s head honcho, and the show looked terrible.
-
-“I want more movement. Lots of movement,” he told Eric Hall, the new program’s executive producer, who sat in the center of the first row. “What do I hate the most?”
-
-Hall and a younger producer named Zachary Slater responded in unison: “Boxes.”
-
-Licht nodded. “Boxes,” he said, referring to the *Brady Bunch* look on cable-news screens. “I don’t want it to be frenetic, but please make sure there’s movement. We need to see these people.”
-
-Making good TV is difficult under even the best of conditions. These were not the best of conditions. Eager to put his imprint on CNN, Licht had started with what he knew best—mornings—and hounded his team to get the program ready for Election Day. Rehearsals had been rushed. The co-hosts—Don Lemon, Poppy Harlow, and Kaitlan Collins—were struggling to gel, in part because they had practiced so little together. (On this day, Collins was reporting in Georgia.) Licht had created this trio, created this new show, in hopes of injecting some flavor into CNN’s lineup. He thought partnering Lemon, the opinionated, gay, Black southerner, with a pair of hard-hitting female news reporters could be the “fun” viewers needed. But Licht, I sensed, was not having fun.
-
-When the rehearsal went to break, a collective exhale gusted through the room. Licht leaned back, took out his phone, and started scanning a *Variety* story about his decision to eliminate the CNN documentary unit in the layoffs. After he uttered a few choice phrases—but before we could discuss the article—the show started back up, with the cameras centered on Lemon. He had changed into a white jacket, the collar made of fur, with a turtleneck underneath.
-
-“What the fuck is he wearing?” Licht blurted out. Nervous chuckles echoed around us.
-
-The shot began zooming out, slowly at first to incorporate the guests, and then rotating around the glass table in the middle of the set. “Good. I love that,” Licht told Hall. “Just slow it down, make it steady.”
-
-A little while later, the younger producer spoke into Lemon’s earpiece: “Don, uhh, we’re not too crazy about the jacket in here.” Lemon looked miffed. Licht fought back a smirk. “Why are you guys so mean to Don?” he asked.
-
-The joke wasn’t lost on anyone. Clearly, Licht had dwindling patience for Lemon—his outfits, his ad-libbing, his opinions. None of this should have come as a surprise. Lemon was one of the most polarizing figures in media, someone with undeniable talent and unregulated instincts. Given Licht’s down-the-middle mantra, people inside the network were mystified by his decision to hitch the success of the new morning show to CNN’s chief provocateur. Some believed that Licht had been ordered by Zaslav to remove Lemon from his 10 p.m. slot (Licht denied this). Others sensed that Licht, who had already gotten rid of other “off mission” staffers, including the media reporter Brian Stelter and the White House correspondent John Harwood, would have axed Lemon too, if not for his being one of the lone Black voices on a very white network. Whatever the particulars, the careers of these two men were now intertwined.
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-As the show emerged from another break, Lemon, sans jacket, took his place in front of an enormous studio display. At the center were the words An Inconvenient Truth. Licht asked Hall what this segment was about. Hall replied that Ye, the rapper formerly known as Kanye West, had been saying crazy, hateful things for a long time, but corporate America had never abandoned him; only now, after his anti-Semitic rantings, were companies like Adidas dropping him. Lemon was going to ask: Why did those sponsors stick with Ye after his offensive remarks about slavery and other topics, but choose to bail now over his anti-Semitism?
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-Licht looked skeptical. “Where would you envision this running?” he said.
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-“Probably the back half of the show,” Hall replied.
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-“Do you think if I’m on my way to work, at 7:40 in the morning, I have time to absorb this?” Licht asked.
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-Just then, the segment began—and Lemon straightaway butchered the opening line. Hall let out an exasperated grunt. “How does that happen?”
-
-Licht grimaced. “Read the fucking prompter,” he said.
-
-After steering the segment by whispering instructions to Hall—“full … move left … back out …”—Licht glanced over at Ryan Kadro, a top executive who’d worked with Licht at CBS and knew him better than anyone else in this room. Kadro was shaking his head. “Way too long,” he said.
-
-“Way too long—and it’s fucking morning time,” Licht said, motioning toward the screen, which had displayed a graphic image of a tortured slave next to Lemon during his monologue. “This is morning television.”
-
-The rehearsal wrapped, and Licht quickly made his way onto the set, cornering Lemon at the anchor desk. Licht gave his candid feedback—some things had worked, but the Ye segment had not. He wanted less commentary. Above all, he wanted Lemon—and the others—to keep things light in the mornings. Lemon looked hesitant. “I don’t want to be preachy in the morning, but I do want to hold people accountable,” he said. Licht nodded and said he understood. Then he repeated himself: The Ye idea had missed the mark.
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-When Licht left, I sat down with Lemon and Harlow—as well as Dornic, the omnipresent communications executive. Sensing some lingering tension from the earlier exchange, I asked Lemon whether his approach to news meshed with Licht’s. Specifically, I mentioned our “outrage porn” conversation. Lemon squinted at me.
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-“Some people may want to qualify it as ‘outrage porn.’ But there was a lot to be outraged for these last few years,” he said. “There was a tweet or a statement or an action or something that was outrageous a few times a day for five, six years … What we were doing is, we were fighting for democracy. We were fighting to set the record straight on us being attacked and called ‘fake’ … That may have put us back on our heels and made us a bit more aggressive with calling it out, but it doesn’t mean that it was ‘outrage porn.’”
-
-Harlow saw things somewhat differently—perhaps because of her straight-news background—but Lemon wasn’t having any of it.
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-“A lot of people are Monday-morning-quarterbacking about what happened” at CNN, Lemon told me. “You have to remember the time that we were in. Every single day, we were being attacked by the former administration. And that’s not hyperbole … We had bombs sent to this very network.”
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-In fact, Harlow was live on the air when the bomb was detected. She had to evacuate to the street, where she [continued broadcasting](https://www.vox.com/2018/10/24/18018574/cnn-bomb-threat-newsroom-evacuated). It was a traumatic ordeal for all of CNN—and that was Lemon’s point. He had been swamped with threats during Trump’s presidency, followed down the street by menacing figures, given a 24-hour security detail at certain points. Not that it was all about him. What of the unceasing vitriol against women and minorities, public officials and private citizens? It was all outrageous. Was he supposed to pretend to *not* be outraged?
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-Dornic jumped in. “I don’t think that’s what Chris is even saying—” He paused.
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-“This is not about you versus Chris,” Dornic continued. “I think his perspective is: Under a normal administration, those would have been 11s. But you had to recalibrate, because if you make the outrageous thing about women an 11, then what happens when he actually does something completely insane and undermines democracy?”
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-Harlow, now cast in the role of peacemaker, told Lemon that this seemed like a legitimate point. Just recently, she said, she had told her children the story of the boy who cried wolf. She did worry about Trump’s destruction of norms, but she also worried about a lack of self-awareness displayed by some in her profession. Lemon looked ready to contest that point. Then, perhaps in deference to Harlow, he decided to drop it.
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-As we continued chatting, the bond between Lemon and Harlow was evident. She said her husband had advised her to switch roles only if it would mean becoming partners with Lemon; Lemon said he wouldn’t have moved to the mornings alongside anyone else. Less clear was where Collins fit into this mix. Barely in her 30s, Collins had in a few years’ time zoomed from entertainment writer at *The Daily Caller* to chief White House correspondent at CNN. She had serious reporting chops and a deep roster of sources. Everyone at the network could see that Collins was the future of the brand—a next-generation star who could be synonymous with CNN for decades to come. So why take away her prized reporting post and sit her behind a desk with two co-anchors?
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-No one really knew. Licht spoke of chemistry and character, of dynamic personalities and geographic diversity. (Lemon is from Louisiana, Harlow from Minnesota, and Collins from Alabama, making them symbolic of a forgotten America that Licht was determined to reach.) But this was mostly game theory. The truth is, Licht didn’t know if it would work. What he did know was that CNN was falling farther behind in the ratings, and that without a daring move, something that could rouse a lethargic network, the discontent would grow louder. Licht remembered what Joe Scarborough used to tell him: “Scared money never wins.”
-
-Licht was ready to gamble. He asked Lemon to take the lead, trusted Harlow to be the stabilizer, and hoped Collins could adjust in a hurry. Licht’s formative experience in television had come from watching Scarborough learn to check his ego and build an inclusive, engaging, highly entertaining program. He hoped Lemon could do the same.
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-“I feel like the senior of the group,” Lemon told us, sitting on the set. He instantly sensed that this was unwise to say out loud. “Yeah, yeah,” said Harlow, giving him a look. “But lift us up.” Lemon grabbed her hand: “I’m going to lift you up. I’m not going to try to bigfoot you.”
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-She smiled politely. “There’s none of that on this show.”
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-It was 6:07 a.m. and sweat dripped from Licht’s nose.
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-He pumped his arms and legs on a machine inside a workout studio two blocks from the Hudson River. Joe Maysonet, a former boxer who wore polka-dot pajama pants, a green oxford shirt, and a peach-colored beanie, stood with his arms crossed, chirping at his client: “Did I say stop? No, I did not!”
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-Three years ago, Licht weighed 226 pounds. Worried that he was losing control of his lifestyle, he went all in. No more breakfast. No drinking during the week. No more carbs or sweets. (“I’m a fucking machine,” Licht told me one day, when I asked why he was skipping a meal.) He also found Maysonet, whose gym, J Train, caters to New York’s elite—actors, athletes, business tycoons. On this morning, in March 2023, the CNN boss was down to 178 pounds.
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-Licht jumped off the machine. At Maysonet’s instruction, he squatted down to grab a long metal pole lying flat on the ground. “Zucker couldn’t do this shit,” Licht said through clenched teeth, hoisting the pole with a grunt.
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-Working in the shadow of Jeff Zucker, a hugely popular figure who had overseen the highest-rated, most profitable years in CNN’s history, was never going to be easy. But Licht had made it harder than it needed to be. Among the first things he did, after taking over, was turn Zucker’s old office on the 17th floor—across from the bullpen, right near key studios and control rooms—into a conference room. Then he decamped to the 22nd floor, setting up in a secluded space that most staffers didn’t know how to find. It became symbolic of Licht’s relationship to his workforce: He was detached, aloof, inaccessible in every way.
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-The comparisons with Zucker were inevitable, and Licht hated them. Whereas the old boss was gregarious and warm, giving nicknames to employees and remembering their kids’ birthdays, Licht came across as taciturn, seemingly going out of his way to avoid human relationships. At a holiday dinner for his D.C.-based talent, Licht went around the private room at Café Milano, shook hands and spoke briefly with each of the journalists, then sat down and spent much of the dinner looking at his phone. Not only did he say nothing to address the group—as they all expected he would—but Licht barely interacted with the people seated near him. It became so awkward that guests began texting one another, wondering if there was some crisis unfolding with an international bureau. When a pair of them caught a glimpse of Licht’s phone, they could see that he was reading a critical story about him in *Puck*.
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-![Picture of Chris Licht in a studio at the CNN headquarters in Hudson Yards, New York, New York](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/5p75tT4i3S4vbAs1qO_rMYZFvq8=/0x0:8640x5760/928x619/media/img/posts/2023/06/mp_LICHT542/original.jpg)
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-Chris Licht at CNN’s New York headquarters (Mark Peterson / Redux for *The Atlantic*)
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-The negative press had been building—and Licht, whatever his insistence to the contrary, had become consumed by it. Leaks from inside his own house especially angered him. Licht knew that many people remained loyal to his predecessor; some of his top executives, as well as on-air personalities, spoke with Zucker regularly. That hadn’t particularly bothered him at first. Over time, however, it became obvious that those conversations were finding their way into media stories scrutinizing his leadership of CNN. Licht told friends he was convinced that Zucker—whose legacy he was undermining daily with rhetorical recriminations about past damage to CNN’s brand—was retaliating by pushing hit pieces on him. In particular, Licht felt certain that Zucker was using *Puck*’s Dylan Byers, an ex-CNN employee who was pummeling Licht multiple times each week in his newsletter, to foment narratives of a mutiny at the network.
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-Licht and Zucker knew each other, having worked together at NBCUniversal. Zucker told friends that he’d found it unusual—but hardly threatening—when, a few years earlier, with buzz building around a potential WarnerMedia–Discovery merger, Licht began attending David Zaslav’s annual Labor Day party, an exclusive gathering in the Hamptons. Licht wasn’t exactly the type of VIP who attended these events. When the merger began to appear inevitable, in the fall of 2021, Zucker got a call from Zaslav. He assured Zucker that his position atop CNN was secure. Then he asked his opinion of Licht. Zucker would later recall to friends that, at that moment, the endgame was clear. Within a few months, Zucker was out, Licht was in, and a cold war was under way. Attempts were made to broker a peace. In August 2022, Jay Sures, an agent who represents some of CNN’s top talent, arranged a meeting at Zucker’s vacation home. It was cordial enough, but suspicions ran deep between the two men. Both soon began peddling competing versions of what had gone down.
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-However self-serving his criticisms of Zucker, Licht had legitimate reasons to be wary of his predecessor’s approach. CNN had produced some terrific reporting during the Trump years, but it had also embarrassed itself, and the industry as a whole, on more than a few occasions. The use of paid contributors such as Jeffrey Lord and Corey Lewandowski, the latter of whom appeared on air while [still being paid by the Trump campaign](https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/cnn-commentator-lewandowski-remained-on-trump-payroll-in-august/2016/09/21/4abbf5d8-7fc8-11e6-9070-5c4905bf40dc_story.html), served no defensible journalistic purpose. The incurious tone of the network’s COVID-19 coverage—its steady deference to government officials, paired with its derision toward those who held heterodox opinions on school closings and other restrictions—did a disservice to viewers. All the while, Zucker’s buddy-buddy rapport with the talent bred a lack of accountability that ultimately created rogues. Chris Cuomo smashed ethical norms and repeatedly lied to management about it. Jim Acosta routinely made himself the story while covering Trump’s White House, specializing in lectures and snarky commentary instead of questions and source reporting. (One viral exchange with Trump, in which Acosta refused to surrender the microphone to a press aide, then stood to interrupt a colleague’s question, came to epitomize the late stages of the Zucker era.) Licht had inherited a culture of loose rules and lax standards. For this, justifiably, he blamed Zucker.
-
-Licht could not, however, blame Zucker for what had become his biggest problem: Don Lemon.
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-In the middle of February, several weeks before I joined Licht for his morning workout, Lemon set social media ablaze—and infuriated Harlow and Collins, his co-hosts—by asserting that 51-year-old Nikki Haley “isn’t in her prime.” A woman is only in her prime, Lemon explained, “in her 20s, 30s, and maybe her 40s.” This was just the latest in a string of offenses. For months, Lemon had been making the control room cringe with half-baked opinions, irritating Harlow and Collins by forcing his way into every segment, and angering Licht by adding the sort of superfluous commentary the boss had explicitly warned against. Tensions were already high when, one day in December, Collins started to interrupt Lemon during a news report. Lemon continued speaking and held up a finger to shush her—“stand by, one second,” he said—and then, after the segment, berated her in front of the crew. Their relationship would never recover. By the time Lemon made the “prime” remark, Licht was confronting the reality that his morning show might be a bust.
-
-![Screenshot of CNN This Morning show when Dom Lemon was still one of the co-hosts](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/5WlpIyWvldu8w_CGl3AcHqVg90g=/665x379/media/img/posts/2023/06/col21/original.jpg)
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-CNN
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-There was no neat solution to the Lemon problem. Top executives urged Licht to fire him; Licht, knowing it would be seen as a response to the Haley episode, worried about setting a harsh precedent. Lemon pitched an attempt at damage control—a prime-time special on misogyny, which he would host with a roundtable of women—and Licht rejected it. Then, a staffer close to Licht told me, Lemon began telling allies that Al Sharpton, Ben Crump, and other Black leaders would rally to his defense if he were fired, making his dismissal a referendum on CNN’s whiteness. (A spokesperson for Lemon denied this and accused Licht’s team of spreading rumors about him to distract from Licht’s failures at CNN.)
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-The burden of this—of *everything*—made Licht’s workouts at J Train indispensable. Licht called Maysonet his “therapist” and “coach” and “one-man focus group.” He was among the few people Licht trusted. This gym was Licht’s sanctuary; nothing and no one was allowed to disrupt him here. Except Zaslav. To the annoyance of his trainer, Licht told me, Zaslav liked to call him at 6:30 a.m. Sometimes those calls came when Zaslav was on the West Coast, meaning it was 3:30 a.m. for him. When Licht told me this, he twisted his face into a pained expression.
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-Assuming a side-plank position, Licht told me that Maysonet “is super fucking liberal” and not sold on his plans for CNN. Maysonet pressed his foot into Licht’s shoulder. “Rachel Maddow, now that’s my chick,” he said.
-
-Licht rolled his eyes. Maysonet kept goading him. “By the way, you see my boy Jamie Raskin on MSNBC the other day?” he asked, referring to the Democratic representative from Maryland. Maysonet began shuffling his feet like a prizefighter. “Wiping the floor with your Republican boys!”
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-“They’re not my boys,” Licht groaned, collapsing onto his back.
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-Maysonet motioned for Licht to flip onto his other side. Then he turned to me, his voice abruptly becoming serious. “I’ll tell you what I do like about his vision,” Maysonet said. “He wants to create a conversation where we can talk to each other again. We can debate anything, but not if we’re not talking to each other.”
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-I asked him to elaborate. Maysonet explained that after countless hours of conversation with Licht over the past few years—through the murder of George Floyd, the spread of COVID-19, the election of Joe Biden, the siege of the Capitol—he came away convinced that his client was uniquely capable of facilitating a national dialogue on some of the country’s toughest, most divisive issues. Perhaps Licht had spent too much time promoting the return of Republicans to CNN, and not enough time advertising that forum for conversation. “I think that’s the part people don’t know about him, and that’s the part that could make CNN thrive,” Maysonet said.
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-Licht, now half-standing, hands on his knees, started to clarify that this was precisely what he’d attempted to do with his morning show. Maysonet pretended not to hear him, instructing Licht to go across the room and fetch a large, weighted sleigh. A minute later, as his client pushed the hulking object across the room, growling with every forward lurch, Maysonet mentioned some news from the sports world: The Brooklyn Nets, who had built their franchise around three all-star players, had just traded away the last of them, a catastrophic end to a once-promising experiment.
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-“All that talent,” Maysonet said, “but no chemistry.”
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-A studio audience of Licht’s employees looked on as Audie Cornish, CNN’s top audio journalist, probed her boss with questions that he didn’t seem keen on answering.
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-The purpose of this springtime company town hall was for Licht to quell concerns and rally the troops, laying out his plan for the new CNN. Addressing a few dozen staffers who sat in black stackable chairs—and thousands more watching from their cubicles, couches, and reporting outposts around the world—Licht stressed the opportunity at hand. Americans were starving, he argued, for a network without perceived partisan loyalties; for a source of authoritative, follow-the-facts reporting; for a place that could foster a “national conversation.” CNN could be all of that. But first, Licht suggested, people had to fall in line. They needed to recognize that “the brand has taken a hit over the past few years” and unite around his editorial strategy as “one team.”
-
-What made unity so elusive was that CNN’s newsroom had splintered into at least three factions. Some of Licht’s journalists were dead set against him, believing his approach was a recipe for false equivalency. Others were lukewarm, open to a change in direction yet confounded by his ill-defined denunciations of the work they’d done in recent years. Even those who were fully on board—people who had hailed Licht’s theoretical objective for the network—expressed bewilderment at his lack of specifics. He had talked a big game when he came aboard 10 months earlier, but since then—and especially after CNN’s botched coverage of the first January 6 hearing—had largely kept out of sight, leaving producers and hosts to reimagine their programs off interpretations of Licht’s innuendo. His move to the 22nd floor had become a serious liability. CNN staffers didn’t just wonder *where* the boss was; they wanted to know *what*, exactly, he was doing. There was still no permanent host for the lucrative 9 p.m. hour. Licht’s signature initiative—Lemon and the morning show—had become an industry punch line.
-
-Every employee I spoke with was asking some variation of the same question: Did Licht have any idea what he was doing?
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-Cornish seemed determined to find out. In a Q&A session that grew slightly uncomfortable, she quizzed Licht on these issues and more: the “culture and morale” of the company, the confusion over his plans, the “tough decisions” pertaining to certain employees who hadn’t gotten with his program. Licht began to look and sound restless. At one point, highlighting his recent guidance to refrain from bashing Fox News—and his wooing of Republicans to come on air—Cornish asked Licht about the perception that CNN was tacking deliberately to the right.
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-He fought a smirk. The network’s coverage of the Fox News story to date had been textbook, he said, presenting the damning facts of what had emerged from the Dominion Voting Systems lawsuit—namely, that Fox had knowingly misled its audience—and sparing viewers the hysterical analysis found on CNN’s chief rival, MSNBC. As for platforming Republicans, “I think it’s incredibly important, if we’re going to understand the country,” Licht said. “I actually want to hear from these Republicans. And to do that, it has to actually be a place where they know they’re going to get a tough interview, but it’s going to be respectful.”
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-After underscoring the “fears” people had internally—that CNN was enabling bad actors with a both-sides approach to journalism—Cornish asked him about the company’s reputation. She, like so many of her colleagues, wanted to know what Licht meant by that nebulous word: *brand*.
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-![Picture of the area where Christiane Amanpour works at CNN HQ](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/Aru2686qjBdfDoXaTh41ElEVPkA=/0x0:8640x5760/928x619/media/img/posts/2023/06/mp_LICHT585/original.jpg)
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-Cutouts of Christiane Amanpour and Fareed Zakaria at CNN headquarters in New York (Mark Peterson / Redux for *The Atlantic*)
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-“What I believe has happened in the past, to put it bluntly, is that sometimes the tone of our coverage has undercut the work of our journalism. And we’re just trying to eliminate that and win that trust back,” Licht said. “Trust is that you’re getting to the truth without fear or favor. We have seen the data that shows there’s been a marked erosion of trust—”
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-Cornish cut him off. “Because of tenor and tone?”
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-“Yeah,” Licht said.
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-In the hallway a few minutes later, as we waited for an elevator, Licht asked what I thought of his performance. I told him that he looked on edge—like he was struggling to remain diplomatic in the face of questions that annoyed him.
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-“Yeah. At one point, I wanted to just say, ‘We’re not going to turn into *BuzzFeed*, okay?’” Licht said. “But that probably wouldn’t have helped.”
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-Probably not. Settling into a conference room—his assistant ordered us Sweetgreen salads for lunch—I asked Licht whether he understood the anxiety that permeated his organization.
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-“I think wherever there’s uncertainty, there’s anxiety,” he said. “These are journalists, so there really isn’t anything you can *say* that will ease anxiety. You have to show them. So the whole purpose of today really is like, ‘Hey, there is a plan. This is what we’re going to be doing. This is how it’s going to involve you. This is the sense of purpose. This is the strategy.’”
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-The company, he said, had been reeling ever since the firing of Chris Cuomo, which had set in motion the ousting of Jeff Zucker. “This uncertainty and anxiety, you don’t want it to become the new normal,” Licht told me. “And it has, to a certain extent.”
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-Much of this angst at CNN, Licht argued, stemmed from skepticism about whether his vision would succeed in bringing back viewers. He acknowledged that it very well might not—or, at least, that it might take a long time. Licht was visibly bothered whenever someone brought up the network’s bad ratings. But, he assured me, David Zaslav cared more about other metrics. Success would be measured differently at CNN than it had been in the past. “This is a reputational asset for the company. It is not a profit-growth driver,” Licht said.
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-I asked him to define “reputational asset” in the context of an enormous, publicly traded, for-profit corporation.
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-“CNN, for Warner Bros. Discovery, is a *reputational asset*,” he said, emphasizing the phrase. “My boss believes that a strong CNN is good for the world and important to the portfolio.”
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-Even if it’s not making nearly the money it once did?
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-“So I’m told,” he said.
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-This sentiment struck me as particularly guileless coming from a newsman. Whatever Zaslav’s worldview, steering CNN toward the center was a business decision. In an age of fragmented media, Zaslav was convinced by Licht, among others, that broadening the network’s appeal to reach an exhausted majority of news consumers was good for the bottom line (and, perhaps as a bonus, good for America). It’s unclear whether Zaslav still believes that model is viable. There had been doubts from day one as to whether Warner Bros. Discovery planned to keep CNN; plenty of industry insiders believed Zaslav’s plan was to stabilize the network, cut costs to stop the bleeding of revenue, then flip it for a gain.
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-In any event, the health of CNN’s business was but one source of anxiety. I told Licht—based on my conversations with his employees, as well as the questioning from Cornish earlier in the day—that there seemed to be even greater insecurity about the journalistic ethos itself. When he’d warned Cornish about taking a “condescending tone” toward Republicans, surely it sounded to some reporters like he wanted them to coddle the crazy right-wingers who would use their platform to destabilize the country’s democratic institutions.
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-Licht looked annoyed. “We are not an advocacy network. And if you want to work for an advocacy network, there are other places to go,” he told me. “You can find any flavor of advocacy in a news organization that suits your need. We are providing something different. And when the shit hits the fan in this world, you’re not gonna have time for that advocacy anymore. You need an unbiased source of truth.”
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-I told him that some journalists, myself included, believe that truth itself needs to be advocated for.
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-“No one is suggesting in any way that we shy away from the truth,” he replied.
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-“Do you believe in absolute truth?” I asked.
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-“That’s a weird question,” he said, rumpling his brow.
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-It wasn’t *that* weird. He had used the phrase in one of our prior interviews, but, it seemed, hadn’t given much thought to its usage in the context of modern media. “Absolute truth. Hmmm,” he said, stroking his chin. Finally, he shrugged. “It’s that analogy again, right? Some people like rain; some people don’t like rain. You can’t tell me it’s not raining \[when\] it’s raining.”
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-If only it were that simple. A few weeks earlier, *The New York Times* had descended into open conflict after a group of contributors and staffers signed a letter condemning the paper’s alleged “editorial bias” in its coverage of the transgender community. Another letter, signed by a number of prominent *Times* reporters, rebuked what they saw as an effort to silence legitimate journalistic inquiry. Both parties, I told Licht, believed that they were standing for the truth.
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-He leaned across the table. “Your beliefs can be different, but there’s only one truth,” he said. “And we have to be able to ask questions and have conversations that help people understand what’s happening … We have completely lost the ability to have difficult conversations without being demonized or labeled. It’s okay to ask questions, to have difficult conversations. You can strongly believe in something at your core, but that doesn’t affect the truth.”
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-Licht emphasized that although he would show employees grace for certain missteps, he had no tolerance for efforts to chill reporting on controversial topics. He noted that Zucker, fearing the COVID-19 “lab-leak theory” was a xenophobic gambit that endangered Asian Americans, had essentially banned discussion of the topic on the air. This was not dissimilar, Licht suggested, to the surgeon general of the United States telling citizens at the beginning of the pandemic that wearing masks wouldn’t help them—not because it was a fact, but because the government wanted to prevent a run on the masks needed for first responders.
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-“They didn’t tell us the truth about something, because they were worried about an outcome,” Licht said.
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-He leaned back in his chair. “So, yes, I believe in absolute truth.”
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-Later that day, while riding the Acela from New York to Washington, Licht expanded on his media polemic. Specifically, he wanted to keep talking about COVID-19. Like Trump’s presidency, Licht told me, the pandemic had exposed the degree to which his network had lost touch with the country.
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-“In the beginning it was a trusted source—this crazy thing, no one understands it, help us make sense of it. What’s going on?” he said. “And I think then it got to a place where, ‘Oh wow, we gotta keep getting those ratings. We gotta keep getting the sense of urgency.’”
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-He slapped his palms on the table between us, mimicking the feverish pace of an imaginary broadcaster. “COVID, COVID, COVID! Look at the case numbers! Look at this! Look at this!” Licht said. “No context. And, you know, the kind of *shaming*. And then people walked outside and they go, ‘This is not my life. This is not my reality. You guys are just saying this because you need the ratings, you need the clicks. I don’t trust you.’”
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-Were they wrong?
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-“They were not,” he said.
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-For a man widely perceived to be carrying out the orders of his bosses on the board of Warner Bros. Discovery, Licht held some awfully strong views of his own. Certainly, he was under pressure to conform CNN to the whims of Zaslav; Licht told top staffers that he was continually fighting to “protect” them from editorial interference at the corporate level. Licht had heard the talk about his being a glorified errand boy. Perhaps because it contained some trace of truth, he seemed determined in our conversations to map out his own distinct worldview.
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-Licht insisted that his media critiques were not ideological; that he was rebuking not a liberal slant on the news, per se, but rather a bias toward elite cultural sensibility, a reporting covenant in which affluent urban-dwelling journalists avoid speaking hard truths that would alienate members of their tribe. When we returned to the question of covering transgender issues—specifically, the science around prepubescent hormone treatments and life-altering surgeries—he suggested that the media was less interested in finding answers and more worried about not offending perceived allies.
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-“We’ve got to ask tough questions without being shouted down for having the temerity to even ask,” Licht said. “There is a truth in there, and it may not serve one side or the other. But let’s get to the truth. Some of this is right, some of this is wrong; some of this is wrong, some of this is right.”
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-He paused. “And I will add, this is where words matter. You immediately force some people to tune out when you use, like, ‘person capable of giving birth.’ People tune out and you lose that trust.” He took another pause. “Do *not* virtue signal. Tell the truth. Ask questions getting at the truth—not collecting facts for one side or collecting facts for another side. Ask the tough questions. It’s an incredibly sensitive, divisive issue of which there is a Venn diagram that this country can agree on, if we get there with facts.”
-
-Licht argued that the media’s blind spots owe to a lack of diversity—and not the lack of diversity that he sees newsrooms obsessing over. He wants to recruit reporters who are deeply religious and reporters who grew up on food stamps and reporters who own guns. Licht recalled a recent dustup with his own diversity, equity, and inclusion staff after making some spicy remarks at a conference. “I said, ‘A Black person, a brown person, and an Asian woman that all graduated the same year from Harvard is not diversity,’” he told me.
-
-A minute later—after noting how sharing that anecdote could get him in trouble, and pausing to consider what he would say next—Licht added: “I think ‘Defund the police’ would’ve been covered differently if newsrooms were filled with people who had lived in public housing.” I asked him why. “They have a different relationship with their need with the police,” he said.
-
-Licht glanced over at his assistant. “Now I’m in trouble,” he said.
-
-I wondered if he *wanted* to get in trouble—if he savored barreling through the boundaries of mannerly media conversation. It had become apparent, from my reporting, that Licht’s circle was small and getting smaller. He obviously felt that he couldn’t trust some of the people around him—folks who were loyal to Zucker, or leaking to undermine him, or both. That distrust begot a certain foreboding—yet also a certain liberation. Whereas he was guarded with CNN employees, our many hours of conversations began to feel like therapy sessions for Licht, safe spaces in which he vented grievances and admitted fears and chased an elusive breakthrough.
-
-I had heard from former colleagues how, in the early days of *Morning Joe*, when the C-suites at NBC treated his start-up show like a joke, Licht had adopted a me-against-the-world mentality, hunkering down and swearing to make the 30 Rock establishment pay for its contempt. It occurred to me that Licht was doing the same thing now. The difference, of course, was that he no longer represented the ragtag rebel alliance. He was the chair and CEO of CNN Worldwide. He was the empire.
-
-As we cruised past Wilmington, Delaware, I asked Licht if there were people at CNN who wanted him to fail.
-
-“I’m sure,” he said, nodding, visibly weighing what to say next. He opted to play it safe. “But it’s certainly a very small part, a very small pocket of the organization. So I don’t spend a lot of time thinking about it.”
-
-Then his voice changed. Suddenly, Licht was animated. “But I would say that for anyone who does want me to fail—what are you going for? Who would you want in this seat? You want a journalist? You want someone who has a direct line to the corporation and can make a phone call and go, ‘Hey, what the fuck?’ Do you want someone who’s done the job? Who’s done a lot of the jobs? Who understands exactly what it takes to do what I’m asking? Someone who believes that our future is based on executing great journalism? Maybe they don’t like my *style* or whatever, but I’m not quite sure what you’re going for—if you want me to fail.”
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-Licht looked out the window. “So I don’t spend a lot of time thinking about it,” he repeated.
-
-Focusing on his “style” seemed like a cop-out. I told Licht that in my conversations with his employees, they had three main beefs. The first was that he relentlessly attacked the previous iteration of CNN without ever really specifying—as he’d been doing in *our* interviews—what he disliked about the coverage or what he would have done differently. Licht countered this criticism by explaining that he didn’t want to call out particular journalists, especially “when they were being rewarded for that behavior by the boss before me.”
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-Licht told me that bad behavior had been addressed with certain individuals directly. Without identifying Jim Acosta by name, Licht said: “There was one person I had dinner with who was very much perceived as \[having\] the wrong tone, the old way of doing it. People just assumed they didn’t fit in my world. And I had dinner with that person, and I said, ‘Can I assume that this was fog of war? That sometimes we do things during war that isn’t who we are?’ And he said, ‘You absolutely can assume that. What do you need from me?’ We haven’t had an issue.”
-
-This brought us to the second beef with Licht: His approach seemed consistently inconsistent. Acosta was spared while Brian Stelter got axed; John Harwood was pushed out because he didn’t fit the “brand,” but Don Lemon was given a huge new contract and a promotion to anchor Licht’s morning show. After disrespecting his colleague and making asinine comments on the air, Lemon still had his job—for the time being—confounding even those CNN employees who considered him a friend.
-
-Behavior and branding aside, Lemon’s morning show was *bad*. Hence the third beef Licht’s employees had with him: Wasn’t he supposed to be a producer extraordinaire? A television genius? How was it that so much of the content he put on the air was so unwatchable? I reminded him of what Joe Maysonet, his trainer, had said about the Brooklyn Nets: Big stars and big egos had ruined the team’s chemistry, leaving management no choice but to trade them away and start over. I asked Licht if, four months into the morning show, he was nearing that point.
-
-“Jury’s out,” he replied.
-
-And then I asked Licht if, looking back, there were things he wished he had done differently. He said yes—“100 percent”—but seemed reluctant to say more. When I pressed, Licht conceded that his biggest mistake had been blazing into the place, determined to prove he was in charge, bellowing, in his own synopsis, “I’m gonna be a much different leader than Jeff,” rather than learning the place, including what Zucker had gotten right.
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-“I was intent on trying to draw a line of difference between the old regime and the new regime,” Licht said. “I should have just sort of slowly come in, without making these grand pronouncements of how different I was going to be.”
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-Those grand pronouncements had alienated Licht from much of his workforce. He now realized as much. But, he promised me, there was time to turn it all around. His mission was accelerating. Big moves were in the works. Soon, he said, the world was going to get a look at the new CNN.
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-![Picture of the area where the producers, correspondents and reporters sit in the CNN headquarters in Hudson Yards, New York, New York.](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/SPTHsmjqtRE1N-7YaXFVwa5SB_A=/0x0:8216x5478/928x619/media/img/posts/2023/06/mp_LICHT578/original.jpg)
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-A newsroom at CNN’s New York headquarters (Mark Peterson / Redux for *The Atlantic*)
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-“Chris was absolutely, positively, without question the right choice for CNN,” the teacher told his students, motioning toward the man seated in front of them. “There is nothing more important in America today than trust. I’m praying that Chris is successful. I want him to have this job for 10 years. Because anything less than 10 years will not give him the opportunity to make the most important changes to the most important news source on the face of the Earth. I have every faith that he will succeed, and every fear for this country if he doesn’t.”
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-He turned to face Licht. The teacher’s eyes were watery. His voice was choked with emotion. “My hopes and dreams are embodied in you,” he said.
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-This was quite an introduction, especially considering the man who gave it: Frank Luntz.
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-For 30 years, Luntz, the pollster and focus-group guru, had been the [maestro of messaging](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/01/the-agony-of-frank-luntz/282766/) for a Republican Party that systematically attempted to delegitimize the news media. Luntz had no particular regrets about this. Though he broke from his party over its subjugation to Donald Trump, he still believed the press had done as much damage to the country as any politician in his lifetime, which explained his exuberance over the selection of Licht to run CNN. Since meeting him more than a decade ago, back in the *Morning Joe* days, Luntz had become certain that Licht was especially well equipped to frame the sort of smart, fair, nuanced discussions the voting public deserved. With Zucker out of the picture, Luntz went into lobbying mode, pleading with Licht to pursue the job, unaware that it had already been offered and accepted.
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-Licht had never gotten a fair shake, Luntz told the group of University of Southern California students sitting in a semicircle in his D.C. apartment. The critics had come for him within weeks of his taking the job.
-
-“Days!” Licht said, cutting him off. Luntz nodded in agreement. Licht told him that was just fine. His boss, David Zaslav, thought in terms of years, not months. Licht had a plan to see CNN through to the other side of its identity crisis—and Zaslav possessed the patience to let that plan work. Luntz winced. He noted that NFL owners were famous for saying this very thing about their coaches—that there was a vision in place, that it would take time—before firing them. He told Licht he was praying that would not happen.
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-That CNN’s chieftain would enjoy such enthusiastic support from a famed Republican operator—and that Licht would pay this early-spring visit to Luntz’s home, a place where House Speaker Kevin McCarthy [keeps a bedroom](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/05/kevin-mccarthy-says-he-rented-room-7000-square-foot-penthouse/)—likely confirms the left’s worst fears about him. (When I asked Licht if he is a conservative, he replied, “I would never put myself into a category. I think it depends on what we’re talking about.”) In truth, Licht wasn’t here for Luntz. The night before, when the old friends had run into each other at an event honoring Ted Turner, Luntz had sprung an idea. He was teaching a class to visiting USC students and would be hosting them at his apartment the next day; what if Licht made a surprise appearance to answer their questions about the media?
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-Most executives would never entertain such a haphazard scheduling request. To his credit, Licht—now very much in the barrel at CNN, rumors about job security shadowing his every move—did so and then some. The next day, he showed up at Luntz’s apartment and spent an hour with the group of 16 students. It struck me, yet again, as exactly the type of open interaction he’d been avoiding with his own employees. With the students, Licht was blunt and authentic to a fault; once, during a word-association game, when a young woman called CNN “liberal,” Licht made no effort to mask his irritation, quizzing her for specifics until she admitted defeat, confessing that her answer was more about perception than reality.
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-One of her classmates raised his hand. He asked Licht how CNN could recover from being the face of “fake news.” Licht replied that the network needed to “double down” on a facts-only approach. “It’s so easy to ruin a reputation—and it just takes a lot of time to win it back,” he said. Licht told the students that his organization had little margin for error: Every story on the CNN website, every chyron on the airwaves, every comment on his reporters’ social-media accounts was going to be scrutinized. “It all matters,” he said. “Because the second you give ammunition to the other side, they exploit it.”
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-And then Licht said something I’d never heard before. “I don’t want people to think of CNN, Fox, and MSNBC in the same sentence,” he said.
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-Licht told students that MSNBC was using the all-outrage, all-the-time model that CNN had invented; “one show in particular,” he noted, seemed to use a BREAKING NEWS banner on virtually every segment. (He was referring to Nicolle Wallace’s program at 4 p.m., a competitor to Jake Tapper’s show in that time slot.) That tactic produces a bump in ratings, Licht said—but he called it irresponsible on the part of his former employer.
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-He was—justifiably, but still surprisingly—much harder on Fox News. After all, Licht had repeatedly warned his staff not to “get over their skis” while covering Rupert Murdoch’s network. He stressed that they were “not in the business of freaking out over everything Laura Ingraham says,” because “it’s not news.” What we were witnessing now, Licht said, *was* news. Tucker Carlson had been trashing Trump in text messages while providing him cover in prime time. Ingraham and Sean Hannity had [dismissed the election-fraud crusade in private while selling it to the base](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/16/business/media/fox-dominion-lawsuit.html). In fact, the evidence that had emerged from the Dominion lawsuit showed that “a major media organization was knowingly misleading people, and it had actual real-world consequences,” Licht said.
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-Using this example, Licht sought to differentiate CNN from both networks—slamming Fox News for being a duplicitous propaganda outfit, and rebuking MSNBC for trafficking in hysteria. “If every day we were hammering Fox, it all sounds like noise,” Licht told the students. “But if you’re watching CNN right now, you’re going, ‘Wow, this is actually important, because they never talk about Fox.’”
-
-Right on cue, one of Luntz’s students asked Licht about the trap of false equivalency. She seemed less interested in litigating the respective crimes of Fox News and MSNBC—though that played into her question—and more concerned with Licht’s overall attitude toward the news. There is, she reminded him, “one truth” on some fundamental questions facing the country. Trump had lost the 2020 election; Barack Obama had been born in the United States; we know how many deaths have been caused by COVID.
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-Licht pounced. “Wait a second. We don’t know how many deaths there were from COVID,” he said.
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-She frowned at him.
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-“No, really, we don’t,” Licht said. As the son of a doctor, he believed there were “legitimate conversations” to be had about the death toll attached to COVID-19. Perhaps some patients had been admitted to hospitals with life-threatening illnesses before the pandemic began, then died with a positive diagnosis, Licht postulated. “Where we run into trouble is when you say, ‘No. Come on. We’re not even having that conversation,’” he told the students. “That goes to trust as much as anything else. If you’re solid on your facts, then you should be able to entertain that discussion.”
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-Licht conceded that mollifying the right with a both-sides approach was “the biggest concern in my own organization.” But he wasn’t backing down. It had been unfair, he said, to paint everyone who had questions about the accuracy of death counts as “COVID deniers.” It was dishonest to frame the final pandemic-era bailout as “You’re either for this rescue bill, or you hate poor people.” He gave them his favorite analogy: We can debate whether we like rain or we don’t like rain, as long as we acknowledge when it’s raining outside.
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-The final question was straightforward. A young woman asked Licht how, given his harsh critiques of CNN’s past performance, the network planned to cover Trump this time around.
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-“I get asked that question all the time,” Licht said, looking bemused. “I will give you a very counterintuitive answer, which is: I am *so* not concerned about that.” He explained that Trump was now a recycled commodity; that his “superpower” of dominating the news cycle was a thing of the past. If anything, Licht added, he would love to get Trump on the air alongside his ace reporter Kaitlan Collins.
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-The students appeared startled by his nonchalance.
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-“You cover him like any other candidate,” Licht told them.
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-The next time I saw Licht was two months later in Manchester.
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-The CNN newsroom had been stunned by the news of the May 10 town hall. Internally, questions about whether the network would platform Trump in the run-up to the 2024 campaign had felt very much unanswered. Almost no one—not even CNN’s leading talent, people who had long-standing relationships with Trump and his top aides—knew about the negotiations to host a town hall. When it was announced, Licht made a forceful argument to his employees about the merits of a live event. The campaign was under way; Trump was the front-runner and needed to be covered. Rather than giving him unfiltered access to their viewers via rallies, Licht said, CNN could control the presentation of Trump with its production decisions, its questioning, its live fact-checking. To varying degrees, his skeptics told me, they bought in.
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-But anxieties grew as the town hall approached. Employees found it strange that none of the CNN anchors who’d interviewed Trump—Anderson Cooper, Jake Tapper, Erin Burnett, Wolf Blitzer, Chris Wallace—was invited to play a role in preparing for the event, whether by shaping questions, suggesting best practices, or simply advising Collins. Trump speculated on social media about the town hall turning into a disaster, prompting fears among executives that he might stage a stunt by walking off the set, which in turn prompted fears among staffers about what, exactly, the network would do to *keep* Trump on the set. In the final days before the event, concerns about the audience makeup spiked as Licht’s description of the crowd—“extra Trumpy”—wound its way through Slack channels and text-message threads.
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-All of these concerns, it turned out, were warranted. Preparation was clearly an issue. Collins did an admirable job but was steamrolled by Trump in key moments; her questions, which came almost entirely from the candidate’s ideological left, served to effectively rally the room around him. Not that the room needed rallying: The crowd was overwhelmingly pro-Trump, and because CNN wanted an organic environment, it placed few restrictions on engagement. The ensuing rounds of whole-audience applause—I counted at least nine—disrupted Collins’s rhythm as an interviewer. So did the ill-timed bouts of laughter, such as when Trump mocked E. Jean Carroll, and the jeering that accompanied Collins’s mention of the *Access Hollywood* tape. By the end of the event, it was essentially indistinguishable from a MAGA rally. People throughout the room shouted, “I love you!” during commercial breaks and chanted “Four more years!” when the program ended.
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-![Screenshot of CNN Townhall](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/MmtlVBl0uz7oPjLby4lXkqpJpZA=/665x379/media/img/posts/2023/06/2colScreen_Shot_2023_05_10_at_9.28.42_PM_copy_2/original.jpg)
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-CNN
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-As attendees emptied into the lobby, it felt as though fans were celebrating the home team’s victory over a hated rival. People I talked with lauded Trump and loathed CNN in equal proportion. Christopher Ager, the state party chair, captured their sentiments best: “We knew that CNN had new leadership. It seemed like they had a different tone, like they were going to be fair to Trump, fair to Republicans. But I didn’t see that tonight,” he said. “This was the old CNN.”
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-Two hundred fifty miles away, on the set in New York, CNN staffers were perplexed. The initial plan had called for Scott Jennings, a Republican who is less than enamored of Trump, to join his familiar grouping of pundits on the postgame show. CNN had flown Jennings to New York for the occasion. However, hours before the town hall, a switch was announced internally: Byron Donalds would be substituted for Jennings (who wound up coming on the air with another panel much later that night). Donalds, a Republican congressman from Florida, is an election denier—someone who, to use Licht’s language, says it’s not raining in the middle of a downpour. It was enough of a problem for some CNN staffers that Trump, the original election denier, was flouting Licht’s oft-repeated standard. But why was *Donalds* on CNN’s postgame panel?
-
-This wasn’t the only peculiar personnel move. Sarah Matthews, a Trump-administration official who’d turned critical of her former boss, had been slated to appear on the pregame show. But she was abruptly nixed in favor of Hogan Gidley, a former White House staffer who remained devoted to Trump.
-
-Live television is a volatile thing. People and sets and scripts are always being changed for all kinds of reasons. Still, CNN employees had reason to be suspicious. They wondered if some sort of deal had been cut with Trump’s team, promising the placement of approved panelists in exchange for his participation in the town hall. At the least, even absent some official agreement, it seemed obvious that CNN leaders had been contorting the coverage to keep Trump happy—perhaps to prevent him from walking offstage. At one point during the pregame show, when the words SEXUAL ABUSE appeared on the CNN chyron, one of Licht’s lieutenants phoned the control room. His instructions stunned everyone who overheard them: The chyron needed to come down immediately.
-
-When the town hall ended, two postgame panels kicked off concurrently, giving network executives the flexibility to switch between reporting and analysis. One panel, anchored by Tapper, was a roundtable of journalists picking apart Trump’s lies. The other, led by Cooper, featured partisan pundits—including Donalds—debating one another. According to the mission that Licht had articulated for me, Tapper’s panel should have starred that night. But it didn’t. Licht made the call to elevate Cooper’s panel (a fact first reported by *Puck*). This decision may or may not have come from the *very* top: In the days after the town hall, Zaslav told multiple people that Tapper’s Trump-bashing panel reminded him of Zucker’s CNN. Yet even that MAGA-friendly version wasn’t good enough for Donalds. After criticizing the network on-air, the congressman stepped off the set and then, in full view of the crew as well as his fellow panelists, grabbed his phone and started blasting CNN on Twitter.
-
-Licht was still coming to terms with the ferocity of the backlash later that night when CNN’s popular Reliable Sources newsletter landed in his inbox. He read the opening line in disbelief: “It’s hard to see how America was served by the spectacle of lies that aired on CNN Wednesday evening,” Licht’s own media reporter, [Oliver Darcy, wrote](https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/11/media/cnn-town-hall-donald-trump-reliable-sources/index.html).
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-Licht could handle being ridiculed by his media rivals. But being publicly scolded by someone on his own payroll—on the biggest night of his career—felt like a new level of betrayal. Licht, who just hours earlier had expressed ambivalence to me about how the event played, went into war mode.
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-The next morning, he began the 9 o’clock editorial call with a telling choice of words: “I absolutely, unequivocally believe America was served very well by what we did last night.”
-
-Lots of CNN employees on that morning call disagreed with Licht. They thought his execution of the event had been dreadful; they believed his tactical decisions had essentially ceded control of the town hall to Trump, put Collins in an impossible position, and embarrassed everyone involved with the production. These opinions were widely held—and almost entirely irrelevant. Everyone at CNN had long ago come to realize that Licht was playing for an audience of one. It didn’t matter what they thought, or what other journalists thought, or even what viewers thought. What mattered was what David Zaslav thought.
-
-I was looking forward to finding out. For months, Zaslav’s head of communications, Nathaniel Brown, had been shielding his boss from participating in this story. He first told me that Zaslav would speak to me only without attribution, and any quotes I wanted to use would be subject to their approval. When I refused—telling Brown that quote approval was out of the question, and that I would meet Zaslav only if he allowed on-the-record questioning—he reluctantly agreed to my terms, but then tried running out the clock, repeatedly making Zaslav unavailable for an interview. Finally, after false starts and a painstaking back-and-forth, the interview was set. I would meet Zaslav on Wednesday, May 17—one week after the Trump town hall—at his office in New York.
-
-On Tuesday evening, less than 24 hours before that meeting, Brown called me. “We’re going to keep this on background only, nothing for attribution,” he said. This was a brazen renege on our agreement, and Brown knew it. He claimed that it was out of his hands. But, Brown tried reassuring me, “with everything going on,” Zaslav thought “he could be most helpful to you by explaining some things on background.”
-
-I wasn’t entirely surprised. Over the previous year, people who knew Zaslav—and who had observed his relationship with Licht—had depicted him as a control freak, a micromanager, a relentless operator who helicoptered over his embattled CNN leader. Zaslav’s constant meddling in editorial decisions struck network veterans as odd and inappropriate; even stranger was his apparent marionetting of Licht. In this sense, some of Licht’s longtime friends and co-workers told me, they pitied him. He was the one getting mauled while the man behind the curtain suffered nary a scratch. I declined Brown’s offer. I told him this was Zaslav’s last chance to make the case for Licht’s leadership—and his own. If he wanted to explain things, he could do so on the record, as we had agreed. Zaslav refused.
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-The night before the publication of this story, Zaslav sent a statement through Brown saying “while we know that it will take time to complete the important work that’s underway, we have great confidence in the progress that Chris and the team are making and share their conviction in the strategy.” Brown also offered his own statement alongside it, saying that he’d only canceled our on-record interview because “it became clear over a period of months between the initial request and the planned meeting that the premise of that meeting had changed.” (It had not; in an email two days before the scheduled meeting, Brown had written that they would see me Wednesday for an “on record” conversation.)
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-The day after that canceled meeting, I sat down with Licht for the final time, at a restaurant overlooking Hudson Yards. I told him about the perception that Zaslav doesn’t let him do his job. Licht looked temporarily frozen.
-
-“I don’t feel that at all,” he said. “I feel like I have someone who’s a great partner, who has my back and knows a lot about this business.”
-
-“Do you feel like you’ve been able to be yourself on this job?” I asked.
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-“Where does that question come from? What are you getting at? Like, *myself*?” he asked, looking incredulous. Licht chewed on his lip for a moment. “I think it’s very different—a CEO job is just very different. Every word you say is parsed. Every way you look at someone is parsed. It’s just different. So I try to be as much of my authentic self as possible within the natural confines of the job.”
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-I explained where the question was coming from. People at CNN think he’s “performative,” I told Licht, as though he’s projecting this persona of a bulletproof badass because that’s what Zaslav wants to see. His staffers also think he’s become so bent on selling this image that it’s crushed his ability to build real, meaningful relationships with key people there who want him to succeed.
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-CNN employees had asked me, again and again, to probe for some humility in their leader. If nothing else, they wanted some morsel of self-awareness. They hoped to see that he knew how poorly his tenure was playing out, and why. But Licht would not bite. At one point, I asked him whether he regretted moving his office to the 22nd floor. Licht sat in silence for more than a minute—cracking his neck, glancing around, appearing at one point as though he might not answer the question at all.
-
-Finally, he exhaled heavily. “I didn’t mean for it to become a thing. And it became a thing. So, sure.”
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-“Only because it became a thing?” I asked.
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-“*Sure*,” he replied.
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-Licht wasn’t going to give me—or, more accurately, his employees—the satisfaction of admitting this error. He certainly wasn’t going to acknowledge everything else that had gone wrong. Even with CNN falling behind Newsmax in the ratings two nights after the town hall, Licht was unperturbed. Even with his employees in open revolt—a week after Darcy’s newsletter, Christiane Amanpour, perhaps the most accomplished journalist in CNN’s history, [chided Licht in a speech at Columbia’s journalism school](https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/18/christiane-amanpour-columbia-cnn-town-hall-00097644)—he was staying the course.
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-![a tv studio where a man looks at a screen with people talking](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/m4YoUUcG1ndc7Jk5VlEeaLHXjA4=/0x0:8640x5760/928x619/media/img/posts/2023/06/mp_LICHT531-1/original.jpg)
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-Chris Licht observes a broadcast (Mark Peterson / Redux for *The Atlantic*)
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-I asked Licht whether there was *anything* he regretted about the event. The “extra Trumpy” makeup of the crowd? (No, Licht said, because it was representative of the Republican base.) Devoting the first question to his election lies? (No, Licht said, because nothing else, not even the E. Jean Carroll verdict, was as newsworthy as Trump’s assault on the ballot box.) Allowing the audience to cheer at will? (No, Licht said, because instructing them to hold their applause, as debate moderators regularly do, would have altered the reality of the event.) The lone point he ceded was that the crowd should have been introduced to viewers at home—with a show of hands, perhaps, to demonstrate how many had voted for Trump previously, or were planning to support him in 2024.
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-He gave no ground on anything else—not even the presence of Representative Donalds on the postgame show. Licht told me it probably didn’t make sense to seat a congressman on the pundits’ panel, but said he otherwise had no regrets, even after I pointed out that Donalds was an election denier who used his place on that panel to question the legitimacy of Joe Biden’s victory in 2020.
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-Had CNN struck a deal with Trump’s team, I asked, that required seating guests like Donalds and Gidley?
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-“Absolutely not,” Licht replied. “I can unequivocally say there was no agreement, no deal. Nothing.”
-
-I shared with him a more popular theory of what had gone down. Lots of CNN employees believed there’d been no formal agreement, but rather an understanding: If Trump showed good faith in coming on CNN, the network needed to show good faith in booking some *unusually* pro-Trump voices for the pregame and postgame shows. I noted to Licht that many of his people believed this would have been agreed to without his knowledge, because he was focused on the bigger picture of producing the town hall. Was it possible, I asked, that his lieutenants might have reached that understanding with Trump’s team?
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-“Nnnno,” he said, dragging out the word, buying himself some time. “But I can—I mean, anything’s possible. But I would imagine it’s more along the lines of ‘If we are completely one-sided in our analysis, then that doesn’t serve the audience.’” He paused. “Like, \[one\] of the biggest misconceptions about that town hall is that I did it for ratings. It’s a rented audience”—that is, most viewers were not CNN regulars—“so I didn’t do it for ratings. I certainly didn’t do it for a profit, because it cost us money. And I certainly didn’t do it to build a relationship with Trump. So that would by definition preclude a lot of the conspiracy-theory dealmaking.”
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-Maybe it was a conspiracy theory. But over the past year, so many things that Licht’s employees had predicted—speculation he’d dismissed as wrong or shortsighted or unhinged—had proved true. Lemon *was* a disaster on the morning show. (Licht finally fired him in April.) Collins *wasn’t* better co-anchoring in New York than starring at the White House. (Licht gave her the 9 o’clock hour beginning this summer.) Licht *had* been fixated on the negative press about him. (He confronted Dylan Byers at a party in March, Licht admitted to me, and raged at the reporter about his coverage.) Zaslav *did* turn out to be comically intrusive. (In one incident, a day after the *New York Post* reported that Licht might soon be fired, Zaslav dropped into a CNN managerial meeting and declared to Licht’s underlings, “This is our rendezvous with destiny!”)
-
-Licht had told me that he and Zaslav figured the “gut renovation” of CNN would require two years of work. But there was reason to believe that timeline was accelerating: Not long after our final interview, Warner Bros. Discovery announced the installation of CNN’s new chief operating officer, David Leavy, a Zaslav confidant whose hiring fueled talk of an imminent power struggle—and potentially, the beginning of the end for Licht.
-
-In fairness, Jeff Zucker’s first few years at CNN were also brutal. There were layoffs and programming flops, and viewership was in decline. It wasn’t until Zucker found a rhythm with what CNN staff called his “swarm strategy,” which threw reporting resources at the hottest trending stories—disappearing planes, the “Poop Cruise,” and, ultimately, Trump’s candidacy—that CNN became a ratings behemoth. Licht’s poor start did not preclude a comeback. There was, he and his stalwarts told me, still time for him to be successful.
-
-And yet, little in Licht’s first-year record indicated that success was on the way. His biggest achievement—luring Charles Barkley and Gayle King to co-host a show—was hardly going to revive CNN’s prime-time lineup. The program, “King Charles,” would air only once a week, leaving Licht still in search of the win he needed to juice CNN’s ratings—and perhaps save his job.
-
-Near the end of our interview, I asked Licht to put himself in my shoes. If he were me, could he possibly write a positive profile of CNN’s leader?
-
-He spent a long time in silence. “Absolutely,” Licht finally said.
-
-If the answer was “absolutely,” I asked, why did he need so long to think about it?
-
-“I wanted to be very sure,” he replied.
-
-This was not the same man I’d met a year earlier. Once certain that he could tame Trump single-handedly, Licht still tried to act the part of an indomitable CEO. Yet he was now stalked by self-doubt. That much was understandable: Licht lived on an island, surrounded by people who disliked him, or doubted his vision for the company, or questioned his competency, or were outright rooting for his ruin. He had hoped the Trump town hall would make believers out of his critics. Instead, it turned his few remaining believers into critics. I had never witnessed a lower tide of confidence inside any company than in the week following the town hall at CNN. Some staffers held off-site meetings openly discussing the merits of quitting en masse. Many began reaching out to rival media organizations about job openings. More than a few called Jeff Zucker, their former boss, desperate for his counsel.
-
-As we sipped our coffee, Licht tried to sound unflappable.
-
-“I don’t need people to be loyal to Chris Licht. I need people to be loyal to CNN,” he said.
-
-The only person whose loyalty he needed, I pointed out, was Zaslav.
-
-Licht nodded slowly, saying nothing. Then, just as he started to speak, his wrist began buzzing and flashing. Licht glanced down at his smartwatch. Zaslav was calling him. He looked up at me. Seeing that I’d noticed, Licht allowed a laugh—a genuine laugh—then stood up from the table and answered his phone.
-
-*This article was featured in One Story to Read Today, a newsletter in which our editors recommend a single must-read from* The Atlantic*, Monday through Friday.* [*Sign up for it here.*](https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/sign-up/one-story-to-read-today/)     
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-*This story has been updated to incorporate details of a statement from David Zaslav and his spokesperson.*
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-Link: https://www.propublica.org/article/penis-enlargement-enhancement-procedures-implants
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-# Inside the Secretive World of Penile Enlargement
-
-ProPublica is a nonprofit newsroom that investigates abuses of power. Sign up to receive [our biggest stories](https://www.propublica.org/newsletters/the-big-story?source=www.propublica.org&placement=top-note&region=national) as soon as they’re published.
-
-This story is exempt from our Creative Commons license until Aug. 25, 2023.
-
-They wanted it because they’d just gone through a bad breakup and needed an edge in the volatile dating market; because porn had warped their sense of scale; because they’d been in a car accident, or were looking to fix a curve, or were hoping for a little “soft­ware upgrade”; because they were not having a midlife crisis; because they were, “and it was cheaper than a Bugatti Veyron”; because, after five kids, their wife couldn’t feel them anymore; because they’d been molested as a child and still remembered the laughter of the adults in the room; because they couldn’t forget a passing comment their spouse made in 1975; because, despite the objections of their couples therapist, they believed it would bring them closer to their “sex ­obsessed” husband (who then had an affair that precipitated their divorce); because they’d stopped changing in locker rooms, stopped peeing in urinals, stopped having sex; be­cause who wouldn’t want it?
-
-Mick (his middle name) wanted a bigger penis because he believed it would allow him to look in the mirror and feel satisfied. He had trouble imagining what shape the satisfaction would take, since it was something he’d never actually experienced. Small and dark haired, he’d found his adolescence to be a gantlet of humiliating comparisons: to classmates who were blond and blue-­eyed; to his half brothers, who were older and taller and heterosexual; to the hirsute men in his stepfather’s Hasidic community, who wore big beards and billowing frock coats. After he reached puberty — late, in his estimation — he grew an impressive beard of his own, and his feelings of inadequacy concentrated on his genitals.
-
-None of Mick’s romantic partners ever commented on his size, but his preoccupation had a way of short-circuiting the mood. He tried several kinds of self-acceptance therapy, without success; whenever he went to the bathroom, there it was, mocking him. “Like an evil root,” he said of the fixation. “It gets in there and grows like a tree. But I think everybody has that on some level about something.”
-
-After high school, Mick decided to study art and moved to Berkeley, California, where his mother had spent her hippie years. Eventually landing in Seattle, he supported his life as an artist by working in the hospitality industry. His paintings often depicted a human body glowing, as if transfigured, in a geometric landscape.
-
-Over the years, Mick kept up with advances in male augmentation but wasn’t thrilled by the options. The gains from a vacuum pump were fleeting; hanging weights from the end of his shaft seemed like a painful investment for an uncertain result; and having a surgeon snip his suspensory ligament, which promised an additional inch or so, could lead to wobblier erections. It wasn’t until the spring of 2019, when he was 36, that he came across something appealing: a silicone implant shaped like a hot­dog bun that could be inserted just under the skin of the penis to increase its girth and flaccid length.
-
-The device, called the Penuma, had been invented by James Elist — a silver­-haired urologist who has been described on TMZ as “the Thomas Edison of penis surgery.” Elist’s procedure was touted as reversible, and, according to a rapturous article in GQ, more than a thousand men had already undergone it. It was also, as far as Mick could tell, the only genital enhancement on the market to have received the blessing of the Food and Drug Administration.
-
-The basic operation would cost $15,000 — roughly half of Mick’s life savings — though he added in a pair of discounted testicular implants, at seven grand more. He put down a deposit, told his long-distance boyfriend that he was taking a work trip and, on a sunny morning in September, arrived at Elist’s office, in Beverly Hills. A framed copy of the GQ story — cover line: “We Have Huge News About Your Manhood” — hung on the wall of the exam room. Elist strode in, directed Mick to drop his pants and rolled Mick’s scrotal sac appraisingly between his fingers, as though it were a piece of fruit at a market stall.
-
-Elist’s hands seemed reassuringly delicate, but Mick wanted to see the implant before it was put inside him. The surgeon clicked open a briefcase containing three translucent sheaths: Large, Extra Large and Extra Extra Large. The device felt stiff to Mick’s touch, but Elist told him that over time it would soften to the consistency of a gummy bear.
-
-The consultation lasted about five minutes, Mick recalled. He signed a stack of consent forms and releases, including one that said his consultation had lasted more than an hour, and another promising “not to disclose, under any circumstance,” his “relationship with Dr. James J. Elist.” The operation took place the same morning in an outpatient clinic up the street. In the pre­op room, awaiting his turn, he watched “Rush Hour” in its entirety on a flat­-screen TV.
-
-When the surgery was over, Mick, still groggy from the general anesthesia, took an Uber to a Motel 6 near the airport, where he spent the next five days alone on his back, his penis mummy-­wrapped in gauze. Morning erections were excruciating. Sharp jolts seized his crotch whenever he peed, which he could do only by leaning over the bathtub. He’d anticipated some discomfort, but when he changed his gauze, he was startled to see the corners of the implant protruding under the skin, like a misplaced bone.
-
-Back in Seattle, the Penuma’s edges continued to jut out, particularly on the right side, although the testicular implants looked fine. He decided not to tell his boyfriend about the operation: talking to him would only make it seem more real, and he wasn’t yet prepared to entertain the possibility that he’d made a terrible mistake. When he e­mailed Elist’s clinic the staff urged patience, counseling him that he was “continuing to heal as we expect.” Then he began to lose sensation.
-
-“I know it’s been just three weeks and I’m following by the letter all the instructions but I’m a bit concerned about the look of it as you have seen in the pictures,” he wrote Elist.
-
-“It’s been 70 days since surgery and yet it feels like a shrimp,” he wrote in November.
-
-“I’m so sorry for another email,” he wrote in December, “but I am freaking out about the fact I have zero sensitivity in my penis!”
-
-“Being totally numb is normal as mention\[ed\] in the past correct?” he asked later that month. “It will pass correct?”
-
-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/202306-Elist-17.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=614&q=75&w=800&s=8ff4235987fcf8267c67519f756b0af2)
-
-After Mick received a cosmetic penile implant, he lost sensation in his penis. (This photo has been darkened to protect Mick’s identity.)
-
----
-
-For much of the 20th century, urologists devoted themselves to the prostate, testes, kidneys and bladder. A man’s sexual function, or lack thereof, was largely considered a matter for psycho­analysts to puzzle over. It wasn’t until the late 1970s that a handful of researchers began demonstrating that erectile troubles, though occasionally psychogenic, were primarily vascular in cause. Their discoveries transformed the mercurial penis — John Updike’s “demon of sorts ... whose performance is erratic and whose errands seem, at times, ridiculous” — into a tamable medical object.
-
-It was at this moment of upheaval that Elist entered the clannish, hypermasculine world of American urology. Raised in a Sephardic family in Iran, he completed a residency in Washington, D.C., just before the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Instead of going home, he remained in the States and went into private practice in Beverly Hills. There, he joined the vanguard of physicians who were treating impotence with a suite of novel procedures, such as injections and inflatable penile prostheses. “If the penis is the antenna to a man’s soul, then James Elist must be the Marconi of medicine,” Hustler announced in a 1993 profile. Larry Flynt, the magazine’s publisher, was among his celebrity clientele.
-
-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20230-DrElist_2023-06-20-215430_mxzo.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=600&q=75&w=800&s=6b9c3243669d7c07183387c5ea338445)
-
-Dr. James Elist, a urologist in Beverly Hills, received his first Food and Drug Administration clearance for his invention, the Penuma, in 2004.
-
-With the [blockbuster launch](https://time.com/5212572/viagra-20th-anniversary/) of Viagra, in 1998, Elist feared that demand for surgical cures for erectile dysfunction would fall, and decided it was time to diversify. Over the years, many of his patients had asked if he could make them bigger while he was down there. Walking around the 90210 ZIP code, where the median breast size seemed to balloon by the day, Elist realized that his next move was staring him in the face.
-
-As he toyed with an early prototype for the Penuma, other doctors were dismissive. The penis — a tentacle that shrinks and swells with an exquisite sensitivity — was nothing like the breast; it wouldn’t be possible, they told him, to put something static under its elastic skin.
-
-Because the FDA requires the pharmaceutical industry to conduct clinical studies of new drugs, it is often assumed that the same is required of medical­ device manufacturers. However, a loophole known as the [510(k) process](https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/premarket-submissions-selecting-and-preparing-correct-submission/premarket-notification-510k) allows companies to implant untested products in patients as long as they can demonstrate that the devices are “substantially equivalent” to those already on the market. In September 2004, not long after Elist convinced the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office of the novelty of his invention, he informed the FDA that his “silicone block” was comparable to calf and butt implants. A month later, when the agency cleared the device for the “cosmetic correction of soft tissue deformities,” the word “penis” did not appear in its indications for use.
-
-Despite the FDA imprimatur, persuading men to get the implant was a challenge, even after one of his patients, Bryan, a 20-something with biceps the size of porterhouse steaks, began modeling it for prospective customers. Bryan, who later referred to himself as Elist’s “spokespenis,” told me he also moderated content on My New Size, an online forum for male enhancement, where Elist’s invention was often extolled. Still, by 2014, the doctor was averaging barely 100 implant surgeries a year. It wasn’t until the 2016 GQ article that his device — newly christened the Penuma, an acronym for Penis New Man — was propelled from the margins to the mainstream. (The New Yorker, like GQ, is owned by Condé Nast.) By the end of the year, Elist was doing roughly 60 Penuma procedures a month, and his oldest son, Jonathan, left a job at McKinsey to become the CEO of International Medical Devices, as they called their family firm.
-
-Prominent urologists had long seen penile enlargement as the remit of cowboys and regarded Elist as such, insofar as they regarded him at all. As part of Penuma’s gentrification campaign, Elist got the FDA to explicitly clear his implant for the penile region in 2017, noting in his application that the “unique anatomy, physiology, and function of the penis does not increase the overall potential risks.” At conferences of the Sexual Medicine Society of North America, his company also began to recruit “key opinion leaders,” as Jonathan put it, to advise the company and join its new board.
-
-Among the KOLs in the field of sexual medicine are those who install the highest number of prostheses to restore erectile function, typically in prostate cancer patients or in men with diabetes. So entrenched is this hierarchy that specialists to whom I spoke frequently rattled off their colleagues’ stats. “It’s all about who has the biggest whatever and who has the bigger numbers,” Faysal Yafi, the director of Men’s Health at the University of California, Irvine, and himself a high-volume implanter, explained.
-
-Elist’s first big catch was Steven Wilson, formerly a professor of urology at the University of Arkansas, who, until his ap­parent unseating by Paul Perito, a spirited upstart in Miami, was feted as the highest­ volume implanter in the country. (“Our Tom Brady,” Yafi said of Wilson, admiringly.) Wilson, a paid consultant for Elist’s company, helped vet skilled surgeons around the country who could be trained to perform the Penuma procedure. “The cosmetic revolution of the flaccid penis,” Wilson said, is urology’s “last frontier.”
-
-On the conference circuit, where the goals of the revolution were the subject of fervid debate, Penuma surgeons argued that urologists were at a crossroads. They could cede the augmentation market to quacks and overconfident plastic surgeons, or they could embrace their vocation as the so­-called champions of the penis, and in their hygienic, well-lit clinics provide patients with what they’d been asking for and might otherwise find an unsafe way to secure. When the tabloids [reported](https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/world-news/penis-enlargement-death-billionaire-diamond-16905885) in March 2019 that a Belgian ­Israeli billionaire had died on a Parisian operating table while getting an unknown substance injected into his penis, it seemed to prove their point. A month later, Laurence Levine, a past president of the Sexual Medicine Society of North America and a professor at Chicago’s Rush University Medical Center, successfully performed the first Penuma procedure outside Beverly Hills, kicking off the implant’s national expansion.
-
-Soon afterward, the pandemic began fueling a boom in the male ­augmentation market — a development its pioneers attribute to an uptick in porn consumption, work-­from­-home policies that let patients recover in private and important refinements of technique. The fringe penoplasty fads of the ’90s — primitive fat injections, cadaver­-skin grafts — had now been surpassed not just by implants but by injectable fillers. In Las Vegas, Ed Zimmerman, who trained as a family practitioner, is now known for his proprietary HapPenis injections; he saw a 69% jump in enhancement clients after rebranding himself in 2021 as TikTok’s “Dick Doc.” In Manhattan, the plastic surgeon David Shafer estimates that his signature SWAG shot — short for “Shafer Width and Girth” — accounts for half of his practice. The treatment starts at $10,000, doesn’t require general anesthesia and can be reversed with the injection of an enzyme. In Atlanta, Prometheus by Dr. Malik, a fillers clinic, has been fielding requests from private equity investors.
-
-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/202306-Impotency.JPG?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=600&q=75&w=800&s=234565ceceefae5ed1f983f27008ae0a)
-
-Elist’s first book, “Put Impotency In Your Past,” published in 1991
-
-In a business that’s often reduced to a punchline, enhancement entrepreneurs are unusually vocal about the perceived or actual chicanery of their rivals, whom they see as posing a threat to their fledgling legitimacy. “What can we do to keep patients out of the hands of these charlatans?” Paul Perito, who developed a popular filler named UroFill, asked colleagues at a recent webinar attended by doctors across the world. He displayed a slide highlighting an ad by Victor Loria, an osteopath and erstwhile hair transplant specialist headquartered in Miami, whose permanent penile filler injections were on sale for $14,950. Loria’s concoction, mixed in-­house, includes liquid silicone oil, which is typically used to refill damaged eyeballs. Perito described Loria’s methods as “practically criminal,” but Loria, who self-identifies as the highest volume permanent penile filler administrator in the nation, denies un­ethical conduct, defends the safety record of his product and told me that Perito and his “bandits” were just upset that he’d stepped into the urologists’ sandbox.
-
-What the Penuma promised the urologists was effectively what it promised patients: the chance to make it even bigger. Even as costs soar, physician reimbursement rates from Medicare for complex operations have [declined](https://www.renalandurologynews.com/home/conference-highlights/annual-meeting-of-the-society-of-urologic-oncology/suo-2021/urologists-payments-from-medicare-have-shrunk/). Inserting an inflatable penile prosthesis to treat erectile dysfunction [brings](https://www.bostonscientific.com/content/dam/bostonscientific/Reimbursement/Urology/pdf/Prosthetic_Urology_Procedure_Coding_and_Payment_Guide.pdf) a surgeon around $800. For the Penuma procedure, which is not covered by insurance, that same surgeon can pocket six times as much.
-
-During a call in January 2020, four months after Mick’s Penuma surgery, Elist told him that the sensation in his penis would return in time. Having invested so much, financially and psychologically, in the implant, Mick felt grateful for the doctor’s assurances and tried to focus on his paintings, producing several large acrylic canvases in which forlorn human figures appeared to be tossed about by waves. But the numbness of his penis reminded him of having a limb fall asleep, indefinitely.
-
-In the paperwork Mick had initialed on the day of the surgery, a clause said, “The clinic highly discourages seeking information elsewhere as the information provided can be false, misleading, and inaccurate.” One day, though, Mick opened Google and searched “Elist,” “Penuma,” “numb.”
-
-“I was looking for people to tell me, ‘Oh, yeah, I waited three months, and now everything’s fine, I am very happy,’” he said. Those people were hard to find.
-
----
-
-A truck driver whose device dug into his pubic bone told me that he felt like a “prisoner in my own body.” An executive at an adhesive company, who hid his newly bulging crotch behind a shopping bag when walking the dog, began to have nightmares in which he castrated himself. A sales specialist at an industrial­ supply store sent me his diary, which imagined Elist as its addressee. “I wish you would have told me I would lose erect length,” he wrote. “I wish you would have told me it could shift and pinch my urethra and make it difficult to urinate.”
-
-It was tricky to bend over to tie the laces of winter boots, tricky to slip on a condom, tricky to sleep in a comfortable position, tricky to stretch, tricky to spoon. “It makes you look like you’re always semi-­erect,” a health-­spa vice­ president said of his Penuma. “I couldn’t let my kids sit on my lap. I couldn’t jump on the trampoline with them. I even felt like a pervert hugging my friends. And God forbid you get an actual erection, because then you have to run and hide it.”
-
-Not everyone minded. Kaelan Strouse, a 35-year-­old life coach, was thrilled by both the “restaurant-­size pepper mill” between his legs and the kilts he began wearing to accommodate it. Richard Hague Jr., a 74-year-old pastor at a Baptist church in Niagara Falls, said his implant made him feel like “a wild stallion.” Contented customers told me they were feeling better about their bodies and having better sex, too. But even they acknowledged that getting a Penuma could require adjusting not just to a different appendage but to a different way of life. As one pleased Elist patient counseled others, “You have to treat your penis like a Rolex.”
-
-For dozens of Penuma patients who spoke to me, the shock of the new was the prelude to graver troubles. Some, like Mick, lost sensation. Others said they experienced stabbing pains in the shower or during sex. Seroma, or excess fluid, was not uncommon. When a defense­-and-­ intelligence contractor’s girlfriend, a registered nurse, aspirated his seroma with a sterile needle, a cup of amber fluid oozed out. The one time they tried to have sex, she told me, the corners of his implant felt like “someone sticking a butter knife inside you.”
-
-Some implants got infected or detached. Others buckled at the corners. Occasionally these protrusions broke through the skin, forming holes that would fester. The hole of the health­-spa vice ­president was so tiny that he originally mistook its fermented odor for an STD. An engineer with gallows humor played me a video of the snorting crunch his penis made when air moved through a hole. He had two holes, and the skin between them eventually eroded so that a corner of the implant emerged, pearlescent.
-
-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/202306-Elist-05.JPG?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=1066&q=75&w=800&s=47de1ccf2b489aff56e5737bf3fd7c3c)
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-A Penuma removed from a patient
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-Later, doctors unaffiliated with the Pe­numa would compare such penises to “a torpedo,” “a penguin,” “a pig in a blanket,” “a beer can with a mushroom sticking out on the top” and “the tipped-­down nose of the Concorde.” But the imperturbable assistants at Elist’s clinic, besieged by photographs documenting these phenomena, told patients that they were “healing as expected” and “continuing to heal well!” It was only after months had passed and the men insisted they weren’t healing well at all that Elist would sometimes suggest that an “upgrade” to a bigger size would resolve their problems. (Elist said in a deposition that upgrades are “part of the process of the procedure,” noting that some patients “might need the upgrade with the larger implant or the longer im­plant, and that happens often.”) Faced with the prospect of more surgery, some men began, quietly, to seek other advice.
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-The subculture of penile enhancement remains shrouded in stigma, because for a man to admit that he wants to be bigger suggests that he isn’t big enough. In February, the rapper 50 Cent [settled](https://www.complex.com/music/a/tracewilliamcowen/50-cent-settlement-shade-room-penis-enhancement-case) his claims against the Shade Room, a gossip blog he’d sued for falsely insinuating that he’d had work done on his penis and subjecting him “to ridicule.” Only six of the 49 enlargement patients I spoke to agreed to have their last names printed, also fearing ridicule. In such a taboo and information-­poor environment, anonymous testimonials can take on the authority of peer­-reviewed journal articles.
-
-Elist understood this dynamic. In addition to encouraging Bryan, the spokes­penis, to post positive comments on My New Size, Elist tracked his own mentions on PhalloBoards and Thunder’s Place, other online forums for male enhancement, demanding that their moderators stop harboring “defamatory” statements. He offered a PhalloBoards user, after an abscess had formed, $5,000 for deleting his posts about the procedure and releasing the clinic from liability, according to a settlement agreement I reviewed. (Elist said through a spokesperson that the patient didn’t follow post-op advice, and that, while he was not able to respond to some of the accounts in this story because men had requested ano­nymity, complications were rare.)
-
-A sign in Elist’s waiting room instructed patients not to speak to one another about medical issues (the better to protect their privacy, Elist said through the spokesperson). But Elist could only do so much to disrupt the communities of unhappy men coalescing online. As Mick pored over hundreds of posts, he was horrified to discover that he had been acting out a well­-worn script. The others had also read the GQ article about the Penuma, learned that the implant was “reversible” and, heartened by the FDA’s clearance, put down their deposit. They, too, felt that their consultations were rushed and that they hadn’t had enough time to review the cascade of consent forms they’d signed alerting them to potential complications.
-
-Emmanuel Jackson, then 26, was a model who had grown up in foster homes outside of Boston. He won a free Penuma in a contest in 2013, as part of a marketing campaign involving the rapper Master P. According to a complaint by the Medical Board of Califor­nia, Jackson said he was given scripted answers for a promotional video, which later appeared on Elist’s YouTube channel. (Elist’s spokesperson said Jackson volunteered his positive comments in the video, and Master P, who once featured Elist on his Playboy Radio show, said through his own spokesperson that he was not involved with any YouTube testimonials for the implant.)
-
-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/202306-Elist-10.JPG?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=600&q=75&w=800&s=923a6944dfdbf26aeead3af81e662769)
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-Emmanuel Jackson’s Penuma fractured into pieces.
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-Jackson didn’t find the other men on­line until 2018, around the time a doctor at the Cleveland Clinic told him his implant had fractured into pieces that were floating under his skin. A young Iraq War veteran whom Jackson met through PhalloBoards warned him that having the implant out could be even worse than having it in. “He told me, ‘Manny, you’re going to lose your mind,’” Jackson recalled. “He was right.” Medical records show that, not long after the fragments were removed, Jackson attempted suicide.
-
----
-
-“I’ve been threatened for saying the things I’m telling you,” Mark Solomon said when I visited him in his waiting room, in Los Angeles, this spring. A plastic surgeon with an elegant Roman nose and a crisp white lab coat over a brown cashmere sweater, he’d learned the techne of male enhancement in Vienna in the ’90s. But he never imagined that, one day, nearly half his male practice would involve fixing the handiwork of other practitioners. Now, as much as he liked to joke that the last thing Beverly Hills needed was another plastic surgeon, he was doing such brisk business repairing Penuma complications that he’d relocated his practice from Philadelphia to an office down the street from Elist’s clinic.
-
-As the number of Penuma procedures increased, a cottage industry emerged to treat what Solomon describes as a new class of “penile cripples.” William Brant, a reconstructive urologist in Salt Lake City, who told me he sees about 10 Pe­numa patients a month, noted “the deep despair of men who can’t unring the bell.” Gordon Muir, a urologist in London, said that he’s been taking out Penumas “all the way across the bloody pond.” But other reconstructive surgeons asked to speak confidentially, because they were afraid of being sued. Solomon had received a cease­ and­ desist letter from Elist’s lawyers arguing that the mere mention of Penuma on his website infringed on the implant’s trademark. (Solomon now notes his expertise in treating complications from “penis enlargement implants” instead.)
-
-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/202306-Elist-04.JPG?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=600&q=75&w=800&s=937b27af3ef8bfac42fbe101fad9631e)
-
-Part of plastic surgeon Dr. Mark Solomon’s practice consists of repairing Penuma complications.
-
-From his satchel, Solomon produced a couple of biohazard bags. One held two sheaths of silicone stitched together with a blue thread: an early edition of the Pe­numa that he’d removed from a patient. The other contained a modern Penuma, a single piece with a built-­in crease. “Once this goes in, these men are never going to be the same again, because their penis is never the same again,” he said.
-
-When a foreign object is placed in the body, the body reacts by forming an envelope of tissue around it. In the penis, a re­tractable organ, this new tissue can distort shape and mobility, causing the penis to shorten and curve. The disfigurement can be exacerbated if the Penuma is removed, Solomon explained, since the penis can contract to seal up the vacuum of space — a phenomenon that patients have called the “mini-­dick” or “dicklet” phase.
-
-To counteract retraction and scarring after removal, some men engage in an elaborate penile rehab regimen. Solomon directs his patients to wear a condom with a metal weight at its tip six hours a day. Other doctors who remove the device — explanters, in the parlance — prescribe Re­storeX, a contraption whose painful clamp and extension rods its users compare to a medieval rack. These daily stretching routines are sometimes accompanied by further revision procedures, as well as by prescriptions for Viagra and antidepres­sants. The great irony — lost on few — was that, after getting surgery to stop thinking about their penises, these men were now thinking about their penises all the time.
-
-At conferences and in case reports, urologists across the country cautioned that, although they were seeing only the subset of patients unhappy enough to seek them out, the complications those patients presented ([“significant penoscro­tal edema,”](https://www.ijcasereportsandimages.com/archive/article-full-text/100014Z15KO2021) [severe erectile dysfunction](https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article-abstract/18/Supplement_1/S80/7021346?redirectedFrom=fulltext) “necessitating placement of an inflatable penile implant during removal”) could be “devastating” and “uncorrectable.” Penuma surgeons, meanwhile, were [collecting](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36198339/) their own [data](https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04985123), which showed that the complication rate was both low and comparable to that of other procedures. In the [largest study to date](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30145095/), published in The Journal of Sexual Medicine, Elist’s clinic surveyed 400 of the 526 patients who’d received a Penuma between 2009 and 2014. Eighty-­one percent of the subjects who responded to the questionnaire indicated “high” or “very high” levels of satisfaction. Other surgeons told me they wouldn’t be associated with Elist’s invention if most of their patients (some of whom, they added, were urologists themselves) weren’t simi­larly pleased. On his website, one of the Penuma doctors dismissed PhalloBoards as being populated by patients who ig­nored post-­op instructions and said it was propped up by “opportunistic” compet­itors. (Solomon is among a dozen doc­tors who sponsor PhalloBoards.)
-
-Elist’s consent forms included a pro­vision releasing the clinic from “any liability” if a patient receives post-­op treat­ment elsewhere, but Mick, confused about whom to trust, online or off, decided to seek out a second professional opinion — and then a third, a fourth and a fifth. Some of the physicians he consulted were, as Elist had forewarned, baffled by the alien device. But Thomas Walsh, a reconstructive urologist and director of the Men’s Health Center at the University of Washington, was not. He was struck that Mick, like other Penuma patients, had the misapprehension that the device was easily “reversible,” as Elist and his net­work had advertised. “To fully consent to a procedure, the patient needs someone to tell him everything,” Walsh said. “He doesn’t need a salesman. The problem here is that you’ve got someone who is inventing and manufacturing and selling the device. That personal investment can create a tremendous conflict of interest.” (Elist, through his spokesperson, said his expertise with the device outweighs the conflict, which he freely discloses.)
-
-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/202306-Walsh.JPG?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=600&q=75&w=800&s=5cf61e267ab5cb61af306287a2405c80)
-
-Reconstructive urologist Dr. Thomas Walsh removed Mick’s Penuma.
-
-Before removing Mick’s implant, in May 2020, Walsh ordered an MRI, which suggested that the device was impinging on the nerves and arteries at the head of his penis. Walsh also sent Mick to a neurologist, who, after prodding Mick’s shaft with a sharp metal tool, declared the glans to have lost “total” sensation.
-
-There was no guarantee it would return. The challenge of removing a Pe­numa, Walsh told Mick, can lie in the detachment of a rectangular piece of mesh from the tip of the penis. Mesh prompts the body to create scar tissue, which binds together everything in its vicinity; to help the implant adhere, Pe­numa doctors stitched some near the head, an area dense with arborized nerves and blood vessels. Despite carefully planning the explantation, Walsh found himself disconcerted in surgery by the sight of his patient’s erogenous zone ensnared by the patch of plastic. “I feel like it’s sacrilege, wrapping a man’s neurovascular bundle in mesh,” Walsh later said. “How would anyone want to do that?”
-
----
-
-It has been hypothesized that a longer penis confers an evolutionary edge in launching the reproductive payload into the vaginal canal. But, as the journalist David Friedman recounts in “[A Mind of Its Own](https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/A-Mind-of-Its-Own/David-M-Friedman/9781439136089),” a cultural history of the male sex organ, some primatologists who have seen male apes brandish their genitals during a fight have posited that its purpose, if any, is simpler: to impress and intimidate rivals.
-
-“They notice the penis of a brother or playmate, strikingly visible and of large proportions, at once recognize it as the superior counterpart of their own small and inconspicuous organ, and from that time forward fall a victim to envy for the penis,” Freud [wrote](http://faculty.las.illinois.edu/rrushing/470j/ewExternalFiles/Freud.pdf) in 1925. He was referring to the “momentous discovery which little girls are destined to make” about their lack of a phallus, but his description more precisely captures the “penis envy” that some men told me they’d felt after catching a glimpse of the competition. As John Mulcahy, a clinical professor of urology at the University of Arizona, put it, “It’s more of a locker room thing than a bedroom thing.”
-
-Yet, after biological explanations for impotence triumphed and urologists wrested the penis away from the psychoanalysts, they seemed to overlook the man and the society to which it was attached. Critics of male enhancement said they had no desire to body ­shame men in search of something extra, noting that women who get breast implants can do so without provoking a moral panic. But, especially in the case of men with an unrealistic self-­image, the critics worried that doctors seemed too eager to pitch a risky surgical procedure for what is a cultural, and, in some instances, a psychiatric, phenomenon.
-
-What surgeons continually emphasized — the implanters with pride, the ex­planters with dismay — was that most of the men they were seeing had been of at least average size before going under the knife. (The photographic evidence men sent to me over text and e­mail supported this contention.) “Most don’t have anything physically wrong with them at all, so what they don’t need is vultures preying on them, which is almost always a disaster,” Muir, the London urologist, said.
-
-Along with other urologists and psychiatrists, at King’s College and the University of Turin, Muir conducted [a literature review](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31027932/) called “Surgical and Nonsurgical Interventions in Normal Men Complaining of Small Penis Size.” The research showed that men dissatisfied with their penises respond well to educational counseling about the aver­age size, [which is](https://www.science.org/content/article/how-big-average-penis) 3.6 inches long when flaccid, and 5.2 inches erect. (The average girth is 3.5 inches flaccid, and 4.6 inches erect.) For men who have an excessive and distorted preoccupation with the appearance of their genitals — a form of body dysmorphic disorder — Muir said that cognitive behavioral therapy and medications may also be necessary.
-
-Penuma surgeons told me they use educational videos, intake surveys and sex­ual­-health therapists to make sure that the men they operate on have realistic expectations and to screen for those with body dysmorphia, though only a handful of the patients I spoke to recalled being referred to a therapist before their surgery.
-
-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/202306-Model.JPG?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=600&q=75&w=800&s=a56c7eb00d1f9c76aba8f16bd557a4fd)
-
-An anatomical model at the Men’s Health Center at the University of Washington
-
----
-
-Shortly before the pandemic, Elist received a Google alert for “penile implant” and noticed something strange: a Houston urologist, Robert Cornell, had been issued a patent for the Augmenta, a device that bore an uncanny resemblance to his own. The previous year, Cornell had asked to learn about the Penuma “expeditiously,” saying that he saw a “real opportunity to expand the level of service” he offered to patients. Run Wang, a Penuma board member and a professor at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, in Houston, had cautioned Elist that Cornell could be a bit of a snake, according to Jonathan Elist. But father and son chalked up Wang’s warning to the machismo of the Texas urological market, and Elist invited Cornell to shadow him as he performed four Penuma procedures. Now, as Elist thumbed through Cornell’s patent, he was startled to see his future plans for the Penuma, which he said he recalled discussing with Cornell, incorporated into the Augmenta’s design.
-
-In April 2020, Elist and his company sued Cornell, alleging that his visit to Beverly Hills was “a ruse” to steal trade secrets. Later that year, when Elist discovered that Wang was listed as the Aug­menta CEO and had assisted the penile startup with its cadaver studies, Elist and his company added Wang as a party to the suit. (Cornell and Wang did not comment for this story, though Wang denied through his counsel that he’d called Cornell a snake and said in court filings that he’d been named CEO without his consent.)
-
-When deposed, Cornell said that he’d talked to Elist about marketing strategies, not proprietary specifics, and that his invention had been spurred by potential hazards he’d observed during the surgeries, particularly the use of mesh. As both teams began conscripting high­-volume implanters as allies and expert witnesses, the fraternity of sexual medicine was sundered into warring camps. “This is a tiny smear of people, and they are fucking cutthroat,” one high­-volume implanter told me of the intellectual­ property dis­pute. “It’s vicious because there’s so much money to make.”
-
-Augmenta’s team endeavored to put the safety record of the Penuma on trial, securing Elist’s confirmation in a deposition that 20% of the patients in his 2018 study had reported at least one adverse post-­surgical event. Foster Johnson, one of the Augmenta attorneys, also tracked down some of the patients who’d posted horror stories online. In 2021, he reached out to Mick.
-
-A year had passed since Mick’s ex­plant, and he’d entered a serious depression. He’d barely noticed when pandemic restrictions were lifted, because he’s continued to stay in his bed. Originally six and a half inches erect, he had lost an inch of length. Whenever he caught sight of himself in the mirror, he felt desperate.
-
-So did other post-­removal patients. An FBI agent in his early 30s said that he was afraid he would never date again, let alone start a family, because his penis had shrunk to a stub. A Hollywood executive who’d undergone multiple surgeries with Elist told me, “It’s like he also snipped the possibility of intimacy away from me.” The defense-and-intelligence contractor, who’d traveled the country to consult six reconstructive surgeons, said he’d tucked a Glock in his waistband before one appointment, thinking he might kill himself if the doctor couldn’t help.
-
-Mick had come to believe that the only thing more humiliating than being a satisfied penile­ enhancement patient was being a dissatisfied one. Still, he tried to alert local news stations, the Better Business Bureau, the FBI, the district attorney, malpractice lawyers, the California medical board. No one returned his calls — “Who could blame them when it almost sounds like a joke?” — apart from an investigator with the medical board, who didn’t treat his distress as a laughing matter.
-
-Neither did Johnson, who decided to tip off a Houston-­based firm that specializes in class-­action complaints. Last year, a Texas man accused International Medical Devices of falsely advertising the Penuma as FDA ­cleared for “cosmetic enhancement” when it was, until recently, cleared only for cosmetic correction of soft-tissue deformities. Jonathan Elist called the lawsuit, which awaits class certification, meritless. “It’s not medical malpractice,” he said. “And it’s not a product-liability case, either, which is what one might expect from something like this.” His expectations proved prescient when, in March, a personal injury law firm in Ohio brought the first of what are now eight product-liability suits against the company. The lawsuits, all of which Elist’s spokesperson called “frivolous,” feature 10 John Does.
-
----
-
-Every surgical revolution is bloody by definition. When I met Elist, earlier this year, he underscored how many taken-for-granted medical breakthroughs had emerged from tweaks and stepwise developments. The breast im­plant had been dogged by ruptures and leaks in its early days. Even the celebrated penile pump — the object around which the egos of many eminent urologists now orbit — had taken years to overcome high rates of removals. Two decades of innovation had led to the current Penuma procedure, he noted, and during that time nearly everything about it had improved, from the deployment of a drain to the placement of the incision. “This procedure is like any other procedure,” he told me. “It has its own evolution.”
-
-Recently, the Penuma procedure evolved again. Elist had got rid of the vexing patch of mesh, and the company was shipping out a new model. He invited me to shadow him as he implanted it.
-
-The first operation of the day complete, Elist was in a giddy, expansive mood. As his next patient was put under anesthesia, Elist sat behind an imposing desk in a borrowed office and spoke about his forthcoming book, a collection of parables for spiritually minded surgeons titled “Operating with God.” His ghost­writer had rendered his voice so skillfully, he said, that he’d found himself moved to tears while reading it. Beside a gilt statue of a jaguar in the corner of the room, someone had propped a mirror with an image of Jesus etched at its center. As Elist recounted passages from his book, his merry face, crowned by a hair­net, hovered next to Christ’s.
-
-The surgery, which Elist said was supposed to take approximately 35 minutes, lasted twice as long. A surgical technician had covered the patient’s body in sheets until only his penis, gleaming beneath the overhead lamp, was visible. With a purple marker, Elist drew a dotted line close to where the scrotum met the shaft. A clamp pulled the skin taut, and he began to cut along the line. The scrotal skin gave easily, like something ripe, and a few seconds later, the man on the table let out a high-­pitched sound.
-
-To stop the bleeding, Elist applied a cautery pencil that beeped each time it singed the skin, giving off smoke and a whiff of burned flesh. Alternating between his cautery tool and a pair of scissors, he deepened the incision, centimeter by centimeter, revealing the chalky tissue below, until he approached the pubic bone. Then, in a stage known as “degloving,” he began to flip the penis inside out through the hole he’d created at its base. Wearing the marbled interior flesh around his fingers, he trimmed the soft tissue and cauterized a series of superficial blood vessels, speckling the interior of the shaft with dark dots. For a few moments, a quivering red sphere popped up like a jellyfish surfacing at sea — an in­verted testicle, he explained.
-
-A nurse unwrapped an Extra Large implant from its box and handed it to Elist, who used curved scissors to smooth its top corners. With a hook-shaped needle, he began to sew the implant into the inverted penis, and he asked his surgical tech to tie a “double lateral” knot. He barked the word “lateral” several times and sighed. “She’s never seen this procedure,” he told me. When he asked for wet gauze a few minutes later, she handed him a piece they’d discarded. “You know that it’s dirty,” he reprimanded her in Farsi. “It was on the skin. And you bring it for me?”
-
-I recalled that Zimmerman, the “Dick Doc” of Las Vegas, had compared his own visit to Elist’s operating theater to being “in the presence of a master conductor who can bring the whole orchestra together.” But as Elist chided his tech for being “a troublemaker” — she’d handed him the wrong size of sutures, an unnecessary needle, the wrong end of the drain, the wrong kind of scissors — it felt like watching the stumble-through of a student ensemble.
-
-Elist cauterized more tissue by the pubic bone to make sure the implant would fit there, and at this the patient’s breaths rose into a moan. Elist regloved the penis with the Penuma tucked under its skin. Too long, he decided. He slid the implant out part way and snipped a bit off the bottom. Pushing it into the shaft, he wagged it back and forth. “OK,” he said. It was done. The patient, who had arrived that morning av­erage sized — four inches in length by four inches in girth — was now six by five. Later, through his spokesperson, Elist would say that the patient’s outcome was excellent. In the room, talk turned to preparing the table for the next man.
-
-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/202306-Office.JPG?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=600&q=75&w=800&s=2af173ccab494ea4d9086bfb1e53c209)
-
-The office building in Beverly Hills where Elist’s clinic is located
-
----
-
-Elist has always been keen to dis­tance himself from other purvey­ors of controversial penile enhancement techniques — “gimmick” surgeons, he has called them. At one point during our conversations, which were punctuated by lively digressions, he said that some of his unscrupulous rivals reminded him of Josef Mengele, the Nazi doctor who con­ducted lethal experiments on prisoners at Auschwitz. “How do you allow yourself to put something on the patient’s body that you know gets infected?” he asked, as though addressing them directly. Sections of his [website](https://www.drelist.com/patient-education/myths-and-facts/dermal-fat-grafting/) and of a book he self-­published in 2015, “[A Matter of Size](https://www.amazon.com/Matter-Size-Always-Wanted-Could-ebook/dp/B011543KW4),” are devoted to chronicling the macabre complications that can result from skin grafts and fat injections to the penis.
-
-When I reviewed old files in an underground archive for the Los Angeles County courts, however, I saw that, a decade before the Penuma came into being, Elist had been part of a coterie of LA surgeons promoting the very methods he now decried, with coverage in Hustler, Penthouse, Penis Power Quarterly and local newspapers like the Korea Central Daily and the Korea Times. One ad, in Korean, for the surgery center where Elist operated sounded a familiar note, promising a “life changing” procedure with no complications and “guaranteed results,” performed by “the Highest Authority in Urology in Beverly Hills,” “approved by the state government” and “authorized by the FDA.”
-
-At least 23 malpractice lawsuits have been filed against Elist in Los Angeles since 1993. (He has also been named as a defendant in product liability lawsuits regarding inflatable penile prosthesis brought by plaintiffs Dick Glass and Semen Brodsky.) The dockets indicate that some of the complaints were settled confidentially out of court, a few were dismissed and in one of two trials a jury ruled in Elist’s favor.
-
-It is not unusual for a doctor practicing for more than 40 years to be accused of malpractice, and it is not unusual, either, for patients to be self-­serving in their recollections of informed consent, but as I scrolled through the microfilm I was surprised to see how many of Elist’s past patients — who’d received cosmetic surgeries, medical procedures or both — described the same MO. Three men alleged that they’d been asked to sign consent forms after being injected with Demerol, a fast-acting narcotic. A number of foreign-­born patients seeking treatment for erectile dysfunction alleged that they were given forms in English, which they couldn’t read, and some of those same patients, who said they’d thought they were undergoing a vein-cleaning procedure, alleged that they awoke from surgery to find themselves implanted with a penile prosthesis for erectile dysfunction. Multiple patients who said they’d turned to Elist for a functional issue alleged that they’d been upsold enhancement procedures that resulted in their disfigurement. Ronald Duette, a 65-year-old property manager and auto detailer who filed a malpractice case in 2021, told me that a consultant at Elist’s clinic had encouraged him to get the Penuma by reassuring him that Elist had one himself.
-
-Elist’s spokesperson told me that Du­ette’s allegations and the claims in the other lawsuits are false; that Elist does not have a Penuma; and that Elist is a gifted, responsive and exacting surgeon, supported by conscientious employees, who does not rush his patients and performs additional surgery only when medically appropriate. The spokesperson said Elist was not aware of any patients suffering extreme dissatisfaction or sleeplessness or mental health crises as a result of Pe­numa surgery, and noted that complications were more likely when patients failed to comply with post-­op instructions. The spokesperson disputed some particulars of Mick’s account (Mick waived his medical privacy rights so that Elist could discuss his records) and said this article “cherry­-picks and sensationalizes” outlier cases.
-
-Elist told me that what his critics failed to grasp, whether by dint of envy or closed mindedness, was that for every dissatisfied customer there were many more whose lives had improved immeasurably. Nobody hears about the happy implantees, he said, because “unfortunately people are not willing to come out and talk about penile enlargement.”
-
-All nine deeply satisfied Penuma patients I spoke to, several on the recommendation of Elist and his associates, said they would do it again. “I can give someone pleasure and see it in their eyes,” an industrial designer said. “That’s the part that makes me almost cry.” But hear­ing some of their stories I found myself wondering whether the difference between happy and unhappy customers was less a matter of experience than of its interpretation. Two men said they’d needed a second surgery to replace their implants when complications arose, and one continued to volunteer as a patient advocate even though he’d had his Extra Extra Large removed. He explained: “It was very uncomfortable for my wife. She was getting micro­tears and was considering getting a procedure done to enlarge that opening.”
-
-Elist emphasized to me that “the best advantage of Penuma over any other procedure” was how easy it was to remove. He said that some patients even gained length upon removal. Last year, Penu­ma’s monthly newsletter, “Inching Towards Greatness,” featured the YouTube testimonial of a man who, after his re­moval, said that the procedure had still been “worth every cent.” This patient — who described his Penuma to me as a “life-­ruiner” — said that he’d been under the influence of drugs the clinic had prescribed at the time. Elist, through his spokesperson, declined to comment on the matter; the video is no longer available.
-
----
-
-In April, Mick received a letter from the office of California’s attorney general, notifying him of a hearing this October on Elist’s conduct. Since Mick had filed his complaint, the California [medical board had investigated](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23860738-cal-med-bd-accusation?responsive=1&title=1) the surgeon’s treatment of 10 other Penuma patients, including the contest winner Emman­uel Jackson and other men I interviewed. Alleging gross negligence and incompetence, the board accused Elist of, among other lapses, recommending that patients treat what appeared to be post-­op infections with Neosporin, aloe vera and a blood­flow ointment; asking them to remove their own sutures; and deterring them from seeking outside medical care. Elist said through his attorney that innovative procedures like his are routinely reviewed by regulators; that many specifics in the complaint are false; and that a previous medical board complaint against him was resolved in 2019, when he agreed to improve his recordkeeping.
-
-Reading the letter from the attorney general’s office dredged up “dark thoughts from the ditch where I’d been burying them,” Mick said. In the three years since his Penuma removal, he estimates that he’s regained about 80% of the sensation in his penis, but his anger and sense of powerlessness have remained. In one of his last e­mails to Elist’s office, he wrote that he’d felt like “a testing mouse.” Given a recent expansion of Elist’s empire, the possibility that the surgeon might be censured, fined or lose his license now seemed to Mick beside the point. “They should have cut down the tree before it grew,” he said. “It’s too big now.”
-
-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/202306-Elist-06.JPG?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=600&q=75&w=800&s=e6509bbc1d8c2924e5f3c5d017e9cfe2)
-
-The Medical Board of California is investigating Elist’s treatment of Mick and 10 other Penuma patients. A hearing is scheduled for October.
-
-In Times Square, a billboard recently appeared: “MANHOOD REDEFINED,” it said, beside the URL for the Penuma website. A few weeks after Elist and his lawyer were served by the office of the California attorney general, Elist was traveling on the East Coast, training new recruits to his network. He has also been pitching interested parties in the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Ku­wait and South Korea, the world capital for cosmetic surgery. Colombia was already a go. “The Penuma is going to be the only procedure that surgeons not just in the United States but worldwide are going to accept,” Elist told me.
-
-In June, his company [rebranded](https://filmdaily.co/lifestyle/why-penumas-latest-male-enhancement-procedure-should-get-everyone-excited/) the updated Penuma as the Himplant, and the Augmenta trial unfolded in a federal courthouse in downtown Los Angeles. Elist testified with brio about his victimization at the hands of Cornell, who’d violated “the sanctuary” of his operating theater; the judge ruled with Penuma’s attorneys that the negative experiences of patients like Mick were irrelevant to the question of theft at hand. On June 16, the jury returned a verdict in Elist’s favor and invalidated Cornell’s patents.
-
----
-
-Not long ago, I met Bryan, Elist’s for­mer penis model, at a coffee shop in Orange County. He had undergone multiple surgeries with Elist, with two different iterations of the implant. He said he’d experienced complications and, in 2011, he’d had his second implant removed. The following year, Bryan ended up flying to Philadelphia for the first in a series of revision and enhancement procedures with Solomon, whom he’d learned about on PhalloBoards.
-
-This spring, he was released from prison, where he’d served time for participating in a car theft ring that a pros­ecutor described as highly sophisticated and that Bryan described to me as a matter of “incorrectly filled-out paperwork.” When he returned home, he got back into the enlargement scene. He now works as a paid patient advocate for Solomon — a role that involves fielding inquiries from men struggling with the fallout from unsatisfactory operations. The week before we met, Bryan had spent hours on the phone with Kevin (his middle name), an aspiring actor. Kevin said that he had undergone five surgeries with Elist, including two upgrades, a revision and a removal, and his penis no longer functioned.
-
-Still, Kevin had always found the surgeon to be caring, if a little preoccupied. “He reminded me of Doctor Franken­stein — the intensity of him wanting this thing to come to life,” Kevin told me. It sounded strange, he acknowledged, but before each operation he’d been filled with excitement. “You just feel relieved that you’re fixing something,” he said.
-
-At an appointment earlier this year, Kevin said, Elist promised to fix him again with a sixth procedure, but one of the surgeon’s assistants discreetly advised against it. Kevin thought he could spot “the other experiments” in the clinic from their loose-­fitting sweatpants and the awkward way they walked. There were so many men waiting to see the doctor that they spilled into the hallway.
-
-[Kirsten Berg](https://www.propublica.org/people/kirsten-berg) contributed research.
-
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-# Inside the ‘Rampant Culture of Sex’ at ABC News
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-“It felt like everybody was sleeping around,” says one former *Good Morning America* staffer.
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-![A blonde white woman wearing a black halter dress and a black man wearing a dark suit and tie smile for the camera. The woman has her left arm around the man's back.](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/53c/9ab/9e28659133141210be2722fb6bd8faef84-ABC-final.rvertical.w570.jpg)
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-Photo-Illustration: the Cut; Photo Getty Images
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-This article was featured in [One Great Story](http://nymag.com/tags/one-great-story/), *New York*’s reading recommendation newsletter. [Sign up here](https://nymag.com/promo/sign-up-for-one-great-story.html?itm_source=csitepromo&itm_medium=articlelink&itm_campaign=ogs_tertiary_zone) to get it nightly.
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-Sascha didn’t pay much attention to [T.J. Holmes](https://www.thecut.com/2023/01/amy-robach-tj-holmes-good-morning-america.html) when he began working as an anchor for ABC News in 2014. They were both pulling graveyard shifts, and the then-27-year-old digital news associate spent most of her time focused on her job and trying to stay awake. But a few months later, after Holmes asked her for help setting up his Instagram account, he quickly became flirtatious. “I’m learning a lot about you. I might actually like you,” he wrote in an email. They texted for hours one weekend, and Holmes expressed what Sascha calls a “crazy amount of interest” in her personal life. She knew he was married but found his charisma intoxicating. She rarely felt validated as a low-level staffer, and Holmes often seemed like “the only person in the building who took me seriously.” It wasn’t long, she says, before he booked a hotel near the network’s Upper West Side headquarters and sent her the details. When she walked into the room, he was sitting on the bed.
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-Stories about Holmes’s affairs with colleagues like Sascha have been trickling out since his relationship with Amy Robach, his former *Good Morning America* co-anchor, became a tabloid obsession. The *Daily Mail* [outed the couple](https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11478421/GMA-hosts-Amy-Robach-T-J-Holmes-seen-looking-cozy-NYC-secret-romance-revealed.html) in November with photos that showed Holmes giving “his lover a playful squeeze from behind” during a trip upstate and Robach leaving an Uber in what social media [dubbed](https://mobile.twitter.com/search?q=cheating%20uggs&src=typed_query) her “cheating Uggs.” But juicy gossip about two anchors cheating on their respective spouses was soon followed by tabloid reports about Holmes’s alleged dalliances with co-workers on less equal footing: a [junior staffer in her mid-20s](https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11649639/T-J-Holmes-sex-office-ABC-intern-13-years-junior.html), a [*GMA* producer](https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11496033/T-J-Holmes-three-year-affair-married-GMA-producer-Amy-Robach.html) in her 30s, and [Sascha](https://pagesix.com/2023/01/24/t-j-holmes-accused-of-suspected-in-office-romp-with-another-junior-staffer/). (Holmes declined to comment for this story.)
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-Such office relationships between women and men with more seniority were common at the network in the 2010s, according to current and former employees. (Their names have been changed because they fear professional consequences.) These sources, women who were all in their 20s when they were first hired, say constant rumors about office hookups, including among the company’s top brass, made them feel it was normal to sleep with or date a senior colleague. “It was very commonplace,” says one former *GMA* staffer. “It felt like everybody was sleeping around.” Staffers worked long, irregular shifts, which made it easier for senior-level men to have relationships with younger women who had no time to date outside work. Ruth, who left *GMA* in 2019 but is still an ABC News producer, says that show in particular seemed like it was staffed by “a bunch of horned-up high-school students,” who “learned how to do news in the ’80s when people were still doing blow in the bathroom.”
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-An ABC News spokesperson didn’t dispute any specific anecdotes but said in a statement that, “We do not condone or allow harassment or intimidation of any kind and take these matters very seriously and with immediacy.” “Creating a safe, respectful, and professional work environment for everyone has been, and continues to be, a top priority at ABC News,” they said.
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-Holmes and Robach, as far as we know, were two colleagues of equal stature having a consensual affair. They weren’t so different from Joe Scarborough and Mika Brzezinski, the MSNBC anchors whose off-screen romance was lauded as a Great American Love Story despite [rumors that it began](https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-joe-scarborough-and-mika-brzezinski-kept-their-relationship-secret-so-long?ref=scroll) as an affair. When Holmes and Robach signed off the Friday after they’d become international news, Holmes sarcastically [joked](https://www.tmz.com/2022/12/02/gma-tj-holmes-amy-robach-joke-relationship-great-week/) that it had been a “great week,” one he wished would keep “going and going and going.” (“Speak for yourself,” Robach said.) But the publicity didn’t let up.
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-A few days later, Kim Godwin, the network’s president, pulled them off the show. She told [staffers](https://pagesix.com/2022/12/05/amy-robach-t-j-holmes-taken-off-air-by-abc-amid-affair-scandal/) that though the relationship was “not a violation of company policy,” it had become a liability for *GMA*’s brand. ABC News then launched an internal investigation into whether Holmes’s affair with Robach, or any other staffers, [violated](https://www.semafor.com/article/12/07/2022/abc-news-is-reviewing-tj-holmes-and-amy-robachs-relationship) the network’s “morality rules.” The anchors each filed for divorce, lawyered up, and began drawn-out negotiations with their employer. Two months later, they signed exit agreements, a fact the pair [seemed to celebrate by straddling](https://pagesix.com/2023/01/29/amy-robach-straddles-t-j-holmes-after-abc-exit-see-pics/) and hugging each other on the street in Los Angeles.
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-Seeing the couple’s story go viral made Sascha question her own relationship with Holmes and the workplace culture that made sex between co-workers seem so normal at ABC News. Before their affair began, she would cry before the start of her workweek. The overnight shows were chronically understaffed, and she says her boss would often yell at her when she asked questions. Sascha ground her teeth from stress until there was no enamel left, and the nocturnal 9 p.m.–to–5 a.m. schedule left no room for a social life. “I was so exhausted and lonely,” she says. “I couldn’t get out of bed.” Dating was impossible. But with Holmes, she didn’t have to explain her disorienting schedule.
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-Their affair became a bright spot that carried her through grueling shifts. Sascha started doing her hair and dressing nicely for work. During breaks, she’d visit Holmes’s office, where they’d have sex behind a locked door. It didn’t seem crazy to her at the time given what she describes as ABC News’s “rampant culture of sex.” Sascha had heard rumors that other colleagues slept together in an edit bay, where the window was covered by a poster, and that after having affairs with executives, certain women had been promoted. “It was a pretty scandalous place,” she says, especially on the overnight shift.
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-The women felt their sex lives factored into their career path in the intensely competitive newsroom. ABC News “rewarded the people that were either divas or adulterers,” the former *GMA* staffer says. “It was very frustrating because there were a lot of people that were doing good work.” Julie, a former ABC News staffer, puzzled over why she wasn’t advancing within the company despite having the qualifications. “I was like, *What’s wrong with me?*” she remembers thinking. But given the rumors she’d heard about some people who landed more senior roles, she wondered, “*if I had slept with someone, would I have been more likely to have gotten one of these jobs*?”
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-While hookups were common, the women worried they’d be more likely than the senior staffers to face potential fallout. Alicia, a former ABC News producer who dated an older co-worker, says the mentality among her colleagues was that all the cool kids were dating someone senior, and that doing the same might give them some street cred. But Alicia feared the opposite. She found herself worrying that one executive had “turned very, very sour on me,” which she suspected was because they had found out about the relationship. She also recognized the power imbalance at play, given that “my reputation was in danger, but not his.” To this day, “most of the ill will and shame I feel is directed towards myself,” she says. “I wasn’t mature enough to have the foresight not to screw around and put my career in jeopardy.”
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-Not all of the sexual advances were welcome, and the company was not always sympathetic to reports of harassment or misconduct. In 2021, two women accused Michael Corn, *GMA*’s former executive producer, of sexually assaulting them during his tenure. One of the women, Kirstyn Crawford, sued Corn and ABC, saying the company “elevated” him through the ranks while [failing](https://www.wsj.com/articles/abc-news-staffer-claims-network-retaliated-after-she-filed-sexual-assault-complaint-11631711723?st=2p2sd0hpm3k4xkd&reflink=desktopwebshare_twitter) to renew her three-year contract after she filed a [formal complaint](https://www.wsj.com/articles/abc-news-staffer-claims-network-retaliated-after-she-filed-sexual-assault-complaint-11631711723?st=2p2sd0hpm3k4xkd&reflink=desktopwebshare_twitter) in 2021. The lawsuit [was dismissed](https://nypost.com/2022/06/09/sexual-assault-suit-against-ex-gma-producer-michael-corn-dismissed/) last year because the statute of limitations had run out.
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-In 2017, Ruth told HR that an editor who called her “babe” had put his hand on her bare thigh while they worked together in a dark, soundproof edit bay. She was in her late 20s and remembers a representative telling her that the company never took action because Ruth “didn’t seem that mad” (a former colleague and text messages from the time back up her account). Though she recalls being upset, she says, “Everybody deals with this kind of stuff differently. I could be giggling, and you should still look into it.” Ruth thought ABC News’ response sent a clear message that her concerns didn’t matter. She stayed at her desk to avoid any future interactions with the editor. For her part, Alicia didn’t even think to tell HR when an older colleague hit on her in his office. “It never occurred to me that any of this was at all inappropriate,” she says. “I really did think, *This is just what happens, right?*”
-
-Sascha’s relationship with Holmes began to peter out after less than a year, once he left the overnight shift to focus on *Good Morning America.* She says he never gave her a heads up about the new job, which left her “heartbroken” and feeling like a “throwaway object.” They continued to speak on the phone, however, and hooked up once more a few years later. When he reached out again in 2019, Sascha wanted a friendship. But when she tried to meet him for tea, Holmes didn’t respond for a few days. “I’m pretty sure you only text me when you need attention,” she wrote in a text message. “And then otherwise I don’t really matter.” His final response was “Goodnight.”
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-Still, Sascha felt no animosity toward Holmes until his other affairs, including one with another junior staffer, made headlines. “I was just part of a pattern,” she says, adding that at the time “I didn’t even think about power dynamics. I thought I was special.” As a young woman trying to build her career as a producer, she might have been “blacklisted” within the industry or “gotten in huge trouble” had word spread about the affair. “Why was I taking that risk?” she says. “It’s something you kind of kick yourself over.”
-
-Sascha recently found out that she and Holmes hadn’t been so covert. In late January, the New York *Post* [interviewed](https://pagesix.com/2023/01/24/t-j-holmes-accused-of-suspected-in-office-romp-with-another-junior-staffer/) a source who had heard “rustling” from Holmes’s office in 2015 and saw a “junior staffer” emerge looking “looking ‘completely flush’ and like ‘a deer in headlights.’” While the story didn’t name her, Sascha immediately recognized herself as the subject. She felt violated and angry. “It’s just really upsetting to read it from the perspective of somebody who saw me being sort of confused,” she said. “Maybe they were right.” Watching the tabloids publish the names and photos of other women who were involved with Holmes, without their permission, makes her worry the same might happen to her. “My entire career could be affected by this,” she says. She wishes the tabloids would focus more on “the environment that we worked in” than on calling out specific women Holmes may have slept with based on secondhand accounts.
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-A current ABC staffer says the newsroom has become less scandalous since Godwin was hired as the network’s president in 2021. “Kim has gone out of her way to create a sort of zero-tolerance policy here,” says the source, who’s had a long career at the network. “There has been cultural change.” The Daily Beast reported that [ABC News staffers are upset](https://www.thedailybeast.com/abc-news-bleeding-from-self-inflicted-wound-after-gma3-love-scandal) with how Godwin handled the incident, however, and say she is “losing the confidence of the newsroom.” Ruth sees Holmes in particular as a “sacrificial lamb,” since she says the culture of office relationships “has been a pretty well-known problem for a long time.” Sascha, for her part, felt relieved that Robach and Holmes had been taken off-air and that the tabloids might move on. But despite the resolution, she’s worried the network is painting the former anchors as bad apples rather than acknowledging that their behavior was part of its culture. “I think that they’re more protective of the company’s reputation than they are their staffers,” she says.
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-Inside the ‘Horned Up’ Office Culture at ABC News
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-Date: 2023-01-22
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-TimeStamp: 2023-01-22
-Link: https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-features/inside-justice-sundance-top-secret-brett-kavanaugh-documentary-doug-liman-deborah-ramirez-1234665450/
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-# Inside ‘Justice,’ Sundance’s Top-Secret Brett Kavanaugh Documentary
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-*Justice*, director Doug Liman’s (*The Bourne Identity*) film exploring the allegations of sexual misconduct against the Supreme Court Justice, debuted at the Sundance Film Festival
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-A collective eyebrow was raised when the [2023 Sundance Film Festival](https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/pretty-baby-brooke-shields-child-sexual-exploitation-documentary-sundance-film-festival-1234665366/) announced a last-minute addition to the lineup: *Justice*, a [documentary](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/documentary/) probing the allegations of [sexual misconduct](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/sexual-misconduct/) against [Supreme Court](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/supreme-court/) Justice [Brett Kavanaugh](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/brett-kavanaugh/). That the film marked the first documentary directed by [Doug Liman](https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/no-tomorrow-doug-liman-on-the-blockbuster-that-almost-broke-him-62193/), the man behind *Swingers* and *The Bourne Identity*, and was produced by Amy Herdy, an ex-journalist and key researcher for the documentaries *[Allen v. Farrow](https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-features/allen-v-farrow-things-we-learned-docuseries-1130833/)* and *[On the Record](https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/on-the-record-movie-review-russell-simmons-hbo-max-943145/)*, only piqued curiosity further. Would the film contain new claims against Kavanaugh beyond what emerged during and around his explosive hearing in front of the [Senate](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/senate/) Judiciary Committee? Or perhaps offer new evidence corroborating the accounts of women who’d already come forward against Kavanaugh alleging a range of sexual misconduct, including [Christine Blasey Ford](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/christine-blasey-ford/), [Deborah Ramirez](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/deborah-ramirez/) and Julie Swetnick?
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-*Justice* debuted on Jan. 20 to a capacity crowd of 295 people at Sundance’s Park Avenue Theatre, including a few dozen members of the press. Liman made his entire crew sign NDAs and financed the project himself in order to keep it completely under wraps.
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-And the film raises more questions than it answers.
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-It opens with Liman seated on a couch across from Christine Blasey Ford, who questions him about why he, a Hollywood director, wanted to make this film. Only the back of Ford’s head is visible, and she does not appear on-camera again, save archival footage of her powerful testimony. In a post-screening Q&A, Liman said that he chose not to include new footage of Ford in order to spare her the added scrutiny and threats. Swetnick, meanwhile, goes unmentioned.
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-Most of the film’s attention concerns Deborah Ramirez, who [told](https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/senate-democrats-investigate-a-new-allegation-of-sexual-misconduct-from-the-supreme-court-nominee-brett-kavanaughs-college-years-deborah-ramirez) *The New Yorker*’s Ronan Farrow and Jane Mayer that while a freshman at [Yale](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/yale/) in 1983, “Kavanaugh had exposed himself at a drunken dormitory party, thrust his penis in her face, and caused her to touch it without her consent as she pushed him away.” She repeats those allegations during a sit-down interview in *Justice*. (Kavanaugh has denied all allegations of sexual misconduct.)
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-## Editor’s picks
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-While the FBI spoke with Ramirez as part of their one-week “limited scope” investigation into Trump nominee Kavanaugh’s alleged sexual misconduct, ultimately concluding they found “no corroboration of the allegations \[of sexual misconduct\],” leading to the conservative Justice’s lifetime appointment to the Supreme Court, Bureau agents admittedly failed to so much as talk to a number of people who either corroborated her account or had other stories of Kavanaugh’s behavior at Yale.
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-The biggest reveal in *Justice* concerns Max Stier, a Yale classmate of Kavanaugh’s. [According to](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/14/sunday-review/brett-kavanaugh-deborah-ramirez-yale.html) the book *The Education of Brett Kavanaugh*, by *New York Times* reporters Robin Pogrebin and Kate Kelly, Stier, who runs the Partnership for Public Service, a prominent nonprofit (and nonpartisan) organization in Washington, D.C., informed senators and the FBI that he “saw Mr. Kavanaugh with his pants down at a different drunken dorm party, where friends pushed his penis into the hand of a female student,” but that the FBI did not follow up with him. *Justice* goes one step further, airing an audio recording of Stier’s account, which the filmmakers say was entrusted to them by an anonymous source. (Stier declined to speak to the filmmakers, as did Kavanaugh.)
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-“This is something that I reported to my wife years ago,” Stier says, before going into detail about how he’d heard a story “firsthand” of Kavanaugh’s friends asking a heavily inebriated young woman to “hold his penis” during a dorm party. He also recalls on the audio an alleged episode he’d heard wherein a drunken Kavanaugh attempted to insert his penis into the mouth of a young woman at a dorm party while she was nearly passed out on the floor from drinking.
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-## Trending
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-Elsewhere in *Justice*, several Yale classmates of Ramirez’s express their frustration with the FBI over failing to interview them, and even suggest that Kavanaugh’s team was contacting Yale classmates of theirs during the inquiry to try to steer them in his direction. A series of text messages are shown in the film that appear to show Yale classmates of Kavanaugh’s discussing how members of Kavanaugh’s circle had contacted them about their recollections with regard to the Ramirez allegations. Since Kavanaugh was adamant that he did no such thing during his testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee, the film contends that he committed perjury.
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-More than anything, though, *Justice* feels like a signal flare for future accusers and witnesses of Kavanaugh’s alleged sexual misconduct to come forward. The press was informed that the 83-minute version screened at Sundance was not a final cut, and Herdy and Liman told festivalgoers during the post-screening Q&A that they’d received new tips since announcing the documentary on Jan. 19, and that the film — and their investigation — is not yet finished.
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-# Is Fox News Really Doomed?
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-## It certainly appears like they will lose a major lawsuit over election lies.
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-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/25b/df7/2e6bf9ee25e9e4ee80623029c55fa08e2e-fox-news-lede-final.rsquare.w700.jpg)
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-Photo-Illustration: Intelligencer; Photos: Fox News/Getty Images
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-Shortly after Donald Trump lost the presidential election, two of his lawyers, [Rudy Giuliani](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/06/rudy-giuliani-insists-hes-not-a-drunk-again.html) and [Sidney Powell](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/11/report-trump-lawyer-sidney-powell-even-crazy-than-you-think.html), convened a [deranged press conference](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/11/giuliani-trump-legal-team-melt-down-in-insane-presser.html) proclaiming that Trump had “clearly won by a landslide” but that he had been the victim of an elaborate conspiracy. It involved a then-obscure election-technology company named Dominion Voting Systems, which they accused of stealing votes from Trump and flipping them to Joe Biden through the use of an algorithm that had originally been created at the behest of former Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez. Giuliani and Powell had already been peddling [this false nonsense](https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/19/politics/giuliani-trump-legal-team-press-briefing-fact-check/index.html) all over conservative media, including in appearances on Fox News, but the news conference was apparently too much even for Rupert Murdoch.
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-“Really crazy stuff. And damaging,” the network’s owner wrote, as he watched the appearance, in one of many highly entertaining internal communications that have become public recently thanks to [the lawsuit filed by Dominion against Fox](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/03/all-the-texts-fox-news-didnt-want-you-to-read.html) over the network’s allegedly defamatory coverage of the company following the 2020 election. [One network executive](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/03/12/raj-shah-fox-trump/) who was also watching wrote separately to someone, “This sounds SO FUCKING CRAZY btw.” The day before, star host Tucker Carlson told his prime-time colleague Laura Ingraham, “Sidney Powell is lying by the way. I caught her. It’s insane.” None of this, however, prevented Powell and Giuliani from appearing on the network in the subsequent weeks saying the same transparently absurd things to Fox News’ audience.
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-Thanks in large part to the messages, there is a palpable sense that Dominion’s lawsuit might do serious and irreversible damage to the network — an undeniably significant force in American media and politics, the [top-rated](https://www.forbes.com/sites/carlieporterfield/2022/12/15/fox-news-dominates-yearly-cable-ratings-for-seventh-consecutive-year/?sh=3f06e75144dc) cable television network in the country, and home to some of the most influential voices in conservative politics. And most informed analysts I spoke with believe that the company has a good chance of prevailing if they go to trial. But getting from here to there is not easy.
-
-In order for Dominion to win and recover actual damages, the company needs to establish that Fox News broadcast false statements about the company that negatively affected the company’s business. Defamation cases, however, are notoriously hard to win against media companies thanks to broad protections provided by the First Amendment and Supreme Court decisions, which require plaintiffs to prove that the defendant acted with “[actual malice.”](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/376/254/#tab-opinion-1944787) In [this case](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVR/76-A), that means that Dominion has to demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that the people responsible for broadcasting the statements either knew that they were false or acted with “reckless disregard” as to the falsity of the claims, even if the statements were technically made by guests rather than hosts. Dominion appears to have amassed a significant amount of evidence on this score, including, most notably, internal communications from [on-air personalities](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/02/25/business/media/fox-news-dominion-tucker-carlson.html), producers, and executives expressing doubts in real time about the claims being made by Powell and Giuliani.
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-The case is currently scheduled to go to trial [next month](https://www.wsj.com/articles/fox-news-defamation-case-tests-reach-of-press-protections-7a97d094), but the parties have recently been briefing competing motions for “[summary judgment](https://casetext.com/rule/delaware-court-rules/delaware-civil-rules-governing-the-court-of-common-pleas/judgment/rule-56-summary-judgment),” asking the presiding judge to rule in their favor based on what they claim are undisputed facts gathered in the course of discovery — in Dominion’s case, the mountain of texts and emails that they have obtained from Fox News. The filings are designed to present and frame those facts in the best possible light for the moving party — a crucially important point that seems to have been lost on the many members of the media who have been treating the filings by Dominion as the forensic product of disinterested fact-gathering and reporting, which they most certainly are not.
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-Dominion claims, for instance, that Fox News defamed the company “continually” and over “a months-long timeframe,” which sounds terrible but is dubious even by Dominion’s own account. The company is focused on a set of factual assertions presented to viewers largely through interviews with Giuliani and Powell in which they repeated the same false claims from their November 2020 press conference but with no real pushback from the hosts, who, on Dominion’s account, essentially let them say whatever they wanted while also tacitly endorsing the theories by refusing to correct or contextualize the false claims that they were peddling. Fox counters that they were merely covering inherently newsworthy allegations made on behalf of the sitting president.
-
-Altogether, Dominion has singled out 20 episodes of alleged defamation, but with one exception, they all occurred during a roughly month-long period from mid-November to mid-December 2021, mostly on shows hosted by Lou Dobbs, Maria Bartiromo, and Jeanine Pirro. The temporal outlier is [an interview](https://www.thedailybeast.com/mypillow-guy-peddles-crazy-twitter-conspiracies-in-tucker-interview) that Carlson conducted with MyPillow CEO [Mike Lindell](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/how-mypillows-mike-lindell-bankrolled-election-denial.html) in late January 2021 (after Trump supporters stormed the Capitol), during which Lindell briefly claimed to have evidence of fraud by Dominion. Three of the 20 alleged episodes of defamation during this period are not actually on-air segments but [tweets from Dobbs](https://chicago.suntimes.com/columnists/2023/2/22/23610701/lou-dobbs-fox-news-dominion-voting-system-defamation-lawsuit-2020-election-jacob-sullum-column).
-
-This was a sliver of Fox News’ output during the period, but by the standards of a case like this, Dominion has identified an unusually large number of allegedly defamatory statements. “If you look at the average defamation case, it’s one instance,” [Rebecca Tushnet](https://hls.harvard.edu/faculty/rebecca-tushnet/), a professor at Harvard Law School, told me. “A classic defamation case against a news organization is a single report, and they get yelled at, and at least they pause while they investigate. That doesn’t appear to be the trajectory here.” In its defense, Fox News has stressed that the vast majority of its coverage is not at issue, but as [Mary-Rose Papandrea](https://law.unc.edu/people/mary-rose-papandrea/), who teaches law at the University of North Carolina, put it, “It doesn’t really matter \[if\] the rest of your coverage was great” or that the rest of the programing “did not contain defamatory material.” In many cases, she continued, “there’s one sentence that’s defamatory, and plaintiffs recover on that basis alone.”
-
-One of the most intriguing aspects of Dominion’s lawsuit is the breadth of the company’s position on who was responsible for the statements at issue. The long list includes not just the hosts and show-level producers but people at the highest levels of the network, including CEO Suzanne Scott and president Jay Wallace. Dominion has also pointed the finger at Rupert Murdoch, the chair of parent company Fox Corporation, as well as his son Lachlan, who serves as Fox Corporation’s CEO. Dominion argues that these people all knew that the claims about the company were false and that they could easily have put a stop to the alleged defamation even though they did not necessarily manage the particular segments or shows at issue. Strictly speaking, Dominion can win its case without showing that any of these executives themselves acted with actual malice, but at least as an atmospheric matter, evidence of responsibility for the allegedly defamatory statements at the highest levels of the network is undeniably helpful to the company’s case: It supports the theory that the defamation was intentional on the part of Fox, that there was a business motive behind it, and that it could easily have been stopped.
-
-Dominion’s position is unusually aggressive but, under the circumstances, far from frivolous given the exceptional facts. “We don’t have great examples to draw on when the theory of the case is that \[the defendant\] institutionally wanted to advance \[a particular\] narrative,” [RonNell Anderson Jones](https://faculty.utah.edu/u6007959-RONNELL_ANDERSEN_JONES/hm/index.hml), a former reporter and editor who is now a law professor at the University of Utah, told me. (Like other specialists in media law who spoke with me, Jones found it particularly relevant that Dominion had obtained evidence that Fox News had a business motive for the alleged defamation — to avoid [losing viewers to NewsMax](https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/17/business/fox-news-dominion-lies/index.html).) It has strenuously contested the relevance of the evidence involving the Murdochs given their relatively limited role in Fox News’ on-air content, but like other analysts, Jones described this to me as an “open, litigable question” under the law — meaning that Fox News may very well lose that fight before the presiding judge. If so, that would mean that both men could be forced to take the stand at the trial, which would make a finding of liability even more embarrassing and potentially costly for the network.
-
-Fox News has other arguments in its arsenal, though there are conspicuous weaknesses that are detectable even on paper. The network maintains, for instance, that Bartiromo, who [still hosts](https://twitter.com/MariaBartiromo?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor) shows on both Fox News and Fox Business, “testified under oath that she is uncertain about what happened in the election even to this day” and quotes her as saying in a deposition that “I still have not seen a comprehensive investigation as to what took place, and that is why there are still questions about this election.” It likewise argues that Dobbs, who [was let go](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/02/fox-business-cancels-lou-dobbs.html) shortly after Trump left office, “believed at the time (and still believes today) that ‘the election was stolen,’” and that “he did not (and still does not) know ‘what happened with the electronic voting companies in that election.’”
-
-This is perfectly fine evidence to cite in opposition to Dominion’s motion for summary judgment, because it would seem to create a dispute between the parties on the crucial factual question of whether the hosts acted with actual malice, but defeating Dominion at this juncture will simply keep the case on track for a jury trial. At that point it will be odd, to put it mildly, for a nominal news network to ask a jury to believe that some of its hosts — people whose job is supposed to include being reasonably intelligent and informed — are, in effect, grossly incompetent. An even-worse legal scenario for Fox News, particularly since Dominion is seeking punitive damages, is that jurors will conclude that these people are lying even to this day.
-
-Much of the Fox News defense comes down to arguing that the network was entitled to air the allegations made by Trump and his lawyers because they were inherently newsworthy, but although there are [persuasive arguments](https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/column-dominion-v-fox-disputed-legal-theory-has-sweeping-implications-2023-03-07/) for a limited reporting privilege along these lines, the case does not present a particularly compelling vehicle for it. Fox News criticizes Dominion for not having “the courage of its own convictions” and suing “CNN, MSNBC, CSPAN, or any of the myriad outlets that covered the President’s allegations against it,” and they similarly question the fact that Dominion did not “sue Fox News for all of its shows that reported the President’s allegations about Dominion, or even for every show on which Giuliani or Powell recounted them.” Fox News’s actual point is to demonstrate that even Dominion believes that the allegations were worthy of some news coverage. But if anyone seriously thinks about it for more than a few seconds, the argument also underscores Dominion’s position that the Fox News segments at issue were outside the bounds of responsible coverage.
-
-The whole thing adds up to a bizarre defense for a purported news organization to present to a jury — a point that Dominion’s lawyers are likely to hammer at trial. In Fox News’ telling, the hosts — the ones most responsible for the relevant segments, at least — sound like credulous and incompetent dummies. The line producers appear to be lazy, ineffectual, or both. And the executives seem to have no ability or responsibility to intervene or stop anything from happening on air, even if it concerns the most important news story in the country. This is essentially what you are left with after you make your way through all of Fox’s arguments, and though it is coherent — in the sense that you could conclude that nobody at the network acted with actual malice if you believe all of this — it is also very hard to swallow as a factual matter, and it falls far short of what the public deserves from real news outlets.
-
-As a result of all this, most informed analysts believe that Dominion has presented the more compelling case so far, that the case will proceed to trial, and that Dominion has a good chance of prevailing when that happens. Papandrea, for instance, argued that the company has presented “an overwhelming case for actual malice, especially in light of all the testimony that came out in discovery.” Anderson cautioned that we “are working in a relatively shallow pool of comparative examples” but told me that “most folks in the field who follow this agree that Dominion has gathered one of the strongest cases that we have seen in a major media libel suit.” Tushnet was slightly more circumspect — offering that “in American litigation, anything can happen and frequently does” but that Dominion has outlined what “seems to me a quite strong case to go to a jury.”
-
-It is very possible that Fox holds this view as well — and that it is counting on a much lower damages award than the $1.6 billion that Dominion has sought. The calculation of financial damages in corporate litigation is extremely important, for obvious reasons, but it is also a notorious morass of pseudo-economic gibberish, as I can attest from my own experience in the area working on damages analyses in the private sector on behalf of both corporate plaintiffs and defendants. Dominion is principally seeking to recover nearly $1 billion for “the ultimate destruction of its enterprise value” as a result of the alleged defamation or, in the alternative, an award for “lost profits,” which would be much lower. The basis for Dominion’s topline damages calculation is [far from clear](https://www.reuters.com/legal/is-dominion-voting-case-against-fox-news-worth-much-16-billion-2023-03-10/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=Newsletter&utm_campaign=Daily-Docket&utm_term=031023) at this point, but it is worthy of serious skepticism for a variety of reasons — including that it seems to presuppose that a jury will accept the (highly debatable) proposition that the segments and tweets at issue effectively destroyed the company, that these sorts of damages estimates are often revealed to be tenuous once they are fully tested and examined in court, and that lawyers are keenly aware that even an aggressive figure that is ultimately rejected by jurors and courts can exert a valuable [anchoring effect](https://nysba.org/events/anchoring-how-it-impacts-jury-verdicts-negotiations-what-counsel-can-do) on the final outcome as long as the initial number is not too crazy.
-
-The public and political significance of the case could, however, complicate matters for Fox News. In almost every discussion that I have had with other analysts about the case, they have at one point or another noted — correctly — that there is a considerable risk that jurors will be so angered by Fox News’ conduct that they might use a large damages award to send a message or to underscore the network’s moral blameworthiness. “This could be one of those cases where a really big number comes down, said [Jeffrey Pyle](https://princelobel.com/professional/jeffrey-j-pyle/), a litigator who specializes in media law.
-
-Despite the generally favorable reception that Dominion’s lawsuit has so far received, the company has a long way to go before actually recovering a significant sum of money. The presiding judge is holding a hearing on the pending summary motions [next week](https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/column-dominion-v-fox-disputed-legal-theory-has-sweeping-implications-2023-03-07/), and although a complete victory by Fox News seems highly unlikely, it is possible that the judge could narrow Dominion’s case or make it harder to admit into evidence some of [the internal communications](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/03/all-the-texts-fox-news-didnt-want-you-to-read.html) that have attracted so much media attention. Even if Dominion proceeds to win at trial and obtain a significant jury award, you can expect Fox to mount a considerable post-trial litigation effort at both the trial and appellate court levels to throw out the verdict or significantly reduce the number — a process that could take years to resolve. At the moment, neither party looks interested in settling out of court.
-
-In the meantime, while the parties are hurtling toward trial and Fox News’ mainstream competitors are covering the case with [barely concealed](https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/01/media/dominion-fox-misconduct-news-reliable-sources/index.html) Schadenfreude, there is little reason to expect Dominion’s case to topple the network. So far as I can tell, no one familiar with Fox and the Murdochs’ actual financial condition seriously questions whether the network would be able to pay a large judgment and continue operating (with [or without](https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/02/media/fox-news-suzanne-scott-reliable-sources/index.html) the current executive leadership team remaining in place), through some combination of cash on hand at Fox, a loan against future revenues, or an infusion of additional funds from the Murdochs (who are witnesses but not named defendants). The ratings are [still good](https://www.thewrap.com/fox-news-viewership-steady-dominion-lawsuit/), and this is [not the first](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/04/sources-fox-news-has-decided-bill-oreilly-has-to-go.html) major scandal that has [engulfed the network](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2016/09/how-fox-news-women-took-down-roger-ailes.html) — or even [the most recent one](https://thehill.com/homenews/house/3888709-tucker-carlsons-jan-6-footage-sparks-bipartisan-outrage/).
-
-The greater threat, at least as a strictly commercial matter, may be the rift that the litigation appears to have deepened between the network and Trump, who still [holds considerable sway](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/03/2024-polls-show-desantis-cant-easily-knock-out-trump.html) among conservatives. He [lashed out](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-64806437) at Rupert Murdoch in response to the testimony disclosed in recent filings, and though the network was [ultimately integral](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2016/05/why-rupert-murdoch-decided-to-support-trump.html) to Trump’s election in 2016, that alliance of convenience [appears to be](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/03/fox-news-is-reportedly-shadowbanning-donald-trump.html) in considerable doubt headed into the 2024 primary season. In the end, the risk to Fox News if Trump turns decisively against the network in response to developments in the litigation may be larger than that directly posed by the case itself.
-
-Take it from Carlson. According to a text message disclosed in the litigation, the host privately told a colleague just days before the siege of the Capitol that “I hate him passionately,” and he went on to offer an astute but now-ominous assessment. “What he’s good at is destroying things,” Carlson observed. “He’s the undisputed world champion of that. He could easily destroy us if we play it wrong.”
-
-Is Fox News Really Doomed?
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-# Is There Sunken Treasure Beneath the Treacherous Currents of Hell Gate?
-
-Just off the coast of Astoria, Queens, at the confluence of the Harlem and East Rivers, is a narrow tidal channel. Hell Gate. Its fast currents change multiple times a day and it used to be riddled with rocks just beneath the surface. Even today, visitors to Randall’s Island Park can see the swirling churn and watch pleasure boaters struggle through. American author Washington Irving wrote an essay about it: “Woe to the unlucky vessel that ventures into its clutches.”
-
-But many a vessel did venture into those clutches over the centuries. Traversing it could save sailors navigating between New York Harbor and Southern New England days of travel around Long Island. This expediency often came at a cost. Hell Gate is the final resting place of literally hundreds of ships. Most of them are forgotten but one continues to captivate. Because down there, under the minor maelstroms, is the promise of gold.
-
----
-
-The East River runs up from New York Harbor with Manhattan on one side and first Brooklyn then Queens on the other. At Randall’s Island it splits. To the west, it becomes the Harlem River, which skirts around the top of Manhattan to join the Hudson. In the other direction, it connects to the entirety of Long Island Sound—but it’s easy to miss that this connection comes only via a single, slim channel. Each time the tide turns, the Atlantic forces its way through this passage in one direction or the other, with the discharge of the Harlem River adding to the chaos.
-
-![Hell Gate, seen in a Hammond's map from 1909, is where the East River skirts two islands. On the upper left, it turns into the Harlem River and connects to the Hudson. At the upper right, it leads out. to Long Island Sound.](https://img.atlasobscura.com/z53R-daEMBlACE-M0pGRWPAyw24h57Exw-Y4xuoB4xY/rs:fill:12000:12000/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9mZGI4YzJlNC1m/ZDZmLTRlZjAtODI2/MS1lYjc2YmZmNmFh/NWYxMjIxYjljZTgw/Mjk0NDgxMTBfSGVs/bCBHYXRlLmpwZw.jpg)
-
-Hell Gate, seen in a Hammond’s map from 1909, is where the East River skirts two islands. On the upper left, it turns into the Harlem River and connects to the Hudson. At the upper right, it leads out. to Long Island Sound. [The New York Public Library Digital Collections/Public Domain](https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/16a71df0-010b-0131-232c-58d385a7bbd0)
-
-“Because those volumes are large, and the opening at Hell Gate is small, it means the velocity is going to get very high and that makes it difficult to navigate,” says Roy Messaros, a coastal engineer and professor of hydraulics at New York University.
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-“Even on a calm day the current is boiling,” says John Lipscomb, who regularly patrols New York Harbor on a 36-foot wooden boat for the environmental nonprofit Riverkeeper. “It’s a boisterous place. There are whirlpools and the wind against the tide causes interesting, short, aggressive waves. You pay attention when you’re in Hell Gate.”
-
-That’s today. Conditions in the past were even worse. Most rocks in the area have now been removed to facilitate navigation, but Hell Gate used to be a minefield. It sounded like Hell, too. The whirlpools could be heard from “a quarter of an hour’s distance,” according to one 17th-century Dutch traveler. During the 1850s, it was estimated that about one in 50 ships that crossed Hell Gate was either damaged or sunk.
-
-“You’re talking about centuries of navigation,” says Bronx Borough Historian Lloyd Ultan. “Everything from rowboats to large ships have been sunk by hitting those rocks. One on top of the other on top of the other on top of the other.”
-
-![Hell Gate already had a reputation for treachery in 1775.](https://img.atlasobscura.com/0b6FDCKUoARhulQL0o2reDYeeSWtbyvK41i3sIJa3A4/rt:fill/w:1200/el:1/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy84YjNlZTA5OGYx/MjAwM2I2MjBfSGVs/bCBHYXRlIGluIE5l/dyBZb3JrIENpdHlf/MTI1MzQyNy1jcm9w/LmpwZw.jpg)
-
-Hell Gate already had a reputation for treachery in 1775. [The New York Public Library Digital Collections/Public Domain](https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47db-1774-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99)
-
-Out of all those wrecks, one in particular has obsessed people for over 240 years—HMS *Hussar*. The whole gamut of underwater exploration technology has been employed in the search for its purported treasure, from 18th-century diving bells to modern sonar scanners. The cast of characters who have invested significant time and money into salvaging the ship is equally wide-ranging. Thomas Jefferson had a go, as did the inventor of the modern submarine. Alongside crews of schemers and hustlers, serious underwater archaeologists have tried, too. Most recently the most prominent attempts to find the wreck were the brainchild of a Bronx man who calls himself Joey Treasures.
-
-The coveted ship was a frigate of the Royal Navy that arrived in British-occupied New York during the Revolutionary War, in November 1780, reportedly carrying the payroll of British troops in gold coins. Shortly after arriving in the city, *Hussar* set sail for Gardiner’s Bay on the eastern end of Long Island (though some accounts say it was headed to Newport, Rhode Island). While traversing Hell Gate it hit a submerged formation known as Pot Rock and began taking on water. The ship drifted down the East River until it sank to a depth of 60 to 80 feet, somewhere off the coast of the Bronx. This much is known. The rest, much like the waters of Hell Gate, is murky.
-
-Accounts differ on how many, if any, of the crew were lost, but most agree that around 60 American prisoners of war who were shackled below deck went down with the ship. Crucially, whether *Hussar* still had gold on board when it sank has also been the subject of much debate over the past two centuries. Modern historians tend to think not. Contemporaneous news articles about the accident made no mention of treasure, nor do the minutes from the Royal Navy court martial into the loss of the frigate.
-
-“It’s a pie-in-the-sky romantic notion that you could find gold in the waters of the Bronx,” says Ultan. But this did not stop generations of people from trying, beginning in the early 19th century. It was known that the ship was carrying gold when it arrived in New York, and in the decades after *Hussar* sank, “the legend began to grow that the gold was still on the ship,” says Ultan. “The East River at the southeastern end of the Bronx suddenly becomes the Spanish Main.”
-
-![Captain Charles Morice Pole (left) was in command of HMS <em>Hussar</em> when it wrecked, but was acquitted of wrongdoing at a court martial. This British gold George III guinea (right) from 1777 represents the coins that were rumored to have been carried in the ship.](https://img.atlasobscura.com/fznDimYiaoJJ_CypTbqXqJW0Z85moUCcyoMzZigOjy4/rt:fill/w:1200/el:1/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy84YjNlZTA5OGYx/MjAwM2I2MjBfSGVs/bCBHYXRlIGluIE5l/dyBZb3JrIENpdHlf/RFAtMTQyNC0wMTcg/Y29weS5wbmc.png)
-
-Captain Charles Morice Pole (left) was in command of HMS *Hussar* when it wrecked, but was acquitted of wrongdoing at a court martial. This British gold George III guinea (right) from 1777 represents the coins that were rumored to have been carried in the ship. [Public Domain; The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Public Domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Captain_Charles_Morice_Pole,_by_John_Francis_Rigaud.jpg%20)
-
-By the 1810s, the notion that a fortune in gold was lying near the bottom of Hell Gate had become an almost-uncontested truth in the New York press, and would remain so well into the 20th century. “You have to remember it’s a good story,” says Ultan. “It sells copy.” This frenzy may have been initially fed by the British themselves, who, despite denying that there was gold in *Hussar* when it sank, sent over a team of experts to salvage the ship in the 1790s, “with results wholly ineffectual,” according to a *New York Times* article from several decades later.
-
-Press speculation on the value of the gold varied wildly. The “large amount” vaguely referred to in early articles suddenly became the oddly specific sum of £600,000, and then $1,000,000, then $5,000,000. In the 1980s, an international coin dealer told *The New York Times* that the bullion said to be in the *Hussar* wreck could fetch a whopping half a billion dollars in the rare coins market. “Everything gets distorted,” says Ultan. “It’s like a game of telephone.”
-
----
-
-Early attempts to salvage the ship, including by the British, involved diving bells, a technology that dates back to antiquity and is still used today. Divers descended in a small metal chamber with an open bottom, with the air pocket that allowed them to breathe at depth as they more or less felt around the bottom. At and around Hell Gate, this yielded few results. Diving was only possible for short windows, and even then the currents would toss the bell around, making any kind of concerted search impossible.
-
-![An engraving dating to around 1880 shows the diving bell technology of the time.](https://img.atlasobscura.com/suRREnKAwM9AXpY9gjrmqt2iAbdEna2Fc8sVdUKn_PU/rs:fill:12000:12000/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy84YjNlZTA5OGYx/MjAwM2I2MjBfSGVs/bCBHYXRlIGluIE5l/dyBZb3JrIENpdHlf/UllKOTlBLmpwZw.jpg)
-
-An engraving dating to around 1880 shows the diving bell technology of the time. INTERFOTO/Alamy
-
-In 1811, a salvage company partially funded by Thomas Jefferson managed to bring up iron nails and copper, which amounted to a “considerable sum,” according to an article in the *New York Evening Post* from that year. They also raised a barrel of butter, value unknown, but alas, no gold.
-
-Where one might see failure, another might see opportunity. A man from Baltimore named Samuel Davis thought he would have a go at raising the entire vessel. He began publishing ads in newspapers throughout the Northeast in 1819, seeking funds to build a machine capable of the feat.
-
-In his ads, Davis provided a statement from a man who claimed his father had witnessed gold being loaded into *Hussar*. Another oft-quoted anecdote involved the widow of *Hussar*’s pilot, who was still living in New York and had frequently heard her late husband say that there was a “large quantity of money aboard the ship when she sunk,” according to an 1823 article in the *New York Evening Post*.
-
-Fundraising schemes like this, where shares of a potential treasure are sold to investors, have long been common in the salvage industry, even today. “Treasure hunting operations are often scams,” says author Jerry Kuntz, who wrote a book on 19th-century salvagers, *The Heroic Age of Diving*. “The size of the treasure is often exaggerated. The evidence for the treasure is often falsified. It’s a murky business, has been for centuries and continues to be so to this day.”
-
-Evidently the enticements—and, as always, the promise of gold—lured enough investors to Davis’s enterprise. His crowd-funded machine operated like a massive claw, with each side supported by an adjacent ship. One journalist described it as a set of “huge iron tongs.” By 1823 it had been built and was ready to be put to work in Hell Gate. What happened next is not entirely clear. There is no account from the time of how Davis’s invention fared, or how satisfied his investors were with the results. A *New Yorker* article from over a century later would say that Davis managed to raise part of *Hussar*’s stern above water. “At that point the cables broke and he gave up the effort,” it read.
-
----
-
-As underwater technology evolved, so did the search for *Hussar*. George W. Taylor, a pioneer of American diving, was the first to explore the wreck in a diving suit in 1843, but his ill health and premature death a few years later meant he never completed his investigation. In his deathbed, he urged his protégé, Charles Pratt, to keep searching for the lost gold. Pratt returned to Hell Gate every summer for over a decade.
-
-He was arguably more successful than any of his predecessors. The suit, which was officially patented as “submarine armor,” afforded divers a level of mobility that previous salvagers, constrained by diving bells, could have only dreamed of. “They could range around more, see through the ports of the helmet and pick up objects and use tools,” says Kuntz. “It revolutionized the work of salvagers.” It also helped that Pratt was highly skilled at his craft and probably the most experienced American diver of his time.
-
-![A Charles Pratt diving helmet which is on display at the Worcester Historical Museum in Massachusetts.](https://img.atlasobscura.com/wtR6qHl57Gl7pThpDqOA9eM-SodBYeaLDJSSjCq5IvY/rs:fill:12000:12000/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy84YjNlZTA5OGYx/MjAwM2I2MjBfSGVs/bCBHYXRlIGluIE5l/dyBZb3JrIENpdHlf/Q2hhcmxlcyBQcmF0/dCBIZWxtZXQgV29y/Y2VzdGVyIEhpc3Rv/cmljYWwgTXVzZXVt/LmpwZw.jpg)
-
-A Charles Pratt diving helmet which is on display at the Worcester Historical Museum in Massachusetts. Joaquim Salles
-
-But even for him the waters around Hell Gate were a worthy opponent. The bottom lived up to the tempestuous reputation of its surface waters. Currents remained fierce, visibility was near-nonexistent, and the submarine armor was cumbersome. It was made of a combination of rubber and metal and weighed around 70 pounds. Its copper helmet had to be bolted to the diver’s neck piece. A rubber hose connected the helmet to a hand-cranked air pump at the surface.
-
-Over the course of 13 years, Pratt salvaged numerous artifacts from *Hussar*. He raised cannons and cannonballs, bottles of wine and swords. He found human bones still in shackles—likely the remains of the American prisoners. Tantalizingly, he also found several 18th-century gold guineas, but far from the promised windfall. The coins probably belonged to the crew and were not a part of a larger haul, but were more than enough to keep the legend alive. Like others before him, Pratt had difficulty breaching the wreck’s lower deck, where cargo was traditionally stored. He dove on *Hussar* for the last time in 1866. (Fast forward to 2013, when Central Park Conservancy employees were cleaning a cannon from *Hussar* that had likely been donated by Pratt and kept in storage for many years. They were surprised to discover it was still loaded with gunpowder and a cannonball. The NYPD bomb squad was called on to diffuse it.)
-
-![McGowan's Pass, now in Central Park, was a British position during the Revolutionary War. Today, a cannon from HMS <em>Hussar</em> marks the site. In 2013, the Central Park Conservancy discovered that it was still loaded, and called on the NYPD bomb squad to defuse it.](https://img.atlasobscura.com/GrigaFFXJMRXMGo8_1cPL6ekxKBTO_Qt2qpa2wo2diM/rt:fill/w:1200/el:1/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy84YjNlZTA5OGYx/MjAwM2I2MjBfSGVs/bCBHYXRlIGluIE5l/dyBZb3JrIENpdHlf/TWNHb3duc19QYXNz/XzEuanBn.jpg)
-
-McGowan’s Pass, now in Central Park, was a British position during the Revolutionary War. Today, a cannon from HMS *Hussar* marks the site. In 2013, the Central Park Conservancy discovered that it was still loaded, and called on the NYPD bomb squad to defuse it. [Station1/CC BY-SA 4.0](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:McGowns_Pass_1.jpg)
-
-Several salvage companies worked on *Hussar* over the ensuing decades, without Pratt’s success. One notable attempt was led by a less-than-reputable street preacher named George W. Thomas, who, like Davis before him, convinced investors to back his effort. They gave him $70,000, roughly equivalent to $2 million today, though he was later accused of using the money to buy a lavish house in New Jersey. In 1900, divers trying to salvage a yacht in the East River found an anchor with “H.M.S. Hussar” inscribed on it and sold it to a junk shop. After a century of regular media coverage, it would be almost 40 years until *Hussar* made headlines again.
-
-Four decades is a long time in a place like Hell Gate. Somewhere along the way, the location of the wreck was lost. Hell Gate itself had changed significantly over the course of the 19th century. Its rocks had been blown to bits to facilitate boat traffic, first by a French civil engineer in the 1850s and later by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Pot Rock, the hazard that sank *Hussar*, was the first to go. The greatest of these blasts happened in 1885, when 300,000 pounds of explosives were simultaneously set off in the waters of Hell Gate, lifting a geyser of foam and rock high in the air. Journalists at the time hyped it as the single largest explosion in history. The blast was felt as far as Princeton, New Jersey, 50 miles away, according to the New York City Parks Department website entry for Mill Rock Island, where the explosives were prepped. One can only imagine the effect that this blast and the ones that came before it, all over Hell Gate, had on the remains of the wrecks below.
-
-But even after dozens of failed attempts and the bombardment, there were still those who believed there was a fortune waiting to be discovered. Simon Lake, one of the inventors of the modern submarine, began looking for *Hussar* in 1935 in a “baby-submarine” of his own creation, adapted to the conditions of the East River. A year later he gathered journalists in his hotel room and announced that he had found the ship. “Within six weeks I expect to step within her hold,” he told *The New York Times.* This never came to pass. Whatever Lake had found, it was not *Hussar*. He ended the 1930s in dire financial straits.
-
-![The Flood Rock Explosion of 1885 was one of numerous efforts to improve the navigability of Hell Gate.](https://img.atlasobscura.com/nvNnw_118-tVb0z1TXvrOI0eENmsxlb2x6m1VPWxfck/rt:fill/w:1200/el:1/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy84YjNlZTA5OGYx/MjAwM2I2MjBfSGVs/bCBHYXRlIGluIE5l/dyBZb3JrIENpdHlf/NzMyNzY3RmEtY3Jv/cC5qcGc.jpg)
-
-The Flood Rock Explosion of 1885 was one of numerous efforts to improve the navigability of Hell Gate. [Ewing Galloway/The New York Public Library Digital Collections/Public Domain](https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-a074-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99)
-
-Fifty years later, another underwater explorer would continue the search. Salvage expert Barry Clifford came to the project with a pedigree. He had just discovered Samuel Bellamy’s treasure-filled pirate ship, *Wydah*, off the coast of Cape Cod. *Hussar* seemed like the next logical step. Clifford and his team began taking sonar images of the bottom of Hell Gate in 1985. The same technology had just been used to locate the wreck of *Titanic* that same year. Within months, in an echo of Simon Lake’s hotel room press conference, Clifford announced to the world that he had found the wreck. “My opinion is there is a very strong possibility that there is treasure on board the *Hussar*,” he told *The New York Times*. But when divers got in the water it was a different story. In the end, Clifford and his team encountered abandoned cars, washing machines and seven other shipwrecks, but none from the Revolutionary War era.
-
-And with that, the era of serious salvagers and underwater explorers was deep-sixed. The latest to take up the mantle left by others before is an actor and demolition worker from the Bronx named Joe Governali, who goes by “Joey Treasures.” Governali has been trying to secure exclusive salvage rights over the wreck since the early 2000s. In a deposition, Governali claimed to have found an old map in the Rare Books Room of the New York Public Library that revealed the location of the ship. His salvage company conducted several exploratory dives, but have little to show for it other than some grainy video of what Governali claims is the wreck of *Hussar* and an 18th-century beer pitcher of British origin. Governali produced a reality TV pilot of his escapades. Alas, he is also being accused of fraud by one of his investors, James Kays, who was convinced to pitch in $100,000 after being shown gold coins purported to be from *Hussar*. According to court records, they were allegedly “junk bought on eBay.”
-
----
-
-It’s difficult to predict what the next phase of this centuries-long treasure hunt will be, but it’s likely to continue in some form. James Kays’s lawyer wrote in a letter to the judge presiding over the case that his client intends to continue the search, just as soon as he gets his money back.
-
-The next big development might be with Hell Gate itself. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has proposed major civil works in the area to protect New York City from storm surges. Some versions of the proposal include large storm barriers that could permanently alter the tidal exchange between the East River, Long Island Sound, and New York Harbor, potentially weakening Hell Gate’s infamous currents. Although such barriers would only close during rare storms, they “threaten to choke off the tidal flow” even when open, according to Riverkeeper. The Army Corps of Engineers indicated recently that they are leaning towards a less invasive alternative but the storm barriers have not yet been ruled out. “It remains possible that other alternatives or components of those alternatives may also be advanced,” according to New York/New Jersey Harbor and Tributaries Project Manager Bryce Wisemiller.
-
-For now at least, the currents of Hell Gate will keep on flowing unobstructed. As for *Hussar*, the promise of its gold remains alive and well, even if the same may not be true for the ship itself. After two centuries of salt corrosion, violent tides, salvage attempts and maybe explosives, it’s a safe bet that whatever remains of it is probably beyond recognition. “I think the *Hussar* is hither and yon,” says Lloyd Ultan. “It’s a little bit here, a little bit there, a little bit everywhere.”
-
-In his essay about Hell Gate, Washington Irving mentions how he had grown up hearing fantastic stories about the remains of a ship that lay scattered among the channel’s rocks, one of the many that fell victim to its currents. As an adult, he tried to find the truth about those stories. “I found infinite difficulty, however, in arriving at any precise information,” he wrote. “In seeking to dig up one fact it is incredible the number of fables which I unearthed.”
-
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-Date: 2023-10-01
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-# Isiah Thomas Had to Be a NBA Villain for Michael Jordan to Be the Hero
-
-## How Isiah Thomas Went from All-Time NBA Great to Cartoon Villain
-
-In an excerpt from ‘When the Game Was War,’ author Rich Cohen makes the case for Detroit bad boy — and Michael Jordan's nemesis — as the grittiest, toughest point guard to ever lace them up
-
-The vilification of [Isiah Thomas](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/isiah-thomas/) began in his prime playing years. As the star and floor leader of the [Detroit Pistons](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/detroit-pistons/), the so-called Bad Boys — Isiah named the team after a line of dialogue from Al Pacino’s *Scarface* — Thomas became associated with all the sins of that two-time [NBA](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/nba/) champion and its rogues gallery of stars. Rodman, Mahorn, Laimbeer — it could seem less like a pro roster than a pirate crew. Isiah’s reputation only worsened after his retirement, first with his poor performance as a head coach in Indianapolis, then with disastrous turn as the general manager of the Knicks. But mostly, if you hate him, it’s because of his epic battle with [Michael Jordan](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/michael-jordan/). Isiah, a Chicago native and product of the west side playgrounds, battled MJ for the hearts and minds of Chicagoans. For years, the Bulls’ season continued only until they ran into Detroit in the postseason. When the Bulls finally defeated the Pistons in the 1990 playoffs and went on to win six championships in eight years, Michael Jordan became God. When Michael Jordan became God, Isiah Thomas became the devil. That’s why you hate him. So consider me the devil’s advocate. Inch for inch, Thomas was the best player in NBA history. He is the only player in the *Athletic’s* top 50 under six feet tall. He was a (relatively) small man, who played big and got knocked around, but always got up and usually played better after he’d been hurt. Not in spite of the pain, because of it. In this passage from *Rolling Stone* contributor Rich Cohen’s new book *When the Game Was War*, Cohen describes one of Isiah’s great Bull-killing performances from the 1988 playoffs.
-
-A storm blew through Chicago early in Game 3, a freak system that came from the West. The sky turned black at midday. Streetlamps with sensors flicked on across the Loop. The thunder came with the lightning; the beast was right on top of you. Rain poured down. Upper Wacker Drive was a snarl. Lower Wacker Drive filled up like a bowl. A bartender stood in the window of the Billy Goat Tavern, looking out. When the wind arrived, it hit the skyscrapers like an open hand. The storm warning was upgraded first to a tornado watch, then to a tornado warning. People scurried for cover on Michigan Avenue and State Street. The gusts turned umbrellas inside out. Even people inside the stadium could feel the storm. The broadcast was knocked briefly off the air, but the game continued, meaning, for a time, that only those in attendance knew what was happening. To them, the weather was too perfect, a pathetic fallacy, the outer world reflecting the gloom felt by every fan who watched the Pistons descend on the Bulls with renewed focus. 
-
-## Editor’s picks
-
-Bill Laimbeer fed on dark energy. He was a Bond villain, a heel. He hit a shot from the top of the key, pumped his fist, then caught Jordan with a quick, dirty hip check as the Bulls were running up-court. Jordan reeled, turned, and charged at Laimbeer. 
-
-From that moment, Jordan, who later said Laimbeer had hit him “in the balls,” forgot the mission, lost his composure, timing, and shot. 
-
-“It distracted us,” said Bulls coach Doug Collins. “And we never recovered.” 
-
-![](https://www.rollingstone.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/When-The-Game-Was-War.jpg?w=683)
-
-The Bulls scored just 79 points that night, their worst performance of the 1988 postseason. Having come for a coronation, Chicago fans witnessed a funeral. 
-
-What followed seemed inevitable: a desultory performance in Game 4—the Bulls did even worse, scoring just 77 points— followed by the Bulls’ final loss of the season in Game 5 in Detroit. What people remember is Michael Jordan and Pistons guard Isiah Thomas going up for a rebound in the third quarter. Michael caught Isiah with an elbow in the head. Isiah was unconscious before he hit the ground. For a moment, the game continued around him. Then the whistles blew. Trainers and coaches came running. Detroit assistant Ron Rothstein waved smelling salts under Zeke’s nose. His eyes opened. In them, you recognized fundamental questions: Who am I? Why am I here? His vision cleared; he got up and stumbled off. They said he was done for the night. He went to the locker room, found the door locked, and so, not knowing where else to go, returned to the bench. The announcer said he’d come back not to play but only to support his team. Then, a minute later, the same announcer said he would play but only if absolutely necessary. A few minutes after that, he was out on the floor. The Bulls were rallying. Thomas was told to stanch the bleeding. 
-
-## Related
-
-Bulls fans dismiss Isiah Thomas as a whiner, a flopper prone to bitching and complaining, like the rest of the Bad Boy Pistons. But I’ve never bought this because I actually watched Isiah play. There was no one grittier, tougher, or more willing to sacrifice his body and well-being to the cause. As a regular-sized person in a big man’s game, he swallowed more than an adult portion of abuse, was knocked down, knocked out, and stepped on but almost always came back, reenergized, angry, and ready to play. 
-
-Post-retirement episodes have cast a shadow on Isiah the player, as has the acceptance of Michael Jordan as the NBA’s GOAT, whose bitter struggle with the Bad Boy Pistons became part of the legend, turning members of that Detroit team—those who dared thwart Michael—into villains. For Isiah, it’s a bum rap cemented for another generation by *The Last Dance*, which cast Isiah as the Eternal Foe. What happened to Isiah is like what happened to the Jews when Rome converted to Christianity. What had been a local rivalry between sects—one side of the story—was canonized into an immortal battle between good and evil. 
-
-But I remember it differently. Because I was there. Because I saw Isiah play in high school and college. Because I understood what he faced in Detroit, how he sublimated his talent to turn that team around. I admired how he took the weak hand he’d been dealt in Detroit and, with leadership and at tremendous physical cost, turned the team into a back-to-back winner. 
-
-What Isiah did that afternoon at the Silverdome is proof. At 1:55, he was out cold in the paint. At 2:10, he was pulling on the bolted locker room door. At 2:30 he was back in the game, carrying his team across the finish line. 
-
-The Bulls were within a basket when Zeke returned. Five minutes later, when he checked back out, they were finished. He’d scored 9 consecutive points in three minutes to end Chicago’s season. 
-
-## Trending
-
-From the book WHEN THE GAME WAS WAR: The NBA’s Greatest Season by Rich Cohen. Copyright © 2023 by Tough Jews, Inc. Published by Random House, an imprint and division of Penguin Random House LLC.
-
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-Date: 2023-01-31
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-01-31
-Link: https://www.thecut.com/article/glorilla-music-profile.html?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=One%20Great%20Story%20-%20January%2030%2C%202023&utm_term=Subscription%20List%20-%20One%20Great%20Story
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-```button
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-```
-^button-ItsGloTimeNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# It’s Glo Time
-
-[spring fashion](https://www.thecut.com/tags/spring-fashion/) Jan. 30, 2023
-
-Grammy nominee GloRilla is figuring out how to be famous while staying F-R-E-E.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/8b9/079/13b3664ac7fc7ff86138f7a34881d402a2-3-FINAL.rvertical.w570.jpg)
-
-**Nanushka** Black Regenerated-Leather Josina Coat, *available at nanushka.com.* **Miaou** Karina Dress, *available at miaou.com.* **Bally** Barbra Leather Boot, *available in early 2023 at bally.com.* Jewelry is talent’s own. Photo: Eric Johnson
-
-**What happens after** a video drops on the internet is in the hands of the lords of the algorithm. Whether it spawns a dance craze, lingers in limbo, or springs the dawn of a new rap superstar, the “For You” page has catapulted or throttled many a creator traversing the digital realm. The results are as thrilling as they are disorienting. [GloRilla](https://www.vulture.com/article/glorilla-fnf-profile.html) knows this feeling well. Her music video for “F.N.F (Let’s Go)” debuted on YouTube in April, and over the summer, fans quickly made it a viral hit, propelling the song, a collaboration with music producer Hitkidd, onto the top of year-end [“Best Of” lists](https://www.vulture.com/article/best-songs-2022.html). Its bumpy, staccato spelling-bee chorus — “I’m F-R-E-E fuck nigga free / That mean I ain’t gotta worry ’bout no fuck nigga cheating” — just as swiftly made its way onto TikTok, where thousands flooded feeds with `#FNFChallenge-tagged` bouncy dance moves that might make purveyors of classic Memphis juke joints side-eye. Today, the YouTube video has amassed more than 58 million views, and the TikTok hashtag has more than 22.6 million — that is to say, it was a certifiable smash.
-
-Usually the short attention spans of the clock app end the story there. Not this time.
-
-### —
-
-Nylon Tecnic Thermosensitive shirt and pant by **Ferragamo,** *available at ferragamo.com.* Gold Chain Swag Belt With Ball Tassels via **New York Vintage**, *available at New York Vintage, 117 W. 25th St.* Necklace and Rings by **Tiffany & Co.**, *available at tiffany.com.* Photo: Eric Johnson
-
-What made the “[F.N.F. (Let’s Go)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ww6ykF2ktaI)” video work wasn’t just that the song is a femme anthem. It also has on-the-block relatability. Here was a woman, a round-the-way girl, petite and brash and with a deeper register than many of the dudes in her airspace, who’d simply had it with the pettiness of men. It felt real because it was real. Two months before the track’s release, Glo and her friends Teezy and Keila decided to go on a cleanse. They cut out men, partying, and alcohol and homed in on money moves. For Glo, this was recovery — from the heartbreak left behind by a skeevy ex, the heart obliteration brought on by a (now) ex-friend who had hooked up with said dude behind her back, and the mental taxation of an abortion. This was the funk that produced her TikTok hit, a bop born of betrayal and sacrifice.
-
-The video’s two minutes and 33 seconds are lit in the most DIY fashion. After Glo and her homegirls break from a huddle like hood majorettes screaming, “Let’s goooo,” it’s all women poppin’ ass in front of midsize sedans, waterfalling Hennessy, and chiefing weed-packed Backwoods. Glo’s nearest and dearest play the role of ghetto choir to her praise-team leader. Neither the video nor the parking lot it was shot in are paved with gloss; fittingly, the sound has that real rap raw energy. The lyrics drip with the rage that persists even when you’re shouting, “I’m S-I-N-G-L-E again,” while “hanging out the windows with my ratchet-ass friends.”
-
-That fall, Glo picked up her first Grammy nomination and released an EP, [*Anyways, Life’s Great*](https://music.apple.com/us/album/anyways-lifes-great/1648168014) *…* She was tapped to star in a commercial for the Memphis Grizzlies’ 2022–23 NBA season. She also picked up the [Cardi B](https://www.vulture.com/2022/09/cardi-b-glorilla-tomorrow-2-music-video.html) co-sign when the Bronx superstar surprised her with a guest verse on the take-no-shit remix for “[Tomorrow 2](https://www.vulture.com/2022/09/cardi-b-glorilla-tomorrow-2-music-video.html).” Glo’s verse is packed with unforgiving couplets and wordplay aimed squarely at the haters in the closed chapter of her life: “They say they don’t fuck wit’ me / But I say they can’t fuck wit’ me / Just like the air, I’m everywhere / How you say it’s up wit’ me?” They also say success is the best revenge, and “Tomorrow 2” peaked at No. 9 on *Billboard*’s “Hot 100” chart, solidifying her spot in the hip-hop firmament. Both Glo and Cardi were nominated for Favorite Female Hip-Hop Artist and performed together for the first time at the American Music Awards in November. Standing ovation.
-
-So to recap: Ain’t an ounce of one-hit wonder to her. Glo is headed for your headtop.
-
-The thing about stars, though, is the more massive and colossal they are, the faster they burn. Their level of exposure is like a bright light — quick to mesmerize but hard to consider up close. And at times, we Earthlings pay no mind to how an artist with a schedule as packed as GloRilla’s may actually feel. “They be on my ass,” she says with a small but kinda serious laugh. “They be tellin’ me, ‘You still gotta do it. There’s no one else.’” She says this as she’s coming off a ten-hour workday, still dolled up for this cover shoot in Atlanta with thick lashes and hooded lids over exhausted eyes. She’s recovering from an ill-timed cold that stole her voice the day prior because calling out sick wasn’t an option.
-
-She’s used to the sacrifices at this point. “Me blowing up changed a lot,” she tells me. “Like 50 percent of my family …” When I push her to finish the sentence, she cuts me off — “I really don’t even care to talk about it” — before elaborating anyway. “Money change the people around you. It don’t change you, per se. It fasho change people around you, though.” Obviously, this is a sore spot. Something happened here that was too painful, or too personal, or both, to explain in detail to a stranger. How she dealt with it is a different story. “I don’t got a problem cutting people off, and I don’t know if that’s a good thing or a bad thing. But I have no problem cutting people off once I see what type of stuff they be on,” she says, her pace quickening. “They just got to go. Because it ain’t no room for that no more. I’m on a whole ’nother level now, and if you’re still on bullshit, then I just don’t want to talk to you.”
-
-In the nine months since “F.N.F. (Let’s Go)” came out, the 23-year-old artist has learned the logistical alchemy needed to become a rap star. The day after our interview, she’s shooting a music video for a song from her forthcoming album; the day after, a commercial for a tech brand you probably have in your pocket. A star in her position is compelled to take on that grind mentality — as long as she doesn’t burn out first.
-
-**Lanvin** Leather Car Coat, *available at lanvin.com.* **Priscavera** Leather Combo Bra Top, *available at priscavera.com.* **Babaton for Aritzia** Agency Three-Inch Short, *available at aritzia.com.* Photo: Eric Johnson
-
-**Selasi** Short Jacketand Baggy Pants in Chestnut, *available at selasi.co.* **Aritizia** Triangle Bralette, *available at aritzia.com.* **Air Jordan** 1 Mid SE Sneakers,*available at nike.com.* Jewelry is talent’s own. Photo: Eric Johnson
-
-**Before she was GloRilla,** she was Gloria Hallelujah Woods from Memphis, Tennessee, the eighth of ten children, and was homeschooled until the fifth grade. “A normal kid would’ve liked it,” she says, but for her, it was too restrictive, especially considering she lived on the same street as an elementary and middle school. “So when the kids used to get out of school, I used to just look out the window and look at all the kids walking down the street, going home after school, and they just looked so happy.” Home — and the strict rules inside it — didn’t look like that. “I was scared,” she says. “I used to get whooped about any little thing I did, and so I was just scared to act how I really act.” Her first year in school with other kids, as she gathered the lay of the land, was pretty peachy. The next, she remembers with a grin, “I got to clowning.” Without her mother’s constant supervision, Glo began to get into a little trouble. “I used to get into fights,” she says, smirking. “And I used to get into it with all the teachers and shit.”
-
-Moms immediately pulled her back to the crib after a few skirmishes and homeschooled Glo for the rest of middle school. She returned to the classroom in the ninth grade at Martin Luther King Prep, where she started to dabble in music-making. She started rapping for fun at the end of high school, though she says she didn’t take it seriously. Before then, Glo had sung at church on Sundays and even thought she might try to make it as a singer, but her voice began to change during her teen years, which she blames on picking up smoking. When I ask her about it, she demurs: “Mm-hmm. I can’t sing no mo’.” In late 2018, after graduation, one of her cousins tapped her to work on a song with him. He was a rapper in his own right and had heard her doing freestyle challenges on the internet. “It was a ghetto-ass studio, but I hadn’t been in the studio in my life,” she says. “I was like, *Damn, I’m actually recording on the track. This shit live!*”
-
-She wasn’t ready to tell the rest of her family yet — “I tried to hide it from my mom,” she says — but in the studio, she started to find herself. “This something I want to keep doing,” she remembers thinking. “I like this.” In 2018, while working part-time jobs to make ends meet, she recorded her first song, “146 Freestyle.” These days, fans of all genders live for her deep register because of the way it treats the mic like a punching bag. But that wasn’t always the case. She started out embarrassed by her deep voice. “When I first started rapping,” she says, “I wanted to sound like a girl.” That she’s extending herself to hit a higher register is palpable on those early joints. Like the loopy, 808-drizzled 2020 cut “You Ain’t Shit,” which feels like a precursor to “F.N.F. (Let’s Go)” in both its bird-flip to the bruhs who offer her nothing but new problems and the self-satisfaction found in hurting someone so confident. Her tone skies — or, as she puts it, squeaks — out the chorus.
-
-Her homies in the studio called her out on it: “They were like, ‘You really got bars. Your voice just sound squeaky,’” forcing her to reckon with whether she was being herself on record or playing a role. “I was like, ‘Oh, okay, let me just put emphasis on what I already sound like, just add a li’l bit more sauce to it.’” You can hear the turning point between 2021’s “OOOHH” and “Gang Nem.” On the deep vowel sound at the end of the chorus in “OOOHH” (“Pull up in the ooh with li’l yeah tryna get some naw”), she modulates the tone of her voice a touch lower than before. Released just a few weeks later, “Gang Nem” was a total change. The way she says her name alone, to kick it off, demonstrates the shift, as she embodies completely who we know to be GloRilla. By the time we get to “F.N.F (Let’s Go),” she’s not playing the role of Girl Rapper; she sounds like exactly who the fuck she is.
-
-**Luar** Blue Ostrich Embossed Belted Trench, *available in spring2023 at luar.world.* **Babaton for Aritzia** Agency Three-Inch Short, *available at aritzia.com.* **Vintage Wood Collection** 18-Karat Gold Rimless Classic C Sunglasses, *availableat vwceyewear.com.* Jewelry is talent’s own. Photo: Eric Johnson
-
-**Vintage Fendi** Monogram Shirt via Gabriel Held, *not for sale.* Jewelry is talent’s own. Photo: Eric Johnson
-
-Her music delights in tweaking our gendered expectations. On “Unh Unh,” from *Anyways, Life’s Great …,* she ad-libs, “Ain’t got no BBL, li’l bitch, you must be thick or somethin’ (fine ass) / Pussy fat as hell, they thinkin’ this a dick or somethin’ (it’s a chode!).” In two lines, she remarks on the pressures to look like pop culture’s vision of the video vixen, not as a diss but to fortify herself against the male gaze. Then she flips that tired-ass belief on its face. Glo’s voice and her unabashed, crude, and relentless cadence still drive home a sense of deliciously bankable authenticity. Her voice places rap’s gender dynamics in the crosshairs, and her bars pull the trigger.
-
-Before “F.N.F. (Let’s Go)” popped last spring, Glo was already onstage across the South, cutting her teeth at local rap shows. “I did a lot of shows for free when I was upcoming,” she says of her pre-viral days opening for artists like Memphis-born Duke Deuce and the Midwest migrant Tink. The calculation back then was exposure, not cash. And what she didn’t gain in financial stability, she got in her first tastes of down-home acclaim. Like most Memphis artists early in their careers — from the Beale Street southern soul crooners, like Isaac Hayes and Booker T. & the M.G.’s, to the city’s earliest rap savants, like Spanish Fly and Gangsta Pat, to its most global ambassadors, Three 6 Mafia’s DJ Paul and Juicy J — Glo toured spots in places like Mississippi and Arkansas, the latter just a hop-skip away from the Frayser, the Memphis neighborhood she grew up in. She owes her sound to two main influences: Chief Keef and Gangsta Boo, a smattering of styles that sees abrasiveness as attractive.
-
-The rap coming out of Memphis has long been considered one of the more hard-core iterations, having more rhythmic similarities to West Coast gangsta music than Atlanta’s more smoothed-out Dirty South sound. It’s a bit more brazen, comically violent, and allegorical, partly owing to the southern blues griots who constructed the pillars of Stax’s sonic institution. In the ’90s, as Memphis solidified its cultural place in rap’s cosmology, the music was high on distortion and low on fidelity, creating what felt like gritty swamp-water sounds. Fast-forward through the early aughts, and the use of heavily looped samples — not just of other artists’ instrumentation but of films, phone calls, and callouts — still find their way into the Memphis of today.
-
-Glo’s flows are mordant and lived-in, and while the content isn’t nearly as occult-leaning as her predecessors’, she absolutely keeps that thang on her at all times. She isn’t afraid or ashamed to mix it up. Her city is a hard place, so she had to be harder. Take her 2021 single “Outside,” which carries on the tradition of subverting expectations in a raucously fun yet haunting beat structure with lyrics about crew love and hunting enemies. She inherits a linguistic terror wit from generations of Black storytellers who find thrills in being just a touch more devilish than the rest of the rap nation.
-
-When you listen to GloRilla, your first impression may not be poetry. It may be fury, or it could be capital-*S* Southern: crude, crunk, and honest. It doesn’t sing poetry even though the words rhyme. More so, it brings to mind what author Hanif Abdurraqib writes on poetic performance: “There is a way to read a poem, and then there is a way to allow the poem to exit the body and be read by everyone in the room.”
-
-**Lanvin** Leather Car Coat, *available at lanvin.com.* **Priscavera** Leather Combo Bra Top, *available at priscavera.com.* **Babaton for Aritzia** Agency 3” short, *available at aritzia.com.* **Stuart Weitzman** Black Ultrastuart 100 Stretch Nappa Boot, *available at stuartweitzman.com.* Jewelry is talent’s own. Photo: Eric Johnson
-
-**There was never** any doubt, for GloRilla, that GloRilla would make it. She’s got the hustler spirit. The question now is how she, in body, mind, and psyche, will adjust to the more deleterious aspects of success.
-
-As easy breezy as GloRilla’s rap rise seems, tonight, with phlegm clogging her windpipe, the fuel is runnin’ on E. There’s the handlers, the schedule, the shoots, missing family and friends, constantly being on the go. From my perch as one lever in the star-making apparatus, it’s hard not to question the artifice of celebrity in the 21st century. I wonder what it means that people who just want to do art and support their folks have to harden and sacrifice so much of themselves just to reach something like steadiness. I can see, however brief our time together in the big picture, what it means to have to navigate all these changes on the fly — and the toll it takes. “I didn’t know  
-I was going to have to do so many interviews,” Glo tells me when I ask about the things she didn’t expect from this moment. “It’s like you feel like a robot a little bit.” Not easy when you’re still a human with a cold, but she’s working on it: veggie juices, immunity shots, “a list of vitamins I gotta take every day. It’s just … I’m tryna …” she says. Get healthy.
-
-She’ll need it. Glo knows it’s only getting crazier from here. The album (hopefully) drops this year; her tour began in January. While the EP was about the come up, the big studio album will have to confront what it means to have made it to “her new lifestyle.” She’s looking to infuse more melodies into her tracks, stretching her voice, maybe even singing again. In the meantime, she just made a music video with one of her earliest musical influences, Moneybagg Yo, and has more videos in the chamber.
-
-At least it’s not all work: Gold statues are calling. She’s got an invite to the party to end all parties, and this one’s not in a parking lot. She’ll be at her first Grammy ceremony in February, if she can steel herself to get through the front door first. “I’m trying to slowly get myself to liking the red carpet,” she confesses. “I’m not a good picture-taker.” Still, even through the congestion and the exhaustion, through all the pain and the grind that got her to this moment, you can feel her bursting when she thinks about it. “I’m super-excited and super-nervous because a lot of people don’t get to go to the Grammys, you know what I’m saying?” she says at a breathless clip. “But I’m just super-grateful. And it happened to me superfast. I’m still taking it all in.”
-
--   [The Promise of Pyer Moss](https://www.thecut.com/article/pyer-moss-kerby-jean-raymond-designer.html)
--   [The Hustle of Women in Hip-Hop](https://www.thecut.com/article/2023-spring-fashion-cut-cover-editors-letter.html)
-
-[See All](https://www.thecut.com/tags/spring-fashion-issue-2023/)
-
-It’s Glo Time
-
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-# JPMorgan Paid $175 Million for a Business It Now Says Was a Scam
-
-![An illustrated portrait of Charlie Javice, a young woman with long brown hair and wearing a black top, with an orange background.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/22/business/22Frank2-illo/22Frank2-illo-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Credit...Kiersten Essenpreis
-
-## How Charlie Javice Got JPMorgan to Pay $175 Million for … What Exactly?
-
-A young founder promised to simplify the college financial aid process. It was a compelling pitch. Especially, as now seems likely, to those with little firsthand knowledge of financial aid.
-
-Credit...Kiersten Essenpreis
-
-[Ron Lieber](https://www.nytimes.com/by/ron-lieber)
-
-Ron Lieber was filling out financial aid forms before the FAFSA even existed.
-
--   Jan. 21, 2023
-
-When JPMorgan Chase paid $175 million to acquire a college financial planning company called Frank in September 2021, it [heralded](https://web.archive.org/web/20211019093959/https://media.chase.com/news/jp-morgan-chase-acquires-frank) the “unique opportunity for deeper engagement” with the five million students Frank worked with at more than 6,000 American institutions of higher education.
-
-Then last month, the biggest bank in the country did something extraordinary: It said it had been conned.
-
-In a lawsuit, JPMorgan claimed that Frank’s young founder, Charlie Javice, had engaged in an elaborate scheme to stuff that list of five million customers with fakery.
-
-“To cash in, Javice decided to lie,” the suit said. “Including lying about Frank’s success, Frank’s size and the depth of Frank’s market penetration.” Ms. Javice, through her lawyer, has said the bank’s claims are untrue.
-
-JPMorgan’s legal filing reads like pulp nonfiction, with jaw-dropping accusations. Among them: that Ms. Javice and Olivier Amar, Frank’s chief growth and acquisition officer, faked their customer list and hired a data science professor to help pull the wool over the eyes of the bank’s due-diligence team.
-
-What JPMorgan mostly left out, however, is the story of how Ms. Javice found herself in a nine-figure negotiation with the bank in the first place.
-
-When Frank was born, in 2016, Ms. Javice was 24 years old, displayed great media savvy and claimed to have real-world experience with financial aid and the struggle to pay for college. “It’s grueling, it’s emotional,” [she told](https://www.thedp.com/article/2018/01/frank-financial-aid-wharton-upenn-penn-philadelphia-startup) The Daily Pennsylvanian, a student newspaper at the University of Pennsylvania, adding that her mother would frequently cry while talking to financial aid officers.
-
-Ms. Javice’s personal story — and pledge to cut through the painful thicket of government forms, jargon and regulations surrounding the aid process — must have made compelling reading for angel investors and venture capitalists. Especially those who have little firsthand knowledge of how financial aid actually works.
-
-By promising to help users file financial aid forms more quickly and easily — and deliver billions in savings to teenagers who needed help — her business plan had the halo of doing well while doing good. It eventually added a dot-org web address for good measure.
-
-“I thought it would be an advocacy organization,” said Carly Gillis, who was Frank’s director of content and community for several months in 2018. “A real David and Goliath story.”
-
-At least some of its good deeds, however, may never have been done or were at least highly exaggerated. When many people were still home during the pandemic, Frank started offering “amazing prices” for online classes that earned “real college credits.” This past week, however, schools that appeared on Frank’s website with hundreds of supposedly available courses expressed confusion in interviews about their presence on the site during that period. At one school, nobody had ever even heard of the company.
-
-Ms. Javice’s story is an archetypal tale of late-stage start-up hustle culture — a teenage prodigy turned Ivy League social enterprise maven and shape-shifting savior of higher education.
-
-Or so she would have the world believe.
-
-Image
-
-![The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/21/multimedia/21frank-01-qgfp/21frank-01-qgfp-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Credit...Hannah Yoon for The New York Times
-
-## 100 most creative people
-
-Ms. Javice’s career helping others began, in her telling, on the border of Thailand and Myanmar. She spent time volunteering there one summer, between terms at her private high school in Westchester County, N.Y.
-
-The work helped inspire her to create [PoverUp](https://www.poverup.org/), an organization that promoted microfinance and helped other students learn about reducing poverty through business. About 50 schools were joining her network every month or month and a half, she said on [a podcast](https://globalyouth.wharton.upenn.edu/articles/generation-microfinance-charlie-javice-believes-in-the-power-of-students-to-alleviate-poverty/) in 2011.
-
-Ms. Javice has said she needed help herself while she was an undergraduate at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, where she quickly drew notice by appearing on Fast Company’s 2011 [list](https://www.fastcompany.com/3018504/99-charlie-javice) of the 100 most creative people in business.
-
-There, she was on financial aid, and she found the forms confusing. So did her parents, according to [an interview](https://www.diversitywoman.com/tackling-the-student-debt-problem-head-on/) she gave to Diversity Woman magazine — including her father, Didier, who has worked on Wall Street for more than 35 years, with 11 years at Goldman Sachs and three at Merrill Lynch, according to his [LinkedIn profile](https://www.linkedin.com/in/didier-javice-01028b10). Ms. Javice, her father and her mother, Natalie Rosin, did not respond to questions about how Ms. Javice had qualified for financial aid and the struggles to obtain it.
-
-“The whole thing never made sense to me or my parents, who both have master’s degrees,” Ms. Javice told the publication. And according to [an article](https://www.thedp.com/article/2018/01/frank-financial-aid-wharton-upenn-penn-philadelphia-startup) in The Daily Pennsylvanian, the family’s appeals for more aid would take the entire semester to settle, repeatedly. (A Penn spokesman, Ron Ozio, said it would be “highly unusual” for [appeals](https://srfs.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/publisher/Reevaluation-Application-2023-2024.pdf) to take an entire semester and that they normally take four to six weeks.)
-
-Ms. Javice has said she graduated from Wharton in three years while often taking five classes at once. The school would only confirm that she had a Bachelor of Science in economics with a major in finance and a second major in operations and information management. It does not comment on the financial aid status, if any, of students.
-
-According to state legal filings, Ms. Javice incorporated her first company, TAPD, in 2013. There is no mention of it on her [LinkedIn page](https://www.linkedin.com/in/cjavice), but she has spoken about this pre-Frank start-up some in the past.
-
-In a [now-deleted interview](https://web.archive.org/web/20230112201650/https://medium.com/authority-magazine/female-disruptors-how-charlie-javice-of-frank-is-shaking-up-access-to-student-financial-aid-6b16ca760b3c) on Medium from 2020, she spoke of the attempt at TAPD to come up with a better way to judge the creditworthiness of people just getting started in life.
-
-Credit scoring involves complex state and federal regulations, and after 18 months, Ms. Javice realized that building a new system and complying with the rules would be too expensive. “I fired all my employees,” she said in the Medium interview. “It was the worst thing I’ve ever had to do. A lot of my employees were close friends and still won’t talk with me to this day.”
-
-From all of this struggle, another start-up was born. In 2016, a message appeared on [frankfafsa.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20160810132547/http://frankfafsa.com/) promising “Maximum financial aid, guaranteed,” and adding: “If we don’t save you at least $1,000 of tuition, we’ll refund you. Go Premium for $10/month. Cancel anytime.” At the bottom was an invitation to join a wait list.
-
-Behind the scenes, the U.S. Department of Education had quickly taken notice. It was not pleased. FAFSA, which stands for Free Application for Federal Student Aid, is a registered trademark, and the department didn’t take kindly to Frank’s use of it.
-
-In a 2018 settlement agreement, which a financial aid expert, Mark Kantrowitz, unearthed via a Freedom of Information Act request, Frank agreed to hand its frankfafsa.com web address over to the department.
-
-Under the agreement, Frank was to also remove the trademarked term from “the titles, handles and user names of each and every one of its social media accounts.” It also could not use the term “Frank’s FAFSA” anymore, since FAFSA did not and never had belonged to Frank.
-
-A Frank co-founder wasn’t happy, either. [Adi Omesy](https://il.linkedin.com/in/omesy), who served as chief technical officer, sued Ms. Javice in Israel over compensation. He eventually received a settlement, according to the Israeli newspaper [TheMarker](https://www.themarker.com/technation/2023-01-15/ty-article/.premium/00000185-b174-db30-adc7-fb7f3e5f0000?lts=1673889923366&lts=1674157801870).
-
-All along, Ms. Javice was making frequent media appearances. In December 2017, she wrote an [opinion piece](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/19/opinion/fafsa-college-financial-aid.html) for The New York Times with the headline “The 8 Most Confusing Things About FAFSA.” The piece contained so many errors that it required an eight-sentence correction.
-
-Nevertheless, over the next two years, publications continued to shower praise on her. A Business Insider article from October 2018 that [appeared on Yahoo!Finance](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/26-old-founder-solution-bill-161500126.html) had a headline proclaiming, “A 26-year-old founder has a solution to what Bill Gates calls an ‘unnecessary roadblock’ to college — and her startup is helping students get thousands off their tuition.”
-
-Image
-
-Credit...Kiersten Essenpreis
-
-## ‘30 Under 30’
-
-List accolades turned up in bunches. Ms. Javice appeared on the 2019 Forbes 30 Under 30 [finance list](https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2019/finance/#67a4161d7e80). Then she made the Crain’s New York Business [40 Under 40](https://www.crainsnewyork.com/awards/40-under-40-2019-charlie-javice) list. “Javice has done her homework,” the Crain’s article said.
-
-Not everyone agreed. The next year, Wesley Whistle, who worked at the New America think tank at the time, wrote [a blog post](https://www.newamerica.org/education-policy/edcentral/students-need-emergency-grants-tool-just-gives-them-false-hope/) calling out Frank and Ms. Javice for promising help with pandemic relief for students, even though Frank wasn’t working with schools directly and the company’s tool might not have been of any use to many students.
-
-Not long after that, the Federal Trade Commission sent [a warning letter](https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2020/11/ftc-warns-frank-financial-aid-stop-potentially-misleading-marketing-directed-students-seeking) to Frank noting that its “purported assistance to students consists primarily of providing a form letter that may lack the information a student would need to apply for one of the grants from his or her school.”
-
-The agency also wasn’t fond of Frank’s offer at the time to give students cash advances on their financial aid, “with no interest, no fees — ever.” The company’s terms “appear to require the advance to be paid back within 61 days, whether or not the student has received any aid from his or her college or university by that time,” the agency said. “Additionally, Frank charges a $19.90 monthly fee.”
-
-Frank tried other ways of making money. [It offered](https://web.archive.org/web/20190125215353/withfrank.org/aid-appeal/) to help people appeal their financial aid offers “for a $144.95 one-time commitment.”
-
-The company also made [a big push](https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/15/financial-aid-focused-frank-expands-into-helping-students-take-online-classes/) to add online courses to its offerings. That was a key element of a November 2019 investor presentation, stamped “Draft & Confidential,” a copy of which was reviewed by The Times. “Students spend $400 billion on tuition, and ethically serving this market gives us access to extraordinary opportunity,” the presentation said.
-
-Frank’s website mentioned classes, like “Fundamentals of Business Law” and “Superheroes: An American Fantasy,” that cost $500 to $700 or so. Customers would pay the company to enroll, and accredited universities would teach the classes.
-
-In a prominent spot on its “Classfinder” page in early 2021, Frank said 448 courses were available from [Keiser University](https://www.keiseruniversity.edu/keiser-facts/), a 46-year-old school with campuses in Florida, that provides many career-focused programs.
-
-This was news to Keiser.
-
-“Keiser University was unaware that our courses were listed on the now-defunct Frank website,” a school spokesman, Jeff LaLiberte, said. “Keiser University has no relationship with Frank and has never contracted with the company for services. We have never been engaged in tuition sharing with Frank nor has the university received revenue from the organization.”
-
-Administrators at [Lee University](https://www.leeuniversity.edu/about/), a Christian school in Cleveland, Tenn., were also unaware of the 317 classes that Frank had listed on its website. Lee currently has only 248 total online courses, and a spokesman, Brian Conn, said none of his colleagues had heard of the company.
-
-“We have had no relationship with Frank, so it is unclear why Lee has been included in their listing,” he said. “If they were claiming some kind of cooperative prearranged program with Lee University, in which someone could sign up for our courses on their site and Frank would handle the process of matriculation and payment, then that is untrue.”
-
-According to the investor presentation, the pipeline of schools wanting to do business with Frank was “exploding.” There were no school names in the slide deck; a small footnote in a hard-to-read color said the company was precluded from providing “partner” names. References, however, were available upon request.
-
-Competitors and financial aid experts were watching all of this, all along, with increasingly arched eyebrows. But they were shocked when JPMorgan announced in September 2021 that it was acquiring Frank.
-
-“Today is my first day employed by someone else, ever,” Ms. Javice [told CNBC](https://www.cnbc.com/2023/01/12/jpmorgan-chase-shutters-student-financial-aid-website-frank.html) after the announcement. “I mean it still feels very much like, pinch me, did this really happen?”
-
-Observers didn’t believe it had really happened. Mark Salisbury, a co-founder of [TuitionFit](https://tuitionfit.org/about/), a service that helps families research the true price of college using real financial aid awards from other students, did some math on his late competitor.
-
-Mr. Salisbury, a former director of institutional research and assessment at Augustana College, estimates that two million students start college each year for the first time. Having done the FAFSA once, he figured, most families wouldn’t seek help from a company like Frank the second time they needed to and beyond. So if Frank had served five million people in just half a decade, it would have captured a sizable share of new college students who needed financial aid.
-
-Reaching all of those people within the year that they might seek help, however, isn’t easy. “To break through all of the noise on the internet, that is incredibly difficult to do, and it costs an insane amount of money to pull it off,” Mr. Salisbury said.
-
-Could Frank have actually spent the money or cracked the code? “It just always smelled,” Mr. Salisbury said.
-
-Mr. Kantrowitz, who had filed the Freedom of Information Act request a few years earlier, was surprised, too. He used a web traffic measurement firm to run some searches and found that Frank had just 67,000 unique website visitors per month around the time of the acquisition. Even if you multiply that by the total months of the company’s existence, it doesn’t get you to five million.
-
-As for the claim of helping students at more than 6,000 schools, it’s another mystery. The federal National Center for Education Statistics [lists](https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=1122#:~:text=There%20were%20a%20total%20of%203%2C931%20Title%20IV%20degree%2Dgranting,with%204%2C599%20in%202010%E2%80%9311.) just 5,916 postsecondary institutions that can utilize federal financial aid. Perhaps the company rounded the number up — and did business with students from every single one of the schools.
-
-Image
-
-Credit...Hiroko Masuike/The New York Times
-
-## The promise of five million customers, 6,000 schools
-
-So what could JPMorgan have seen in the company?
-
-Clearly, it liked Ms. Javice. In fact, the bank planned to pay her a $20 million retention fee if she stuck around for a stretch of time after the merger closed.
-
-If JPMorgan wanted a pipeline of soon-to-be-educated young adults, it was paying $35 per name — $175 million divided by those five million customers. To pay that much, it had to have a lot of confidence that its marketing team would be able to persuade Frank customers to do business with the bank and stick with it for decades.
-
-Soon after the merger closed, the bank took its shot and sprayed a portion of Frank’s customer list with solicitations. Of 400,000 outbound emails, only 28 percent arrived successfully in an inbox, compared with the usual 99 percent delivery rate. Moreover, just 103 recipients clicked a link to Frank’s website. It was, as the bank put it in its legal filing, “disastrous.”
-
-An investigation ensued, and the bank dived into Ms. Javice’s Frank email account. There, it found a litigation mother lode. The messages, according to the bank, included copious evidence that she had hired a data science professor to create fake information to prove to the bank that the millions of customers Frank claimed to have were real.
-
-Highlights from the emails also included a Frank engineer’s questioning of Ms. Javice’s data manipulation request. She responded that she didn’t think anyone would end up in an “orange jumpsuit” over it, according to JPMorgan’s complaint against Ms. Javice and Mr. Amar.
-
-Nicholas Biase, a spokesman for the U.S. attorney’s office for the Southern District of New York, declined to comment on whether it had opened an investigation into JPMorgan’s claims.
-
-Ms. Javice has retained [Alex Spiro](https://www.quinnemanuel.com/attorneys/spiro-alex/), co-chair of the investigations, government enforcement and white-collar defense practice at the law firm Quinn Emanuel, to represent her. He is [currently defending](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/17/business/elon-musk-tesla-trial-funding-secured.html) Elon Musk in an investor lawsuit about his comments on Twitter. She has filed her own suit seeking legal expenses, arguing that JPMorgan conducted an internal investigation for which it is contractually obliged to cover her costs.
-
-“After JPMC rushed to acquire Charlie’s rocket-ship business, JPMC realized they couldn’t work around existing student privacy laws, committed misconduct and then tried to retrade the deal,” Mr. Spiro said in a statement to The Times. “Charlie blew the whistle and then sued. JPMC’s newest suit is nothing but a cover.”
-
-That statement did not deny that Ms. Javice had falsified data and then lied about it, so Mr. Spiro sent another one.
-
-“We deny the allegations. JPMC knows what they filed is retaliatory and misleading. They were provided all the data upfront for the purchase of Frank, and Charlie Javice highlighted the restrictions placed by student privacy laws during due diligence,” he said. “When JPMC couldn’t work around those privacy laws after the purchase of Frank, JPMC began twisting the facts to cover their tracks and are falsely accusing Charlie Javice to retrade the deal.”
-
-Federal law places restrictions on what colleges and other parties can do with student data. But it is not clear whether a for-profit entity seeking to help with financial aid forms must classify any data that it gets from students in a way that falls under those restrictions.
-
-In any event, JPMorgan is not buying Ms. Javice’s privacy argument. The bank’s chief executive, Jamie Dimon, called the Frank acquisition a “huge mistake” on a Jan. 13 quarterly earnings call. That week, it also shut down Frank’s website and erased [the press release](https://web.archive.org/web/20211019093959/https://media.chase.com/news/jp-morgan-chase-acquires-frank) announcing the deal from its own website.
-
-“There are always lessons — we always will make mistakes,” Mr. Dimon said on CNBC on Thursday. “I tell our people, we make mistakes, it’s OK, and when we know what all the lessons are, I’ll tell you what they were.”
-
-There is one thing the bank thinks it knows already, though. “Ms. Javice was not and is not a whistle-blower,” a JPMorgan spokesman, Pablo Rodriguez, said. “Any dispute will be resolved through the legal process.”
-
-Image
-
-Credit...Tamir Kalifa for The New York Times
-
-But did the bank’s due diligence team include anyone who had been on financial aid, to see if the whole thing passed the sniff test? Had anyone ever filled out a FAFSA for his or her family? The bank would not comment on this or other aspects of the due diligence, other than to point to the efforts it described in its complaint.
-
-Any settlement between the parties would most likely remain private. And now that Frank is no more, other companies that do similar work say they still hope to reduce some of the financial pain that college students endure.
-
-But in the trailing plume of a rocket ship like Frank’s, it hasn’t been easy. “When any other person had an idea for trying to solve this problem and went to a venture capitalist, that venture capitalist would say: ‘You’re not having that much success. Look at what Frank has done,’” said Mr. Salisbury of TuitionFit.
-
-Making a business out of helping needy college shoppers is not, in fact, easy, as Sabrina Manville, co-founder of Edmit, [wrote](https://edtechinsiders.substack.com/p/the-paradox-of-vc-funded-tech-tools) in an online essay last year. “The people with the money are not families,” she said in an interview.
-
-None of Frank’s investors or the people Ms. Javice has named as mentors returned messages or would comment on her behalf, and she did not offer up names of people to call. But one of them did offer a comment through a spokesman.
-
-In a 2018 [interview](https://www.popsugar.com/news/Frank-FAFSA-Founder-CEO-Charlie-Javice-Interview-44518650) in PopSugar, Ms. Javice described [Bobby Turner](https://turnerimpact.com/our-team/), the founder of an investment firm, as “one of the most impactful people in my life so far.” When she was having a hard time, she told the publication, Mr. Turner, who was an investor in Frank, would make her promise to do three things every day.
-
-“And he’s literally like, ‘Well, you need to meditate, go to the gym and have sex,’” she said in the interview.
-
-Randy James, a spokesman for Mr. Turner, said he had been a major benefactor of Wharton’s social impact programs and served as a mentor to many students and alumni, including Ms. Javice. “Bobby shared his views on a number of topics related to business and work-life balance, though he did not make the comments she attributed to him in a 2018 interview,” Mr. James said.
-
-“The allegations against Ms. Javice regarding Frank are troubling,” he added, “and, if true, would represent a serious breach of trust and violation of the law.”
-
-Matthew Goldstein and Hiba Yazbek contributed reporting. Susan C. Beachy and Alain Delaquérière contributed research.
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-# Jaylen Brown Is Trying to Find a Balance
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-When Jaylen Brown was being recruited to the University of California, he met Derek Van Rheenen, a prominent cultural studies professor. They struck up a friendship months later, in a Cal summer program that Brown attended. Impressed by Brown’s intellect and persistence, Van Rheenen pushed for Brown to receive a special exemption to enroll in his graduate course the Theoretical Foundations of the Cultural Studies of Sport in Education.
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-One morning, Van Rheenen led a discussion about the ignorant belief that Black athletes are genetically more gifted than athletes of other races. “The corollary there is that maybe they’re not as intellectually or cognitively up for the task,” Van Rheenen tells me. “Like, yeah, you’re really good at playing basketball, but we don’t expect much more from you relative to your intellectual scholarship.”
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-The lecture lingered in Brown’s mind long after class. At basketball practice later that day, he lagged through drills and missed basic instructions. “There was this intense conversation; I’m working through it,” coaches recalled him saying. “I can’t just do the thing that you’re asking me to do.”
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-Brown was Cal’s highest-ranked basketball recruit since Jason Kidd, but he committed to the school ahead of the 2015-16 season hoping to find an identity beyond sports and to play for the predominantly Black coaching staff led by Cuonzo Martin. But on the way to practice that fall day, Brown felt like he was just another athlete living out the stereotype he’d discussed in class. Worse, he was the face of an institution making money off his talent.
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-“It make you not want to play at all,” Brown tells me. “Make you not want to even show up.”
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-When I saw Brown in Boston in January, he was going through a similar conflict. In the seven years since the Boston Celtics picked him third overall, Brown has blossomed from an inconsistent contributor into the face of one of the most successful franchises in sports. On the floor, he helped lead the Celtics to their first NBA Finals in a decade last season. Off the floor, the 26-year-old has used his voice and profile to enact social change. His foundation has partnered with colleges to create a bridge program for underrepresented youth aimed at closing the educational gap between races. And in the wake of George Floyd’s murder, he led protests, became an advocate for social change, and inspired the Celtics front office to revamp its approach to community outreach.
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-But his quest to find worth beyond the game resulted in a number of public missteps in the past year. Last spring, he signed with Donda Sports, an agency founded by Ye, the rapper formerly known as Kanye West; five months later, the agency went dormant, and the school associated with it shut down because of the musician’s offensive behavior and comments. A couple of weeks later, Brown publicly defended Kyrie Irving’s right to free speech after his former teammate tweeted a link to a movie that spewed antisemitic tropes.
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-His basketball life has also been complicated. He’s still reconciling the departure of Ime Udoka, the former Celtics head coach whom Brown advocated to hire but was later suspended before this season for an improper relationship with a subordinate. Brown also spent the summer in trade rumors, heightening his feelings about being a commodity for an institution rather than a partner in the quest for the Celtics’ 18th banner.
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-As this season grinds to a close, Brown’s Celtics, riding a breakthrough season from Jayson Tatum and following the lead of new head coach Joe Mazzulla, have struggled, but remain [among the favorites](https://nbarankings.theringer.com/odds-machine) to make it back to the Finals. But Brown is also striving to strike a balance between playing the game and being known beyond it.
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-“Obviously, our goal is to win the championship. That’s, I think, what everybody is focused on,” Brown tells me. “Me, I feel like I still have so many more limits to tap individually. To be better, to be a better leader, to be a better player, et cetera. As for now, I’m just playing my role on the team to help us get back to do what we got to do. So, nothing wrong with being a part of a team and doing your job. That’s how I look at it.”
-
-  ![Brooklyn Nets v Boston Celtics](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6hIrZGrPVGg5H2JOzK_lRAkpjF0=/0x0:4962x3308/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:4962x3308):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24524449/1239059338.jpg)Photo by Nathaniel S. Butler/NBAE via Getty Images
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-The beginning of Brown’s NBA career was marred by inconsistency. As a rookie, he impressed with his defense on LeBron James in the 2017 postseason, and he excelled in a pivotal role the following season for a Celtics team that again reached the Eastern Conference finals. But his urge to live up to his draft position often overrode his desire to reach team goals.
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-“I wanted to win; I wanted to also prove that I was the third pick of the draft,” Brown says. “At the time, when you’re young, you see all your counterparts out there doing all types of stuff. Ben Simmons in Philly, Brandon Ingram in L.A., they are in the same draft, and so you want to keep showing people that you are not a bust. You are of equal talent. So during that time, that’s all it was for me, just trying to make sure people knew that Jaylen could play.”
-
-When Brown played selfishly, shooting a contested jumper early in the shot clock or dribbling into a double-team, his teammates would grumble.
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-“He always used to get in trouble,” Marcus Smart, Brown’s best friend on the team, tells me. “Because he would go one-on-five a lot when he was young, and everybody would just be like, ‘Slow down, man.’
-
-“So I asked him, I’m like, ‘J.B., what be going through your head when we be yelling at you, “Slow down”’?
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-“He’s like, ‘All right, listen. So, right, y’all screaming slow down—the defender hears that. So I’m thinking he’s going to think I’m slowing down, so I’m going to speed up.’
-
-“And I’m like, ‘No, man.’ I’m like, ‘Nah, nah, nah, you got to change that. That’s not how you got to think.’”
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-Role changes also proved difficult. After starting during the 2017-18 campaign and helping to push LeBron and the Cavs to a Game 7 without new additions Gordon Hayward and Kyrie Irving, Brown was relegated to the bench for most of the following season. He began to wonder if he’d ever get a prominent role in Boston.
-
-“The pain came from being ready to do more,” Brown says. “And not being allowed to. From a basketball standpoint, I always felt like … throw me out there no matter if I’m in Boston or in Japan \[playing for Team USA\]. I’m going to figure it out. I’m more athletic, I’ve got more skill than the majority of people in this league. And I’m a wing, which is of extreme value. I got long arms. I’m athletic. I can get to where I’m going. I can see the game. I got a feel for it. I had to learn more about how to play the game. And that came with experience.”
-
-But the Celtics’ veteran core—which, in addition to Irving and Hayward, included the likes of Al Horford and Marcus Morris Sr.—didn’t have time to wait. When Brown, Tatum, or Terry Rozier would make mistakes, Irving would lash out, and Brown, the most outspoken of the young players, would push back.
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-“Me and Kyrie didn’t really see eye to eye when we was here,” Brown tells me. “Really at all.”
-
-Irving, already with a championship under his belt, felt it was his responsibility to help facilitate Brown’s ambitious goals and to guide the young Celtics into contention for years to come. But Irving now admits he missed the mark.
-
-“Sometimes—and I could say this for myself—sometimes our individual goals are before the team goals, and he had to adjust,” Irving says. “You think about our team. I want you to really look back at our team that we had and see how talented we were. And we had a lockup in every position. It was two, three guys in every position. So it was not only competitive with me and J.B., but it was competitive amongst all of us. And that wasn’t the best recipe for team success if you’re competing with your brothers every day.”
-
-Prior to the 2018-19 season, Irving, who was in the last year of his contract, publicly committed to the Celtics at a season-ticket holder event. But Irving says his personal life began to interfere with his organizational promises.
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-“I mean, for me, I lost my grandfather my second year in Boston, so it was my first time really losing someone close like that to me, other than my mom and my grandmother when I was young,” Irving says. “So me being in Boston, not being home, not having that emotional support, I really felt alone, even though I wasn’t alone. So I didn’t really connect with everybody as much as I should, and I didn’t open up as much as I should.
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-“The week before my grandfather passed, I was committed to the Boston Celtics, and I wanted to stay here. And then my grandfather passed a week later, and then my whole world shifts after that point, and I don’t think anyone understood it. Not the Celtic fan base, not the NBA fans, not anybody from afar.”
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-As the season wore on, Irving says his plans changed. In the summer, he opted to move to New Jersey, where he grew up, and play for the Brooklyn Nets alongside Kevin Durant. Brown, meanwhile, began to blossom, earning an All-Star bid in 2020-21 and developing into one of the best two-way wings in basketball. In 2019, at the age of 22, he was named a vice president of the players union, quenching his desire for a leadership role. Brown didn’t hear much from Irving until the pandemic shut down the NBA in March 2020.
-
-“He reached out to me, kind of let me know what his experience was when he was in Boston, what he was feeling,” Brown says. “And I understood what he was going through personally. So, life is a journey. We all got ups and downs. And most of all, we don’t always handle everything in the perfect media-appropriate demeanor. Kyrie, one thing about him, he going to be who he is. I appreciate that.”
-
-A month into the 2022-23 season, Irving tweeted a link to an antisemitic film, garnering widespread criticism. After failing to apologize for promoting the link, he was suspended by the Nets and given six requirements to fulfill in order to be reinstated, including sensitivity training and a $500,000 donation to anti-hate groups. Prominent players spoke out against the ruling, including Irving’s former teammate James, who tweeted that the suspension was “excessive.” “I don’t believe in sharing hurtful information. And I’ll continue to be that way but Kyrie apologized and he should be able to play,” James [tweeted](https://twitter.com/KingJames/status/1590781218790211584). “That’s what I think. It’s that simple. Help him learn—but he should be playing.”
-
-Brown had a similar critique of the suspension. When members of Israel United in Christ, a religious sect designated as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center, protested Irving’s punishment in front of Barclays Center, Brown quote-tweeted a video of the group with the caption “Energy.” Brown later clarified that he mistakenly believed the group to be a member of the Black fraternity Omega Psi Psi.
-
-Brown tells me that he still believes that Irving’s punishment was unjust, not because he agrees with the content of the film, but because the suspension violated the collective bargaining agreement.
-
-“That’s my job as vice president of the union,” Brown says. “The union is supposed to be an entity to protect the players, especially their rights and their freedom of speech. I feel like what the Brooklyn Nets did—I still feel the same way—it was inappropriate. I think it was like a public ransom note almost, in a sense, where he had a list of demands he had to do to return to the game. It was a violation of our CBA. It’s a violation of our agreement and kind of got looked over like it was nothing.”
-
-Privately, Brown reassured Irving that the controversy would pass. “He was one of the main ones that really stood beside me,” Irving says. “And was 10 toes with me and just telling me like, ‘You know, it’s going to be all right. There’s peace of mind at the end of this road, but I want to let you know that you’re not alone in this.’”
-
-Irving now describes Brown as a “brother.” During February’s All-Star Game, Brown tweeted in support of Irving’s custom shoes that covered up the Nike swoosh, in protest of the brand that dropped Irving following the controversy in the fall. In the same exhibition, Brown covered up the Nike logo of his own Kobe 3 sneakers with the word “liberation.” Brown has been a sneaker free agent since leaving Adidas in 2021. In recent years, he’s criticized sneaker brands that have courted him for not wanting to [support his off-court initiatives](https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/03/21/sports/jaylen-brown-celtics-sneakers/).
-
-Irving has caused much public consternation over the past few years, including for his decision to sit out in protest of COVID vaccination requirements and his toxic relationship with the Nets, which recently led to his trade to the Dallas Mavericks. But Brown sees a different side of Irving.
-
-“Kyrie is one of those people who isn’t afraid of being wrong,” Brown says. “He isn’t afraid of being embarrassed. He’s not afraid of big moments either, doing great things. He’s one of those people that’s special. We see him at the top of the world, and we see him make some mistakes as well. But I appreciate the fact that the fear factor for him, even though he might have been afraid, didn’t stop him from doing or saying what he felt was right, for what he felt he needed to do. And that doesn’t exist in 99 percent of people. So, people can say what they want about Kyrie Irving, but he’s definitely my friend.”
-
-  ![Phoenix Suns v Boston Celtics](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/esvNwzK43DItr2zNiEA1mpYrnAI=/0x0:3879x2586/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:3879x2586):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24524452/1462356122.jpg)Photo by Maddie Meyer/Getty Images
-
-A day before Boston’s 125-121 win over the Lakers in January, authorities released a 30-minute video of five Memphis policemen beating Tyre Nichols, a 29-year-old Black man, causing injuries from which he’d later die. It marked another public instance of a private citizen dying from police violence, sparking outrage over America’s police practices. At the end of Brown’s postgame press conference, he was asked about the fatal encounter.
-
-“I’d just be remiss if we didn’t ask you for comment about the situation in Memphis,” a reporter said.
-
-Brown has come to expect these kinds of questions. He welcomes them. His interest in activism comes from his mother, Mechalle Brown, who instilled in Jaylen that being an athlete wasn’t enough. “I always stressed to Jaylen that no matter how tall you are, and how well you play the game, basketball is what you do, it is not who you are,” Mechalle tells me by email. “Who you are is measured by the mark you leave on the world. And to truly leave a mark on the world, you have to do the right things, and speak out against the wrong things. But in order to do that, you have to use your voice. After you use your voice you have to back it up with actions.”
-
-That credo has motivated a lot of Brown’s decisions. At Cal, he participated in student-led protests on campus and frequently consulted with the school’s faculty on how to be an organizer. During his second season in Boston, he led a lecture at Harvard about the importance of athletes having a voice on social issues. Three years ago, in the wake of George Floyd’s murder, Brown drove 15 hours from Boston to Atlanta, his hometown, to lead a protest against police brutality. And in 2021, Brown’s 7uice Foundation partnered with MIT to create the Bridge Program, a 12-week summer course for kids from underrepresented communities to learn [artificial intelligence, biology, and civics](https://www.bridgefuture.org/curriculum).
-
-“I’ve been doing this since I came from Berkeley,” Brown tells me. “It’s not like I started talking when the lights are on. I’ve done lectures. I’ve been able to speak on certain things since I was 18 years old: break them down, give my perspective.”
-
-Because of this work, Brown has become a go-to voice when tragedies like the Nichols killing occur. After Floyd’s murder, members of the Celtics front office sought his advice about how to respond as an organization. Brad Stevens says roundtable discussions during the pandemic-induced bubble of 2020 featuring Brown, his fellow Black teammates, and Stevens gave the then coach a better understanding of his players’ feelings.
-
-But Brown’s desire to speak out in support of the Black community also led to the largest error of his career. Last summer, he signed on as a client of Ye’s Donda Sports, the agency that also signed NFL wide receiver Antonio Brown and Los Angeles Rams defensive lineman Aaron Donald. Members of Brown’s inner circle warned Brown of Ye’s growing erratic behavior. In 2018, he referred to slavery as a “choice.” And in months before Brown signed, the rapper harassed his ex-wife’s boyfriend and referred to former TV host Trevor Noah as a “koon” on social media.
-
-However, Brown grew up as a fan of Ye’s music. In Ye, Brown saw a Black man building a self-sustaining community for his people, which is what Brown was hoping to achieve with his foundations. Ye’s father was involved with the Black Panther Party, a political organization Brown studied religiously in college. And the rapper promised an opportunity to teach students in person at the Donda Academy, Ye’s private Christian school, and mentor student-athletes from the Donda Doves, the school’s basketball team. “A lot of time goes into creating an entity or organization,” Brown told *The* [*Boston Globe*](https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/10/24/sports/jaylen-brown-condemns-kanye-wests-statements-will-stay-with-his-agency/) last fall. “The reason why I signed with Donda Sports, it represented education, it represented activism, disruption, it represented single-parent households.”
-
-But Ye’s grand plan of educating the next generation was undercut by prejudiced and often incoherent outbursts against Jewish people. In October, he posted on Twitter that he would go “death con 3 On JEWISH PEOPLE,” a tweet that got him banned him from the platform. Despite Ye’s troubling behavior, Brown told the *Globe* in late October that he would stay with Donda Sports, figuring Ye’s words were separate from Brown’s initiatives at the school. “I don’t condone any hurt, harm, or danger toward any group of people or individuals whatsoever,” Brown told the *Globe*. “I’ve been a member of my community, trying to uplift my community, and I’m going to continue to do that.”
-
-But a day later, Brown reversed course and left the agency.
-
-“What would have happened if I stayed?” Brown [told reporters](https://www.boston.com/sports/boston-celtics/2022/10/29/jaylen-brown-donda-sports-academy-kanye-west-quote-why-he-left-support/). “I work hard to be able to have the platform that I have and use it to be a voice for the voiceless. So to potentially, maybe, have to sacrifice that platform, I don’t think that would be the right decision. So I had to do what we have to do.”
-
-In his comments to the media and on Twitter after his departure from Donda, Brown lamented the closure of Donda Academy. “Education resources and opportunity is key,” Brown [tweeted](https://twitter.com/FCHWPO/status/1585719021969854466) on October 27. “Donda Academy supplied that for these student athletes in hopes to get exposure and potentially change there families lives generationally that opportunity was taken away from them today to prove a point? Why make them apart of this?
-
-“Anti-Semitism should be handled with sensitivity and respect, Inequalities /lack of opportunity in our education system should be handled with sensitivity and respect,” Brown continued, as part of a tweet thread. “A school with resources/ opportunity academically and athletically have been taken away abruptly without notice.”
-
-When I broach the topic of Ye to Brown in Boston, the guard quickly declines to comment. “I don’t want to answer that question,” he says. “I don’t want to answer that.” When I followed up weeks later, I was directed toward the [official statement](https://twitter.com/FCHWPO/status/1585036696667951107) he tweeted in the fall.
-
-People close to Brown say that the young NBA star was naive, that despite their warnings about Ye before signing with Donda, Brown’s passion for uplifting the Black community, and maybe even his connection to Ye’s music growing up, masked the troubling behavior brewing in Ye’s personal life. But even the best intentions are undermined by the mere association with someone like Ye, who since the disbanding of Donda Sports has continued to make hurtful and bizarre comments.
-
-“The longer you stay with people with really, really compromised values, people believe that they’re also yours,” says DeRay Mckesson, a prominent civil rights activist. “Whether you say the things or not. I don’t think that people can pull up quotes where he was antisemitic, or a host of things, but he stayed too long.”
-
-But Mckesson also thinks there’s a chance for Brown to bounce back from his mistakes.
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-“People love a comeback. People love a redemption arc, and the best thing for Jaylen would be to learn and reflect and grow from it,” Mckesson says. “In organizing, we talk about the idea that we don’t throw people away, that people will do things imperfectly, and as long as they grow from it, there’s always a place in community.”
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-Despite the recent fallout, Brown still wants to be a voice on social issues. He isn’t exactly sure why people turn to him for guidance, but he welcomes the burden.
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-“I don’t know how it came about,” Brown tells me. “But I guess people feel comfortable hearing me talk about certain things. That might be part of the problem. But I definitely plan on doing it more. Sometimes getting people out of their comfort zone is where change can happen.”
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-So when he was asked about Nichols soon after scoring a team-high 37 points, including a layup plus and-1 to send the game into overtime, in an eventual win over the Lakers, Brown took a deep breath and spoke.
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-“I break it down as like, there’s certain people that want the world to change and continue to move forward, and there’s certain people that’s OK with where the world is at,” Brown said. “I’m going to continue to challenge those people, because it doesn’t matter if it benefits your pockets or benefits your financial opportunities.”
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-“We have to push our society forward, and we’ve got to do better in a lot of regards. As we’ve said many times, and we’re going to continue to say, our society has to do better.”
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-  ![Dallas Mavericks v Boston Celtics](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/AJ9Cr-jgUjHNj_aJnUdTiNk80kc=/0x0:4878x3252/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:4878x3252):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24524454/1239171017.jpg)Photo by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images
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-Last month, Brown participated in his second All-Star Game, playing against his teammate Jayson Tatum. LeBron used his second pick among reserves in the All-Star draft on Brown, while Giannis Antetokounmpo picked Tatum as his first starter. Little defense was played throughout the matchup in Utah, but Brown and Tatum playfully guarded each other on several occasions.
-
-Brown and Tatum have become simultaneously the most successful and dissected duo in the league. Since the turn of the century, Brown has the 10th-most postseason wins over a player’s first six seasons; Tatum, who came into the league a year after Brown, is already 23rd on that [list](https://stathead.com/basketball/player-game-finder.cgi?request=1&match=player_game_count_career&order_by_asc=0&order_by=name_display_csk&year_min=2000&comp_type=post&comp_id=NBA&team_game_min=1&team_game_max=84&player_game_min=1&player_game_max=9999&season_start=1&season_end=6&game_result=W). Tatum is the star of the group, a potential MVP candidate; Brown has become an All-Star himself but is often painted as the more defensive-minded costar. How they approach fame differs as well: During the All-Star festivities, Tatum was never far from his son, Deuce, while Brown, forced to play in a mask after a recent facial fracture, keeps much of his life and family away from public view, and seemed to soak in the scene by himself.
-
-“I prefer to be alone at times,” Brown says. “I’m not saying that because it sounds cool or it’s the healthiest thing. I think it’s how I’m designed. I’m OK with being alone. I like space. Quarantine was fine for me. There was nothing wrong with quarantine. So, that’s just how I am. I go through times where you like human interaction. But a lot of the time, I’m fine with all of you humans leaving me alone.”
-
-But Brown says he’s been able to coexist with Tatum where it matters most: “Basketball. That’s where we find common ground: on the court. Basketball is the greatest teacher and the greatest equalizer as well,” he says. “A lot of people, fans, are fascinated with our relationship and how that has developed and grown over time. He’s got fans within the Celtics fan base. I got fans within the Celtics fan base. And I think our fans have more of a hard time coexisting than me and him do. We never had an argument. I don’t think we’ve ever had a real argument, fight. Nothing crazy like that.”
-
-Smart says Brown and Tatum are “probably better friends than most in this league—that people don’t really understand. You might not see them talk to each other a lot in person, but that don’t mean they ain’t talking. You know what I’m saying? Because not everything’s supposed to be for everybody.”
-
-But the collaboration between Brown and Tatum nearly ended last July, when Kevin Durant requested a trade from the Nets. The Celtics were among the teams to express interest, reportedly offering a package that included Brown, Derrick White, and future draft picks.
-
-“\[KD\] and JT are friends. They was working out together and whatnot,” Brown says. “So, I wasn’t sure what the energy was. I wasn’t sure what the direction of the organization was.”
-
-Puzzled, Brown placed a three-way call to Stevens and Tatum. During that discussion, Stevens says he assured Brown that the guard wasn’t going anywhere. “You just have to have a direct conversation,” Stevens tells me of the meeting. “And you just have to be able to say, ‘This is what’s real. This is where we are. Obviously, you and Jayson are the two guys that we’ve built the whole roster around. And our every expectation is for us to come and compete together and try to be two games better than we were last year.’”
-
-Brown says, “Once we all got together and kind of talked it through, we all left on the same page. But the actions that was taking place during that time, it just didn’t seem like that was the direction that the organization was going in. I don’t know. It was hard to tell, at least.”
-
-For as long as Brown has been with the Celtics, he’s been involved in trade rumors. Last month, when Durant again requested a trade, Celtics owner Wyc Grousbeck called Brown to squelch any worry Brown might’ve had. The nearly endless cycle has left some scars. Brown generally doesn’t trust easily, and that now extends to his relationship with the Celtics.
-
-“It’s hard coming into teams and organizations and being warm. They operate on different principles, I think. This is an organization. They look at it as a business, where they’ll tell you one thing, and then behind closed doors, they’ll say another, and they’ll trade you off,” he says. “Tell you, ‘We love you,’ and they’ll be having like, ‘We’re going to trade him next week.’ I think that’s just how business is run.
-
-“Like, where I’m from in the South, if you don’t come through the front door, it’s considered disrespectful. I feel like a lot of times, when you deal in these corporate spaces, everybody wants to come through the back door or come through an angle.”
-
-As if the trade rumors weren’t enough, the Celtics’ bid to return to the Finals only became more complicated when Udoka was suspended for the season just days before training camp. Brown had advocated for Udoka’s hiring in 2021, after working with him on Team USA at the 2019 World Cup. Brown also credits Udoka’s leadership for giving the Celtics the edge they needed to make it to the 2022 Finals.
-
-“I didn’t know how to feel. I was a little bit shocked, to be honest,” Brown says. “It was not the vibe, you know what I mean? That’s the way I always describe it. It was not good vibes.”
-
-The Celtics have provided little information about what reports have described as Udoka’s improper relationship with a subordinate, attributing his season-long suspension merely to multiple violations of team policies. Udoka has been a candidate for recent head-coaching openings in Brooklyn and Atlanta, and Brown hopes his former coach lands on his feet.
-
-“I hope Ime is doing well,” Brown says. “I haven’t talked to him, but I hope he gets another chance coaching again. There were some conflictions on the information that was kind of going around and stuff like that … that has put some dirt on his name. It’s a lot. It’s very nuanced. So, whether you stood on this side or this side, they was going to find wrong from a coach that I advocated to bring here to Boston. I wanted to see him back on his feet here, no matter what it was. I don’t think that’s the wrong thing to feel.”
-
-But any lingering feelings of resentment over Udoka’s dismissal subsided just a few days into the tenure of Joe Mazzulla, who took over as interim head coach after just three years as an NBA assistant. “He helped the most by trusting me right off the bat,” Mazzulla tells me. “He didn’t have to do that. … And so his open-mindedness to say, ‘Hey, I trust you. We’ll see what we can do here,’ allowed me to be myself and allowed me to coach him, so I’m grateful for that.”
-
-Mazzulla, 34, is taking a different approach with the Celtics. While Udoka roamed the sidelines with a scowl, barking defensive orders to his players, Mazzulla is more reserved, often standing stoic near the scorer’s table as the game unfolds and letting his players feel out the game on their own. Though the Celtics have faltered lately, falling to third place in the East, Mazzulla’s lighter touch has had success: Boston has the third-best record in the NBA, and the second-best title odds in [*The Ringer*’s Odds Machine](https://nbarankings.theringer.com/odds-machine).
-
-Brown and Tatum have flourished individually too. Both are putting up career statistics virtually across the board. Tatum was named All-Star MVP after putting up a record 55 points, and a [recent ESPN poll](https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/35658669/nba-mvp-straw-poll-20-nikola-jokic-chasing-history-here-why-capture-it) had him in fourth for the regular-season honor. Together, they are on pace to become one of only four duos in NBA history to both average over 27 points per game or more, according to [*The Ringer*’s Zach Kram](https://www.theringer.com/nba/2023/2/1/23580604/jayson-tatum-jaylen-brown-boston-celtics-scoring-duo).
-
-“It’s been a long time coming,” Tatum said in early February. “I talk about it pretty often, and we’ve had our good times and not-so-good times. But I think those are just growing pains. We were just both 19-year-old kids that came into the league hungry and trying to get better and help our team win. And through that, we’ve had to learn how to play in this league, learn how to play with each other, learn how to lead a team, and I feel like we still have a long way from ultimately where, exactly, we want to be, but we’ve made amazing strides from the beginning.”
-
-Even though they’re widely regarded as one of the best tandems in the league, Tatum and Brown are still missing one key component to be lauded among the best locally.
-
-“I don’t see them anywhere right now—until they win a championship. At the end of the day here, you’re judged by bringing another banner. So to me, they are unfinished,” says Cedric Maxwell, a Celtics radio color commentator who won two titles with Boston in the 1980s. “These guys are going to be pillars for a long time. ... Barring injury, I could see both of those numbers being retired.”
-
-Tatum has two more years left on his current contract after this one but will likely be eligible for a supermax extension before that. Brown has just one more year left, and given the expected spike in revenue coming to the NBA from new national television deals, [most analysts don’t expect him to sign an extension](https://theathletic.com/3448724/2022/07/26/jaylen-brown-r-j-barrett-nba-salary-cap/). When asked whether he wants to stay in Boston long term, Brown is noncommittal.
-
-“I don’t know. As long as I’m needed. It’s not up to me,” he says. “We’ll see how they feel about me over time and I feel about them over time. Hopefully, whatever it is, it makes sense. But I will stay where I’m wanted. I will stay where I’m needed and treated correct.”
-
-When asked how long he wants to play with Tatum, Brown keeps his focus on the immediate future.
-
-“I just enjoy the time that you have now,” he says. “If it’s your whole career, it’s your whole career. If it’s not, it’s not. Some of the greatest players of all time haven’t finished with their organization. Michael Jordan retired a Wizard. As much as we like it here and enjoy being here, you see where life takes you. You see how the process goes. All you do is really focus on what’s in front of you right now, to be honest. But I don’t really know or want to answer that question because that type of stuff makes Celtics fans speculate and go crazy. Especially right now, I’ll just say we’ll get there when we get there.”
-
-But Brown is searching for more than just on-court success. Yes, he wants to win a championship. And yes, he still wants to succeed individually, much like he did when he first entered the league. But he wants every other pursuit in his life to matter, too, no matter how complicated that’s been lately.
-
-“I’ve grown up a lot,” he tells me. “I’ve learned a lot. I’ve experienced a lot. I’ve been able to travel the world, study different cultures, meet different people, which has made me, I feel like, a more experienced human being. I still kind of feel like that same kid on the inside. But for now, I’m definitely moving along in the journey. Shit, I’m the leader of this team. I’m one of the faces of this franchise, trying to be a global representation or an ambassador for our league and trying to bring people together.”
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
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-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Jerry West, as a player and exec, sustained excellence during a lifetime of emotional struggle.md b/00.03 News/Jerry West, as a player and exec, sustained excellence during a lifetime of emotional struggle.md
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-dg-publish: true
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Jungle Realm of the Snake Queens.md b/00.03 News/Jungle Realm of the Snake Queens.md
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-
-Tag: ["📜", "🇲🇽", "🌽", "🚺"]
-Date: 2023-01-18
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-01-18
-Link: https://www.archaeology.org/issues/494-2301/features/11025-maya-snake-queens
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-```button
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-&emsp;
-
-# Jungle Realm of the Snake Queens
-
-**![Maya Calakmul Pyramid](https://www.archaeology.org/images/JF2023/Maya/Maya-Calakmul-Pyramid.jpg "A 16-story pyramid towers over the rainforest that covers the remains of the ancient Maya city of Calakmul in Mexico. Calakmul was the capital city of the Kaanul, or Snake, Dynasty from the mid-seventh to the tenth century A.D.")The sprawling, vine-tangled** rainforests of today’s Yucatán Peninsula were once home to a densely settled patchwork of rival Maya kingdoms. Between A.D. 150 and 900, known as the Classic period, these dynasties jostled for power, which was seized through raids, battles, and assassinations, and marked by grand monuments and celebrated with extravagant ceremonies. Members of royal families memorialized their feats by carving limestone stelas with pictorial scenes and hieroglyphic inscriptions, many of which depict two bloodlines that each attained near-supremacy over the Maya world at varying points. These two lineages, known as the Kaanul Dynasty and the lords of Tikal, battled throughout the whole of the Classic period. As the power of one family waxed, the might of the other waned.
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-**![Maya Map](https://www.archaeology.org/images/JF2023/Maya/Maya-Map.jpg)**Toward the end of the seventh century A.D., gamblers or pundits might have done best to place their bets on the Kaanul, or Snake, Dynasty, which ruled from the great city of Calakmul in present-day Mexico. “Through its own industry and machinations, and probably military success, the Kaanul Dynasty got the upper hand of many other kingdoms for about 130 years,” says Simon Martin, an epigrapher at the University of Pennsylvania Museum. Powerful Kaanul kings, including Yuknoom Ch’een II (reigned A.D. 636–686) and his successor, extended the family’s influence over much of the lowland Maya world. Archaeologists can track the spread of this influence from inscriptions in which local lords declared their allegiance to Calakmul and from the Kaanul-style shrines and buildings constructed in cities subjugated by Kaanul kings. These cities were chosen strategically by the Snake kings to surround the capital of their nemeses at Tikal, a lineage with an as-yet-untranslated hieroglyphic emblem that depicts a feathered alligator or sometimes what appears to be tied reeds. Tikal is situated 60 miles south of Calakmul in what is now Guatemala.
-
-![Maya Malachite Mask](https://www.archaeology.org/images/JF2023/Maya/Maya-Malachite-Mask.jpg "This malachite and shell mask belonged to the Red Queen, one of around 35 stranger queens scholars have identified in Maya texts.")Kaanul leaders recruited vassals through violence and perhaps economic pressure, but weddings also figured prominently in their statecraft. Throughout its heyday, the Snake Dynasty arranged strategic marriages between royal Kaanul women and lower-ranking men who ruled regions the Kaanul wanted to bring under their control. As these queens moved to the lands their husbands controlled and bore children, securing lines of succession, this system of alliances promised to endure for generations.
-
-In their newly adopted homes, these Kaanul “stranger queens,” as University of Miami archaeologist Traci Ardren has called them, had certain obligations demanded by their sex and gender. These royal women were sorcerers, privy to arcane knowledge about rituals and calendar keeping. They divined the future and connected with spirits, perhaps to determine auspicious dates on which to invade a rival city. “We often see the women portrayed as openers of portals or as communicators with ancestors,” says Ardren. Above all, though, the queens were expected to be wives and mothers, producing the heirs needed to perpetuate dynastic bloodlines. “The investment of the state in their biological reproduction was huge,” says Ardren. “If the dynasty doesn’t continue, everything else falls apart.”
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Karl Ashanti Defended the NYPD, Then He Was Arrested.md b/00.03 News/Karl Ashanti Defended the NYPD, Then He Was Arrested.md
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-
-Tag: ["🚔", "🇺🇸", "🗽", "🧑🏻‍⚖️"]
-Date: 2023-01-19
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-01-19
-Link: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/karl-ashanti-nypd-civil-rights-nyc.html
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-^button-AshantiDefendedtheNYPDThenHeWasArrestedSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# Karl Ashanti Defended the NYPD, Then He Was Arrested
-
-## The Police Lawyer’s Trial
-
-For 11 years, Karl Ashanti defended the NYPD in civil-rights cases. Then he was arrested for a crime he didn’t commit.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/699/0e7/ea6057232896c948e36a82e0847dde310c-Karl-Ashanti-305.rhorizontal.w1100.jpg)
-
-Photo: Victor Llorente
-
-This article is copublished with ProPublica, a nonprofit newsroom that [investigates abuses of power](https://www.propublica.org/newsletters/dispatches?source=partner). It was also featured in [One Great Story](http://nymag.com/tags/one-great-story/), New York’s reading recommendation newsletter. [Sign up here](https://nymag.com/promo/sign-up-for-one-great-story.html?itm_source=disitepromo&itm_medium=articlelink&itm_campaign=ogs_tertiary_zone) to get it nightly.
-
-**By the time Karl Ashanti** neared his office in the New York City Law Department’s headquarters in March 2018, the police were shutting down Park Place. Ice had fallen from the buildings above, so an officer had cordoned off the area. Ashanti flashed his work ID and the cop let him through. Then, about two-thirds of the way down the block, he ran into a second officer. “Turn around now,” John Shapiro barked. “I said *now.*”
-
-Ashanti stiffened. The two men were about the same size, each around six feet tall and 240 pounds. Shapiro was in his blue New York Police Department uniform. Ashanti, a city lawyer, wasn’t due in court that day and had dressed casually in dark slacks, a button-down, an overcoat, and a winter hat. The two had never met before, but there was something about Shapiro’s brusque demeanor that Ashanti recognized.
-
-For 11 years, Ashanti had defended NYPD officers against lawsuits alleging civil-rights violations in federal court. He was a senior litigator in a little-known Law Department unit that exclusively handles such cases, the Special Federal Litigation Division, known simply as Special Fed. As a Black man who’d grown up in Jamaica, Queens, Ashanti thought he brought valuable perspective to the work. He’d seen how Black people, and Black men in particular, could, through no fault of their own, be targeted by prejudiced men in uniform. Still, Ashanti took pride in his legal skills and had come to embrace the combative approach that Special Fed typically took in fighting claims of police abuse, even in the face of compelling evidence that police behavior violated the constitutional rights of the people they had sworn to protect.
-
-On Park Place, Ashanti told Shapiro, who is white, that he was trying to get to his office. Shapiro insisted he go back the way he came. Ashanti moved between two parked cars to cross the street and Shapiro hustled to cut off his path, repeating his order. The two men faced each other in the middle of the road. Shapiro tapped Ashanti on his shoulder. Ashanti backpedaled and asked to speak to a supervisor. Shapiro took out his handcuffs. Within 90 seconds of their first encounter, the officer arrested the attorney.
-
-Shapiro claimed in criminal filings that Ashanti resisted arrest and shoved him twice, so forcefully that Shapiro had to step back to catch his balance. The New York *Post* splashed the allegations in its pages, calling Ashanti a “livid lawyer.” It wasn’t true. Security-camera footage showed no shoving during the incident. As it unfolded, nine other people freely walked up and down Park Place. Court records revealed it wasn’t the first time Shapiro had been accused of abusing his power. By the time he detained Ashanti, the officer had already been named in three false-arrest lawsuits. (Two were settled, and one was dismissed.) Ashanti’s own unit had handled those cases.
-
-Within days of the incident, the Law Department gave Ashanti an ultimatum: Resign or be fired. After more than a decade defending the police, Ashanti was finding out what it was like on the other side of the law.
-
-Footage of the incident. Photo:  New York Supreme Court
-
-**On October 29, 1984,** when Ashanti was 11 years old, police officers in Morris Heights entered Eleanor Bumpurs’s apartment and killed her with a shotgun. Bumpurs was 66 and mentally ill. Her family had instructed her not to let strangers into her home, and when the police showed up to assist in her eviction that day, she lunged at them with a kitchen knife. Her death inflamed the city. In Ashanti’s neighborhood — a predominantly Black community of working-class Caribbean immigrants and city employees — the shooting entered a canon of police killings that, over decades, have shaped attitudes on race and the police. Ashanti remembers that this was about the time when his mother first gave him the Talk. “It’s not like she didn’t have respect for authority,” Ashanti says. “It was not that I should dislike the police. It was more like, ‘There are some police officers who will abuse their power, and unless you capitulate, things might escalate.’ She was like, ‘I want my son alive.’ She said that more than once to me.”
-
-Not long after, three Black men whose car had broken down in Howard Beach were chased by a pack of white teenagers with tire irons and baseball bats. One of the men fleeing the mob was struck by a car and killed. Another was savagely beaten. For Ashanti, the takeaway was clear: Don’t ever ride your bike into Howard Beach. “It’s the ironic thing about growing up in New York City, which is such a quote, unquote liberal city,” he says. “You have these incidents of not just police but private racial violence.” Police racism was real, he thought, but cops didn’t have a monopoly on prejudice; it was simply everywhere.
-
-In sixth grade, Ashanti did well on an exam given by Prep for Prep, a nonprofit group that sends promising students of color to elite, mostly white private schools. He attended Buckley, the tony all-boys academy on the Upper East Side, where he was a few years ahead of Donald Trump Jr., then high school at St. Paul’s, the exclusive New Hampshire boarding school.
-
-One Friday during sophomore year, it was his turn to choose a film for movie night. Students normally picked comedies, but Ashanti went with *Colors,* the 1988 drama about Los Angeles cops patrolling gangland beats. One of the older boys “rolled his eyes about the selection and shit,” Ashanti says. “And then maybe like one or two other people joined in. A *What the fuck is this?* kind of thing. Just, like, a complete rejection of anything that had to do with the ghetto, with Black and Latino culture.” With him. “I just remember looking at them like, *You fucking privileged assholes. Everything has to be your way all the fucking time.*”
-
-On several occasions, upperclassmen barged into his room in the middle of the night and pelted him with water balloons. He thought they were sending a message: “Here’s this motherfucker who won’t fall in line.” At 23, he legally changed his last name to Ashanti, shedding the birth name, Francis, that his enslaved African ancestors had been “branded” with. “I’m sure one of their goals was for one of their descendants to one day be free of that name,” he says. “I know that’s what it would be for me.”
-
-Ashanti is impeccably credentialed — he went on to Stanford, where he was president of his all-Black fraternity, and then Georgetown Law — but when he returned to New York and entered the workforce, his trajectory slackened. At a succession of run-of-the-mill firms, Ashanti took cases involving businesses suing businesses, personal injury, and insurance. The work could be challenging, but it didn’t satisfy his civic or lawyerly ambitions. A landlord and tenant arguing the terms of a 20-year lease? Boring. Cattle-call appearances in state courts before overworked judges? Uninspiring.
-
-One morning on his way to the office, Ashanti says, an officer pulled him over for “erratic driving” and falsely cited him for having lapsed insurance. He was held for 12 hours. Another time, while applying to a new firm, his interviews seemed to be going well until he met with an elderly white partner. Ashanti later testified that the man said “something more malicious than ‘You’re articulate for a Negro.’” (The firm settled an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission complaint. Ashanti said he received an apology that implied the partner was “like the grandpa you don’t want to bring out to the party.”)
-
-Nine years passed in the lower tiers of corporate law. Ashanti wanted autonomy, and he wanted to conduct trials — maybe even change lanes to civil-rights law. From an early age, he’d been inspired by Thurgood Marshall. But he didn’t have a civil-rights background, and the longer he spent doing corporate law, the less possible switching tracks felt. He started talking with a recruiter, and when an opportunity arose at Special Fed, Ashanti listened with great interest.
-
-The cases would be in the federal courts, where the smartest jurists operate, and he’d be handling them soup to nuts, appearing before judges and juries. And the subject matter was appealingly complex. The main statute governing Special Fed’s work, Section 1983, traces its roots to a Reconstruction-era bill known as the Ku Klux Klan Act that lets individuals sue local government officials for violations of their civil rights. It’s an extremely technical platform to litigate, with a century and a half of accumulated case law. “That’s the heart of our legal system: the relationship between government and individuals,” Ashanti says.
-
-He would have preferred to do civil-rights work on behalf of plaintiffs, but the firms that handled such cases weren’t offering him a job. Plus, for a native New Yorker, joining the Law Department had a special attraction. “Representing the City of New York did fill me with a sense of pride,” he says.
-
-The idea that he’d be arguing the side of the police just wasn’t much of a factor in his decision to join the division, he says. “I didn’t feel any kind of way about representing police officers and correctional officers because I always knew — I always knew — it was all about the work and the cases,” he says. “It’s always a case-by-case situation.”
-
-**Special Fed** was created in 1998 by the Giuliani administration to deal with a surge in lawsuits against police officers, jail guards, and prosecutors. Its dozens of attorneys investigate citizens’ allegations of beatings, false arrests, and other civil-rights abuses and decide whether to mount a defense or settle. Generally, they fight.
-
-Many Special Fed veterans say the unit prizes winning at all costs, even when there is merit to a plaintiff’s case. Victory can still be had in making the process as difficult as possible for citizens — getting suits thrown out, abandoned, or negotiated down to the smallest possible payout. The lawyers tend to see themselves as guardians of the public fisc, pitted against those who would drain the coffers: criminals looking for a payday, greedy lawyers, bleeding-heart juries. They litigate aggressively, sometimes drawing rebukes from judges for violating court rules, blowing deadlines, and pressing the boundaries of professional conduct. Earlier this year, a judge dressed down a senior Special Fed lawyer for failing to obey court orders. “If I order something and you can’t do it, you can’t just blow it off,” the judge said. One plaintiff’s attorney told the New York *Daily News,* “They get away with things that no other litigant would ever get away with.” (A spokesman for the Law Department says, “We take our ethical responsibilities very seriously and have zero tolerance for misconduct that undermines our mission.”)
-
-Sometimes even a victory at trial isn’t enough for Special Fed. In 2020, after defeating a Bronx man in an excessive-force case, the division sought sanctions against him and his legal team for bringing the suit in the first place. A federal judge wrote scathingly that the effort to penalize the plaintiff was “wildly inappropriate” because the man had had a reasonable case. More troubling, the judge wrote, was the chilling message that the episode sent to the law firms that do pro bono work for low-income people “with facially valid claims against powerful defendants.”
-
-Ashanti believed he could be a more nuanced operator at Special Fed. Shortly before he started, in November 2006, plainclothes officers shot 50 bullets at a car driven by a Black 23-year-old named Sean Bell in the early hours of his wedding day. It was the city’s most incendiary police killing in years, and Ashanti felt it personally — Bell was from his neighborhood. “Sean Bell was me,” he says. He decided that at his new job, the Bell case would serve as his moral barometer. The family would inevitably file a civil suit against the police; would Special Fed settle it judiciously, or would the unit reflexively fight to minimize the payout? “That was the biggest question to me: Are we going to defend the indefensible?” Ashanti says.
-
-He showed up to his first day of work in March 2007. The third floor of the New York City Law Department was like a relic of the drab municipal offices of the 1970s, with paralegals and claims specialists sitting in cubicles in the middle of the floor and attorneys occupying small windowless offices. Conference rooms had removable walls so they could double in size when teams of litigators fielded especially big cases. Armed NYPD officers — liaisons between Special Fed and its police clients — walked the halls.
-
-Ashanti handled about 40 lawsuits a year, and he found that few fit his Sean Bell binary. Most presented as murky, with imperfect evidence and plaintiffs who might have been breaking the law, introducing questions of credibility and sympathy with juries. One of his first assignments involved a class-action suit alleging that Rikers Island jailers were unconstitutionally strip-searching female inmates and conducting nonconsensual gynecological exams. Ashanti was one of eight or so lawyers on the Special Fed team. Questions about constitutional violations and public accountability receded as the day-to-day work ground on with arguments over records, process, and liability. (The suit was settled years later for $33 million.)
-
-Like most in his profession, Ashanti believed in some core tenets about representation: Attorneys are not their clients, and our adversarial system demands that each side have zealous counsel. But at Special Fed, almost from the start, he struggled to moderate that zeal. In a performance review, a superior noted that “Karl’s passion for an issue many times comes across as temper and this detracts from his professional demeanor.” Another report in 2011 chided Ashanti for getting into two “public confrontations,” one with a colleague and another with opposing counsel. At the same time, his bosses — all but a few of whom were white — were thrilled with the results he was getting. They praised him for settling cases for even less money than they had authorized.
-
-The lawyers who stood across the courtroom from Ashanti knew all about zealous advocacy, and they saw his behavior as needlessly hostile. Several felt he embodied what was wrong with Special Fed — a relentless sparring that obscured what was really at stake in the cases: civil rights and public accountability. Rose Weber, a longtime civil-rights lawyer who had worked at Special Fed in its early days, was especially disturbed by Ashanti’s tactics in a 2010 excessive-force case. Her client claimed to have been slammed to the ground by a plainclothes officer, rupturing discs in his back. In a motion, Ashanti wrote dismissively that the alleged abuse was “of minor importance.” The judge called the argument “as groundless as it is troubling.” Weber, who would go on to lose the case, spoke to other plaintiffs’ attorneys about Ashanti and collected a handful of confrontational anecdotes in a folder on her computer. Compared to that of other Special Fed lawyers, she says, Ashanti’s approach “wasn’t even beyond the realm. It was a realm of its own.”
-
-Another frequent opponent, Robert Quackenbush, had a more civil relationship with Ashanti. In a case with video evidence showing that police had lied in sworn testimony, he got into a dispute with Ashanti about compensation for his client, who had been punched and pepper-sprayed. Quackenbush cited two precedents that he believed supported his reasoning. Ashanti wrote, “I’ve read those cases and disagree but if we agreed about everything we wouldn’t be adversaries. Be well.”
-
-“The most charitable assessment is that he was extremely combative,” Quackenbush says. “People wanted to attribute his litigation style to his soul or something. I don’t personally do that. He was a Black man working for the City of New York on police cases at a time judges were finding the police were discriminating against Black people. That had to have been an impossible job and an impossible situation.”
-
-Ashanti was one of just a handful of Black lawyers within Special Fed. He said in a 2020 deposition that he detected a racial dimension to the way he was perceived by some opposing counsel. “If I push back on any issue, they’re like, ‘You don’t have to get so worked up. You don’t have to get so upset.’ And I’m like, ‘What are you talking about?’” he said. “There’s no use of the N-word, but it was the underlying idea of an overly-aggressive-Black-man kind of thing.”
-
-On a separate occasion, Ashanti took the testimony of a witness at an opposing attorney’s home office. It grew so contentious the other lawyer, Carmen Giordano, called 911. Giordano told a judge in the case that Ashanti “refused to stop yelling in a startling and menacing manner” and wouldn’t leave when asked. Ashanti denied that; he told the judge he had had a “momentary lapse in professionalism” that didn’t merit a “call for a police presence to put me back ‘in my place.’” He added that the idea that he was “threatening” was “predicated on an expectation of violence due to racist notions about Black men having an inherent propensity to commit violence, rather than the actual behavior of the individual.” His supervisor took his side.
-
-Within Special Fed, Ashanti talked with Black colleagues about the difficulties of advancement. “It was kind of harder to build a career as a Black attorney than as a white attorney,” he said in the 2020 deposition. But he also put that observation in context: “It’s not specific to the Law Department,” he said. “It’s just society. The Law Department is a microcosm of society.”
-
-When it came to his own cases, Ashanti says, he never felt angst. He could reconcile using his legal skills in defense of the police while at the same time recognizing that Black people were at greater risk of police maltreatment. Besides, the job provided him with a stable, middle-class life. He got married, and he and his wife, Jovanna, moved to Staten Island, where they would go on to raise two sons and be active in their church as born-again Christians.
-
-Ashanti compartmentalized. “Professionals do professional shit,” he says. “Excuse my language. But, like, if you’re a basketball player, you fucking play basketball. You do what you do, and I am a lawyer, so I lawyered up. I did my work.”
-
-**Whom exactly does** the city lawyer represent? The straightforward answer is the city, of course. But the issue gets more complicated if you consider whether New York is its citizens or its employees. When residents file lawsuits against the police, the text of the municipal charter turns into something of a paradox. It requires the Law Department to represent “the city and every agency thereof” but also says it should “maintain, defend and establish” the interests of “the people thereof.” Is it acting in anyone’s best interest to get a civil case against a police officer thrown out if it enables the officer to cross the line again?
-
-For years, Special Fed took the narrow view — that its lawyers represented the police and that its chief obligation was to minimize payouts over officers’ misconduct. That was especially true at the end of the Bloomberg administration, which clamped down by designating more cases “No Pay” and forcing the Special Fed lawyers who fielded them to go to trial.
-
-In 2014, however, Bill de Blasio was sworn in as mayor after campaigning on police reform, and it looked as though his administration would answer the question of representation in a dramatically more expansive way. De Blasio’s pick to lead the Law Department was Zachary Carter, an esteemed Black lawyer who had served as a U.S. Attorney and federal judge. Carter began telling city lawyers that they represented, in some fashion, the names on both sides of the *v.* in a lawsuit’s title. And he unveiled a new doctrine, “Justice in Our Work,” that he hoped would change the culture inside the agency.
-
-Curiously, Carter wanted the defense lawyers to act more like prosecutors — but only in the sense that they should exercise a degree of forbearance. Defense lawyers must argue every point in service of their clients, but the Supreme Court has held that prosecutors have an ethical obligation to deliver not just convictions but justice. They are meant to drop cases and withdraw charges when it seems like “the right thing” to do. In New York, that is the title of the District Attorneys Association’s ethics handbook, which opens by telling members there is a higher civic duty that goes beyond defeating the opposition. “Unlike other lawyers,” it reads, “the client we represent is the public, whose interests are not necessarily served by winning every case.”
-
-“Justice in Our Work” was a radical approach to city lawyering. It challenged Special Fed’s standard playbook: seeking dismissal, fighting disclosure, putting the screws to plaintiffs during depositions. In a memo to senior staff, Carter said he was not asking city attorneys to “turn a blind eye to clearly established law or fail to aggressively litigate when faced with sympathetic opposing parties.” Instead, he argued, they should use those analyses as starting points before settling on an outcome that would advance the “nebulous question” of what it means to act in the city’s best interest. “Failing to identify the just option among alternative legal positions is a failure to counsel the City in a way that allows it to fulfill one of its most fundamental obligations: to govern in a just manner,” he wrote.
-
-For a while, the new doctrine had a big impact. In January 2014, the administration ended the city’s efforts to defend its stop-and-frisk program. Later that year, Carter directed Special Fed to settle its highest-profile civil-rights case — brought by five Black and Hispanic men wrongly convicted of raping and beating a woman in Central Park in 1989 — for $41 million. But “Justice in Our Work” was not to last.
-
-That December, two police officers were assassinated while sitting in their patrol car, destroying what little remained of de Blasio’s relationship with the NYPD and its unions. Then Special Fed settled a case involving a Brooklyn man who was shot by police after he brandished a machete. The man had a weak claim, but city lawyers agreed to pay $5,000 to erase the chance that it could be heard by a sympathetic jury. The *Post* put it on the front page under the headline AX & YOU SHALL RECEIVE. Then-Commissioner Bill Bratton condemned the settlement, saying it was “outrageous” that the agency “is continuing to not support the men and women in this department.” The blowback was so hot that even de Blasio chimed in to say the payment was “wrong.”
-
-In a memo to union leaders, one of the mayor’s top aides clarified the administration’s police litigation policy, writing that the Law Department would “enhance the representation of police officers” sued while on the job. The NYPD created a new legal team to augment the Law Department. And Carter appointed a new head of Special Fed, Patricia Miller, who championed the “No Pay” approach. She is still in charge. This past March, during an interview on John Catsimatidis’s talk-radio show, a host asked Miller how hard it was to combat the media’s demonization of “the men and women in blue.” She responded, “I think you hit on a good point. We provide a voice for police officers.”
-
-Joel Berger, a civil-rights lawyer who served as a Law Department executive during the Dinkins administration, says there is a “buddy-buddy relationship between the NYPD and the Law Department that would’ve been unheard of in my day.” From the perspective of the civil-rights bar, Special Fed has for years put the interests of the police above those of its primary client: the city and the people who live there.
-
-**A few years** after Ashanti joined Special Fed, the city resolved a lawsuit brought by Sean Bell’s fiancée and others for $7 million. Ashanti thought it showed that his employer had a limit — that it would pay up in egregious cases — and that the settlement represented something like justice. “The cop isn’t going to sit down in a room and apologize to you,” he says. “In our civil system, it is money.”
-
-How much Special Fed agrees to pay plaintiffs is decided by a process known as “seeking authority.” In memos, lawyers present their bosses with the facts of their cases, including confidential details like internal NYPD disciplinary records, and request an amount they think will put the matter to rest. Ashanti says he came up with figures by weighing several factors: a fiscal responsibility to protect the Treasury, how likely he was to win, and precedents, adding more money when “the actions of the police were egregious or there was more of an injustice.”
-
-In general, Ashanti considered himself a force for good within a flawed system — an arbiter of civil-side justice, denying awards to those who would wrongly accuse good cops of bad deeds while working behind closed doors to get deserving clients justly compensated. But if that was true, it was well disguised from the New Yorkers who alleged their civil rights had been violated.
-
-In 2015, Ashanti was assigned a lawsuit against four officers accused of false arrest, excessive force, and other offenses. A 21-year-old man named Allen Brown had been a passenger in a car driven by a friend of a friend when police in an unmarked vehicle attempted to pull them over. To Brown’s shock, the driver sped off, then left the car and fled by foot. Brown, who is Black, panicked. He ran, too, hiding in the basement stairwell of a nearby house. A resident called 911. Brown later testified that even though he emerged with his hands raised, the cops beat him up, kicking him in the face multiple times while he was handcuffed.
-
-The officers denied this, but it wasn’t the first time they had been accused of misconduct. Ashanti’s unit had represented each of the officers in at least one prior case. One had already been named in three. Collectively, the cases cost taxpayers $158,000.
-
-Ashanti fought Brown vigorously. In the courtroom one day, he seemed to suggest that because Brown ran, he brought whatever happened upon himself. “Any force that was used was the product of the fact that not only did he flee from the vehicle but then trespassed on someone else’s property,” Ashanti said.
-
-Taken aback, Judge Ramon Reyes Jr. told Ashanti he thought he’d just “made a misstatement.”
-
-“Which is?” Ashanti asked.
-
-“That the force used was related to the fact that he was trespassing,” Reyes said. Ashanti started to talk, but the judge cut him off: “You can’t use force. Period.”
-
-Ashanti said he hadn’t meant to imply that. They went back and forth, and Reyes got exasperated. “Lower your voice,” he told Ashanti. “You think because you raise your voice, your arguments are more persuasive. They’re not.”
-
-Ashanti offered Brown $20,000 to settle. But Brown’s lawyers soon discovered that Ashanti hadn’t provided them with a key Internal Affairs report. A judge sanctioned the city for the failure. Ashanti protested that an “inadvertent clerical error” was to blame, but another judge upheld the penalty. The case, which Brown once offered to resolve for $200,000, eventually settled for $325,000.
-
-Brown is now 29. He says the purpose of his lawsuit was mostly to get some accountability for what had happened to him. He still feels particular resentment toward Ashanti, whose full-throated lawyering had made Brown seem like a liar. “It was the undermining — and the sort of sweeping under the rug — of what had happened to me,” Brown says. “I just feel it was very unfair.” He adds, “I don’t know if this is even the job to be empathetic, but he definitely lacked any sort of empathy or any level of understanding.”
-
-When told how Brown feels, Ashanti is unmoved. “How can I put this?” he says. “Civil rights can be violated and that person can still be a knucklehead, you know what I’m saying?” He claims that back at Special Fed, he had tried to advocate for Brown. “He wasn’t there, wasn’t privy to the conversations where I was trying to get authority for the case because I thought his civil rights were violated.” Ashanti says. “Mature people know these things, right? I’m not going to say, ‘Yeah, you’re right — these cops really fucked him up badly. How much do you want, Allen?’ Like, come on. Come the fuck on — excuse my language. Like, that’s not how things are done.”
-
-Ashanti sees the Brown case as an instance of his furthering the cause of justice, not the opposite. “It’s why you need people like me in those positions,” he says. “That’s what a fucking idiot like him is too stupid to see. You need someone like me in those positions versus a white guy who doesn’t give a fuck about you. Any intelligent person can see that, who’s actually mature enough to understand that two things can be true that are seemingly — seemingly — contradictory.”
-
-Not everyone at Special Fed could handle the dissonance. At the same time that he was working the Brown case, Ashanti was asked to mentor a new hire named David Ferrari, who was 25 and fresh out of law school. Like Ashanti eight years earlier, he was immediately assigned complex litigation. Unlike Ashanti, he revolted.
-
-Ferrari was besieged with cases, many of which were frivolous on their face. But he also found that in many of his assignments, officers accused of brutality or other civil-rights violations refused to tell him clearly what had happened. Interviewing cops in his third-floor office, he’d try and fail to get them to go beyond blanket statements like “I was forced to administer a blow.” Ferrari would tell his bosses that it was impossible for him to determine if the plaintiffs’ cases had merit. Ferrari recalls, “The response was ‘What are you talking about? He told you everything you need to know to make the case.’”
-
-Ferrari turned to Ashanti. Ferrari remembers him saying, “I hear you. I empathize. We’re all very stressed. We just have to keep our head down and keep pushing.” The job ate at Ferrari so much that his health suffered. “Doing the job well was different than doing the right thing,” he says. “Certainly, nobody encouraged me to do something unethical. The culture, the atmosphere, the need to not settle these cases lends itself to a toxic environment.” Ferrari quit after about two years, making sure the office knew he had nothing else lined up. “When I left, I had at least six different attorneys come to my office,” he says. “‘How did you escape this place? How do I get out of here?’ That’s when I felt really vindicated.”
-
-Ferrari says that when he heard about Ashanti’s arrest on Park Place in March 2018, he felt nothing but sympathy. “The job was not easy on him either,” he says. “My intuition was that as overworked as I was, I know he was more overworked. I knew that whatever cases that had the gray area we were struggling with, those were chosen for me because a first-year could handle it. His were a lot more complex.”
-
-Allen Brown’s reaction to Ashanti’s arrest is less generous. Ashanti, he says, is “getting a taste of his own medicine.”
-
-**After his altercation** with Officer Shapiro on the icy street, Ashanti spent 14 hours in custody. The experience was surreal. “The main component of my job was defending police officers in similar situations who are sometimes guilty of falsely arresting people. And this was one of them,” he says. “That irony hit me immediately.”
-
-His bosses suspended him while they investigated. Ashanti soon learned the breadth of Shapiro’s allegations — that not only had he supposedly shoved the officer but he’d also gone on a tirade, claiming that he’d be “contacting the media” and could no longer “work for this police department or this city anymore.” Ashanti denied saying those things. But then the *Post* published its “livid lawyer” article.
-
-Ashanti’s superiors did not see his arrest as an isolated incident. A year earlier, he had been brought before top management for violating city rules. Ashanti had represented his wife in small-claims court in a dispute with her former employer, a nonprofit wholly owned by a city agency — a clear conflict of interest. (He was later fined $8,500.) To the Law Department, Ashanti’s use of his city ID to enter a roped-off block was further proof that he felt the rules didn’t apply to him.
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-With his job in the balance, Ashanti got on the phone with Muriel Goode-Trufant, the agency’s managing attorney. “I knew it was a done deal,” he later testified, “but I expressed my disappointment in her as a Black woman to basically take the racist actions of this police officer that led to my false arrest and then to compound the problem, in order to appease the NYPD, by making me, in essence, a sacrificial lamb. I don’t think I used that term, *sacrificial lamb,* but that was it in sum and substance. So she was putting the interest- of appearances, or the relationship between the Law Department and the NYPD, over what’s right and what’s just.” It was the same argument that Ashanti’s opponents had been leveling against Special Fed for years.
-
-The conversation didn’t help. Within a week of his arrest, Ashanti was told he could resign or be fired. “Despite our frustrations with Karl, it did not mean that we disliked him, so we gave him the opportunity to make the choice,” Goode-Trufant said in a deposition.
-
-Over the next few months, prosecutors withdrew all the charges against Ashanti except for one count of harassment, which is punishable by up to 15 days in jail. That August, wearing a light-blue dress shirt and blue tie with white dots, Ashanti walked into a Manhattan courtroom for a bench trial. He sat at a table as his lawyer walked Shapiro through a crucial 12 seconds of surveillance footage, which doesn’t show any obvious shoves or step-backs.
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-The judge issued her decision: not guilty. “You know how we always complain we’re under surveillance everywhere?” says Ashanti’s wife, Jovanna. “Thank God for that. That’s what saved Karl.”
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-After his acquittal, Ashanti turned to reputation repair, hiring a company to scrub his Google results and enlisting members of his church to lobby the *Post* until the paper removed the story about his arrest from its website. He got a job at a firm representing plaintiffs in civil-rights litigation, advocating for them against the city. He was finally realizing his original ambitions of using the law to help others. “It just took a long, long time — a long, circuitous route to get here,” he says.
-
-Ashanti also sued the city and Shapiro for damages. (The officer has since drawn yet another lawsuit, his fifth in less than a decade. A Canal Street vendor claims that Shapiro yanked her arm so forcefully while arresting her that he broke her shoulder bone, an injury that required a plate and screws to repair. The city denies that claim and is defending him in state court.) Shapiro declined to comment. In a statement, a police spokesperson also declined to comment and denied, generally, that the police have “undue influence on the Special Fed and its work,” saying any claim that it does “is outrageous and inaccurate.”
-
-*Ashanti* v. *The City of New York* is ongoing. The city says it’s treating the case as it would any other. “While we work to vigorously protect the interests of the city in every case, we are always mindful that opposing parties are also citizens who should be treated with respect and whose claims should be evaluated fairly,” a spokesman says. “We have upheld all of these values in defending against the meritless case brought by Mr. Ashanti.”
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-As the case drags on, Ashanti sometimes sounds a bit like Brown. He complains that the city lawyer assigned to his lawsuit is treating it like a “No Pay” case and “fighting tooth and nail against me.” There is a deep sense of outrage, even hurt, in his voice. And yet when I asked him recently about the parallel to Brown, and whether his experience has made him rethink his own hardball tactics at Special Fed, he was unequivocal. “I did my job the right way,” he says.
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-Over a decade at Special Fed, Ashanti defended the police and jail guards in more than 300 cases accusing them of violating New Yorkers’ constitutional rights. “I didn’t become a Law Department counsel because I was afraid of how people would view me or I was afraid my liberal card would get snatched away, or my Black card,” he says. “I know who I am. I know what I’ve been through. I know what I believe.”
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-Jake Pearson is a reporter at ProPublica, where he covers criminal justice and the NYPD.
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-Karl Ashanti Defended the NYPD, Then He Was Arrested
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-# Kelly Harnett Had to Get Free
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-After helping dozens of her fellow prisoners, a jailhouse lawyer finally found the means to help herself.
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-Harnett gives advice to a woman she was locked up with who is still in prison. Photo: Brenda Ann Kenneally
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-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/4a6/c82/585164f7f1577e1771c05c316998d5aac9-DSC01437.rsquare.w700.jpg)
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-Harnett gives advice to a woman she was locked up with who is still in prison. Photo: Brenda Ann Kenneally
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-This article was featured in [One Great Story](http://nymag.com/tags/one-great-story/), *New York*’s reading recommendation newsletter. [Sign up here](https://nymag.com/promo/sign-up-for-one-great-story.html?itm_source=disitepromo&itm_medium=articlelink&itm_campaign=ogs_tertiary_zone) to get it nightly.
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-**Soon after** she was sent to Rikers in 2010, Kelly Harnett became a regular at the jail’s law library. She was looking for a loophole, a technical error, something that might set her free.
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-Harnett was 28 and facing murder charges for the killing of a stranger in a park in Queens. She was innocent, she would tell anyone who would listen; she had been a bystander, unable to stop her abusive boyfriend from choking the man.
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-Harnett paged through the law books. At first, nothing made any sense. But she decided that if she could simply memorize the statutes, she would understand them and could maybe even become good at law. “And everyone loves something they’re good at,” she told me.
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-She filed a motion to dismiss her indictment. She wrote and revised briefs, citations, arguments. On one occasion, Harnett was working under a deadline when flying water bugs hatched in an adjacent storage room and flooded into her cell. A guard refused to move her: “Guess what I did? I sat right on the floor, on top of the bugs but on a tipped-open garbage bag that I double-bagged, and got to work.” The motion was denied, but the story became, in her mind, one of triumph and resilience.
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-In the end, neither the prosecutor nor the jury bought Harnett’s story. In 2015, she was sentenced to 17 years to life and transferred to Bedford Hills Correctional Facility in Westchester. There, she was tapped to be a clerk at the law library. She worked with an aging PC with no access to the internet, a kiosk connected to a single legal-research database, and a printer that had to be hand-fed and that jammed every three pages. Still, she began writing motions for herself and other incarcerated women. Harnett — blonde with thick mascara and a bright smile — soon earned a few prison nicknames: Law Library and Esquire (and, to her best friends, the more personal moniker Boobs).
-
-Prison life was bleak. Sometimes there was violence: a hot pot to the head, a fork to the eye. But otherwise the days were tedious and sad. Stand for count at 5:30 a.m. Turkey tetrazzini like dog food, undercooked chili with hard rice. Mothers stood in line to get on the phone, trying to raise children on overpriced 30-minute calls. For one five-year stretch, Harnett didn’t receive a single visitor. She took solace in the law library.
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-Tye Gillespie, who served seven years with Harnett, told me that legal work was Harnett’s “whole life.” “She’d do it in her cell,” Gillespie said. “It would be packed with piles of papers, stacks of copies and legal papers. She helped everybody. She’s done better than paid lawyers.”
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-Harnett never seemed to get anywhere with her own case, but some of the motions she filed for other women were successful. “People were getting good results,” said Heidi Stumbo, who met Harnett in prison in 2015. Women were landing court dates and being released. “You got Kelly and things started rolling,” said Stumbo. “She did it all; she knew it all.”
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-By Harnett’s count, four women were released because of her work, and many others moved their cases forward. She was officially a jailhouse lawyer: an incarcerated person, typically self-taught, who does legal work, gives legal advice, and advocates for herself and others in prison.
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-She told me that she had modeled herself on the only jailhouse lawyer she knew back then: Jerry Rosenberg, a.k.a. Jerry the Jew, the subject of a 1982 biography, *Doing Life,* that was adapted into a TV movie starring Tony Danza. A prison volunteer who learned about Harnett’s passion for the law had given her a yellowed copy of *Doing Life,* which Harnett obsessively read and underlined. “Jerry the Jew was getting everyone out,” she said. “He kept me going.” She had a dream that when she was released, she would start a small foundation to provide post-conviction legal aid to people most lawyers would reject. At the door, she would have a big sign dedicating the foundation to Rosenberg. “It would say ‘In loving memory of Jerry the Jew,’” she told me, then reconsidered. “Maybe it would say ‘Jerry Rosenberg’ because people could take it wrong, like an ethnic thing. But he really was Jerry the Jew.”
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-Harnett became focused on the ways in which the criminal legal system targeted women and specifically survivors of abuse like herself. She discovered that nearly all her friends inside had been abused before they came to prison and that, for most, the abuse was in some way directly connected to their incarceration. “I looked around and thought, *If it wasn’t for her abuser, she wouldn’t be here.* *And if it wasn’t for* her *abuser, she wouldn’t be here,*” she said. There were about 30 women in the room. Harnett envisioned releasing everyone who had a crime related to enduring abuse: In her mind’s eye, the room emptied out; just two remained.
-
-Deatrice Morris, who like Harnett had been witness to a murder by an abusive boyfriend, told me that neither her defense attorneys nor the prosecutors seemed to find the terror she suffered at home relevant to her case. “With women that dealt with anything with domestic violence, they would never believe nobody,” Morris said. “Kelly believed me.”
-
-Harnett had all but exhausted her own options when, in 2019, a law passed in New York State that would supply her with a powerful weapon. It gave judges more leeway to take abuse into account during sentencing in certain cases and even allowed for resentencing. Harnett knew this shift could present dozens, maybe hundreds, of women with a chance to have a new hearing. It also made her think, for the first time in years, that she too might have a path toward freedom.
-
-**Harnett first learned** about the [Domestic Violence Survivors Justice Act](https://www.ils.ny.gov/files/NYC%20-%20What%20is%20DVSJA.pdf) in 2014 when she received a letter from an organization that had been campaigning for the law’s passage. The DVSJA, the letter said, “would allow judges to sentence DV survivors convicted of crimes as a result of abuse to shorter prison terms … the bill would also give currently incarcerated survivors the opportunity to apply to the courts to be resentenced.” Harnett tucked it away.
-
-The need for some sort of change was clear. There were 231,000 women and girls in prisons and jails and ICE facilities in the U.S. in 2019, more than eight times as many as in 1980. Studies have shown that up to 94 percent of the population of some women’s detention facilities experienced physical or sexual violence prior to incarceration. A 2015 report by the Human Rights Project for Girls described what it called the “sexual abuse to prison” pipeline, which channeled girls from abusive homes to juvenile-justice facilities to adult prisons.
-
-“It’s not unusual for women to be held responsible for crimes that are committed by their intimate partners if they can be placed at the scene in any way,” said Leigh Goodmark, a professor at the University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law and the author of the forthcoming book *Imperfect Victims: Criminalized Survivors and the Promise of Abolition Feminism.* She pointed to a survey of incarcerated women in Oklahoma that found that more than 75 percent of women whose male partners were involved in their crimes had been abused by them. Many women go to trial instead of taking plea deals because “when you believe that you haven’t done anything wrong, you might have enough faith in the legal system to think that you’ll be acquitted,” Goodmark said.
-
-Over the past four years, I’ve written to approximately 10,000 people in women’s prisons across the U.S. My project is ongoing, but an early analysis shows that 33 percent of my respondents had been convicted of a crime involving a male partner and 13 percent were convicted of committing crimes with the people who abused them. One Florida woman wrote that her partner made her drive him to the burglaries he committed. If she refused, she continued, “he would drag me off the couch or down the hall by my hair, he would kick me, hit me in the head … He was also putting a gun to my head.” One day, she wrote, as she waited in the car, her husband killed the person he was robbing. She got 50 years. A Missouri woman wrote that her husband beat her and later implicated her in a murder. She was serving a life sentence. “I honestly believe he didn’t want me to be out there & him locked up, so that’s why he took me down,” she wrote to me in a letter. “He is the only one who knows I wasn’t there.”
-
-Governor [Andrew Cuomo](https://nymag.com/tags/andrew-cuomo/) signed the DVSJA into law in 2019. Cuomo had fashioned himself as an advocate for survivors of abuse and gender-based violence but during his tenure commuted the sentences of only four women who had claimed a gender-violence defense. (His successor, [Kathy Hochul](https://nymag.com/tags/kathy-hochul/), a longtime survivors’ advocate, has an even more dismal commutation record.) Two years after signing the law, [Cuomo resigned](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/andrew-cuomo-resigns.html) when multiple women accused him of sexual misconduct.
-
-Once the DVSJA passed, Harnett studied the new law and created a template for women at Bedford Hills to assess their own eligibility. She also wrote a letter to an appellate attorney on behalf of Morris. The attorney took Morris on pro bono and won her a reduced sentence. “If I didn’t have Kelly to help me, they would have just left me there,” Morris, who is now free, told me. “As long as another Black person was locked up, the legal system didn’t care.”
-
-Harnett was serving a vital but overlooked role in the legal system. Jailhouse lawyers advocate for a vulnerable population with little knowledge of the law and few resources: According to the Prison Policy Initiative advocacy group, a quarter of formerly incarcerated people have not graduated from high school, and in 2015 imprisoned women had made a median pre-incarceration income of under $14,000 a year. Convicted people usually do not have the right to free counsel beyond a first appeal, so finding a good jailhouse lawyer might be the only option.
-
-One of the most famous jailhouse lawyers was Calvin Duncan, who spent 29 years in Angola prison, where he worked in the law library. He helped numerous people find freedom before the Innocence Project New Orleans aided him with his own release in 2011. Inside, Duncan met many Black men who had been convicted and sentenced to life without parole by nonunanimous (and mostly white) juries. He went on to play a crucial role in a Supreme Court case that found such juries unconstitutional and is now attending law school.
-
-While in prison, Harnett had connected with Kate Mogulescu, the director of the Survivors Justice Project at Brooklyn Law School, which focuses on supporting the proper implementation of the DVSJA statewide. Mogulescu offered to represent Harnett if she wanted to make her own DVSJA application. Harnett was wary at first: She hoped to clear her name entirely, and the DVSJA kept a conviction on record. Perhaps equally problematic, the DVSJA required an excavation of trauma. Mogulescu encouraged her to move forward, but Harnett stalled. “I kept telling her, ‘Yeah, yeah, I started it. It’s coming along good,’” Harnett said. In truth, she struggled to delve so deeply into her past. “When I became this jailhouse lawyer, I did it because it made my emotions null and void,” she told me. But to file an application under the DVSJA, “I had to tell my whole life story … I had to relive every single thought, every single memory I’d been trying to suppress, and not just relive them but articulate them.”
-
-**In 2010, Harnett, then 28,** was living with her mother, Kathleen, and brother, Ronnie, in a modest two-bedroom in Astoria, wrestling with drug addiction and dating a man named Thomas Donovan. Donovan, 31, was muscular and dour with shorn hair and multiple tattoos, including the words KEINE GNADE — German for “no mercy” — across his hand. He claimed he was a former UFC fighter and told Harnett that his hands were “registered deadly weapons.”
-
-The two had met at a methadone clinic and developed a routine: They would line up for their daily dose at Union Square, have a coffee with some friends, then head to Queens where Harnett liked to pray at Immaculate Conception Church on Ditmars Boulevard. If Donovan was in the mood, he’d identify someone in a park who he knew had drugs (usually an acquaintance), place them in a choke hold, and steal their stash. At night, Harnett slept at home while Donovan crashed at a friend’s house in Staten Island. Then they would do it again the next day.
-
-That summer, Donovan had added steroids to his daily intake and grown more aggressive and unpredictable. He began to abuse Harnett daily. He threw her into a tree, slapped her, punched her in the stomach, sucker punched her in the back of the head, and regularly choked her. In one instance, a blood vessel in her eye burst and her eyeball stayed red for a month. A neighbor saw Donovan grab Harnett by her hair and fling her to the ground.
-
-On July 4, Harnett and Donovan walked to Astoria Park. They watched the fireworks display and slept rough on a verdant stretch of grass along the East River. On July 5, they slept in the park again. On July 6, according to Harnett, they returned to the park for the night and consumed Xanax, cocaine, clonazepam, beer, and Four Loko.
-
-There, Donovan and Harnett met Ruben Angel Vargas, a 31-year-old man with thick black hair and a light mustache who worked for a hair-accessories company. Vargas was drinking alone, a worn Alcoholics Anonymous card in his wallet. Harnett and Donovan joined him. In the distance, the city lights sparkled.
-
-According to Harnett, at around 2 a.m., Donovan went to the store for more Four Loko, borrowing Vargas’s bike. While Donovan was away, Harnett says, Vargas propositioned her. When Donovan returned, Harnett told him she wanted to leave. When he ignored her, she told him what had happened, at which point Donovan said he was “going to kill” Vargas. He attacked him, forced him to his knees, and held him in a choke hold. Harnett began to scream and beg. Donovan told her to “shut up” and threatened to kill her next.
-
-In Harnett’s telling, Vargas did not die as quickly as Donovan had expected. Donovan kept checking his pulse. Finally, Donovan demanded Harnett’s shoelace. He fixed her with a stare that she described as “pure evil, like I was looking into the eyes of a person who wasn’t even there anymore.” She pulled the lace from her sneaker and handed it to Donovan. Harnett recalled that Donovan wrapped the shoelace around Vargas’s neck until the shoelace broke. Then he removed his belt, which he used to strangle Vargas until the man slumped to the ground.
-
-Harnett took two Xanax and began to pray aloud: “Forgive Tommy for what he’s done.” Donovan ordered Harnett to help him pick up the items scattered around, including money from Vargas’s wallet. She did as he said and then walked with him out of the park.
-
-Moments earlier, a man named Armondo Perez, who was in the park after his restaurant shift, had heard shouting. He ducked down, peered over a wall, and, as he would later testify, saw a tall white man choking a kneeling person as a short white woman kicked the victim. Perez alerted police, who arrived to find Vargas dead. They tracked Harnett and Donovan to a park exit, arrested them, and transported them to the 114th Precinct station house. There, Harnett went to the bathroom and realized she had begun to menstruate. She also had seven Xanax tablets hidden in her vagina. She swallowed them all. She says she was not provided with sanitary napkins or tampons. Her clothes, including her underwear, bra, and shoes, were taken, and she was given a paper jumpsuit, into which she bled heavily for days as temperatures rose into the 90s. To go to the bathroom, she had to pull the entire jumpsuit down. Male officers, she recalls, stared at her bare breasts. (The NYPD declined to comment.)
-
-No transcript or video or audio records of Harnett’s interrogation exist. Harnett contends that she was simultaneously intoxicated and in withdrawal. She was also preoccupied by the fact that she had no proper clothing, was covered in her own menstrual blood, and had just witnessed a murder. She says she asked for an attorney and was not provided one. (Under oath, the detective testified that Harnett had been read her Miranda rights and that she willingly spoke with him.) Harnett wrote a three-page statement in a shaky hand. “I was begging him to stop and even tried pulling his arm off of this man,” she wrote. “I pray for that man in the park.” Harnett maintains that while this part of the statement was true, other parts were false: She wrote that Donovan killed Vargas because he believed Vargas had stolen his sneakers, and she wrote that she had been sleeping when the incident began. “I made this whole fucking story up about a pair of sneakers,” Harnett told me. “I didn’t want to implicate myself by saying he hit on me.”
-
-Donovan wrote his own statement, pointing the finger back at Harnett. He claimed that, to defend her, he’d fought with Vargas, who was “very strong,” until he felt “extremely weak from grappling.” At that point, Harnett took over, trying to strangle Vargas single-handedly with a shoelace. (Donovan, a self-professed fighter, was about six feet and 200 pounds, but in his telling, he was almost overpowered by a far smaller man who had a nearly lethal blood-alcohol level — a man whom Harnett was then able to take down on her own.) Donovan and Harnett were arraigned together and sent to Rikers Island.
-
-Donovan swiftly negotiated a guilty plea for manslaughter in exchange for 15 years. On August 2, 2010, during Donovan’s hearing, Assistant District Attorney Shawn Clark questioned him about Harnett. Donovan put it on the record that Harnett was involved in the fatal choking of Vargas, and Clark declared the plea acceptable. Donovan was shipped to a maximum-security prison upstate.
-
-Harnett wasn’t tried until three years later. She did not speak in her own defense, hamstrung by the fact that her actual account and the account in her written statement would differ. The main witness, then, was Perez, the man who had been at the park on the morning of the murder. In his opening statement, Clark told the jury that Perez had watched Harnett and Donovan “very closely.” Later, however, a police officer testified that the body was found in a place with “no light. It’s too far off the path.” In Clark’s direct examination, he made a simple request to Perez: “Take a look around the whole courtroom and tell me if you see that girl today, the one you just described for us that was kicking the man and had the blonde hair.”
-
-“She is not here,” Perez testified.
-
-Harnett was sitting a few yards away, at the defense table, wearing a purple shirt.
-
-“Did you look around the whole courtroom?” Clark asked.
-
-“Yes.”
-
-“Do you see her here today?”
-
-“No.”
-
-The jury found Harnett guilty of murder in the second degree anyway.
-
-At the sentencing hearing, Harnett apologized to the Vargas family, but she maintained that she had not assaulted Vargas. “I was deathly afraid of my co-defendant, and I was about to become his next victim,” she said. “I believe he would have killed me too, and instead of prosecuting a case with one victim, it would have been two … I’m not taking away from the fact that there is a victim here, and I know a person did die. But unfortunately, the court is now taking my life as well. And I’m going to do everything in my power to see to it that doesn’t stay that way.”
-
-**In 2013, while in prison,** Donovan sent at least two letters to Harnett’s legal team in which he said he regretted implicating Harnett, admitted to being abusive to her, and confirmed that he alone killed Vargas out of anger and later “concocted a version of events” for authorities. Donovan related a recollection of the killing that was similar to Harnett’s — she was crying, pleading with him to stop, and trying to push him off Vargas, he wrote — and he offered to help Harnett if he could. But Donovan’s admission came too late to have any effect on her trial. In 2017, he died in prison of an overdose.
-
-The same year Donovan sent his letters, Harnett decided to call Clark, the prosecutor who put her away. He picked up the phone. He didn’t say much, but he listened, and he continued to do so over the next decade. Harnett estimates she called Clark about 200 times. She insisted that she had been wrongfully convicted. She tested out legal arguments. She accused Clark, politely, of violating her right to a fair trial. She congratulated him on the birth of his child and wept about her ailing mother. She raged about improper treatment by prison authorities, including a guard who she said sexually abused her; Clark, she said, helped get the guard removed from the facility. She also managed to record a conversation with Clark, which she tried to use in court against him. “I thought he’d never speak to me again,” she said. He still took her calls: “He was quieter.”
-
-When I contacted Clark, he wasn’t willing to give an interview beyond confirming that he had been in touch with Harnett for a long time. “Over the years, yes, Kelly Harnett has called me from jail,” he told me. “Is it unusual for a defendant to call me? Yes. Has it happened before? Yes. Over the past 11 years, is she the one who has called the most? Absolutely.”
-
-I pointed out to Harnett that Clark had played perhaps the single most significant role in her incarceration. As a prosecutor, he had immense discretion: His office could have declined to indict her or argued for a lower charge, a lesser sentence. Instead, Clark had tried her aggressively and sought a harsh sentence.
-
-“I don’t hold grudges,” Harnett said, shrugging. “People have fucked-up jobs, and he’s one of them.”
-
-According to Harnett, Clark refused to give her legal advice over the years. And then, just before Christmas 2021, Harnett messaged me: Clark had mentioned the DVSJA to her on a call. Did this mean his office would be receptive?
-
-The stakes were so high, and her options were vanishingly few. “I just want to go home already,” she wrote me. “If I stay here much longer, I may never see my mother again. I already have not seen her in over 7 years.”
-
-On January 7, 2022, Harnett, Mogulescu, and a team from the Survivors Justice Project finally filed her DVSJA application. In it, Harnett recounted her childhood in a devoutly Catholic home where she was exposed to substance abuse, mental illness, and violence. Harnett’s father, whom she adored, struggled with alcoholism. He beat and strangled her mother, then left the family. Harnett, Kathleen, and Ronnie were evicted from several apartments, once taking shelter in a McDonald’s. Kathleen battled debilitating depression and an ossifying spinal condition that left her bedbound and reliant on pain medication.
-
-By the time Harnett was 12, she too was taking opiates; by 17, she was consuming Vicodin, Demerol, Percocet, OxyContin, and fentanyl regularly. When Harnett was in her late teens, her father returned to the family home. A few years later, he died, at 51, of an overdose in the bedroom.
-
-Harnett had trouble forging healthy relationships. By the time she met Donovan, she had been with one man who broke her ribs and another who chased her with a knife. She had dropped out of college and lost her job at a fashion website. She thought daily of suicide. “You could say I put up with a lot of things that the average person would not have,” she told me.
-
-For her DVSJA application, Harnett detailed these experiences for the first time ever. Although the process was painful, Harnett was proud that she had managed it. “I always told 28-year-old Kelly, ‘I’ll come back for you one day,’” she told me, referring to the age she had been at the time of her arrest. “But I didn’t just come back for her and save her; she also saved me, too.”
-
-On April 27, 2022, Harnett was shackled and driven to the Queens County State Supreme Court. She wore an ill-fitting white button-down shirt, oversize beige slacks, and stiff black boots, all state issued. Harnett, now 40 years old, had slicked on pink lipstick and pulled back her hair.
-
-She was led out into a vast courtroom made of dark wood. A third of the fluorescent lights were broken or flickering, and the room’s dimness, paired with its lack of windows, gave it the feel, at once cavernous and claustrophobic, of a mausoleum. The judge, Bruna DiBiase, turned to Harnett. To Harnett’s astonishment, she saw that DiBiase was smiling. Harnett estimated that she had been to court 135 times over the years, but no judge had ever smiled at her.
-
-DiBiase said she had read all of Harnett’s writings. Harnett was shocked — she had written hundreds of briefs for herself and others but assumed that most went unread and straight into a file or trash can (she often inserted jokes and emoji into the text for her own entertainment).
-
-“Without question, Ms. Harnett, you are an example of someone that never gave up,” DiBiase said. “You demonstrated exceptional personal growth, and you provided support to other women during the time you have been incarcerated.” DiBiase called Harnett “a survivor” and “a changed individual.” Harnett began to tear up. To her surprise, the judge did, too.
-
-In the months since DiBiase had received Harnett’s DVSJA application  
-and ordered a hearing, Harnett’s lawyer and the Queens district attorney’s office had come to an agreement that Harnett would forgo her application and that, instead, her murder conviction would be vacated and she would plead guilty to manslaughter, a lesser charge, in exchange for time served. Harnett took the deal.
-
-She extended her apologies and sympathies to the Vargas family. She thanked her supporters and the judge. “As Your Honor is aware, I have been fighting for years and I have basically consumed every avenue of release, and this was literally my last chance,” she said.
-
-Just over a week later, Harnett walked out of prison.
-
-**In late September,** Harnett returned to the Queens County State Supreme Court. This time, she walked through the front door carrying a vase filled with six artificial roses. They were a gift for DiBiase. When Harnett saw the judge, she put out her hand, but DiBiase wrapped her in a hug. Harnett’s case, DiBiase told me, had been “wonderful” to preside over. “It’s unusual to be able to free sentenced people,” she said.
-
-DiBiase had her own tragedies: Her only son had died of a drug overdose in 2012, and her daughter, struggling with unresolved grief and a substance-abuse disorder, had fatally hit a cyclist in 2019 while driving under the influence; she was now serving a sentence in a prison where DiBiase visited her regularly. “My cumulative life experience has brought a certain amount of compassion to my work,” DiBiase told me, a pile of DVSJA applications sitting on her desk.
-
-Mogulescu told me that so far, the relatively new DVSJA has given 35 incarcerated women and four men a second chance. “When people have been convicted of crimes and are serving long sentences, their pathways into the courts are closed off,” Mogulescu said. “But when you have a law that allows you to get in the door, things happen.” According to initial data from the Survivors Justice Project, the DVSJA has led to total sentence reductions of more than 70 years, including seven potential life sentences; if the DVSJA had been available at the time of initial sentencing, it would have prevented more than 250 years of unnecessary incarceration.
-
-When the DVSJA was first being considered, the District Attorneys Association of the State of New York objected that it could affect too many incarcerated people. The bill, the association wrote in an open letter, “creates a strong incentive for every violent offender to claim that he or she was subjected to some form of domestic abuse in order to receive a more lenient sentence.”
-
-But that wasn’t how the DVSJA played out in real life. After it was passed, no floodgates opened. To apply for resentencing under the DVSJA in the first place, a person generally needs some evidence of physical, sexual, or psychological abuse, which almost always occurs in private and is massively unreported and underprosecuted. Prosecutors have opposed those with apparently far-fetched arguments, like the woman who claimed that her boyfriend’s abuse had caused her to hit a romantic rival with her car and drive with the woman’s body on the hood.
-
-Even in seemingly clear-cut cases, prosecutors have often argued against applications. Patrice Smith, a 38-year-old Black woman, had been incarcerated since age 16. She applied for the DVSJA on the grounds that she had been raped and sexually exploited by the 71-year-old minister she strangled. The DA argued that the abuse had no relation to the “gruesome” killing. Mogulescu and her team put countless hours into Smith’s case. After nearly 22 years inside, Smith was released.
-
-Some prosecutors, like Miriam E. Rocah of Westchester County, have proved more open to the law. “It sounded like a real advancement and more nuanced and modern understanding of domestic violence and the impact — lasting impact — that abuse and trauma can have on people,” she told me.
-
-Rocah’s office had consented to the DVSJA application of Jonitha Alston, who was serving 12 years for fatally stabbing her abusive boyfriend after he became physical with her 5-year-old daughter and then approached Alston with a knife. Rocah’s office even took the unusual step of splitting the cost of an expert witness with Alston’s attorneys. But nonetheless, Rocah had asked that Alston be sentenced to five years, telling me that the law was not a “free pass.”
-
-I asked why Alston got a significant sentence when she was protecting herself and her child. “A life was taken here,” Rocah said. “You have to really look at every case and both the history of the abuse and how severe was it. How much does that play into whether there’s a tie-in? It sounds complicated, but it’s the kind of analysis we do every day under criminal law.”
-
-Judges, who ultimately determine the fate of DVSJA applications, can be resistant to the law. In 2019, Nicole Addimando, a Poughkeepsie woman, was convicted of killing her sexually and physically abusive boyfriend, who she said was threatening her with a gun while her children slept in the next room. She brought sexual-assault hospital reports and photographic evidence of abuse to her DVSJA hearing. Addimando’s judge, Edward T. McLoughlin, saw photos of her deeply bruised face and body, as well as pictures of Addimando bound and naked, and listened to community members and medical and psychiatric professionals testify to the years of abuse she endured. Then he told Addimando that she might have “reluctantly consented” to “intimate acts you were very uncomfortable with,” called her “a broken person,” denied her application, and sentenced her to 19 years to life. After a pro bono white-shoe law firm poured over 4,000 hours into appealing Addimando’s case, McLoughlin’s decision was overturned. Still, appellate judges ordered that Addimando serve seven and a half years.
-
-**In her last** days in prison, Harnett had learned that her mother was in the hospital in critical condition. As soon as she got out, she visited her. Kathleen was emaciated and immobilized.
-
-“Hi, Mommy,” Harnett said, taking Kathleen’s hands in hers. “It’s me.”
-
-“You look so pretty,” Kathleen said. “Is it really you? Are you back for good?”
-
-“Yes, Ma. It’s for good.”
-
-Within the next week, Kathleen was moved back to her apartment and installed on a hospital bed. Harnett, who was in a transitional house in Queens, went home for the first time in over a decade. Walking in, she gasped. The drawn blinds were covered in grime. There was little furniture. The floor was black, the walls yellowed, the ceiling damp from the upstairs neighbor’s bathroom leak. In the kitchen, Harnett saw a sauce stain on the stove; she was pretty sure she’d spilled it 12 years earlier.
-
-Her 73-year-old mother, she realized, had been sleeping on a worn mattress on the floor in a back room for years. Her brother had been sleeping on a chair. The fridge had only frozen pizza, ice cream, and Gatorade bottles filled with tap water. Harnett cleaned for the rest of the day and went back that night, exhausted, to the transitional house, where she was trying to get her new life on track.
-
-One of the first things Harnett managed to do was secure a job. While in prison, she’d met Tyler Walton, a project attorney at NYU Law’s Bernstein Institute who oversees the Jailhouse Lawyer Initiative. Walton was impressed by Harnett’s ability and vast knowledge. “She’s a superb legal mind,” he told me. JLI offered Harnett a temporary position. Jhody Polk, JLI’s founder and a former Florida jailhouse lawyer, was excited to bring Harnett on. Of the 400 jailhouse lawyers whom JLI interacted with, only four were women, but Polk knew that women were invaluable to the prison-reform and abolition movements. “When a woman can save herself, she will naturally save every fucking thing around her,” Polk told me.
-
-Harnett was thrilled and planned to start immediately. She had her first-day look ready, inspired by Elle Woods in *Legally Blonde*: teal blouse, magenta lip gloss, cherry-red tote. She was practicing with a curling iron after a long styling hiatus. She had back-to-back meetings set. But the night before her first day, Ronnie called: Kathleen was struggling. Harnett wanted to go to the apartment, but her parole curfew made it impossible. She sat in her room 30 minutes away calling Ronnie repeatedly. By the next morning, Kathleen was in the hospital. She died before Harnett could get there.
-
-Harnett at a small shrine she made for her mother, Kathleen, who died shortly after Harnett was released from prison. On the table are well-worn letters containing prayers that Harnett sent to Kathleen when she was locked up as well as a copy of jailhouse lawyer Jerry Rosenberg’s biography, Doing Life. Photo: Brenda Ann Kenneally
-
-JLI pushed Harnett’s start date back, and she returned to Astoria. For ten days, she cleaned, going through four mops. The apartment, at long last, was sparkling.
-
-On May 25, Harnett finally headed to NYU, snapping grinning selfies on the subway and posing in front of the law-school sign. The prison system, she wrote on Facebook, was “never able to take what is inside of me.”
-
-The next day, she called me, whispering. “I’ve been trying for an hour and a half. I don’t know how to turn the computer on,” she said. Using FaceTime, I diagnosed the issue: She’d been tapping at the monitor, but the case on the floor held the power button. Her secondhand phone was always dying. She struggled with uploading items to Google Drive. Uber confused her: You were supposed to just get into a random person’s Toyota? She didn’t have a computer at home.
-
-Money was another constant stressor. Kathleen’s Social Security checks had been cut off, and the family had no savings. Harnett’s account balance hovered near zero. A connection she made on LinkedIn had paid off when a civil-court judge offered her an internship, but Harnett was disappointed to learn that it was unpaid. Still, she attended the civil proceedings in the mornings and worked at NYU from 1 p.m. until 9 p.m. She co-authored a paper for a university law review. It didn’t pay, though a professor loaned her a laptop for her troubles, an enormous boon. She taught students at Brooklyn Law School about criminal-procedure law — again, not for much money, but she figured it would all look good on a résumé. Harnett’s job at JLI, supported by a grant, ran only through January. She’d need to find new work.
-
-Harnett wanted to attend law school but instead began applying for jobs as a paralegal, buying a plaid blazer at T.J.Maxx to help her stand out. At the top of her résumé, she listed her primary source of experience: 12 years as a law clerk for the Department of Corrections and Community Supervision. “It’s technically true,” she said. She told the rest of the story once she landed an interview. By December, she had applied to more than 300 jobs. She knocked on doors and handed out résumés. Many people were interested, she said, until they learned about her conviction.
-
-Some days, Harnett was overwhelmed by anxiety and frustration. She felt that her record overshadowed who she was and what she was capable of. “These people are not seeing me, they’re not hearing me,” she said. “They’re not seeing what I can do.” Other days, she tried to focus on her long-term plans, the ones she’d had back when she was locked up and didn’t know if she’d ever get free. In her work space at NYU, Harnett tacked up a sign, printed on 8.5-by-11-inch paper. IN LOVING MEMORY OF JERRY ROSENBERG, AMERICAN’S GREATEST JAILHOUSE LAWYER, it read. It was a start.
-
-Kelly Harnett Had to Get Free
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-&emsp;
-&emsp;
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-Tag: ["🚔", "👮🏼‍♂️", "🤥", "👶🏻", "🇺🇸"]
-Date: 2023-06-05
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-06-05
-Link: https://www.theverge.com/features/23737494/kid-cop-chicago-police-impersonator
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-06-22]]
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-
-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-KidCopthestoryofchicagospoliceimpersonatorNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# Kid Cop: the wild story of Chicago’s most infamous police impersonator
-
-When Vincent Richardson was 14 years old, he wore a police uniform into Chicago’s Third District Grand Crossing police station and reported for duty. It was January 24th, 2009, and he told officers he’d been assigned by another district to work a shift there. An intake officer issued Vincent a police radio and ticket book; then, the officer assigned Vincent a partner and a police cruiser. 
-
-Over the next five hours, they drove around the South Side of Chicago monitoring hot spots and responding to calls from dispatch. Vincent helped with traffic stops. He communicated with dispatchers using specific criminal codes about activities on the beat. He even assisted in an arrest helping to [place handcuffs](https://apnews.com/article/arrests-archive-chicago-b6d836f299014d8db4a153ff11b5993f) on someone suspected of violating a protective order.
-
-He did this as an eighth grader. His uniform was a costume. And no one realized he was just a kid pretending to be a cop.
-
-Vincent and his partner returned to Grand Crossing station later that evening. The captain on duty noticed the small, clean-shaven officer and asked Vincent to produce a badge. He couldn’t, of course. The captain searched him and discovered Vincent’s gun holster was empty; he’d crammed a newspaper into his body armor bag to make it look full. The captain placed Vincent under arrest and charged him as a juvenile with the misdemeanor offense of impersonating a police officer.
-
-Or at least that was the official narrative at the time: while Vincent had pulled one over on the Windy City and its police department, it was just one embarrassing police shift, five hours long. And then it was over. 
-
-So began the legend of the Kid Cop. Every newspaper and TV station in the city covered the story. It became the focus of city council hearings. “If \[police\] can’t keep a watchful eye on their own station, how in the world are they going to protect the community?” one local resident [told the *Chicago Defender*](https://chicagodefender.com/weis-cpd-to-explain-to-city-how-child-cop-breach-occurred/). Jody Weis, then Chicago’s police commissioner, went on a meeting and media tour to try and assure the public that this was a very unusual situation that wouldn’t happen again.
-
-From all indications, Weis’ tour worked. The story turned into a joke. National late-night comedians picked it up. The Chicago news cycle rolled on. Prosecutors gave Vincent probation, a lenient sentence. The Chicago Police Department’s Internal Affairs bureau produced a report on the incident, and 14 officers received disciplinary action. Police brass suspended his temporary partner and the captain for a few days without pay. No one lost their job.
-
-Vincent’s mom, Veronica, may have meted out his harshest penalty: she took away his PlayStation and grounded him. He wasn’t even allowed to go outside and play basketball for a while.
-
-“When you train to be a cop, they train you to stand big,” he said. “You stand bigger than you stand tall.”
-
-But things never quite got back to normal. The experience changed him. Vincent had spent almost two years in the Chicago Police Department’s Youth Explorer program before he became Kid Cop. And every day, he’d do as he was instructed, taking the job seriously. The training he got was almost identical to what police would receive, with the exception of firearms. 
-
-“There are certain types of people who do certain things, jump out of planes, join the Army. Firefighters jump into burning buildings. These are adrenaline-seeking junkies,” he said. “These are cops. That’s why they love to do the job they do. They weren’t trained for nothing else in the world.”
-
-Vincent put every hour of his free time into being an Explorer. And he began to think of himself as part of the police brotherhood. He fucked up, he admits that. But wasn’t the point of the program to make Explorers feel like cops? So why not *be* a cop when presented with the opportunity?
-
-After he got caught, there was no way he was going to be allowed back into the Explorer program. It was an existential crisis for young Vincent.
-
-“I was like, ‘What am I gonna do?’” he said. “This is all I basically did my whole time. I didn’t know what to do. I didn’t know how to be a teenager.” 
-
-But if he’d learned anything about being a cop, the job was about perception. The power of police is self-fulfilling: they have authority because people believe they have authority. 
-
-“When you train to be a cop, they train you to stand big,” he said. “You stand bigger than you stand tall.” 
-
-He’d spend the next decade and a half trying to stand big, just like how he learned in the Explorers and on patrol. 
-
-Problem was, whenever he tried to stand big, he soon found himself behind bars.
-
-I first met Vincent about a dozen years after the media’s initial infatuation with the Kid Cop story ended. But in that time, Vincent had repeatedly tried passing himself off as a police officer. He’d been arrested just about yearly since 2009 for a number of offenses, all non-violent, some bizarrely motivated. In February 2021, he’d been arrested at his apartment complex and was, in the spring of 2022, serving prison time in Illinois’ medium-security Big Muddy River Correctional Center after pleading guilty to — you guessed it — impersonating a police officer. Vincent embodies a strange contradiction: the criminal who wants so badly to be a cop that he’s willing to go to prison for it.
-
-At 28, he wore a prison-issue white polo shirt, dark blue knockoff Dickies, and white canvas slip-on shoes. But I really can’t stress it enough: what you notice immediately about Vincent is how much bigger he seems than he actually is. He claims he’s 5’5”, but he’s not even that tall. Still, broad chest and shoulders, he looks tough — the man understands posture and how to look strong and confident and like he belongs wherever he stands.
-
-We shook hands and sat. With the shackles off, he asked me to buy him Doritos and a meat sandwich and a Gatorade from the commissary vending machines. After I did, he loosened up.
-
-“I’ve wanted to be a cop since before I can remember,” he said.
-
-His mother, Veronica, told me he’d started watching *Cops* at the age of five, and since then, “that’s all he wanted to do.” Vincent’s stepfather had been a police officer, too. Like any good parent, Veronica wanted to support her son. When Vincent was 13, she signed him up for the Chicago Police Department’s Youth Explorer program, designed to get kids from ages 10 to 15 to understand more about policing and what cops do every day. 
-
-It serves as public outreach to neighborhoods with higher crime rates and lower household incomes and is still active today. Explorers would get police-issue uniforms, including trousers and a shirt, a jersey, and a cap. They would train regularly with officers in their neighborhood, and the program even offered a stipend to kids over 14. (Today, that stipend is [$75 per week](https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/fss/supp_info/RFP/Youth/DFSS_Youth_Service_Chicagobility_RFP_FINAL_1.22.pdf).) Veronica couldn’t imagine something more perfect for Vincent.
-
-“I felt like I was one of them. I *was* law enforcement.”
-
-He would be an Explorer a few nights per week after school and work the events on weekends. “School was pretty easy for me,” Vincent said. He was in eighth grade. “I was bored and did my homework fast when I got home. I had time.” Vincent was in the program for nearly two years, which is how, according to the official report, he was able to impersonate a police officer for a five-hour shift.
-
-But Vincent now claims the truth is wildly different.
-
-“I wasn’t doing this for five hours,” he told me. “This went on for *weeks*.”
-
-On a date that he can’t recall exactly, Vincent said he walked into the Englewood station just like he normally would as an Explorer after school. He arrived at shift change. As usual, officers and Explorers lined up for their assignments, and because it was January in Chicago, Vincent wore the Explorer uniform under a dark blue jacket and skull cap. His outfit looked like all the other cops’. The officer in charge of shift assignments was apparently new on the job and didn’t recognize Vincent as an Explorer, so instead of giving him a training assignment, he made the mistake of handing Vincent a radio and ticket book.
-
-“I wasn’t trying to fool anyone,” Vincent said. He says he wouldn’t have impersonated a cop in eighth grade if the opportunity didn’t present itself. “I just went along with it when they messed up.”
-
-When Vincent met up with his new partner, they threw him cruiser keys and told him to pull the car around. So he did.
-
-Vincent says he helped with traffic stops and communicated with dispatchers and assisted in an arrest that day. But at the end of the shift, no one caught on that he wasn’t a cop. He turned in his radio and ticket book and went home. The next day after school, he went back to the station again. Same time. Same place. During shift change.
-
-A few days every week, he’d show up and get his radio and ticket book and go on patrol. He and his partner would drive around Chicago’s South Side; they’d stop people and respond to calls. The Explorer program may have succeeded in its goal of educating Vincent about what cops do all day. You could argue it was too effective.
-
-“I had been an Explorer for close to a year, so I felt like I was already a cop,” he said. “I felt like I was one of them. I *was* law enforcement.”
-
-Vincent’s stories about his fake cop days are varied. In one, two drivers collided on a city street at an intersection and were in front of their cars, yelling obscenities and ready to fight. Vincent and his partner calmed them down and got them to start talking reasonably. “By the end, they’re hugging and shit,” Vincent said. “We didn’t even write a ticket.”
-
-In another, Vincent said he and his partner got a call about an open-air drug deal. The suspect they located resisted arrest and attempted to flee. Vincent and his partner wrestled the suspect to the ground, got them into handcuffs, and brought them back to the station in the back seat of the cruiser. When they arrived, Vincent said he told his shift captain about the difficulty of the arrest. The captain, Vincent claimed, decided that the perp needed to be taught a lesson. He needed “a rough ride.”
-
-He reveled in his new, high profile. “It was like I was a celebrity,” he said.
-
-He said the captain then walked the handcuffed suspect by the elbow back to the cruiser, opened the trunk, and shoved the suspect inside. Then they got into the cruiser with Vincent behind the wheel. The captain directed him to a street with speed bumps.
-
-“Hit the gas,” the captain said.
-
-So that’s what Vincent did.
-
-The car bounced violently along the road with the suspect bumping around in the trunk, screaming to be let out.
-
-“When you hear about police having power, yeah, you get it,” Vincent said. “They can write tickets and have guns and can arrest people. But you don’t really understand that power until you’re there on the streets. You can get two people to listen to you and stop fighting just because you’re a cop.”
-
-He goes on: “And then if someone pisses you off, you throw ‘em in the trunk. No one’s gonna believe ‘em anyway.”
-
-Vincent said he didn’t necessarily want to do that to anyone himself. In fact, he wanted the opposite: To help people. To stop fights. To help victims of domestic violence. Prevent shootings.
-
-He told a third story. A simple one. 
-
-Vincent and his partner pulled someone over. He didn’t remember details. They found a bag of weed in the car. This suspect wasn’t combative and didn’t try to run away. Instead, they shrugged and admitted the weed was theirs. So Vincent dumped it out and told them to keep driving. 
-
-“Police can look the other way,” he said. “That’s power, too.”
-
-![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
-
-The thing about talking to someone who is notorious for misrepresenting themselves is that it can be extremely hard to believe anything they say. 
-
-There are no records indicating that Vincent impersonated an officer for three weeks instead of five hours. Or that he made any of the stops he described. Or that the accusation he made about his captain initiating a “rough ride” is real. Vincent had described it to me in detail from the visitation room of Big Muddy prison. Months later, speaking on the phone with a fact checker, he denied it happened. But while talking with her, he texted me: “I’m on the phone now,” he said, “uncomfortable with the trunk incident not good.” Was he afraid of the ramifications of something that happened 14 years ago? Or did he make it all up?
-
-Even the station where he pretended to be a cop, about 13 miles northwest of the Englewood neighborhood where Vincent lived and went to school, is different in his description than the one reported in news articles and police records.
-
-But minimizing Vincent’s fake cop stint to an afternoon wasn’t just good for Vincent. It preserved the reputation of the Chicago Police Department. Rather than having the story of a Kevin Hart-sized teenager revealing systemwide issues with the department — and perhaps the nature of policing as a whole — the incident could be written off as a misunderstanding that occurred on one weird afternoon.
-
-After Vincent was discovered, he believed that the captain thought that many aspects of the story would look horrible for himself and the department if anyone heard. He probably didn’t need some kid going out into the world to share everything he saw as a fake cop.
-
-“So he brings me into his office and sits me down, and I start trying to explain, and he says, ‘Shut the fuck up,’” Vincent recalled. “Then he tells me what’s gonna happen next.”
-
-Vincent would be charged with impersonating an officer. He would stay quiet about anything he saw on shift and how long he saw it. In exchange, they would work to get the charges dropped. That was the deal.
-
-This is why, according to Vincent, the record shows that he was only on shift for five hours and that he wasn’t in a district filled with officers he saw regularly as an Explorer. To Vincent, it was self-preservation by his captain on behalf of the Chicago Police Department.
-
-“They were gonna cover they asses,” he said. “And I wasn’t gonna say anything.”
-
-In February 2009, about a week after Vincent’s story hit the evening news around the country, a newspaper columnist for the *Austin Weekly News* in Chicago, Arlene Jones, [questioned why](https://www.austinweeklynews.com/2009/02/04/where-is-the-outrage-over-teens-treatment/) the name and image of a 14-year-old made its way into the media in the first place. Vincent wasn’t charged as an adult. He didn’t harm anyone. But his name had gotten out. Newspapers published photos of him. And by publishing his name and photo and all but disclosing his home address in news stories parroted all over the world, the responsibility for Vincent’s actions fell to Vincent alone.
-
-“He used to wear CTA uniforms and get on the CTA bus and … these people let him drive.”
-
-In the age of Google, his name would forever be associated with “Kid Cop.” If anyone — like, say, a potential employer — looked him up, they would see the back story of a criminal.
-
-Surprisingly, Vincent told me that he saw it differently. He reveled in his new, high profile. “It was like I was a celebrity,” he said.
-
-Both the official power he tasted as a temporary cop and the unusual notoriety he received afterward left him wanting more. Before his arrest, he felt bored. Now he was really bored. Go to school. Come home. Do homework. Eat dinner. Find something to do until bed. Sleep and repeat.
-
-Why do that when he had a sampling of something that brought him true excitement? True infamy. All the attention he felt he deserved.
-
-After the Kid Cop incident, Vincent laid low and got his GED. But he soon found himself on the wrong end of police handcuffs time and again. At 17 years old, in May 2011, cops [picked him up](https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2011-05-22-ct-met-teen-cop-impersonator-charged-20110522-story.html) on the street in Englewood with a loaded pistol. Looking at his juvenile record, prosecutors and a judge decided to make him an adult one year early in the eyes of the law. They charged him with aggravated unlawful use of a weapon and possession of ammunition without a firearm owner’s identification. He couldn’t post a $50,000 bond, so he stayed in Cook County Jail until sentencing. A judge gave him time served.
-
-When he got out, Vincent worked at McDonald’s as a janitor. His family knew he always wanted to be in law enforcement, so they talked with people they knew and got him a job doing the next best thing: working as a security guard. Still, Vincent remained antsy. He wanted the same thrill he got back when he was 14. But he wasn’t an Explorer anymore. He needed a new uniform.
-
-On a Tuesday afternoon, July 24th, 2013, Vincent walked into an Englewood uniform shop and told the clerk that he was a Chicago police officer. Wearing dark blue pants like an officer’s, he put his wallet on the checkout counter and gave the clerk his driver’s license. He was 19 at the time and said he wanted to try on cargo shorts and a duty belt.
-
-The clerk later told police that Vincent made him suspicious after repeatedly saying he was an officer in the Englewood district. So the clerk Googled Vincent and discovered the obvious: this was Kid Cop. While the clerk searched the web, Vincent could sense from the shop floor that something was up. He tried to make a run for it but forgot his wallet, credit cards, and identification on the counter. The clerk phoned it in, and Vincent was arrested within the hour.
-
-The police report from the incident reflects what Vincent has told me repeatedly and other reporters. “I know what it’s like to be one of you,” he said to the officers, according to the report. “I respect you because I did it for a day, chasing and helping people. My intentions are never to hurt people, just to help.”
-
-It was an overture. A cry for leniency. Something to endear himself to the officers he intended to portray. He even stuck with the official narrative of only being a cop for a day.
-
-The arresting officers were having none of it. They charged him with impersonating a police officer *again*. A felony this time, he faced three years behind bars. The officers took him to Cook County Jail. He couldn’t post bond, so he stayed there until November that year when a judge sentenced him to 18 months in prison.
-
-You would think that the experience of being thrown into prison for trying to buy the wrong kind of cargo shorts in the wrong kind of store might’ve given Vincent pause the next time he had the urge to even think about vigilante policing. It didn’t.
-
-Vincent got out of lockup early in December 2014. Over the next five months, he began ordering police gear — online this time. He says he purchased a bulletproof vest, a stun gun, and other tactical gear for a gig with Monterrey Security in Chicago. He says his friend Dontrell Reese worked with him at the time. (A spokesman for Monterrey Security, Steve Patterson, said Vincent worked a “probationary” period in 2014 for the security company, which provides guards and ushers for events at Soldier Field. Vincent worked as an usher, not a security guard, Patterson said. Vincent’s manager fired him for “post abandonment” after three months on the job. “He was hired as an usher to have a specific task, \[but\] his supervisor noticed right away he was wandering off, and who knows what his intentions were or plans were?” Patterson said.)
-
-After receiving a sentence of house arrest for destroying the Lexus, Vincent popped his ankle monitor off so he could get back into the world
-
-“We weren’t doing anything violent,” Vincent told me. “We would go and direct traffic. It needed to be done. Needed to look the part.”
-
-After receiving a call that gunshots had been fired in Englewood, officers arrived. They’d later write in a police report that they saw Vincent “walking along the public way” wearing a bulletproof vest. They searched him and found a “partial duty belt, handcuffs, flashlight, radio, empty gun holster and black badge case” with no badge inside, in addition to a black ballistic bulletproof vest. Dontrell also wore a protective vest and carried a stun gun. Both were arrested. 
-
-Vincent tried to explain that he had all that equipment for his work as a security guard. Neither cops nor the judge bought it. Vincent would eventually plead guilty to impersonating an officer for the third time and was sentenced to another 280 days in prison.
-
-These arrests ensured that Kid Cop wouldn’t fade into history. His story had now become part of Chicago lore.
-
-Except now, people were rooting for Vincent. He’d become a minor icon in the city, a provocateur who, intentionally or not, might force real change in the city’s police department. “We’re not ready to crown him a folk hero quite yet,” [wrote Marcus Gilmer in the *Chicagoist* at the time](https://chicagoist.com/2009/01/28/mayor_daley_livid_over_teen_cop.php), “but it’s possible this could be the straw that breaks the police superintendent’s back.”
-
-Will Lee, a columnist and reporter for the *Chicago Tribune*, had interviewed Vincent on a few occasions. He sympathized with Vincent’s explanations about wanting to help people, his dreams of wanting to be a part of the police brotherhood. And Vincent could succeed, Lee wrote, if he’d just stop pretending to be a cop, if he’d stop following that one dream.
-
-Right around the time Vincent got out of prison on police impersonation charges in April 2016, Lee wrote that Vincent had potential: “Now he has another opportunity to start over if he can avoid trouble until his parole ends next March. This time, I hope it’s for real.”
-
-I spoke with Dontrell. He and Vincent had been best friends for years, having met just after the original Kid Cop incident. Dontrell freely admitted to running with gangs, stealing cars, dealing in illegal firearms. He was a felon at an early age, too. “We was just being bad, young kids being bad,” he said.
-
-But Vincent didn’t run with gangs, wasn’t stealing cars or actively getting involved in mayhem. Kids in the neighborhood kept him around, however, because he was cool and “knew how to look older,” Dontrell said.
-
-I asked what he meant by that. 
-
-“He used to wear CTA uniforms and get on the CTA bus and … these people let him drive,” Dontrell said.
-
-I thought I misheard. Vincent would go to a local bus station in a fake bus driver uniform and take a bus out to drive?
-
-“Yeah!” he said. “They would let him drive the CTA bus!”
-
-Sometimes, Vincent would take the bus on a joyride. He’d pull up to Dontrell’s house and blare the horn. Then they’d cruise around, just for the hell of it.
-
-Dontrell said it was crazy times in the neighborhood, and Vincent was often the cause. 
-
-![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
-
-That wasn’t all. Dontrell said the public record doesn’t show half of it. “He’s pulling up in police cars, so now we ridin’ in police cars together while I’m in the streets. And, you know, in the mix of all the other chaos that’s going on, it was like, damn, this is my homie.”
-
-Later, Dontrell doesn’t remember when exactly, he caught a charge and ended up in Cook County Jail. One day, he got a call from an officer that he had a visitor. Someone from the Army was there to see him. Dontrell went down to the visitation room and saw — who else? — Vincent. 
-
-“This motherfucker dressed up as an army \[officer\] and then got into the jail to visit me,” Dontrell said. “How the fuck did he do that? I don’t know!”
-
-But that was just who Vincent was. “It was like every situation,” he said. “He was able to transform character. What can you do to fit in with the character? He could do it. He could be anyone he wanted to be.”
-
-For all the times when Vincent succeeded in transforming character and avoiding punishment, there were the ones when he failed. Like, for instance, every time he attempted to be a cop.
-
-That made five times now he’d been caught for the same crime
-
-On August 16th, 2016, a couple of Chicago police officers were driving down the street on patrol in the city’s River North district. They noticed a short Black man with broad shoulders purposefully walking on the sidewalk toward the SAE Institute media college. The man wore an Action K9 uniform — black polo shirt, black cargo pants, duty belt with handcuffs, flashlight, radio — and, according to a police report, he told people he was an on-duty Chicago police officer.
-
-The actual police found Vincent and arrested him. A judge sentenced him back behind bars for 18 months.
-
-Starting over would have been difficult for Vincent in 2016, no matter what dreams he pursued. Not a year had passed since he was 14 when he didn’t catch some kind of charge or contend with parole or sit in lockup. Not great for an existence. Certainly not good for a résumé.
-
-In the months after his release from the 2016 impersonation charge, Vincent talked his way into a security guard job with Action K9 Security, a company that works with Chicago police to monitor train lines. Action K9 soon fired him when he couldn’t get the required state clearances for the job. 
-
-But that didn’t matter to Vincent. He wanted to be a guard, even if he’d been fired. So he kept pretending.
-
-At another point, Vincent wore a suit into a Lexus car dealership and asked a salesman if he could test drive a new ES 350. He took the car out, wrecked it, then fled the scene. After receiving a sentence of house arrest for destroying the Lexus, Vincent popped his ankle monitor off so he could get back into the world.
-
-Despite his history with automobiles, he later charmed his way into a job as a clerk at an Alamo Rent a Car. He walked in, filled out an application, and told the hiring manager that he had no prior arrests and had a bachelor’s degree. Neither was true, obviously, but Vincent was able to work the job.
-
-Until he got restless. One day, Vincent rented a car from the Alamo. Then he stopped showing up for work — without notice and without returning the vehicle. A week later, his bosses reported the vehicle stolen. Like most rental cars, it had a GPS. Vincent was at home when the police showed up. He was sitting on the couch; the car was sitting outside. Vincent ended up with a two-year prison sentence.
-
-Somehow, things were looking up. In the summer of 2020, even amidst the pandemic, Vincent found himself with one of the few secure jobs at the time: managing logistics for an Amazon warehouse. He organized trucks and mailing routes, ensuring that the second-largest company in the world could deliver Crocs and kitchenware and whatever else people were buying with their stimulus checks in 2020 throughout the Chicagoland area.
-
-By landing this job, Vincent had accomplished something extraordinarily difficult. According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics, only about 40 percent of formerly incarcerated people are employed within four years of being released. And that survey doesn’t account for race. On average, Black people in America are [nearly twice as likely as whites](https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/race-and-ethnicity/2020/home.htm) to be unemployed. So, for people like Vincent, the Census Bureau numbers are probably even worse than they seem.
-
-Sure, it’s possible that he lied about his rap sheet to get the job. (Vincent, after implying that he did in conversation, now denies it.) Regardless, he had a salary and benefits. A 401(k) plan. He even got himself a hot rod, a 2021 Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat. Then he found himself a girlfriend and moved into an apartment with her in a Chicago suburb close to Naperville.
-
-“I was going to work, the same routine every day, and it was boring,” he went on. “Was it killing me inside? Yeah.”
-
-And yet, something nagged at Vincent. As he progressed in the job and received more responsibilities, he had more free time because he was managing people rather than delivering packages on his own. “And when I started getting like a lot of time on my hands,” he said, that’s when “shit happens.”
-
-So Vincent made moves. Getting a private security contractor license in Illinois requires a registration process, background check, and paying a $2,050 fee to a licensing agency. All of Vincent’s felonies in the last decade would have disqualified him from getting such a permit. So he ignored that requirement entirely. After all, he’d worked on and off as a security guard for most of his adult life. He could, instead, look the part.
-
-![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
-
-Instead, Vincent started looking on Facebook for businesses that needed private security. He found a few. And the process for starting an LLC is fairly simple: mail a few forms and a few dollars and wait. So he founded a company called Defense Public Safety Solutions, complete with a logo, letterhead, business cards, and an ID badge he made himself.
-
-He started bidding for security contracts. He purchased dark blue security uniforms with gold badges and hired his friends to be guards. And he did all this while working a full-time job with Gardner Synergy Logistics, the Amazon affiliate that employed him. 
-
-It was a good hustle. It kept him busy. And it got him a little closer to the kind of life he’d always wanted.
-
-Then Vincent discovered an open contract for an apartment complex run by the Chicago Housing Authority. It was one that specifically sought out Chicago police in need of moonlight work.
-
-Vincent, not being an actual cop, didn’t have the official documentation. Instead, he tried the next best thing: he created social media accounts that might present him as a Chicago police officer. That was the idea, anyway. To bolster his online presence, he signed up for a SWAT training academy and likely planned to film it to make the videos look legitimate. 
-
-He started accounts under the handle @vince\_CPD and began posting from his supposed job on the force. Videos and photos from a shooting range. Chicago police SUVs. Himself in a navy blue T-shirt with the Chicago Police Department insignia. On TikTok, he danced to the SpotemGottem track “BeatBox” while dressed as a Chicago police officer. The video went lightly viral, with more than 100,000 views.
-
-Chicago detectives started tailing him. It wasn’t long before this latest attempt to impersonate a police officer would get him in trouble, and he was briskly apprehended. That made five times now he’d been caught for the same crime.
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-Two videos of Vincent Richardson posing as a Chicago police officer, made to post to social media as promotion for his security guard company.
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-Around mid-September 2022, Vincent was released from Cook County Jail. I picked him up before dawn, at 5AM. Wearing a white Haynes T-shirt, grey flowy sweat pants, white socks, and grey knockoff Adidas slides, Vincent dropped into the passenger’s seat of my rental car and said, “Get me the fuck outta here.”
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-Rather than an expression of joy or relief that he was finally out of state custody, Vincent understandably had the demeanor of a man who’d just wasted a lot of time doing something he’d rather not have done. Recently, he was in the prison’s rehab program, which earned him an early release.
-
-It was strange because Vincent historically did not have issues with drugs or alcohol addiction. But you could argue that he had been addicted to something else: adrenaline.
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-“I had to, like, adapt to that program,” he said. “So they was always talking about drugs, but I don’t do drugs. So I had to relate as close as possible to my own situation.”
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-“You act presentable. Usually, that’s enough for them.”
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-The way Vincent described it, anyone who knew him as a police impersonator misunderstood the impulses he had. It wasn’t just that he wanted to be a cop. It was that being a cop afforded gave him that rush.
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-“I got an impulsive adrenaline-seeking behavior,” he said, “and being a police officer, that’s the type of job that — that’s *that* every day.” The job *requires* impulsive adrenaline-seeking behavior, he said. At the Amazon affiliate, “I was going to work, the same routine every day, and it was boring,” he went on. “Was it killing me inside? Yeah.”
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-As the drive progressed, Vincent was feeling reflective. There were big swaths of the journey, which lasted close to four hours, when neither of us would talk. And then he’d let something loose, like he’d been thinking about it for a long time:
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-“As a cop, you learn how to critique yourself, especially with dealing with people. ‘Cause the image is, it’s everything. People size you up no matter what. They say, ‘Oh, I could get one over on him,’ or ‘I could try him and beat him.’ They look for that stuff. Criminals or people that’s more advanced, they look like, ‘He’s easy,’ like a cop back there. So I learned that. It became who I am.”
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-On that car ride, when I asked Vincent how he’d gotten the Amazon-adjacent job, his answer wasn’t totally illuminating. In fact, it was entirely predictable, given his life story. If Vincent was cool and confident, he could stroll into any job interview and people would often take him at his word. And they usually didn’t bother to do any reference checks.
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-“You dress nice, suit and tie or whatever the case may be,” he said. “You act presentable. Usually, that’s enough for them.”
-
-Which is to say that: maybe the best way to avoid the economic pitfalls of being a Black former prisoner in America is to just pretend that’s not who you are. Stand bigger than you stand tall.
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-When I spoke with Dontrell, I asked him: who *is* Vincent Richardson, really?
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-“This is a man who was tryin’ to get us behind that wall,” Dontrell said. “He was a chameleon. He could be anyone, and he was being a cop to expose how simple it was to cross over. He was showing us something about ourselves.”
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-Date: 2023-10-15
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-TimeStamp: 2023-10-15
-Link: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/10/09/kwame-onwuachis-cuisine-of-the-self
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-&emsp;
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-# Kwame Onwuachi’s Cuisine of the Self
-
-It was only 10:30 *A.M.* on a Tuesday in July, but the staff at Tatiana, the restaurant in Lincoln Center’s David Geffen Hall, seemed exhausted. “Kerry Washington was in last night,” a publicist told me. Someone else mentioned that there had been a private event on Sunday—the one day of the week when the restaurant is usually closed. The last guests had trickled out at 4 *A.M.* on Monday, and the managers hadn’t left until six. The party was for Beyoncé, who had just played a sold-out show at MetLife Stadium, and Jay-Z. (“I buried the lede,” the publicist said.)
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-Kwame Onwuachi, Tatiana’s chef and proprietor, wouldn’t normally be at the restaurant so early, but he was there to record a television segment for WNBC—his second of the day, after the “Today” show, at half past eight. “You’ve had a busy morning!” the camera operator said. “It’s not really morning if you don’t sleep,” Onwuachi replied.
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-For the segment, Onwuachi and a reporter named Lauren Scala were going to sample dishes that he’d be cooking for an event at the U.S. Open: pepper steak, hamachi escovitch, black-bean hummus topped with berbere lamb. A bottle of spring water was produced. Someone asked if there shouldn’t be wine, too. “Are you gonna turn this water into wine?” Scala quipped. Onwuachi laughed and said, “It is my Jesus year, though! Thirty-three.”
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-“Do I remember when I was thirty-three?” Scala wondered aloud.
-
-![](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a25466)
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-“My goodness, Keith! You look like you’ve seen a goat.”
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-Cartoon by Tom Chitty
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-“It must have been a good year if you don’t remember it,” Onwuachi said.
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-For Onwuachi, it’s been a very good year indeed. Last November, he opened Tatiana, his first restaurant in New York City, his home town. Tatiana is named for Onwuachi’s older sister, who helped raise him (an enormous portrait of her with her two daughters hangs in the private dining room), and its menu is inspired by his personal history. He grew up steeped in the cuisines of his elders—his roots are in Creole Louisiana, Nigeria, and the Caribbean—as well as in food from the city’s corner stores, street carts, and Chinese restaurants.
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-At Tatiana, he fills dumplings with crab and egusi, a traditional Nigerian soup made with pungent ground melon seeds. He deep-fries pods of okra until their ridges blister and split—slightly puffed, crisp, and salted, they’re finished with honey and mustard powder, and served with a Trinidadian-style pepper sauce. For a dessert called Bodega Special, he makes a “cosmic brownie” (an homage to a Little Debbie product), which is dotted with rainbow-hued chocolate chips and paired with ice cream both flavored and shaped to look like a powdered doughnut.
-
-The first time I ate at the restaurant, shortly after it opened, Onwuachi made the rounds, checking in with every table. One of my dinner companions told him that her name was Tatiana, and he insisted that she stand up for a long embrace. He was dressed in street clothes, including a do-rag. If this made it seem as if he wasn’t actually working in the kitchen, the truth is that he doesn’t usually wear chef’s whites. Onwuachi, who is small and a bit boyish (“Booyakasha!,” he hollered, as he bounded down the steps to the basement prep kitchen), favors baseball caps and vividly patterned button-downs. He wears thick-framed glasses, which give him a slightly nerdy, erudite air, and he’s heavily tattooed. For a while, he had the word “patience” inked on his right forearm, but he had it removed and replaced with an elaborate depiction of the ingredients for gumbo. A jumble of text on his left arm includes the words “New York City Kid,” in script; a large “X,” as in Malcolm; and the name of his ten-year-old niece, Madisyn, in her own handwriting.
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-His look is fitting for a restaurant that feels more like a night club than like a stuffy house of fine dining. The space has floor-to-ceiling windows that are hung with curtains of slinky gold chains. Music—hip-hop and R. & B., much of it from the late nineties and early two-thousands—is played at a volume that can make conversation challenging, or at least athletic. In the first few weeks after Tatiana opened, when the staff was still getting its footing and tables weren’t turning over fast enough to keep up with reservations, Onwuachi poured free tequila shots for waiting guests.
-
-“You’ll see some people walk in, and you see the surprise on their face,” Mouhamadou Diop, one of the restaurant’s managers, said. He recounted an evening when an older white woman had wandered in after a Mostly Mozart concert. She asked what music was playing—it was Cardi B. “She said, ‘I like this song,’ ” Diop told me. “And I said, ‘Let’s dance, then.’ ”
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-Last March, Pete Wells, the *Times* restaurant critic, awarded Tatiana three stars, extraordinary for a rookie restaurant. Then came an even bigger shock: in April, when Wells published a list of the hundred best restaurants in New York, Tatiana held the No. 1 spot, ahead of Atomix, Le Bernardin, Via Carota, and other redoubtables. “We needed Tatiana. We needed a kitchen that puts Caribbean and African and Black American cooking, too often kept in the city’s margins, right at center stage,” he wrote. “And after quarantines and masks and distancing and sundry social traumas, we needed a party.”
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-![](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a26375)
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-“I think we should break up.”
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-Cartoon by Sofia Warren
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-When I asked Onwuachi if he was surprised to have topped the list, he smirked. He knew the restaurant was a hit; it had been packed since pretty much the week it opened. But, he said, when a friend had sent him the link to the list on the day it was published, with a text that said, “Boom,” he’d instinctively started scrolling to the bottom: “When I got to one hundred, I thought, Oh, I must have skipped it. And then I got back up to ten, and I was, like, ‘No fucking way. No fucking way. No fucking way!’ ”
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-Onwuachi had learned to temper his expectations when it came to establishment recognition. He’d attended the prestigious Culinary Institute of America, in Hyde Park, New York, and worked as a kitchen stage, or intern, at Per Se. His first job out of school was at Eleven Madison Park. But he became disillusioned by the racism he experienced in fine-dining kitchens. At Eleven Madison Park, he and the few other Black cooks on staff were overlooked and even stymied by their white supervisor, he wrote in his 2019 memoir, “Notes from a Young Black Chef,” which he co-authored with the food writer Joshua David Stein. One day, Onwuachi raised concerns about alienating Black patrons. His boss laughed and said, “No Black people eat here anyway.” Onwuachi left the job not long afterward.
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-From there, his career proceeded in fits and starts. In 2015, when he was twenty-five, he competed on “Top Chef,” placing sixth. (His downfall was serving store-bought frozen waffles with his fried chicken.) The following year, he opened his first restaurant, the Shaw Bijou, in Washington, D.C. In some ways, it was a prototype for Tatiana, with an autobiographical tasting menu and an opulent dining room. It closed after just two and a half months, thwarted by flighty investors and harsh judgment from the press. The food critic for the Washington *Post*, Tom Sietsema, wrote that he had left feeling unimpressed and underfed. His review ended, “Pizza, anyone?”
-
-It seemed that Onwuachi had finally found his footing with Kith/Kin, a restaurant in D.C.’s InterContinental Hotel, which earned him the James Beard Foundation’s Rising Star Chef of the Year award in 2019. (Previous honorees included Grant Achatz and David Chang.) But Onwuachi walked away from the restaurant in 2020, in the midst of the pandemic, after the hotel refused his request for a share of ownership. He relocated to Los Angeles, unsure if he’d ever return to the kitchen, thinking he might become an actor instead. In L.A., he took classes, went to auditions, and eventually landed a small part in “Sugar,” a movie about social-media influencers who become drug smugglers.
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-Onwuachi got a call from Lincoln Center in early 2022. In recent years, the institution had declared its commitment to expanding its programming, including food, beyond predictable Eurocentric fare. It was looking for someone to helm a new restaurant in the complex. Leah Johnson, a Lincoln Center executive, whose paternal grandparents were from Barbados, was delighted by the Caribbean elements of the dinner that Onwuachi prepared for the search committee, but she was also struck by his rainbow-cookie panna cotta, which, she told me, “tasted exactly like the cookies I grew up eating at Veniero’s”—the hundred-and-thirty-year-old Italian bakery on East Eleventh Street. The committee offered Onwuachi the space, and accepted his terms: he would be not a chef for hire but, instead, an equity partner in the business.
-
-Onwuachi was born on Long Island and raised in the Bronx. His parents, Jewel Robinson and Patrick Onwuachi, split up when he was three years old. Robinson, the daughter of a chef, was an avid home cook, and, after losing her job as an accountant, she opened a catering business, serving the Creole staples of her childhood. Five-year-old Kwame and ten-year-old Tatiana were often enlisted to help in the kitchen. In his memoir, Onwuachi recalled that his mother struggled with money, but that the business, whose clients came to include Queen Latifah and the hip-hop trio Naughty by Nature, satisfied her appetite for “glamorous adventure.” He wrote, “She’d bring a change of clothes to a gala she was catering and, after her shift was done, slip in as a guest.”
-
-Onwuachi lived with Robinson in a cramped apartment, and saw his father mostly on weekends. Patrick, who worked as a construction project manager, took his son to the batting cages and on vacations, but he could be abusive. (“My job as his dad was to prepare him for the world,” Patrick said.) Around the age of ten, Onwuachi began to act out. “I was a *bad* kid,” he told me. Robinson sent him to Nigeria to stay with his grandfather P. Chike Onwuachi, an Igbo chief and a luminary of the Pan-African movement who taught for many years at Howard University, so that he might “learn respect.”
-
-What Robinson had billed as a single summer stretched to two years, during which Onwuachi lived without municipal electricity or water, and learned to raise livestock and grow vegetables. It’s an experience that he references frequently, not only because it acquainted him so thoroughly with his heritage but also because it taught him at an early age how to adapt. “I was speaking pidgin within a couple months,” he recalled. But when he returned to the Bronx his rebellious streak flared up again. He was kicked out of Catholic school for antagonizing teachers and classmates, and he joined a gang at the Webster Houses, where his best friend lived. He worked at McDonald’s, for $7.25 an hour, until he realized that he could make more money selling weed, an enterprise he continued in college, at the University of Bridgeport.
-
-There, Onwuachi’s hustle caught up with him: before his first year was through, he was expelled for failing a drug test. He went to live with his mother, who had moved to Louisiana, and embarked on a “sad-ass parade” of menial jobs: as a prep cook for Robinson, who was an executive chef at a catering company; as a dishwasher; and as a server at a barbecue restaurant. Things began to look up when he got a gig cooking on a cleanup ship for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Onwuachi seemed to have little in common with the ship’s mostly white “back-country Louisiana boys”—until he started to make the food that they had all grown up eating. Before long, he was put in charge of the kitchen.
-
-In 2011, he enrolled at the C.I.A., where he dutifully learned the foundations of classical French cooking. He scraped together tuition money by running a catering company in the city, making burritos at a local Mexican restaurant, and selling ramen, boba tea, and pork buns behind the student rec center. (Not technically allowed, but the administration looked the other way.) The C.I.A. offered no classes on Afro-Caribbean cuisine, but for a work-study program—a sort of free-choice elective that tasked him with preparing lunch for fellow-students—he made dishes from various countries in Africa, fermenting his own Ethiopian injera and blending his own spices.
-
-Onwuachi’s formal training inspired him to exalt Afro-Caribbean ingredients and techniques, rather than to simply plug Afro-Caribbean flavors into European formulas. The building blocks of his cooking, as laid out in his cookbook “My America,” include browning—a caramel made with canola oil and sugar, used in the Caribbean as a coloring agent and a sweetener—and Southern-style “house spice,” a customizable mixture that goes in everything from eggs to the flour for fried chicken. He treats these with the same uncompromising rigor that Paul Bocuse, patron saint of the C.I.A., might apply to mirepoix and hollandaise.
-
-When I visited Tatiana, Onwuachi returned again and again to the basement prep kitchen to inspect the minutest of activities, giving cooks exacting instructions on how thick to cut the short ribs for his pastrami suya, a recipe that combines Jewish deli meat and Nigerian barbecue. My favorite dish on the menu was a big bowl of Jamaican-style braised oxtail, served with a smaller bowl of rice and peas. The carrots on top of the rich, sticky segments of bone-in meat were Thumbelina, an adorable heirloom variety, and they were expertly “turned”—kitchen-speak for peeled and cut. The dish also incorporated perfect orbs of firm but tender chayote squash, lily-pad-like nasturtium leaves, and carefully sliced chives. It was beautiful, but it still managed to look, and, more important, to taste, like something you’d eat at home, or at a family restaurant in the Bronx.
-
-Onwuachi’s work has been lauded for its specificity, for its fidelity to the places he comes from. In some ways, his success has uprooted him. He has the blinkered air of someone who is overscheduled; in the time I spent with him, he was never quite able to remember what he’d done the day before, and was constantly checking the calendar on his phone. He travels frequently, keeping places in midtown Manhattan and West Hollywood. But he’s long had a nuanced understanding of what gatekeepers in the food world like about his story. Of his admissions interview at the C.I.A., he wrote, “I cast myself partly as a lost wretch who had been saved (glossing over the exact nature of my transgressions at Bridgeport), partly as a one-man show of the black diasporic experience, and totally as a hustler.”
-
-Still, he bristles at being stereotyped. Before “Top Chef,” Onwuachi worked briefly for Dinner Lab, a startup that operated a members-only supper club in cities across the U.S. When the founder, who was white, asked him to cook Senegalese food for a fund-raiser, Onwuachi politely declined. (He had no particular connection to Senegal.) In their initial pitch, the investors behind the Shaw Bijou suggested that he offer “upscale riffs” on Southern cooking. Again, he declined, for fear of “becoming an actor in the long and ugly play of degrading black culture for the benefit of white people,” he wrote.
-
-His project, instead, is to develop a varied, idiosyncratic Black culinary idiom—and to bring it into the mainstream. Onwuachi seems to revel in the contradictions of his position—blaring “music with the curse words” at the home of the New York Philharmonic—but he’s savvy about operating within the system. When I asked if he ever wanted to take a more radical approach, he was unequivocal. “I’m a businessman,” he said. “I’m an artist, sure, but I employ fifty people. I’m playing my fucking music that I wanna play, we’re putting oxtails on the menu, I’m putting a Black woman’s name on the side of Lincoln Center. I feel like I’m being as radical as I want to be.”
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-In late August, Onwuachi flew to D.C., and then drove to a small town called Middleburg, at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia’s hunt country, an area that has long drawn élite weekenders from Washington. He was there for the third annual Family Reunion, a food festival that he started with Sheila Johnson, a co-founder of Black Entertainment Television and the first Black American woman to become a billionaire. In the late nineties, Johnson bought a horse farm in Middleburg. (Her young daughter was an aspiring equestrian.) One day, she noticed that a gun shop in the village center had a Confederate flag hanging in the window, so she bought the building that housed it. Later, she bought hundreds of acres of land nearby and placed most of it under conservation. In 2013, she opened a luxury resort, called the Salamander, on a small remaining parcel.
-
-Johnson and Onwuachi met in 2019, at a conference in the Bahamas. “I was so intrigued by him,” Johnson said. “He was kind of introverted, so I got him out on the dance floor. He couldn’t put two feet together. I said, ‘I’m gonna teach you how to dance.’ ” After Onwuachi left Kith/Kin, Johnson proposed that they work together. He conceived of the Family Reunion, a four-day gathering of Black chefs and food-industry professionals, plus enthusiasts who wanted to mingle with them, at the Salamander. The partnership has proved fruitful: since its inception, the Family Reunion has more than tripled in size, and next year Onwuachi and Johnson will open a restaurant together in the former Mandarin Oriental hotel in D.C., which Johnson recently added to her portfolio.
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-This year’s Family Reunion was a *Who’s Who* of the Black American culinary world. The legendary pitmasters Bryan Furman and Rodney Scott, who had driven their rigs from Georgia and South Carolina, respectively, gave master classes on barbecue. A group of Caribbean American chefs from all over the U.S. retrieved crackly-skinned whole pigs and spatchcocked chickens from a ditch that had been dug into the Salamander’s lawn in order to illustrate the history of jerk, which originated, in Jamaica, with Indigenous people and Maroons—Africans who had escaped slavery—stealthily roasting wild game in pits. Virginia Ali, the eighty-nine-year-old co-founder of Ben’s Chili Bowl, a D.C. restaurant famous for feeding civil-rights activists during the 1968 riots, provided half-smoke sausages and hot dogs for a cookout-themed buffet.
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-“You look wonderful,” Ali told Onwuachi on the first day of the festival, straining to be heard over a band rehearsing at top volume. “Hard work agrees with you.”
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-“It does, right?” he said. “I think I’m addicted to it.”
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-Onwuachi spent the weekend in a state of perpetual motion. He roamed the Salamander’s grounds, sometimes in a golf cart, with a demeanor that was part summer-camp director, part pastor, part door-to-door salesman. He greeted guests with a cheerful, if slightly canned, “Welcome home!” and doled out hugs and collegial shoulder squeezes. In many ways, the event was an advertisement for him: its full title—“Kwame Onwuachi Presents the Family Reunion”—was even printed on the tags of the T-shirts and hoodies for sale at the merch table, which was staffed by his mother, his sister, a former babysitter, and two childhood friends.
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-Much of the time, he was trailed by a documentary film crew from Bronxville, a production company that he co-founded with the filmmaker Randy McKinnon, who adapted “Notes from a Young Black Chef” into a screenplay. (It was acquired by A24.) Hovering close behind, carrying a tote bag full of bottled water, was a strikingly tall young man with his hair in twists, whose name was Destined One Leverette. The Family Reunion arranges room and board for volunteers, and Leverette insisted that he had applied for a position—yet the organizers had no record of it. He’d come, on his own dime, from Birmingham, Alabama, where he worked in the kitchen of a chain restaurant called Pappadeaux Seafood Kitchen. He was nineteen. Onwuachi said that he’d taken pity on Leverette: “He’s, like, ‘I’m ready to work.’ I’m, like, ‘Where’s your chef coat?’ He’s, like, ‘I don’t have it.’ I was, like, ‘Well, then, you’re going to just do whatever is needed.’ ”
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-Onwuachi had learned at the first Family Reunion that he couldn’t host the event and cook for it at the same time. (His eyes widened when I asked if he’d be doing both.) The task of schmoozing with guests suited him, but he kept a close eye on the food and the service. He became noticeably irked when he saw a snaking, slow-moving queue for Scott and Furman’s barbecue. In an instant, he switched modes, suddenly chillier and more mercenary as he summoned an assembly line for pre-portioning plates. Servers tensed and hustled as Onwuachi shouted directions and called for extra hands. By the start of the evening’s late-night R. & B. karaoke party (dress code: all white), he was once again the gregarious m.c., wearing silk pajamas and revving up the crowd.
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-The festival’s corporate underwriters included Coca-Cola, United Airlines, and Wells Fargo, the last of which hosted a talk on “elevating Black wealth.” But what might have felt like a cynical commercial exercise was infused with a sense of purpose and an unmanufactured joy. During a surprise performance by the R. & B. singer Joe, Onwuachi wrapped his arms around Johnson as they swayed to the music. At lunch on the final day, Onwuachi invited Leverette onstage and introduced him to the crowd as “a young man who showed up on the doorstep of the Family Reunion.” Afterward, Leverette was rushed by well-wishers offering jobs and, in one case, cash: a generous stranger wired him five hundred dollars. (Leverette later admitted that he’d fibbed about applying to volunteer at the festival; he had, in fact, just shown up.)
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-That evening, after the première of a Lexus commercial that featured Onwuachi driving around Los Angeles, he and Johnson presented a lifetime-achievement award to Jessica B. Harris, the renowned culinary historian. In her acceptance speech, Harris called Onwuachi “the linchpin, a pivot point”—a connector of people and traditions. A few weeks later, when I spoke to Harris by phone, she noted the “dynastic” way that Onwuachi came into the food world, through his mother’s career. “His food embodies his stories, and his stories are really personal,” she said. “There are a lot of places that tell stories that are researched.”
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-Onwuachi’s staff at Tatiana see themselves reflected in his food. The majority of the restaurant’s cooks and servers are people of color. “It’s like the Family Reunion—Black people just come,” he told me, laughing. The back-of-house environment is one of camaraderie and friendly competition. As I watched line cooks set up their stations, an intern pulled something out of a cabinet. “Why is there a bag of . . . Lay’s?,” she asked, holding up an industrial-sized bag of potato chips and looking genuinely befuddled. “Oh, that was for Jay-Z, but he didn’t eat them,” Onwuachi explained. “We’ll have them after service.”
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-The chips had been intended for osetra caviar, two tins of which had also gone uneaten. Onwuachi doesn’t usually offer specials at Tatiana, but that morning he’d started to think about how he could sell what was left. For a jerk-cod entrée, the pastry team was making corn bread; maybe he’d serve squares of it topped with the caviar and crème fraîche. By the time the front-of-house staff arrived, the idea had evolved. “Corn-bread pudding,” he announced. “With a quenelle of caviar. That’s more interesting to me.”
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-He bloomed curry powder in butter in a pot on the stove, then crumbled in the corn bread and added heavy cream and oat milk. When it had cooked down into a smooth, thick paste, he tasted it. “Fucking great!” he declared. “That’s fun.” Instead of crème fraîche, he decided to top it with the white sauce that he makes for his halal-cart-inspired shawarma chicken. In the finished dish, the gentle heat of the curry and the sweetness of the warm pudding were offset by the cool, tangy white sauce and a salty plink of caviar at the end of each bite.
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-“No! Chef, no way!” Chase Ford, one of the line cooks, said as he tried the pudding. “I got chills.” It tasted, he said, exactly like a cornmeal porridge that his mother, who is Jamaican, had made when he was a kid. He remembered eating it sitting in her lap. ♦
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-*An earlier version of this article misidentified an influential chef at the Culinary Institute of America.*
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-TimeStamp: 2023-03-24
-Link: https://www.grubstreet.com/article/last-stand-of-the-hot-dog-king.html
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-# Last Stand of the Hot Dog King
-
-## “This is like the Alamo.”
-
-[![Portrait of Chris Crowley](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/6b2/8c8/ae07db3f99f3672c066a78c17da2ea9570-ChrisCrowleyFINAL.2x.rsquare.w168.jpg)](https://www.grubstreet.com/author/chris-crowley/)
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-By , senior writer at Grub Street who covers the people who work and eat in New York City’s restaurants
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-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/fbd/45c/5e09a50ab7e122089b56068b71f4a0994e-ny-hot-dog-king.rsquare.w700.jpg)
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-Dan Rossi, in the van where he sleeps each night. Photo: Alexei Hay
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-Since he showed up with a cart outside the Metropolitan Museum of Art nearly 16 years ago, Dan Rossi has been fighting with local officials over his right to sell hot dogs along what is arguably the most lucrative stretch of sidewalk in Manhattan. At the time, in 2007, a vending company was paying the city more than half a million dollars per year for the exclusive right to conduct business outside the museum. Citing a policy that dated back to the Civil War, Rossi [argued that](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/19/nyregion/19vendor.html), as a disabled veteran, he was exempt from those fees and any necessary permits, and he refused to leave. (Because he wasn’t paying to be there, he kept prices low and undercut the competing stands.) It worked, and by 2009, the patch of land had become so overrun with copycat vendors that the police [were forced to clear out the crowds](https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/26/police-crack-down-on-food-vendors-outside-the-met/index.html). Rossi spent a night in jail, but he returned to his post and again refused to leave. At some point during the middle of the Obama administration, Rossi [began sleeping there](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/26/nyregion/at-the-met-8-food-carts-stake-sidewalk-claims.html), setting up a folding chair behind the griddle. Increased competition and renovations that limited the space where vendors were allowed to park meant he was in danger of losing his spot. He eventually started to spend nights in a nearby van (an upgrade of sorts), but even that, he says, hasn’t been enough — and the city is again trying to squeeze out the man the *Daily News* [once called](https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/vets-win-rivals-city-lose-hot-dog-duel-metropolitan-museum-article-1.329033) the “Hot Dog King” of New York. Of course he is not going to simply roll away. “This is like the Alamo,” Rossi declares. “I’m the only one protecting the vets. And I’m probably the only one protecting the legitimate vendors.”
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-This most recent chapter of Rossi’s quixotic fracas began the night of January 26. An inspector from the Health Department, ostensibly following up on a complaint about four abandoned carts, stripped the letter-grade decals off Rossi’s cart. (The decals are similar to restaurant health grades and are required for all vendors.) Rossi, who points out that a sign on his cart explained he was asleep nearby, assumes he was targeted. He nevertheless waited for new decals to arrive and resumed selling his $4 hot dogs ($7 for jumbos) on February 6. Soon after, Rossi was told that one of his two carts — the license for which is owned by his daughter Elizabeth, who works with him — was too close to a crosswalk and needed to be moved elsewhere. “It more or less showed us what was happening as far as trying to get us away from here,” he contends.
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-On the morning I stop by, Mr. Met is posing for photos with fans on the museum’s steps. Rossi — who before COVID could average $1,500 in sales on a nice day — points to a small, beat-up cart that’s chained to a signpost nearby and says it’s nothing more than a placeholder. When that vendor shows up an hour later, he rolls in a bigger cart and begins to conduct business as usual. For Rossi, the double standard has become obvious: “When this guy gets here, he’s in the crosswalk. I said, ‘Why do I have to be ten feet from the crosswalk but nobody else?’”
-
-This was the final straw. In February, Rossi’s other daughter, Danielle Machado, filed a [petition](https://www.change.org/p/help-the-new-york-hot-dog-king-dan-rossi-enforce-the-nyc-health-department-health-code) on Change.org demanding that Mayor Eric Adams and Health Commissioner Dr. Ashwin Vasan “enforce their health codes fairly across the board,” accusing the Health Department of failing “to enforce their own laws regarding illegal vending.” They’re asking that the city afford Rossi the same rights granted to other vendors who leave carts overnight so that he can get “a good night’s sleep in his bed, at home!” Although the petition has garnered more than 50,000 signatures, the Health Department appears unswayed by Machado’s argument. When I inquire about the situation, a department spokesperson writes back, “There is competition for prized vending spots and the City does not ‘reserve’ vending spots.”
-
-Rossi has been through this before. In 1994, the New York *Times* [reported](https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/02/nyregion/new-yorkers-co-the-king-of-pushcarts.html) that he owned 499 street-vending permits, accounting for 16 percent of the total market, which was capped at 3,100 citywide. At the time, he was known as the King of Pushcarts, leasing the carts and collecting more than a million dollars a year in rent. Critics argued that Rossi and others involved in a similar business were harming competition by creating a monopoly. The next year, a law backed by then-Mayor Rudy Giuliani made it illegal for anyone to own more than a single permit. Vendors’ groups pushed back, and Rossi sued the city, arguing that politicians were guilty of “selectively enforcing a permit scheme for the primary purpose of ruining Rossi and his business.” The legal challenges were dismissed, and the law stood.
-
-Now, as then, Rossi believes the government is enforcing policies for someone else’s benefit. Whose, exactly? “Who knows?” he says. “The city has done everything to insulate themselves.” Even still, he believes he is the victim of a larger plan. “People are looking to get a piece of the action for themselves,” he posits. “It’s too obvious now. When they shut me down a few weeks ago, everything was exposed — everything.” And what happens if someone else moves into his spot? “They’re never going to leave.”
-
-I wonder if it’s all really worth the trouble and ask why Rossi, who is now 73, doesn’t just move his cart somewhere else. Elizabeth, a veteran of the Iraq War, admits that the fight is, to some degree, about righting the perceived wrongs of the past. “He’s adamant about holding this spot because they screwed us so badly,” she says. “This is the only angle we have to get back even a portion of what we lost.”
-
-For Rossi, a move just wouldn’t be worth it, and he’d have to contend with similar problems, though he’s willing to concede that, if the city doesn’t respond to the latest petition, there isn’t much else he can do. “Bottom line is this is probably the last battle. I’ve challenged the city to enforce the law. If they don’t, then I’m gone,” he says. “You can just last so long.”
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-Last Stand of the Hot Dog King
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-Date: 2023-03-17
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-TimeStamp: 2023-03-17
-Link: https://www.thecut.com/article/law-roach-retirement-interview.html
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-# Law Roach on Why He Retired From Celebrity Fashion Styling
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-## ‘I’ve Been Suffering For Years.’
-
-## Law Roach on the reasons behind his sudden retirement from celebrity fashion styling.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/0c2/f25/c99eaae1593b8e4c6f5f480df7a6f026c5-law-roach.rhorizontal.w1100.jpg)
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-Photo: The Cut
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-Almost five years ago, I wrote a story for the Cut titled “[What It’s Like to Be Black and in Fashion](https://www.thecut.com/2018/08/what-its-really-like-to-be-black-and-work-in-fashion.html).” More than 100 Black fashion-industry professionals, from assistants to executives, described a field that frequently proclaimed itself “progressive” while doing very little to make fashion genuinely inclusive.
-
-One of the people I spoke with was image architect Law Roach. As Hollywood’s most powerful stylist, Roach has been a creative director for the biggest names in the industry — [Zendaya](https://www.thecut.com/2023/02/zendayas-return-to-the-red-carpet-left-us-speechless.html), Céline Dion, Priyanka Chopra Jonas, [Anne Hathaway](https://www.thecut.com/2022/09/anne-hathaway-devil-wears-prada-remake.html), Ariana Grande, and Anya Taylor-Joy, to name a few. He is one of the first Black stylists to work with A-list talent, and his background couldn’t be further from his peers: He grew up on the South Side of Chicago as the oldest of five siblings and was on his own by the time he was 14, returning shopping carts for the quarter deposits just to have enough to eat. Shopping for himself at thrift stores started his love affair with fashion, which grew into the now-defunct Deliciously Vintage boutique in Chicago, a hub for celebrities hunting for archival designer clothes. Law eventually moved to Los Angeles to pursue styling, where he was introduced to the then-14-year-old Zendaya, his first major client.
-
-Roach [recently won a CFDA](https://www.thecut.com/2022/11/kim-kardashian-cher-and-lenny-kravitz-at-the-cfdas.html) for his work, and he seemed to be at the top of his game. Then, this past weekend, just after the [Oscars](https://www.thecut.com/2023/03/oscars-red-carpet-2023-dresses.html), one of the busiest times for a top-tier stylist, Law posted on [Instagram](https://www.thecut.com/2023/03/zendayas-stylist-law-roach-announces-that-he-is-retiring.html) a stamp graphic of one word: “Retired.” The caption read, in part, “The politics, the lies, and false narratives finally got me.” Roach sat down with the Cut to talk about what the politics look like from the inside and what the future holds for him now that he is, as he says, “free.”
-
-**Lindsay Peoples: Okay, so let’s get into it: First, are you retiring?**
-
-I am definitely, 100,000 percent retiring. Nobody can say what’s forever and what will happen, but at this moment, and in my mind, I’m definitely retiring from *celebrity* styling. I’m not retiring from fashion, because I love it so much. But styling, in the way that I’ve been of service to other people, I’m retiring from that.
-
-**You’re just coming off dressing some of the biggest celebrities at the** **Vanity Fair** **Oscar Party. You also won the CFDA Award for Best Stylist. You’re at the top of your game right now — so why do this now?** 
-
-Isn’t it always best to leave when you’re on the top? \[*Laughs*.\] I think the real reason is that it’s been building for a while because, you know, I looked up one day and honestly realized that I’m not happy.
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-I haven’t been happy, honestly, in a really long time. And the culmination of everything that’s been happening in my career these last few days kind of just pushed me over the edge. And it’s just like, *You know what? I’ve done everything.* I’m very grateful that I’ve been able to move and climb in this industry the way I have. But I can’t say that I didn’t do that without suffering. And I think as Black people in this country, it’s embedded in us to suffer, right? We feel like to be successful, we have to suffer. You suffer through things to get to the other side. You know, you suffer through Earth to get to heaven. You know what I mean?
-
-And I think that’s just in our DNA as African Americans, and I’ve been suffering for years, and I woke up, and when I made that post — and shit, it’s like it’s been so long ago, but it was literally the day before yesterday? Monday? I made that post because I felt like I couldn’t breathe and me releasing that and letting the world know that I’m done with this was the first time that whole week that I really felt like I took a breath, a deep breath.
-
-I don’t wanna suffer no more. I don’t wanna be unhappy. I don’t wanna be at the beck and call of people and their teams. I wanna take some time and figure out, you know, how to live.
-
-**What was going through your mind when you put up that Instagram post?**
-
-You know, last week, for us, Oscars Week and building up to *the Vanity Fair Oscar Party*, is some of the most stressful times in the world. And I’ve always been a stylist that did multiple clients, so I’m trying to prepare for multiple clients that week. And I had a lot of pressure because of Meg \[Thee Stallion\] — it was her first time coming back and anybody seeing her since the trial. And so that was a lot of pressure, you know, because I wanted to make her feel secure and comfortable and make her feel and look as perfect as possible so that she can have the strength to do what she had to do.
-
-So that morning I got a call from one of my clients, and it was her, her publicist, and somebody from a brand that I’m supposed to do project with, and I found myself on the phone with these three women, and I felt like I was defending myself because the one woman from the brand was like, “Oh, he’s not communicating, and you’re not gonna have a dress,” and all these things. And it was just a lot of things that were not true.
-
-And that’s how we lose clients as stylists — somebody from a brand will say something to the publicist, then the publicist will say something to the client, and then, it’s this thing. I thought I had a really strong relationship with this client, and I thought that she knew that my goal always is to *protect* my clients.
-
-And at that moment I just didn’t feel like I was being protected, because there’s no one who can ever say that they’ve worked with me that I didn’t pull my whole heart and soul into them or that I left them hanging and they didn’t have a dress. It’s never happened. No one can ever say that about me. And I was like, “Okay, yeah. Whatever, we’ll do whatever. We’ll work it out.” And then I got off the phone, and I was like, *I’m literally depleted from the day before*. I’m an extreme empath, and I give everything to the point, after that night, I could barely finish a sentence. I had given so much.
-
-That call was very early the very next day after \[the Oscars\]. And the client was one of the clients that I dressed that night. And it’s just like, I got off the phone and I felt like I’m *still* fighting. I’m still fighting. I’m still defending myself. And one thing people who work with me also know is I don’t like to be managed or feel like I’m being chastised. You know what I mean? That just doesn’t work for me or my personality and especially when I feel like I’m giving so much.
-
-And I’m doing the job, I’m getting paid to do the job, and that’s the real of it. But the care and the love that goes in me to do my job, I just feel like I should sometimes be a little bit more taken care of, if that makes sense.
-
-**Yeah. So after your Instagram post, did people reach out to you? Did your clients reach out to you? What have the past couple days been like?** 
-
-I’ve gotten so much love. And I think some people, you know, they want what they want, they wondered like, “Well, what does this mean for … me?” Like it means you have to get another stylist. It’s really weird ’cause people are like, “Oh, it’s PR stunt.” Or, “He’s just throwing a tantrum.” And it’s like, *No, I’m not.* This is real. Again, I don’t wanna suffer anymore. I don’t wanna suffer.
-
-**I know you personally, and I know that you’ve talked a lot about how your upbringing is so different from most people in fashion — as a child, you went to bed hungry. You’ve always worked so hard. I think that there’s a lot of trauma that we, as Black people, deal with, but specifically Black people in fashion have to push through that people just don’t understand why you work the way you work. How has that played into this feeling of you still feeling like you’re suffering?**
-
-I was having dinner with some other stylists, and they were like, “You don’t have to work like that. Why do you work like that? Why do you put yourself through that?” And I was just like, “Well, if you’ve never experienced what it feels like to be a child and to go to bed and cry because you’re still hungry ‘cause there’s just nothing else, you will never understand the reason why I work that way.”
-
-I’m really a street kid, right? My mother was addicted to drugs and alcohol, and I was the oldest of five, and she decided one day to take my brothers and sisters and to leave me, right? And so I literally lived in an abandoned house. She also told me when she left me, “Well, if you don’t work, you don’t eat.” And so when you tell a 13, 14-year-old that, you know, that means you have to do whatever you have to do to survive and to eat.
-
-And so that mentality never left me. I literally survived from the kindness of other people and being a hustler, and like going to the supermarket and pushing the cart back and keeping the quarter or helping people put their groceries in the car — you know what I mean? So I’ve always, always, had that feeling of, *You have to figure it out. You have to work. You have to work. You have to work.* I know a lot of people have this, that feeling of *It could be all over tomorrow, so get as much as you can today.* And so that’s why people also say, “Well, you could just do Zendaya and be successful,” but for me, that wasn’t enough. And then, I also had that burden of showing people like I’m not a one-trick pony.
-
-**You said in your Instagram post that you were tired of the lies and false narratives. What did you mean by that?** 
-
-I end up having a real connection with the client, and it very quickly becomes a thing where they trust me and understand me and we have this relationship. And that’s not the way it goes, especially in Hollywood. You have the gatekeepers, right? You have the person that’s in between you and the client, and all the scheduling, and you have to talk to this person to talk to this person. And I think what happens is a lot of times, they become intimidated by the relationships I’m able to have with the clients personally.  
-And so what happens is it becomes a thing like I just don’t hear from the client anymore. Or I’m booked for jobs and then, all of a sudden, I’m released.
-
-And then I’ll bump into the talent at a party or an event or whatever, and I’m always like, “Hey, what happened? I haven’t heard from you.” And they’re like, “Oh, yeah. Yeah, you know, I know my team reached out a few times, but you were busy. Our schedules didn’t match up.” Or, you know, “The whoever said that you were way too expensive,” and it’s always that.
-
-It’s always the narrative of, “Oh, he’s never gonna treat you the way he treats [Zendaya](https://www.thecut.com/2021/02/law-roach-on-zendayas-timeless-malcolm-and-marie-costumes.html). You’re gonna get what she doesn’t want.” And that’s not true, because none of my clients ever look the same. Like, I don’t use edits.  
-I don’t walk around with suitcases of edits that Zendaya didn’t want and offer ’em to other people. It’s always those narratives, and I’ve lost a bunch of clients that I really care for and really wanted to work with because of the gatekeepers.
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-**How did you even get into fashion, and what was that experience like?** 
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-When I talk about being from the streets and kinda hustling my way — what happened was, out of necessity, I started to go and shop at the thrift store because it was something that was familiar for me from my childhood. And I just kinda made my way back, and so I just started buying stuff and collecting stuff, and one day I had it all in the trunk of my car, and one of my friends, one of my girlfriends, she was like, “Oh, my God, that bag.” She was like, “Oh, what are you gonna do with that? Can I buy it from you?” And so that turned into me going to the thrift store, changing a hem or cinching the waist of a dress — you know, I’ve always hung with a lot of beautiful women and having ’em all come in. We had these little parties … So that got me into selling vintage.
-
-And then eventually I had a brick-and-mortar store in Chicago. And then the stylist thing started to happen, and then Rachel Zoe came around, that show came around, and I was just like, “I want, I wanna be, I want *that*.” And so that’s how, when I came to Hollywood, that was the goal: to be able to go sit front row at fashion shows and to know the designers. And I remember one episode, \[Rachel Zoe\] went back to say hello to Mr. Armani, and I just thought that was … I’m like, *I want that life.* I want that career.
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-**From point A to point B, when a publicist calls you, what is that like? What is the wrangle like?**
-
-So sometimes what happens is a talent will just DM me: “Hey, would you work with me? Can we talk about working?” I started working with this client and she had this really big movie coming out and she said, “You know, I wanna be a fashion girl. I want to take risks, and there’s nobody else that I want to work with but you.”
-
-And I was like, “Okay.” So I took a meeting with her. And we sit down, we are having coffee. And she said, “I wanna tell you something.” She was like, “My agency, I told them exactly what I just told you. I told my PR, I told my agency …” And they gave her a list of five people and I wasn’t on that list. And this is an agency that I’ve worked with, an agent actually that I’ve worked with, with other clients. And they said, “These are the five people that if you really want to have a career in fashion, you have to work with one of these five people.” And you can assume what those five people look like.
-
-And so she said, “I’m new. I don’t know any better. So I take their advice, and I picked one of the five people.” And she said that it was the worst experience that she had ever had in her life. She said she was doing a press day, they sent clothes, the clothes weren’t altered. Somebody else’s stylist has to help safety-pin her clothes. And she was like, “I wasn’t a priority to her. I just wasn’t a priority to her. And it made me feel so bad that it made me almost not want a stylist. And I kept saying your name, and they kept ignoring me. So I just reached out to you myself.” So that happens a lot. And then the other way, the more traditional route, is that the agent, they’ll reach out to my agent, and we’ll go that way and try to make sure it happens. But I’m also really honest with people when I work with them for the first time. I say, “We can actually fall in love and create magic or it’s not gonna work.”
-
-If it’s somebody new, I start by looking at every single thing they’ve ever worn in their career. So I literally go Google, Instagram, and what I’m trying to do is trying to have some connection with who I think they are. And then after that, the process is finding the right clothes. Finding the clothes that I think will help tell that story. And then the very first time that you fit with me, I have rails and rails and rails of clothes. And so what I ask every person to do is to go through every single piece and pull out everything that they love, but also pull out everything they hate.
-
-Because showing me what you hate and dislike helps me build in my mind and helps me to be able to look at clothes from your perspective. That helps me edit moving forward. So the next time you come, there could be ten dresses, but every one of those dresses will work because I’ve pulled them and I’ve found them based on my perception of who you are and what you’ve shown me and my research.
-
-My work is spiritual to me. And I know people are gonna be like, “Oh, that’s so bullshit.” But no, like, if you talk to anybody who ever worked with me, they say, “Oh, you have to let him dream about it.” If it’s three dresses, they’ll say, “Call me in the morning because I know you gonna dream about it.” Because it’s so in my spirit and my soul that I’ll not only see the dress, I see the finished look. I see the hair and makeup. I even can see the press the day after.
-
- **I do wanna bring out something since we’re talking about the press — Priyanka Chopra Jonas. And specifically, there was a quote in** [**People**](https://people.com/health/priyanka-chopra-jonas-reveals-she-was-body-shamed-for-not-being-sample-size/) **the other day where she said, “I’ve been told many things that are difficult to hear. In my job the pressure is so intense, you can’t really show the chinks in your armor. Someone told me yesterday that I wasn’t sample sized. I was hurt and disgusted with my family, and I cried to my husband and my team, and I felt really bad about the fact that I’m not sample size and that that’s a problem apparently, that most of us are not a sample size, which is a two.” You obviously now have worked with her for the past couple of years. What is it like, though, when you read things like that?**
-
-It was a little bit hurtful in a way that it ended up in the press, you know? Because that wasn’t the real conversation. I’ve never had that conversation with her, ever. So again, it is her gatekeepers, how they presented what I said to her to make her feel that way. And if that made her feel bad, that wasn’t — it was taken out of context.
-
-But I’m sure it was taken outta context to get her to be like, “Oh, okay, I’m not working with him no more. He’s insensitive to my body.” Which I’m like, “How is that possible? I’ve been dressing you for literally pre-pandemic, and it’s been nothing but great things.
-
-**Did you feel like her agents were trying to make you look bad?** 
-
-I think sometimes what it is with them is that they have an agenda and I need to be the bad guy because I’m the one who’s dealing with the clothes and the body. Like, I need to be the one who says, you know — and I’m not talking about her. I’m just talking about in general, like, I need to be the one to say, “Oh, you know, be careful because, you know, the pictures aren’t as beautiful because you coming across, you know, a little thicker than you used to be.” It is, like, so they’ll say that to me or have a discussion with me but then take it back as if I was the lead in the discussion. And I’m not saying that’s exactly what happened, but that’s what feels like happened to me.
-
-But I was really surprised that — I love Priyanka. When you are around her, there’s only so many women in this industry that have that thing. I’m constantly inspired by women, and she has this thing that’s very Old Hollywood, Sophia Loren — it drives me crazy. She has a twinkle, she has a wiggle, and I *love* her, like, even as a person.
-
-**You’re also one of the few stylists who dress a lot of celebrities who aren’t sample size.** 
-
-My whole career. When I dressed Anne Hathaway, she had just had a baby. She wasn’t sample size. When I was with Tiffany Haddish, Tiffany Haddish would fluctuate all the time. And when she would fluctuate, she understood that she wasn’t sample size and she would buy her clothes. So I’ve always, always, dressed people that weren’t sample size. I was literally, when Lizzo got her deal, I was one of Lizzo’s first stylists. Like, I’ve never shied away and said that everybody I have to work with has to be tall and a size zero. So that was hurtful.
-
-**I mean, obviously, your hustle has been a grind. But we often talk about nepotism in the industry, so what was that like for you to be able to actually hustle and get clients versus seeing other people get clients and get booked in your early days without much effort?**
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-Well, I think I was able to do it my own way, and I also had someone that we had made a promise to each other that we would do everything in our power to elevate each other, and that’s Zendaya. The way that we came into the industry, nobody wanted to touch either one of us. Like nobody wanted to lend me clothes. Nobody wanted to dress her ’cause, at that time, Disney girls wasn’t considered real actresses. So we pinkie swore to each other that I would do my part. She would do her part. And we would do it together. And I think that allowed me to circumvent all the other ways that people become successful, the nepotism. I’ve never assisted, never interned; I kinda fought my way and hustled my way. I think the famous story is that I will only put Zendaya in clothes that other people had worn because, at that time, the weeklies were like a big thing — who wore it best? And I figured out it’s about press. It’s about whoever gets the most press gets the dress. And so I just kept figuring it out, you know? I just kept using everything I learned on the streets to figure it out. But the nepotism, especially on the Hollywood side, it’s so strong because these stylists, these white female stylists, they grew up with these white publicists and agents. And they went to summer camp and you know what I mean? It’s this network that I was able to penetrate.
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-If we use the Oscars as an example, right? So every year, the industry knows the girls that’s gonna have a movie that’s gonna be in the running, right? Those girls, when they come in, like especially when it’s their first film and they’re new or whatever, they come and they’re automatically introduced to one of the ten. To be a stylist at my level, you have to be able to work with one of those type of girls. That doesn’t happen for Black stylists. You could look at the landscape, and you can look and see the Black stylists that were able to reach a certain height, it’s because of Black talent.
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-That’s why it hurts me so, so bad, when I see a Black talent work with a white stylist, it’s because they have everything else. Like, all we have is you, for the most part. And those women have everything else and everybody else. I always say it’s like two bookstores next to each other, and they have the exact same books, but you choose to go to the bookstore that’s owned by the white person.
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-We cannot elevate and expand without the Black talent. I was able to do it because one, the way I work, I think, is different. And the way I see my job is different … and also because of music. Because Ariana Grande gave me a shot when I was very green. But music is different from Hollywood; it’s not a lot of that nepotism, or racism, or the good ol’ girls club — like, Ari gave me a shot and then Celine Dion called me and changed my fucking life.
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-So the industry had no other choice but to respect me and to let me in, because I had did it a different type of way. I’m super-grateful to Ariana Grande. I’m super-grateful to Jesse J. It’s like, these women … I was *green*. Like, I was so green, and they literally trusted me and gave me a shot. And then Zendaya becoming who she is, so I had the best of both worlds, actually.
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-Like, look at everybody who was nominated and all that, and see who the stylist was, and then go back and look last year, and see everybody who was nominated, who the stylist was. It’s the same group. It’s the same group of women.
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-**I mean there is Zendaya, there is Anya Taylor-Joy, Ariana Grande, Hunter Schafer, Kerry Washington, Celine Dion, Priyanka Chopra Jonas, Anne Hathaway. I’m missing a lot of people, but I’m naming a lot of people because you’ve completely changed the narrative. And you’ve changed their careers, you’ve changed what people think about fashion and styling, and I don’t think that people also understand just how, at the very granular level, how difficult your job is and that it’s not just pulling a look.**  
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-**What does it look like, start to finish, and paint a picture for me of how it looks as you’re consulting on more than just what they’re wearing?**
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-When I started working with Anne Hathaway, I was the first Black stylist that was working with A-list white talent. And it was a big deal. It was a big deal in the community of Black stylists. I think what it did was show the industry that we are just as talented and that we can do talent other than Black girls. That was a really important moment in my career, and it was a really important moment for other people’s careers. ’Cause it just wasn’t happening. It just absolutely wasn’t happening, and you know, I didn’t dress Anne at the beginning; I dressed Anne when Anne is *Anne*. Anne is Oscar-winning, like, Anne is a *movie star*.
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-And so what that did was gave other people hope that, and other stylists, that they can do it, too. And I think we saw Jason Bolden go on and style Angelina Jolie — see, people don’t understand, like, it’s a pack of us. A very small pack of us. And every time we have a win, one of us has a win, it’s a win for everybody else. Because at the end of the day, everybody wants the most successful career, and the most diverse career that they can have, right?
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-And everybody wants the opportunities, and unfortunately, you get more opportunities when you get to the place where you’re dressing white women. Just like everything else in this country, right? You’re validated.  
-Even my career, I’m validated by white Establishments. I’ve never been — well, I won’t say never — but I’ve never been invited to the BET Awards. I’ve never been given an award by *Essence*, or NAACP … I wasn’t even invited to NAACP. \[*Laughs*.\] With all that with Zendaya, like, I’ve never been invited. I’ve never been celebrated by my own people. It doesn’t matter until you’re validated by the white Establishment. And I’ve been lucky to get that validation, but it would mean so much more to me, to be validated and appreciated from my own people.
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-**But what does that look like, specifically when you’re working with these big A-list people, because it’s not just picking out a look for this premiere. You’re consulting on so much, so what does that look like, overall?** 
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-I own my look. It’s called the gestalt theory. It says the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. And I have to control the whole, right? Because, again, it comes from my vision and my dreams, and I see it, right? And so, I have to see it in real life, the way I see it in my mind. So it’s exhausting, and it’s exhausting if you have a client in London, and it’s, you know, four, three a.m. in L.A., and you have to be up and be alert and talk to hair and makeup about the look, and make sure that the earring is right, and all that. People say, “Well, you don’t have to do all that.” I was like, “I do, because that’s my crazy, right? And it’s also my vice.” Like, I don’t do drugs, I don’t party, I don’t have a boyfriend, I don’t have a dog, I don’t have any kids, like. It’s literally all that I have.
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-**But you also consult so much on image, overall. It’s not just the specific of clothing. It’s also career.** 
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-It’s a story. I have to be able to create a narrative. I’m just a storyteller, honestly, Lindsay. At the end of the day, I am a storyteller, and I use the clothes, as the words, to get across the narrative, get across the story. I want you to feel like you’re Dorothy Dandridge in the way you touch your hair, and the way you bevel, you know what I mean? I do all of that. I’m really close to my clients; yes, we do talk about career moves and brands and that type of stuff. But then, that’s another thing that the gatekeepers don’t like. They don’t like that. That I’m gonna make this amount of money for consulting about the whole thing. So, yeah, they don’t like that.
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-**There’s been a lot of speculation as to gatekeepers in general. I know the Vuitton video has been circulating a ton. I was there, but I didn’t even see you there. But I saw the video of you and Zendaya coming up to the front row. What actually happened?**
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-So we left on time, but I don’t know if our driver went the wrong way, but we got stuck in traffic. Also the way we came in, it was a long walk actually to get your seat. It was a long walk. So it was a lot of anxiety, because Zendaya is really respectful and she doesn’t like people to have to wait on her, and so it was just anxiety. So the Vuitton team was like shuffling us as fast as possible to the seats. And so what happened was — we have to remember that we just came from a house where she was the only face, the only ambassador. Even for years, like, I’m always used to sitting next to her. And so, in my mind, my seat was next to her. So when I got there and it wasn’t, you know, it wasn’t a problem, but there was nobody to tell me where my actual seat was. And so the seat behind her, when you see her turn around and touch the seat, it wasn’t her telling me to sit there, it was her telling me like, “That’s Darnell’s seat,” which is her assistant. I’m not gonna sit in Darnell’s seat. So then where does he go? And so I was standing there — I was really just kind of confused. And remember, we had just made a mad dash to get there, so it’s anxiety, like, you sweating. I got this suit on, the hair, and we hot, you know, I was trying to make it. And so that’s what this thing was, because I’m programmed. I’m coming from a house where I know where my seat is, right? It’s right next to her, and it’s always right next to her, because that’s part of our relationship and our interaction, seeing the clothes together. And you know, the little cues, and little such, like, that’s the look. You know, and so when that didn’t happen, it just … And somebody was like, “Law, you have to sit,” and I was like, “I don’t know where I’m sitting.” That became really tough, because it made people think that Zendaya wasn’t taking care of me and wasn’t making sure I was taken care of. And then it became this thing with Delphine Arnault. I was like, *Where did that come from?* And so, now I have a beef with LVMH, and there’s no beef with LVMH. Delphine and the Arnault family have been so kind to me. Like, even after the show, we went to the after-party. I had a whole conversation with her and congratulated her on her move to Dior. She sent me a beautiful bag, and it’s like, there’s no beef. And I also think that played into it, because everybody thinks that I have this beef. That I’m just beefing with LVMH for what people think. Which is crazy. But this beef from the Anya Taylor-Joy thing. And me kind of standing up for myself against Dior … ?
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-**And what were you standing up for yourself against Dior for?**
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-I collaborated with Dior on a couple of dresses for Anya. And when the looks came out, there was no credit to the stylist. People have to understand when we do customs for clients, there’s a process, right? It’s a back-and-forth. It’s a collaboration between the designer, the atelier, and us, right? Because we are the liaison between them for the client, and to make sure they are happy, because we know what they want, more than the house does. I had worked really hard on looks for Anya. And so it came out, and it was just like, “Oh, you know, this took 40 hours, and this fabric, and all that, and this design,” and they show the sketch and all that. And I felt a certain type of way, and not just for myself. Don’t erase me. Don’t erase my contribution to this look and to this dress. Don’t erase all the phone calls, emails, and text messages, and going back and forth, and me working to make sure that my client is happy. Don’t erase that. And when I did do that, I got so many DMs from other stylists, like, “Thank you for doing that, because they did the same thing to me.” Or, ‘They’ve been doing the same thing to me for years.’ And my biggest thing, and anybody who knows me knows, I don’t mind being the first, or taking a hit from something, to make sure that people don’t have to go through the same things. And when I say people, I mean, Black people.
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-**Even you publicly saying, “Hey, Dior, you need to give me credit,” that takes a lot of bravery.**
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-It takes a lot of bravery because, again, LVMH is very powerful in this industry. And I have to be okay and have no fear of saying, ‘It’s just not right.’ For award season, we get dresses from houses and we take the dresses apart. We add here, take this, do that. And there should be some appreciation for that, and they should also pay us for that. It’s work. And you should pay us a rate that is attractive and shows your gratitude. We all should be paid for that. Why should we do it for free because it’s this big house? That’s not the way it should work. And the one thing about me, I’ve said this before, I need to know what the rate is. What’s the rate?
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-**Have you had situations like this with other brands where you felt like they weren’t giving you the respect that you deserve?** 
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-No, I haven’t. I have the most incredible time and working relationship with Pierpaolo Piccioli of Valentino; he has no ego. He is a true talent with no ego. And every time we did something, the first thing would be, “Thank you, Law.” Tagging @luxurylaw; sending text messages and flowers. I never had that with anybody else.
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-**As Black people in fashion, we have to deal with so many gatekeepers. And it’s frustrating, because the industry says, “We love inclusivity, we love diversity, we love all these things,” but there are so few of us that actually have an understanding of what it’s like behind the scenes. What has your experience been like in trying to get past the gatekeepers, or to do the work that you want to do, regardless of the gatekeepers?** 
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-Some of the gatekeepers don’t care about the clothes. Right? You know, if it’s an agent/manager/publicist, some of them don’t care; they’re like, you know, “We trust you, she trusts you, as long as she’s happy, I don’t care.” But then there are some that want to come to the fitting, and want to have an opinion, and want to pick the dress, or say that that’s not the right dress, and all that, and I don’t work like that. At this point, I’m proven, my work is proven, and if you are a girl that wants to tell a story, or have a huge moment, then you come to me. Everybody knows that. Everybody knows my work, and everybody knows what my work does, and how that impacts someone’s career. Honestly, some people are like, “I don’t care. I’m managing this press tour. I’m setting up these interviews, and you know, I’m making sure all this that is there,” and the other person’s like, “We’re working on a deal,” or whatever; they don’t care about clothes. And I’m not going to the publicist and saying, “Um, did you make sure that she has that interview on the BBC?” Like, I’m not trying to do your job, so don’t try to do mine. And I’m very outspoken to say, “No, you can’t come to the fitting.” You’re not a stylist. I’m not a publicist. So, our jobs shouldn’t overlap in that way. Your job is to let me know the schedule, and my job is to take the schedule and make sure that I have all the clothes, and the client feels beautiful.
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-This is the worst, and this also happens when I’m working with non-Black talent; it’s this emotion of, “I’m supposed to be grateful,” because I’m dressing the white girl. I’m supposed to be grateful. But I’m like, “No, she’s supposed to be grateful that she’s working with me, because I’m changing her life.” \[*Laughs*.\] I mean that as humbly as possible, but like, it can’t be debated. Like, it can’t be debated. I’m one of the only stylists that really, actually changes, and helps change the trajectory of people’s careers through fashion. It’s a club, these women that have been working with each other for 20 years, and the thing about it is that I won’t say that’s always racism, right? To be really honest with you. People like to work with people they are comfortable with, but if you are a person of privilege, of power, you have to be okay to release that, every now and again. You have to be able to be secure enough to give somebody who doesn’t look like you an opportunity, and that’s what doesn’t happen. They want to work with the same stylists. We get it, right? You’re comfortable, you know the job is gonna get done, but if you are really going to be progressive, and forward thinking, and not be a part of the problem, you have to release some of that power. And that’s the only way that the dynamic and the landscape of what I do is gonna change. Some of these stylists, these white stylists, have to say, “You know what? That’s not for me. This Black girl, who I don’t understand her body, or her hair texture, or all this, it’s not right for me. Let’s give this to someone who’s building, who we know can do the job, and let’s give it to them.” But that’s not the way it works, because it’s a money thing, right? To really be our ally, and to really stand strong to all these things that people have been talking about, you have to release some of that power. You have to make the decision to say, ‘This ain’t for me. This ain’t for me.’ This would be better there.
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-**What are some of these narratives that you feel like people have perpetuated about you in the industry? Because I know you were saying that, you felt like, specifically, the PR teams are really difficult to work with.**
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-Not all of them.
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-**Not all of them. But they can be difficult when you are communicating with talent. What are some of the narratives that you have experienced or you feel like have happened behind the scenes that people don’t realize?**
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-It’s the — I’m difficult. I’m a diva. I’m my own celebrity, so I’ll never really have time for you. I’m nasty. I’m mean. But again, first of all, my last name is Roach. I’ve always been a very feminine boy, right? Growing up, I’ve always had to defend myself. I’ve always had to fight. So if I feel disrespected in any type of way, I’m ready for a fight. You know? And they don’t understand that, so when that happens: “Oh, he’s — he’s difficult,” or “He’s disrespectful,” or something; it’s like, “No, it’s just my defense mechanism.” If I feel attacked, I’m going to attack back. I’ve never learned the diplomacy of, like, “Oh, just let it go.” It’s like, “No, if I hear you saying something or you’re doing this thing, I’m going to call you and say, ‘Hey, what’s up?’” Like, “What are you doing? Like, no, that’s not true.” And that’s what I was doing on that phone call that kind of pushed me over the edge. Telling this woman, like, “You’re lying to my client.” And this is the way we lose clients. But in this turn of events, it’s the reason why the client lost me. I shouldn’t have to do that. I shouldn’t have to always defend myself.
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-**What has it been like to try to communicate and defend yourself when you know that your counterparts, other stylists, don’t have to deal with that at all?**
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-It’s really tough. And it’s like I never feel protected. You know, I mean I have certain clients that it’s like, “Leave him alone.” You know? Like, “Leave him alone. Let him work. He doesn’t work in a traditional sense. Let him be the artist that he is.” And when it’s that, you can always tell. You can look at the work and know who are the clients that let me create, right? And I remember with Celine Dion one day, she pulled me to the side and she said, “If anybody ever tries to stagger you or your creativity, let me know, because I want you to fly.” Same thing with Zendaya. You know, people think that she wears whatever I want. She doesn’t. It’s a collaboration. But if I say, “Zendaya, my spirit says this is the dress,” she’ll say, “This is the dress.” You know, it’s only so many that really give me that. And those are the ones that the work becomes iconic and legendary, and people talk about it, because it’s the synergy that I need, and it’s the ability and the allowance to be able to fly, right? It’s always the best.
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-**A lot of other stylists don’t have to hustle or work as hard. Financially, what has that been like to fight for your pay equity? To say, “Look, this is what I deserve.” What have you heard about other stylists and what they’re making versus …**
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-I know the impact that my work has, what this look and the picture means financially and how it equates to marketing dollars and all that. And I know that I bring more to the table when it comes to that than a lot of other people. It’s instinctual that we’re not worth as much. There has been programming in this country that we don’t deserve the same amount or the same pay. But when I’m telling you I’ve heard from a credible source, I’ve seen the deal memo. So I’m not telling you I feel like \[another stylist\] is making more money than me. I’m telling you that I know she’s making more money. And for you to say you don’t believe it. You don’t have to believe it, because I’m showing you the proof. So what your job is as my protector is to go and say, “Hell no. We’re not taking that.”
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-But that’s this country, right? We are still fighting to show that we are worth just as much or more than them. I mean it’s the same thing we’ve been doing as Black people for the last, what, 300 years? Still trying to make a space for ourselves, still trying to make spaces for people that’s coming behind us. It’s the same thing. It’s just fashion, right? It’s no different than any other industry. It’s no different than the fight of, you know, Black actresses, fighting to make the same amount as their white counterparts. It’s the same thing. It’s like, it’s no different for us, right? I want to advocate down. I don’t want to just advocate for myself. I want to advocate to make sure that when I’m on a set, there’s someone on the production team that’s working that looks like me, or the photo team that’s working that looks like me, or the PAs, or, you know, something. So I don’t have a problem using whatever power or platform I have to advocate not just myself and across the board but down as well. I’m never gonna take the same amount of money as a hair and makeup artist. I don’t do the same job. I shouldn’t have to. When I talk about money and I talk about race, then it’s like, “Oh, he’s greedy.” When you get a real ally at a brand, and it’s happened, it’s happened to me a bunch of times where they’re like, “Oh, well, just to let you know … I’m not trying to be messy, but such and such, such and such, you know, this is what they made. And, you know, Law, we think that you did a better job.”
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-**What would you say is one of the most racist experiences or things that’s happened to you working on set or in fashion?**
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-It’s twofold. Early on, I used to be privy to, like, emails where they’re like, “Well, who’s this Black boy?” You know? Stuff like that. When I really first started getting invited to the shows, because I was so excited, I was early. I didn’t know, like, *Oh, this show’s gonna be 30 minutes late.* Like, I’m on time. I’m sitting, I’m waiting, and very excited, very grateful. And the PR person would come and say, “Can I see your ticket?” \[*Laughs*.\] Or somebody would be sitting in the wrong seat, and they automatically come to me and say, “I need you to get out of that seat. That’s not your seat.” And I’m like, “But it is my seat.” And then I’ll say, “Well, why did you pass everybody else to get to me?” Because the Black boy can’t be sitting front row. And you know, the dynamic has changed with that front row over these last few years. It used to be — I mean, it’s still not a lot — it used to be Edward \[Enninfiul, editor of British *Vogue*\]. So when they saw me, I had to be the front-row crasher. Like, I just had to be. I would watch, and I would know what they were doing. I would watch them walk past everybody else. And it still kind of happens. You know, now, the main person will run over and basically be like, “Are you fucking crazy? That’s Law Roach.” You know what I mean? And I’ll just sit there. But yeah, like, for years when I started to go to the shows, especially in Europe. They have a way of making you feel like you’re not supposed to be there.
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-**Do you feel like you’ve gotten to a point where you feel appreciated?**
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-I do feel appreciated. And me announcing my retirement has kind of strengthened that for me. My career, I’m happy with what I’ve done. I’m happy with the accomplishments. I’m happy that I have been able to be a reference point of a successful Black man in this industry, in styling. Because I didn’t have a reference point. And people can make the comparison with André \[Leon Tally.\] But it’s really no comparison between my work and my career and what he did. So now, this younger generation and all my fashion babies have a real reference point to say, “Oh, well, Law was able to do that, so I know I can do it.” Because, you know, representation is everything. I was still chasing this white woman’s career and that dream, and now people can say, “Oh, I want to be able to do what Law did.” You know? Yes, I feel appreciated for that. And I have put my livelihood on the line to stand up for myself.
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-**So what’s gonna happen with all your clients now?**
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-They’re gonna find a new stylist.
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-And people will say, “Oh, you not gonna leave Zendaya.” But I don’t have to style Zendaya to be a part of her team and her creativity team, right? So maybe if I choose, you know, not to be her stylist, I can still be her creative director and I can still, you know, manage a stylist or however I choose to do it. I haven’t made a decision. She’s giving me the grace to be able to make that decision because we really have a kinship. Like, you know, we’ve grown up together. And that’s all I ever asked, was for people who I worked so hard for to just give me grace when I need it.
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-November — not this last year, but the year before that, when my 3-year-old nephew died — I never felt anything like that before. And I think that also has been pushing this retirement, because it kind of made me understand that I had no other priorities than my work, because when he passed away he was 3. I had only been able to see him maybe … I saw him when he was born, I saw him on Christmas, one time, and then I saw him around our birthday. So I had only been able to see him three times in his whole life. Not being able to ever know who he would be, I was on the verge of suicide, honestly. The guilt of not being in his life enough and not really knowing him enough had put me into a really dark depression. And I had never been depressed in my life. So my brain couldn’t really understand what was happening. He died a day before Thanksgiving. So I was on a retainer with a client and his manager, and I’ll never forget this — his manager said, ‘“Oh yeah, but you really didn’t do anything in December.” And I didn’t say anything, but it kind of haunts me that people don’t see me sometimes as human. And that I don’t deserve grace. So it’s been a lot of little things that’s been happening over the last couple of years that have been pushing me towards this decision of retirement. I need to learn how to give myself grace, and I need to learn how to let people know that I am human. Because I’ve been able to be in two or three places at the same time. Like, I’ve mastered that in my own little way. And I need to figure out, you know, how to love me, and how to accept love and how not to suffer.
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-**We saw you last night walking in the Hugo Boss show. Congratulations. What else do you have coming up? I know the Boss thing was a long time in the works, when people thought it was random.** 
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-People thought it was a PR stunt. I was really releasing that I was retiring so that I could walk in the Boss show. I’m like, “People, you have to understand that’s been four or five months in the making.” They were really kind, and they were like, “Well, you know, if you don’t think you can do it, you know, we understand if you pull out.” And I say, “I’m a Black little gay boy. I’ve been learning how to walk in heels and pumps since I was 6.” \[*Laughs*.\] No, I’m ready for this show.
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-What was the most beautiful thing about it? It was about me. And I felt like it was about me and I really felt alive last night. Because I didn’t have to go in somebody else’s dressing room and get them dressed. Or make sure that I had everything or my assistant. It was about me as Law, and I felt almost born again, to be honest with you. I was so happy last night. I woke up this morning to get on my flight, and I had forgot what joy felt like. And I’m very grateful to them.
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-**And now you feel that pressure is lifted.**
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-I do. I feel, last night and this morning, I just — I feel so free. I feel a freedom that I don’t remember ever feeling. And no matter what, if I come back, which I don’t have plans on coming back —
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-**So no Met Gala?**
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-No Met Gala.
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-**Wow.**
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-Canceled.
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-**So what is this next era gonna be like for you? What are you excited about?**
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-You know, so many other things I want to do. I got a book deal a year ago, and I have not been able to — I have a deadline that’s coming up, really, and I have had no time to work on it at all. It hasn’t been announced yet, but I’ve been made the creative director of a footwear brand. So I’m excited about that. Because now I really get to create in a different type of way. I wanna do more personality-driven stuff, so you might see me doing red-carpet correspondence, because I never had a chance to do it, because how can I be a correspondent when I’ve got 11 people at the Met Gala? I hope people start to see me more as me, as Law, as the person. I want to do more things with Boss. I want to do things and use my personality. I might have a talk show or a podcast or, you know, anything. I just wanna prove to myself that I can do more than be of service to other people.
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-I feel alive, Lindsay. I know it’s only been a couple days, but I feel alive. And I keep using the word *suffering* because it’s the only word that I can … I don’t have any friends. I don’t have any relationships; everything that could bring me joy has been suppressed because of the work. This persona of, you know, Luxury Law, Law Roach the Stylist, and not realizing that I was miserable. So I just, I just wanna breathe. I wanna fly; I wanna be happy. I wanna figure other things out. I think not doing that job is going to give me the time and an ability to just try some other stuff. And if I fail at everything else, then I fail at everything else. We know I’m a good stylist, so shit. I always got a job.
-
-Video produced by [Dayna’s House](https://daynashouse.com/): Laila Iravani, editor; Shirley Cruz, DP; Nick Parish, lighting; and Christopher Comfort, sound mixing.
-
-Law Roach on Why He Retired From Celebrity Fashion Styling
-
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-# Leopards Are Living among People. And That Could Save the Species
-
-Where the wild things are is a shifting concept influenced by culture, upbringing, environs, what we watch on our screens, and, for me, the tussle between my education as a wildlife biologist and my experiences in the field. Taking to heart a [core tenet](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-013-0549-6) of conservation science—that wild animals, certainly large carnivores, belong in the wilderness—I began my career in the 1990s by visiting nature reserves in India to study Asiatic lions and clouded leopards. When in the new millennium I stumbled on leopards living in and around villages, I was shocked. “They shouldn't be here!” my training shouted. But there they were, leaping over the metaphysical walls scholars had constructed between nature and humankind as nonchalantly as they strolled past the physical boundaries of protected areas.
-
-Take the first leopard I collared with a GPS tag: a large male that had fallen into a well near Junnar, in the Indian state of Maharashtra, in the summer of 2009. He took refuge on a ledge just above the water, and forest department personnel rescued him by lowering a ladder with a trap cage at the top into the well. It had been a hot day, and the leopard was clearly old and very tired, but even after climbing up into the cage, he remained unruffled. My team—veterinarian Karabi Deka, a local farmer named Ashok Ghule who served as a translator and guide, me (a doctoral student at the time) and some others—made sure he was secure, and Deka shot a tranquilizer dart into him through the cage bars. He didn't even growl. His calm, gentle and elderly demeanor induced us to call him Ajoba, which means “grandfather” in Marathi, the area's local language.
-
-We released Ajoba the same night in a forest 52 kilometers away. Over the next weeks we watched his movements, as revealed by the intermittent signals from his collar, with astonishment and trepidation. Ajoba walked right out of the forest and traveled over farmland, through another wildlife preserve, across an industrial estate full of smoke-belching factories and a four-lane highway, and past a busy train station. After walking 125 kilometers in about a month, he reached Mumbai and settled down near the edge of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP), where jungle borders a city of more than 20 million people.
-
-For years the forest department had been assuaging public fear of leopards by capturing them from inhabited areas and releasing them in forests. Ajoba must have been exiled from Mumbai's suburbs and now had simply gone home.
-
-As humans, we believe that only we have agency. But like tens of millions of people in rural India whose forests and fields are being converted to mines, factories, dams and highways, animals must adapt if they are to survive in an increasingly challenging world. The biology of large cats dictates that they roam across tens or hundreds of kilometers to find mates and have cubs; failing such dispersal, inbreeding and, with it, extinction are imminent. It is because these felines [refuse to be confined](https://drive.google.com/file/d/18aY1gCGWh4o7ol53VH14qelwwX5YDnJ_/view) to the 5 percent of India's land surface designated as protected that—alongside 1.4 billion people—the country continues to shelter 23 percent of the planet's carnivore species, including at least half the world's tigers, the only surviving population of Asiatic lions and almost 13,000 leopards.
-
-But they must not cause so much harm that people retaliate. Around the world the primary threat to big cats is humans. According to the Wildlife Protection Society of India, poachers in search of skin, claws or bones, for which there is an illicit market, or villagers angered by the loss of livestock killed almost 5,200 [leopards](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S245229292200039X) in that country between 1994 and 2021. Even so, something about the way much of rural India views wild animals enables thousands of leopards to live in areas with roughly 400 humans per square kilometer. Observing how they do so convinced me that if large carnivores are to survive into the future, it is necessary to change the way the rest of us view them.
-
-This is a story of two highly adaptable species sharing the same space—and a story of hope in these otherwise bleak times for wildlife. Here commonplace notions about large cats being fearsome and bloodthirsty break down. Instead we find wild carnivores and people trying to survive, having their young and living in their societies right next to each other.
-
-![An aerial view of Mumbai showing protected wilderness adjacent to urban Mumbai.](https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6F8536D6-B228-4CDF-88C00F7546B1BB85_medium.jpg)
-
-Mumbai, a city of more than 20 million people, borders the Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP) and other green areas in which 50 or so leopards live. Credit: Nayan Khanolkar
-
-## An Eye for an Eye
-
-I've been fascinated with large cats since I first encountered the story of Lord Ayyappa, when I was a little girl. Ayyappa is a Hindu god who, as a child, was ordered to get tiger's milk. He did so, returning on the back of a tigress. The imagery in my picture book was peaceable, full of compassion and understanding, and it seems to have stayed in my head.
-
-In 2001, after getting master's degrees in ecology and evolutionary biology, I found myself living in the Junnar subdistrict, a rural area full of sugarcane fields. I was the mother of a small child. I had followed my then husband, a physicist, to the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope there and planned to devote all my time to raising my daughter. But I became intrigued by reports of large numbers of people in the area being injured or killed by leopards. Between 2001 and 2003 leopards attacked 44 people in Junnar. Some of those assaults may have been accidental, but others were premeditated, as when cats lifted small children who were sleeping outdoors between their parents, killing them so swiftly and stealthily that no one woke up.
-
-It made no sense. Why were there so many leopards in this agricultural landscape, which was bereft of wild herbivores for them to feed on? And why were the animals so aggressive? There were no reports in the conservation literature on large carnivores outside of protected areas, but Maharashtra's forest department was capturing leopards all over the state's rural areas for release into forests. (Leopards are smart, but being cats, they will enter boxes—trap cages.) I received a small grant and put together a team to microchip them. The tags did not transmit signals, but a handheld reader would allow us to identify an individual if it happened to be recaptured. For every leopard, I noted where it was caught and why—and I soon realized they were being moved to jungles not because they'd attacked people but simply because they'd been seen near villages.
-
-In 1972 the Indian government had passed the Wildlife Protection Act, which prohibited the killing of endangered animals. (A tiger or leopard that was proved to habitually prey on people could, however, be shot.) Since the 1980s forest departments in India, held responsible for large wild animals, had been removing leopards from inhabited areas as a way of reducing conflict between leopards and humans. By the mid-2000s it was clear that, at least in Junnar, translocation itself was increasing conflict.
-
-For years Junnar's villagers reported an average of four leopard attacks a year. Then, in February 2001, the local forest department initiated the translocation program. During the following year its staff released 40 leopards caught in the region and elsewhere into two protected areas tens of kilometers away. Attacks on humans near the reserves [more than tripled](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21054526/), to about 15 a year, and the fraction of fatal attacks doubled, to 36 percent. And there were more attacks near the release sites. One leopard caught and tagged in Junnar, and which the forest staff moved to a protected area in Maharashtra's northwest, went on to attack people near its release site. (We realized it was the same cat when it was recaptured, and we scanned its microchip.) It was the first time the region had experienced such attacks, despite leopards having always lived there.
-
-Leopards are very secretive, so we cannot really know how capture and release affects them. What we do know is that stress increases aggression, and moving large cats in captivity from one zoo to another elevates their levels of stress hormones. Home is a biological imperative for cats. And in the few places where wild leopards occasionally show themselves, such as Sri Lanka and Africa, they have social lives, centered on females; it stands to reason that disrupting their relationships compounds the stress of relocation. Moreover, studies in Russia on collared tigers found that when they did attack, they were usually responding to being provoked or injured. In 1988 Asiatic lions preyed on humans for the first time since 1904—after 57 lions were moved from human-dominated areas to Gir National Park, a protected area dedicated to them.
-
-Had the translocated cats learned to see humans as threats? Whatever the reasons may be, when leopards were separated by humans from their homes and families and released in unfamiliar terrain, it was disastrous for the villagers they chanced on.
-
-![A sedated leopard is radiocollared by biologists in India.](https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4CE128F0-71EA-4072-BCA588B656042055_medium.jpg)
-
-Veterinarians and others radio collar a leopard to understand its movements and behavior. Credit: Nayan Khanolkar
-
-## Live and Let Live
-
-While traveling around Maharashtra microchipping leopards in the early 2000s, I'd become intrigued by a region of beautiful hills and valleys just north of Junnar. A lot of leopards were being captured in this agricultural area—one female and her cubs were trapped inside a wheat field. There were apparently many leopards in a place with many people, yet there were no attacks. I wanted to understand why.
-
-By then I had been working on leopards with the forest department for four years, and my record persuaded senior wildlife biologists [Ullas Karanth](https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/its-global-tiger-day-mdash-how-is-the-effort-to-save-them-going/) and Raman Sukumar to support a doctoral project investigating leopard ecology using tools such as camera traps. When I started work around Akole, a town of 20,000 people, I wasn't even sure there were enough leopards there for us to learn anything meaningful. No scientist had ever reported a leopard from this locale. But the field staff of the forest department showed me the evidence: fresh pugmarks (paw prints) at the side of a field, in courtyards and in school playgrounds; kills hanging in trees; dogs missing or injured; a dead pig here and there. I seemed to be in the right place. But how could I design a camera-trap study in a place where people were everywhere? I was one of the last biologists using film cameras. Every roll was precious, and the cameras might get stolen.
-
-It was a difficult period for my six-year-old daughter, who would cry every time I left for Akole, where I stayed during weekdays. I began by interviewing 200 villagers about their livestock losses and leopard encounters and telling them about my project. At first they were surprised to see a field ecologist, particularly a woman, setting up cameras in sugarcane fields and walking for kilometers to look for leopard signs, but soon they got used to me and would offer me breakfast, lunch or tea when they saw me.
-
-In the early days it was scary to walk in six-foot-high stands of sugarcane and other tall crops where the animals could hide or along dry streambeds with overhanging shrubbery where they might rest. To avoid surprising a leopard, I took to talking to myself if I walked alone; if someone else was there, we chatted.
-
-As I talked to the farmers, my fear just went away. They were regularly interacting with the leopards. A man at a local tea shop recounted, with great amusement, how his wife had thrown dirty water from her home onto the field below and was terrified to hear the growl of a leopard she'd splattered; the leopard simply went on its way. A farmer told me how he'd run out of his house when he heard his cattle bellowing at night and spotted a leopard running off when it could have turned and attacked him. One old lady described holding on to the back legs of her goat while a leopard was trying to pull it away by the front legs. She was alone in a secluded place, and yet the leopard gave up and ran away.
-
-![Map shows data on leopard status (present, uncertain, or extinct) overlaid with human population density throughout the Indian subcontinent. Chart shows mean human population density in global leopard ranges by subspecies.](https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/assets/Image/2023/saw0423Athr31_d.jpg)
-
-Credit: Daniel P. Huffman; Sources: “*Panthera pardus* (Amended Version of 2019 Assessment),” by A. B. Stein et al., in *The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*, 2020 (*leopard range data*); “Leopard (*Panthera pardus*) Status, Distribution, and the Research Efforts across Its Range,” by Andrew P. Jacobson et al., in *PeerJ*; May 2016 (*chart reference*); Kontur Population data set (*India human population data*)
-
-In the summer people routinely slept outdoors in the cool air without fear. The few attacks on humans I heard about were accidental, such as when a leopard jumped on a dog on a path and collided with a couple on a passing motorcycle; they all tumbled into a field, and the leopard ran away. In the villages around Akole, no leopard had killed anyone in living memory.
-
-It took me a year to set up the first motion-triggered cameras across my 179-square-kilometer study area. I placed them alongside paths humans used where I had found pugmarks and scat. The first shots were of cattle, dogs and posing villagers, such as an old farmer who got down on all fours and crawled past, growling. But soon the real leopards showed up. We used the rosette patterns on their coats to identify the individuals we photographed, and statistical models helped us extrapolate the numbers to estimate how many leopards were going undetected.
-
-The results were fascinating. There were high densities—[five per 100 square kilometers](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0057872)—not just of leopards but also of hyenas, carnivores just as large. And this was in an agricultural landscape with human densities of 357 per square kilometer, by my measurements. For comparison, in Namibia the density of leopards varies from one to four per 100 square kilometers, but the average human density is just three per square kilometer—less than one hundredth of that in Akole. The croplands surrounding the village were also home to jungle cats—small felines that often stole domestic chickens—as well as jackals and foxes. The rare rusty-spotted cat was even breeding there.
-
-![A leopard walks through a dimly lit alleyway in Mumbai.](https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E130F01B-58AF-45CF-A6609C404BC31CA4_medium.jpg)
-
-A nocturnal visitor is welcome around the home of a Warli Indigenous family. Warli houses often have traditional paintings of leopards or other wildlife inside, depicting a philosophy of coexistence with other creatures. Credit: Nayan Khanolkar
-
-To figure out what the leopards were eating, volunteers and friends helped me collect scat and examine it for undigested remains of hair, claws and hooves. (DNA markers confirmed the scat was indeed from leopards.) To my surprise, leopards in this landscape were eating primarily [dogs](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103201/) (39 percent of their diet), and overall, domestic animals made up 87 percent of their prey. Interestingly, dogs supplied almost four times more biomass to the leopards' diets than goats did even though goats were seven times more numerous in the area. Farmers confirmed that they lost far fewer livestock to predators than to diseases or accidents, which may have made them more accepting of the loss of the occasional goat.
-
-Never before had such high densities of large carnivores been reported in a populated landscape in India. To the staff of the forest department, it was no surprise, but most of my colleagues in conservation refused to believe the leopards were living there.
-
-## Secretive Lives
-
-If I were to put radio collars on some of the leopards, the GPS signals they transmitted would help us learn more about how they were sharing space with the people of Akole. I was initially reluctant to collar the cats—the stress of the intervention could be disastrous both for the leopards and for the villagers who'd made me feel so welcome—but the deep interest of Maharashtra's chief wildlife warden and my scientific curiosity induced me to try. What we found was remarkable.
-
-The radio signals showed that the cats spent their entire day hiding in small bushes or inside the dense, six-foot-tall sugarcane fields—within pouncing distance of people going about their business, unaware of the leopards lurking nearby. At night, when the rural landscape was devoid of people, it was, from the cats' perspective, just another wild space. The tracking data showed us that this was the leopards' time, when they stalked houses, looking for goats and pets, and prowled garbage dumps hunting for foraging dogs and domestic pigs.
-
-![A leopard is shown in a cage at a rescue center.](https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9C632FD0-D781-45AE-BE301E83A8BF8F2C_medium.jpg)
-
-Radhika was captured in 2004 during a spate of leopard attacks in Mumbai, although no one could be sure she was responsible. She died in captivity in 2018. Nowadays camera traps ensure that any leopard that threatens humans is swiftly identified and removed to permanent captivity. Credit: Nayan Khanolkar
-
-We collared a female and a male who turned out to be a mother and her subadult (in human terms, teenage) son. We could see from the signals, transmitting every three hours, that they sometimes met up, fed together on the same carcass and then went their separate ways. When the female had a new litter, there were two nights when she was away and her subadult son stayed with his young siblings—babysitting!
-
-And then one night one little cub fell into a well. The GPS signals showed that the mother paced by the well all night, leaving at dawn for her daytime shelter about 250 meters away in a sugarcane field. The forest department rescued the cub the next day and released it after dark near the well. Within half an hour of the cub's release, the mother was back by the well. A few hours later pugmarks from three cats were spotted together—the mom, her half-grown son and the baby, reunited.
-
-Leopards were not only surviving but raising families in this agricultural landscape—and there was something about the way local people dealt with it that I could not fathom. I'd been trained to see the juxtaposition of large carnivores and people as a situation of imminent conflict. One day, early in my research in Akole, I drove with Ghule kaka (“kaka,” an honorific, means uncle), the farmer I was working with, to interview a woman whose goat had been killed by a leopard. Like a typical wildlife biologist, I asked her what problems she had with leopards. She brusquely replied that a particular leopard routinely came by a path in the hills, passed her house and went “that way.”
-
-Later I asked Ghule kaka what I'd done to annoy her. “These people revere the leopard, and you're asking her what problem her god gives her!” he replied. Nearby was a statue of [Waghoba](http://mesbiodiversity.in/publications/Athreya_et_al_2018_Narratives_of_large_cat_worship_in_India.pdf), a large cat deity that many people in the region have worshipped for at least half a century. I remember a pastoralist whose sheep was taken by a leopard. “The poor leopard had no prey in the forest,” he said. “What else could he eat? So he's taken the sheep, and God will give me more.”
-
-I'd started out as an arrogant young biologist convinced that we can resolve human-wildlife “conflict” only by understanding the animal involved. My experiences in Akole convinced me that it is humans who hold the key, and I soon got a chance to test that theory.
-
-![Two biologists are shown on an overlook of Mumbai, holding an antenna to track a radiocollared leopard.](https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AAAA38FD-6414-48E5-B968641CC3DFE241_medium.jpg)
-
-A researcher and a member of the forest department track a radio-collared leopard in the hills of SGNP. Credit: Nayan Khanolkar
-
-## Alley Cat
-
-In 2011 Sanjay Gandhi National Park got a new director, Sunil Limaye, who faced a serious problem: a history of leopard attacks in and around the reserve. At their peak, in June 2004, the cats attacked 12 people, most of them living in slums at the inner edge of the reserve forest. Limaye was familiar with my work in Junnar, and he had an idea about what the problem was. For years the forest department had been releasing leopards trapped around SGNP and elsewhere into the national park in relatively large numbers—15 in 2003. But relocation didn't help: another leopard swiftly took over the vacated territory, and attacks near the release site were likely to increase. Although a lot of forest officers understood this dynamic, the pressure from politicians and the media to remove leopards was immense.
-
-Limaye wanted to start [an initiative](https://sgnp.maharashtra.gov.in/1221/Living-with-Leopards) involving scientists and the citizens and institutions of Mumbai to reduce the leopard conflict, and he wanted me involved. I was busy writing a Ph.D. thesis on the work I had done in Akole, but I couldn't resist the chance to help resolve a terrible situation for leopards and people alike. Plus, my sister had moved to Mumbai around that time, so my daughter could play with her cousin while I worked. Limaye put together a team that included me, several forest officers and Vidya Venkatesh, currently director of the Last Wilderness Foundation. Many of Mumbai's residents regarded the forest as a source of trouble, and our group agreed that mindsets had to change. The surest way to make that happen was to get Mumbaikars involved.
-
-We recruited wildlife enthusiasts who'd long wanted to help protect a nature preserve they loved. They formed an association, Mumbaikars for SGNP, and began a campaign to educate their fellow citizens about the value of the national park as a reservoir of green space and a source of water and oxygen. Local students set up camera traps to count leopards. In 117 square kilometers in SGNP and the Aarey Milk Colony, a nearby scrub forest given over to cattle for milk production, the cameras captured 21 leopards—a very high density. The national park had wild prey, mainly deer, but the leopards were clearly being attracted to the slums by the many feral dogs that were feeding on the garbage strewn around.
-
-We also interviewed people to understand their interactions with leopards. As social geographer Frédéric Landy of the University of Paris has noted [in his work](https://academic.oup.com/hong-kong-scholarship-online/book/18556/chapter-abstract/176697122?redirectedFrom=fulltext), it wasn't the slum dwellers—the people most often attacked—who were calling for leopards to be removed. It was politically empowered upper-class residents of high-rises near the reserve who relished the green view but panicked if a leopard so much as showed up on a security camera. Interestingly, the Warlis and Kohlis, Indigenous peoples who worshipped Waghoba and who had lived in the forest for centuries before Mumbai expanded to surround it, were not afraid of leopards and rarely experienced attacks. They wanted the carnivores there to scare off encroachers and developers.
-
-As the research and the awareness-raising program proceeded, the forest department improved its ability to handle leopard-related emergencies—one being cornered in the urban area, for example. The department also worked with the police to increase their capacity to control mobs that might seek to attack these animals and, perhaps most important, with the municipality to initiate garbage collection in areas around the park frequented by leopards. Once our report came out, we worked with the Mumbai Press Club and other media organizations to advise people about how they could stay safe: keep their surroundings clean, don't let children play outdoors after dark, illuminate unlit environs and move away from a leopard if they spot one. Mumbaikars for SGNP held regular workshops with members of the press, seeking to change their coverage from sensational—some were habitually referring to leopards as “man-eaters”—to informed. In response to one media report that spoke of the dangers to school-going children at the edge of the park, the government started a school bus service there.
-
-![Two leopards are shown resting at night with their backs to the camera trap that took their picture.](https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/933D4C26-BF0C-4E12-9308E001F252257A_medium.jpg)
-
-At home in an urban landscape, Luna (*right*) relaxes with her cub at the fringes of Mumbai. Credit: Nayan Khanolkar
-
-The outcome was a press and a public much more knowledgeable about and accepting of leopards, and the benefits were tangible. In most years since then, there have been no attacks. Individual leopards did attack people in 2017, 2021 and 2022, but because of the camera traps, which the citizen scientists continue to use, they could immediately be identified, trapped and taken to permanent captivity. Our work in Mumbai showed how important a sensitive press and an aware and mobilized public are in reducing human-carnivore conflict.
-
-## A Shared Landscape
-
-I shouldn't have been surprised that the people of the Indian subcontinent have a deep and complex relationship with the big cats they've shared space with since [prehistory](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/leopard-like-creature-is-oldest-big-cat-yet-found/). But I was schooled in a strict separation of nature from humans that originated in Europe and reached its apotheosis in North America. Cleansing the landscape of all that they found threatening, European settlers all but eradicated wolves and cougars. When British colonizers arrived in India, they shot tens of thousands of tigers and leopards and exterminated the cheetah.
-
-The dominant narrative in conservation continues to focus on large carnivores as predators that will inevitably hurt people or their livestock. In many documentaries about carnivores, the story is one of nature red in tooth and claw. This view presupposes conflict and implies that the only way to deal with large carnivores is to kill or remove them. I believe the contrary: most leopard-human conflict originates with the presupposition of conflict.
-
-Among people, aggression prompts retaliatory aggression, and it might be the same for large cats. In the rare cases when they deliberately attack humans, we need to ask why. A leopard's normal reaction to hearing or seeing people is to run away; how does it get over that fear enough to kill in the rare instances when one does so? Is it because of something we have done to that individual?
-
-We cannot know. But when I look at most sites I visit, the dominant narrative is one of peace rather than conflict. In rural Himachal Pradesh, local people referred to leopards as “Mrig,” meaning “wild animal,” a neutral framing. We found humans and leopards sharing space, trying hard to survive and lead their lives, which were often very difficult to begin with.
-
-Many Indian ecologists are moving toward the idea of coexistence in shared landscapes. Given the deep cultural relationship between humans and big cats in the subcontinent, it is conceivable that if ever the animals return to the ranges they have vanished from, people will accept them.
-
-In December 2011, just as I was starting the work in Mumbai, a speeding vehicle on a nearby highway hit a leopard. An animal lover was driving past. Seeing that the animal was badly injured but still alive, he picked it up—it weighed 75 kilograms (165 pounds)—and put it in the trunk of his car, with his family sitting inside. He drove it to the national park in the hope that the forest department and its veterinarians would save it, but by the time he arrived, an hour later, the leopard had died. Its collar had fallen off, as it was designed to, but the microchip could still be read. It was Ajoba.
-
-I was told people cried when they heard his story. A Marathi director was so inspired by the saga that he made a feature film on Ajoba, teaching millions of his fellow Indians to love leopards. It is this empathy that gives me hope that my daughter and her children will also inhabit a world rich with wild things.
-
-This article was originally published with the title "Living with Leopards" in Scientific American 328, 4, 50-61 (April 2023)
-
-doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0423-50
-
-### ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)
-
-![author-avatar](https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AE20B4B7-981D-4DF8-A00DE070DCA250C2_small.jpg?h=65&w=65)
-
-**Vidya Athreya** is an ecologist who researches human-carnivore interactions. She is a senior scientist at Wildlife Conservation Society-India.
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
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-Date: 2023-03-04
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-Link: https://www.thecut.com/article/weight-loss-ozempic.html
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-```button
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-&emsp;
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-# Life After Food?
-
-## A diabetes drug has become an off-label appetite suppressant, changing the definition of being thin and what it takes to get there.
-
-[![Portrait of Matthew Schneier](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/eaa/4e5/b82e5bba80ffe3c0d97bdade8eb89d9618-matthew-schneier.2x.rsquare.w168.jpg)](https://www.thecut.com/author/matthew-schneier/)
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-By , features writer at New York Magazine and the Cut who covers culture, style, and the city
-
-Photo: Pierpaolo Ferrari and Maurizio Cattelan
-
-**Allison is an actress.** When we meet up for coffee — she has an almond-milk cortado — in midtown, something’s different about her, but I’m not sure what. She looks like an Instagram version of herself but in real life.
-
-It turns out she’s down about ten pounds and happy about it. “Somebody once told me I had a size-zero personality, and they assumed that I was thinner than I was,” she tells me. “We don’t talk about it, but everybody knows it. Thin is power.”
-
-Allison isn’t alone in seeming to be suddenly, unaccountably slimmer of late. She admitted to me — with the provision that I not use her real name — the reason, one that is increasingly common if still not quite openly discussed. For the past month, she’s been jabbing herself every week with [Ozempic](https://www.thecut.com/tags/ozempic/), the heavily advertised (“Oh, oh, oh, Ozempic,” to the tune, none too subtly, of the ’70s classic-rock hit “Magic”) diabetes miracle drug, which works by mimicking a naturally occurring hormone, GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide one), to manage hunger and slow stomach emptying.
-
-## On the Cover
-
-### —
-
-Photo: Pierpaolo Ferrari and Maurizio Cattelan
-
-For diabetics, it lowers blood-sugar levels. It also subdues the imp of appetite. The pounds fly off. That’s why Allison, who is not diabetic, prediabetic, or even overweight, is on it. Doctors have wide latitude to prescribe drugs off label for anyone they think may medically benefit, and many patients have found doctors — or, failing that, nurse practitioners or medi-spas — ready to certify that they would. Or some, like Allison, find it through a peddler not particular about a prescription or in the web’s dark morass.
-
-To get hers, Allison calls up a Los Angeles–based provider she has never seen or met, sends over $625, and is shipped a monthly supply. What she calls Ozempic is not the brand-name product pre-packaged in a sky-blue injector pen by Novo Nordisk, the Danish pharmaceutical company that makes and markets the drug. She receives generic semaglutide, the active ingredient in the medication, and has to mix and prepare it for injection herself, which — since semaglutide is under patent by Novo Nordisk until 2032 in the U.S. — suggests her meds are likely coming from a compounding pharmacy or a vendor selling research-grade ingredients. The lower price is also a tell: Ozempic retails for about $900 a month if your insurance doesn’t cover it.
-
-[There are side effects](https://www.thecut.com/2022/11/ozempic-side-effects.html) for many Ozempians. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation are the most common. “I heard somebody say all the gays at CAA are on it and they’re all shitting their brains out,” Allison says. “But no, that wasn’t my experience. It’s kind of like being on a very low dosage of Adderall without that crack feeling.” She’s adjusted. “There have definitely been moments early on where I felt side effects of fatigue,” she says. “But they were temporary, and as my dose has gone up, I’ve been feeling the benefits more.”
-
-She’s just not as hungry, which makes her not as anxious. During busy periods, when she may not be able to closely monitor or prepare her food and get to the gym daily, the Ozempic takes the nearly full-time job of body maintenance off her mind. Before Ozempic, she’d hole up in her hotel on film shoots, juice-cleansing to fit into her costumes. Now, she says, “you can eat one and a half meals a day and then you’re kind of hungry at night, but it’s not terrible. You can drink some tea with magnesium and maybe take a Xanax and get to sleep.”
-
-The appeal of an effortless, near-instant fix proved irresistible to many, especially in the corridors of fashion and entertainment where looking a certain way is a professional requirement. In September, *Variety* [quoted](https://variety.com/2022/film/actors/weight-loss-ozempic-semaglutide-hollywood-1235361465/) a “top power broker” who said “half of her call sheet last week was full of friends and clients wanting to discuss the risks of Ozempic.” “I was talking to somebody from a project that I will be promoting, and we both kind of confessed that we were about to start it, both of us knowing the visibility that was to come,” Allison tells me. “We just kind of laughed. And I bet we’re not the only ones.”
-
-Ozempic and its cousin drugs, Wegovy and Mounjaro — all, medically speaking, GLP-1 receptor agonists — are reshaping more than just waistlines. In tweaking appetites, they tweak our whole relationship to food, to bodies, and to ourselves and the psychology that links all three. When she was growing up, Allison says, in “my household, we lived to eat. Food was an excursion, food was a reward, food was everything. You’re eating one meal and talking about what you’re going to eat the next meal. I almost feel like this drug allows me to be casual about food in a way that always felt culturally alien to me. I can just have one bite, or two bites, or three.”
-
-A profound and possibly unprecedented change, in other words, might be taking place. Isn’t appetite, after all, what makes us *us,* for better or worse? “Subdue your appetites my dears, and you’ve conquered human nature,” as Dickens’s philosophical schoolmaster, Mr. Squeers, told young Nicholas Nickelby. Of course, his mouth was “very full of beef and toast” at the time.
-
-Photo: Pierpaolo Ferrari and Maurizio Cattelan
-
-**Weren’t we supposed** to have moved on from this? The discourse on bodies has changed since the days when a slender figure could be blithely and uncomplicatedly celebrated, sought, or advertised. The days when, as Linda Wells, the founding editor of the beauty magazine *Allure,* says, “we ran cover lines all the time about ‘How to Lose the Last Five Pounds,’ ‘Diets That Don’t Feel Like Diets.’” Getting-skinnier discussions have become fraught; we profess admiration instead for wellness. Everyone laments the ghouls of body dysmorphia and eating disorders and the pressure social media exerts on teens. No one longs to go back to the days when Lucky Strike could advise, “To keep a slender figure no one can deny, reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet,” or when Louis B. Mayer kept Judy Garland on a diet of chicken soup, black coffee, and amphetamines to stay starlet ready. Ours was supposed to be the feel-good era of Lizzo and Ashley Graham and Adele.
-
-Then Adele lost all that weight.
-
-As did countless other celebrities. A flood of gossipy media coverage followed. Which [celebrities are or aren’t on Ozempic](https://www.thecut.com/2023/02/celebrities-ozempic-kyle-richards-khloe-kardashian.html) became a new blind-item staple. The drug’s breakout moment was the discussion of whether Kim Kardashian used it to fit into [Marilyn Monroe’s dress](https://www.thecut.com/2022/05/2022-met-gala-kim-kardashian.html) for the 2022 Met Gala. (She denied it.) Only a few admit it openly, as Elon Musk did about using Wegovy. Rumors flew of Hollywood “Ozempic parties,” and there were passionate denunciations by [Real Housewives](https://www.thecut.com/2023/02/jackie-goldschneider-real-housewives-ozempic.html) who swore they’ve never touched it. [Chelsea Handler](https://www.thecut.com/2023/01/chelsea-handler-ozempic.html) attempted to split the difference by claiming, on the *Call Her Daddy* podcast, that she had been on semaglutide, didn’t realize it was akin to Ozempic, and stopped when she found out. `#Ozempic` has racked up hundreds of millions of impressions on TikTok. [Meghan McCain](https://www.thecut.com/2023/02/meghan-mccain-ozempic.html), the former co-host of *The View,* wrote an angry op-ed for the *Daily Mail* about being “urged” to take it to lose her baby weight. (She refused.)
-
-Although it’s been approved and prescribed since 2017, the buy-in of Hollywood, openly or not, took Ozempic from medicine to status symbol. The message that dramatic weight loss is now readily, effortlessly available for those who can afford it spread across text chains and friend groups along with referrals to willing prescribers. Not since Botox, and before that Viagra, has a drug brand become so well known so quickly.
-
-“I heard about it from a client, and when I asked, she was like, ‘You haven’t heard about this? Do you have friends?’” a fashion stylist I know tells me. She raised the topic in one of her group chats, where a doctor pal reported it was safe, effective, and impossible to get in New York because of demand. “That got everybody cooking,” she says. “This was probably in early summer. By the fall, I knew five people on it. And now I feel like everybody’s on it.”
-
-Laila Gohar, whose surreal food sculptures and installations have convinced New Yorkers they need to [invest in egg chandeliers](https://www.thecut.com/2022/05/up-on-the-rooftop-in-gohar-world.html), had never heard of Ozempic until a friend called her from California two months ago. “Everyone in L.A. is skinny now,’” he told her. *Wasn’t everyone already?* she wondered. “Well, the last few people who weren’t,” he said, “now are.”
-
-About a year ago, the contemporary artist Joel Mesler realized that Ozempic was sweeping New York and the art world. “I would come into the city, and every time I would see old friends, they were half the size,” Mesler, who lives in East Hampton, tells me. A friend put him up at the Park Hyatt in midtown for the night, and in exchange, he gifted her a stack of Ozempic-themed drawings on hotel stationery. “That was literally every conversation I had during the day all the way through the evening.”
-
-Now, the drugs are popular everywhere among anyone who’d like to be a little skinnier, whether their careers depend on it or not. At the city’s restaurants, they’re ordering less. “I obviously don’t know when someone is taking drugs,” says Anthony Geich, director of guest relations at Priyanka Chopra’s haute Indian restaurant, Sona, but over the past couple of months, “I’ve definitely noticed the trend of salads being ordered more, or people who are boxing their food up at the end of the night.” Ozempic patients report diminished interest in drinking, too; a glass of wine, tops, one told me. Another said she had to remind herself even to drink water.
-
-Sales figures bear out that the GLP-1 drugs are going gangbusters. Novo Nordisk’s operating profits are up 58 percent since 2017, the year it introduced Ozempic, and sales of the GLP-1 agonists grew 42 percent last year, accounting for 98 percent of the company’s overall growth. According to IQVIA, a health-care data-analytics company, 1.2 million prescriptions for Ozempic were filled nationwide in December 2022, a 64 percent increase from the previous December. And while the company is careful to note that it does not encourage anyone to take Ozempic but diabetics — “As a company, we do not promote, suggest, or encourage in any way off-label use,” says Dr. Jason Brett, executive director of medical affairs for Novo Nordisk — it’s quite clear not just diabetics are getting their hands on them.
-
-Komodo Health, a firm that tracks health-care data for 330 million patient files, notes an uptick in people with no prior record of diabetes receiving these drugs — a fourfold increase in California alone. They’re younger, too: Of all nondiabetic patients who have been prescribed Ozempic or Mounjaro, almost 40 percent are between 25 and 44. (For all patients, the majority are between 45 and 64.) While increases are to be expected when drugs are new to market or undergo label expansions, says Dr. Tabby Khan, Komodo Health’s medical director, “I have never seen this kind of magnitude. I don’t really see a lot of ads for drugs on TikTok or Instagram, but whenever I log on to either of those platforms, I think by virtue of being a woman in her 30s, I am just inundated with information about these drugs.” (Eighty-one percent of prescriptions for these new drugs are written for women.)
-
-At NYU Langone Health’s Weight Management Program, they have eclipsed all the competition. “The last six months, I’ve written 1,400 prescriptions for semaglutide,” says Dr. Holly Lofton, the program’s director. These medications are “hands down the most common prescription since they came out.” Patients ask for them by name, and even the need to inject the medicine, which for previous drugs had scared some off, has taken on an appealing aura. “They come in begging for it,” she says. “If I give them pills, they’re disappointed.”
-
-Rosie O’Donnell has been taking Mounjaro for diabetes since December. Elon Musk tweeted in October that his dramatic weight loss was from fasting and Wegovy. Photo: Gary Gershoff/Getty Images (O’Donnell); Gotham/Getty Images (Musk).
-
-**Let’s be clear:** For those who need them — medically rather than cosmetically — the drugs are a godsend. The primary indication for Ozempic and Mounjaro — and the only condition they are currently FDA-approved for — is the treatment of type-2 diabetes (the lifestyle-contingent, typically adult-onset diabetes, as opposed to the congenital, early-onset type-1). Diabetes is an American epidemic; [according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/index.html), 37.3 million adults in the U.S. are diabetic and another 96 million prediabetic. Obesity, an associated chronic disease, affects millions, too.
-
-The basic mechanisms of these drugs are not new. The first GLP-1 drug, exenatide, was approved for diabetes in the U.S. in 2005. It was greeted as a revelation. Improvements came quickly. “There were just gasps” at the American Diabetes Association’s scientific meeting when results for liraglutide, another GLP-1 drug and a forerunner to Ozempic, was announced, says Dr. Robert Gabbay, the organization’s chief scientific and medical officer. “Cheers and some standing ovations. It was dramatic.” But the earlier GLP-1 drugs were shorter acting, requiring more frequent injections and offering much less in the way of weight reduction. Then came Ozempic, soon followed by Wegovy, a higher-dose semaglutide formulation from Novo Nordisk — and the only one of the three actually approved for weight loss — in 2021, and then Mounjaro, from Eli Lilly and Company in 2022.
-
-From a medical perspective, their effectiveness is thrilling, and patients welcomed them with practically religious reverence. Paul Ford, who has always struggled with his appetite, [wrote](https://www.wired.com/story/new-drug-switched-off-appetite-mounjaro/) in *Wired* that “where before my brain had been screaming, screaming, at air-raid volume — there was sudden silence” once he was on one of these drugs. “At an office I observed the stack of candies and treats with no particular interest,” he wrote. “The sin” — gluttony — “is washed away … Baptism by injection.”
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-Even off-label, for those who have struggled for years to shed, and then keep off, a few or many pounds, these medications have felt worth whatever sacrifices — ethical, financial, gastrointestinal, or otherwise — that they require. “I have tried every single thing,” says Anna, a New York woman in her early 50s (who, like all the patients interviewed, wasn’t eager to use her real name). Nothing worked — until Mounjaro. The desire to nosh evaporated; emotional eating on Ozempic is a recipe for making yourself sick. “I’m now one of those people who’s just, like, not that hungry,” she says. “And I feel better than everyone.”
-
-No miracle cure is without risk. Dieters of a certain age will remember the fen-phen craze of the ’90s — a drug cocktail of fenfluramine and phentermine — that seemed like a revolution until it turned out fenfluramine caused cardiac-valve damage, leading to death in some patients. Belviq, a more recent addition to the diet-drug pharmacy, was recalled several years after its approval when the FDA determined that the “potential risk of cancer outweighs the benefits.”
-
-In the case of the Ozempic, an FDA warning alerts users to the development of thyroid tumors in rodents, and it can be dangerous for those who have (or have a history of) pancreatitis or a certain type of thyroid cancer. For nondiabetic patients, there might be other issues — or there might not. “The truth is we really don’t know,” says Lofton, the NYU doctor. “We don’t have enough evidence in those people because we never studied it in those people. So we have to find out.”
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-But given under proper supervision — and in conjunction with diet and exercise, as these drugs are meant to be used — the GLP-1’s are, so far, thought to be safe and well tolerated, at least in those for whom they were intended. “It worries me,” admits Anna (who is not diabetic). “I hope this ends up not being like thalidomide, you know?” (Thalidomide was a 1950s morning-sickness treatment that notoriously caused flipperlike birth defects.) I wonder if that concern would be enough to make her stop taking the drug — though, given that she confessed to driving an hour into Jersey to find a pharmacy that stocked it, I suspect I know the answer already. “If they said it’s an increased chance of lung cancer, I wouldn’t take it,” she says. “I mean, this is so humiliating, but I’m like, *Thyroid cancer’s not* that *bad?*”
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-The bigger worry is not finding it. Since Ozempic, Wegovy, and Mounjaro took off, pharmacies have struggled to keep them on hand and patients have struggled to find them. Lofton says her patients have been emailing frantically, nonstop, and are cutting their doses in half to stretch them out. “Don’t even bother calling,” says Adrienne, a mother and Upper West Sider who was prescribed the drug for her prediabetic condition and shunted from pharmacy to pharmacy in search of it. “They’ll tell you it’s out of stock.”
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-Even Novo Nordisk seems a little surprised by its own success. “We should have forecasted better,” CEO Lars Fruergaard Jørgensen [told](https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-you-cant-find-wegovy-the-weight-loss-drug-11670108199) *The Wall Street Journal* late last year by way of apology. The company says it expects continued, if intermittent, supply issues for some dosages through mid-March. Eli Lilly says there may be disruptions and delays of Mounjaro deliveries, too.
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-In these conditions, even legitimate purveyors have taken on an air of indecency. “My local drugstore just called me and said, ‘We have some’ — it’s a bit like contraband,” says Arthur, who was prescribed Ozempic for diabetes. “People are swarming their doctors, like, ‘Give it to me, give it to me.’”
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-But for Arthur, a longtime gourmand, getting it has been a relief. “It’s a bit of a pleasure to not be so hooked to this stuff,” he says — meaning food, not Ozempic. “You’re suddenly a normal human being. I don’t need to eat this giant haunch of dead flesh.”
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-Chelsea Handler said she didn’t realize she’d been on a semaglutide. Kim Kardashian denied using Ozempic, though rumors were rampant after her Met Gala appearance. Photo: Axelle/Bauer-Griffin/FilmMagic (Handler); Gotham/Getty Images (Kardashian).
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-**The tension between** those who need it — and may not be able to get it — and those who want it but don’t, in the eyes of the larger culture, necessarily need it, is one of the defining qualities of the Ozempic moment. The whole shaky edifice of wellness rested on the rickety foundations of body acceptance: Everyone was beautiful; it was the standards, not the bodies themselves, that were wrong. Which is true, of course — it just turned out we only sublimated the standards, hid them behind vagaries of looking good, feeling good, and being so much more buoyant without dairy, or gluten, or whatever. How quickly we’ve [abandoned our contortions and commitments to acceptance](https://www.thecut.com/2022/10/internet-thin-culture-is-back.html) as soon as a silver bullet comes around, and how fulfilling some seem to find it to be the thing they swore they’d overcome. Which may be the reason that among those who are winching themselves tighter and tighter, it’s still whispered rather than shouted. If that. “Should anyone suddenly appear svelte, I just assume it’s Ozempic,” says Lauren Santo Domingo, the social fixture and chief brand officer of Moda Operandi. “However, if they elaborate unprompted on their new diet, then I know it’s Ozempic.”
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-The most dominant body isn’t even the body that walks around with us all day; it’s the one photographed and disseminated. “It’s like everyone is so psychologically damaged from living a two-dimensional life,” Alissa Bennett, who writes and lectures about art and is a director at the Gladstone Gallery, tells me. She’s found herself talking about Ozempic all the time; everyone takes it, and she considers it bizarrely accessible. It’s like Facetune injected into real life. “Do you read the *Daily Mail* ever?” she asks me. “They’re like, ‘Look at these Photoshop fails!’ and people have waists that have a circumference of four inches. And so when it sort of happened” — that everyone’s real waists were whittled down to skewers, too — “the weird thing is I didn’t really notice it.”
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-Wells, the former *Allure* editor, notes a strain of opprobrium that surrounds Ozempic’s use, at least for the skinny interlopers. “It’s kind of an accusation,” she says. “And it’s an accusation that people are denying.” If thin is an unspoken virtue, then part of its virtuousness comes from having worked for it, earned it. “I think everyone’s always been wary of weight loss that isn’t a struggle and a result of hard work and denial.” Ozempic is a diet that’s not a diet, wellness that’s only wellness for the person you’re taking it from, whose ease feels like a cheat. She worries rather than solving the conundrum of what weight is healthy and attractive for you, these drugs merely move the goalposts of acceptably slender. “Now, if you don’t take Ozempic, are you by comparison overweight?” she asks. “I always used to think that when you travel from New York to Los Angeles, you gained ten pounds when you landed because everyone else was so thin. Now what does that mean? Did I just gain 20 pounds?”
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-It doesn’t help that it’s the kind of women who claim to “never really have to diet” who seem particularly enthralled with the new drug. “Especially for women who have been thin their whole lives — but not skinny, not *fashion* thin — the idea of touching that without having to sweat is really fun,” my stylist friend says. “It’s really fun for them to have their jeans hang off of them like they’re a Hadid. There is an addictive quality to it.”
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-They are also the women most susceptible to what Dr. Paul Jarrod Frank, a New York dermatologist, first called “Ozempic face,” meaning the aging effects sudden weight loss can have; Frank specializes in treatments to smooth and contour the newly wrinkled and the use of injectable fillers to replump [the newly sunken](https://www.thecut.com/2023/02/buccal-fat-removal-dissolve-fillers-bella-hadid-angular-face.html). (He also offers referrals to planar-face-lift specialists for those who need heavier treatment: “There’s only so much I can do. I’m not going to overfill a balloon.”) “Anyone who thinks they’re gonna take a shot of Ozempic and it’s gonna cure all their problems, then they’ll eat and do whatever they want, those are the people that are gonna be very disappointed in life,” he says. “No matter how skinny you get, you may still have your mother’s outer thighs. That’s where I come into play. We happen to live in a society where people — particularly the top one percent — have greater access to not only the medicines but also the trainers and the nutritionists and the cosmetic dermatologists to try and make all their dreams come true.”
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-In his offices on Museum Mile and in the West Village, Frank estimates he sees half a dozen patients on “weight-loss journeys” every day, many on Ozempic, Wegovy, or Mounjaro — of whom, he estimates, about half were previously overweight and half “just kind of riding the bandwagon of never too rich, never too thin.”
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-Those who advocate body positivity, naturally, see an even darker message in the medications or, at the very least, the press coverage around them. It boils down to “Can we finally [be rid of fat people](https://www.thecut.com/2022/10/taylor-swifts-anti-hero-video-sparks-fatphobia-debate.html)?” as Aubrey Gordon, author of *“You Just Need to Lose Weight”: And 19 Other Myths About Fat People,* [put it](https://slate.com/podcasts/the-waves/2023/01/aubrey-gordon-and-myths-about-fat-people-a-waves-conversation) to Slate’s *The Waves* podcast. “‘Can we finally stop having fat people around so I don’t have to look at them anymore?’ … I’m trying to find a way to soften this, and I can’t,” she added. “It feels, like, really morally bankrupt to me to say, ‘It’s more important to me that I look the way I imagined looking in a swimsuit than that you have what you need to stay alive.’”
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-That sentiment is mostly drowned out by a medical community that sees diabetes and obesity as the bigger problem — and a drug industry that sees them as a bigger opportunity. To hear Novo tell it, its success just indicates that there’s more to be done. “Less than one percent of patients who are eligible for bariatric surgery get it,” says Brett. “I think we’re up to maybe about 2 percent of patients who are eligible for an anti-obesity medication actually get one. So, yes, there’s growth and improvement” in the category, he adds. “But when you look at the scope of the problem and how many people are being treated appropriately, there’s still a lot of room for growth and improvement.”
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-Novo is in a race for the obesity and weight-management market, the next big prize, and it’s got a good head start: The approval of Wegovy in 2021 was the first for a weight-loss drug since 2014; in less than a year, more physicians were prescribing it than Saxenda, Novo’s previous weight-loss drug — and [with 70 percent of America](https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/obesity-overweight.htm) now overweight or clinically obese, the potential profits are huge. The company crowed to investors last year that it hoped to “strengthen obesity leadership and double current sales,” aspiring to surpass $3.5 billion in sales of its obesity products, including Wegovy, by 2025. Just before Christmas, the FDA approved Wegovy for adolescents 12 and older, and just after New Year’s, the American Academy of Pediatricians [issued its first clinical guidance](https://www.aap.org/en/news-room/news-releases/aap/2022/american-academy-of-pediatrics-issues-its-first-comprehensive-guideline-on-evaluating-treating-children-and-adolescents-with-obesity/) on the treatment of chronic obesity, recommending the use of weight-loss drugs in coordination with lifestyle and diet changes (not without pushback from fat-positive activists).
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-More developments are on the way, and the competition is likely to ramp up. Novo is in phase-three trials of a semaglutide pill for obesity and a new compound medication, known as CagriSema, that pairs semaglutide with another drug and may deliver even more weight loss than its predecessors. The FDA is fast-tracking its investigation into tirzepatide, the active ingredient in Mounjaro, for weight management, though soon enough it may be joined by another Lilly obesity drug, currently in phase one. Amgen is working on a still-unnamed drug in early trials where the sample size is small but the results are encouraging. Pfizer, ERX, and Otsuka all have clinical tests registered with the government in active or recruiting stages. The next three years, says NYU Langone’s Lofton, will be pivotal for obesity medicine: “We have lots of things in the pipeline looking really promising.”
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-**A few months back,** April, a school counselor from Detroit, was prescribed Ozempic to manage her diabetes. She’d never even heard of it when her doctor suggested it.
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-When she came to New York recently for the birthday of her cousin, who works in fashion, he and all his friends noticed a difference immediately. As soon as she strode into Dumbo House wearing a secondhand python-print Roberto Cavalli dress — “I can’t afford brand-new Cavalli,” she says, laughing — she felt noticed, like she stood out. Not easy to do in that room. Later, over drinks, she credited Ozempic. Some of her cousin’s friends inquired as to whether she had any extra to sell: The gays were planning ahead for Fire Island this summer.
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-“People were asking me, ‘How did you get it? How did you get it?’” she says. “I got it because I’m diabetic. It’s not a recreational drug for me.”
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-These drugs are all intended for long-term use. In other words, they’re only fixes for however long you take them. Stop taking them and your appetite returns, and the weight usually follows. (“Everyone is suddenly showing up 25 pounds lighter. What happens when they stop taking #Ozempic?????” [tweeted](https://twitter.com/Andy/status/1573043813819584512) Andy Cohen.) A recent study funded by the company acknowledged that cessation of semaglutide treatment led study participants to regain most of the weight they had lost within a year.
-
-April’s side effects have been unpleasant — she was nauseous, occasionally threw up, and had awful headaches. She’s hoping to go off it as soon as she can. Smoothies are the only thing she seems to be able to tolerate, and she misses her favorite foods: pasta Alfredo, Brussels sprouts, strawberry ice cream. “I can’t wait to eat my ice cream again,” she says. But the upside of her ten-pound weight loss — from 172 pounds to 162 — has given her pause. The New Yorkers’ approval boosted her confidence, and when she posted her Cavalli look on Facebook, everyone said she looked fabulous.
-
-“It’s almost like a gift from the curse,” she says. “I don’t want to gain the weight back.”
-
-And so our fraught but fulfilling relationship to the table continues, one that no shot, lifehack, or Soylent can has yet been able to dissolve.
-
-Arthur, the former gourmand, admits that living without appetite, “It’s a bit of a shock.” But he’s come around. “You know what I got for Christmas?” he asks me. “A giant microwave so I can warm up burritos. I’ve become addicted to Japanese sweet potatoes. I like them. They’re fine. I don’t need that fancy shit.”
-
-Surely he misses it? Not really. “The old enjoyment, or dread, or whatever you felt is gone,” he says. But sometimes, he adds, tossing a crumb of concession, if he has a big eating week coming up, something he’s looking forward to, he’ll skip the week’s shot.
-
-“You know, you do miss food a little bit,” Arthur admits. “But not that much.”
-
-Life After Food?
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-Date: 2023-01-15
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-TimeStamp: 2023-01-15
-Link: https://www.thecut.com/article/x-gonzalez-parkland-shooting-activist-essay.html
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-&emsp;
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-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-LifeAfterParklandNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# Life After Parkland
-
-The Education of X González
-
-After the Parkland shooting, I became an activist, a celebrity, a “survivor” — and the pressure almost killed me.
-
-Photo: Rineke Dijkstra for New York Magazine
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/988/61c/7d8c869b37153633c8a7b09af99f6b1a4e-Rineke-Dijkstra-X-Gonzalez-2022-2.rvertical.w570.jpg)
-
-Photo: Rineke Dijkstra for New York Magazine
-
-This article was featured in [One Great Story](http://nymag.com/tags/one-great-story/), *New York*’s reading recommendation newsletter. [Sign up here](https://nymag.com/promo/sign-up-for-one-great-story.html?itm_source=csitepromo&itm_medium=articlelink&itm_campaign=ogs_tertiary_zone) to get it nightly.
-
-**I will not** tell you my triggers, or the things I can no longer enjoy, because they are fluid and changing. Sometimes I look up at a sky with no clouds and all I can think of is how that was what the sky looked like on the day of the shooting, but sometimes I just think, *I wish there were clouds because it’s so, so, so hot.*
-
-The strangest part of being a survivor was how badly strangers wanted to touch me, like I was a living relic. They’d shake my hand, or hug me, or lean on me to cry. They also wanted to tell me about the tragedies that touched them. So many voices saying how their loved ones had been gruesomely shot and killed. I’m an empathetic person, and I had no idea how to guard myself, how to turn away and toward myself. So I listened and I hugged these strangers back. Only months earlier, none of these people knew who I was. I was just a high-school kid in [Parkland](https://www.thecut.com/tags/parkland-shooting/).
-
-Before the shooting — February 14, 2018, perpetrated by a 19-year-old white supremacist at [Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School](https://www.thecut.com/tags/parkland-shooting/) — my plan was to get the fuck out of Florida, the farther the better. Now, I write this from my pink childhood bedroom, having moved back home after graduating from college last year. I spend my days trying to get my future on the rails, finding new music, making zines, sewing, smoking weed, cooking, cleaning, figuring out what I want to do for work. I’m trying to be a good roommate to my parents. We watch movies together every night, making up for lost time.
-
-It’s been almost five years since my classmates and I marched for the first time, and it’s hard not to feel like things are pretty much the same. Gun violence happens every day in this country. In November, the trial that was supposed to bring closure to our community brought only disappointment after the [shooter was spared the death penalty](https://www.thecut.com/2022/10/parkland-shooter-nikolas-cruz-life-in-prison.html). I see my [March for Our Lives](https://www.thecut.com/2018/03/march-for-our-lives-for-gun-control-will-be-on-march-24.html) compatriots at protests once or twice throughout the year. I’m still trying to figure out what type of activism I want to engage in, since I don’t want to be passive for the rest of my life but I cannot exist in the way that I used to. I don’t know how I’m alive after all that.
-
-**After the shooting,** school was closed for two weeks. We realized we had to do something to stop this from happening again. Three days later, members of the school board organized a gun-control rally in Fort Lauderdale. I wrote a speech that morning on the family computer and scribbled some points from my A.P. Government class that I wanted to cite on the back. I had to print it in blue ink because we had run out of black. I had no idea [my speech](https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/17/us/florida-student-emma-gonzalez-speech/index.html) would be broadcast live on CNN. “Every single person up here today, all these people should be at home grieving,” I told the crowd, choking back tears. “But instead we are up here standing together because if all our government and president can do is send thoughts and prayers, then it’s time for victims to be the change that we need to see … We are going to be the kids you read about in textbooks. Not because we’re going to be another statistic about mass shooting in America, but because … we are going to be the last mass shooting.”
-
-In the hours after I gave that speech, my name started trending on Twitter (which I then had to sign up for, because people started making accounts impersonating me), and celebrities started DM-ing me offering to fly me out to meet them. (None of them offered to fly to Parkland to meet us.) I was a senior in high school, waiting on college acceptances, and suddenly I was a voice in the [fight for gun control](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/03/on-the-ground-with-parkland-teens-as-they-plot-a-revolution.html). They liked that I was a sensitive girl, and they liked that I cried. I was proud of the speech I gave and shocked to see how many people felt the same way as I did about guns, considering that politicians had been preaching that it was too divisive a topic to go near.
-
-I was invited to join my classmates at the home of Cameron Kasky, a student one year below me, to help organize what would become the first [March for Our Lives](https://www.thecut.com/2018/03/four-parkland-students-on-why-march-for-our-lives-matters.html). We worked all night, hopped up on adrenaline and grief and anger, calling representatives and donors to get their support for the march and doing interviews with the press to drive up attendance. Students were cycling in and out of Cameron’s house, staying over one night, going home the next. I slept on the couch, on the floor, in a spare bed. With all the work we were doing, we didn’t have the time (nor, selfishly, the inclination) to talk to our parents very much at all. They were supportive, but they had almost lost us in this mass shooting and wanted us home safe. They fought with us individually and as a group, trying to get us to ease up and come home, to be safe in this fight against the gun lobby. We fought just as hard against them.
-
-A month later, more than one million people marched in D.C. and at more than 800 sibling protests worldwide, letting lawmakers everywhere know that we had had it with their bullshit.
-
-That evening, we were invited to a reception overlooking the Capitol in D.C., all lit up. I was starving — many of us hadn’t eaten all day — and some of us were hovering by the door where the servers were popping out with fresh trays of hors d’oeuvre. A white-haired man who had clearly had a few drinks came up to me. With all the positivity in the world, he clapped me on the shoulder and said, “Well, it’s on you kids now; we fucked it all up, and now it’s your job to fix it.” How nice that must have felt for him, or for the countless people who would, in the coming years, say exactly the same thing to me, offloading the capacity to make change to us as a way of absolving themselves of their own role in America’s problems. How much pressure fell squarely on my shoulders with every hand that rested there, telling me to fix this problem, to take this chance and run with it.
-
-The country was looking at me and my fellow students, some of whom I had only just met, for our political leadership. Adults online were telling us how we should be acting in the face of this tragedy: that we shouldn’t joke around and risk appearing childish; that we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. Some of the advice was given with good intentions. Some of it was trolling, using us to get attention. “You’re not interesting ’cause you went to a high school where kids got shot. Why does that mean I have to listen to you?” comedian Louis C.K. told an audience at a Long Island comedy club. “How does that make you interesting? You didn’t get shot. You pushed some fat kid in the way and now I got to listen to you talking?” (He was widely criticized for this routine, including by Jim Carrey, who painted me towering over a teeny-tiny C.K. performing stand-up with his dick out.) Most of the media attention was aimed at myself and David Hogg. The two of us are pretty different people, but David was my best friend throughout this time, and we never would have survived all the shit thrown at us without each other.
-
-I decided to swear off makeup for a while as well as wearing bright colors. Maintaining a plain and respectful image was my way of mourning. And it made me feel more like myself. I should have known for a long time that I don’t identify as a girl — I’d been shaving my head for years — but I didn’t have the vocabulary for it yet, and saying “no” to makeup was a start. Before interviews or photo shoots, the producers would always send me to the makeup department. Sometimes they would insist, saying they would just put a little foundation on to even out my skin tone, and I had to let them. I was worried they would get fired for letting me out there barefaced.
-
-Once I was on-camera, interviewers would ask intrusive questions like “When was the last time you saw your friend alive?” I hated doing media hits, and I still do. In March 2018, I was interviewed by CBS’s *60 Minutes.* The interview spanned five hours, and in it I cried for about 45 seconds. Of course, those 45 seconds made the final cut. All the students in MFOL went through this, too, and we would complain to one another about it. Soon we were teaching ourselves how to redirect the personal questions back toward policy arguments.
-
-Thanks to that media attention, I had a level of fame that many activists work for years to try to attain, and I thought I knew what I was supposed to do. We had to take our pain and spin it into political action, solving a problem that had been a century in the making. Eight days after the shooting, we were the invited guests at a CNN town hall on gun policy along with Senators Marco Rubio and Bill Nelson and NRA spokesperson Dana Loesch. It took place at a professional hockey stadium in Sunrise, Florida, where we ended up having our graduation ceremony later that year.
-
-I asked Dana Loesch a question about semiautomatic assault weapons. We had a couple of Republicans in our group who would tell us, “Don’t say ‘assault weapons’; say ‘semiautomatic assault rifles.’ They’re going to catch you on that and say, ‘Those aren’t even real guns; they don’t sell those.’ Say the right word and then they can’t argue with you about it.” CNN asked us to submit our questions and selected the “best” questions for us to ask (they were actually just the least controversial). I was assigned a weak question (“Do you believe it should be harder to obtain these semiautomatic weapons and the modifications for these weapons to make them fully automatic?”), and Loesch’s answer was patronizing (“I was a very politically active teenager. And I’m on this stage as a result of that. Think of how far you all could go as a result of voicing your beliefs”). Still, she got booed out of the building. I remember laughing and crying through the commercial break because Marco Rubio wouldn’t answer Cameron’s off-script question: “Can you tell me right now that you will not accept a single donation from the NRA in the future?” I was like, *That’s it, we got him, he’s done for,* because I had seen *The West Wing* and thought, *This is how politics works.* One slipup and you’re dead. This past November, he won his third term in office.
-
-On the Road to Change tour bus. Photo: Emilee McGovern
-
-**In 2018, my classmates** and I went from being students who didn’t really know each other, to organizing a worldwide protest about gun laws in the U.S., to running a 57-day national tour over the summer. We started with kids from Parkland, but as the tour went on, we asked other young activists who had experienced other kinds of gun violence to come along with us. In part, this was an effort to correct for our mistakes: It became clear that part of the reason we were getting so much media attention was because we were a bunch of (mostly) white kids from the suburbs, while the reality is that gun violence in the U.S. disproportionately affects Black and brown people. Once we realized how limiting we had been in our scope, we began to focus on all forms of gun violence. In retrospect, of course we weren’t doing enough, but it was a better start than our peer organizations could claim.
-
-We crisscrossed the country, from Florida to the Midwest, through the South and up through the West Coast, registering people to vote, advocating for local gun laws in town halls and calling out local politicians for taking NRA money and getting people out of their homes to meet with the organizers in their communities. From the get-go, we wanted MFOL to be run by young people, not adults. As far as we were concerned, if you haven’t gone through what we have, you have no right telling us how we ought to be making change. So even though we were mostly minors, it felt like we were treated more like “the talent” than like kids. Sure, there were some adults on the bus, holding clipboards and telling us where to go, and there was even a traveling therapist, but I never talked to her. How are you supposed to do a therapy session in the space where you are working?
-
-The national tour started in Chicago on Friday, June 16. If there weren’t a map of it all on the MFOL website, there’s no way I could remember where I was that summer. We would do two or three events a day (town halls, barbecues, voter registrations, meetings with local activists); it felt like the morning, the afternoon, and the evening were three separate days, then we would finally go to sleep in identical nondescript hotel rooms (I get tour déjà vu whenever I walk inside a Holiday Inn Express). Sometimes people show me videos of these events and I can sort of remember being there.
-
-It didn’t take long to realize what my job was. From the first time I spoke up at that first rally, full of rage, with a [shaved head](https://www.thecut.com/2018/10/parkland-activist-emma-gonzalez-explained-her-shaved-head.html), I’d become a symbol, and that’s what the people who came to see us wanted from me. People would tell me their life stories faster than I could process them: “My son was listening to music too loud, according to the neighbor.” “My son was sleeping in his car when a police officer came over and shot him through the window.” “My son was shot over a hundred times by police.” “My daughter was killed in an incident of road rage.” “My sister was shot by her ex-husband in the mall.” “I survived a school shooting too.” “I hid behind my desk in the science lab.”
-
-We figured out pretty early in the summer that it would be best if I sat at the merch table, rather than speaking on the panels. This was good, most of all because it meant the spotlight got to shine on local activists. But I was also getting worse at speaking off the cuff as the days dragged on. I have ADHD that grows more acute when I am sleep deprived, which I often was. (One night, when we had been promised we were getting dinner and going to sleep, we were instead brought to speak in front of a room of Harvard benefactors. I was given a mic and managed to say something about “nudes” and “Nazis” in the same sentence — I don’t even remember the point I was making. I got roasted for that one by my colleagues all summer.) So instead, I would stay at the merch table, where people could connect with me personally but quickly, since there was always someone behind them in line ready for their turn to buy something. I met people and shook hands, I tweeted and retweeted, I gave hugs and laughed with those who needed it. I wasn’t thinking about how little I was saving for myself.
-
-Bus life was not a fit for me. Driving all day, we fell into a routine. Some of the boys would play video games, some students and adults would sit in the front of the bus and organize events and hotel reservations, and the rest of us would watch movies together in the back until we got to the venue. Some of the students stayed up late to hang out with each other. I don’t know how they had the energy. I’ve always been a loud person, passionately engaging with the world around me. On the tour, I started to shut down. I ended up going to four funerals throughout 2018, and only one of them was because of the shooting. I kept my breakdowns to myself, silently sobbing whenever my emotions overcame me. At some point it even became hard to cry. That summer, I took one day off. I read for that entire day. I told the team, “I would actually like to skip this event tonight, sit on the bus, and read *The Secret Keepers.*” I was still 18.
-
-On the tour, we would talk with the people protesting us outside the venues. It was cool at first, to change minds — or at least to speak calmly and rationally with people who hated the idea of restricting access to firearms. They dressed for intimidation, with their COME AND TAKE IT signs, without ever considering that we might have some things in common. At one stop, I realized how many of the protesters had AR-15s and were strapped with knives and guns. Suddenly, I was overwhelmed with the thought, *That’s the type of gun that killed my friend. I don’t need to be here.* Alex King, a Chicago-based student activist whose nephew was killed in a drive-by shooting, very kindly held me as I cried. After that, I didn’t talk to the protesters anymore.
-
-Even as I feel conflicted about my time on tour and how much of myself I gave to the movement, it’s nice to know that the work we did with MFOL led to the creation of 278 stricter gun laws all over the country, including in my home state. Our generation is stacked with political leaders, like Jaclyn Corin, who deserves credit for anything that went right in the early MFOL days. Our fight led to the banning of bump stocks, the rise of “red flag” laws, countless voters registered, and a blueprint for activism and protesting for Gen Z to utilize. The status quo that the NRA had spent more than 150 years pushing for was thrown out the window by some meddling kids. This causes me no shortage of pride.
-
-And as fast as the tour started, it ended. I had four days to prepare myself to move into college.
-
-After a pull-up contest at a tour event in the Bronx. Photo: Emilee McGovern
-
-**When I was** a senior at Marjory Stoneman Douglas, I applied to colleges and fantasized about the days I could feel independent. I waited and waited. Only after the march did I hear back from my dream school, offering me a scholarship that I’m sure it thought would be enough. It wasn’t. My dreams of “escaping” our fucked-up town ended up pinned on New College of Florida, a debt-free education three hours away.
-
-New College was the perfect school for people who don’t want to go to college. There were no grades. A lot of the students there are trans and even more are queer. It was small and quiet, the campus overlooking Sarasota Bay with slash pines and palm trees that sway in the breeze.
-
-I didn’t know it at the time, but before I even got to campus, someone sent an email telling students not to bother me, to let me have a normal college experience. I still don’t know who did that for me, but I’m grateful. For the first time since the day of the shooting, I was forced to slow down and breathe. At first, I fucking hated it. But things started to get better. I lived with Leo, my best friend from high school; I finally found a therapist and got my medical-marijuana card. It was easier, too, being out of the spotlight — I got a chance to be a kid again: reading, going to classes, being outside, partying, cooking. I formally stepped away from March for Our Lives in my second year of college after spending my first year trying to do both school and professional activism. I switched my focus from politics to problems in our societies, learning a little bit about everything after spending my late teens laser-focused on just one topic. I took classes about postcolonial theory, modern authoritarianism, Black social and political thought, manifestos throughout history, gender theory, comic books. It was a shock to my system to learn from the past, to study how society can function and find solutions outside the bottleneck of Congress.
-
-In the queer space of New College, changing your pronouns, name, or presentation is a nonevent. I knew I wanted to go by a different name, something that would give me space and get me away from the identity thrown on TV screens that made people think they knew me. I settled on X (inspired by Malcolm X) and realized in the process that the reason I didn’t like being known as Emma is partially because that person belongs to the public but also partially because it’s such a feminine name. I realized then that I’m nonbinary.
-
-As I felt the pieces of myself coming back together, I found that I was interested in doing activism again. There were a couple of protests at school, and over time I felt confident enough to join in, helping to organize and make posters. I started sharing more politically radical ideas on my official social-media accounts, things that I had always felt but never felt like it was the right time or space to say. I had been thinking more about gun violence perpetrated by police, and my posts about that got a lot of pushback. The same white liberals who were against gun violence in schools thought criticizing police brutality went too far. (Eventually, many of those same white liberals would post “Black Lives Matter” after the murder of George Floyd.) Many people online did not like that I started saying these things, and to me, it was shocking that so many who believed I was right about everything else believed that I was wrong about this. It showed me more and more that the hope and love they vested in me was actually vested in an idea of me. But I wasn’t that person anymore; maybe I never was.
-
-**After graduation,** I moved back home. A memorial had sprung up on the berm in front of the high school following the shooting. There were 17 markers, and mourners would come by and leave flowers and notes. Some people would add trinkets. Some of this was organized by survivors, some of it was organized by the parents and families of the kids who had died. My classmate Tori “Rose” Gonzalez, whose boyfriend, Joaquin Oliver, died during the shooting, had the ingenious idea to turn the plot where all of those flowers and markers were into a formal memorial garden. That way, anyone who wanted to could plant and tend to living flowers and it wouldn’t look so much like a grave site.
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-People from all over the country started sending beautiful things for the garden: pieces of art, wind chimes, glass sculptures, painted stones. And then people in our town would come out, plant things themselves, or take care of the garden. I’d go with my mom, and we’d water the plants and add more. And then the new principal of Marjory Stoneman Douglas and various city officials were like, “Hey, can we get rid of some of this?” It felt like the school wanted to move on.
-
-One day in the summer of 2021 — right after the last students who were there for the shooting graduated — the garden was dismantled without warning. The mayor posted to his Facebook that the city and the school was working on “beautifying Project Grow Love, so that it can be better maintained” and promised that “all items that were there will be saved,” even though the demolition destroyed many items that were in the garden. A local news website posted a photo provided by the new principal showing the garden as messy and the principal said there were problems with rodents. My father realized that the image was Photoshopped to make the garden look worse. He sent the faked pictures to Joaquin’s dad, Manuel Oliver, who made a video exposing the lie. Now the garden is smaller than it was and is mostly painted stones instead of flowers. The plot feels smaller every day. Some people still visit and try to spruce it up, but most of us are too hurt to spend time there anymore.
-
-The state has kept the building where the shooting happened exactly as it was, a key piece of evidence for the jury in the criminal case that began in March 2018 and concluded this past November. (It won’t be torn down until this summer at the earliest.) Those of us who take part in this fight, who’ve lived through gun violence, usually decline to say the name or share the images of the people who commit acts of domestic terrorism. It’s a sign of respect for the victims, and it doesn’t let the mass murderers feel all warm and fuzzy that their name and picture got on TV. Therefore, I hope it will make sense to everyone reading why I won’t name the shooter and will simply refer to him as “that Nazi asshole.”
-
-The goal of “our” trial was to give that Nazi asshole the death penalty. He had already pleaded guilty and agreed to accept life without parole, but a jury trial is needed in Florida to sentence someone to death. Although some people in town were divided on whether capital punishment is morally just, the overwhelming majority of us wanted this fucker dead. Yet three jurors decided to go easy on that Nazi asshole. Hearing the news that he wasn’t going to get the death penalty was the second-worst thing to happen to this community.
-
-You might not understand how I could dedicate so much of my life to activism against gun violence and still be pro–death penalty. In this instance, I wanted it to set a precedent: Kill a lot of people and you won’t live to see the misery you perpetrated. Going through all of this shit these past few years helped to crystallize the way I think and feel about violence. When I worked for MFOL, I believed in the tenets of nonviolence. But as time went on, I realized that I didn’t have to “love thy neighbor” when the opposition wanted to kill me so badly.
-
-The trial is over now, and the building is still there. Not that I see it very often. I go out of my way to not drive by it. But even if I avoid the school, I can’t avoid it all. The grocery store is closer to my house than the school — but I have to drive by the Parkland Library and the Parkland police station. I can’t go anywhere without remembering life before and life after. And it’s clear that others wish to forget us, wish that *Parkland* wasn’t a name remembered like *Newtown* or *Columbine* or *Uvalde*.
-
-**On June 11, 2022,** the day before the anniversary of the shooting in the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida, March for Our Lives put together another march. It marked the fourth year that the organization had been participating in the fight against gun violence. Before they could find a way to ask me if I was interested in giving a speech, I asked them. I felt like I had made enough progress with my mental health that I could go onstage again, and I had a lot to say. As the day drew nearer, though, my nerves got worse. *What if I can’t give a speech nearly as effective as my previous ones? What if I’ve forgotten how to deliver a powerful speech and people in the crowd grow restless?* I texted my group chat and asked, “y’all ever feel like you’ll never measure up to the societal expectations placed on you during a time when you were compared to Martin Luther King?” My friends offered support, telling me I would do fine.
-
-With all of the people who spoke at both marches, the message was unanimous and clear: We must pass laws against gun violence or eventually everyone will share these experiences.
-
-Aside from the obviously heavy subject matter, I was excited to be at the event because all of my old colleagues would be there. These are some of my best friends (after bonding under the most abnormal circumstances), and we only get to see one another at these events. Friends like Ariel Hobbs from Houston and Linnea Stanton from Milwaukee, who joined the movement early on. Some others (like Houston organizer Kelly Choi) can’t always come, but when they do, the hugs when we see one another and crash together could break the sound barrier. When the besties get together, we share all the *chisme* in the moments we have backstage. We give each other life updates, and we get each other pumped up for our speeches. Some of us have stage fright; some of us are still working on our speeches till the last minute. I was doing what I do best: trying to make sure everyone else was doing okay by checking in, offering laughs and tips for pre-speech jitters.
-
-I directed my speech at members of Congress. I spoke to the fact that in my time as an activist trying to protect this country from itself, the only thing standing in the way of a life without headlines about mass shootings or the news that a loved one was taken by a gun had been *Congress.* Those who are currently in office are the only people who can make this change, and it is the sole purpose of their job to pass the laws that the people want them to. I let myself insult, scream, and curse at Congress in this speech for the simple reason that it is unfathomable to me that there would be people in this world who ran for office with the intention of making the world a better place, are presented with the facts about gun violence, and choose to ignore them in favor of making money from gun manufacturers. We are dying. And the people whose job it is to stop it work on Capitol Hill and sit around all day doing nothing, letting us sit like fish in a barrel with AR-15s aimed at us from every direction.
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-All the other times I’ve given a speech, I’ve kept it PG. But this time, I could not have given less of a shit about seeming like a morally upright person. Me and my friends did everything we were supposed to, and shootings still happen every day. I have nothing to hide or reshape to get my point across. I have a handle on who I am now, and I know how I want to be perceived. The audience was with me. The failure of our government is all too easy to see. We needed to carry our voices over the lawn of the Monument through the halls of Congress and into the ears of our representatives.
-
-People like for me to tell them what to do. But it’s getting harder to find something to say. Last summer, Congress passed bipartisan gun-control legislation for the first time in 30 years, but it didn’t go far enough. In the states, implementing similar laws has been slow and, sometimes, ignored by local officials. (One tragic example: Had Virginia’s red-flag laws been employed, the man who brutally killed three UVA football players this fall might have had his gun taken away before he could use it to shoot his former teammates.) President Biden himself backs an assault-weapons ban, but he doesn’t have the votes he needs to make it happen — and that was true even before Republicans took back the House. Gun control wasn’t a leading issue in the midterms, and it’s unlikely to be until at least after the 2024 presidential election. Meanwhile, the beat of the mass-shooting metronome is picking up. [Uvalde](https://www.thecut.com/2022/12/what-did-police-actually-do-in-the-uvalde-shooting.html). [Chesapeake](https://www.thecut.com/2022/11/walmart-shooting-chesapeake-virginia.html). [Colorado Springs](https://www.thecut.com/2022/11/colorado-springs-shooting-lgbtq-club.html). There have been 636 mass shootings in 2022 as I write this, the second-deadliest year on record. There’s a lot that contributes to these killings, of course, from lack of mental-health care to misogyny.
-
-We need to keep pressure on our representatives; we need to remember whose job this is and who is obstructing the path to our survival. Never forget that those members of Congress who are against the regulation of guns are in the pockets of the gun manufacturers. They are making money every time someone buys a gun, and people buy guns every time something scary happens in their community. Something scary is always happening in our communities because people keep buying guns with the intention of using them, and when they use them, it scares more people. Following the money is the only way to break out of this cycle.
-
-In the meantime, while we are on hold with our representatives, I can tell you a few other things to do. Let’s start small. Don’t get a gun. Don’t let anyone you love get a gun. Focus on getting gun-ownership levels down in your community. Become an annoyance to your local elected officials. Make them see that it’s up to them, as the mouthpieces for the people they represent, to speak with your words. Organize a protest in your area or a community gathering of people with the intention of raising awareness (and money) for local or national fights. If you have it, donate $10 to March for Our Lives or to your local gun-violence-prevention organization. Go to your local open-mic nights and rile people up. If there’s a memorial garden in your community, visit and spend some quiet time in thought. Treat this like it could happen to you. Because it can.
-
-Life After Parkland
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-# Long-hidden ruins of vast network of Maya cities could recast history
-
-Beneath 1,350 square miles of dense jungle in northern Guatemala, scientists have discovered 417 cities that date back to circa 1000 B.C. and that are connected by nearly 110 miles of “superhighways” — a network of what researchers called “the first freeway system in the world.”
-
-Scientist say this extensive road-and-city network, along with sophisticated ceremonial complexes, hydraulic systems and agricultural infrastructure, suggests that the ancient Maya civilization, which stretched through what is now Central America, was far more advanced than previously thought.
-
-Mapping the area since 2015 using lidar technology — an advanced type of radar that reveals things hidden by dense vegetation and the tree canopy — researchers have found what they say is evidence of a well-organized economic, political and social system operating some two millennia ago.
-
-The discovery is sparking a rethinking of the accepted idea that the people of the mid- to late-Preclassic Maya civilization (1000 B.C. to A.D. 250) would have been only hunter-gatherers, “roving bands of nomads, planting corn,” says Richard Hansen, the lead author of a [study](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ancient-mesoamerica/article/lidar-analyses-in-the-contiguous-miradorcalakmul-karst-basin-guatemala-an-introduction-to-new-perspectives-on-regional-early-maya-socioeconomic-and-political-organization/31075DFA8ADBAA5E7C7320CA6DB93E5E) about the finding that was published in January and an affiliate research professor of archaeology at the University of Idaho.
-
-**“**We now know that the Preclassic period was one of extraordinary complexity and architectural sophistication, with some of the largest buildings in world history being constructed during this time,” says Hansen, president of the Foundation for Anthropological Research and Environmental Studies, a nonprofit scientific research institution that focuses on ancient Maya history.
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-These findings in the El Mirador jungle region are a “game changer” in thinking about the history of the Americas, Hansen said. The lidar findings have unveiled “a whole volume of human history that we’ve never known” because of the scarcity of artifacts from that period, which were probably buried by later construction by the Maya and then covered by jungle.
-
-[Lidar](https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lidar.html), which stands for light detection and ranging, works via an aerial transmitter that bounces millions of infrared laser pulses off the ground, essentially sketching 3D images of structures hidden by the jungle. It has become [a vital tool for archaeologists](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/a-new-way-to-find-out-what-lies-beneath/2015/06/08/1d9e08a0-ef70-11e4-8abc-d6aa3bad79dd_story.html?itid=lk_inline_manual_12) who previously relied on hand-drawings of where they estimated areas of note might be and, by the late 1980s, the first 3D maps.
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-When scientists digitally removed ceiba and sapodilla trees that cloak the area, the lidar images revealed ancient dams, reservoirs, pyramids and ball courts. El Mirador has long been considered the “cradle of the Maya civilization,” but the proof of a complex society already being in place circa 1000 B.C. suggests “a whole volume of human history that we’ve never known before,” the study says.
-
-Rick Chacon, professor of anthropology at Winthrop University in Rock Hill, S.C., says the research “sheds light on how the ancient Maya significantly modified their local environment, and it enhances our understanding of how social complexity arose.” Chacon was not involved in the research.
-
-Enrique Hernández, an archaeologist at San Carlos University in Guatemala City and a co-author of the paper, has spent several months every year for the past two decades excavating in El Mirador.
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-He says that once the area is fully revealed, it could be potentially as significant a marker in human history as the pyramids in Egypt, the oldest of which dates circa 2,700 B.C. ([The Great Pyramid of Cholula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Cholula) in Mexico, which is more than 2,000 years old, is the largest in the world by volume. It is shorter but wider than Egypt’s Great Pyramid of Giza.)
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-It’s hard to imagine such a huge archaeological draw right now: El Mirador’s remoteness in Petén, along the Mexico-Guatemala border, is visited each year by only a few thousand tourists who must either hike nearly 40 miles through jaguar, puma and snake-filled rainforests or fly in by helicopter. (The Egyptian pyramids, by comparison, are visited by over 14 million people annually, with luxury hotels nearby.) But such is the magnitude of this find that Hernández says he thinks it could happen.
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-At Hernández’s archaeology lab, Idaho potato boxes stuffed full of ancient artifacts line the walls; 2,000-year-old masks rescued from El Mirador sit on the desks — the stone puma decals and shards on them having been painstakingly reattached in a poky upstairs room.
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-Before the lidar study, archaeologists, biologists and historians had identified about 50 sites of importance in a decade. “Now there are more than 900 \[settlements\]. … We \[couldn’t\] see that before. It was impossible.” Hernández says.
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-Among the multistory temples, buildings and roads, images of Balamnal, one of the Preclassic civilization’s crucial hubs, were revealed for the first time. It dates back to 1,000 or possibly 2,000 years before the most famous, and well-excavated, Maya site of Chichen Itza in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula, which was constructed in the early A.D. 400s.
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-Excavations around Balamnal in 2009 “failed to recognize the incredible sophistication and size of the city, all of which was immediately evident with lidar technology,” Hansen says. Lidar showed the site to be among the largest in El Mirador, with causeways “radiating to other smaller sites suggest\[ing\] its administrative, economic and political importance in the Preclassic periods.”
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-The lidar images raise questions about how “one society living in a tropical jungle in Central America became one of the greatest ancient civilizations in the world \[while\] another society living in Borneo is still hunting and gathering in the exact same environment,” Hansen says.
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-Beyond how lidar mapping might reshape future finds both in this area and further afield, there is one thing on the minds of all involved: ensuring that the site is properly preserved.
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-About 40 miles south of Petén is [Tikal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikal), ruins of the largest city of the Maya civilization’s later “Classic” period (A.D. 200 to 900). Now a national park, Tikal was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979. It could serve as a possible blueprint for El Mirador.
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-Hundreds of thousands of people head to the national park each year (some of whom may be on the fan trail for “Star Wars: Episode IV: A New Hope,” which had scenes filmed there in 1977); 15 percent of its temples have been excavated, with visitors free to clamber up their steep limestone steps.
-
-“It could be something great,” Hernández says of El Mirador’s potential transformation into a significant tourist site. “But only if the government, archaeological organizations and locals work together. Then a decision can be taken as to whether it should become a national monument, an area of returned, modern-day Mayans and other Indigenous Guatemalans (who make up about 40 percent of the population in the country) or a tourist hub.
-
-“I don’t want my kids to say, ‘oh, I remember the Mirador, it was a nice place, jaguars were living there’ — like a legend,” Hernández says. “We can save it now. This is the right moment to do it.”
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-Meanwhile, researchers say they will continue making their biannual trips to the jungle. And now they have more data to work with than ever before.
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-The 417 cities identified via lidar are among the first ports of call.
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-“We have our work cut out for us,” Hansen says. “It’s a big task, it’s expensive, but very, very worth it.”
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-# Martin Scorsese on Making “Killers of the Flower Moon”
-
-Martin Scorsese has the best curveball in the business. His 2013 film, “[The Wolf of Wall Street](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/the-lasting-power-of-the-wolf-of-wall-street),” based on the true story of a large-scale financial fraudster, is also his wildest and wackiest comedy, closer in inspiration to Jerry Lewis than to Oliver Stone. His modern-gothic horror-thriller “[Shutter Island](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/out-of-the-past),” from 2010, is primarily a refracted personal essay about his childhood spent watching paranoid film-noir classics in the shadow of nuclear war. And now his forthcoming film, “Killers of the Flower Moon,” his first attempt—as an octogenarian—at a Western, is essentially a marital drama akin to Stanley Kubrick’s final film, “Eyes Wide Shut.” It borrows more from such intimate psychological dramas as “Phantom Thread,” “Suspicion,” and, yes, “Gaslight” than from any of the Western classics of John Ford. In other words, the first of the mysteries that Scorsese’s new film poses isn’t in the plot—it’s the mystery of its own genesis.
-
-When I met [Scorsese](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2000/03/27/martin-scorsese-profile-man-who-forgets-nothing) several weeks ago, I told him, before we got started, that I do very few interviews, because, well, I have a director’s films, and, if watching them doesn’t give me enough to think about and to write about, then I’m in the wrong profession. That said, there was much that I wanted to know about Scorsese, not least because of the paradox of his artistic position: he directs extraordinary movies on hundred-million-dollar budgets yet makes them deeply personal and packs them with artistic flourishes—spectacular camera moves, intimate observations, dramatic shocks, and moments of performance—that are as daring as they are distinctive. I wanted to ask about his methods because I’ve long felt that a huge part of the art of directing is *producing*—that the originality of a finished film usually has its roots in the distinctiveness of its director’s approach to the systems and methods that get it made.
-
-I’d seen something of Scorsese’s behind-the-scenes originality in [Jonas Mekas’s documentary](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/review-jonas-mekass-illuminating-documentary-of-martin-scorsese-on-the-set-of-the-departed) about the making of Scorsese’s 2006 gangland drama, “The Departed”—the movie for which Scorsese finally won the Oscar for Best Director, after five previous nominations ended in disappointment, and which heralded his great outburst of work in the past decade and a half. I’d also seen it in “The Wolf of Wall Street,” in the way that Scorsese took the increasingly commonplace technology of C.G.I. and proceeded to use it like a painter. But the part of his process on “Killers of the Flower Moon” that I was most curious about involved the subject matter. Set in Oklahoma in the nineteen-twenties, “Killers of the Flower Moon” is based on the [nonfiction book](https://www.amazon.com/Killers-Flower-Moon-Osage-Murders-ebook/dp/B01CWZFBZ4) of the same name by [David Grann](https://www.newyorker.com/contributors/david-grann), a colleague of mine at *The New Yorker*. In the movie, Leonardo DiCaprio plays Ernest Burkhart, a white man who marries an Osage woman named Mollie (Lily Gladstone), under the direction of his gangster-like uncle (Robert De Niro), as part of a wide-ranging and murderous scheme to pry away the wealth of the Osage Nation, on whose territory oil has been discovered.
-
-One of the common frustrations of watching movies adapted from books is the inevitable abridgment of the source material. Reading a book several hundred pages long takes many more hours than watching even a longish feature, and, often, one can sense an adaptation’s compression and gaps without having read the book. Scorsese’s new film is colossal—three hours and twenty-six minutes—but even that duration could never encompass the plethora of incident that [Grann delivers](https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/david-grann-the-osage-murders-and-the-birth-of-the-fbi) in his fascinating, horrifying book. Scorsese escapes this dilemma with a move of almost Houdini-like ingenuity, zeroing in on something that even Grann’s voluminous research couldn’t shed much light on: What was that couple’s relationship like? Thanks to this change in emphasis, the task of writing the script became not one of condensation but one of expansion—of filling a historical gap by means of imagination. And the way in which the couple’s relationship is reimagined, as Scorsese made clear to me, embodies his own grappling with the underlying morality of Grann’s tale—a responsibility to place the Osage people at the center of the story that turned out to shift the very aesthetic of the movie.
-
-Almost all directors are also actors; they just happen to reserve their performances for their cast and crew. Some also perform in movies, their own or those of other directors; Scorsese has done both, albeit in incidental roles. In “Killers of the Flower Moon” he appears in a small but crucial dramatic role, a performance that is far more powerful than a Hitchcockian wink or a cameo to please connoisseurs. Scorsese won his Oscar at a time when the studios had already become inhospitable to his kind of large-scale yet artistically ambitious filmmaking, and the ensuing rise of superhero movies and other primarily youth-centered I.P. franchises made matters worse. Scorsese has leveraged his eminence to take a leading role in advocating for studios to both invest in the preservation and distribution of classic movies and release new and substantial movies by ambitious directors. In effect, he has become the face and the voice of the cause of cinematic art—past, present, and future. No spoilers, but, when he acts in “Killers,” he nonetheless speaks for himself and speaks, too, for the cinema at large.
-
-In person, Scorsese has a lot to say, and the fascination of what he says is heightened by his way of saying it. Just as a scene in a movie may be made of dozens of shots of diverse durations, assembled in various ways, and often ranging far in time and space and tone, so Scorsese speaks in a free-associative, quick-cut, montage-like manner that is entirely his own, building drama as the details accrete and connect with verbal counterparts to cuts, dissolves, superimpositions, and other kinds of cinematic punctuation. His conversation is the image of a mind in motion, ranging freely between memory and perception, between practical specifics and ideas, between firsthand experience and notions gleaned from watching movies—all infused, like his films, with purpose and passion. Just as “Killers of the Flower Moon” was the fastest three and a half hours of my moviegoing life, my conversation with Scorsese about it was the fastest hour of conversation I’d ever experienced. Our discussion has been edited for length and clarity.
-
-**There’s something special about “Killers of the Flower Moon.” You always tell good, moving, passionate stories, but here I felt like you were doing something more than telling a story. I felt like you were bearing witness. Did you have that feeling when you were making the film? Was that part of what went into the project?**
-
-Definitely. And I think it goes back to a time in ’74, when I had this opportunity to spend some time, only a day or two, maybe two days, with the Oglala Lakota (Sioux) tribe, in South Dakota, and I was involved with a project that didn’t work out. It was a traumatic experience, and I was so young I didn’t understand. I didn’t understand the damage and the poverty. I grew up with poverty in another way, which was working-class men and women on Elizabeth Street and Mott Street and Mulberry, but we also had the Bowery. So I grew up with *that* poverty. But I never saw anything like *this*, and I can’t describe why—it was hopeless. I met some Native Americans again in L.A. at the time, and we talked about another project, and I saw, too, that this incredible fantasy that we had growing up as children was something that—even despite the wonderful attempts at righting the wrongs of the Hollywood films with “Broken Arrow,” “Drum Beat,” “Apache,” “Devil’s Doorway”—all the films that were pro-Native American, there were still American white actors playing the Native Americans. But the stories were balanced toward not only who had right on their side but also a respect for the culture, particularly in “Broken Arrow,” I thought.
-
-But, in any event, no, I was always aware of poverty, and I always felt I was witness to it there only for a couple of days. But culminating in the end of the Western with Sam Peckinpah, there was a new territory then: How are we to think, what are we to make of all this in terms of the Native American experience? Are they really gone? In a way, as children, we thought, Well, they’re with us, but they’re like us now. We were children and, I think, meant to think that way of the forced assimilation, to a certain extent, of the Native populations. But I didn’t know. When I got out there and I saw what it was, it was different.
-
-**But from 1974 to now—it’s forty-nine years. Had you been thinking of a project involving Native Americans for the entire time?**
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-I stayed away from it. I stayed away from it because the shock was so strong. Somehow it had to be the right story, and that’s taken a long time.
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-**How did you find David Grann’s book? How did it come to you?**
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-Oh, Rick Yorn gave it to me. Rick is my manager, and also Leo DiCaprio’s manager. And, yeah, the idea of the flower moon—the flower moon is feminine and we had just worked on “Silence,” and the moon images and the sense of Jesus as the feminine side of Jesus rather than the masculine side is really important. And so, for me, the flower moon, the feminine, but the “killers of the flower moon,” the clash of that, and this landscape, which I only had in my imagination—I’d never been out to the prairie. When I got out there, we were driving for so long on one road, and I wondered why we were going so slowly, and I looked at the—it was, like, forty-five minutes—I looked at this speedometer, we’re doing seventy-five, and I realized this place never ends. And on either side there were no trees. You really couldn’t tell how fast you were going.
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-**What you did with the book, I mean, not that I would ever want to teach, but if I were teaching a class on adaptation, I would show people your film and I’d have them read David’s book, because your transformation of the book is, to me, one of your many great achievements, because you have everything that’s in the book, almost everything that’s in the book, almost all the salient details of the horrors, in the film. But you reverse the perspective.**
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-Yeah. Leo and I wanted to make a film together about this whole idea of the West and all that sort of thing. And he was going to play Tom White, the F.B.I. agent. And so I said, I’m thinking, how are we going to do this? Because I’m just, not to be glib, but Tom White, in reality, was a very strong-willed man. Very, very, very disciplined, moral, straightforward. And laconic. Hardly said anything. Didn’t need to say much. Now, Leo likes—I told him many times, I said, Your face is a cinema face. I said, You can do silent films. You don’t need to say that or this, just your eyes do it, move, whatever you do, he just has it—but I do know he likes to speak in films.
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-Then I’m realizing, too, who are these people? I said, These guys come in from Washington, and the moment they get off that train, the moment they enter that town, you look around and you see Bob De Niro, you see so-and-so—“I know who did it.” The audience is way ahead of us. I said, It’s, like, we’re going to watch two and a half hours of these guys trying to find things. That’s a police procedural. In the book, it works; in the book, it works. But a police procedural, for me, I’ll watch it, but I can’t do it. I don’t know how to do it. I don’t know how to do the plot. I don’t know where to put the pen. And so I said, What the hell are we going to do here? So we tried and tried and tried. Our script was over two hundred pages, and one night we had a big reading: myself and Leo and \[the co-writer\] Eric \[Roth\] and my daughter, a number of people. The first two hours, we were moving along. The second two hours, boy, is this getting a little long in the tooth, as they say. It was just getting to be—we really ran out of energy in the story, and I wanted to tell more and more of the story, and I wanted to do more digressions, to go off in tangents, so to speak, what seem like tangents, but are not.
-
-But at the same time, luckily I had gone out to Oklahoma a few times and the first thing I did was, I was very concerned about meeting the Osage Nation to see how we could coöperate together. I found that yes, they were concerned about trust. I got them to understand that I wanted to do the best I could with them and the story, and that they could trust me, I hoped. And they began to, but I also understood why they don’t. I totally get it. And that’s the story. Now here, what really is the story is that you have trust in a marriage, right? O.K., there are different levels of it and there are aspects and mistakes and things, but there’s trust. Well, what I was learning from the Osage was that all the families are still there. The Burkharts and the Roans, Henry Roan. What we were told by their descendants was, Don’t forget this, that Ernest and Mollie were in love. Why the hell did she stay? Not *why* did she stay with him? *How* did she stay with him? Why one person stays with another, we don’t know. “How” is another issue, another way into the story. The “how” is deception, self-deception; the “how” is love stronger than what she dares think he is doing. So this was a coverup, and yet she trusted. And so this love story, this love story. And we had met with Lily \[Gladstone\] through a Zoom because \[the casting director\] Ellen Lewis showed me Kelly Reichardt’s “[Certain Women](https://www.newyorker.com/goings-on-about-town/movies/certain-women).” Lily was extraordinary in it. And then Leo and her met on the Zoom because he was very concerned about who are we going to get to play this part? Obviously, she has to be Native American, and we wanted the Osage approval. They approved her, and, before they approved her, Leo had this conversation with her on Zoom, and as soon as the Zoom call was over he said, “She’s amazing.” I said, ”Yeah, for many different reasons.” I think a lot of it you can see in the film; she has integrity, a sense of humor.
-
-There’s a profundity to her and there’s a sweetness, at times, of face. We felt confident that she knew more than us. She just knew it, meaning she knows the people, she understands the situation, she understands the delicacy of the confusions and, I think, the trespasses, so to speak. But in any event, after doing the reading, a week later, Leo came to me and—we still had this in our head, that they’re in love. And the reality was that she didn’t leave until after the trial. We had scenes in there, the F.B.I. guys—or the Bureau guys—were saying, “How is she still with him?”
-
-They actually said that. We have the court transcript. She’s still there in the court. She’s in the court. Doesn’t she get it? But there was something about him and her together, and then she left him after that. And we said, Well, what was that about? And I said, What if that’s the story? And Leo came to me and said—so we tried to build it in within the context of somebody else playing Ernest, and Tom White dealing with, again, the police procedural, but it overwhelmed it. The procedural overwhelmed the personal story. And Leo came to me again, he came to my house one night, a week later, and he said, “Where’s the heart of the film?” I said, “Well, the heart is with her and Ernest.” He said, “Because no matter what, if I’m playing Tom White, we deal with the iconic nature of the Texas Ranger.” We have seen that; it’s good. Does he need to do it? How would I do it any differently? I tried. I couldn’t find a way. So he looked at me and sat down and said, “Now, don’t get upset.” He said, “But what if I play Ernest?”
-
-**So it was his idea to do it. Wow.**
-
-I said, “If you play Ernest and we deal with the love story, then we’re at the very heart of it. We’re in the the day-to-day.” I said, “You realize, of course, that means we go in the center of script, rip it open and change everything and tell the studio you want to play the other guy, and we’re going to go this way, and Lily’s great, and we’ll rewrite the whole thing,” which is what we did.
-
-But “rewrite” is the wrong word. We constructed it all. Eric \[Roth\], me, a couple of friends helped. That’s what we had done with “Casino,” too, Nick Pileggi and I, we worked from transcripts. And so I would say, “That’s great over here.” And then another guy would say, “Hey, why don’t we put *this* in?” And so, cobbling and pushing and shoving, I mean, until we went into rehearsal, and then, even in rehearsal, we just kept working on it and working on it, and we had a lot with the Osage themselves, they would say things, and one guy, Wilson Pipestem, who was a lawyer, a really terrific guy, Osage, he was very concerned at first. He looked at me and said, “You don’t understand, we have a certain way of life.” And he’s a very strong lawyer, an activist, and he pointed out and said, “We grew up this way, we grew up that way”—he was giving me examples of things in the midst of, not a lesson, not an argument against me, but an argument for himself and for his people, saying, “This is what we are, you don’t understand this. For example, when I was young, my grandmother would be in the house and all of a sudden this storm would come up and I’d be running around and she’d say, ‘Nope, sit down, sit down, let the storm flow over us, the power of the storm. It’s a gift from God. It’s a gift from Wah’Kon-Tah. Let the storm—don’t move, just absorb the storm.’ ” And he said, “That’s the way we live.” So I wrote it down. Grab from here, grab from there. And there was the end of the scene, the dinner scene with Mollie and Leo, which we had written where she said, “Would you like some whiskey?” and they drink and she drinks more than him, but she doesn’t get drunk and he does. And I said, “We could do a great scene.” I said, “But there’s something—what if the rain hits? What if the storm happens, without making it too ominous, the storm, but it’s the power of the storm, the beauty of Wah’Kon-Tah, the gift of the storm. And, in order to do that, you have to be quiet. You can’t be your little coyote self.” And she controlled him that way, and he just waits.
-
-So that’s the way it was constructed. We had fun with that because we were always finding new things, because somebody would go by and say something, or \[the producer\] Marianne Bower would find out a great deal. She was our connection with all the people. She’d work with the different departments, different Osage technical advisers for different departments, and, well, “So-and-so said this and so-and-so said that.” “That’s interesting. What is that?” “Well, you know what they normally do: the youngest member of the family walks over the coffin of the eldest who died.” Well, that’s got to be, it’s got to be. We have to do it.
-
-So then the funeral scenes got bigger. So, in a way, what I mean by “got bigger” was that I—we even had more, but we had to narrow it down, narrow it down. Then I had the—coming from Sicilians, one of the key things, I grew up with a lot of the old people dying off. So I grew up in a lot of funeral parlors, and the old Italian ladies, the old Sicilians in black, it’s like “Salvatore Giuliano,” remember? “Turiddu!” and she screams on her son—that’s who we grew up with. And the son’s holding the mother back and she’s throwing herself in the coffin. I said, “They were talking about the wailers and the mourners.” I said, “They have mourners.” They have people who cry. So we got to do that. And when we did it, I found that—they said, “We do it in front of the house.” I said, “Great.” And I said, “Well, let’s get a wide shot of it from way above.” And there was the house, there was nothing behind it, and there were these three figures, and they’re wailing, and the way it sounded, well, that’s great. “Don’t you want a tighter shot?” I said no. He said, “I got a tighter shot, it’s maybe from—” I said, “No, the shot is up here. I think it’s up here because they’re wailing out to Wah’Kon-Tah. We see it all. And there’s this little house, pathetic human beings. We’re all as we are, and we’re just wailing and you barely hear it.” So this is the way it was.
-
-**Your description of your discovery of the overhead shot reminds me of one of the things that’s miraculous in masterworks of large-scale filmmaking, which is that it’s like you’re painting a painting with a paintbrush at the end of a crane, but you’re not driving.**
-
-No, I’m not driving it. I would like to, I’d like to drive the crane, but then I’d get into all kinds of trouble. But no, I don’t want the technology to limit me, meaning to get too hung up on the technology. I’ve always been fighting that for years. That’s why I had good relationships with a number of different directors of photography, Mike Chapman and certainly Michael Ballhaus, others I’ve worked with that were terrific, but we only did one or two films together. But often I would find that many D.P.s love the equipment and the equipment gets in the way.
-
-**I had a shock of a lifetime when I saw something that was put up online soon after the release of “The Wolf of Wall Street,” which is a [video made by Brainstorm Digital,](https://vimeo.com/83523133) a company that did some post-production work on the film. And what they showed was the footage as it appears in the film, and then the raw footage from the camera and how, by means of digital technology, by C.G.I., things were—a wedding scene was lifted physically off of one site and placed on another completely different background.**
-
-Oh, yeah, we did something. Yes, yes, yes.
-
-**Did you find yourself needing to use a lot of C.G.I. in the making of “Killers of the Flower Moon”?**
-
-No, not really. Except for straightening out some landscape. For example, certain trees that weren’t quite right, supposedly. We were told those trees don’t necessarily belong in this part of the ground, whatever. No, we found that what \[the production designer\] Jack Fisk did with Pawhuska, where we shot, to make it look like Fairfax—Fairfax was about forty-five minutes away—it was like a studio. It was like we were literally going to these places. We had the storefronts reconstructed. It was like going back in time, really. We were spending a lot of time in 1921 and ’22.
-
-**One of the things about this film, and, for me, your recent run of films, including “The Irishman,” is that they are ferociously political. I really get a sense of “The Irishman” as, Let me show you what’s lying underneath this respectable society, and, with “Killers of the Flower Moon,” it’s like lifting up the lid and saying, This is your American history. This is what you didn’t learn in school. This is what our society now is built on and doesn’t dare look in the face.**
-
-Exactly. Exactly. Maybe because where I came from, I saw it on street level, I think. A lot of it has to do with believing that you’re right, believing you deserve it. And that’s what I’ve been becoming aware of in the past twenty-five, thirty years of the country based on people who formulated the country, white Protestant—English, French, Dutch, and German. And so that country was formed that way with that kind of thinking. It’s European, but not Catholic, not Jewish, but the work ethic of the Protestant, which is good. It’s just that that was the formation. And then the political and power structure came out of that and stays with that. It just stays with it. I also saw and experienced people close to me who were basically pretty decent, but did some bad things and were taken advantage of by law officers. So I grew up thinking there’s no lawman you could trust. There was some good police, there were some good cops on the beat, nice guys. Some were not. But, from my father’s world, from his generation, it was a very different experience. But this issue of—I really admire the idea of people who really get into politics for public service and are really public servants. That’s really interesting. If they really serve the public.
-
-**Could you make a film about one?**
-
-I don’t know. One who could try, one who could try to be a good public servant. It reminds me of the line in “Black Narcissus.” The Mother Superior tells Deborah Kerr before she goes to India: Remember, the leader of them all is the servant of them all.
-
-**I have the feeling that something changed in your work after “The Departed,” after you won the Oscar. Not that awards really matter, but that, at that point, it was like you had nothing else, whether consciously or unconsciously, nothing more to prove. And you then made a film that I consider one of your best and one of your, in the most positive sense, craziest films, “Shutter Island.”**
-
-Yeah, the people are split on that one. But I like it, in the sense that every line of dialogue could mean an infinite number of things. It was really quite interesting for me, I really wanted to do it. Winning the award was—don’t forget, it was thirty-seven years before an Oscar for Best Director, let alone Best Picture, which was a total surprise to me. But it’s a different Academy from when I was starting. But, for me, that award was, it was inadvertent. I had made “The Departed” as a sign-off. I was leaving and just going to make some small films, I don’t know. And it just happened that “The Departed” clicked. And it was a very difficult one to make, for many different reasons. That’s a whole other story. But we fought our way out of it—through it, I should say. Through it, out of it. And, when I finally threw it up on the screen, people liked it. I don’t mean I didn’t think that it was good or bad. I just felt we had accomplished something. I didn’t know it was going to be that way. I had no idea. And my next film was going to be “Silence.” That was the idea. But what came in between was “Shutter Island.” There were issues there. I did feel something—let’s make, O.K., now I can—let’s try and make another *movie*. And I got the script and I just fell in love with the script. Then I didn’t realize, until we started working with the actors, the different levels, and I knew the levels were there, but how to perceive—how to shoot it, how to perceive the images, and also how to direct the actors.
-
-But the thing about it was that in a way, after “Departed,” it was like I knew I could not make films for the studios anymore, because at that time—there’s no ill will between us and the people who were at the studio at the time—but, even to this day, they wanted a franchise film, and I killed off the two guys. They wanted one to live. I didn’t want to make films that way. And I realized there was no way I could continue making films. And so everything since then has been independent to a certain extent since “Shutter.” The guy who took care of me was \[the Paramount Pictures C.E.O.\] Brad Grey. He came in, Brad gave me “Departed,” and he agreed on “Shutter.” And so then he passed away. And, since then, it’s really been independent. There’s no room for me to make films through the studios that way anymore.
-
-**Well, that’s been my hypothesis: that an entire generation of younger filmmakers found their second wind with independent producers, whether it’s Wes Anderson or Sofia Coppola or Spike Lee.**
-
-Yeah.
-
-**But, from your generation, you are the person who—the studio was holding you back in a certain sense. Not that you made bad films, you made wonderful films. But I kind of always felt there’s more. There’s a—not compromise—but there’s a wall that a filmmaker hits, any filmmaker hits when they’re working for the big studios.**
-
-There’s no doubt. And my thing was to explore that. And in some cases—in the case of “Last Temptation of Christ,” I had a deal at Universal. I owed them some movies; that became “Cape Fear” and “Casino,” and that was it. But by the time we did “Kundun” and “Bringing Out the Dead,” it was over. It was over. We were declared gone, “Bringing Out the Dead” only played for a few weeks. And it was a Paramount film. And that was the end. And again, \[my agent, Michael\] Ovitz came and kind of helped me and put together “Gangs of New York” with Leo, with \[Harvey\] Weinstein, and all of them. That became a whole other period of my life. I was glad when it was over, but I was obsessed with “Gangs.” I never really even finished it in my head. And I just said, O.K., this obsession is over with. I still haven’t, at that point, hadn’t cracked the script for “Silence.” So I was ready to do a *movie*. I wanted to work and make a film, and they had this thing called “The Aviator.” They didn’t tell me what it was about. And so I started reading it, don’t tell me it’s Howard Hughes, because Spielberg, Warren Beatty want to do—but then I kept reading it. It’s the different Howard Hughes, it’s the early Howard Hughes. He flies and he’s—but right here, in the meantime, he can’t touch a doorknob.
-
-That’s interesting. So we did that. And, even that, that was fine. That was a terrific shoot. The editing was good, but the elements involved in the distribution caused some serious problems toward the end. I had some very, very ugly—and I decided at that point, you can’t make films anymore. If this is the way I’m going to have to make them, it’s over. And so I said, I wanted to make this. I found the script of “The Departed” and I liked the idea and I said, “Let’s just make this in the streets and let’s do something.”
-
-But that became—it turns out it was Warner Bros., which was one of the distributors of “Aviator,” that we had some arguments with. And they said, “Don’t worry, we’ll take care of you.” But, in the meantime, it was difficult. And so, after that I said, “No more.” And so we went into “Shutter Island,” but I was able to make “Departed” pretty much the way I wanted to. But it was a knockdown, drag-out fight all the way from Day One to the end. So by that point I realized, If that’s the way you’re going to make a film, there’s no sense anymore. So it was going to be independent films and it was going to be going into “Silence” and that sort of thing.
-
-**So did you think you were going to scale back and work on very low budgets with seven people in the street?**
-
-Yes. Yes.
-
-**Are you still tempted?**
-
-I think, let me put it this way, it’s into my head. Seven people could be seventy, but it’s got to *feel* like seven, because, quite honestly, I’m short. I’m old now. Try to get in the room with the lighting and all the cable. I have to have an assistant in front of me, taking me. I would love to be able to have the freedom of the smaller crews again, a sense of freedom. But in the case of “The Irishman,” for example, out of the question, because of the trucks, because of the C.G.I., and Bob \[De Niro\] and me, I was seventy-five. Bob was seventy-five, Al \[Pacino\] was seventy-seven, Joe \[Pesci\], I don’t know what age he is. I mean, at a certain point, by the time we all get on set, they’re good for a certain amount of hours.
-
-And if you want to say, “Hey, we’re going to go down the block and shoot another scene, we’re going to move all the trucks,” they need sleep. So we were kind of locked in there. But with “Killers of the Flower Moon,” by having Pawhuska to ourselves, that was quite something. Adam Sumner’s a brilliant assistant director. He works with Steven Spielberg and Ridley Scott. His staging is wonderful, and the background stuff—I would say, “O.K., they’re going to be coming down the block here, we’re going to track this way,” and, of course, it’s 1921. So the background, costumes, horses, you need people doing things. It’s not like shooting in New York, but we had the control. It was like a studio. We had the control. And that, in a funny way, made it feel like we were making a smaller picture.
-
-And we had such devotion from the Osage, from all the people working behind the camera to get the costumes right. I chose them. You could see it with \[the costume designer\] Jackie West. I sent black-and-white pictures everywhere, and drawings. I would circle a tie or a collar or a shoe. They would bring me stuff from the Osage and I’d circle certain things. They’d tell me what’s right and what’s wrong for certain. But, primarily, I mean, buttons. I would go on—every place in the film, all the men’s and women’s costumes had gone through me, through to Jackie, from historical photographs and from films like “The Winning of Barbara Worth,” which I saw one night. My wife was in the hospital, it was on TV on TCM. And I think Gary Cooper’s wearing the goggles in the car. It’s a silent film. And so we had the goggles. Or “Blood on the Moon,” which I looked at again last night because I want to do something on TCM with it. “Blood on the Moon,” the costuming there and the brooding nature of the way they move. And Robert Mitchum, Charles McGraw, Robert Preston. Very, very important influence for this picture. So it felt free, and maybe in a way, too, because we weren’t in L.A., we weren’t in New York. There wasn’t anywhere to go. You’re in a big house that I had rented and you go and make the movie, you’re not going to Tulsa; you have night life in Tulsa. I was in Bartlesville, where Terry Malick grew up.
-
-**So you’re all focussed together and there’s essentially nothing to think about but the movie.**
-
-The picture. ♦
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-# Meet Longtime Residents of the Watergate
-
-Shopping with Prince. Swimming with Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Synonymous with the scandal that brought down a presidency, the Watergate is also home to real people—and some really good stories.
-
-##### Contents
-
-1.  [Jean Efron](https://www.washingtonian.com/2023/06/28/meet-longtime-residents-of-the-watergate/#Jean-Efron)
-2.  [George and Wati Alvarez-Correa](https://www.washingtonian.com/2023/06/28/meet-longtime-residents-of-the-watergate/#George-and-Wati-Alvarez-Correa)
-3.  [Gigi, Colette, and Danielle Winston](https://www.washingtonian.com/2023/06/28/meet-longtime-residents-of-the-watergate/#Gigi-Colette-and-Danielle-Winston)
-4.  [Fred and Jill Schwartz](https://www.washingtonian.com/2023/06/28/meet-longtime-residents-of-the-watergate/#Fred-and-Jill-Schwartz)
-5.  [George Arnstein](https://www.washingtonian.com/2023/06/28/meet-longtime-residents-of-the-watergate/#George-Arnstein)
-
-If you live in Washington, you likely know the [Watergate](https://www.washingtonian.com/tag/watergate/) from driving along Rock Creek Parkway or Virginia Avenue, where its spherical concrete facade curves with balconies that look like rows of jagged teeth. If you don’t live here, you probably know it as simply a synonym for scandal: the site of the 1972 Democratic National Committee headquarters break-in, which ultimately led to President [Richard Nixon](https://www.washingtonian.com/tag/richard-nixon/)’s resignation.
-
-For decades, however, many Washingtonians have simply known the Watergate as home—albeit one with a storied history, having housed perhaps the highest concentration of accomplished DC people in one place.
-
-Sue Greenberg, who has lived in the complex since 1966, has stories of her own—such as the time she learned how to put ice cream in eggnog from John Duncan, the District’s first Black commissioner and a JFK appointee. (Prior to 1967, a three-­member, federally appointed board of commissioners governed the city.) One Halloween, the 82-year-old says, her trick-or-treating children arrived at the door of a Watergate resident who also was a public figure. (Alas, Greenberg won’t name names.) The woman was having a dinner party, and she put only pennies in their UNICEF donation boxes. “My son, who still has a very big voice, said, ‘That lady must be very poor!’ ” in front of the whole dinner party, Greenberg says. During Nixon’s presidency, Greenberg lived down the hall from attorney general and campaign chairman John Mitchell and his wife, Martha, whose custom of calling reporters with gossip earned her the moniker “Mouth of the South.” Greenberg recalls the couple’s habit of leaving a coat rack for guests outside their door when they entertained. Following the infamous break-in, Greenberg found her children standing outside the complex, offering apartment tours for $5. “Till I caught ’em,” she says.
-
-![](https://www.washingtonian.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Watrergate-Hair-salon.jpeg "At The Watergate Hair Salon - Washingtonian")
-
-DC’s “most elegant” address featured its own beauty salon. Photograph by Michael Rougier/LIFE Picture Collection/Shutterstock.
-
-A ten-acre site stretching along the Potomac, the Watergate contains six structures: three residential co-ops, two office buildings, and an eponymous hotel. When the first residential building opened in 1965, people were abandoning cities for suburbs, so the design goals were safety and convenience—“a city within a city,” says Joseph Rodota, author of [*The Watergate: Inside America’s Most Infamous Address*](https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-watergate-joseph-rodota?variant=32207573254178). The result was the city’s first mixed-use development. It had a Safeway, a pharmacy, a bakery, a post office, a liquor store, a florist, a beauty salon—everything you could want. “This was really quite a novel concept,” Rodota says.
-
-![](https://www.washingtonian.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Les-Champs-Watergate-819x1024.jpeg "Les-Champs-Watergate - Washingtonian")
-
-Les Champs was home to high-end stores including Gucci and Valentino. Photograph courtesy of Gigi Winston.
-
-It was also billed as the height of luxury. “Watergate is unquestionably Washington’s most elegant, most exciting, most sought-after new address,” reads a 1966 brochure for potential buyers. The complex had multiple pools, restaurants providing residential room service, heated garages, 24-hour reception, and a health club. Some units even came with maids’ quarters. Eventually, a high-end shopping area called Les Champs opened, featuring such stores as Yves Saint Laurent, Gucci, and Valentino, along with the chichi restaurant Jean-Louis, which brought French nouvelle cuisine to Washington. The aesthetic was modern and statement­making, created and designed by an Italian development group and architect. “Italy was as cool as it can be in the ’60s,” says Rodota, referencing touchstones like designer Oleg Cassini dressing [Jackie Kennedy](https://www.washingtonian.com/tag/jackie-kennedy/) and actress Sophia Loren’s stardom. “To have this avant-garde Italian building land in Washington was really quite extraordinary.”
-
-In 1966, efficiencies started at $16,400 and penthouses at $189,700, allowing the Watergate to reach a range of buyers. (Rodota says it was especially popular among the growing sector of young, unmarried working women looking to buy.) However, it quickly became known as a spot for local glitterati. “In Washington it used to be Georgetown—now it’s Watergate,” reads a 1969 *Life* article. “Just everybody lives there.” In the Nixon era, “everyone” included the President’s secretary Rose Mary Woods and renowned Washington hostess Anna Chennault. In the 1980s, President [Ronald Reagan](https://www.washingtonian.com/tag/ronald-reagan/)’s friends, cabinet officials, and other administration insiders flocked to the residences and hotel—and hung out at Jean-Louis, where the President had an after-party for his 70th birthday and was serenaded by Jimmy Stewart.
-
-![](https://www.washingtonian.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Chef-Jean-Louis-Palladin-master-pnp-ds-07900-07990u.jpeg "http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ds.07990 - Washingtonian")
-
-DC’s first taste of French nouvelle cuisine came from chef Jean-Louis Palladin. Photograph courtesy of Library of Congress.
-
-While the Watergate housed many big names, it was also a place where bigwigs wanted to eat dinner, watch TV, and clip their toenails just like everyone else. “Now you look back on it and it sort of seems iconic,” says journalist and DC fixture Sally Quinn, who lived there for a period starting in 1973 with her then boyfriend, *Washington Post* executive editor Ben Bradlee. “But you didn’t think of it that way at the time. You were living your life.” Of course, Quinn also tells a story about when she and Bradlee encountered fellow resident Senator Bob Dole and CBS’s Lesley Stahl—who Quinn says were then dating—in the lobby. This was before Nixon’s resignation, when Dole was still defending the President and railing against the *Post* for its coverage. Despite their differences, Bradlee and Dole slapped each other on the back and said hi, Quinn remembers. Not your typical apartment encounter.
-
-The Watergate has seen its share of issues, too. Activists were arrested outside it during a 1970 protest after the sentencing of some of the Chicago Seven. (The complex was chosen because it represented “the ruling class,” according to Rodota’s book.) At times, residents have complained about water damage, defective plumbing, and air-conditioning malfunctions, leading to some lawsuits; board and resident kerfuffles have arisen; and, during 2015 construction on the hotel, part of the parking garage collapsed and injured two people.
-
-Over the years, the Watergate has lost some of its grandeur: Jean-Louis closed, as did the CVS and Safeway (dubbed the “Senior Safeway’’ for its appeal to an older clientele). Ownership of the buildings has changed, and the retail area is mostly empty. Today’s local VIPs are more likely to buy into developments like the Wharf’s high-end [Amaris](https://www.washingtonian.com/2023/03/03/look-inside-the-new-uber-luxe-condo-building-at-the-wharf/). Still, the Watergate has an iconic place in local and national history, and continues to house Washingtonians with impressive résumés, though more under-the-­radar ones. As Quinn puts it: “There’s nobody in the world who is educated who doesn’t know about Watergate.”
-
----
-
----
-
-#### **MEET THE RESIDENTS**
-
-### Portraits by Lexey Swall
-
-## Jean Efron
-
-##### Rubbing shoulders—and paws—with Washington’s elite
-
-![](https://www.washingtonian.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Jean-Efron.jpg "Jean Efron  at the Watergate in Washington, D.C. on Tuesday, April 25, 2023. - Washingtonian")
-
-“It was love at first sight when I walked in the door,” Jean Efron says of her Watergate West apartment, which she purchased in 2007 after originally buying a Watergate East unit in 1987. Over the years, the art adviser, who is in her seventies, has had her share of experiences—sometimes spotting celebrities emerging from limousines, other times having more prosaic encounters. She ran into Martin Ginsburg, [Ruth Bader Ginsburg](https://www.washingtonian.com/tag/ruth-bader-ginsburg/)’s husband, shopping at the Watergate’s Safeway, crossed paths with political consultant Roger Stone while walking her dog, and saw former cabinet secretary Elaine Chao at the Watergate salon. Once, when Efron was there getting a manicure, “this voice next to me said, ‘Oh, you have nice nails.’ And it was Condoleezza Rice.”
-
-![](https://www.washingtonian.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/GettyImages-515240840-scale-down-219x300.jpg "GettyImages-515240840-scale-down - Washingtonian")
-
-Bob and Elizabeth dole hosted canine birthday parties at their Watergate home. Photograph by Bettmann Archive/Getty images.
-
-Thanks to a mutual love of dogs, Efron became friendly with Senator Elizabeth Dole and her late husband, Senator Bob Dole. “\[Bob\] could talk about dogs and come to tears because he just loved them so much,” Efron says. Well-known schnauzer aficionados, the Doles used to throw birthday parties for their dogs in their Watergate home. Efron once attended one, bringing her dog at the time, a West Highland white terrier named Jelly.
-
-Efron didn’t typically allow her dogs on the furniture. That had to be off-limits at the home of one of DC’s most powerful couples, too, right? Guess again. “Here I am in this gorgeous apartment belonging to Senators Dole,” Efron says, recalling that the dogs hopped right up onto the couch—a much better position for the pets to eat the birthday cake Elizabeth served them. “It was a scream,” Efron says.
-
-[Back to Top](https://www.washingtonian.com/2023/06/28/meet-longtime-residents-of-the-watergate/#table-of-contents)
-
-## George and Wati Alvarez-Correa
-
-##### Receiving a neighborly apology note like no other
-
-![](https://www.washingtonian.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/George-and-Wati-Alvarez-Correa.jpg "George-and-Wati-Alvarez-Correa - Washingtonian")
-
-George Alvarez-Correa paid $155,000 in 1979 for his one-bedroom Watergate South unit with a balcony overlooking the Potomac. This was right before the complex became unofficial HQ for “The Group,” a crew of glamorous Reagan insiders that included Leonore Annenberg, a chief of protocol for Ronald Reagan; her husband, publisher Walter Annenberg; and Bloomingdale’s heir Alfred Bloomingdale.
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-![](https://www.washingtonian.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Monica-Lewinksy-Watergate-795x1024.jpg "Washington, DC - February 26, 1998 -- Monica Lewinsky leaves the Watergate Apartments this morning on the way to the Cosmos Club to meet with her lawyer. Credit: Ron Sachs/CNP - Photolink - NO WIRE SERVICE - - Washingtonian")
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-In 1998, Paparazzi camped outside to catch a glimpse of Monica Lewinsky going to meet with her lawyer. Photograph by DPA Picture Alliance/Alamy Stock Photo.
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-When George met his now-wife, Wati, in 1986, she was initially reluctant about the whole thing. “I was like, ‘I’m not going to date somebody who lives in the Watergate, with these crystal chandeliers and women walking around in their fur coats,’ ” she says. “It really had that reputation back then.”
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-Today, the retired couple—George, 75, worked in investment management; Wati, 66, once worked at *Washingtonian*—live in McLean full-time but still maintain their Watergate spot. After President Bill Clinton’s affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky became *the* national story in the late 1990s, Lewinsky was living in her mother’s Watergate South apartment. Paparazzi and news vans camped outside 24-7, essentially putting Lewinsky on house arrest. (Senator Bob Dole lived next to her at the time, and he reportedly sent doughnuts to the photogs.) Wati remembers Lewinsky as nothing but gracious—before moving, Lewinsky sent a note to all the building residents on Tiffany-blue stationery apologizing for the spectacle. “It must have leaked out, because somebody wrote us offering to buy the letter,” Wati says. (They declined.)
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-Meanwhile, George used to see Ruth Bader Ginsburg at the pool, always wearing a blue one-piece bathing suit. He recalls that the Supreme Court justice would tiptoe to the edge of the diving board, then stand there as if working up the nerve to jump off. “When she finally dove in, she did it very nicely, with good form,” George says. “No splash.”
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-[Back to Top](https://www.washingtonian.com/2023/06/28/meet-longtime-residents-of-the-watergate/#table-of-contents)
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-## Gigi, Colette, and Danielle Winston
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-##### Making three generations of Watergate memories
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-![](https://www.washingtonian.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Wilsons-watergate.jpg "at the Watergate in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, May 3, 2023. - Washingtonian")
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-Gigi and Colette Winston have spent most of their lives at the Watergate. Their father, Henry Winston, became the complex’s manager in 1968, a position he occupied for almost two decades, and their mother, Tina Winston, ran three stores at the complex with her sister, most notably a women’s clothing store, Colette of the Watergate, on the ground floor. The sisters and their parents, grandmother, and aunt all eventually lived in the Watergate at the same time, and Colette’s daughter, Danielle Winston, was born and raised there. “She was Eloise at the Plaza,” Colette says. Today Gigi (“I never tell my age”), Colette, 70, and Danielle, 34, all work at the family’s company, Winston Real Estate, which handles many of the Watergate’s sales.
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-Colette remembers her father getting on the loudspeaker at the complex’s shopping mall and pulling pranks, such as asking for Robert Redford to come to the front office. “Of course, that caused a furor,” she says. Not that there was a shortage of celebrity sightings. Take the time comedian Phyllis Diller lost her luggage before a Kennedy Center performance, as Colette recalls, and Tina had to open the store after hours to help her find an outfit. (Sadly, the shop didn’t carry shoes, so Diller had to perform onstage in outfit-clashing boots.) Or the time a man Tina didn’t recognize came into the store with an entourage of bodyguards. She asked one who the guy was—*Prince*, he told her. “And my mother says, ‘Prince of what?,’ ” says Colette. Or the time the sisters ran into Lucille Ball in the Watergate Hotel’s lobby and invited her to a family dinner. Ball had to pass—she had plans with Bob Hope. “It was very common to stand at the hotel and have a movie star next to you waiting for a cab,” Gigi says.
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-![](https://www.washingtonian.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Condoleezza-Rice-Watergate.jpg "RICE CHAMBER GROUP - Washingtonian")
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-Condoleezza Rice played piano with her chamber group at her Watergate home. Photograph by Stephen Crowley/New York Times/Redux.
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-That wasn’t all: Plácido Domingo would hum on the elevators (“You felt like you were getting a show,” Gigi says), and the sisters shared a trainer with Condoleezza Rice (or, as she told Colette, “Call me Condi”). Gigi says Rice had two Watergate units—one for living, the other for her gym and guests. And Danielle became buddies with longtime Watergate South resident Ruth Bader Ginsburg—in fact, the Supreme Court justice wrote her law-school recommendation letter. According to Danielle, she also was once one of Ginsburg’s two Facebook friends. (The other was her granddaughter.)
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-Then there’s the door. As the Winstons tell it, the FBI asked their father to hold onto one of the doors leading to the Watergate offices Nixon’s accomplices had broken into. It was covered in FBI signage, they recall, and there was tape over the lock. Henry put it in a storeroom, but the FBI never returned for it. So it became something of a party trick: “Every time we had company, \[Dad\] would say, ‘Wanna see something really cool?’ ’’ says Colette. “And he’d bring them down to the storeroom to see the door.” One day, the door went missing—the family thinks a building engineer stole and sold it. Years later, Colette says, she spotted it at a Newseum exhibit: “I exclaimed, ‘That’s our door!,’ and everyone turned around to look at me like, *Is she crazy?*”
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-[Back to Top](https://www.washingtonian.com/2023/06/28/meet-longtime-residents-of-the-watergate/#table-of-contents)
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-## Fred and Jill Schwartz
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-##### State secrets, dress dilemmas, and some very unique homework help
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-![](https://www.washingtonian.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Schwartz-Watergate.jpg "Schwartz-Watergate - Washingtonian")
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-“Every scandal worth its salt has our name attached to it: The such-and-such gate or the so-and-so gate,” says attorney Fred Schwartz, an 80-year-old who has lived in the same Watergate West unit since 1978.
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-While many of the complex’s longtime residents “have two or three notches under their belt,” he says, most tend to be fairly humble, despite their stacked résumés—Washing­ton fame can be nerdy and niche, a far cry from the TikTok-­documented and bedazzled celebrity of LA or Miami. “The only way you find out \[their significance\] is if they run for the board or they die,” he says.
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-Living at the Watergate has its perks. Once, Schwartz recalls, a neighbor who happened to be a CIA agent declassified documents on the *Hindenburg* dirigible disaster for Schwartz’s daughter’s school project. It also creates unique dilemmas: His wife, Jill Nevius Schwartz, 76, once arrived at one of the complex’s front desks with a friend, who noticed that another resident’s tag was sticking out of her dress. The two spent several minutes debating before deciding they just couldn’t tuck it in for her because, well, it was RBG.
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-![](https://www.washingtonian.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Anna-Chennault-Watergate.jpeg "Chennault & Others At Watergate Party - Washingtonian")
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-Anna Chennault, A society hostess and longtime GOP operator, mingles at a 1969 party. Photograph by Michael Rougier/LIFE Picture Collection/Shutterstock.
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-Thanks to their rescue pup, Sasha, Fred and Jill are big on the Watergate dog circuit. Several years ago, Fred was on the same nightly dog-­walking schedule as Robert McFarlane, President Reagan’s national-­security adviser and a key figure in the Iran-contra scandal. “\[He\] was absolutely the kindest person,” Fred says. “So I felt an obligation to tell him none of us are perfect. And then he rewarded me by telling me secrets.” What kind? Fred won’t spill specifics, but it had something to do with “Star Wars”—Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative, not Yoda and C-3PO. “I keep wondering whether someday somebody’s going to knock at my door,” he says, “and say I’ve committed a crime by finding \[this\] out.”
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-[Back to Top](https://www.washingtonian.com/2023/06/28/meet-longtime-residents-of-the-watergate/#table-of-contents)
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-## George Arnstein
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-##### Witnessing history at home—and by the pool
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-![](https://www.washingtonian.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Arnstein-Watergate.jpg "Arnstein-Watergate - Washingtonian")
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-George Arnstein, 98, and his late wife, Sherry, were two of the first people to live at the Watergate, having bought their original unit in 1965 based on plans and models. They decided to move there, Arnstein says, in part because they didn’t agree with the racist policy at their Arlington apartment that barred Black people from the pool.
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-Arnstein worked in higher education and his wife in healthcare policy—at one point, she focused on desegregating American hospitals. When they moved in, Arnstein says, one resident was so enamored with the Watergate’s luxurious reputation as to request that the doormen wear tails. (That didn’t happen.) Arnstein also remembers Vice President Hubert Humphrey touring the complex before deciding to live elsewhere—he likely would have needed to keep an entire elevator to himself for security reasons, Arnstein says, and the board wasn’t having that.
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-![](https://www.washingtonian.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Rosa-Parks-at-the-Watergate-Hotel.jpeg "http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.47056 - Washingtonian")
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-Rosa Parks (center) was once a guest at the Watergate Hotel. Photograph courtesy of Library of Congress.
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-The couple lived at the Watergate during the infamous 1972 break-in. “I slept through it,” Arnstein says. “And so, like everybody else, I saw pictures on TV in the morning.” The liquor store in the downstairs shopping mall was “quick to capitalize on this,” he adds, recalling that its owner swapped out bottle labels to advertise them as “Watergate Vodka” and appeal to the nation’s growing fixation. Several Nixon officials were also residents, and one day during the on-going political crisis, Arnstein went to sit by the pool. When he returned, his wife asked who else had been there. “I said, ‘Oh, there weren’t very many \[people\], only three or four,’ ” he recalls. “ ‘I think I was the only one not under indictment.’ ”
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-*This article appears in the [June 2023](https://www.washingtonian.com/2023/05/25/june-2023-best-of-washington/) issue of Washingtonian.*
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-&emsp;
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-# Mel Brooks Isn’t Done Punching Up the History of the World
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-![Mel Brooks at home in Santa Monica, Calif.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/03/12/multimedia/11dowd-brooks-01-qgmb/11dowd-brooks-01-qgmb-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
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-Credit...Chantal Anderson for The New York Times
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-The comedian, at 96, is happy to inspire a new generation to make their own Hitler jokes.
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-Mel Brooks at home in Santa Monica, Calif.Credit...Chantal Anderson for The New York Times
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--   March 11, 2023
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-Mel Brooks is a sophisticated guy. He collected fancy French wines and did a [tasting](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsySTjwZUdQ) on Johnny Carson’s show. He drops references to Nikolai Gogol’s “Dead Souls.” He was married for 40 years to that epitome of elegance, Anne Bancroft. He was a favorite lunch companion of Cary Grant, the suavest man who ever lived.
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-But in the new Hulu show “History of the World, Part II,” you can still find all the Mel Brooks signature comedy stylings: penis jokes, puke jokes and fart jokes.
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-“I like fart jokes,” he said, Zooming from his home in Santa Monica, Calif. “It adds some *je ne sais quoi* to the comedy. A touch of sophistication for the smarter people helps move the show along.”
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-After all, with the percussive campfire scene in his 1974 comedy classic, “Blazing Saddles,” where the cowhands sit around eating beans and passing wind, he elevated flatulence to cinematic history.
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-The comedy legend, 96, preferred to meet on Zoom because he’s wary of Covid. Strangers love to hug him and say, “Mel, I love you!” he said, adding, “I’m a target.”
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-The man behind outlandish, hilarious movies like “The Producers,” “Young Frankenstein,” “Spaceballs,” “High Anxiety,” “Robin Hood: Men in Tights” and “History of the World, Part I,” along with the hit TV spy comedy “Get Smart,” no longer lives in a time where he can have “absolutely no restrictions on any and all subjects,” as he said about writing “Blazing Saddles” (which was slapped with its own content warning in 2020 when it was on HBO Max). And he lost the two loves of his life, Ms. Bancroft and Carl Reiner. But Mel Brooks is still a ball of fire.
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-Having lived through nearly a century of history, Mr. Brooks is sneaking up on his famous character, the 2,000 Year Old Man. But his taste in comedy is still as merrily immature as ever. He has sharp takes on world history, greed and hypocrisy. He knows who the villains are and what the stakes are, and yet he’s not afraid of the lowbrow.
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-Max Brooks, his son with Ms. Bancroft, said his father’s mantra is: “If you’re going to climb the tower, ring the bell.”
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-“He believes if you’re going to make a piece of art, don’t be safe, don’t be careful, don’t pander to a certain group to win their favor.”
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-Mel Brooks is still [making fun of Hitler.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovCf9VRLnDY) The new show has a sketch called “Hitler on Ice,” with three TV commentators savaging an ice-skating Führer who falls. One sniffs, “I’ve said it before and I’ll say it again: If you put concentration camps in people’s countries, you better be flawless on the ice.”
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-Image
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-![A scene from Mel Brooks’  “The Producers,” showing a Nazi dance number during the fictional play “Springtime for Hitler.”](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/03/12/fashion/11dowd-brooks-springtime/11dowd-brooks-springtime-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
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-“The Producers” famously included a song-and-dance number titled “Springtime for Hitler.”Credit...Mptv Images
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-## Using Comedy as a Weapon
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-Mr. Brooks’s parents were immigrants, his mother from Ukraine and his father from Germany. His father died of tuberculosis when Mr. Brooks was 2; there was no money to send him to a sanitarium, Max Brooks said. When the little boy, born Melvin Kaminsky, needed fillings for his teeth that would have cost a dollar apiece, his mother could not afford it, so she had to let the dentist rip them out for half price.
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-He fought in the U.S. Army against the Nazis, and dealt with antisemitism among some of his fellow soldiers. He said he felt like Errol Flynn when he got instruction on cavalry charges with horses and sabers. He was a corporal, a combat engineer who defused land mines and cleared booby-trapped buildings in France and Germany. (He was in the German town of Baumholder on V.E. Day.) His three other brothers also fought in the war and one, Lenny, an Air Force pilot, ended up a prisoner in a Nazi P.O.W. camp for 19 months, where he had to pretend he wasn’t Jewish.
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-“I was on a troop ship, and I paid a sailor on deck $50 to let me sleep under a lifeboat in case we were torpedoed,” Mr. Brooks recalled. “The smells were dreadful, 500 guys on a ship. It was 16 or 17 days from the Navy yard in Brooklyn to Le Havre, France, zigzagging and trying not to get torpedoed.”
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-And ever since the war, he said, “I’ve tried to get even with Hitler by taking the Mickey out of him, making fun, but it’s difficult.”
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-Mr. Brooks, who was sometimes bullied as a child, learned to use comedy as a weapon. When his musical version of “The Producers” in 2001 — with a swanning, singing and dancing Hitler — held a preview in Chicago, “some big guy kept storming up the aisle and saying, ‘How dare you have Hitler, how dare you have the swastika? I was in World War II risking my life and you do this on a stage?’ I said, ‘I was in World War II and I didn’t see you there.’”
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-“History of the World, Part I,” the 1981 movie on which the Hulu series is riffing, was a raunchy romp through different eras, from the Stone Age to the French Revolution. It featured the peerless Madeline Kahn as Empress Nympho, Nero’s wife; Sid Caesar as the cave man who invented music and the spear but could not quite figure out fire; and Mr. Brooks in multiple roles. He played Comicus, the stand-up philosopher; a singing Torquemada with a bevy of synchronized swimmers; and a libidinous Louis XVI, having his way with women and crowing, “It’s good to be the king.”
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-Image
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-Mr. Brooks as King Louis XVI in “History of the World, Part I.”Credit...20th Century Fox
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-Image
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-Wanda Sykes as Harriet Tubman in the new Hulu show.Credit...Hulu
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-It was chockablock with puns, including the classic in which Harvey Korman, as the Count de Monet, chastised his impudent companion, “Don’t be saucy with me, Béarnaise.”
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-Mr. Brooks tacked on “Part I” to the title as a joke, he said, but then “I was plagued with about a billion calls, ‘Where’s Part II?’ I never intended to do Part II.”
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-But he and his producing partner, Kevin Salter, eventually gave in to popular demand. Mr. Brooks said he thought, “What the hell? Let’s try Part II.” They reached out to comedian Nick Kroll in 2020. He recruited Wanda Sykes, Ike Barinholtz and the showrunner David Stassen. “I’ve been laughing at comedy, some of which I didn’t create,” Mr. Brooks said, “which is very weird for me.” The writers did remind themselves, though, as Ms. Sykes said, to “Mel it up.”
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-Once the ball got rolling, all the comedians who idolized Mr. Brooks wanted in — from Johnny Knoxville (who plays Rasputin getting his attenuated member cut off) to Sarah Silverman (who is in a “Jews in space” skit previewed in Part I with the song “Jews, out in space, we’re zooming along, protecting the Hebrew race”) to Jack Black (a sneaky Stalin).
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-Mr. Knoxville said that Mr. Brooks is “the legend of legends,” who pushes things as far as possible (which is also the “Jackass” way). He got to talk to his idol on the phone one night. “I was shaking before and during and after,” Mr. Knoxville said. “I don’t know if he got a word in edgewise.”
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-Mr. Knoxville thinks that he actually saw Rasputin’s “Jim Dog,” as he called the body part, pronouncing it “Dawg,” in a jar in St. Petersburg, Russia, at the Museum of Erotica. It’s not clear if the castration of the concupiscent mystic was mere legend, but in the “History of the World” universe, Mr. Brooks is happy to go with the legend.
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-“Before Mel, I don’t think movies were hilarious,” Mr. Barinholtz said. “Before ‘Blazing Saddles,’ regular people were not going to the movie theater and laughing so hard they were hyperventilating. Mel, I think, really ushered that in.” He and some of the other comedians who worked on the show had not met Mr. Brooks before, Mr. Barinholtz said, adding: “He inspected our teeth and could tell that we were strong.”
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-Mr. Brooks himself narrates the film, with a muscly CGI body. I asked how he compared to the original narrator, Orson Welles. Mr. Brooks gave the contest to Mr. Welles: “He said, ‘I want $25,000 in a paper bag and please don’t mention it to my agent.’ I said, ‘What are you going to do with that $25,000 in the paper bag?’ He said, ‘Beluga caviar and the finest Cuban cigars.’”
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-Image
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-In his 90s, Mr. Brooks is still Zooming in to writers’ rooms.Credit...Chantal Anderson for The New York Times
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-## Galileo on Social Media
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-Mr. Brooks helped the comedians decide which slices of history to explore in the sequel, and joined the Zoom writers’ room sometimes to weigh pitches or offer jokes from his vault of unused material.
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-“The first time we talked, he was like, ‘I have an idea for this joke where Robert E. Lee is at Appomattox and he turns to sign and his sword knocks his guys in the balls,’” Mr. Kroll said. “Then when we decided to do a whole section on Ulysses S. Grant and the signing at Appomattox, we were like, ‘Perfect. We can do that joke.’”
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-And like Part I, in which Comicus pulls up in a chariot to Caesar’s palace during the Roman Empire but it turns out to be the Vegas Caesar’s Palace, Part II has plenty of fun anachronisms, like Galileo on “TicciTocci” or Harriet Tubman’s Underground Railroad morphing into the New York subway.
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-Mr. Barinholtz said Mr. Brooks’s instruction was: “Don’t get too esoteric. Play the hits.” He said they didn’t use the racial and sexual epithets that peppered Mr. Brooks’s movies in the 1960s, ’70s and ’80s, but they stuck to the same themes.
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-In one episode, a Native American Civil War soldier played by Zahn McClarnon has to do a standup routine to distract a bunch of West Virginia racists who are trying to hang General Grant, played by Mr. Barinholtz. Noting that the colonizers had built Ohio on top of his razed family home, the soldier advised: “If you’re going to genocide a people, you should get something better out of it than Cleveland.”
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-Mr. Brooks, too, said he would no longer use the inflammatory words he used so freely back in the day. I asked him about his fellow comics, like Chris Rock, Bill Maher and Jerry Seinfeld, who worry that wokeness is neutering comedy.
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-He looked over at Mr. Salter, who was sitting beside him. “I had a talk with Kevin before this,” he told me. “He said, ‘If Maureen, for some reason, brings up woke and woke comedy, stay off it. Stay away.’”
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-Laughing, I conceded, “I’m so obvious.”
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-“Yes,” he replied. “Absolutely.”
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-(When I pressed about the commotions around Dave Chappelle and Ricky Gervais, who were accused of being insensitive to transgender people, Mr. Brooks again glided away.)
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-He endorsed Joe Biden in 2020 but he said he doesn’t like to do political comedy because then, “half the audience is going to be angry at me.” He prefers jokes like this one from the new show about the Virgin Mary: “She thinks her son is God. The mother’s definitely Jewish.”
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-Why are so many of the most storied comedians Jewish?
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-“Well, I don’t think they let them into railroads,” he said, laughing. “If you were a Jew, you couldn’t own a railroad.”
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-Is he surprised antisemitism is on the rise?
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-“Why would you want to be anti-Jewish after those stories about concentration camps?” he said. “How could you be?”
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-I asked Larry David, who did a whole season of “Curb Your Enthusiasm” revolving around “The Producers” — with cameos by Mr. Brooks and Ms. Bancroft — why Mr. Brooks sits atop the comedy pantheon.
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-“It’s almost as if he was designed in Silicon Valley,” Mr. David said. “What would the funniest man in the world look and sound like? And they came up with Mel.”
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-Image
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-The writers of “Caesar’s Hour” included, from left, Mr. Brooks, Woody Allen, and Mel Tolkin, pitching ideas to Sid Caesar, at right.Credit...NBC, via Photofest
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-## The Greatest Writers’ Rooms in History
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-My first memory of laughing until I cried was sitting on Saturday nights watching Sid Caesar cavort on “Caesar’s Hour,” the sequel to “Your Show of Shows.” Mr. Brooks wrote for both, as part of the most famous writers’ rooms in TV history.
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-(The new “History of the World” depicts Shakespeare’s writers’ room, with Francis Bacon toiling away. Someone pitches “Othello,” an interracial love story about a white woman and a Black man that’s not about race, and Shakespeare replies: “I am an ally but I don’t think it’s my story to tell.”)
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-Mr. Brooks worked in those rooms with Mel Tolkin, the head writer; Carl Reiner; Neil Simon; Larry Gelbart (“the fastest mouth and brain in the West,” as Mr. Brooks called him, who went on to do “MASH and “Tootsie”); Lucille Kallen, one of the first women writing for television, who did the domestic sketches for “Your Show of Shows”; Aaron Ruben (who later produced “The Andy Griffith Show”); and a very young Woody Allen.
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-Was he jealous of the prelapsarian Allen?
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-“I was, but this is the first time I’ve ever mentioned it,” he said, with a mock grimace. “I said, ‘That little mouse. That little rat. How did he come up with that?’ Woody would come up with a lot of stuff. He was sly and he was a brilliant writer.”
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-He said that Mr. Simon, known as Doc Simon, “had a very pale, light, little voice, which sometimes drove us crazy. Carl Reiner would sit next to him and Doc would whisper his jokes into Carl’s left ear, and Carl would stand up and say, ‘Doc has it!’ And it would be wonderful.”
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-I asked him about an interview I saw in which he and Mr. Reiner talked about which numbers are funny.
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-“We once had a sketch on ‘Show of Shows’ where Imogene Coca was playing roulette,” he recalled. “She’s going to win but we have to figure out the number. We asked her to read some different numbers, like 16 and 28. When she read 32, we all broke into great laughter. The last sound has to zoom up. Eight doesn’t zoom up. But two does zoom. I was very disappointed because my birthday is June 28.”
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-Mr. Brooks said that Mr. Tolkin was a “flat-out intellectual” and got him into Gogol. But Mr. Tolkin relished jokes like “She would not have anything to do with him because he was beneath her. He got off at 116th Street and she got off at 125th Street.”
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-Image
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-Longtime friends and comedy partners Mr. Brooks and Carl Reiner, at right, ate dinner together regularly after their spouses died. Credit...Bob Riha, Jr./Getty Images
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-When Mr. Brooks was working on “Your Show of Shows,” and married to his first wife, a former Broadway dancer named Florence Baum, with three small children, he had anxiety attacks so severe that he was throwing up between parked cars.
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-Mr. Tolkin told Mr. Brooks about “the talking cure,” and sent him to a psychiatrist, who offered some career advice, too.
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-“I told the guy that I felt I couldn’t go in every day,” he said about the writers’ room. “I felt I’d have to quit. It was too much, that they’d say, ‘OK, the little dude from Brooklyn, fire him.’ He said, ‘No, you’re Mel Brooks and you’re probably the best writer on the show. I want you to go in there and not worry about being fired and ask for a raise. Say, “If I don’t get a raise, I’m quitting.”’”
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-I wanted to know what the titanic, mercurial Sid Caesar was like. I said that Mr. Caesar looked remarkably buff playing a cave man in “History of the World, Part I,” even though he was in his late 50s.
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-“Sid was an animal,” Mr. Brooks said. “He had instinctual feelings about comedy, and they were always correct. He was the strongest man on earth. He was a big, tall, giant of a guy with muscles.”
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-In his 2021 memoir, “All About Me!,” Mr. Brooks describes how Mr. Caesar grabbed his collar and belt and hung him out the window of a Chicago hotel room after the writer complained about Mr. Caesar’s cigar smoke.
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-“Got enough air?” Mr. Caesar asked his dangling writer.
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-Mr. Brooks told me about another terrifying night in Chicago when Mr. Caesar’s car grazed a taxi and the taxi driver yelled a vulgarity at the TV star. Mr. Brooks shivered, knowing what was coming.
-
-“Sid got out of his car, went over to the cabdriver, who wore a yellow cap and black leather bow tie, and yelled, ‘Do you remember your birth? Do you remember being born? Think back. You’re going to enter the world, what are your thoughts?’ Then Mr. Caesar reached in, grabbed the driver by the bow tie and started pulling his head through the little clipper window and said, ‘We’re going to re-enact it.’ I had to bite Sid’s hand to let him go. He would have made a snake out of that guy.”
-
-Image
-
-Mr. Brooks has a Carl Reiner pillow at his home.Credit...Chantal Anderson for The New York Times
-
-Image
-
-Brainstorming for “History of the World, Part II.”Credit...Chantal Anderson for The New York Times
-
-When Mr. Brooks switched to the big screen, he thought his movie career was over before it got off the ground.
-
-In 1968, Renata Adler [reviewed](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/03/19/77080883.html?pageNumber=38) “The Producers” for The New York Times and called it “a violently mixed bag. Some of it is shoddy and gross and cruel; the rest is funny in an entirely unexpected way.” She said she was torn between leaving and laughing.
-
-“I said, ‘The New York Times didn’t like it, so maybe I should go back to television where they liked everything I did,’” Mr. Brooks recalled. By then, he had gotten divorced and remarried to Ms. Bancroft. He remembers her telling him, “No, you were born to make movies, and you just keep making them.”
-
-Now, “The Producers,” “Blazing Saddles” and “Young Frankenstein” are all on the Library of Congress’s National Film Registry of cherished American films. He not only has an EGOT but Barack Obama awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2016. At the ceremony, Mr. Brooks pretended to pants the president as the crowd howled.
-
-When Mr. Brooks became a successful writer and director of movies, he was working at Universal and he saw Cary Grant step out of a Rolls-Royce. “Who wears a double-breasted chalk stripe suit in the ’80s?” he said. “It’s ridiculous.”
-
-Mr. Grant began asking Mr. Brooks to lunch at the commissary. They ordered boiled eggs (Mr. Grant) and a tuna fish sandwich (Mr. Brooks), traded favorite colors (yellow for Mr. Grant and blue for Mr. Brooks) and favorite shoes (“I said, ‘I like black and white shoes’ and he said ‘Never’”). Mr. Brooks turned the odd-couple bromance into a renowned comedy bit, saying that by the end of the week, they had run out of things to talk about, so Mr. Brooks stopped taking Mr. Grant’s calls.
-
-But in real life, Mr. Brooks said, “I certainly was hanging on every word” when Mr. Grant told stories about his beginnings as Archie Leach in England.
-
-Was he the best-looking man Mr. Brooks ever saw in Hollywood?
-
-“I was in an elevator at the William Morris office once,” he replied, “and Tyrone Power” — the darkly handsome actor who was a swashbuckling romantic lead in the ’30s and ’40s — “got in and I said to him, ‘Oh, it’s going to be hard for me to say who’s better looking, you or Cary Grant.’”
-
-Image
-
-Mr. Brooks and Anne Bancroft.Credit...John Barrett/MediaPunch, via Associated Press
-
-## Life With Anne Bancroft
-
-Certainly, Mr. Brooks and Ms. Bancroft are one of Hollywood’s greatest love stories. People considered them an odd couple, the short comic with the funny mug and Brooklyn accent, and the gorgeous actress who created the indelible portrait of the panther-like seductress and pre-cougar, Mrs. Robinson, in “The Graduate,” even though she was only 35 to Dustin Hoffman’s 30.
-
-But they fell in love nearly instantly after meeting on the set of “The Perry Como Show.” Mr. Brooks compares his wooing style to Pepper Martin, a St. Louis Cardinals player in the ’30s who was famous for stealing bases. She was also really impressed with his taxi whistle, he said.
-
-They soon learned that they loved all the same things, from baseball to foreign movies to Chinese food. And if Anne loved something Mel didn’t know about, like opera, he decided to love it, too. “Anne was Catholic, a good Catholic,” Mr. Brooks said. “I lived with her for so long, I started crossing myself.” There was none of the A-lister married to A-lister angst that Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward experienced.
-
-He was broke, so it was tough to court the more famous actress, who had already been in a spate of movies and had won two Tonys for “Two for the Seesaw” and “The Miracle Worker.”
-
-“We’d go to a restaurant and she would slip me a couple of $20 bills under the table so it looked like I was paying for the meal,” he said. Once, when he told the waiter to keep the change, he said, “We got outside, she hit me with her purse as hard as she could. She said, ‘Are you crazy? As long as I’m paying for it, be careful with the tipping.’”
-
-Even after they had been married for about 35 years, the thrill was still there. As she [put it](https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/nydn-features/bancroft-working-miracles-screen-adding-40-year-record-quality-roles-heat-losing-cool-article-1.869899) to The New York Daily News: “I get excited when I hear his key in the door. It’s like, ‘Ooh! The party’s going to start!’”
-
-After she died in 2005, felled by uterine cancer, Mr. Brooks never dated again.
-
-“Once you are married to Anne Bancroft, others don’t seem to be appealing,” he said. “It’s as simple as that.”
-
-After they became widowers, Mr. Brooks and Mr. Reiner often had dinner together on tray tables and watched TV at the Reiner hacienda on Rodeo Drive. In his memoir, Mr. Brooks called Mr. Reiner, who died in 2020, not only the best friend he ever had but “the best friend *anyone* ever had.”
-
-They talked and napped and watched “Wheel of Fortune” and then “Jeopardy,” arguing over the answers. Sometimes, they watched old movies. “Once a week, I had to watch ‘Random Harvest’ with Ronald Colman,” Mr. Brooks recalled dryly. “Carl always said, ‘If you don’t cry watching the end, you’re not alive.’”
-
-Proudly, Mr. Brooks noted that their chairs and tray tables are now on display in the National Comedy Center in Jamestown, N.Y.
-
-He is happy, as we end our 90-minute interview, because we have laughed a lot, and laughter, he said, is the most important thing to him.
-
-“Money is honey, funny is money,” he said blithely, echoing a Max Bialystock line from “The Producers.” “I really care about saying things that make people roar with laughter. I was on the stage at Radio City Music Hall and we took questions in the last part of my standup. One of the questions was, ‘What do you wear — long shorts or briefs?’ I yelled, ‘Depends!’ It’s a thrill to get a big laugh.”
-
-Image
-
-Mr. Brooks finally gave into pressure for Part II in 2020.Credit...Chantal Anderson for The New York Times
-
-## Confirm or Deny
-
-**Maureen Dowd: You love** **[schwanzstucker jokes](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41yRZjIM_80)****.**
-
-Mel Brooks: Actually, Gene Wilder came up with that word while we were writing “Young Frankenstein” together.
-
-**You still like to do your wolf howl from “Young Frankenstein.”**
-
-You’re all wet. It’s not a wolf howl. It’s a cat yowl. I’ll do it for you. \[He does a cat yowl, based on the big alley cats he knew in Brooklyn.\] Nobody does a better cat yowl than me. I could do that for a living.
-
-**You like to set the mood when you’re writing.**
-
-When we were writing “Blazing Saddles,” I actually wore a war bonnet. Just to stay with it, and get everybody crazy.
-
-**You preserved your hearing during the war by shoving cigarettes in your ears, but you ended up with yellow ears.**
-
-True story. When I did my first movie, “The Producers,” the insurance nurse looked me over and said, “Did you have yellow fever?”
-
-**Richard Pryor, who worked on the script of “Blazing Saddles” with you, was the greatest standup comedian who ever lived.**
-
-He was. One time on a Friday night, he said, “Mel, go over to the Bitter End and sub for me, do my act. I have to be in Chicago.” I found out later he had a girlfriend in Chicago. I said, “All right, what do you want me to do?” He said, “Be funny. Do my act.” I went to the Bitter End and I said, “Richard couldn’t make it but I’m doing his act for you. I was born in Kansas City to a big Black woman who ran a cat house and she took care of me and she taught me how to play the piano. I used to pee out the windows.” I was doing his act. Afterward, he said, “Are you crazy?”
-
-**You almost cast Dustin Hoffman as the Nazi playwright in “The Producers.”**
-
-I did cast him. He put that helmet on with the pigeon doody and he looked exactly like a good Nazi. Anyway, he couldn’t do it because he got another job.
-
-**You have some final words from the 2,000 Year Old Man.**
-
-As the 2,000 Year Old Man, I would say be nice to everyone around you because you never know where they’re going to end up. Even if you don’t like them, don’t let them know because they’re liable to one day run a studio. They’re liable to be Harry Cohn.
-
-**Your Hollywood star has one six-fingered hand.**
-
-It’s true. I did it with a plaster mold just so that somebody from Idaho would scream, “Henry, come over here! Look at this. Mel Brooks has six fingers.”
-
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-Link: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/02/michael-lind-and-the-perils-of-discourse-poisoning.html?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=One%20Great%20Story%20-%20February%206%2C%202023&utm_term=Subscription%20List%20-%20One%20Great%20Story
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-&emsp;
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-# Michael Lind, Case Study in the Perils of Discourse-Poisoning
-
-How an intellectual talks himself into believing the GOP is the left-wing party.
-
-
-
-Since 2016, many American intellectuals have thought more expansively than before about the possibilities in the party system. [Donald Trump](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2016/04/inside-the-donald-trump-presidential-campaign.html)’s populist campaign against his party Establishment thrilled some, and terrified others, with the possibility of smashing the old Reaganite creed. [Bernie Sanders](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/bernies-tragic-misreading-of-16-has-finally-been-dispelled.html)’s two unsuccessful campaigns inspired similar dreams of a new class-based politics. Meanwhile, new social movements dedicated to eradicating racism and sexism, propelled by the first nonwhite male president, drew energy from Trump’s overt bigotry and misogyny.
-
-There was space to imagine a new politics that would occur outside the familiar contours. Many intellectuals rushed to fill it.
-
-For some, the discourse around this alternate political alignment became a substitute for the one that still existed. They now inhabit a dreamworld of pure ideas, having lost all contact with the concrete political choices in the offline world. Thinkers like this can be found across the political spectrum, but there may be no more pure example than [Michael Lind](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/06/the-delusions-of-the-radical-centrist.html).
-
-Lind started his career on the right, then moved to the left in reaction to the radical anti-statism of the 1990s Republican revolutionaries. More recently, he has turned his criticism against the Democratic Party, which he believes is abandoning its New Deal legacy [and](https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/is-it-time-to-cancel-fdr-michael-lind) “transforming itself into the older Republican Party under a new, ostensibly progressive label.”
-
-Lind’s grand prediction leans heavily on sweeping archetypes. When he does venture falsifiable claims as to how this realignment will play out, they are often proved false. In the summer of 2020, Lind [predicted](https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/coronavirus-pandemic-working-class) a Biden administration would spurn labor and try to cut Social Security. He accurately anticipated a bipartisan majority would emerge in Congress to rebuild domestic manufacturing and microchip capacity but insisted Biden would oppose it:
-
-> There is bipartisan support in Congress for rebuilding chip foundries and some medical manufacturing capability in the United States. But don’t expect President Biden (or the vice president who might succeed Biden as president) to support a large-scale effort to relocate strategic manufacturing to the United States. Executives and shareholders would object and threaten to withhold campaign donations and offers of well-paying jobs and board positions for ex-Biden officials and former Democratic members of Congress and their staffers.
-
-Later that year, Lind [predicted](https://nationalinterest.org/feature/will-biden%E2%80%99s-administration-simply-represent-third-obama-term-175107), “Any hint of retrenchment will be denounced by the bipartisan foreign policy establishment that lined up behind Biden, so do not expect an end to any of the forever wars under Biden. Quite the contrary.” The following summer, Biden pulled American troops from Afghanistan, defying the bipartisan foreign-policy Establishment.
-
-The failure of the political world to conform to his model has in no way dimmed Lind’s confidence in it. The realignment is continuing apace in his mind.
-
-Lind’s [newest](https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/power-mad-progressive-utopianism-must-be-stopped) essay completes his journey, or at least the current incarnation of it, by calling for a “popular front” to stop the Democrats, who, he claims, have gone mad with power.
-
-Lind cites three crusades by the Democrats that justify this: the “Green Project” (support for clean energy), the “Quota Project,” (affirmative action), and the “Androgyny Project” (transgender rights). It is certainly true that, in all three of these issues, progressive activists have circulated some extreme rhetoric and sloppy thinking. What Lind’s critique lacks is any sense of proportionality or connection to available political choices.
-
-First, and most strangely, while he identifies some extreme ideas in circulation among progressive elites and intellectuals, he does not identify a single initiative of the Biden administration, or the Democratic Party generally, anywhere in his piece. The closest he comes is citing a statement by Julián Castro during his 2020 campaign, which sunk without a trace.
-
-Rather than criticize actual policies, Lind describes his target as so sweeping it cannot be named or defined. The “Quota Project,” he warns darkly, is “the radical restructuring of the U.S. and other Western societies on the basis of racial quotas, so that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in equal proportions in all occupations, classes, academic curriculums, and even literary and artistic canons.” You can understand how Lind might be accurately characterizing the beliefs of some people. But who is *actually* carrying out this agenda? And where? If there is a single major institution anywhere in American society that has come close to proportional representation, I haven’t heard of it. To the extent it’s possible to tell what he’s even talking about here, Lind seems to be hyperbolically characterizing the circa-2020 push to slightly ramp up the same affirmative-action policies that have existed for decades — and even that push is petering out.
-
-It’s worth noting that the post–George Floyd activism that so angers Lind was set off during a Republican presidency. This means both that the organs driving it lie outside the control of government and that it is more likely to be ramped up under a Republican president than a Democratic one. If your main issue is stopping the social activism that arose under the last Republican president, it’s not intuitive to say your best recourse is putting a Republican back in office.
-
-The disconnect between the Democratic Party and the social-engineering crusade of Lind’s imagination is widest on the “Green Project.” Lind does not mention the actual climate agenda that the Biden administration has enacted. Instead he defines it like so:
-
-> The Green Project or Green New Deal is not satisfied with decarbonizing energy sources. It invokes climate change as an excuse to radically restructure the society of the U.S. and other advanced industrial democracies, from the way that food is grown to where people live to how people behave. Under the banner of the Green New Deal or the Green Transition, various lesser ideological projects on the left — veganism, replacing cars and trucks with mass transit, urban densification, anti-natalism — have rallied, even though none of these is necessary for decarbonizing the energy supply.
-
-Veganism? Anti-natalism? Where does the Inflation Reduction Act mandate have to do with that? What has Biden or any other Democrat done to promote these things? In the real world, Biden is not replacing cars and trucks; he is investing huge sums to expand their domestic production.
-
-Lind claims Democrats have treated fossil fuels as sinful and inherently evil:
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-> Instead of resembling the energy transitions of the past — from wood to coal and from coal to oil, gas, and nuclear — the present-day green movement is best viewed as a puritanical moral crusade like Prohibition, with Demon Oil and Demon Gas substituted for Demon Rum and Demon Whiskey.
-
-Meanwhile, back on Earth, Biden is giving regular [speeches](https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/10/19/remarks-by-president-biden-on-actions-to-strengthen-energy-security-and-lower-costs/) where he says things like, “I have been doing everything in my power to reduce gas prices” and promising “to responsibly increase American oil production.”
-
-Even if Lind *was* accurately describing Democratic Party positions, his essay makes no attempt to compare them to the alternative. I have serious criticisms of the left-wing line on youth gender transition, but Donald Trump is now calling for a ban on recognizing transgender people [of any age](https://twitter.com/TrumpWarRoom/status/1620489059608023042). Lind might think Democrats want to transition from fossil fuel too quickly, but if that’s a reason to vote for a party that refuses to acknowledge anthropogenic global warming at all, he does not explain why.
-
-And even if you think Democrats have unrealistic ideas about affirmative action, is it obvious that you must vote for the party that engages in or tolerates openly racist rhetoric? Donald Trump routinely slurs people from [immigrant communities](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/07/trump-crowd-send-her-back-democrat-ilhan-omar.html) as un-American and denies their right to participate in public life on an equal basis. While it has become common for discourse-poisoned Americans to make voting decisions on the basis of rhetoric from Hollywood or academia while treating rhetoric by a U.S. president as immaterial, it is quite strange.
-
-Finally, Lind does not weigh any issues other than his chosen three as a legitimate basis to choose a candidate. This is a rather large hole in his argument. After all, even if you hold Democrats responsible for every left-wing tweet about racism, green energy, and transgender rights, and even if you consider the Republican stance on all three issues preferable, it does not necessarily follow that one must vote Republican, as he insists.
-
-There are many other issues before the political system. Lind, in particular, has spent years insisting that questions of economics and class deserve far more weight. The Republican Party has not abandoned its commitment to the upward-redistribution of resources. The last Republican president’s top domestic priorities were a tax cut for the rich and trying to take away health insurance from the nonrich. The current GOP priorities are centered making it easy for wealthy people to cheat on their taxes.
-
-The strangest irony of Lind’s worldview is that Lind has spent years accusing Democrats of obsessing over social issues at the expense of bread-and-butter economic policy. But then the Democrats failed to fulfill his prophecy, instead embracing a nationalistic, pro-labor, pro-industrial policy he passionately advocated. Then Lind decided those issues no longer matter and now insists that everybody must vote on culture-war fights instead.
-
-There’s nothing wrong with engaging in questions that matter more to intellectuals than to the broader public. But Lind has explicitly made the mistake that afflicts so many other discourse-poisoned minds: He has grown so detached from the world outside his elite subculture that he can no longer distinguish between casting a ballot and writing a post.
-
-Michael Lind and the Perils of Discourse-Poisoning
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Missing man Robert Hoagland died as Richard King in the Catskills.md b/00.03 News/Missing man Robert Hoagland died as Richard King in the Catskills.md
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-# Missing man Robert Hoagland died as Richard King in the Catskills
-
-THOMPSON, N.Y. — Something was wrong with David’s roommate.
-
-It was Monday morning, Dec. 5, and David was about to leave for work. He hadn’t laid eyes on Richard King, his friend of almost a decade, since Friday.
-
-Normally, Rich was out of the house they shared in this rural wedge of Sullivan County by the time David left for his job at the local high school. But when he saw his roommate’s car in the garage, David’s heart sank. “That was very unusual,” said the 46-year-old music teacher, who asked to be identified only by his first name.
-
-His anxiety had been growing all weekend. On Friday night, Rich, a real estate appraiser, had returned home after David had gone to bed early to rest up for a music gig in New York City the next day. Because Rich often worked on Saturdays, David had been surprised to see his car in the garage that morning when he left to drive into the city. *Maybe he’s just taking the day off*, David had thought.
-
-Later, David watched Rich’s Friday-night return home on security camera footage: His roommate had been holding his back as he entered the house, apparently in some kind of physical distress.
-
-The two had lived together more than nine years, an initially stopgap arrangement — both had been exiting marriages — that had strengthened into a friendship.
-
-“I thought of him as a brother,” David said.
-
-So it was unusual that Rich hadn’t come out of his room for their routine of Sunday dinner, and it was even more odd when he didn’t leave for work on Monday. Increasingly panicked at work, David sent a volley of texts and calls to his roommate; all went unreturned. A friend stopped by the house at David’s request; no one answered the front door. David sped home and finally opened Rich’s bedroom door, where he found him lying in bed, eyemask on, hands crossed over his chest. Not breathing.
-
-David called 911 and began CPR, but it was no use. “He had already been gone,” he said.
-
-EMS arrived on the scene, followed by law enforcement. Undersheriff Eric Chaboty of the Sullivan County Sheriff's Office said there were no signs of foul play. Following procedure for an unattended death, police poked around for some kind of identification for the deceased. They couldn’t find any for Richard King.
-
-But they did find mail addressed to a different man — [someone named Robert Hoagland](https://www.timesunion.com/projects/2022/hudsonvalley/disappearance-robert-hoagland/).
-
-David told the detectives Rich had mentioned to him the previous week that he was going to receive some mail with a different name on it. He offered no explanation, and David didn’t want to pry.
-
-But now he typed the name “Robert Hoagland” into Google, and discovered that someone by that name had [vanished from Newtown, Conn.](https://www.timesunion.com/hudsonvalley/catskills/article/Newtown-Robert-Hoagland-missing-found-dead-NY-17638456.php), almost a decade ago. And he was the spitting image of the dead man in the bed.
-
-## Last seen alive
-
-On a summer Sunday in late July of 2013, Robert Hoagland [disappeared from his Connecticut home](https://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Newtown-man-s-disappearance-troubles-loved-ones-a-5677519.php) without his cellphone, wallet, passport or even his trademark loafers. He was married, 50 years old, with three sons in their 20s.
-
-Police said the real estate appraiser — known to friends as “Hoagy” — was last seen on July 28 at a gas station on Church Hill Road in Newtown. He had gone to a local bagel shop and then to the station, where he filled up his car and purchased a map of the eastern United States, according to Newtown police.
-
-![Robert Hoagland, of Newtown, was reported missing on July 29, 2013. Police, friends and family circulated this photo, taken from a convenience store surveillance video on July 28, 2013, in the months and years after Hogland’s disappearance.](https://s.hdnux.com/photos/01/03/36/37/17688520/4/1200x0.jpg)
-
-Robert Hoagland, of Newtown, was reported missing on July 29, 2013. Police, friends and family circulated this photo, taken from a convenience store surveillance video on July 28, 2013, in the months and years after Hogland’s disappearance.
-
-Contributed photo
-
-Investigators determined the gas station purchase was the final transaction Hoagland made on his credit cards. He was seen smiling on the station’s security camera footage, which were the last images many have ever seen of him. Three hours later, a neighbor saw him mowing his lawn.
-
-Lori Hoagland — who that Sunday was wrapping up a European vacation with friends — reported her husband missing the next day when he failed to [pick her up at John F. Kennedy International Airport](https://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Six-months-after-Newtown-man-s-disappearance-no-5218083.php) in Queens. Her texts went unanswered, so she took a cab to a relative’s home in Brooklyn and called Hoagland’s boss. Her husband hadn’t shown up for work that morning. When she finally got home, his car was in the driveway.
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-Police examined Hoagland’s personal computer, but discovered a program had been installed on it within weeks of his disappearance that deleted all of his internet searches. When police examined his work computer, they found he had repeatedly searched an address in Rhode Island that turned out to be a dead end.
-
-In the days and weeks that followed, Hoagland's family and friends tried to assist the police, handing out fliers at the Labor Day parade, and giving interviews to spread the word. Lori Hoagland acknowledged that the couple had been grappling with their son Max’s problems with addiction.
-
-“It was definitely a challenging situation, but not one so desperate that he’d just leave,” she said, adding that she and her husband were “completely in tandem” about how to help their son.
-
-![The family of Robert Hoagland, the Sandy Hook man who disappeared July 28, 2013, talks about his disappearance at their Newtown home six months after Robert disappeared. From left to right are two of Robert's sons, Chris and Sam, and his wife, Lori.](https://s.hdnux.com/photos/31/42/46/6695320/4/1200x0.jpg)
-
-The family of Robert Hoagland, the Sandy Hook man who disappeared July 28, 2013, talks about his disappearance at their Newtown home six months after Robert disappeared. From left to right are two of Robert's sons, Chris and Sam, and his wife, Lori.
-
-Carol Kaliff
-
-Tips about possible sightings were reported across the country, including one from someone who said they had [spotted Hoagland in Rhode Island](https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/R-I-police-investigate-possible-sighting-of-4790939.php?IPID=Times-Union-c2p) — it could not be verified — and another from someone who saw him leaving a Brookfield business in a car with New York plates, police said. A year after the disappearance, another [tip placed Hoagland in Putnam County](https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/putnam/2014/07/25/cops-probe-report-missing-newtown-man-putnam/13194615/), just east of Richard King’s home.
-
-The images from the gas station were widely distributed for years — even posted on billboards on Connecticut highways. There were more reported sightings over the years, but none of the tips panned out.
-
-Hoagland’s disappearance gained national attention, and in 2016 the case was [featured in Investigation Discovery’s “Disappeared: A Family Man,”](https://www.timesunion.com/policereports/article/Newtown-man-s-disappearance-featured-on-TV-show-7954415.php?IPID=Times-Union-c2p) which featured fresh interviews with family and friends. “He wouldn’t leave his kids — absolutely not,” his friend Dave Smith told the network. “I know he didn’t take off on his kids.”
-
-The documentary recounted Hoagland’s meeting a few days before he disappeared with some “shady men” his troubled son claimed had stolen the family’s computers.
-
-Police said Max Hoagland had brought two of the family’s laptops to an abandoned building in Bridgeport the same week his father went missing. His father, who had suspected the laptops were either stolen or sold in exchange for drugs, confronted the men inside an old factory where they were known to spend time, police said. The men denied stealing the computers, and police said they found no evidence linking them to Hoagland’s disappearance.
-
-In Dashiell Hammett’s classic detective novel “The Maltese Falcon,” Sam Spade describes investigating the case of a family man who inexplicably walks out of his life. “He went like that,” Spade says, “like a fist when you open your hand.”
-
-Hoagland had gone the same way.
-
-## No ID required
-
-In 2013, David put an ad on Craigslist seeking a roommate. His marriage had just ended in a far more conventional fashion than Robert Hoagland’s.
-
-Richard King responded. He said he was also recently separated from his wife, and was new to the area. David had moved to Rock Hill the previous year to be closer to his teaching job. King had no identification, which troubled David at first. “I asked him, and he said that he had left it behind,” David recalled. “He said he left everything behind.”
-
-King was already working for Empire Inspections & Appraisals, a small firm that appraises homes in the Hudson Valley and Catskills. Though no one by the name of Richard King or Robert Hoagland is licensed as a residential real estate appraiser in New York, David was able to verify that Rich was working as a contractor for Empire, whose team included another individual David knew personally. That person also vouched for King.
-
-One of King’s co-workers at Empire also spoke fondly of him to a reporter recently.
-
-“If it helps, we all thought that Rich was a good guy. Well, we knew him as Rich,” said a woman who answered the door at the firm in the town of Wallkill.
-
-Unwilling to say more, she noted that since Hoagland’s death and true identity were reported, “It’s very weird here.”
-
-![Location of the Empire Inspections & Appraisals in Wallkill where Robert Hoagland worked from 2013 to 2022. Photographed on Monday, Dec. 12, 2022.](https://s.hdnux.com/photos/01/30/63/24/23278867/5/1200x0.jpg)
-
-Location of the Empire Inspections & Appraisals in Wallkill where Robert Hoagland worked from 2013 to 2022. Photographed on Monday, Dec. 12, 2022.
-
-Will Waldron/Times Union
-
-David said a man who worked with King named Adam Jurik came by his house shortly after King’s death to drop off some of his late co-worker’s possessions. Jurik, who is listed as Empire’s owner, did not respond to messages the Times Union left in person with his staff this week. He also did not respond to messages through a business phone number or email account.
-
-King had few possessions with him when he moved in with David: clothing, some accessories and a small bed, David recalled. He moved into what had been a spare room in the rented house. The arrangement violated the terms of David’s lease, which had been signed with his wife and barred subleasing; that meant King didn’t have to show their landlord ID or submit to a credit check. King used a car that had been loaned to him by his workplace, David said.
-
-A spokesman for the state Department of Motor Vehicles said it had no record of issuing an identity document to a Richard King born in the same month and year (June 1963) as Robert Hoagland.
-
-“He said he was divorced, his children were adults, and he just was looking to start a new life,” David said. “So I was able to kind of help him out.”
-
-When David had placed the ad on Craigslist, he was just starting out in his career and needed help with the rent, he said. But as he achieved more success as a musician and more seniority at the high school, he asked King to just chip in on the utilities. Rich always paid in cash.
-
-![Robert Hoagland in a 2022 photo shared by his roommate, whom he moved in with a few months after disappearing in 2013.](https://s.hdnux.com/photos/01/30/63/41/23279683/9/ratio3x2_1200.jpg)
-
-Robert Hoagland in a 2022 photo shared by his roommate, whom he moved in with a few months after disappearing in 2013.
-
-Contributed Photo
-
-![Former Rock Hill home that Robert Hoagland shared with roommate David from Oct. 2013 to Sept. 2020 on Monday, Dec. 12, 2022, in Rock Hill, N.Y.](https://s.hdnux.com/photos/01/30/63/24/23278869/12/ratio3x2_1200.jpg)
-
-Former Rock Hill home that Robert Hoagland shared with roommate David from Oct. 2013 to Sept. 2020 on Monday, Dec. 12, 2022, in Rock Hill, N.Y.
-
-Will Waldron/Times Union
-
-![The Rock Hill home that Robert Hoagland most recently shared with roommate David on Thursday, Dec. 8, 2022, in Rock Hill, N.Y.](https://s.hdnux.com/photos/01/30/63/20/23278622/12/ratio3x2_1200.jpg)
-
-The Rock Hill home that Robert Hoagland most recently shared with roommate David on Thursday, Dec. 8, 2022, in Rock Hill, N.Y.
-
-Phillip Pantuso/Times Union
-
-Left: Robert Hoagland in a 2022 photo shared by his roommate. Top right: The Rock Hill home that Robert Hoagland shared with roommate David from 2013 to 2020. (Will Waldron / Times Union) Bottom right: The Rock Hill home where Robert Hoagland and his roommate lived since 2020. (Phillip Pantuso / Times Union) Top: Robert Hoagland in a 2022 photo shared by his roommate. Middle: The Rock Hill home that Robert Hoagland shared with roommate David from 2013 to 2020. (Will Waldron / Times Union) Bottom: The Rock Hill home where Robert Hoagland and his roommate lived since 2020. (Phillip Pantuso / Times Union)
-
-In 2020, David purchased his own home less than a mile away and asked Rich if he’d like to continue living together. (The homeowner of the first house did not find out that another tenant had been living there until after David and King moved out; David had renewed the lease in December 2016 under his name alone, according to the homeowner.)
-
-As the years went by, David came to trust King “based on who he was as a person and who I knew him to be,” he said. They developed routines, including their Sunday dinners and watching sports. King was an avid fan of the Las Vegas Raiders and Los Angeles Angels. (Both teams changed names during the years Rich and David lived together.)
-
-“He taught me how to cook so many great things,” David said.
-
-The roommates didn’t celebrate birthdays, but they did exchange Christmas gifts. King gave David a cornhole set after they were reduced to watching competitive cornhole on ESPN when the COVID-19 pandemic shut down professional sports. David gifted one of his old iPhones to King after noticing he “didn’t have a very good cellphone.” He also put King on his plan, a move that made sense to David: All the bills were in his name anyway.
-
-David came to think of King as a brother, a descriptor he used four times over the course of an hour-long interview. On phone calls with his mother back in Wisconsin, David would talk about King. She was happy that her son had such a good friend.
-
-But King seldom talked about his former family in Connecticut, sharing only sparse details: that he’d enjoyed working on an old Volvo with his son, Chris; that he’d loved family trips to Hilton Head, S.C.; that another son had struggled with addiction.
-
-David said he was “just as shocked and confused” as anybody upon learning that the person he’d known as Richard King for nine years was a missing man named Robert Hoagland. “I don’t know why he did it,” he said. “I’m sure he had great reasons.”
-
-David speculated that one reason King might have begun receiving mail under his real name is that he was trying to get medical care, perhaps to address his declining health. About six months ago, King told David he had seen a doctor, who told him to change his diet. Sunday dinners switched from steaks and barbecue ribs to seafood and grilled vegetables.
-
-“He was slowing down,” David said, who added that he didn’t know if King had valid identification or health insurance to obtain medical treatment.
-
-“He lived a very simple life, and that’s why I think he was able to just go under the radar,” David said. “He didn’t bother anybody. He was very kind, very helpful — he just was that kind of person, you know?”
-
-## Unfathomable
-
-Rock Hill is a 10-square-mile hamlet near Monticello that’s home to about 2,000 people. It has spotty cell reception and a popular bar on the main drag; its residents commute an average of 25 minutes to work each day, according to [census data](https://censusreporter.org/profiles/16000US3663132-rock-hill-ny/).
-
-Just because it’s small doesn’t mean everyone knows each other. Rock Hill turned out to be a good place to disappear, and Hoagland’s ability to stay hidden appeared to depend on accommodations made — unwittingly or not — by the few people who knew him.
-
-![Artwork along Rock Hill Drive greets visitors to the hamlet where Robert Hoagland lived since 2013. Photographed Monday, Dec. 12, 2022.](https://s.hdnux.com/photos/01/30/63/24/23278875/5/1200x0.jpg)
-
-Artwork along Rock Hill Drive greets visitors to the hamlet where Robert Hoagland lived since 2013. Photographed Monday, Dec. 12, 2022.
-
-Will Waldron/Times Union
-
-Few local business owners recognized Richard King’s name or photo when reporters inquired about him a few days after his death. But word of Hoagland’s reappearance raced through Rock Hill on community Facebook groups. Patrons at that popular local bar, Dutch’s, chatted about Hoagland’s story, wondering aloud why he had left Connecticut and why he chose to start a new life in their town.
-
-A woman who lived across the street from the first house Hoagland and David shared said she didn’t know who they were, though she noted that many neighborhood residents were newcomers. Only the next-door neighbor at the second house the roommates shared knew Hoagland because he had cooked at barbecues there on at least two occasions, the neighbor said.
-
-Hoagland didn’t work in town, though he occasionally volunteered during the holidays for the soup kitchen at the Sullivan County Federation for the Homeless. The nonprofit on Monticello Street is tucked away in a mostly residential area near the village’s comparatively bustling Broadway corridor, a roughly 10-minute drive from Rock Hill.
-
-Hoagland “knew his way around a kitchen,” head cook Mike Steinback said.
-
-Steinback and the soup kitchen’s program administrator, Kathy Kreiter, didn’t initially recognize Hoagland’s alias when a reporter asked about him on Monday. But immediately upon seeing his photo, she said, “Oh yeah, I know him.”
-
-He volunteered to cook for their Thanksgiving and Christmas Eve dinners from at least 2017 to 2019, according to Kreiter’s recollection and a photo of volunteers she dug up on her computer.
-
-“He was a little — I’m going to say ‘quirky’ in the beginning, maybe,” she said. “It took him a while to warm up.”
-
-That was her first impression. But the next time he volunteered, she said, he was more at ease with everyone. Steinback and Kreiter said he was nice. Kreiter even described him as being “gung-ho” about the work he was doing.
-
-![Sullivan County Federation for the Homeless cook Mike Steinback, left, stands with director Kathy Kreiter, right, on Monday, Dec. 12, 2022, at Sullivan County Federation for the Homeless where Robert Hoagland would volunteer in the kitchen over the holidays in Monticello, N.Y.](https://s.hdnux.com/photos/01/30/63/24/23278874/8/ratio3x2_1200.jpg)
-
-Sullivan County Federation for the Homeless cook Mike Steinback, left, stands with director Kathy Kreiter, right, on Monday, Dec. 12, 2022, at Sullivan County Federation for the Homeless where Robert Hoagland would volunteer in the kitchen over the holidays in Monticello, N.Y.
-
-Will Waldron/Times Union
-
-![Robert Hoagland, third from right, appears in a 2017 group photo of Christmas day volunteers at the Sullivan County Federation for the Homeless in Monticello, N.Y.](https://s.hdnux.com/photos/01/30/63/24/23278878/5/ratio3x2_1200.jpg)
-
-Robert Hoagland, third from right, appears in a 2017 group photo of Christmas day volunteers at the Sullivan County Federation for the Homeless in Monticello, N.Y. Sullivan County Federation for the Homeless
-
-![Sullivan County Federation for the Homeless cook Mike Steinbeck stands in the kitchen where Robert Hoagland would volunteer over the holidays on Monday, Dec. 12, 2022, at Sullivan County Federation for the Homeless in Monticello, N.Y.](https://s.hdnux.com/photos/01/30/63/24/23278871/9/ratio3x2_1200.jpg)
-
-Sullivan County Federation for the Homeless cook Mike Steinbeck stands in the kitchen where Robert Hoagland would volunteer over the holidays on Monday, Dec. 12, 2022, at Sullivan County Federation for the Homeless in Monticello, N.Y. Will Waldron/Times Union
-
-Left: Sullivan County Federation for the Homeless cook Mike Steinback, left, chats with director Kathy Kreiter at the center on Monday, Dec. 12, 2022. (Will Waldron / Times Union) Top right: Robert Hoagland, third from the right, appears in a 2017 group photo of Christmas volunteers at the soup kitchen. (Provided by Sullivan County Federation for the Homeless) Bottom right: Mike Steinback stands in the kitchen where King volunteered as a cook before the pandemic. (Will Waldron / Times Union) Top: Sullivan County Federation for the Homeless cook Mike Steinback, left, chats with director Kathy Kreiter at the center on Monday, Dec. 12, 2022. (Will Waldron / Times Union) Middle: Robert Hoagland, third from the right, appears in a 2017 group photo of Christmas volunteers at the soup kitchen. (Provided by Sullivan County Federation for the Homeless) Bottom: Mike Steinback stands in the kitchen where King volunteered as a cook before the pandemic. (Will Waldron / Times Union)
-
-Neither Kreiter nor Steinback knew why Hoagland wanted to help them at the soup kitchen. “We have so many volunteers who want to help, and they have all sorts of different reasons,” Kreiter said.
-
-It was an unwitting echo of what David said he knew — or didn’t know — about the central question of the end of Robert Hoagland’s life and the beginning of Richard King’s: Why? 
-
-For years, Hoagland’s neighbors in Connecticut were baffled by his sudden disappearance. News of his death and his life under a new name in New York has raised even more questions.
-
-“It’s very odd — it’s got me befuddled,” said Frank Dyke of Glen Road Autobody in Sandy Hook, just a few properties up the street from the home Hoagland left in 2013. “I mean, from the little bit I knew, I thought he was the nicest guy — he seemed to love his family, and then to just abandon them like that and start a new life? It’s unfathomable.”
-
-Lori Hoagland, who has moved to another Newtown home since her husband vanished, could not be reached for comment following his death. His sons, Max and Christopher, declined to comment. The Sullivan County Sheriff's Office said in a statement that “there does not appear to be a criminal aspect to Robert Hoagland’s disappearance,” and directed media inquiries to the Newtown police.
-
-In the days after the revelation, David had spoken with Hoagland’s mother and his sons. “A lot of things have kind of now clicked for me,” he said, referring to his friend’s furtive lifestyle.
-
-“I just want people to know there was nothing strange about his life,” he added. “Other than the fact that he was able to disappear for nine years.”
-
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-Date: 2023-12-04
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-12-04
-Link: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2024/01/evangelical-christian-nationalism-trump/676150/
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-&emsp;
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-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-MyFatherMyFaithandDonaldTrumpNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# My Father, My Faith, and Donald Trump
-
-Here, in our house of worship, people were taunting me about politics as I tried to mourn.
-
-![photo-illustration of white cross atop white wooden church steeple with U.S. flag flying from it against blue sky](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/kDbGFVskT1N6Fsn0JpxtuIwskmE=/0x149:2058x2721/648x810/media/img/2023/11/27/AlbertaFinal/original.png)
-
-Pablo Delcan
-
-It was July 29, 2019—the worst day of my life, though I didn’t know that quite yet.
-
-The traffic in downtown Washington, D.C., was inching along. The mid-Atlantic humidity was sweating through the windows of my chauffeured car. I was running late and fighting to stay awake. For two weeks, I’d been sprinting between television and radio studios up and down the East Coast, promoting my new book on the collapse of the post–George W. Bush Republican Party and the ascent of Donald Trump. Now I had one final interview for the day. My publicist had offered to cancel—it wasn’t that important, she said—but I didn’t want to. It *was* important. After the car pulled over on M Street Northwest, I hustled into the stone-pillared building of the Christian Broadcasting Network.
-
-All in a blur, the producers took my cellphone, mic’d me up, and shoved me onto the set with the news anchor John Jessup. Camera rolling, Jessup skipped past the small talk. He was keen to know, given his audience, what I had learned about the president’s alliance with America’s white evangelicals. Despite being a lecherous, impenitent scoundrel—the 2016 campaign was marked by [his mocking of a disabled man](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/donald-trump-criticized-after-he-appears-mock-reporter-serge-kovaleski-n470016), his xenophobic slander of immigrants, his casual calls to violence against political opponents—Trump had won [a historic 81 percent of white evangelical voters](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/11/08/us/politics/election-exit-polls.html). Yet that statistic was just a surface-level indicator of the foundational shifts taking place inside the Church. Polling showed that born-again Christian conservatives, once the president’s softest backers, were now his most unflinching advocates. Jessup had the same question as millions of other Americans: Why?
-
-As a believer in Jesus Christ—and as the son of an evangelical minister, raised in a conservative church in a conservative community—I had long struggled with how to answer this question. The truth is, I knew lots of Christians who, to varying degrees, supported the president, and there was no way to summarily describe their diverse attitudes, motivations, and behaviors. They were best understood as points plotted across a spectrum. At one end were the Christians who maintained their dignity while voting for Trump—people who were clear-eyed in understanding that backing a candidate, pragmatically and prudentially, need not lead to unconditionally promoting, empowering, and apologizing for that candidate. At the opposite end were the Christians who had jettisoned their credibility—people who embraced the charge of being reactionary hypocrites, still fuming about Bill Clinton’s character as they jumped at the chance to go slumming with a playboy turned president.
-
-Most of the Christians I knew fell somewhere in the middle. They had to some extent been [seduced by the cult of Trumpism](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/04/the-last-temptation/554066/), yet to composite all of these people into a caricature was misleading. Something more profound was taking place. Something was happening in the country—something was happening in the Church—that we had never seen before. I had attempted, ever so delicately, to make these points in my book. Now, on the TV set, I was doing a similar dance.
-
-Jessup seemed to sense my reticence. Pivoting from the book, he asked me about a recent flare-up in the evangelical world. In response to the Trump administration’s policy of [forcibly separating migrant families](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/09/trump-administration-family-separation-policy-immigration/670604/) at the U.S.-Mexico border, Russell Moore, a prominent leader with the Southern Baptist Convention, [had tweeted](https://twitter.com/drmoore/status/1143418475723055106), “Those created in the image of God should be treated with dignity and compassion, especially those seeking refuge from violence back home.” At this, Jerry Falwell Jr.—the son and namesake of the Moral Majority founder, and then-president of Liberty University, one of the world’s largest Christian colleges—took great offense. “Who are you @drmoore?” [he replied](https://twitter.com/JerryFalwellJr/status/1143613031450103813). “Have you ever made a payroll? Have you ever built an organization of any type from scratch? What gives you authority to speak on any issue?”
-
-This being Twitter and all, I decided to chime in. “There are Russell Moore Christians and Jerry Falwell Jr. Christians,” I wrote, summarizing the back-and-forth. “Choose wisely, brothers and sisters.”
-
-Now Jessup was reading my tweet on-air. “Do you really see evangelicals divided into two camps?” the anchor asked.
-
-I stumbled. Conceding that it might be an “oversimplification,” I warned still of a “fundamental disconnect” between Christians who view issues through the eyes of Jesus and Christians who process everything through a partisan political filter.
-
-As the interview ended, I knew I’d botched an opportunity to state plainly my qualms about the American evangelical Church. Truth be told, I *did* see evangelicals divided into two camps—one side faithful to an eternal covenant, the other side bowing to earthly idols of nation and influence and fame—but I was too scared to say so. My own Christian walk had been so badly flawed. And besides, I’m no theologian; Jessup was asking for my journalistic analysis, not my biblical exegesis.
-
-Walking off the set, I wondered if my dad might catch that clip. Surely somebody at our home church would see it and pass it along. I grabbed my phone, then stopped to chat with Jessup and a few of his colleagues. As we said our farewells, I looked down at the phone, which had been silenced. There were multiple missed calls from my wife and oldest brother. Dad had collapsed from a heart attack. There was nothing the surgeons could do. He was gone.
-
-The last time I saw him was nine days earlier. The CEO of *Politico*, my employer at the time, had thrown a book party for me at his Washington manor, and Mom and Dad weren’t going to miss that. They jumped in their Chevy and drove out from my childhood home in southeast Michigan. When he sauntered into the event, my old man looked out of place—a rumpled midwestern minister, baggy shirt stuffed into his stained khakis—but before long he was holding court with diplomats and *Fortune* 500 lobbyists, making them howl with irreverent one-liners. It was like a Rodney Dangerfield flick come to life. At one point, catching sight of my agape stare, he gave an exaggerated wink, then delivered a punch line for his captive audience.
-
-It was the high point of my career. The book was getting lots of buzz; already I was being urged to write a sequel. Dad was proud—very proud, he assured me—but he was also uneasy. For months, as the book launch drew closer, he had been urging me to reconsider the focus of my reporting career. Politics, he kept saying, was a “sordid, nasty business,” a waste of my time and God-given talents. Now, in the middle of the book party, he was taking me by the shoulder, asking a congressman to excuse us for just a moment. Dad put his arm around me and leaned in.
-
-“You see all these people?” he asked.
-
-“Yeah.” I nodded, grinning at the validation.
-
-“Most of them won’t care about you in a week,” he said.
-
-The record scratched. My moment of rapture was interrupted. I cocked my head and smirked at him. Neither of us said anything. I was bothered. The longer we stood there in silence, the more bothered I became. Not because he was wrong. But because he was right.
-
-“Remember,” Dad said, smiling. “On this Earth, all glory is fleeting.”
-
-Now, as I raced to Reagan National Airport and boarded the first available flight to Detroit, his words echoed. There was nothing contrived about Dad’s final admonition to me. That is what he believed; that is who he was.
-
-Once a successful New York financier, Richard J. Alberta had become a born-again Christian in 1977. Despite having a nice house, beautiful wife, and healthy firstborn son, he felt a rumbling emptiness. He couldn’t sleep. He developed debilitating anxiety. Religion hardly seemed like the solution; Dad came from a broken and unbelieving home. He had decided, halfway through his undergraduate studies at Rutgers University, that he was an atheist. And yet, one weekend while visiting family in the Hudson Valley, my dad agreed to attend church with his niece, Lynn. He became a new person that day. His angst was quieted. His doubts were overwhelmed. Taking Communion for the first time at Goodwill Church in Montgomery, New York, he prayed to acknowledge Jesus as the son of God and accept him as his personal savior.
-
-Dad became unrecognizable to those who knew him. He rose early, hours before work, to read the Bible, filling a yellow legal pad with verses and annotations. He sat silently for hours in prayer. My mom thought he’d lost his mind. A young journalist who worked under Howard Cosell at ABC Radio in New York, Mom was suspicious of all this Jesus talk. But her maiden name—Pastor—was proof of God’s sense of humor. Soon she accepted Christ too.
-
-When Dad felt he was being called to abandon his finance career and enter the ministry, he met with Pastor Stewart Pohlman at Goodwill. As they prayed in Pastor Stew’s office, Dad said he felt the spirit of the Lord swirling around him, filling up the room. He was not given to phony supernaturalism—in fact, Dad might have been the most intellectually sober, reason-based Christian I’ve ever known—but that day, he felt certain, the Lord anointed him. Soon he and Mom were selling just about every material item they owned, leaving their high-salaried jobs in New York, and moving to Massachusetts so he could study at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary.
-
-For the next two decades, they worked in small churches here and there, living off food stamps and the generosity of fellow believers. By the time I arrived, in 1986, Dad was Pastor Stew’s associate at Goodwill. We lived in the church parsonage; my nursery was the library, where towers of leather-wrapped books had been collected by the church’s pastors dating back to the mid-18th century. A few years later we moved to Michigan, and Dad eventually put down roots at a start-up, Cornerstone Church, in the Detroit suburb of Brighton. It was part of a minor denomination called the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC), and it was there, for the next 26 years, that he served as senior pastor.
-
-Cornerstone was our home. Because Mom also worked on staff, leading the women’s ministry, I was quite literally raised in the church: playing hide-and-seek in storage areas, doing homework in the office wing, bringing high-school dates to Bible study, working as a janitor during a year of community college. I hung around the church so much that I decided to leave my mark: At 9 years old, I used a pocket knife to etch my initials into the brickwork of the narthex.
-
-The last time I’d been there, 18 months earlier, I’d spoken to a packed sanctuary at Dad’s retirement ceremony, armed with good-natured needling and PG-13 anecdotes. Now I would need to give a very different speech.
-
-Standing in the back of the sanctuary, my three older brothers and I formed a receiving line. Cornerstone had been a small church when we’d arrived as kids. Not anymore. Brighton, once a sleepy town situated at the intersection of two expressways, had become a prized location for commuters to Detroit and Ann Arbor. Meanwhile, Dad, with his baseball allegories and Greek-linguistics lessons, had gained a reputation for his eloquence in the pulpit. By the time I moved away, in 2008, Cornerstone had grown from a couple hundred members to a couple thousand.
-
-Now the crowd swarmed around us, filling the sanctuary and spilling out into the lobby and adjacent hallways, where tables displayed flowers and golf clubs and photos of Dad. I was numb. My brothers too. None of us had slept much that week. So the first time someone made a glancing reference to Rush Limbaugh, it did not compute. But then another person brought him up. And then another. That’s when I connected the dots. Apparently, the king of conservative talk radio had been name-checking me on his program recently—“a guy named Tim Alberta”—and describing the unflattering revelations in my book about Trump. Nothing in that moment could have mattered to me less. I smiled, shrugged, and thanked people for coming to the visitation.
-
-They kept on coming. More than I could count. People from the church—people I’d known my entire life—were greeting me, not primarily with condolences or encouragement or mourning, but with commentary about Limbaugh and Trump. Some of it was playful, guys remarking about how I was the same mischief-maker they’d known since kindergarten. But some of it wasn’t playful. Some of it was angry; some of it was cold and confrontational. One man questioned whether I was truly a Christian. Another asked if I was still on “the right side.” All while Dad was in a box a hundred feet away.
-
-It got to the point where I had to take a walk. Here, in our house of worship, people were taunting me about politics as I tried to mourn my father. I was in the company of certain friends that day who would not claim to know Jesus, yet they shrouded me in peace and comfort. Some of these card-carrying evangelical Christians? Not so much. They didn’t see a hurting son; they saw a vulnerable adversary.
-
-That night, while fine-tuning the eulogy I would give at Dad’s funeral the following afternoon, I still felt the sting. My wife perceived as much. The unflappable one in the family, she encouraged me to be careful with my words and cautioned against mentioning the day’s unpleasantness. I took half of her advice.
-
-In front of an overflow crowd on August 2, 2019, I paid tribute to the man who’d taught me everything—how to throw a baseball, how to be a gentleman, how to trust and love the Lord. Reciting my favorite verse, from Paul’s second letter to the early Church in Corinth, Greece, I told of Dad’s instruction to keep our eyes fixed on what we could not see. Reading from his favorite poem, about a man named Richard Cory, I told of Dad’s warning that we could amass great wealth and still be poor.
-
-Then I recounted all the people who’d approached me the day before, wanting to discuss the Trump wars on AM talk radio. I proposed that their time in the car would be better spent listening to Dad’s old sermons. I spoke of the need for discipleship and spiritual formation. I suggested, with some sarcasm, that if they needed help finding biblical listening for their daily commute, the pastors here on staff could help. “Why are you listening to *Rush Limbaugh* ?” I asked my father’s congregation. “Garbage in, garbage out.”
-
-There was nervous laughter in the sanctuary. Some people were visibly agitated. Others looked away, pretending not to hear. My dad’s successor, a young pastor named Chris Winans, wore a shell-shocked expression. No matter. I had said my piece. It was finished. Or so I thought.
-
-A few hours later, after we had buried Dad, my brothers and I slumped down onto the couches in our parents’ living room. We opened some beers and turned on a baseball game. Behind us, in the kitchen, a small platoon of church ladies worked to prepare a meal for the family. *Here*, I thought, *is the love of Christ*. Watching them hustle about, comforting Mom and catering to her sons, I found myself regretting the Limbaugh remark. Most of the folks at our church were humble, kindhearted Christians like these women. Maybe I’d blown things out of proportion.
-
-Just then, one of them walked over and handed me an envelope. It had been left at the church, she said. My name was scrawled across it. I opened the envelope. Inside was a full-page-long, handwritten screed. It was from a longtime Cornerstone elder, someone my dad had called a friend, a man who’d mentored me in the youth group and had known me for most of my life.
-
-He had composed this note, on the occasion of my father’s death, to express just how disappointed he was in me. I was part of an evil plot, the man wrote, to undermine God’s ordained leader of the United States. My criticisms of President Trump were tantamount to treason—against both God and country—and I should be ashamed of myself.
-
-However, there was still hope. Jesus forgives, and so could this man. If I used my journalism skills to investigate the “deep state,” he wrote, uncovering the shadowy cabal that was supposedly sabotaging Trump’s presidency, then I would be restored. He said he was praying for me.
-
-I felt sick. Silently, I passed the letter to my wife. She scanned it without expression. Then she flung the piece of paper into the air and, with a shriek that made the church ladies jump out of their cardigans, cried out: “What the hell is wrong with these people?”
-
-There has never been consensus on what, exactly, it means to be an evangelical. Competing and overlapping definitions have been offered for generations, some more widely embraced than others. Billy Graham, a man synonymous with the term, [once remarked](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/evangelical-christian/418236/) that he himself would like to inquire as to its true meaning. By the 1980s, thanks to the efforts of televangelists and political activists, what was once a religious signifier began transforming into a partisan movement. *Evangelical* soon became synonymous with *conservative Christian*, and eventually with *white conservative Republican*.
-
-My dad, a serious theologian who held advanced degrees from top seminaries, bristled at reductive analyses of his religious tribe. He would frequently state from the pulpit what *he* believed an evangelical to be: someone who interprets the Bible as the inspired word of God and who takes seriously the charge to proclaim it to the world.
-
-From a young age, I realized that not all Christians were like my dad. Other adults who went to our church—my teachers, coaches, friends’ parents—didn’t speak about God the way that he did. Theirs was a more casual Christianity, less a lifestyle than a hobby, something that could be picked up and put down and slotted into schedules. Their pastor realized as much. Pushing his people ever harder to engage with questions of canonical authority and trinitarian precepts and Calvinist doctrine, Dad tried his best to run a serious church.
-
-![photo of younger and older man smiling with arms around each other in front of brick wall and door](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/8PRiuayCcDSspaxfLgosiwipeIY=/0x0:1600x1007/655x412/media/img/posts/2023/11/Alberta_2/original.png)
-
-The author and his father in 2019 (Courtesy of Tim Alberta)
-
-But for all his successes, Dad had one great weakness. Pastor Alberta’s kryptonite as a Christian—and I think he knew it, though he never admitted it to me—was his intense love of country.
-
-Once a talented young athlete, Dad came down with tuberculosis at 16 years old. He was hospitalized for four months; at one point, doctors thought he might die. He eventually recovered, and with the Vietnam War escalating, he joined the Marine Corps. But at the Officer Candidates School in Quantico, Virginia, he fell behind in the physical work. His lungs were not healthy. After receiving an honorable discharge, Dad went home saddled with a certain shame. In the ensuing years, he learned that dozens of the second lieutenants he’d trained alongside at Quantico—as well as a bunch of guys he’d grown up with—were killed in action. It burdened him for the rest of his life.
-
-This experience, and his disgust with the hippies and the drug culture and the war protesters, turned Dad into a law-and-order conservative. Marinating in the language of social conservatism during his time in seminary—this was the heyday of the Moral Majority—he emerged a full-spectrum Republican. His biggest political concern was abortion; in 1947, my grandmother, trapped in an emotionally abusive marriage, had almost ended her pregnancy with him. (She had a sudden change of heart at the clinic and walked out, a decision my dad would always attribute to holy intercession.) But he also waded into the culture wars: gay marriage, education curriculum, morality in public life.
-
-Dad always told us that personal integrity was a prerequisite for political leadership. He was so relieved when Bill Clinton’s second term ended that he and Mom hosted a small viewing party in our living room for George W. Bush’s 2001 inauguration, to celebrate the return of morality to the White House. Over time, however, his emphasis shifted. One Sunday in early 2010, when I was home visiting, he showed the congregation an ominous video in which Christian leaders warned about the menace of Obamacare. I told him afterward that it felt inappropriate for a worship service; he disagreed. We would butt heads more regularly in the years that followed. It was always loving, always respectful. Yet clearly our philosophical paths were diverging—a reality that became unavoidable during the presidency of Donald Trump.
-
-Dad would have preferred any of the other Republicans who ran in 2016. He knew that Trump was a narcissist and a liar; he knew that he was not a moral man. Ultimately Dad felt he had no choice but to support the Republican ticket, given his concern for the unborn and the Supreme Court majority that hung in the balance. I understood that decision. What I couldn’t understand was how, over the next couple of years, he became an apologist for Trump’s antics, dismissing criticisms of the president’s conduct as little more than an attempt to marginalize his supporters. Dad really did believe this; he believed that the constant attacks on Trump’s character were ipso facto an attack on the character of people like himself, which I think, on some subconscious level, created a permission structure for him to ignore the president’s depravity. All I could do was tell Dad the truth. “Look, you’re the one who taught me to know right from wrong,” I would say. “Don’t be mad at me for acting on it.”
-
-To his credit, Dad was not some lazy, knee-jerk partisan. He was vocal about certain issues—gun violence, poverty, immigration, the trappings of wealth—that did not play to his constituency at Cornerstone.
-
-Dad wasn’t a Christian nationalist; he wanted nothing to do with theocracy. He just believed that God had blessed the United States uniquely—and felt that anyone who fought to preserve those blessings was doing the Lord’s work. This made for an unfortunate scene in 2007, when a young congregant at Cornerstone, a Marine named Mark Kidd, died during a fourth tour of duty in Iraq. Public opinion had swung sharply against the war, and Democrats were demanding that the Bush administration bring the troops home. My dad was devastated by Kidd’s death. They had corresponded while Kidd was overseas and met for prayer in between his deployments. Dad’s grief as a pastor gave way to his grievance as a Republican supporter of the war: He made it known to local Democratic politicians that they weren’t welcome at the funeral.
-
-“I am ashamed, personally, of leaders who say they support the troops but not the commander in chief,” Dad thundered from his pulpit, earning a raucous standing ovation. “Do they not see that discourages the warriors and encourages the terrorists?”
-
-This touched off a firestorm in our community. Most of the church members were all for Dad’s remarks, but even in a conservative town like Brighton, plenty of people felt uneasy about turning a fallen Marine’s church memorial into a partisan political rally. Patriotism in the pulpit is one thing; lots of sanctuaries fly an American flag on the rostrum. This was something else. This was taking the weight and the gravity and the eternal certainty of God and lending it to an ephemeral and questionable cause. This was rebuking people for failing to unconditionally follow the president of the United States when the only authority we’re meant to unconditionally follow—particularly in a setting of stained-glass windows—is Christ himself.
-
-I know Dad regretted it. But he couldn’t help himself. His own personal story—and his broader view of the United States as a godly nation, a source of hope in a despondent world—was impossible to divorce from his pastoral ministry. Every time a member of the military came to church dressed in uniform, Dad would recognize them by name, ask them to stand up, and lead the church in a rapturous round of applause. This was one of the first things his successor changed at Cornerstone.
-
-Eighteen months after Dad’s funeral, in February 2021, I sat down across from that successor, Chris Winans, in a booth at the Brighton Bar & Grill. It’s a comfortable little haunt on Main Street, backing up to a wooden playground and a millpond. But Winans didn’t look comfortable. He looked nervous, even a bit paranoid, glancing around him as we began to speak. Soon, I would understand why.
-
-Dad had spent years looking for an heir apparent. Several associate pastors had come and gone. Cornerstone was his life’s work—he had led the church throughout virtually its entire history—so there would be no settling in his search for a successor. The uncertainty wore him down. Dad worried that he might never find the right guy. And then one day, while attending a denominational meeting, he met Winans, a young associate pastor from Goodwill—the very church where he’d been saved, and where he’d worked his first job out of seminary. Dad hired him away from Goodwill to lead a young-adults ministry at Cornerstone, and from the moment Winans arrived, I could tell that he was the one.
-
-Barely 30 years old, Winans looked to be exactly what Cornerstone needed in its next generation of leadership. He was a brilliant student of the scriptures. He spoke with precision and clarity from the pulpit. He had a humble, easygoing way about him, operating without the outsize ego that often accompanies first-rate preaching. Everything about this pastor—the boyish sweep of brown hair, his delightful young family—seemed to be straight out of central casting.
-
-There was just one problem: Chris Winans was not a conservative Republican. He didn’t like guns. He cared more about funding anti-poverty programs than cutting taxes. He had no appetite for President Trump’s unrepentant antics. Of course, none of this would seem heretical to Christians in other parts of the world; given his staunch anti-abortion position, Winans would in most places be considered the picture of spiritual and intellectual consistency. But in the American evangelical tradition, and at a church like Cornerstone, the whiff of liberalism made him suspect.
-
-Dad knew the guy was different. Winans liked to play piano instead of sports, and had no taste for hunting or fishing. Frankly, Dad thought that was a bonus. Winans wasn’t supposed to simply placate Cornerstone’s aging base of wealthy white congregants. The new pastor’s charge was to evangelize, to cast a vision and expand the mission field, to challenge those inside the church and carry the gospel to those outside it. Dad didn’t think there was undue risk. He felt confident that his hand-chosen successor’s gifts in the pulpit, and his manifest love of Jesus, would smooth over any bumps in the transition.
-
-He was wrong. Almost immediately after Winans moved into the role of senior pastor, at the beginning of 2018, the knives came out. Any errant remark he made about politics or culture, any slight against Trump or the Republican Party—real or perceived—invited a torrent of criticism. Longtime members would demand a meeting with Dad, who had stuck around in a support role, and unload on Winans. Dad would ask if there was any substantive criticism of the theology; almost invariably, the answer was no. A month into the job, when Winans remarked in a sermon that Christians ought to be protective of God’s creation—arguing for congregants to take seriously the threats to the planet—people came to Dad by the dozens, outraged, demanding that Winans be reined in. Dad told them all to get lost. If anyone had a beef with the senior pastor, he said, they needed to take it up with the senior pastor. (Dad did so himself, buying Winans lunch at Chili’s and suggesting that he tone down the tree hugging.)
-
-Winans had a tough first year on the job, but he survived it. The people at Cornerstone were in an adjustment period. He needed to respect that—and he needed to adjust, too. As long as Dad had his back, Winans knew he would be okay.
-
-And then Dad died.
-
-Now, Winans told me, he was barely hanging on at Cornerstone. The church [had become unruly](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/06/evangelical-church-pastors-political-radicalization/629631/); his job had become unbearable. Not long after Dad died—making Winans the unquestioned leader of the church—the coronavirus pandemic arrived. And then George Floyd was murdered. All of this as Donald Trump campaigned for reelection. Trump had run in 2016 on a promise that “Christianity will have power” if he won the White House; now he was warning that his opponent in the 2020 election, former Vice President Joe Biden, was going to “hurt God” and target Christians for their religious beliefs. Embracing dark rhetoric and violent conspiracy theories, the president enlisted prominent evangelicals to help frame a cosmic spiritual clash between the God-fearing Republicans who supported Trump and the secular leftists who were plotting their conquest of America’s Judeo-Christian ethos.
-
-People at Cornerstone began confronting their pastor, demanding that he speak out against government mandates and Black Lives Matter and Joe Biden. When Winans declined, people left. The mood soured noticeably after Trump’s defeat in November 2020. A crusade to overturn the election result, led by a group of outspoken Christians—including Trump’s lawyer Jenna Ellis, who later pleaded guilty to a felony charge of aiding and abetting false statements and writings, and the author Eric Metaxas, who suggested to fellow believers that martyrdom might be required to keep Trump in office—roiled the Cornerstone congregation. When a popular church staffer who had been known to proselytize for QAnon was fired after repeated run-ins with Winans, the pastor told me, the departures came in droves. Some of those abandoning Cornerstone were not core congregants. But plenty of them were. They were people who served in leadership roles, people Winans counted as confidants and friends.
-
-By the time Trump supporters invaded the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, Winans believed he’d lost control of his church. “It’s an exodus,” he told me a few weeks later, sitting inside Brighton Bar & Grill.
-
-The pastor had felt despair—and a certain liability—watching the attack unfold on television. Christian imagery was ubiquitous: rioters forming prayer circles, singing hymns, carrying Bibles and crosses. The perversion of America’s prevailing religion would forever be associated with this tragedy; as one of the legislative ringleaders, Senator Josh Hawley, explained [in a speech the following year](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FH-FWfDupbw), long after the blood had been scrubbed from the Capitol steps, “We are a revolutionary nation precisely because we are the heirs of the revolution of the Bible.”
-
-That sort of thinking, Winans said, represents an even greater threat than the events of January 6.
-
-“A lot of people believe there was a religious conception of this country. A biblical conception of this country,” Winans told me. “And that’s the source of a lot of our problems.”
-
-For much of American history, white Christians have enjoyed tremendous wealth and influence and security. Given that reality—and given the miraculous nature of America’s defeat of Great Britain, its rise to superpower status, and its legacy of spreading freedom and democracy (and, yes, Christianity) across the globe—it’s easy to see why so many evangelicals believe that our country is divinely blessed. The problem is, blessings often become indistinguishable from entitlements. Once we become convinced that God has blessed something, that something can become an object of jealousy, obsession—even worship.
-
-“At its root, we’re talking about idolatry. America has become an idol to some of these people. If you believe that God is in covenant with America, then you believe—and I’ve heard lots of people say this explicitly—that we’re a new Israel,” Winans said, referring to the Old Testament narrative of God’s chosen nation. “You believe the sorts of promises made to Israel are applicable to this country; you view America as a covenant that needs to be protected. You have to fight for America as if salvation itself hangs in the balance. At that point, you understand yourself as an American first and most fundamentally. And that is a terrible misunderstanding of who we’re called to be.”
-
-Plenty of nations are mentioned in the Bible; the United States is not one of them. Most American evangelicals are sophisticated enough to reject the idea of this country as something consecrated in the eyes of God. But many of those same people have chosen to idealize a *Christian America* that puts them at odds with *Christianity*. They have allowed their national identity to shape their faith identity instead of the other way around.
-
-Winans chose to be hypervigilant on this front, hence the change of policy regarding Cornerstone’s salute to military personnel. The new pastor would meet soldiers after the service, shaking their hand and individually thanking them for their service. But he refused to stage an ovation in the sanctuary. This wasn’t because he was some bohemian anti-war activist; in fact, his wife had served in the Army. Winans simply felt it was inappropriate.
-
-“I don’t want to dishonor anyone. I think nations have the right to self-defense. I respect the sacrifices these people make in the military,” Winans told me. “But they would come in wearing their dress blues and get this wild standing ovation. And you contrast that to whenever we would host missionaries: They would stand up for recognition, and we give them a golf clap … And you have to wonder: Why? What’s going on inside our hearts?”
-
-This kind of cultural heresy was getting Winans into trouble. More congregants were defecting each week. Many were relocating to one particular congregation down the road, a revival-minded church that was pandering to the whims of the moment, led by a pastor who was preaching a blood-and-soil Christian nationalism that sought to merge two kingdoms into one.
-
-As we talked, Winans asked me to keep something between us: He was thinking about leaving Cornerstone.
-
-The “psychological onslaught,” he said, had become too much. Recently, the pastor had developed a form of anxiety disorder and was retreating into a dark room between services to collect himself. Winans had met with several trusted elders and asked them to stick close to him on Sunday mornings so they could catch him if he were to faint and fall over.
-
-I thought about Dad and how heartbroken he would have been. Then I started to wonder if Dad didn’t have some level of culpability in all of this. Clearly, long before COVID-19 or George Floyd or Donald Trump, something had gone wrong at Cornerstone. I had always shrugged off the crude, hysterical, sky-is-falling Facebook posts I would see from people at the church. I found it amusing, if not particularly alarming, that some longtime Cornerstone members were obsessed with trolling me on Twitter. Now I couldn’t help but think these were warnings—bright-red blinking lights—that should have been taken seriously. My dad never had a social-media account. Did he have any idea just how lost some of his sheep really were?
-
-I had never told Winans about the confrontations at my dad’s viewing, or the letter I received after taking Rush Limbaugh’s name in vain at the funeral. Now I was leaning across the table, unloading every detail. He narrowed his eyes and folded his hands and gave a pained exhale, mouthing that he was sorry. He could not even manage the words.
-
-We both kept quiet for a little while. And then I asked him something I’d thought about every day for the previous 18 months—a sanitized version of my wife’s outburst in the living room.
-
-“What’s wrong with American evangelicals?”
-
-Winans thought for a moment.
-
-“America,” he replied. “Too many of them worship America.”
-
----
-
-*This article was adapted from Tim Alberta’s new book,* [The Kingdom, the Power, and the Glory: American Evangelicals in an Age of Extremism](https://tertulia.com/book/the-kingdom-the-power-and-the-glory-american-evangelicals-in-an-age-of-extremism-tim-alberta/9780063226883?affiliate_id=atl-347)*. It appears in the [January/February 2024](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/toc/2024/01/) print edition with the headline “The Church of America.”*
-
-[![](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/uZw6OHbwLiKLeFsfKfTxkVpCYBs=/0x0:331x500/79x120/media/img/book_reviews/2023/11/27/41wMG9xaVIL._SL500_/original.jpg)](https://web.tertulia.com/book/9780063226883?affiliate=atl-347)
-
----
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-​When you buy a book using a link on this page, we receive a commission. Thank you for supporting The Atlantic.
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-# My High-Flying Life as a Corporate Spy Who Lied His Way to the Top
-
-[![](https://narratively.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/RuseFinalHighRes.jpeg)](https://www.amazon.com/Ruse-Lying-American-Hollywood-Street/dp/1586423169)
-
-This story is an adapted excerpt from [*Ruse: Lying the American Dream from Hollywood to Wall Street*](https://www.amazon.com/Ruse-Lying-American-Hollywood-Street/dp/1586423169), by Robert Kerbeck, reprinted with permission from Steerforth Press.
-
-Phone to my ear, I listen to it ring the way a stage actor, surging with adrenaline, counts the final seconds to his cue. Eyes closed, I breathe in sync with it.
-
-A woman picks up on the fourth ring. I recognize the voice and feel the tension in my knuckles relax a bit. My eyes pop open and I hit my mark.
-
-“Hey, Zoe, it’s Kevin in compliance.”
-
-“Hi, Kev,” she says.
-
-“How you doin’?” I ask, my Philly accent like a fist tapping at the window.
-
-“The cancer is back.”
-
-It pains me to hear this. I’ve been calling Zoe for more than a decade, and she’s never been anything less than incredibly helpful. I count on her to help me do my job and do it well. Though we’ve never met, I like her and feel like we know each other. I hate the idea of her getting sick and leaving the company, one of the largest financial institutions in the world. Among other things, it means my work will get much more challenging.
-
-I need her to look up the name, title and cell phone number for a high-level executive at the bank, plus the names and numbers of everyone who reports to him. I’m in kind of a hurry, but I’m not an asshole. I need to hear about her illness first.
-
-“I’m sorry to hear that, Zoe. What’s the situation?”
-
-“It’s not good,” she says.
-
-I can tell she is going to say something else, and I’m pretty sure I know what it is. She’s going to share with me how much time she has left. I can hear it in her pauses. After so many years working the phone, I’ve learned to pick out the nuances, the things being said behind what’s being said, entire life stories even, in a hesitation or vocal inflection, in blank moments in time.
-
-“Hey, I had a friend who was down for the count, and he’s still around five years later,” I say. “They’re coming up with new treatments every day. You’ve just got to stick around, and they’ll find something.”
-
-“I’m on a new chemical now.”
-
-“See? Don’t you worry. You and I will be having these chats for years to come.”
-
-I mean it. She knows I do. I can hear it in the whisper of a smile on the other end of the line.
-
-A few years ago, after she got divorced, Zoe tried to initiate a little flirtation. I was game. Among other things, that kind of rapport would help grease the wheels when I needed help with something.
-
-“Are you single?” she’d asked.
-
-“I am at the moment.”
-
-“Do you ever visit Dallas?”
-
-“No,” I said. “Working in compliance, I only get to travel to state capitals to meet with regulators. Austin is as close as I get.”
-
-“My daughter has a softball tournament in Austin this weekend. Are you going to still be there Friday? You could stay on. It would be fun to finally meet you.”
-
-“I wish. But I’m out of here tonight as soon as we file these docs, then on to the next capital for more of the same.”
-
-“Darn it,” she said. “Maybe next time.”
-
-“For sure.”
-
-Zoe didn’t stay single long. Once she remarried, our chats focused on my miserable, lonely days traveling around trying to please uptight state regulators. Zoe often reminds me that my life shouldn’t all be about work.
-
-“I hope I’ll be around long enough to see you getting out there more,” she says.
-
-“You and me both,” I respond, and my tone cues her that we need to get to the real purpose of my call.
-
-“What do you need, Kev?”
-
-I sigh and give her the name of a senior executive. I need to know his entire organization from top to bottom, every name all the way down to the junior analyst level, plus each individual’s location and cell phone number. Zoe knows I’m off-site and don’t have access to any of this information at the moment.
-
-“Wow,” she says as she pulls up the name on the bank’s internal database. “He has over 200 people in his group. This is going to take forever.”
-
-Zoe reads me all the names and titles. She gives me precise descriptions of what each team does and offers each individual’s cell number and physical location. My hand cramps as I scribble everything down. By the time she finishes, more than an hour has passed. I thank her earnestly.
-
-“I’ve gotta take a break after that,” Zoe says. “I’m exhausted.”
-
-“You deserve one,” I say.
-
-Zoe knows that what I do is critical for our multibillion-dollar company to continue doing what it does, so she provides what I ask of her, over and over, year after year, even though it has absolutely nothing to do with her job. Even though it eats up hours of her time. Even though she is not authorized to give me any of that information.
-
-And, most important, even though every single thing she knows about me, and everything I’ve ever told her, is a lie.
-
-My name is not Kevin, and I don’t work in compliance.
-
-I am not an employee of Zoe’s company, let alone an executive.
-
-I’ve never met a state regulator, uptight or otherwise.
-
-I am not sitting in an antiseptic office in a blocky municipal building in Austin. I’ve got my feet up on my desk in the converted toolshed that is my home office in Malibu. Shirtless, in board shorts and flip-flops, I gaze out at the Pacific and breathe in its familiar salty musk while I casually manipulate her.
-
-I am not single. My wife’s in the house doing yoga.
-
-My friend who survived cancer? That actually is true. Every good liar knows you need to throw in one big truth to anchor the rest of the bullshit.
-
-But all that internal data about reporting structures and titles and top earners? One of the largest executive search firms in the world has secretly hired me to steal it. And those private cell phone numbers? My client is going to target the bank’s best moneymakers and try to poach them, securing their meaty portfolios as well. It’s late 2006, and Wall Street is bursting — year-end bonuses are projected to be 10 to 25 percent higher than last year’s, netting the top bankers and traders as much as $40 million apiece.
-
-All of which is to say, this seemingly innocuous phone call is taking place in a capitalist ecosystem defined by outrageous, unchecked excess and, yes, rampant deception. The world of corporate spying is shady but lucrative, and I am one of the best.
-
-Zoe’s intelligence alone has netted me hundreds of thousands of dollars in fees over the years.
-
-“Anything else, Kev?” she says.
-
-“Nope,” I say, “that’s everything. Thanks again. Go take that break, yeah? You’ve earned it.”
-
-“Ain’t that the truth,” she says.
-
-We chuckle and hang up.
-
-*The truth.* Funny.
-
-![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==)
-
-It was the late 1980s and I’d finally worked up the courage to move to New York City to become an actor, dashing my father’s dreams for me to take over the family car business. Yes, I am the child of a car salesman but it goes *way* deeper than that. My great-grandfather sold horse carriages before cars were invented, then switched over to become one of Philadelphia’s first automobile dealers. My grandfather had taken over that dealership and my father had taken it over from him. Now it was supposed to be my turn but I found that the trickery of car sales didn’t feel right to me, which soon turned out to be pretty damn ironic.
-
-My college roommate’s brother, Paxton “Pax” Freed, lived in Manhattan and had offered to show me around the city. A 5-foot-6 actor-musician with a mop of wavy brown hair, he was always clad in a black leather jacket like a mini Springsteen. One day, Pax mentioned his new phone job. He got me an interview with his boss, Leona, and I made my way to the Upper East Side, a section of the city I’d never visited.
-
-Leona seemed old to me, though she couldn’t have been much more than 40. She wore leopard-print pants, a brightly colored blouse with matching silk scarf, gaudy gold jewelry and too much makeup, reminding me of Mrs. Robinson in *The Graduate*. I was playing it safe, wearing a suit and tie and carrying a briefcase with my résumé in it. I’m not sure what she was expecting, but she eyed me as if my leading-man looks had made a good first impression.
-
-“Nice outfit,” she said. “You look like you should be selling cars.”
-
-“Actually, I did sell cars,” I said, a little clumsily. “For my dad’s dealership.”
-
-“I’m teasing you. Pax told me.”
-
-She ushered me inside the cleanest apartment I’d ever seen. Everything seemed to be in perfect order, as well as white. On top of the wall-to-wall carpeting was some type of fur rug (polar bear, I would later learn). Whatever her business was, it was lucrative.
-
-“I didn’t think you’d be so . . . tall.” Leona gestured for me to sit in a white, padded chair in the center of the rug. I prayed I hadn’t stepped in any dog doo on my trek from the subway.
-
-“Pax tells me you left working for your dad to be an actor.”
-
-I nodded.
-
-“How did he take that?”
-
-I was a bit flummoxed by the question. “Uh, not well,” I finally said.
-
-“Why do you want to be an actor?” she asked.
-
-I launched into a rambling monologue about how I’d started acting at the University of Pennsylvania and was cast as the lead in play after play. I explained the first few breaks were what gave me the guts to move to New York.
-
-“It’s a hard life,” Leona said. “Hard to make a living. Hard to keep it going. That’s what your dad is worried about.”
-
-“I can take care of myself.”
-
-Leona sighed. “I have no doubt.” She stood and offered her hand to bid me goodbye.
-
-She hadn’t even asked for my résumé, which I’d forgotten to pull out. Just like that, the Upper East Side fantasia spit me right back out onto the dirty streets of downtown, as unemployed as ever. It was time to pick up a crate of Kraft macaroni and cheese.
-
-Pax called the next day. He said Leona was hiring me at the rate of $8 an hour, and I was to start training immediately. I couldn’t believe it. *Coo-coo-ca-choo*, Leona.
-
-“She hires everyone,” he quickly clarified. “Because nobody works out.”
-
-It was only then I realized that Leona hadn’t asked about my phone skills or sales skills — or any skills, really. She’d also not said a word about what the job actually entailed.
-
-![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==)
-
-The following day I made my way to the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn to work with Leona’s trainer, Deirdre. In the late ’80s, Brooklyn was the antithesis of the Upper East Side. The crack epidemic was hitting hard. The subway train I took over the Williamsburg Bridge was still covered in ’70s graffiti. I found the building I was looking for and trudged sweatily up four flights of stairs. Along the way, I heard yelling and screaming from inside more than one apartment. I knocked on the door of 4C and a cute young woman with striking green eyes opened it. She was wearing a flowing and flowery Laura Ashley-type dress.
-
-“Top o’ the morning,” she said with a bright smile. “I’m Deirdre O’Conor. That’s with one *n*, not two, the way true Irish people spell it.”
-
-“I didn’t know.”
-
-“I’m American but Irish on both sides. What about you? Are you Irish?”
-
-“Nope.”
-
-“Not at all?” She seemed concerned, as if she might not be able to train me if I didn’t have some Irish blood.
-
-“I’m part Welsh.”
-
-“Oh,” she said, suddenly happy again. “I love the Welsh. They’re almost as nice as the Irish.”
-
-She laughed and showed me into her apartment, which consisted of two rooms: a bedroom and a living room with a bathtub in the middle of it.
-
-“You’ll work in my bedroom,” she said. “Come on.”
-
-*Her bedroom.* What kind of work was she going to have me doing?
-
-Deirdre set me up at a small desk in front of her bed, which was just a mattress on the floor. She pulled up a chair next to me and handed me a writing pad.
-
-“First, you’ll need a name.”
-
-“What for?”
-
-“For your ploy. You can’t use your real name. What happens when you get famous?” Deirdre said this as if it were a given.
-
-“I need a fake name for phone sales?”
-
-“We’re not doing sales. Didn’t Pax tell you that?”
-
-Pax hadn’t told me anything, as if he was afraid to tell people what he did for a living.
-
-“We get non-public information from Wall Street companies.”
-
-“What kind of information?”
-
-“Their org charts, for starters.”
-
-I had no idea what these were. I guess it was obvious by the look on my face.
-
-“Their *organizational* charts,” she said slowly, as if I were developmentally disabled. “You know: Who reports to whom?” Deirdre pulled a giant red book from a cabinet and flipped it open. “Like this.”
-
-It was some sort of directory. At the top of each page was the name of a bank or financial institution and beneath was a list of the executives working at that company, along with their titles.
-
-“We get information like this for Leona’s executive search firm clients. Their headhunters use our charts to identify the best people and steal them away to *their* clients.”
-
-“Why do they need us when they have directories like this?” I pointed at the massive book, which had to be more than a thousand pages.
-
-She scoffed. “This is worthless. It’s out of date the second they print it. Half of these executives are gone or in different roles. Wall Street is ultra-competitive. People are constantly moving around to better jobs, often thanks to us. But it’s a good starting point, which is why Leona buys it. We use these names as leads to help get us what we want.”
-
-“Which is?”
-
-“I’ll show you.” She grabbed my pad and elbowed me out of my chair. “Always write your name down, so you don’t forget who you are.” She wrote *Maeve* on the side of a page, picked up the phone, pushed the speaker button, and dialed a number listed in the directory.
-
-“Shearson Lehman,” an operator answered.
-
-“Hello, how is your day going?” Deirdre-as-Maeve asked. She seemed to have put on a slight Irish accent.
-
-“It’s fine. How can I help you?”
-
-“I’m an exchange student from Ireland writing a paper. You haven’t been there, have you?”
-
-“No, I haven’t, but I’d like to go. My ancestors were from Ireland.”
-
-Deirdre looked at me and raised her eyebrows.
-
-“You must come and visit. I live in Galway. Ask for Maeve O’Shea.”
-
-The operator laughed. Her brusque, business-like tone from the beginning of the call had disappeared. “How can I help you, Maeve?”
-
-“Do you have a Ken Monahan listed?” Dierdre pointed at a name on one of the pages in the directory to clue me in as to what she was doing.
-
-There was a brief pause as the operator looked up the name.
-
-“I do. He’s in investment banking.”
-
-“Can you see which department within investment banking?”
-
-“He’s the head of mergers and acquisitions.”
-
-“Oh golly, that’s what I’m writing my paper on. Can you see the list of the people in that department?”
-
-“I can. It’s very long.”
-
-“Can you read it to me? Please? I’m sending out a survey, and if I don’t get enough responses my paper won’t count. It’s part of my citizenship application.”
-
-Her story sounded kooky as well as unbelievable, but sure enough the operator began to read off the names. Deirdre got up and handed me her pen, mouthing *write*. I scribbled down every name, filling seven or eight pages with my sloppy writing, while Deirdre flitted about her bedroom straightening up.
-
-“That was the last one,” the operator said after Xavier Zoydius, or whatever name came last on her alphabetical list.
-
-Deirdre returned to the desk and leaned over my shoulder. She smelled great and reminded me of the commercials for Irish Spring soap. “I almost forgot,” she said. “Does your directory list titles?”
-
-“It does.”
-
-“Can you zip through them real fast? This is the last thing.”
-
-I noticed Deirdre had dropped her accent. I wondered if I should warn her.
-
-The operator ran through the list again, this time giving me titles: managing directors and VPs, associates and analysts. I barely understood what they meant.
-
-When the operator finished, Deirdre popped back to her position over my shoulder.
-
-“I’m so sorry, but I need phone numbers, too. I promise, this is it.”
-
-“You said that already.”
-
-“I know, but I promise this time.”
-
-The operator gave me the direct phone extensions for every name on the list.
-
-“Thank you, operator. What was your name?”
-
-“Colleen.”
-
-“A good Irish name,” Deirdre said.
-
-“I’m not supposed to do that, you know.”
-
-“I know, thank you. We Irish have to stick together. Have a great day!”
-
-Deirdre disconnected the call and did a jig, complete with Irish step dancing.
-
-“That’s amazing,” I said.
-
-“Pretty impressive, huh? This information is worth a lot of money.”
-
-“No, what’s amazing is that she was stupid enough to give you all that. Why? Because you’re a student? Oh wait, because you’re an *Irish* student? With all due respect, your accent was going in and out the whole time. I don’t know how she didn’t notice.”
-
-Deirdre stopped dancing. “She helped me because the Irish are kind, something the Welsh clearly are not.”
-
-“I’m not trying to be mean. It just doesn’t make sense your story worked. You got lucky the operator was Irish.”
-
-Deirdre shook her head, as if I’d failed my first test. “Learn this, smarty-pants. The operator is your best friend. I ask every single one if they’re Irish. You have no idea how many of them are. Irish immigrants pretty much built this city — that’s why they’re more than willing to help a young Irish girl new to New York. I always look for Irish names when I call people. By the way, once someone starts giving information, they rarely stop. They’re not listening to your accent anymore. They don’t even remember the name you gave them. They’re under your spell. You should choose an Irish name as your pseudonym.” She pointed a finger at me. “Though you better be nice if you use one.”
-
-I trained with Deirdre for two weeks, taking the subway every morning to her apartment in Brooklyn. Then I discovered that Leona had another worker, an actress and playwright named Andi, who lived two blocks from me. As much as I enjoyed Deirdre’s delightful Irish frolic, I was eager to give up the commute, and Leona gave me the go-ahead to transfer to Andi’s place.
-
-On my first morning there, I sat at the kitchen table while Andi made herself breakfast.
-
-“Let’s hear what you’ve got.” She pushed the speaker button on the phone.
-
-Doing a ruse call was hard enough without someone judging me as I did it. Plus, the firm I was calling was Goldman Sachs, by far the most difficult bank to research. Pax said getting information out of them was like robbing Fort Knox.
-
-“Hello, this is, uh, Kieran O’Shaughnessy,” I said, making a feeble attempt at an Irish accent, which was far worse than Deirdre’s. “I’m a student at NYU.”
-
-“Who?” the operator asked.
-
-I went further with the accent, channeling the leprechaun in the Lucky Charms commercials. “Kieran O’Shaughnessy. I’ve just come from Ireland. I be a student at NYU.”
-
-“NY who? I can’t understand you. Who are you calling for?”
-
-“What be your name, operator?” In my head, I was obsessively repeating the tagline from the commercials — *“They’re after me lucky charms!”* — to help me get the accent right.
-
-“We don’t give out names at the switchboard.”
-
-“Ah, but you sound Irish.”
-
-The woman sounded less Irish than any voice I’d ever heard. She hung up.
-
-I picked up the phone, made a few more calls using the same lame script, and got nothing. Not a name, not a title, not a direct extension.
-
-What worked consistently for Deirdre and Andi didn’t work for me. I’d spend hours and hours on the phone, yet often end up with only three or four names from groups that had dozens of people. Even in the beginning, I knew there had to be a better way, a better story, for me to get the intelligence Leona’s clients wanted so badly.
-
-I went to pick up the phone again, but Andi put her hand over mine.
-
-“Relax. You need to find your voice.”
-
-It sounded a lot like the advice my acting teacher was giving me.
-
-“Look,” Andi continued. “Deirdre is great at training people because she’s a sweetheart. But right now you sound like a poor imitation of her. A couple of times your accent was more Scottish than Irish.”
-
-She laughed, and because it was true as well as funny — I was terrible at accents — I laughed with her.
-
-“Do you know how many actors Leona has hired to do this job? Hundreds. Everyone sees her ad in *Backstage* and thinks how great it would be to have a flexible, part-time job. Do you know how many people have worked out? Three: me, Deirdre and your buddy Pax. You could be the fourth. But you’ve got to find your own style. Oh, and pick a shorter pseudonym. One-syllable names generally work best.”
-
-Andi picked up the phone and hit the speaker button. She dialed and the same operator I’d spoken with earlier answered.
-
-“I’m sorry to bother you,” Andi said. “I’m the assistant of an executive that does business with your firm, and like an idiot I lost the Christmas card mailing list you guys sent us.” Andi’s voice slipped as if she might cry. “I’m going to lose my job.”
-
-“Sorry to hear.” The operator’s tone seemed different.
-
-“Me, too. I’ve got a kid, you know.” Andi’s voice cracked now like she actually was crying.
-
-“I’ve got two myself.”
-
-“Is there any chance you could check this one name for me? Gus Walraven? I think he’s in structured finance.”
-
-“Sure, no problem.” There was a brief pause as the operator looked for the name in her directory. “Got him. Yup, structured finance.”
-
-“What floor is he on? I need that for the card.”
-
-“He’s on seven, but if you are sending something you’ll need the mail stop. The code for the structured finance group is 7B36.”
-
-“You saved my life.”
-
-“Happy to do it.”
-
-“One more thing. Can you read me the other names in the mail stop?”
-
-![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==)
-
-Over the next decade, my acting career grew in fits and starts. I landed theater roles in New York opposite future stars like James Gandolfini and Calista Flockhart, and when I moved to L.A. a few years later, started booking TV jobs on shows like *Chicago Hope, Melrose Place* and *ER*. It always seemed like my big break was just around the corner. When I was featured in the ads for the *Sisters* episode in which I killed George Clooney, an actor friend of mine called from New York to say he was proud of me for making it in Hollywood. I declined to tell him that my acting income, after commissions and taxes, wasn’t much above the poverty line.![](https://narratively.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/uitwerking-spot-1-1320x981.jpg)
-
-What *did* pay the bills was rusing. The $8/hour survival job that helped me make rent in New York blossomed into something bigger. As I got good at it, I started hearing from other firms and took on work from multiple clients. I had no idea how they found me since I certainly wasn’t advertising my unethical and, ahem, likely illegal services. Still, it was just a job; something to pay the bills in between auditions. Shit, what was the harm in finagling a few names out of unthinkably rich corporations anyway? But it was about to become something bigger and *much* more dangerous.
-
-I’d met my girlfriend, Gardia, a few years earlier. She worked for Madonna’s record company, Maverick, and in addition to being brazen, she was Southern California through and through. She’d even been part of an all-girl punk rock skateboard gang called the Hags. Gardia wasn’t fazed by the ethics of what I did. She had seen music business dealings that made lying on the phone seem quaint.
-
-She was also sick and tired of being an undervalued and underpaid assistant, so after a blowup with her boss she decided to come work with me. Gardia quickly helped turn my survival job into a thriving enterprise. She bought filing cabinets and developed a detailed filing system. She began typing up the research to make it look professional, as well as legible, since my handwriting was atrocious. By taking over the parts of the business I sucked at, Gardia enabled me to focus on what I did best: rusing.
-
-Instantly, our revenue increased. *A lot.*
-
-Gardia and I moved into a rented house in Santa Monica together and set up an office in the basement. She even tried to make some ruse calls herself, but like nearly everyone before her, she wasn’t able to handle the constant lying.
-
-As we approached the turn of the millennium, the computer bug Y2K was projected to wreak absolute havoc on computer systems and networks across the globe, when electronic calendars failed to comprehend the transition from the year ’99 to ’00.
-
-I’d like to say I was the one who recognized the potential in using the computer bug to our advantage, but it was my old buddy Pax who was the genius. Though I lived in Santa Monica now and he still lived in New York, we spoke on the phone regularly and remained competitive about our rusing techniques like we were fighting to be salesman of the month at my father’s old dealership.
-
-“I’ve got a wicked new ploy for the millennium,” he bragged one morning. “I say I’m in IT working on Y2K, and all anyone wants to know is whether we’re going to make the deadline. I tell them we’re working night and day, and that we have to input every single piece of information manually. I’ve never had people more willing to give up intel. They feel sorry for me!”
-
-Pax was right. The impending “disaster” of Y2K was a gold mine. We were able to obtain more valuable intelligence than ever before, which also enabled us to raise our rates. In 1999, I made more than $100,000 for the first time.
-
-Even after an expensive wedding and honeymoon on the Big Island, Gardia and I still had money to sock away to buy a house. I should’ve been happy, but I was depressed about the state of my acting career, which was in its death throes. I’d arrived in L.A. with big dreams that were starting to fizzle. Those plum TV jobs were drying up and now I was lucky to get roles on B-grade shows such as *Renegade* and *Pacific Blue*, which seemed to solidify me as a second- or third-tier TV actor.
-
-Beyond the wrenching disappointment of my artist dreams slipping away lay the cold reality that all I was left with was the ruse. Yes, I was doing better than ever with it, but the situation had started to feel like whoring either way.
-
-But now that I had a mortgage, I no longer cared about legal or moral implications, and I resented my old classmates who had gotten MBAs from Wharton and bragged about their millions. Exclusively targeting executives making ridiculous money felt like poetic justice. So I left Leona and started my own spying firm; I figured if I got in and out of each call carefully, the odds of any corporation coming after me were manageable, or so I prayed late at night.
-
-Wall Street assistants were paid by the hour and left the second the clock struck 5. After that, most executives answered their own phones. You’d think they’d be tougher to squeeze for intel, but I found them to be far easier marks than their assistants.
-
-“Jim Cassel,” one executive answered. Wall Street guys didn’t go in much for greetings or small talk when they answered the phone.
-
-“Hey, Jim, it’s Tom Chirico in tax,” I said, using the real name of the tax department head. “One of the partners from Price Waterhouse was in here this week. As you know, they do the audit for us. They’ve got tickets for the Knicks and the Rangers and have some openings for upcoming games. You guys in institutional sales have been killing it, so I figured you deserved first crack. You into it?”
-
-“It’s a suite, right? With booze and food?”
-
-As if the free tickets weren’t enough.
-
-“Come on,” I said. “It’s a luxury suite.”
-
-“Hell, yeah! What games?”
-
-“I’m not sure yet. I’ve got to put together a list first to send to them. Read me the roster of the people on your desk, but give me the top producers first. We don’t want one of your junior guys getting a front row seat, now do we?”
-
-Jim told me the names of his team members with the heaviest hitters first, which would be incredibly valuable information for my client since now they would only be stealing the best executives from their top rival.
-
-“Anyone else? Don’t be shy. The more names you give, the more tickets I can get.”
-
-“You want the traders, too?”
-
-“Sure, why not? The more the merrier.”
-
-Jim read me the names of the traders, the sales traders, the research department and the junior analysts. He would’ve given me the names of the janitorial staff and told me which one cleaned the windows best had I asked.
-
-“Perfect,” I said. “I’ll be in touch with dates.”
-
-I felt a twinge of guilt and even a bit of fear about what might happen when those tickets didn’t arrive, but I reminded myself that the guy on the other end was raking in an unconscionable amount of money, as were most of the names he’d given me.
-
-They could pay for their own damn tickets.
-
-By this point the ruse was providing a powerful stream of revenue, and it only continued to grow. From 2002 to 2008, my annual income increased rapidly — from $204,000 to $352,000 to $498,000 to $916,000 to well over $1 million to, eventually, nearly $2 million. Clients were so desperate for the non-public intelligence and other dirty little corporate secrets we provided that they kept offering more and more money. One even paid double and overnighted me the entire fee in advance when I told him I was too busy.
-
-There was such demand for top Wall Street talent that multiple clients often tasked us with extracting the exact same intelligence, enabling me to make double or even triple for one job. It had never occurred to me that I could make this kind of money.
-
-In 2005, we started getting a ton of work in the financial derivatives space. I didn’t even know what a derivative was, not that it mattered. And soon I came up with the most nuclear ruse yet: the compliance ploy.
-
-As I was to learn, individuals working in compliance were feared by others within the firm. This made even surly assistants hesitant to take a stand. No one wanted to be on the bad side of compliance, the corporation’s version of Orwell’s Thought Police, who were constantly on red alert for any whiff of risk or malfeasance. This put me in a strategically powerful position. The flip side was that because almost all compliance officers were lawyers from top schools, they were exactly the types that could, would and did come after me. Before these super lawyers had moved to Wall Street to make the big money, most had worked in the public sector doing fraud enforcement for the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Federal Reserve. Now that I was actively *impersonating* them, they had more than enough incentive and resources, both professional and personal, to track me down and bust my ass. Departments with names like Insider Threat Protection, Surveillance Unit, and Financial Crimes Compliance scared the hell out of me.
-
-I once received a letter from a Swiss investment bank after I’d foolishly given out my fax number in a fit of desperation. A kind secretary had offered to send me what I needed, but instead a cease-and-desist letter came through from the deputy head of the firm’s U.S. legal department warning that if I ever called again he would alert the authorities.
-
-One of the most terrifying encounters happened when Pax and I were working on a particularly challenging assignment from opposite coasts. He called me in a panic.
-
-“They’re after me!” Pax’s normally strong voice was shaky. “They came to my apartment.”
-
-“What? Who?”
-
-“The police. My neighbor said they were banging on my door. They told my landlord they’re looking for me. I’m going to be arrested.” He sounded like he was hyperventilating.
-
-“Whoa, calm down,” I said. “Where are you now?”
-
-“In my apartment. They were here an hour ago. They just missed me.”
-
-“Hang up right now and call me from a pay phone.”
-
-Suddenly, preparing for the audition I had that afternoon was no longer a priority. If the authorities had found Pax, it meant they were listening to his calls. If they’d tapped his phone, they had my number, too. For all I knew, the police — or the feds — would show up at my place any second. Before I could start hyperventilating, too, the phone rang again and I answered it.
-
-“I’m going to turn myself in,” Pax said.
-
-“Don’t be stupid, just hang on a second. Let’s think this thing through.”
-
-I recalled the attorney who once warned us that what we did was in a “dark gray” area of legality. He said it was conceivable that an aggrieved corporation, sick of losing its top executives to rival firms, which could cost it tens of millions, even billions, of dollars, might take action against us for the theft of names that led to those losses. Since Pax and I were using the telephone (as well as fraudulent pretenses) to obtain the information, we were susceptible to federal wire fraud charges, punishable by a hefty fine or up to 20 years in prison. If the violation affected a financial institution, the potential penalties went up to $1 million and 30 years. Apparently each ruse call our stupid asses made could be considered a separate crime! Pax and I had made *thousands* of those calls. We could be in prison for the rest of our lives.
-
-While Pax was packing his stuff to flee, he got a voicemail message. It wasn’t from the police, but from investigators with Sprint, a phone company he’d been targeting recently.
-
-“They said they know what I’ve been doing.”
-
-“Do not call them,” I shouted. “You must have pissed somebody off and they called their internal security. Those investigators have no authority to talk to you,” I said, “let alone arrest you. Ignore them. They’re just trying to scare you.”
-
-I had no idea if that was the truth, but I needed Pax to believe it was. For his sake and, possibly, mine.
-
-The following days I was on edge as I waited to hear from Pax. In the shower, I noticed clumps of hair coming off in my hands.
-
-One week later, I returned from an audition and the phone was ringing incessantly.
-
-“Dude,” Pax said when I answered. “They think I’m that computer hacker, the one being hunted by the Secret Service and the FBI.”
-
-“Who?”
-
-“Kevin Mitnick.”
-
-I recalled reading an article about him the prior summer. Mitnick had been described as the Darth Vader of the hacking world — aka the “Darkside Hacker” — and a threat to national security. Mitnick got passwords and codes so he could hack into corporations to gain access to trade secrets worth billions. I’m sure one wire-tapped phone call with my panicked friend had made it clear to the investigators that Pax didn’t possess the skill set — or the balls — to escape a parking ticket, much less run a worldwide hacking operation. Mitnick was eventually caught, arrested as a domestic terrorist and placed in solitary confinement. I got to keep rusing from the beach in Malibu, and I never took an assignment researching phone companies again.
-
-But taking the ruse to new heights was a perpetually tempting gamble. I went so far as to impersonate the CEOs and COOs of some of the world’s largest publicly traded companies, and not just on Wall Street. Tech, pharma, consumer products, industrial behemoths, even defense contractors across the globe all fell victim to the ruse. Many of the men I pretended to be were regular talking heads on CNBC and Fox Business. Some were even on presidential commissions and advisory committees. I called them and listened to their outgoing voicemail messages to study their inflections and the timbre of their voices. None of the men had accents, which was extremely fortunate for me. Indeed, they all pretty much sounded (and looked) the same. Risky as it was, their elevated public status was why I chose them. If people believed I was the top dog, there was no secret they wouldn’t divulge: unreleased product intel, future plans and strategies, internal rankings of top employees — I could learn anything and everything my clients wanted to know. Indeed, most people were blown away that they even had the CEO on the phone, like they’d been gifted a rare audience with the king. They fawned, they flattered, they gave it up. More times than I can remember they’d say, “I can’t believe I’m actually talking to you.” And I wanted to respond: “You’re not.”
-
-I kept rusing for years, and I kept making great money — until some tech industry folks created a little thing called LinkedIn that made publicly available much of the information I charged a lot of money for.
-
-![](https://narratively.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/uitwerking-spot-2-1320x1320.jpg)Still, there continues to be highly sensitive and extremely valuable information that firms simply cannot obtain on social media. And if they want it badly enough, they hire a corporate spy like me. All these years later, I still have many of my moles, including my longest-running one, Zoe. I gave her a call not too long ago.
-
-“Hey, it’s Kevin, how’s it going?” I said when she picked up.
-
-“Oh, hi, Kevin, this is Debbie,” said a woman I didn’t recognize, and my stomach plunged. Before I could dwell too long on the likely reason for Zoe’s absence, Debbie added, “I’ll get Zoe. She’s right here.”
-
-Whew. But now I shifted to a different concern. No one else had ever answered her line before. I prayed Zoe wasn’t leaving the firm.
-
-“You again,” Zoe said when she came on the line.
-
-“Missed me?”
-
-“Not a bit.” She laughed. “I have my own job, you know.”
-
-“Please. You love these calls.”
-
-“I do?”
-
-“They make you realize *your* job isn’t so crappy.”
-
-“That’s true,” she said. “I could never do what you do. I couldn’t handle the pressure.”
-
-“You don’t want to do what I do, trust me.”
-
-It occurred to me that despite myself I had just uttered a factual statement.
-
-Zoe got quiet, and all at once I knew she had bad news.
-
-“The cancer has spread,” she said, choking up. “It’s in my bones, in my liver.”
-
-“Hey,” I snapped. “You’ve had cancer since I’ve known you. You’re not going anywhere, so don’t even think about it.”
-
-She seemed to regain her composure. “I’m on an experimental oral chemo now. The doctors say it’s working.”
-
-“What did I tell you? Does Debbie there know?”
-
-“Yes. She’s kind of filling in. I’ve been missing a lot of work so they hired her to work with me.”
-
-It all came together. Here I was worried that Zoe was quitting and what that would mean for my easy access to her prime intel when she was actually training a replacement *because she was dying*.
-
-“She knows about you,” Zoe said, now trying to reassure me. “I told her you’d be calling now and then for information, that whenever she sees an anonymous number it’s probably you. I said you’re one of my favorite people at the firm.”
-
-It was my turn to choke up.
-
-Zoe and I had never met. How could she care so much about me? I was such a talented liar I’d somehow convinced Zoe I was a person worthy of her friendship, her praise. But then I was also a professional listener, something I did earnestly and thoughtfully. Perhaps unlike others Zoe had confided in, I was actually present in our conversations, as if we were scene partners. I actively searched for ways to comfort her. I genuinely tried to help. I always made her laugh. I desperately wanted our play to have a happy ending, not this hackneyed third-act fatality.
-
-“I’m going to give you her direct number,” Zoe said. “In case I’m not here.”
-
-I mumbled something indecipherable. There were no words I could say this time. Zoe was getting her affairs in order. And part of that was supplying me with a new mole, a small gesture for her that would have a great impact for me. Any comfort I would offer her now would ring as false as the name I’d given her all those years ago.
-
-She read me Debbie’s number. “I’m going to miss you, Kev.”
-
-Either way, I knew this would be our last call and that I’d soon be dialing Debbie’s number, since I couldn’t handle carrying the knowledge of Zoe’s impending death — which I truly cared about — while pretending to be someone I wasn’t.
-
-It’s hard to be sincere when you’re lying about everything else.
-
-“What do you need?” Zoe asked.
-
-Since this was going to be my last call with her, I decided to go big.
-
-“I need the names of every person in investment banking.”
-
-“U.S. only?”
-
-Might as well go out with a bang. “Globally.”
-
-This was likely close to — no joke — a *thousand* names. I waited for Zoe to freak out and say this was finally just too much, even for her.
-
-“Well,” she said, “we better get started then.”
-
-***Want the full story? Order your copy of [Ruse: Lying the American Dream from Hollywood to Wall Street.](https://www.amazon.com/Ruse-Lying-American-Hollywood-Street/dp/1586423169)*** 
-
-[![](https://narratively.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/RuseFinalHighRes.jpeg)](https://www.amazon.com/Ruse-Lying-American-Hollywood-Street/dp/1586423169)
-
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-Link: https://newrepublic.com/article/169563/patriot-academy-right-wing-constitutional-defense-training-camp
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-```button
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-&emsp;
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-# My Week Inside a Right-Wing “Constitutional Defense” Training Camp
-
-“You’re at a gas station.” Firearms instructor Jamie LaBarbera’s voice crackles over the portable speaker system. “Out in the shadows, you see this guy walking up.”  
-
-We are standing at the firing line. The world is dust and sun and the kind of oversaturated deep blue sky possible only at high altitudes where the air is thin. Each of us stares down our own personal Bob, as the instructors have named him: a beige, featureless paper silhouette already pockmarked with holes.
-
-LaBarbera, our handgun instructor, continues his story. “You can’t tell, but he’s got something in his hand. He’s getting a little close, you’re a little worried, you can’t tell what it is. *Challenge*!”
-
-Our hands fly up, palms out in the universal signal for the thing we shout: “*Stop right there*!” The New Mexico prairie swallows the words without an echo.
-
-“He keeps coming, but you don’t know what he has in his hand. *Present*!”
-
-All down the line, we hear the click of handguns freed from holsters. They point at the ground, ready to come up at a moment’s notice. “*Stop or I’ll shoot*!”
-
-“It’s a knife!” LaBarbera shouts. “*He’s still coming! THREAT*!!”
-
-No words this time, just the thunder of gunfire up and down the line. I take my time aiming to ensure I hit Bob where I’m supposed to: inside what the instructors call the thoracic cavity, where all the vital organs live.
-
-I am approximately halfway through Patriot Academy’s [Constitutional Defense course](https://www.patriotacademy.com/constitutional-defense-course/), a five-day program run by a right-wing organization that promises to give participants both “the physical training you need to be able to defend your family” and “intellectual ammunition to defend the Constitution.” It’s late September, and my classmates and I—a group of about 60 in total—have sent approximately 200 rounds through various forms of Bob over the past day and a half. There are 600 more rounds in the trunk of my rented Chevy Malibu, currently dwarfed by rows of pickup trucks in the parking lot behind our line of fire.
-
-The idea of combining political instruction and 35 hours of intense, combat-focused pistol training in 2023 America seems insurrectionary on its face. And it is, but not in the immediately obvious way. The guns are a red herring. The insurrection, if Patriot Academy has its way, will be bloodless: a heart transplant for the body politic. Patriot Academy, along with many fellow-traveler evangelical organizations across the country, is engaged in a life-and-death struggle to rewrite America’s Constitution—and teaching its supporters how to defend themselves with a handgun, just in case.
-
----
-
-Rick Green, founder of Patriot Academy, has always been ahead of his time.
-
-In the spring of 2001, back when he was a fresh-faced twentysomething in the Texas state legislature, one of Green’s proudest accomplishments was a [bill](https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/78R/billtext/html/HB01776F.htm) that required all of Texas’s public school students to spend a week each year studying the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. “My colleagues made fun of me,” Green recalled during Constitutional Defense orientation. “Said I was just a flag-waver. Well, five months later, 9/11 happened. None of them were laughing at me anymore.”
-
-Green’s foray into politics may have been short-lived—his initially promising career [tanked](https://www.paulstekler.com/last-man-standing-politics-texas-style) following allegations of fiscal impropriety that led to a narrow defeat in 2002 after just two terms—but his passion for educating the youth about America’s founding endured. This is how Patriot Academy began: not as a handgun training course or any of the other things the outfit would eventually become, but as a summer camp for politically minded students between the ages of 16 and 25. Once a year, approximately 30 ambitious youngsters spent a week in the Texas Capitol building, where they participated in mock legislative sessions, received leadership and activist training from notable local Republicans, and learned about how America’s roots trace back to a deeply Christian founding and to religious men such as John Adams and Thomas Jefferson.
-
-![](https://images.newrepublic.com/c0ff1cef2b0cda713e8d1a21f0a97da39f2f17c4.jpeg?w=1400)
-
-At a Constitutional Defense course hosted by Patriot Academy in New Braunfels, Texas, in early December 2022, participants practiced a drill training them to shoot from the hip in close combat stance, imagining they’re within a few feet of their possible target.
-
-That dubious tale of America’s origins appears to come courtesy of David Barton, the man who put up the cash for Patriot Academy’s founding. Barton, whose academic qualifications consist of a [large collection](https://www.npr.org/2012/08/08/157754542/the-most-influential-evangelist-youve-never-heard-of) of revolutionary documents and a bachelor’s degree in religious education, has written over a dozen books on America’s biblical roots, including one [pulled from shelves](https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/08/09/158510648/publisher-pulls-controversial-thomas-jefferson-book-citing-loss-of-confidence) for factual inaccuracy after outcry from fellow Christian historians. In Barton’s defense, it is very difficult to prove that Thomas Jefferson, infamous Deist and slave owner, was both deeply Christian and a civil rights pioneer.  
-
-Rick Green would not approve of my sarcasm. “You \[said\] David Barton teaches that America was founded on Christian principles,” he told me when I pulled him aside for an interview four days into the Constitutional Defense course. “I argue there’s no question. America was founded on Christian principles. You read the Founding Fathers, 95 percent of them were Christians. Even the ones that weren’t Christians were still believers in God.”
-
-One thing no one can dispute is Barton’s decades-long influence on evangelical conservative thought. He served as vice chair of the Texas Republican Party from 1997 to 2006 and has advised a variety of prominent conservatives over the years, including Newt Gingrich and Ted Cruz.
-
-Few conservatives, however, can boast a closer relationship with David Barton than Rick Green. In the two decades following Patriot Academy’s founding, the men have formed a close working relationship. In 2004, Green became a featured speaker for WallBuilders, Barton’s flagship organization “dedicated to presenting America’s forgotten history and heroes.” In 2009, the duo launched *[WallBuilders Live!](https://wallbuilderslive.com/)*, a syndicated radio show that consistently [ranks](https://chartable.com/teams/wallbuilders-live-with-david-barton-rick-green/dashboard/charts?podcast_id=wallbuilders-live-with-david-barton-rick-green&chart_id=136593&chart_type=itunes) in the top 100 news commentary podcasts on Apple. Green and Barton teach online courses together, promote each other’s work, and appear together at conferences.
-
-As with Green’s 2001 American enthusiasm, Patriot Academy arrived ahead of its time. It took the world years to catch up to Barton and Green’s vision. The neoconservative climate of the early to mid-aughts proved inhospitable to a camp dedicated to dusty old documents the [USA PATRIOT Act](https://www.fincen.gov/resources/statutes-regulations/usa-patriot-act) authors were all too eager to forget.
-
-And then the [Tea Party](https://newrepublic.com/article/163210/far-right-proud-boys-tea-party-myth) arrived.
-
-Demand for all things constitutional skyrocketed; the organization’s donations quintupled in 2009 and continued to rise. As evangelical Christianity now surges back into mainstream political discourse, Patriot Academy finances are enjoying a second Great Awakening. Between 2017 and 2020, the group’s revenue nearly tripled. In 2008, Patriot Academy’s revenue was less than $29,000. In 2020, the group [collected](https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/742967066) $1.2 million.
-
-These funds have not sat idle. Patriot Academy’s Leadership Congress camp for young people continues not just in Texas but in state Capitol buildings across the country. A separate series of leadership congresses for veterans kicked off in 2017. Slickly produced video courses, with names like Constitution Alive! and Biblical Citizenship, allow students of any age to learn Barton’s worldview in living rooms and churches throughout America. Through it all, an undercurrent of concern carries students toward a worrying conclusion: America currently teeters on the brink of godless authoritarian communism, and only something as radical as the well-funded and rapidly growing conservative effort to rewrite the Constitution can save it.
-
----
-
-The NRA Whittington Center is a sprawling assortment of ranges and cabins just south of Raton, New Mexico: a coal mining town where coal mining does not exist anymore. When you turn off the highway, you find yourself flanked by a procession of state flags. A bronzed Charlton Heston in chaps and a cowboy hat awaits you at the welcome center. His cold dead hands, eternally empty, are moments away from either forming two fists or drawing the revolver on his hip.
-
-I signed up to attend the class shortly after the [FBI raid](https://newrepublic.com/article/167364/trump-fbi-rule-of-law) on Donald Trump’s Mar-a-Lago estate to reacquire the classified documents the former president took with him when he left the White House. His supporters were furious; insurrectionary rhetoric flared. America felt on the cusp of something monstrous; a moment when we reach for guns instead of procedure to settle our differences. A quick-draw course on constitutional defense sounded like the embodiment of this precarity and, perhaps, preparation for what comes after.
-
-“What can just regular citizens do to fight?” Real America’s Voice anchor Anna Perez [asked](https://rumble.com/v1glkx1-is-this-the-same-overreach-that-caused-the-revolution.html) Rick Green after the Mar-a-Lago raid. “Because there may come a time when Americans may have to take up arms.”
-
-“That’s why education is so important,” the Patriot Academy founder replied. “We have so many tools right now to peaceably defend and assert our rights, but we’re not using them. And that’s how you end up in a civil war, that’s how it ends up going physical.”
-
-Patriot Academy’s description of the Constitutional Defense course makes it clear that the handgun training and constitutional education are complementary, but separate. I was skeptical. In an era where right-wing talk of civil war is never more than a mouse-click away, who would we be preparing to shoot?
-
-Attendees drove past Charlton Heston, through the gate, then past two shotgun ranges and an RV campground to park in front of the squat corrugated steel building that houses the Ajax Classroom. Though the welcome orientation was not scheduled to begin until 3 p.m., the nearly full classroom proved irresistible to Green, who bounded to the front 15 minutes early for an impromptu Q&A.
-
-The first question—“When are you going to run for governor of Texas?”—received a “never,” followed by a digression on the many shortcomings of current Governor Greg Abbott compared to Ron DeSantis, on Covid restrictions, and on the role of the church in American politics. Longtime Patriot Academy supporter [Sally Kern](https://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id=4444956&page=1), a tight-lipped former Oklahoma state representative, wanted to know how to resist efforts to codify gay marriage. Again, Green took off: this [Supreme Court](https://newrepublic.com/tags/supreme-court) as the great American hope, bathroom [litter boxes](https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/misinformation/urban-myth-litter-boxes-schools-became-gop-talking-point-rcna51439) for trans furries, the need to [dismantle](https://www.mediamatters.org/fox-news/right-wing-media-demand-fbi-be-dismantled-and-defunded-after-mar-lago-search) the FBI.
-
-Despite the frenetic detours, Green is an arresting speaker, and time flew by. When he stopped fielding questions, we had gone from 15 minutes ahead of schedule to 30 behind. No stranger to self-inflicted time constraints, Green launched into the constitutional instruction portion of the course at “90 words a minute with gusts up to 350.”
-
-After a whirlwind exploration of America’s foundational document, we arrived at the Second Amendment, which Green, like many conservatives, views as the lynchpin of the entire Constitution. “It’s not about hunting,” Green told us emphatically. “It is literally about defending your life and about keeping a tyrannical government at bay.”
-
-I closed my eyes and braced for a week of insurrectionary training, but this line of rhetoric stopped there, never to be revisited on the range. The focus of the course was a concept that well predates widespread talk of political violence: the bad guy with a gun.
-
-Our instructors referred to the bad guys as “scumbags,” sometimes “scums” for short. Scums tend to lurk in bushes around ATM machines or approach unsuspecting victims in parking lots. Occasionally, they might break into your house. They love to hold up convenience stores. None of them seem to have much in the way of ideology. But there are occasional hints regarding their identity. The most detailed description comes from Aaron Marshall, the Range A instructor and director of training, in the form of a warning: Your adversary may not conform to your expectations of the enemy. “We imagine a scuzzy-looking guy,” he says. “Dreadlocks, hasn’t showered in a month, probably just got out of prison. He’s all tatted up. You think: Oh yeah, I could shoot someone like that.
-
-“What if your bad guy doesn’t fit that profile? What if your bad guy is sharp, clean-cut, well-dressed? What if your bad guy isn’t a guy at all, but a woman?”  
-
-![](https://images.newrepublic.com/a1f9ae0e80aa900611cb05e09625c38f492f9386.jpeg?w=1400)
-
-At the December training in Texas, students would pause several times per day for instruction at the shooting range.
-
-The course, designed for people of varying skill levels, starts with the fundamentals and works its way up. We do not fire a shot until halfway through the first day: It is all about safety, stance, loading, and unloading. Only after the instructors are satisfied that we are not going to do anything stupid do we begin to put holes through Bobs.
-
-Hollywood has lied to you. Accurate shooting requires finesse and skill and an almost pathological attention to detail. It is easy to get lost in the mechanics of it: Weaver stance, bladed feet, bend your knees, sight picture, trigger pull, move, assess, reset, reload. Add in shooting from the holster and a focus on speed, and the act becomes so ritualized that you can easily forget that, ultimately, you are learning the most efficient way to kill another human.
-
-Constitutional Defense never lets its students forget the point of handguns for long. Except in two accuracy drills, our targets are exclusively human-shaped. This makes me uncomfortable. I think it is supposed to.
-
-Twice, instructors replace Bob with photo-realistic targets of men pointing guns back at us. The first group stares menacingly at us from across the firing line when we arrive on the fourth day: a sequence of four scumbags repeating down the line. All of them are white. I choose the man in a cream-colored turtleneck and a bad haircut, wanted for crimes of fashion.  
-
-The next day—our final day of training, when our aim is best and our confidence high—a second group of bad guys with guns assembles to oppose us. All of them appear to be people of color.
-
-I am spectacularly uncomfortable as I step up to the line. With one possible exception, every single student here is white. My opponent is an Asian man in a white T-shirt. Next to me, a classmate takes aim at a Black man in overalls. He names the targets while we wait to begin the drill. Hong. José. Jamal. The drill starts. I take aim at Hong and pull the trigger.
-
----
-
-When I tell liberal and progressive friends about this constant focus on what it might mean to shoot another human being, they say it sounds like desensitization training. Green sees it differently. “One of the things that I had never approached until going through a class like this was really thinking through the moral questions,” he tells me. “I think if you’re going to carry a gun, you should ask those questions.… And if you can’t make that assessment, and feel OK with it, you shouldn’t carry a gun.”
-
-![](https://images.newrepublic.com/4ffa82f54630eaedc79e4d0a5e71b0152a0c1b21.jpeg?w=1400)
-
-A trainee taped the locations of his bullet holes to prepare the target for the next shooter.
-
-The course never flinched away from those questions, nor did it provide easy answers. Any given Avengers movie seems more desensitizing than instructors with military and law enforcement experience exhorting a class of approximately 60 people with some passing interest in violence to avoid it whenever possible.
-
-“I know some of you live in those states where you \[have\] that ‘no need to retreat’ stuff, castle doctrines, whatever,” said LaBarbera, who worked as a police officer in Oakland and Fremont for 13 years. “I’m just gonna tell you this: If you can avoid getting into any kind of a deadly altercation, why wouldn’t you?”
-
-“There absolutely are things that are worth using deadly force to protect,” Marshall told us later that day. “And here is a simple yet profound criterion that you could use to determine what those things are. If it’s not worth dying for, it’s not worth shooting for.” A Rolex is not worth dying for. Your child? Absolutely.
-
----
-
-I still could not figure out why the course involved a two-hour lecture on the entire Constitution rather than 10 minutes on the background of the Second Amendment. So I asked Rick Green about it.
-
-His answer was simple. “I want \[Constitution training\] for everybody.”
-
-Constitutional Defense is shockingly affordable for what it offers: $500 for four days of handgun training and a day of lectures. Comparable classes elsewhere cost up to $500 per day. Nor is the training shoddy. As a veteran and a longtime gun owner, I have been through my share of firearms courses. Constitutional Defense is far and away the best training I have ever received.
-
-Only after the class is over do I put it together. The handgun course is a loss leader. The ideology is the product.
-
-This moral marketing began before the class did. Upon registration, Patriot Academy automatically enrolled us in Biblical Citizenship, an eight-week online course hosted by Rick Green and a man named Mark Meckler. Halfway through Constitutional Defense, a cheerful Patriot Academy employee delivered a half-hour–long seminar on the virtues of becoming a Constitution Coach, complete with a prize for the person who signed up first.
-
-Constitution coaching, Patriot Academy’s flagship program, is a fascinating spin on a now-common concept: online conservative education. Unlike many other courses, Patriot Academy does not intend for participants to take these classes in the privacy of their home. Instead, the organization encourages interested parties to recruit a class of people to watch the material and go through the workbook together. These Constitution Coaches then encourage their students to form groups of their own and bring the material to new people. Classic MLM recruiting technique, but with ideological downlines instead of monetary ones. The organization claims over 500,000 students trained in “Constitutional Foundations of Freedom” so far.
-
-The approach works. At a fundraiser dinner at the conclusion of the Constitutional Defense course, three people said they first heard about Patriot Academy through a Constitution Coach. During the dinner, we were asked when—not if—we would host a Constitution class of our own.
-
-But Patriot Academy is more than an ideological MLM; it is part of a powerful affiliate program. Throughout the week, one organization came up again and again—from Green, from participants, and certainly at the fundraiser dinner. It is an organization that pops up in all sorts of places lately, from the CPAC stage to Steve Bannon’s War Room, an organization co-founded by Green’s co-host for that Biblical Citizenship course we were all signed up for.
-
-“Rick is another guy that I would call in a firefight,” Mark Meckler [said](https://conventionofstates.com/videos/part-3-reclaiming-liberty-summit-with-rick-green-matt-and-mercedes-schlapp-live-from-orlando) as he introduced Green at the Convention of States Action’s Reclaiming Liberty Leadership Summit in October 2022. “The Patriot Academy family has blended beautifully with the Convention of States family. Everywhere I go, people say, ‘I never knew about Convention of States; I’m a Patriot Academy person, I’m a Biblical Citizenship person, and that’s where I first got introduced to you.’… Or vice versa, right? They say, ‘I love Convention of States, I always wanted more.… Now I’m involved with Patriot Academy.’”
-
-![](https://images.newrepublic.com/c8061e3cf20ebe86d9a464fa5c6b1598cf24c88f.png?w=1400)
-
-Clockwise from top left: At the Constitutional Defense course in New Braunfels, Texas, a trainee received a cutout of his target as a souvenir; a participant wore a belt holster with a gun on his right hip and a magazine with spare ammo on his left; 9 mm bullets and a magazine loader; a couple helped each other reload their magazines.
-
-“The thing that \[Convention of States\] would most like to see happen is to gut the Constitution by engineering a constitutional convention,” Russ Feingold, former Wisconsin senator and current president of the American Constitution Society, tells me. The effort worries him enough that he and Peter Prindiville wrote an entire book about it: *[The Constitution in Jeopardy](https://bookshop.org/p/books/the-constitution-in-jeopardy-an-unprecedented-effort-to-rewrite-our-fundamental-law-and-what-we-can-do-about-it-russ-feingold/17835771?ean=9781541701526)*. “\[They want\] to really destroy the power of the federal government.”  
-
-Forget the guns. This is the real insurrection.
-
----
-
-For a long time, even Constitution nerds tended to overlook [Article V](https://newrepublic.com/article/168900/oft-neglected-enemy-democracy-article-v).
-
-The article specifies two processes for amending the Constitution. The first method, which concerns individual amendments first approved by Congress and then ratified by states, is what you learned about in *Schoolhouse Rock*! But Article V also says that if two-thirds of states petition Congress, the federal government must declare a convention that can consider an unlimited number of amendments at once. As with the individual amendment process, three-fourths of the states would then be required to approve any changes before they could become official.
-
-In the 234 years since the ratification of the United States Constitution, the country has passed amendments [27 times](http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/education/all_amendments_usconst.htm) and not once called a convention. Mark Meckler and his friends would like to change that.
-
-Like Green, Meckler hitched his wagon to the Tea Party star and saw his fortunes rise. The organization he co-founded in 2009, Tea Party Patriots, quickly became one of the movement’s major players. In 2010, their efforts paid big dividends: six seats gained in the Senate, and 63 in the House. It was the biggest congressional power shift since 1938.
-
-“I knew for sure that everything was gonna change,” Meckler [told](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMs9sYVVIsw) CPAC Texas in August 2022. “And then nothing changed.”
-
-It became clear to Meckler that something more fundamental than Congress would need to shift for Tea Party dreams to become reality. Four years later, he found a possible Archimedes’ lever in Article V. With the help of co-founder Michael Farris and a $500,000 grant from the Mercer family, he incorporated Convention of States Action, or COSA, and got to work. The objective: get 34 states to petition Congress for an amendment convention.
-
-“They have been carefully training for this for years,” Feingold told me, concerned that the time might soon arrive where their plan could actually come to fruition. “Anybody that can ignore this kind of training and work by the right is not learning the lessons of recent history.”
-
-Meckler’s organization bristles with conservative power players and dark money. COSA’s chairman of the board, Eric O’Keefe, is a Beltway veteran with 37 years of experience and deep ties to the Koch brothers. Former Senator Jim DeMint, who serves as a senior adviser to COSA, founded the Conservative Partnership Institute in 2017, a group that has since become arguably the most [influential](https://www.npr.org/2022/07/21/1112699295/how-the-cpi-became-the-most-powerful-messaging-force-in-the-maga-universe) dark money organization in MAGA country. COSA also enjoys the endorsement and promotion of the American Legislative Exchange Council, or ALEC, a conservative powerhouse that connects corporate donors with state lawmakers eager to turn their political wish lists into law.
-
-Meckler denies that COSA has ever accepted Koch money, but he is certainly getting money from somewhere. The three nonprofits associated with the Convention of States movement, all headed by Meckler, had a combined revenue of $11.9 million in 2020. Investigative reporting by the Center for Media and Democracy [found](https://www.exposedbycmd.org/2020/02/25/radical-resolution-calling-constitutional-rewrite-passes-wisconsin-assembly/) that one of them, once called Citizens for Self-Governance, now rebranded as the Convention of States Foundation, received $2.5 million from the Koch-connected Donors Capital Fund between 2010 and 2018.
-
-COSA also does well in the attention economy. Meckler earned a coveted main stage spot at CPAC Texas last summer. Steve Bannon—a man who [knows](https://www.newsweek.com/steve-bannon-calls-maga-community-arms-says-theyre-cavalry-1755596) a weapon when he sees one—[promoted](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/oct/19/steve-bannon-us-constitution-tea-party-republican-state-legislatures) the movement on his *War Room* show as “another line of attack” in his quest to tame the federal bureaucracy, which he would like to gut and then refill with obedient partisans.
-
-Meckler urged his CPAC audience to judge the movement by its friends, and I am inclined to agree. Only power attracts this many power players. What do they hope their Convention of States will accomplish?
-
----
-
-In 2016, COSA [gathered](https://conventionofstates.com/cos-simulation) 137 delegates from every state in the nation—Rick Green among them—for a simulated Convention of States in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia. They proposed and debated amendments, then cast votes: one vote per state.
-
-There is nothing in the Constitution that says the convention ought to operate precisely this way; in fact, the phrase “Convention of States” does not appear in the Constitution at all. If the states maintained control of the convention, not only would urban populations be devastatingly underrepresented, but heavily gerrymandered and disproportionately Republican state legislatures would get to decide which delegates to send. Many of the delegates at this simulated convention, Feingold and Prindiville assert, would likely be appointed delegates at the real thing.
-
-After three days, the delegates emerged with six proposed amendments that abolished the federal income tax, imposed congressional term limits, and made it more difficult for the federal government to take on debt. They closed the commerce clause loophole and passed something Feingold described as the “John C. Calhoun amendment”: nullification of any federal law or regulation if 30 state legislatures vote to overturn it.
-
-None of this is secret. It is COSA working as advertised, delivering the libertarian goods.
-
-“How about we get rid of the Department of Education?” Meckler asked his cheering CPAC audience last summer. “How about we get rid of the EPA?” A Convention of States could render both illegal. The proposed changes would allow conservatives to fulfill the longtime Republican dream of shrinking the federal government until it can be drowned in the bathtub, then going one step further and throwing it out with the bathwater.
-
-Green, Meckler, and many others believe COSA is America’s last chance to avoid destruction. Meckler asserts that America currently has two options: secession or the restored federalism a convention for amendments could offer. BlazeTV talk-show host Steve Deace [put it](https://conventionofstates.com/news/steve-deace-calls-convention-of-states-the-hail-mary-to-a-game-coming-to-an-end) more bluntly when speaking at the COSA Reclaiming Liberty conference last October. “The people assembled in this room and people like you might be all that is standing between the America we know now and a civil war.”
-
----
-
-At first glance, COSA appears solidly libertarian. The group talks a lot less about its fundamentally evangelical character, but the deep-seated Christianity of nearly everyone involved, once noticed, is inescapable.
-
-The Convention of States project was originally the brainchild of Michael Farris, a [battle-tested warrior](https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/08/us/college-for-the-home-schooled-is-shaping-leaders-for-the-right.html) from the religious homeschooling movement of the 1980s and founder of Patrick Henry College, a Christian conservative institution that serves as a pipeline to high-powered GOP jobs and internships. Farris co-founded COSA with Meckler, but left four years later to head Alliance Defending Freedom, or ADF, a legal organization Farris [described](https://www.facebook.com/michael.farris.374/posts/1179599962137694) as being “dedicated to the preservation of religious freedom, human life, and a godly definition of marriage.” ADF helped draft Mississippi’s [Gestational Age Act](https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2018/title-41/chapter-41/gestational-age-act/section-41-41-191/), the law upheld in *[Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization](https://newrepublic.com/tags/dobbs-v-jackson-womens-health)* that effectively ended *[Roe v. Wade](https://newrepublic.com/tags/roe-v-wade)*. He now hopes to reverse *[Obergefell](https://newrepublic.com/tags/obergefell-v-hodges)*, the 2015 decision that legalized same-sex marriage nationwide. “It’s the states that get to make the policy,” Farris [asserted](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LM58a-1ieo) a few months ago, “and the states should follow God’s law and God’s principles.” This is a shift from 2004, when Farris helped [draft](https://homeschoolersanonymous.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/hslda-critical-decision-on-text-of-constitutional-amendment-protecting-marriage.pdf) a constitutional amendment that would not only have banned same-sex marriage, but civil unions as well. Farris stepped down from his position as ADF chief executive in August 2022, though he remains heavily involved. In October, he [announced](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwjdDWt2138) a return to COSA as a senior adviser.
-
-In Green’s Biblical Citizenship series, which Meckler has both hosted and promoted, Barton explicitly argues against the separation of church and state. Instead, he believes freedom of religion protects the expression of religion in the public sphere. “If we think we should pay adoration to God by hanging the Ten Commandments in public, what business is that of the state?” he asks.
-
-Barton, who recently spoke at COSA’s Reclaiming Liberty conference, subscribes to the [Seven Mountain Mandate](https://theoutline.com/post/8856/seven-mountain-mandate-trump-paula-white), which is associated with Dominionism and teaches that Christianity should be part of every aspect of public life: education, religion, family, business, government, entertainment, and media. “If you can have those seven areas, you can shape and control whatever takes place in nations, continents, and even the world,” Barton [said](https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/world/the-seven-mountains-revelation/news-story/be825c6262f5e764a3c2cbd385442702) in a 2011 radio interview. “Jesus said you ‘occupy till I come.’… What we’re supposed to do is take the culture in the meantime, and you got to get involved in these seven areas.”
-
-Barton’s reference to the Second Coming is not accidental. The name “Seven Mountain” comes from Revelation and alludes to conditions necessary to kick off the End Times. The mandate frames the Christian struggle to assert control over society as a battle against demonic forces: a view Barton seems to endorse.
-
-The pervasive perception of COSA as part of a spiritual struggle of good versus evil may explain why some more secular arguments for the convention seek to seize power, not share it. America forgets, sometimes, that not all civil wars are fought over secession. Sometimes they are knockdown, drag-out fights over who gets to control a country. A state-controlled convention of amendments would involve less bloodshed than a civil war, but the end goal seems the same: the expulsion of the enemy from public life by force.
-
----
-
-Would COSA’s conviction that America is and ought to be a Christian nation affect the outcome of an Article V convention? Rick Green says no. Yet prominent COSA allies have a history of attempting to use federal power for evangelical ends. Farris endorsed an amendment that would outlaw both gay marriage and civil unions. DeMint [voted](https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1092/vote_109_2_00189.htm) in favor of a constitutional amendment that would ban flag burning and for [two amendments](https://www.ontheissues.org/domestic/Jim_DeMint_Civil_Rights.htm) that would have banned gay marriage. Barton, in addition to [asserting](https://tfn.org/bartons-contempt-for-religious-freedom/) that the First Amendment protects only monotheistic religions, has [implied](https://www.queerty.com/gay-people-are-just-like-cars-and-homosexuality-like-incest-should-be-outlawed-says-david-barton-20150420) that homosexuality should be illegal.
-
-Some COSA affiliates were also neck-deep in schemes to subvert the electoral process in 2020. Farris quietly [helped draft](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/07/us/politics/religious-conservative-michael-farris-lawsuit-2020-election.html) Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton’s lawsuit against Pennsylvania and other swing states for Covid-related voting accommodations, which they believe to be unconstitutional. John Eastman, who infamously [endeavored to prevent](https://www.americanprogress.org/article/supreme-court-may-adopt-extreme-maga-election-theory-that-threatens-democracy/) Biden’s certification through the appointment of alternate electors, was a delegate at the 2016 simulated Article V convention in Williamsburg. Senior COSA adviser Jim DeMint’s Conservative Partnership Institute has its sticky little fingers all over the attempt to thwart Biden’s certification: Its Washington office [hosts](https://www.grid.news/story/politics/2022/07/05/the-insurrectionists-clubhouse-former-trump-aides-find-a-home-at-a-little-known-maga-hub/) several groups tied to the coup attempt, and CPI’s group of affiliates employs at least 20 people purportedly involved in Trump’s effort to remain in power.
-
-“\[COSA\] is, in some ways, their crown jewel,” Feingold says in reference to these concerted efforts to bend American democracy to their own will.
-
-It makes sense. If you believed you were engaged in a cataclysmic struggle against demonic forces for the future of the country you love, wouldn’t you do everything you could to win?
-
-What if you believed, as many COSA advocates do, that American freedom depends on American Christianity?
-
-“Benjamin Rush said if you don’t teach the Bible in every generation to the children, a constitutional republic will not survive,” Rick Green told my Constitutional Defense course in his opening lecture. “Because, without religion, you don’t have morality. And without morality, you don’t have liberty.”
-
-“Biblical principles are what produce freedom of society,” Barton proclaims in Patriot Academy’s Biblical Citizenship class. “But you won’t have biblical principles in society in which you don’t have citizens with a biblical worldview.”
-
-![](https://images.newrepublic.com/bc8cdea8eea6d89825987e7f894450f476530d73.jpeg?w=1400)
-
-Rick Green and his family printed across the side of a trailer used at the Texas training.
-
-This may sound like a theocracy to the untrained ear. Green wants you to know that it is not. “I don’t know a single person in our movement that wants a theocracy or wants a nation where everybody’s got to be a Christian,” he tells me. “Whether you’re atheist, Muslim, Buddhist, Christian, Jewish … everybody benefits from the freedom principles that came from a Christian society.”  
-
-I am beginning to get the picture. You will not be forced to accept Jesus as your Lord and Savior in Biblical America. You will not be forced to attend church. But there will be prayer in school, and our history will be highly sanitized. Trans people will not have access to gender-affirming care, and marriage will be between a man and a woman. No one will force you to be a Christian in Rick Green’s America. But you will largely need to live like one.
-
----
-
-When we are not shooting, my classmates and I shelter from the blazing sun beneath two white awnings and reload our magazines. We talk about our progress and encourage one another to keep trying. Some people at this class are expert marksmen. Some have never held a gun before. Most of us are somewhere in between. “New students are great because they have no bad habits,” Aaron Marshall tells us on the first day.
-
-I am not a new student, and as we start to shoot, it becomes apparent just how many bad habits I have. My stance is all wrong. I focus on the target and not the front sight. And my old nemesis continues to haunt me: a trigger pull that anticipates the gun going off and jerks the barrel to the right every time. But over the course of four days, I improve dramatically.
-
-It feels good to get better. The weather is beautiful. We practice shooting from the holster—Charlton Heston out front would be pleased.
-
-As the days go by, we begin to talk about our lives as well as marksmanship. My classmates talk about Zumba and beekeeping and searching for jasper in Arkansas. Struggling to make truck payments and contemplating online business opportunities. Missionary work. Friends who won’t speak to them anymore. When they learn that I have legal troubles, they all offer to pray for me. Two of them urge me to make a GoFundMe and send them a link.
-
-Many of my classmates are veterans. Many others work in helping professions like retirement care or education. They have a strong sense of civic duty. Like Green, they believe they are making the world a better place by teaching people about the Constitution, volunteering with Convention of States, and becoming good guys with guns.
-
-The threat we are training to stop is real—bad guys with guns do exist—but life is rarely so simple. During these five days of training, [Hurricane Ian](https://newrepublic.com/tags/hurricane-ian) will smash into Florida and kill at least 114 people. Russia will [escalate](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/25/us/politics/us-russia-nuclear.html) threats of nuclear retaliation against Ukraine. Italy will elect its most [far-right regime](https://newrepublic.com/article/168382/italy-giorgia-meloni-roma-racism) since Mussolini. A 34-year-old man will walk into a school in Izhevsk, Russia, and [kill](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/world/europe/russia-school-shooting.html) at least 15 people in an apparent homage to the Columbine killers.
-
-And yet, I can do nothing about any of those things. I cannot single-handedly stop climate change or influence Russia’s foreign policy. What I can do—at least in theory—is be a good guy with a gun.
-
-In the final lecture of the class, Marshall talks about the importance of trusting your gut. Sometimes your subconscious perceives danger that your conscious mind misses. A woman who hesitates a moment when the light turns green and narrowly avoids being T-boned by a semi, for example, might have heard some faint sound or seen a flash of reflection without registering it consciously.
-
-We register other things subconsciously as well.
-
-The instructor provides an example of a man threatening you with a knife in his pocket. When you pull your gun and tell him, “Stop or I’ll shoot!” he laughs and says he’s going to take the gun away from you, too. So you shoot him. And then, after he falls, you see that he was holding a Popsicle stick.
-
-This is a justifiable use of force, we are told, and it is hard to disagree. The would-be assailant told you it was a knife and gave you plenty of reason to believe he intended to use it. Open-and-shut. Case closed.
-
-I am thinking, however, about Skittles in the hands of a boy who will [remain 17 forever](https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/07/31/631897758/a-look-back-at-trayvon-martins-death-and-the-movement-it-inspired): gunned down by George Zimmerman as a potential threat. Did Zimmerman get an unsettled feeling when he saw Trayvon Martin walk past? Did something seem “off” about the Black teenager walking back from the convenience store?
-
----
-
-An Article V convention, like a gun on your hip, offers a simple solution to a complicated problem. During our interview, Rick Green refers to eighteenth-century federalism as “utopia.” If we can just get back to a time when things made sense, the logic goes, the world would be a lot less awful.
-
-Green hopes to bring his utopian vision to life soon with his most ambitious project yet: a sprawling Patriot Academy [campus](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h99R4GODQtw) near Fredericksburg, Texas. He wants to create a combination of education facility and vacation destination that, for lack of a better phrase, he describes as “Disneyland for Patriots.” The campus will feature a full-scale replica of Independence Hall, where visitors can take constitutional classes (“without having to go to Philadelphia and get shot,” Green tells the class during his introductory lecture), and a mock-up of the Rotunda, where visitors can look at replica art (“without going to D.C. and getting arrested and having to spend a year and a half at the gulag”). The campus will also have on-site housing for 300 students as part of the academy’s newest course offering: an entire year of training and apprenticeship for young adults between the ages of 18 and 21. “Do that before you decide whether or not you want to go to college,” Green recommends.
-
-Constitutional Defense courses will take place on state-of-the-art ranges that will allow for not just basic handgun training but more advanced classes for handgun, rifle, or shotgun. There will be houses with simulated targets for active shooter drills. This sounds like a lot of fun. It also goes far beyond home defense.
-
-“\[People\] know the country’s falling apart,” Green says at the fundraising dinner at the end of the course. “They know we’ve got real challenges in our nation right now, and they don’t know what to do.… You feel it in your gut. You know you need to do something, you don’t know what to do. We know what to do.”
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-&emsp;
-
-# Mythology and Misogyny at the Edge of the World
-
-IN THE EARLY hours of Jan. 28, 2020, an act of rebellion unfolds under the low-slung Shetland sky. The night feels closer, more enveloping at 60 degrees North, and as 5 a.m. nears, the women of [Reclaim The Raven](https://reclaimtheraven.org/) unsheath their surprise. 
-
-It’s a demonstration decades in the works, targeted toward the men who organize and monopolize Lerwick’s annual Viking party, Up Helly Aa, a ritualized expression of Shetland’s invented cultural heritage and the largest fire festival in Europe. “Feminism” is still a dirty word in Shetland, and Reclaim The Raven has had enough.
-
-Depending on who you ask, the combustible gender row has any number of causes, instigators, intensifiers. Fire and Vikings could be responsible. Oil rigs and ennui.
-
-Shetland ponies don’t play a part, but Shetland knitwear certainly does. Here, in the primary port town of Britain’s most northerly isles, misogyny is buried under the ground, excavated for sport, then packed back down. It gains power in the darkness, the drinking, the dancing.
-
-It’s in the bunker; it’s in the beds. It bends for the right people but always buoyantly returns to form–it’s exceptionally easy to disguise. 
-
-But for years, if you asked most Shetlanders, regardless of gender, such a division didn’t exist at all. 
-
-The men are afraid of the wimmin, but they can’t admit it. So instead, they safeguard, under lock and key, their God-given, gender-exclusive right to dress up as Vikings, wield torches, and sing Queen covers. 
-
----
-
-TWENTY-TWENTY IS [Liam Summers’ year](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWQqpv4MWEU). Draped in over £7,000 of armor and accouterments, he straightens his back, puts on his red velvet cloak, downs a dram, and looks in the mirror. At last, ax and shield in hand, he’s the Big Swinging Dick for a day – perhaps three – if the townspeople can keep up the drinking. 
-
-On Jan. 28, 2020, after 15 years of waiting, Liam Summers is above the law. 
-
-He’s the Jarl, after all: the proverbial Viking “king” of Lerwick Up Helly Aa. 
-
-He is the leader of 1,000 men of varying consciousness levels participating in over 40 “squads.” Bearing torches, dressing in everything from tutus to T-Rex onesies, and performing skits at afterparties, the squads must maintain energy for at least 30 hours straight. 
-
-Their day starts pre-sunrise, and their behavior stays stoic through the stroke of 7:30 p.m., when the expertly-choreographed torch-lit procession begins. The burning climaxes as the men circle a replica longship with ritualistic rigor. The spectacle is grand and worth the travel time and money for the thousands of tourists who attend. As the brass band strikes up “[The Norseman’s Home](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8eM0_iBEVs)” and the galley burns, it’s common for the men to shed tears. 
-
-Then, it’s time for “the halls,” where sleep deprivation and drunkenness take over and the mask comes off. Though some halls host tourists, the merrymaking is for the locals – a time to celebrate the 364 days all volunteers have put into this year’s event. 
-
-Attending a party in the halls feels like taking acid and attending ten different festivals that clumsily got double booked. It’s a stag party run rampant, it’s a drag show, it’s a Ren Faire, it’s a middle school dance, a fire hall fundraiser, a bender in your mom’s basement. And it lasts for 12 hours. 
-
-Being Jarl at Up Helly Aa is considered the “best day of his life” for a Lerwick man, lore confirmed by Summers’ cherubic smile. 
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMG_5484.jpg?resize=320%2C400&ssl=1)
-
-Multiple generations of Up Helly Aa attendees | Photo by Paul Leask
-
-Behind the smile is the immense organizational, imaginative, and financial heft he has thrown into making this Up Helly Aa perfect. He has been a life coach, an activist (taking a stance against the use of Blackface in the festival, helping to facilitate its ban in 2020), a clothing designer, a drinking partner, a media personality, and a friend to all. 
-
-Now, he’s ready for the payoff. 
-
-The next two days [will unravel](https://www.northlinkferries.co.uk/shetland-blog/up-helly-aa-visitors-guide/) as they have for 142 years. In the evening, the torch-lit procession will commence with a gunshot as the smell of kerosene and the sight of rogue embers aggress and enchant. Tourists will snap photos, old friends will share drinks, and government officials will deliver handshakes. Summers will sit in a Viking longboat that took (male) community members six months to make and solemnly watch as it takes six minutes to burn. 
-
-He will eat, drink, and be merry. He’ll sing two Up Helly Aa standards: “Ring of Fire” and “Folsom Prison Blues,” 20 times each (repeatedly during the day then once in each of the 11 halls). With a mythologized past on his breath and the key to the city in his hands, he and his squad will chant, “ai, ai, ai, oy, oy, oy.” 
-
-He will hug his daughter and wife, but neither they nor any woman will be allowed to take part in the procession. When it’s all said and done, he’ll have the chance to frame and hang his underwear in The Douglas Arms pub.
-
-Rest assured, Liam Summers will get the same bibulous and testosterone-filled Up Helly Aa as his predecessors. But first, he has to wrestle with something off script. 
-
----
-
-CAMPAIGNING FOR inclusion in Lerwick Up Helly Aa isn’t novel – though many traditionalists want to believe it is. The men (and some women) spread misconceptions that the efforts are spearheaded by outsiders; colorful-haired bisexuals from exotic places like Liverpool and London who do not reflect the interests of full-blooded born-and-raised Shetland women. 
-
-“We want it to stay the same,” traditionalists say to campaigners with muted aggression across Tesco’s dairy aisle, in cardio class, in the streets. “It’s only you outsiders who want it to change.” 
-
-Shetlanders hate change. But their land has historically invited it – first as a stepping stone to other conquerable isles, next as an entry point to gallons of untouched oil lying unprofitably beneath their corner of undulating Atlantic. 
-
-The islands’ two great invasions: the Vikings (1,200 years ago) and the oil industry (1971), rethreaded Shetland life with certain spoils, but also brought the ugly ends of cultural shift: corruption, controversy, consequences. 
-
-The vikings rewrote laws (Norse law persisted until 1611), renamed settlements, and redesigned homes from round to rectangular. Their capable seamanship opened new horizons for trade and influence, and their equally capable destructiveness compelled them to kill the men and keep the women. 
-
-Shetland spent the millennium between the Viking and oil invasions being annexed from the Norse Kingdom to Scotland as a dowry, and as a hub for above-board industries like fishing and knitwear and below-board industries like smuggling and prostitution. 
-
-Then their natural resources were tapped.
-
-Big oil’s invasion in the late ’70s shepherded the arrival of £100 million over the next 30 years. The influx of jobs eradicated unemployment, improved infrastructure, and erected leisure centers. But it also introduced environmental disaster, greater economic divide, and workers who harass women and get banned from chip shops for being “[grown men struggling to behave like humans](https://www.shetnews.co.uk/2015/06/17/chippy-says-workers-struggling-to-behave-like-humans/#:~:text=The%20Harbour%20Fish%20%26%20Chip%20Shop,struggling%20to%20behave%20like%20humans%E2%80%9D).”
-
-Sentimental strands of Shetland’s bucolic peasant life still exist – the sheep, the silence, the simplicity. And leaving big things unsaid and unexamined allows some degree of harmony and happiness. 
-
-*The vikings were good to us. Everyone is equal here.* They tell themselves myths as a layer of protection. Quite a few shades darker than white lies (and Shetland is very white), they reassure themselves “we have always treated our women well.” 
-
-> Treat their women well, most do. But as a collective of locals, oil rig workers, and vikings, many don’t. 
-
-Gendered expectations (as you’d expect) stretch beyond Up Helly Aa and into the everyday.  Women didn’t attend funerals in Shetland until a couple decades ago, pubs tend to be dominated by filthy-mouthed men, and domestic abuse is on the rise, a particular worry when safety is often multiple ferry rides away and everyone on those ferries will know who the women are, what they’re escaping, and where they are going. 
-
-“It’s almost like the 1950s,” shares Karrol Scott, a member of Reclaim the Raven. “Opportunities to participate in Up Helly Aa end for you unless you want to make soup and sandwiches. … You’ve got very limited roles compared to boys, who can do everything.” 
-
-As a woman, you could be born in 7,500-person Lerwick, live there all your life, come from a long line of jarls, even the legendary Viking leader Ragnar himself, and not be allowed to participate in the procession. At Up Helly Aa, the id is unbridled, fire is the drug of choice, and the Jarl’s Squad is above the law. Women, donning their finest dresses, are mainly the support crew, scabbing their hands over gallons of smoky reestit mutton soup, keeping the men fed and the evening alive. 
-
-Their role is so well-oiled and wonderfully complementary to the festival, an observer can easily understand how it took so long to integrate. “I wouldn’t want to be out there with all that fire and ice either,” a tourist from Wisconsin notes as she lends a helping hand to the smiling faces providing shelter, booze, and food. Without them (and the hosts) the festival would surely devolve into a drunken brawl. 
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Hostesses-2013-7943.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&ssl=1)
-
-Modern day hostesses at the Bells Brae School kitchen with a favorite traditional soup on Up Helly Aa night – reestit mutton soup is made from dried salted lamb with tatties (potatoes) carrots, and neeps (turnips). The lamb is taken out and served up cold with bannocks (a quick bread). Photo by Coutts Photos.
-
-The structure works, and for decades, the majority never questioned the gender ban. Now the script is changing. 
-
-For a few parents, epiphany about Up Helly Aa’s exclusion didn’t strike until they had daughters. One mother recounted her primary school-aged daughter dreaming out loud about being a Viking. When her older brother told her “You can’t because you’re a girl,” it hit her how “fucked up it all is.” 
-
-For others, like Helen Robertson, exclusion is as integral to life on Shetland as the sea. In a 2015 [op-ed for The Shetland Times](https://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2015/03/13/if-we-axe-for-change-maybe-it-will-come), she writes her realization as a young lass: 
-
-> *The “Viking” next to me turned to me at lunch and said: “Whit wye is du no in da squad?”* ***\[What way are you not in the squad?\]***
-> 
-> *Well, what way indeed? The simple answer I muttered at the time was: “Becis A’m a lass.”* ***\[Because I’m a lass.\]***
-> 
-> Helen Robertson, *The Shetland Times*, 2015
-
-But this was just one red flag in a tapestry of wrongs: Robertson couldn’t join the Sea Scouts, play football, or take part in mixed crafts at school. Instead she, and all the other peerie lasses, had to knit. 
-
-In sixth year (1985), she proposed gender roles in Up Helly Aa as a topic for the school’s debate club. Authority figures spared no mercy telling her it was a flippant debate. *You can’t change Up Helly Aa. You can’t change tradition.* That year, Kate Bush’s “Running Up That Hill” was on top of the charts, a detail Robertson wouldn’t see as auspicious until the song returned to popularity in 2023. 
-
-“It makes me ashamed to be from Shet­land to think that some folk are so stuck in their ways that they value ‘tradition’ over ‘progress,’” she wrote in her 2015 op-ed. She’s far from alone, but in her outspokenness she represents an exception more than a rule; many Lerwick women opt not to speak on the record (or at all) about Up Helly Aa and the gender ban, due to a combination of fear, resentment, or utter disinterest. Those who do speak but are agnostic about the push for inclusion leave it at “\[Up Helly Aa\] is a great party” and downgrade the conversation to smalltalk. 
-
-With centuries of silenced abuse and exclusion, “let us play with fire too” gets a lot of pushback for what seems like a small ask. So, Shetland women must get more creative with the push. 
-
----
-
-CROUCHED IN Lerwick’s market cross, the Reclaim The Raven troop participates in some Shetlandic espionage. Sunlight won’t sneak in until 8:30 and will slip away by 3:40.  All is still, until the excited grumbles of grown men crawl closer. 
-
-They hold their breath as the Jarl’s Squad enter their eyeline for the first tradition of the day: the posting of the “bill.”
-
-The “bill,” one of many meticulously designed and well-marinated Up Helly Aa props, is a giant billboard fashioned to expose corrupt local events, council members, and civilians over the past year. It has a general overarching message and a “clandestine” one spelled out in red letters comprehensible only to the close-knit island community. Like most of the festival’s imagery, the art atop the bill is supremely masculine; at the bottom, the same refrain remains for centuries: “we axe for what we want.” 
-
-This year, 2020, everything ties into the story of Odin — father of Thor, muse to pillagers of far-flung places  — the billhead, the dress, the art, the adornments. Liam Summers is cosplaying Odin himself for the duration of the festival. 
-
-In Norse mythology, Odin is an immensely wise, one-eyed old man (having sacrificed his other eye for wisdom). His magic horse, [Sleipnir](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sleipnir), trawls around on eight legs, teeth inscribed with [runes](https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/runes), galloping through the air and over the sea. The god of war, death, fury, ecstasy, wisdom, sorcery, kings, warriors, poets, berserkers, and outsiders, Odin governs over victory, death, knowledge, and ecstatic inspiration.
-
-Summers, although a nice chap, is not all-knowing and is yet to trade an eye for wisdom. He has, however, traded years and thousands of pounds to arrive alongside members of the Up Helly Aa committee at 6 a.m. and see the stone pillar at the Market Cross draped in an act of defiance: a banner depicting an obstinate female warrior atop her horse with a glaring challenge to the festival’s organizers: “Have you forgotten those that bore you? Act lest the gods should intervene!”
-
-As far as direct action goes, it’s a phenomenal exercise in knowing your audience. It’s austere. It’s funny. With one question, Reclaim The Raven flips the Up Helly Aa committee’s arguments – *it’s tradition, it’s history* – for continuous exclusion against them. Viking women, as any Victorian scholar or viewer of Hulu’s “Vikings” know, had rights far advanced for their time. They could own land. They could go to war. They could walk alongside the men, torches in hand.   
-The lads are in a trap. 
-
-No matter which path they choose – burn the [alternative bill](https://reclaimtheraven.org/index.php/alternative-up-helly-aa-bill-2020/), let it stay, or pack it away and hope Reclaim The Raven takes angry Facebook commenters’ directive to “GIVE UP” – the ladies have made their point. 
-
-If the thought that the alternative bill and the original could coexist passes one of their minds, it doesn’t last. The squad needs a place to put up the original bill and keep their Up Helly Aa itinerary to the minute. So, with the same ceremony it always merits, they hang [their bill](https://www.uphellyaa.org/recent-festivals/2020/proclamation-head-piece-bill-head-2020/) and tuck the alternative out of sight of oblivious visitors. 
-
-The direct action ends up, of course, written out of popular discourse. Tourists remained clueless; the [Jarl’s Squad stomped down The Esplanade and sang on](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1w_1fJHmOg). 
-
----
-
-TWO MONTHS later, a viral viking came pillaging. COVID lockdown in Shetland was severe. Even with sprawling kilometers of uninhabited land to hike with no danger of breathing on another person, Shetlanders were only allowed one walk a day, within a few kilometers of home. 
-
-City folk from the U.K. raced to purchase crofts on the isles, chasing a safer and slower way of life. They imagined themselves waking up invigorated by cold clean air,  spending their days tending to spry sheep and indulging long-lost hobbies like cooking, journaling, and brooding. Most only made it a couple months, shocked and disappointed when the isolation they sought became too isolating. 
-
-The virus led to five deaths in a single care home. Drinking intensified. The suicide rate doubled. “There’s many men who are alcoholics and we have always had one of Scotland’s highest male suicide rates,” a local council woman shares.[1](https://sundaylongread.com/2023/07/26/mythology-and-misogyny-at-the-edge-of-the-world/#185bdd96-4726-44bf-a992-c22f550c4c9b) For a place where you are so deeply known, it’s easy to meet an anonymous end in Shetland. A quick drive through the night and a stumble off a craggy cliff makes the North Sea a net for the unhappy. 
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/50908034976_20b86232aa_o.jpg?resize=1024%2C599&ssl=1)
-
-The view of Lerwick from the harbor. Photo by Ronnie Robertson/Flickr/Creative Commons
-
-Some use this statistic to defend UHA’s gender exclusion. “Squads are spaces for men to connect, converse and create. This can help reduce loneliness and isolation and support men’s mental wellbeing,” wrote councilwoman Maggie Sandinson in [an op-ed for the Shetland Times](https://www.shetnews.co.uk/2019/03/17/viewpoint-challenging-conversations/) in 2019. Drunken debauchery aside, the all-male camaraderie of the Lerwick squads does do good for the men. After long days of physical work, who wouldn’t cling to the opportunity to create, laugh, and connect with others who understand you? 
-
-Lockdown continued, boredom abounded, and online discussions about UHA’s gender ban spun in circles. Facebook comments swelled with aggression –*But it’s tradition. We want it to stay the same. Just go to the country ones! When will you lot give up! –* then ceded to reason or, more likely, pressure. 
-
-On January 30th, 2022, which should have been Up Helly Aa day, the push for inclusion escalated. A local man, Peter Hamilton, stood outside Lerwick Town Hall calling on the committee to allow women and girls to join the festival. He exclaimed that if they and the SIC didn’t enter talks to do so immediately, he would report the council to the Equalities and Human Rights Commission. 
-
-This protest was the last. After decades of feminist calls to action, a male voice was the one to finally break through to the powers that be. 
-
-With two years for introspection, perhaps UHA committee members read feminist theory by the fire and looked hard into the eyes of their own illusions. More likely, as many resistors perceived, the community festival had to bend to the demands of a world that’s not their own. As local tourism ambassador and musician Claire White [said at the time](https://www.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/up-helly-aa-2023-lerwick-fire-festival-allows-women-to-participate-3990763), it was an “evolution, not revolution.”
-
-June arrived, lockdown restrictions eased, and the council ruled to lift the ban. Finally, the men released the last of their tight-held myth. Many men – “it was an easy decision to make” said one future jarl – let go graciously, easily. Others are still running around in circles, trying to snatch it back. 
-
-Indeed, many Shetland men mourn for a time before feminism traveled up the current and landed on their jagged shore. 
-
-1.  *Due to community-led programs Shetland has recently been successfully*  
-    [*reducing the suicide rate*](https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/highlands-islands/5470813/shetland-highlands-suicide-prevention-group-mikeysline-samaritans/). [↩︎](https://sundaylongread.com/2023/07/26/mythology-and-misogyny-at-the-edge-of-the-world/#185bdd96-4726-44bf-a992-c22f550c4c9b-link)
-
----
-
-IF YOU KNOW anything about Up Helly Aa, it’s probably wrong. 
-
-> *“Up Helly Aa is an ancient Norse festival heralding the arrival of spring, which is observed annually at Lerwick in The Shetland Islands.”*
-> 
-> London, May 26th, 1935
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMG_7297.jpeg?resize=480%2C480&ssl=1)
-
-An Up Helly Aa cartoon from local Shetland artist Dirk
-
-It’s not a pagan ritual passed down from the Norse era, unchanged for centuries. However, that’s what the festival’s traditions beg you to believe. “From grand old Viking centuries, Up Helly Aa has come…” begins the “Up Helly Aa Song,” sung with gusto again and again as the event unravels for thousands of tourists and locals in  Lerwick–and beyond.
-
-The influence of the Up Helly Aa has a far and eccentric reach. The festival appears on the bucket lists of pyromaniacs from every continent, the Jarl’s squad is often bankrolled to appear at NYC’s Tartan Day Parade, and there’s been mini Up Helly Aas held as far as India, Australia, and New Zealand. Each year, it has the local draw of a high school football game with an Oktoberfest-level of tourist diversity and degeneracy. 
-
-But Up Helly Aa wasn’t really Up Helly Aa until the late 1800s. The festival is an active example of Shetland’s ability to reinvent and improvise –there’s nothing “traditional” about it. 
-
-In the words of UHA scholar, squad member, and would-be Jarl, Brydon Leslie: “\[Up Helly Aa\] is nothing to do with Vikings. It’s to do with having fun.” 
-
-And “fun” it was from the start, at least for the young men. 
-
----
-
-IT’S 1821, in the shadow of the Napoleonic wars: the boys are back in Shetland and behaving badly. The endless darkness has them missing the fight-or-flight of battle. Death and destruction are on their minds. They’re bored. And they’ve got guns. 
-
-So, they start assembling the skeleton of what Up Helly Aa will become. The “festival” isn’t a festival but, rather, a loosely organized license to behave lawlessly: play with fire, fuck with your enemies, roll a blazing barrel through winding streets. Shetland is still following the Julian calendar, struggling to catch up as the rest of the world goes Gregorian; Christmas falls on the 5th of January, New Year on the 12th, and Up Helly Aa (Uphellia) 24 days after Aald Yule. 
-
-Dressed in slipshod disguise, armed with homemade bombs and other tools of torment, they take to the streets of New Town (as Lerwick was then known). Life is tough on Shetland, and they need the release. 
-
-> “They’re boys just having fun, but today, we’d probably call them terrorists.” 
-> 
-> Brydon Leslie
-
-As time passes, the young men become more inventive and organized, but no less fuelled by primal urges. They jazz up their guizing, trading pillowcases for cloaks. They supercharge their homemade bombs with dynamite, send long ropes with flaming balls through letterboxes, and terrorize the homes of the
-
-middle class and other unpopular individuals. The explosions blow out windows, ringing up to 10 miles away. It’s *The Purge*, but not as homicidal.  
-
-Like today’s Up Helly Aa, it isn’t meant to be mean-spirited, just “a laugh.” Blowing your nemeses’ doors off is something to do, after all, a wee spot of merry mischief in the night. Until 1880, no Viking nostalgia or romanticization underpinned Up Helly Aa.   
-The hard Shetland lifestyle didn’t afford its inhabitants the luxury of nostalgia; as Leslie notes, “people don’t really have time to romanticize the past when they’re busy scrapping out an existence.” 
-
-And so it was all dirt, danger, and (yes) death, fiery exercises in id until scholar/poet JJ Haldane Burgess traveled back up the  North Sea from University of Edinburgh to offer the men a suitably masculine opportunity to keep the fire and play dress up. 
-
-“Haldane Burgess was really into Shetland’s Norse past. From then on, Up Helly Aa becomes increasingly Viking-ized,” says Leslie. 
-
-With that, the Up Helly Aa of myth and fact commenced. From the 1880s until the 1930s, it was a festival exclusively for young men. Boys behaving badly, but this time they’re singing harmoniously and wearing horned hats. 
-
----
-
-IN THE DAYS leading to Up Helly Aa 2023, Lerwick’s Lounge Bar is all men. Suited men. Face-tattooed men. Cartoon men (no women) on the walls. Fiddlin’ men (in the musical sense) on the stools. 
-
-As 8 pm nears, empty pints of Tennent’s line the tables, and a light-hearted row ensues.
-
-> “Do you really think you can outdrink me?”   
-> “Oh, I can outdrink you mate. Today, tomorrow, the next day. Just fucking choose. I’ll do it right now!”   
-> “Brandy, whisky, gin?”   
-> “All of it, mate!” 
-
-Twenty minutes later, the lad who can allegedly outdrink anyone any day of the week has bags under his eyes and is all but snoring on the table.
-
-To his right, however, another fight cracks on. This one is equally Shetlandic, equally masculine. It’s a debate about the difficulty of taking unplanned time off in the oil industry– which, despite decline, still draws young men to Shetland with optimism in their eyes anticipating the lucrative opportunity to toil offshore before returning to Lerwick sex-starved, agitated, and in need of a pint. 
-
-The younger man slides his finished glass away to free up his right hand to enter the other man’s personal space and begins “… it’s because you council fucking morons don’t give a shit!” 
-
-The fiddle player’s strumming matches the arguers’ intensity. Tennent’s pints empty. The young man starts “covertly” vaping. “No vaping inside!” someone shouts. 
-
-“Because of you, I missed the funeral, ye feckin’ idiot,” the closet vaper yells before heading to the toilet. 
-
-Scenes like this are common the weeks before the festival, says Jon Pulley, UHA committee member, archaeologist, and 2036 Jarl (yes, they [plan 15 years ahead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lerwick_Up_Helly_Aa_Guizer_Jarls)). But during the actual procession, everyone tightens up their acts. One would reasonably assume that a thousand costumed and drunken men wielding fire would invite mayhem, even accidental death. That’s the remarkable thing about UHA – so they say – there has never been an accident. The festival polices itself to a remarkable degree. If you’re caught taking a bump of white powder by the wrong person you’re done for a decade, if not life. Same if you attempt to light a cigarette with your torch, shit in the street, disrespect the Jarl. 
-
-The fear of not being able to participate in Up Helly Aa is greater than the desire to rebel. During the festival, the entire community’s pride is at stake, and, in the age of surveillance, this has only become more palpable. Up Helly Aa is now prey to the scrutiny of the entire world. From National Geographic to TikTok, what once was a sacred island ritual whose scandals, secrets, and misogyny never crossed the North Sea is now a global spectacle. 
-
-Today, Blackface, yellowface, and squads with names like “Stanley Goes to Bollywood” and “Jamesie’s Wet Dream” no longer stride through the Lerwick streets. “There definitely was more madness before smartphones and what not,” says Pulley. Though he’s adjacent to the pre-festival revelry – and loves some good bev and banter – Pulley doesn’t make a fool of himself. Tall, stoic, and sturdy, in another life, he could’ve been Leif Erickson. 
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMG_5486.jpg?resize=1024%2C684&ssl=1)
-
-In 2022, a research project undertaken on behalf of the BBC for its “Blood Of The Vikings” series drew eager volunteers from around the islands. Everyone jumped at the opportunity to prove they were of Nordic stock. Long queues protruded from the Family History Society onto the pavements of streets with names like St. Olaf and King Harald. For the majority, the wait was worth it – 60 percent of the islands’ 22,000 residents had DNA of Norwegian origin, most likely passed on from the Vikings.
-
-And Pulley knows the land with Viking precision. A tattoo of the archipelago spreading across his rugby-thickened thigh, he proudly confesses to his scenic tour clients that his grandfather traced their lineage of Lerwick Pulley men 12 generations back to 1709. 
-
-For Shetlanders like Pulley, true freedom lies in familiarity. Though he went to Glasgow for university, he always knew he’d return. To him, there’s something liberating about being known so deeply that nothing comes as a shock. Your teenage growing pains become character certainties. You always know who you’ll piss off with any given action and who you will pull affectionately back into your orbit. There are no surprises. Instead, there’s safety, unlocked doors, excellent gossip. Lose your job; you have a thousand friends to lean on. Your shoulders relax, you get a tattoo of the islands on your thigh, [you live longer](https://www.shetnews.co.uk/2019/12/12/people-in-isles-have-highest-life-expectancy-in-scotland/). 
-
-But familiarity also breeds contempt, stagnation, and fear of speaking up. 
-
-“The silent majority have always wanted inclusion,” Scott says, “but it’s difficult for people to speak up here.” The consequences of voicing an opinion in Shetland can be harsh. Businesses that don’t donate to Up Helly Aa squads are shunned. Women who deny a Viking a dance are insulted. 
-
-The aftermath of Helen Robertson’s early attempts at campaigning caused strain on her father, whose colleagues and friends were aghast at a young woman messing with their myths.“It has been very difficult over the past 40 years knowing the strength of hate towards me for speaking out,” she says.  “I stopped openly campaigning. … I simply stopped going. I suppose that’s how community pressure works.” 
-
-> In the same breath traditionalist men say, “we’re fair and tolerant here,” they also say “shut up.” 
-
-They pride themselves on myths of unity, justifications that discrimination – class, gender, or racial – doesn’t exist. “We’re not inbred like the Western Isles. …We’re much more diverse and accepting,” says a Scalloway museum trustee.
-
-Similarly, every man you ask in the Lounge Bar will wax poetic about class mixing in squads with strange precision as if coached by a PR expert. *“You can have the council boss and the bin man in the same squad.” “You can go to the pub and stand between a surgeon and the bin man.” “At Up Helly Aa, it doesn’t matter if you’re the Jarl or the bin man.”* 
-
-But what if you’re the bin woman?
-
----
-
-> “In the Shetlands, women are the best men.”
-> 
-> Negley Farson, Buffalo Evening News, March 1928
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMG_5335.jpeg?resize=322%2C316&ssl=1)
-
-Photo by Paul Leask
-
-The roles of Shetland women have usurped expectations of foreign journalists for centuries. When they anticipated “salt sprayed islands where waiting wives knit their souls into woolen masterpieces,” they instead found a hard-scrabble existence of absent men and ubiquitous, hard-working women. 
-
-*“Shetland women and Shetland ponies carry all the burdens of the island\[s\]*,” wrote Edgar L. Wakeman in 1890.
-
-*“There they run the house, till the soil, and complain not…Certainly the men do cut the peat, but the women stack it to dry, turn it and stack it again, and afterwards carry it home on their backs,”* cried The Kansas City Star in 1910. 
-
-*“A drab existence,”* many writers found it, one impossible to imbue with romanticization. 
-
-The words journalists used to describe Shetland women share too many overlapping adjectives with the rhetoric used to describe Shetland ponies. In international opinion, they are “stocky and weather-beaten,” “hardy and well-equipped with the proper garb for their various occupations,” walking tens of miles across the mainland only to arrive back home “quiet and uncomplaining.”
-
-The descriptions are so hard-fastened that Betty Moaut, a 60-year-old woman who survived days adrift in the stormy North Sea off two biscuits and a bottle of milk, was described as “weather-beaten, stoic, and uncomplaining” when she washed up alive on the Norwegian coastline in 1886. When murmurs of the Shetland women’s 1978 “warpath against strippers for lonely oilmen” spread across the sea into American papers from Roanoke to Binghamton, the focus was less on their activism and more on their “hardiness” and tendency to “shun lipstick and other makeup.” 
-
-For all their work, Shetland women got little credit, only pity. 
-
-Until the 1960s, women outnumbered men in the isles. They, historically, dominated the home and family life, taking on community, croft, and household roles as the men escaped to the sea, fishing or whaling for prolonged periods. Lynn Abrams, a professor of gender history, goes as far as to call Shetland a “woman’s island,” in her study [Myth and Materiality in a Woman’s World](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt155jc9c). 
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/UHA-Hostesses-1960-0092.jpg?resize=650%2C434&ssl=1)
-
-Hostesses and helpers posed with tea cups, pots of tea and jugs of milk and bowls of sugar in Lerwick during Up Helly Aa 1960. They served tea and food to guests and guizers the whole night, from 9 p.m. until 8 a.m the following day. Photo by Coutts Photos.
-
-“Narratives of the past including personal and family lore are constructed within a larger myth system that excludes as much as it includes,” Abrams writes in *Myth and Materiality*.
-
-Who was in control of the myth of Shetland women as uncomplaining? Men. 
-
-So, the silent majority was introduced, fearful of cracking the town’s illusion of cohesion by speaking up for inclusion; and, in turn, fueling Shetland men’s delusions that a woman should be overworked and uncomplaining. 
-
-Myth and lore color the worldview that the women of Shetland have for themselves. But it’s all up for interpretation: where some see limitations, others see the advantages of being quietly in control. 
-
-If Shetland is still a woman’s island, then Up Helly Aa squads could be described as safe spaces away from women for the men to drink and fart freely. 
-
-“You got squads who have evidently been practicing and practicing \[their skits\] steadily for many weeks. They’re obviously very good. And then you’ve got squads like my squad who don’t do much,” Brydon Leslie shares. 
-
-When asked what they do instead of preparing, a simple one-word answer paints the story: “Drink.”
-
-So is it fair to say that men don’t want women – already running everything on the islands – involved in their squads, telling them what to do there, too?
-
-“Yes,” he replies. 
-
----
-
-AS THE MEN prepare for Up Helly Aa 2023 by forgetting every night preceding it, those who campaigned for inclusion enjoy a more relaxed lead-up. 
-
-“We did have some direct action prepared, but we didn’t have to use it,” Scott says, opening a box of flyers, op-eds, and other imaginative interventions. Headlines like *Women Can be Vikings Too,* [*We Axe For What We Want*](https://www.gaada.org/shop/we-axe-for-what-we-want)*, It’s Time to Change Tradition,* are now relics of the fight they won.
-
-Some campaigners celebrate the first inclusive UHA by not attending. Instead, they unwind at home, putting their feet up after a nearly decade of direct action. Scott spends her Tuesday evening cozy at home with a movie. Another campaigner enjoys a hike with her dogs. “It’s all just a bit boring after a while. How much can you really drink and dance anyway? I prefer the country \[fire festivals\],” she says. 
-
-Across the sound, Lerwick is sheltered from the east by Bressay, an isle unspoiled and undisturbed by the capital’s gender row. Bressay’s small fire festival has long included women in the procession (although they had their own drama in 2016, which involved the to-be Jarl sending dick pics to an underage girl). Most country fire festivals across Shetland allow women to carry torches and guize, giving fodder to anti-feminists in Lerwick that the women who want to be torch bearers in Lerwick Up Helly Aa should “just go to the country ones.”
-
-In Shetland, the fire festival season (there are 12 in total) starts with Scalloway, Shetland’s ancient capital and a village of only 1,000. During the derivative of UHA, there is a near 50/50 split of women and men. Though there are no mixed squads or women in the Jarl’s squad, viking princesses (daughters of squad members) skip and chase each other through the streets. 
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/16-Bearly-Burra-On.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&ssl=1)
-
-16 Bearly Burra was a squad of guizers dressed as “Burra Bears” for Up Helly Aa 2020. There is a woman on the Shetland island of Burra who produces and sells Burra Bears, teddy bears covered in Fair Isle patterned knitwear. Photo by Coutts Photos.
-
-The afternoon leading up to the 2023 Scalloway procession is all auspicious sunshine and smiles. But just as the torches flare, rain pours down. Eyelashes freeze over. An aggrieved tween yells at her mother, “I’m done doing this shite. Every year the day is drenching!” 
-
-However, the cold can’t overpower the collective excitement. Shetland has missed her fire festivals; even the locals who didn’t habitually attend before 2020 come out in droves with their cheerful children in tow. And National Geographic is here. (Though that’s more a point of resentment than thrill, a local bartender assures.) 
-
-As the galley is pushed out to sea, a five-year-old girl calls her friends into her joy, “This is my favorite part! It’s the most beautiful thing–when you destroy it, you get to start again.” 
-
-The boat burns. Everyone runs into the halls. A squad of men performs a skit mocking Lerwick’s lack of urgency to integrate. Dressed in drag, they chant *“Lerwick let us in! Lerwick let us in!*” The crowd laughs, dances, cheers. 
-
----
-
-TWO WEEKS later, at 5 am in Lerwick’s Bells Brae primary school, a giant hat twirls and two-steps over a sticky gymnasium floor. A human candy bar gyrates to Rihanna, a gaggle of Where’s Waldos dance to the Scissor Sisters,  a poorly-constructed cosplay of English soccer captain Harry Kane unzips a red vest to reveal sagging, udder-esque breasts.
-
-There are Britney Spears cosplays, trolls, tutus, and lots of fake tits. The skits are of varying themes and degrees of quality. Depending on the squad, inebriation into the night either aids or abates the execution. Of the 1,000+ Shetlanders in the squads, there are 7 women, 7 more than in any previous festival. 
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/UHA19-6717.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&ssl=1)
-
-Guizers in a 2019 squad performed a dance routine inspired by a British television talent show called “Stars in Their Eyes.” Photo by Coutts Photos.
-
-In the bathroom, crouched over sinks made for eight-year-olds, the gossip pours as freely as the booze in the cloakroom (no drinks allowed on the dance floor). “I heard that one squad is performing ‘Womanizer’ because Neil’s \[this year’s Jarl\] is one,” one young woman informs another. “I don’t get it, he’s not even fit,” she responds. 
-
-Attractive or not, this year’s Big Swinging Dick, Neil Montcrieff, is well over six foot tall and notoriously amorous. He spent the morning plodding down the promenade in his cartoonishly large fur boots unaware that his philandering ways were about to be put under the microscope for 12 hours straight. Now, he is in the center of the gym floor, eyes tired, forcing his way through his umpteenth performance of “Don’t Stop Me Now.” 
-
-At Up Helly Aa, not even the Jarl is safe from light-hearted ridicule. Pulley says that the skits are meant to crusade against tall poppy syndrome. “A flower head can never go too far above the wall. If it does, you have to cut it down,” he says.
-
-And so they do. Going after the council, celebrities, town icons, the Shetland space center, the skits continue for hours, always humbling those who need it, and occasionally nonsensical to those who aren’t privy to local lore. 
-
----
-
-THE UHA integration dilemma mirrors what many (namely white men) yearn for: a time where they didn’t have to care about other people; a time when *equality* was an abstract ideal, nothing to urgently put into practice. But in 2023, equality left the abstract and processed through Lerwick. The night carried on with just as much machismo and manic fun as it has for 200 years but this time with women and without Blackface or musical displays of orientalism. Torches burned but, despite what certain [Facebook groups](https://www.facebook.com/LerwickUHA/) believed, the world did not. 
-
-Shetland doesn’t have a monopoly on personal and collective mythology, of course. People everywhere eagerly swab their spit, send it to a lab, and allow their face to alight at the most distant piece of heritage. They parade a 10% Irish-positive test through St. Paddy’s day celebrations and into pubs. They check “Native American” on college applications after Ancestry.com confirms long-held family lore about a Cherokee great-great grandma. 
-
-We all hang onto the myth that *others* us in the right ways – just enough for intrigue, not enough to experience more discrimination. Leaning into the most romantic, outrageous, or sympathetic story, we paint our lives with white lies – often the white lies of white people *–* and polish that one anecdote with preposterous new details in every retelling. 
-
-And as some get further from heritage, they have the opportunity to invent, lie, gate-keep. Up Helly Aa isn’t an anomaly, it’s just a better-organized expression of the untruths we all tell ourselves. 
-
-> And what a luxury it is to live the myth. Romanticize your origins, scream-sing Queen, put a cigarette out on your hand. 
-
-OUTSIDE, THE survivors of Up Helly Aa 2023 stumble into winding roads. At 11 am, under the winter sun after 30 hours of jollification, everything looks a little different. The human candy bar has feet, even a face! Everyone is weary yet unblinking. A woman pleads on Facebook “where is my husband? I just need to know!” The hallucination is over, but the party isn’t. Shetlanders pride themselves on their fabulous but equally cirrhosis-inducing ability to drink for days and stay standing and singing. And so they do. 
-
-Men in disguise, women in dresses, they walk toward the after-after party, where you’re no longer a squad member or a spectator, a feminist or a fascist, a Viking or a Scotsman, you’re just another merry drunk trotting by the Tesco, groping around for truth, waiting for seals to swim up to the shore of an island your ancestors invaded centuries ago. 
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMG_0671.jpeg?resize=768%2C1024&ssl=1)
-
-## Kiki Dy
-
-Kiki Dy (she/her) is a Savannah-based writer, tea-drinker, and dreamer. Her portraits of small peculiar places appear in Belt Magazine, The Phoenix, and The Real Story. When not working, she’s usually shortening her lifespan with fun-filled flair. You can contact her via [Twitter](https://twitter.com/ButtholeBill1), which she intends to use professionally despite her username.
-
-*This story was made possible by the support of **Sunday Long Read subscribers** and publishing partner **Ruth Ann Harnisch**. Edited by **Peter Bailey-Wells**. Designed by **Anagha Srikanth**.*
-
-&emsp;
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-Link: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/aug/26/naomi-klein-naomi-wolf-conspiracy-theories
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-# Naomi Klein on following her ‘doppelganger’ down the conspiracy rabbit hole – and why millions of people have entered an alternative political reality
-
-In my defence, it was never my intent to write about it. I did not have time. No one asked me to. And several people strongly cautioned against it. Not now – not with the literal and figurative fires roiling our planet. And certainly not about this.
-
-Other Naomi – that is how I refer to her now. This person with whom I have been chronically confused for over a decade. My big-haired doppelganger. A person whom so many others appear to find indistinguishable from me. A person who does many extreme things that cause strangers to chastise me or thank me or express their pity for me.
-
-I am referring, of course, to [Naomi Wolf](https://www.theguardian.com/books/naomi-wolf). In the 1990s, she was a standard-bearer for “third wave” feminism, then a leading adviser to US vice-president [Al Gore](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/algore). Today, she is a full-time, industrial-scale disseminator of unproven conspiracy theories on everything from Islamic State beheadings to vaccines. And the worst part of the confusion is that I can see why people get their Naomis mixed up. We both write big-idea books (my [No Logo](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/aug/11/no-logo-naomi-klein-20-years-on-interview), her [Beauty Myth](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/oct/09/ten-best-feminist-political-texts); my [Shock Doctrine](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/sep/15/politics), her [End of America](https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/may/13/naomiwolfvalanwolferound1); my [This Changes Everything](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/sep/19/this-changes-everything-capitalism-vs-climate-naomi-klein-review), her [Vagina](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/sep/07/vagina-new-biography-naomi-wolf-review)). We both have brown hair that sometimes goes blond from over-highlighting (hers is longer and more voluminous than mine). We’re both Jewish.
-
-There are too many instances and varieties of identity confusion to summarize here. Like the time I offended a famous Australian author by failing to remember our prior encounter at a Christmas party hosted by our shared publisher (it was Wolf’s publisher, not mine, and I had been to no such party). Or the time Jordan Peterson slammed me on his podcast for allegedly writing The Beauty Myth (to be fair, he also slams me for things I have written). Or the guy who tweeted that I had been losing my mind for years and now equated having to get a Covid vaccine with Jews in Nazi Germany having to wear yellow stars – linking, of course, [to a statement by Wolf](https://twitter.com/naomirwolf/status/1636145556648087553) saying that very thing.
-
-There was even a moment, while reading [an article in the Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/19/naomi-wolf-occupy-wall-street-arrested) about her being arrested at a protest in New York, when I experienced the unmistakable chill of the doppelganger, an uncanny feeling Sigmund Freud described as “that species of the frightening that goes back to what was once well known and had long been familiar”.
-
-“Her partner, the film producer Avram Ludwig, was also arrested.”
-
-I read the sentence to my partner, the film director and producer Avram Lewis (who goes by Avi).
-
-“What the actual fuck?” he asked.
-
-“I know,” I said. “It’s like a goddamned conspiracy.”
-
-Then we both burst out laughing.
-
-Most confusingly, my doppelganger and I once had distinct writerly lanes (hers being women’s bodies, sexuality, and leadership; mine being corporate assaults on democracy and the climate crisis). But over a decade ago, she started talking and writing about power grabs under cover of states of emergency – and the once-sharp yellow line that divided those lanes began to go wobbly.
-
-By early 2021, when she was casting nearly every public health measure marshalled to control the Covid pandemic as a covert plan by the Chinese Communist party, the World Economic Forum and [Anthony Fauci](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/anthony-fauci) to usher in a sinister new world order, I began to feel as if I was reading a parody of The Shock Doctrine, one with all facts and evidence carefully removed, and coming to cartoonishly broad conclusions I would never support. And all the while, my doppelganger troubles deepened, in part because I was relatively quiet in this period, isolated in my Canadian home and unable to perform so many of the activities that once reinforced my own public identity.
-
-In those lonely months, I would wander online to try to find some simulation of the friendships and communities I missed, and find, instead, The Confusion. The denunciations and excommunication (“I can’t believe I used to respect [Naomi Klein](https://www.theguardian.com/books/naomi-klein). WTF has happened to her??”). The glib expressions of sympathy (“The real victim in all this here is Naomi Klein” and “Thoughts and prayers to Naomi Klein”). It was an out-of-body experience: if she, according to this torrent of people, was me, who, then, was I?
-
-All of this may help explain why I made the admittedly odd decision to follow my doppelganger into the rabbit hole of her rabbit holes, chasing after any insight into her strange behaviour and that of her newfound allies that I could divine. I recognize that this decision is somewhat out of character. After all, for a quarter of a century, I have been a person who writes about corporate power and its ravages. I sneak into abusive factories in faraway countries and across borders to military occupations; I report in the aftermath of oil spills and category 5 hurricanes. And yet in the months and years during the pandemic – a time when cemeteries ran out of space, and billionaires blasted themselves into outer space – everything else that I had to write or might have written appeared only as an unwanted intrusion, a rude interruption.
-
-![Headshot of author Naomi Wolf against New York City skyline background](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/fbc1251e988adbed6a457df73deba6f57c1a6556/0_204_3307_2619/master/3307.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
-
-The doppelganger: Naomi Wolf. Photograph: Mike McGregor/The Guardian
-
-In June 2021, as this research began to truly spiral out of my control, a strange new weather event dubbed a “heat dome” descended on the southern coast of British Columbia, the part of Canada where I now live with my family. The thick air felt like a snarling, invasive entity with malevolent intent. More than 600 people died, most of them elderly; an estimated 10bn marine creatures were cooked alive on our shores; an entire town went up in flames. An editor asked if I, as someone engaged in the climate change fight for 15 years, would file a report about what it was like to live through this unprecedented climate event.
-
-“I’m working on something else,” I told him, the stench of death filling my nostrils.
-
-“Can I ask what?”
-
-“You cannot.”
-
----
-
-There were plenty of other important things I neglected during this time of feverish subterfuge. That summer, I allowed my nine-year-old to spend so many hours watching a gory nature series called Animal Fight Club that he began to ram me at my desk “like a great white shark”. I did not spend nearly enough time with my octogenarian parents, who live a mere half-hour’s drive away, despite their statistical vulnerability to the deadly pandemic that was rampaging across the globe and despite that lethal heat dome. In the fall, my husband ran for office in a national election; though I did go on a few campaign trips, I know I could have done more.
-
-My deepest shame rests with the unspeakable number of podcasts I mainlined, the sheer volume of hours lost that I will never get back listening to her and her fellow travelers who are now in open warfare against objective reality. A master’s degree’s worth of hours. I told myself it was “research”. That this was not, in fact, an epically frivolous and narcissistic waste of my compressed writing time or of the compressed time on the clock of our fast-warming planet. I rationalised that Other Naomi, as one of the most effective creators and disseminators of misinformation and disinformation about many of our most urgent crises, and as someone who has seemingly helped inspire large numbers to take to the streets in rebellion against an almost wholly hallucinated “tyranny”, is at the nexus of several forces that, while ridiculous in the extreme, are nonetheless important, since the confusion they sow and the oxygen they absorb increasingly stand in the way of pretty much anything helpful or healthful that humans might, at some point, decide to accomplish together.
-
-For most of the first decade of my doppelganger trouble, I didn’t bother much with correcting the record. I told myself that getting confused with [Naomi Wolf](https://www.theguardian.com/books/naomi-wolf) was primarily a social media thing. My friends and colleagues knew who I was, and when I interacted with people I didn’t know in the physical world, her name did not used to come up; neither were we entangled in articles or book reviews. I therefore filed away Naomi confusion in the category of “things that happen on the internet that are not quite real”.
-
-Back then, I saw the problem as more structural than personal. A handful of young men had got unfathomably rich designing tech platforms that, in the name of “connection”, not only allowed us to eavesdrop on conversations between strangers but also actively encouraged us to seek out those exchanges that mentioned us by name (AKA our “mentions”). When I first joined Twitter back in 2010, and clicked on the little bell icon signifying my “mentions”, my initial thought was: I am reading the graffiti written about me on an infinitely scrolling restroom wall.
-
-As a frequently graffitied-about girl in high school, this felt both familiar and deeply harrowing. I instantly knew that Twitter was going to be bad for me – and yet, like so many of us, I could not stop looking. So perhaps if there is a message I should have taken from the destabilising appearance of my doppelganger, this is it: once and for all, stop eavesdropping on strangers talking about you in this crowded and filthy global toilet known as social media.
-
-I might have heeded the message, too. If Covid hadn’t intervened, and upped the stakes of the confusion on pretty much every front.
-
----
-
-“Really?” Avi asked. It was 11 o’clock on a warm night in early June 2021 and he had walked in on me doing yoga before bed, a nightly practice to help with back pain. When he arrived, I was in pigeon pose, breathing into a deep and challenging hip release. And, yes, OK, I was also listening to [Steve Bannon](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/steve-bannon)’s daily podcast**,** War Room. Life had been hectic lately, with the end of the school year and Avi’s campaign for federal office heating up, so when else was I supposed to catch up on Other Naomi’s flurry of appearances?
-
-A couple of months earlier, Wolf had released a video claiming that those vaccine-verification apps so many of us downloaded represented a plot to institute “slavery for ever”. The apps would usher in a “CCP-style social credit score system” in “the West”, she said – a reference to China’s all-pervasive surveillance net that allows Beijing to rank citizens for their perceived virtue and obedience, a chilling hierarchy that can determine everything from access to schools to eligibility for loans, and is one piece of a broader surveillance dragnet that pinpoints the location of dissidents for arrest and ruthlessly censors speech that casts the ruling party in a critical light. The “vaccine passports” were like all that, Wolf warned, a system that “enslaves a billion people”. The apps would listen into our conversations, track where and with whom we gathered, tell on us to the authorities. This, according to my doppelganger, is what Joe Biden was about to bring to the United States, using Covid as the cover story.
-
-Having these incendiary claims come from a once-prominent Democrat was irresistible to the rightwing media. Suddenly she was everywhere: Fox’s (now canceled) [Tucker Carlson](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/tucker-carlson) Tonight, along with other shows on the network, as well as Bannon’s War Room and many lesser-known platforms. All of this activity meant that keeping up with my doppelganger was an increasingly time-consuming undertaking, thus the need to multitask while doing yoga.
-
-My obsession had opened a growing gulf between Avi and me. And not just between us – it was intensifying my already deep pandemic isolation, cutting me off further from other friends and family. No one I know listened to War Room, and I felt increasingly that it was impossible to understand the new shape of politics without listening to it. Still, it had gone pretty far: for days, I had been unable to get the show’s rabidly anti-communist theme song out of my head (“Spread the word all through Hong Kong / We will fight till they’re all gone / We rejoice when there’s no more / Let’s take down the CCP”).
-
-After the Bannon-yoga incident, I pledged to give it a rest, to put this least charming of pandemic hobbies aside. It seemed like the right time to reassess anyway. [Twitter had just suspended Naomi Wolf’s account](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jun/05/naomi-wolf-banned-twitter-spreading-vaccine-myths), seemingly permanently. I wasn’t comfortable with this kind of heavy-handed corporate censorship, but I told myself that Wolf losing her main tool of continuous disinformation surely meant that she wouldn’t be able to get herself (and me) into nearly so much trouble.
-
-“I’ll block Twitter,” I told Avi. I promised to spend the whole summer not only helping more with the campaign but also focusing on our son and the rest of our woefully neglected family.
-
-Here is how my relapse happened, and I’m not going to sugarcoat it. During a vacation in Prince Edward Island, the back pain had gotten worse, and I decided to seek professional help. I set off midmorning, under clear skies on a virtually empty two-lane road banked by sand dunes, red cliffs and crashing Atlantic waves. As I drove, I realized I was something I had barely been in 16 months: alone. Alone and surrounded by natural beauty. Elation flooded my body, down to the tips of my fingers clasping the steering wheel.
-
-In that perfect moment, I could have listened to anything. I could have rolled down the windows and filled my ears with the surf and the gulls. I could have blasted Joni Mitchell’s Blue, which I had recently rediscovered thanks to Brandi Carlile’s cover. But I didn’t do any of that.
-
-Instead, I touched the purple podcast app, pulled up War Room, and read the capsule summary of the most recent episode. It was a speech by [Donald Trump](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/donaldtrump), recorded live, in which he announced that he was suing the big tech companies for deplatforming him, followed by reaction from …
-
-What? Why her?
-
-I scrolled down and saw that I had missed several other recent appearances while abiding by my no-Wolf diet. I gulped them all, one after another. And that’s how I ended up on the side of the road, with my hazards on, late for a much-needed treatment, on my first vacation in two years, scribbling in a tiny red notebook as I tried to transcribe the words coming through my phone’s speaker: “black shirts and brown shirts”, “Fauci demonic”, “petrifying”, “your body belongs to the state”, “like China’s one-child policy and forced sterilization”, “geotracking”, “evil x2”.
-
-![Author Naomi Klein pictured twice, once sitting at a table facing the camera, and alongside with her back to it](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/63725757eebfd74a6b43d30e74b472302b76ee6a/0_3287_6234_4502/master/6234.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
-
-‘It was an out-of-body experience: if she was me, who, then, was I?’ Photograph: Sebastian Nevols/The Guardian
-
-In my meager defense, Wolf’s elevated status on Bannon’s podcast marked a major development in the life of my doppelganger. It’s one thing to be invited on to a flagship show of the Trumpian right to freestyle about vaccine passports or to trash Joe Biden – any semi-prominent self-described Democrat would be welcome to pull that stunt. It’s quite another to be the person whom [Steve Bannon](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/steve-bannon) goes to for exclusive reaction to one of the first post-White House speeches by Donald Trump – a man whom the vast majority of Bannon’s listeners are utterly convinced is the rightful president of the United States (and whom Wolf had referred to, in her earlier life, as “a horrible human being, an awful person”). It’s not just that it sells books and subscriptions to her website. It signals real power – the ability to reach and potentially influence the behavior of millions of people.
-
-“Action! Action! Action!” That is War Room’s mantra. Bannon repeats it often. It appears on a plaque behind his head when he broadcasts. He sends it with the pieces of content he pushes out on Gettr (“the Twitter killer”) and in his newsletter.
-
-He means it. Unlike Fox News, which, despite its obvious bias, still has the trappings of cable news, War Room has built an explicitly activist media platform – or, more precisely, a militarist one. Rather than television’s airbrushed talking heads, Bannon cultivates a feeling that his audience is part of a rolling meeting between a commander and his busy field generals, each one reporting back from their various fronts: the Big Steal strategy (challenging the results of the 2020 election); the precinct strategy (putting ideological foot soldiers in place at the local level to prevent the next election from being “stolen”); the school board strategy (challenging the “woke” curriculum as well as masks and vaccine policies).
-
-If Naomi Wolf was Bannon’s go-to guest not just to rail against vaccine mandates but now to live-spin Trump’s speeches, that meant she had crossed an entirely new threshold, becoming a full-blown player in this world. Shortly after, Wolf would go so far as to join Trump’s class-action lawsuit against Twitter as a co-plaintiff, challenging her own ousting from the platform (though she still claimed to “profoundly” disagree with Trump “ideologically”). It was there, on the side of that road, that I became convinced that whatever was happening with her wasn’t just relevant to me because of my admittedly niche doppelganger problem – it was far more serious than that. If someone like her could be shifting alliances so radically, it seemed worth trying to figure out what was driving that transformation – especially because, by then, it was also clear that quite a few prominent liberals and leftists were making a similar lurch to the hard right.
-
-Even after following Wolf’s antics for years, or rather, after having them follow me, I was taken aback by the decisiveness of this boundary crossing. How did she – a Jewish feminist who wrote a book warning how easily fascism can throttle open societies – rationalize this alliance with Trump and Bannon? How, for that matter, did Bannon – a proud anti-abortion Catholic who was [once charged with domestic assault](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/aug/26/steve-bannon-domestic-violence-trump-campaign-ceo) and whose ex-wife told a court that he didn’t want their daughters [“going to school with Jews”](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/aug/27/trump-campaign-ceo-stephen-bannon-denies-antisemitic-remarks) – rationalize teaming up with Wolf? (Bannon pleaded not guilty to the domestic assault charges, which were dismissed after his wife did not show up in court, and he denies the remark about Jews.)
-
-Wolf was not merely a regular guest on Bannon’s War Room; she was fast becoming one of its most recognisable characters. At the peak of their collaboration, even as she ran [her own DailyClout website](https://dailyclout.io/), Wolf would appear on War Room nearly every single weekday for two weeks. They even partnered up on co-branded “Daily-Clout War Room Pfizer investigations” into various vaccine rabbit holes. Clearly, neither was letting past principles stand in the way of this union.
-
-What I was trying to figure out was this: what does this unlikeliest of buddy movies say about the ways that Covid has redrawn political maps in country after country, blurring left/right lines and provoking previously apolitical cohorts to take to the streets? What did it have to do with the “freedom fighters” who were now threatening workers at restaurants that checked for proof of vaccination? Or blocking ambulances outside hospitals that required their staff to get vaccinated? Or refusing to believe the results of any elections that didn’t go their way?
-
-Or denying evidence of Russian war crimes? Or, or, or …
-
-The reshaping of politics that is one of Covid’s primary legacies is far bigger than Wolf and Bannon, of course. The hallucinatory period when the pandemic melded with economic upheavals and climate disasters accelerated all manner of strange-bedfellow coalitions, manifesting in large protests first against lockdowns and then against any sensible health measure that would have helped make the lockdowns unnecessary.
-
-These formations bring together many disparate political and cultural strains: the traditional right; the [QAnon](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/qanon) conspiratorial hard right; alternative health subcultures usually associated with the green left; a smattering of neo-Nazis; parents (mainly white mothers) angry about a range of things happening and not happening in schools (masks, jabs, all-gender bathrooms, anti-racist books); small-business owners enraged by the often devastating impacts of Covid controls on their bottom lines. Significant disagreement exists inside these new convergences – Wolf, for instance, is neither a QAnon cultist nor a neo-Nazi. Yet, galvanised by large-platform misinformers like her and Bannon, most seem to agree that the pandemic was a plot by Davos elites to push a re-engineered society under the banner of the [“Great Reset”](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-57532368).
-
-If the claims are coming from the far right, the covert plan is for a green/socialist/no-borders/Soros/forced-vaccine dictatorship, while the new agers warn of a big pharma/GMO/biometric-implant/5G/robot-dog/forced-vaccine dictatorship. With the exception of the Covid-related refresh, the conspiracies that are part of this political convergence are not new – most have been around for decades, and some are ancient blood libels. What’s new is the force of the magnetic pull with which they are finding one another, self-assembling into what the Vice reporter Anna Merlan has termed a [“conspiracy singularity”](https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7gz53/the-conspiracy-singularity-has-arrived).
-
-![A central London protest against the UK government’s plans for mandatory Covid vaccinations for all frontline NHS workers, January 2022](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/e28d275423a96279f0d399a9b3b4b0bad000b9a3/0_0_5123_3415/master/5123.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
-
-Covid vaccination protesters take to the streets in the UK … Photograph: Mike Kemp/In Pictures/Getty Images
-
-![A protest against Covid-19 vaccine mandates for students, in Huntington Beach, California, January 2022](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/c4cac17f39a48f54e0c6233209a3499641151972/0_0_4000_2661/master/4000.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
-
-… and the US. Photograph: Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images
-
-In Germany, [the movement often describes its politics as Querdenken](https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/covid19/2021/09/29/querdenken-the-german-anti-lockdown-movement-that-thrives-on-public-distrust/) – which means lateral, diagonal, or outside-the-box thinking – and it has forged worrying alliances between new age health obsessives, who are opposed to putting anything impure into their carefully tended bodies, and several neofascist parties, which took up the anti-vaccination battle cry as part of a Covid-era resistance to “hygiene dictatorship”.
-
-Inspired by the term, but taking it beyond Germany, William Callison and Quinn Slobodian, both scholars of European politics, [describe these emergent political alliances as “diagonalism”](https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/quinn-slobodian-toxic-politics-coronakspeticism/). They explain: “Born in part from transformations in technology and communication, diagonalists tend to contest conventional monikers of left and right (while generally arcing toward far-right beliefs), to express ambivalence if not cynicism toward parliamentary politics, and to blend convictions about holism and even spirituality with a dogged discourse of individual liberties. At the extreme end, diagonal movements share a conviction that all power is conspiracy.”
-
-Despite claims of post-partisanship, it is rightwing, often far-right, political parties around the world that have managed to absorb the unruly passions and energy of diagonalism, folding its Covid-era grievances into pre-existing projects opposing “wokeness” and drumming up fears of migrant “invasions”, alien abductions, as well as “climate lockdowns”. Still, it is important for these movements to present themselves as (and to believe themselves to be) ruptures with politics-as-usual; to claim to be something new, beyond traditional left/right poles. Which is why having a few prominent self-identified progressives and/or liberals involved is so critical.
-
-When Wolf first started appearing on rightwing media outlets in 2021, her posture was reticent, anything but defiant. She talked about having voted for Biden, stressed that she used to write for the New York Times and the Guardian and appear on MSNBC, described herself as a liberal “media darling”. But now, she said, rightwing shows like Tucker Carlson’s and Steve Bannon’s were the only ones courageous enough to give her a platform.
-
-For their part, every time a fiery rightwing show had Wolf on as a guest, the host would indulge in a protracted, ornate windup listing all of her liberal credentials, and professing shock that they could possibly find themselves on the same side. “I never thought I would be talking to you except in a debate format,” Carlson said the first time he had Wolf on. Then, referring to a tweet in which Wolf said that she regretted voting for Joe Biden, he added, “I was struck by the bravery it must have taken you to write it – I’m sure you lost friends over it, and for doing this \[show\].” Wolf smiled wistfully and nodded, accepting the hero’s welcome.
-
-When she appeared on the podcast hosted by one of Britain’s most vocal climate change deniers and far-right provocateurs, James Delingpole, he began by saying, “This is so unlikely … five years ago, the idea that you and I would be breaking bread … I sort of bracketed you with the other Naomi – you know, Naomi Klein, Naomi Wolf, what’s the difference?” (Insert silent scream from me.) He went on: “And now, here we are. I mean, I think we are allies in a much, much bigger war. And you’ve been fighting a really good fight, so congratulations.” Once again, she drank it in, playing her demure role on these awkward political first dates.
-
-As time went on, and Wolf became more of a fixture, she seemed to relish her new persona, eagerly playing the part of the coastal liberal elite that rightwing populists love to hate. The first time she went on his show, she told Bannon, “I spent years thinking you were the devil, no disrespect. Now I’m so happy to have you in the trenches along with other people across the political spectrum fighting for freedom … We have to drop those labels immediately in order to come together to fight for our constitution and our freedoms.”
-
-That is the key message we are meant to take away from diagonalist politics: the very fact that these unlikely alliances are even occurring, that the people involved are willing to unite in common purpose despite their past differences, is meant to act as proof that their cause is both urgent and necessary. How else could Wolf rationalize teaming up with Bannon who, along with Trump, normalized a political discourse that dehumanized migrants as monstrous others – rapists, gang members and disease carriers? This is also why Wolf leans so heavily and continuously on extreme historical analogies – comparing Covid health measures to Nazi rule, to apartheid, to Jim Crow, to slavery. This kind of rhetorical escalation is required to rationalize her new alliances. If you are fighting “slavery for ever” or a modern-day Hitler, everything – including the companion you find yourself in bed with – is a minor detail.  
-
----
-
-People ask me variations on this question often: What drove her over the edge? What made her lose it so thoroughly? They want a diagnosis but I, unlike her, am uncomfortable playing doctor. I could offer a kind of equation for leftists and liberals crossing over to the neofascist and authoritarian right that goes something like: narcissism (grandiosity) + social media addiction + midlife crisis ÷ public shaming = rightwing meltdown. And there would be some truth to that bit of math.
-
-The more I learn about her recent activities, however, the less I am able to accept the premise of these questions. They imply that when she went over the edge, she crashed to the ground. A more accurate description is that Wolf marched over the edge and was promptly caught in the arms of millions of people who agree with every one of her extraordinary theories without question, and who appear to adore her. So, while she clearly has lost what I may define as “it”, she has found a great deal more – she has found a whole new world, one I have come to think of as the Mirror World.
-
-Feminists of my mother’s generation find Wolf’s willingness to align herself with the people waging war on women’s freedom mystifying. And on one level it is. [As recently as 2019](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/19/naomi-wolf-fight-for-democracy-free-speech-outrages-interview), Wolf described her ill-fated book [Outrages](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/15/outrages-sex-censorship-criminalised-love-by-naomi-wolf-review) as “a cautionary tale about what happens when the secular state gets the power to enter your bedroom”. Now she is in league with the people who stacked the US supreme court with wannabe theocrats whose actions are forcing preteens to carry babies against their will. Yet on another level, her actions – however sincere they may be – are a perfect distillation of the values of the attention economy, which have trained so many of us to assess our worth using crude, volume-based matrixes. How many followers? How many likes? Retweets? Shares? Views? Did it trend? These do not measure whether something is right or wrong, good or bad, but simply how much volume, how much traffic, it generates in the ether. And if volume is the name of the game, ex-leftist crossover stars who find new levels of celebrity on the right aren’t lost – they are found.
-
-Wolf’s skills as a researcher may be dubious, but she is good at the internet. She packages her ideas in listicles for the clickbait age like her 2020 video “Fascist America, in 10 Easy Steps” and her event “Liberate Our Five Freedoms”. Her website, DailyClout, demonstrates Wolf’s success in mastering the art of internet monetization: not only collecting attention but turning that attention into money. She takes advertising; sells swag festooned with a stylized wolf logo (“The power is in the pack”); and charges $7 a month for a “premium” membership and $24.99 a month for a “pro” one.
-
-Seen in this context, the name Wolf chose for her site is telling. Because what Wolf turned into over the past decade is something very specific to our time: a clout chaser. Clout is the values-free currency of the always-online age – both a substitute for hard cash as well as a conduit to it. Clout is a calculus not of what you do, but of how much bulk you-ness there is in the world. You get clout by playing the victim. You get clout by victimizing others. This is something that is understood by the left and the right. If influence sways, clout squats, taking up space for its own sake.
-
-And if there is a pattern to the many, many conspiracies Wolf has floated in recent years – about [National Security Agency whistleblower Edward Snowden](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/edward-snowden), about the [2014 Ebola outbreak](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/15/ebola-epidemic-2014-timeline), about the arrest of former [International Monetary Fund managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/15/dominique-strauss-kahn-imf-sex-charges), about the results of the [2014 Scottish referendum on independence](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/sep/19/scotland-independence-no-vote-victory-alex-salmond), about the [Green New Deal](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/feb/11/green-new-deal-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-ed-markey) – it is simply this: they were about subjects that were dominating the news and generating heat at the time.
-
-![Headshot of author Naomi Klein](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5faa7294800bc5b5cf5a671972abe860db64a85d/0_1073_6258_5976/master/6258.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
-
-‘Millions of people have given themselves over to fantasy. The uncanny thing is that’s what they see when they look at us.’ Photograph: Sebastian Nevols/The Guardian
-
-And nothing had ever been nearly so hot, so potentially clout-rich, as Covid-19. We all know why. It was global. It was synchronous. We were digitally connected, talking about the same thing for weeks, months, years, and on the same global platforms. As Steven W Thrasher writes in [The Viral Underclass](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jan/15/omicron-covid-joe-biden-administration), Covid-19 marked “the first viral pandemic also to be experienced via viral stories on social media”, creating “a kind of squared virality”.
-
-In practice, this squared virality meant that if you put out the right kind of pandemic-themed content – flagged with the right mix-and-match of keywords and hashtags (“Great Reset”, “WEF”, “Bill Gates”, “Fascism”, “Fauci”, “Pfizer”) and headlined with tabloid-style teasers (“The Leaders Colluding to Make Us Powerless”, “What They Don’t Want You to Know About”, “Shocking Details Revealed”, “Bill Gates Said WHAT?!?”) – you could catch a digital magic-carpet ride that would make all previous experiences of virality seem leaden in comparison.
-
-This is a twist on the disaster capitalism I have tracked in the midst of earlier large-scale societal shocks. In the past, I have written about the private companies that descend to profit off the desperate needs and fears in the aftermath of hurricanes and wars, selling men with guns and reconstruction services at a high premium. That is old-school disaster capitalism picking our pockets, and it is still alive and thriving, taking aim at public schools and national health systems as the pandemic raged. But something new is also afoot: disaster capitalism mining our attention, at a time when attention is arguably our culture’s most valuable commodity. Conspiracies have always swirled in times of crisis – but never before have they been a booming industry in their own right.
-
----
-
-Almost everyone I talk to these days seems to be losing people to the Mirror World and its web of conspiracies. It’s as if those people live in a funhouse of distorted reflections and disorienting reversals. People who were familiar have somehow become alien, like a doppelganger of themselves, leaving us with that unsettled, uncanny feeling. The big misinformation players may be chasing clout, but plenty of people believe their terrifying stories. Clearly, conspiracy culture is fueled by deep and unmet needs – for community, for innocence, for inside knowledge, for answers that appear, however deceptively, to explain a world gone wild.
-
-“I can’t talk to my sister any more.” “My mother has gone down the rabbit hole.” “I am trying to figure out how to get my grandmother off Facebook.” “He used to be my hero. Now every conversation ends in a screaming match.”
-
-*What happened to them?*
-
-When looking at the Mirror World, it can seem obvious that millions of people have given themselves over to fantasy, to make-believe, to playacting. The trickier thing, the uncanny thing, really, is that’s what they see when they look at us. They say we live in a “clown world”, are stuck in “the matrix” of “groupthink”, are suffering from a form of collective hysteria called [“mass formation psychosis”](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jan/27/who-chief-backs-neil-young-over-covid-misinformation-row-with-spotify-joe-rogan) (a made-up term). The point is that on either side of the reflective glass, we are not having disagreements about differing interpretations of reality – we are having disagreements about who is in reality and who is in a simulation.
-
-For instance, in July 2022, [Wolf went on a rightwing podcast](https://tntradiolive.podbean.com/e/dr-naomi-wolf-on-kristina-borjesson-show-24-july-2022/) carried by something called Today’s News Talk and shared what she described as her “latest thinking”. She had noticed that when she went into New York City, where the vast majority of the population has been vaccinated, the people felt … different. In fact, it was as if they were not people at all.
-
-Naomi Klein explains what led to Doppelganger
-
-“You can’t pick up human energy in the same way, like the energy field is just almost not there, it’s like people are holograms … It’s like a city of ghosts now, you’re there, you see them, but you can’t feel them.”
-
-And she had noticed something even more bizarre: “People \[who are vaccinated\] have no scent any more. You can’t smell them. I’m not saying like, they don’t smell bad or they don’t smell – like I’m not talking about deodorant. I’m saying they don’t smell like there’s a human being in the room, and they don’t feel like there’s a human being in the room.”
-
-This, she explained to the host, was all due to the “lipid nanoparticles” in the mRNA vaccines, since they “go into the brain, they go into the heart, and they kind of gum it up”. Perhaps even the “wavelength which is love” was experiencing this “gumming up … dialing down its ability to transmit”. She concluded, “That’s how these lipid nanoparticles work.”
-
-That is not how lipid nanoparticles work. It is not how vaccines work. It is not how anything works. Also, and I can’t quite believe I am typing these words, *vaccinated people still smell like humans*.
-
-This, obviously, is gonzo stuff, the kind of thing that makes those of us outside the Mirror World feel smug and superior. But here is the trouble: many of Wolf’s words, however untethered from reality, tap into something true. Because there is a lifelessness and anomie to modern cities, and it did deepen during the pandemic – there is a way in which many of us feel we are indeed becoming less alive, less present, lonelier. It’s not the vaccine that has done this; it’s the stress and the speed and the screens and the anxieties that are all byproducts of capitalism in its necro-techno phase. But if one side is calling this fine and normal and the other is calling it “inhuman”, it should not be surprising that the latter holds some powerful allure.
-
-In my doppelganger studies, I have learned that there is a real medical syndrome called [Capgras delusion](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570557/#:~:text=Capgras%20syndrome%20is%20the%20most,close%20to%20him%20or%20her.). Those who suffer from it become convinced that people in their lives – spouses, children, friends – have been replaced by replicas or doppelgangers. According to the film historian Paul Meehan, the discovery of the syndrome likely inspired sci-fi classics like [Invasion of the Body Snatchers](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/oct/27/invasion-of-the-bodysnatchers-1956) and The Stepford Wives. But what is it called when a society divides into two warring factions, both of which are convinced that the other has been replaced by doppelgangers?
-
-Is there a syndrome for that? Is there a solution?
-
-To return to the original question: what is Wolf getting out of her alliance with Bannon and from her new life in the Mirror World? Everything. She is getting everything she once had and lost – attention, respect, money, power. Just through a warped mirror. In Milton’s Paradise Lost, Lucifer, a fallen angel, thought it “Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven”. My doppelganger may well still think Bannon is the devil, but perhaps she thinks it’s better to serve by his side than to keep getting mocked in a place that sells itself as heavenly but that we all know is plenty hellish in its own right.
-
-This is an edited extract from Doppelganger: A Trip into the Mirror World by Naomi Klein, published by Allen Lane on 12 September at £25. To support the Guardian and Observer, order your copy at [guardianbookshop.com](https://www.guardianbookshop.com/doppelganger-9780241621301?utm_source=editoriallink&amp;utm_medium=merch&amp;utm_campaign=article). Delivery charges may apply.
-
-Join Naomi Klein for a Guardian Live event on 27 September, in person in Manchester and livestreamed, when she will discuss Doppelganger. [Book tickets here](https://membership.theguardian.com/live/in-conversation-with-naomi-klein-675911839507).
-
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Neal ElAttrache, Doctor for Tom Brady and Leonardo DiCaprio.md b/00.03 News/Neal ElAttrache, Doctor for Tom Brady and Leonardo DiCaprio.md
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@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ CollapseMetaTable: true
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+Read:: [[2024-07-07]]
 
 ---
 
@@ -58,11 +58,6 @@ In 1974, Tommy John, of the Dodgers, threw a pitch and, as he has recounted, “
 
 About a decade later, ElAttrache entered medical residency at the University of Pittsburgh. Many of the big-shot surgeons were in the cardiothoracic department. ElAttrache was talented and ambitious, and was drawn to the department. He assisted on one of the first pediatric heart-and-lung transplants. There was a monthlong span when he slept at home just once. An older surgeon pulled him aside, hoping to give him some perspective. “We went through the I.C.U. that night,” ElAttrache said. “His message to me was ‘You know, six or seven of these kids are not getting out of here. Starting tomorrow, you’re going to come with me and talk to the families.’ ” ElAttrache went on, “My ego was so strong on one hand but fragile on the other. All I could see was fucking misery. And then I see that my orthopedic surgical colleagues are dealing with people that break, and you fix them, and they get back to being healthy and happy.”
 
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a24739)
-
-“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I waited weak and weary, Over many a package of goods galore—While I nodded nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As if Amazon gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door—But it’s a stupid bird and nothing more.”
-
-Cartoon by Brooke Bourgeois
 
 ElAttrache took a fellowship with Jobe and his clinic partner, Robert Kerlan, in Los Angeles. Jobe was a surgical artist. “It was a waltz, everything moved in a certain way,” James Bradley, the Steelers’ team physician, who worked with ElAttrache at Pittsburgh and at Kerlan-Jobe, told me. “Neal had that early on.” Kerlan, meanwhile, suffered from a debilitating form of arthritis, which eventually prevented him from performing surgery, but patients trusted nobody more. He was a creature of Los Angeles. He liked to bet the horses at Hollywood Park with his friends Fred Astaire and Burt Bacharach. “I remember one day Kerlan called up to the fellows’ room yelling and screaming,” ElAttrache said. “And so, of course, I come running down to his office. And Clint Eastwood and Bob Newhart are there, and Kerlan said, ‘I told you he was fast!’ ”
 
@@ -116,11 +111,6 @@ He propped open a door to a balcony. A pleasant breeze blew in, and light glinte
 
 ElAttrache moved to the kitchen for dinner with his wife, Tricia, a former O.R. nurse. The two met on ElAttrache’s first day at Kerlan-Jobe; both were engaged to other people. Four years later, they married. ElAttrache’s practice is a kind of family business. Charlize Theron told me, “My mom broke a bone in her foot playing tennis. It happened at five, I called him at seven or eight, and he just said, ‘Come by the house.’ Trish and the girls were there, and I was, like, ‘Sorry!’ He was looking at her foot in the living room. I think they were about to go to dinner.”
 
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a28224)
-
-“The city never fails to excite after two hours of traffic.”
-
-Cartoon by Amy Hwang
 
 He sometimes puts up patients at his house after surgery—the Dodgers pitcher Clayton Kershaw, the Rams receiver Cooper Kupp, the Cowboys defensive lineman Mazi Smith. “I don’t like somebody to come in and just go to a hotel,” ElAttrache told me. “I’m not going to stick them in an Uber and wait for the concierge at a hotel to tuck them in.”
 
diff --git a/00.03 News/New Yorkers Were Choked, Beaten and Tased by NYPD Officers. The Commissioner Buried Their Cases..md b/00.03 News/New Yorkers Were Choked, Beaten and Tased by NYPD Officers. The Commissioner Buried Their Cases..md
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 Parent:: [[@News|News]]
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+Read:: [[2024-07-16]]
+Related:: [[The NYPD Commissioner Responded to Our Story That Revealed He’s Burying Police Brutality Cases. We Fact-Check Him.]]
 
 ---
 
@@ -54,10 +55,6 @@ He decided that it “would be detrimental to the Police Department’s discipli
 
 Today, Dowling is a deputy chief of the unit that handles protests throughout the city.
 
-Video Taken by a Civilian Shows NYPD Officer Gerard Dowling Grabbing Brianna Villafane’s Hair During a Protest
-
-Credit: Courtesy of Brandon Remmert
-
 His case is one of dozens in which Caban has used the powers of his office to intervene in disciplinary cases against officers who were found by the oversight agency to have committed misconduct.
 
 Since becoming commissioner last July, he has short-circuited cases involving officers accused of wantonly using chokeholds, deploying Tasers and beating protesters with batons. A number of episodes were so serious that the police oversight agency, known as the Civilian Complaint Review Board, concluded the officers likely committed crimes.
@@ -86,10 +83,6 @@ William Harvin Sr. was shocked with a Taser by an NYPD officer four times while
 
 The review board found that the officer, Raul Torres, should face trial. But the Police Department has yet to move the case forward, a fact Harvin learned from a reporter. “They take care of their own,” he said, shaking his head. (Torres, who has since been promoted to detective, declined to comment and his lawyer said the officer had “no choice” but to use force.)
 
-Video Shows an NYPD Officer Shocking William Harvin Sr. Four Times With a Taser
-
-Credit: Video obtained by ProPublica
-
 In more than 30 other instances, Caban upended cases in which department lawyers and the officers themselves had already agreed to disciplinary action — the most times a commissioner has done so in at least a decade. Sewell set aside four plea deals during her first year as commissioner.
 
 For one officer, Caban rejected two plea deals: In the first case, the officer pleaded guilty to wrongly pepper-spraying protesters and agreed to losing 40 vacation days as punishment. Caban overturned the deal and reduced the penalty to 10 days. In the second, the officer pleaded guilty to using a baton against Black Lives Matter protesters “without police necessity.” Caban threw out the agreement, which called for 15 vacation days to be forfeited. His office wrote that it wasn’t clear that the officer had actually hit the protesters, contrary to what the officer himself already admitted to in the plea. The commissioner ordered no discipline.
diff --git a/00.03 News/Nikki Finke Was the Most Hated Reporter in Hollywood.md b/00.03 News/Nikki Finke Was the Most Hated Reporter in Hollywood.md
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-TimeStamp: 2023-01-29
-Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/21/style/nikki-finke-hollywood-journalist.html
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-```button
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-^button-NikkiFinkeWastheMostHatedReporterNSave
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-&emsp;
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-# Nikki Finke Was the Most Hated Reporter in Hollywood
-
-![A black and white portrait of a rather stern-looking Nikki Finke.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/22/multimedia/19FINKE-01-kjmp/19FINKE-01-kjmp-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Nikki Finke at her New York City home in 1993.Credit...Ken Shung/MPTV Images
-
-## The Last Days of Hollywood’s Most Reviled Reporter
-
-Was Nikki Finke a genius or a monster? Friends and colleagues try to make sense of the entertainment industry’s brashest chronicler.
-
-Nikki Finke at her New York City home in 1993.Credit...Ken Shung/MPTV Images
-
--   Jan. 21, 2023
-
-Toward the end of her life, Nikki Finke, the journalist who struck fear into the hearts of Hollywood power players, believed she was onto one last story.
-
-“She said she wanted to write a piece about dying,” Diane Haithman, a friend and former colleague, recalled. “And she asked if I would help her. I said, ‘Of course.’ I told her the best way to do this was, ‘You talk, and I’ll record,’ because I knew she couldn’t write. But she said, ‘We don’t have to do it right now. Maybe in a couple days.’”
-
-Then she got sicker.
-
-“So it didn’t happen,” Ms. Haithman said. “And it’s really unfortunate. I should have known.”
-
-Ms. Finke, who died at 68 on Oct. 9, 2022, after a long illness, spent her last weeks at Hospice by the Sea in Boca Raton, Fla., thousands of miles from the Los Angeles apartment where she had once worked 22-hour days (by her own account) to build her upstart blog, Deadline Hollywood Daily, into a sharp-edged rival to the trade publications Variety and The Hollywood Reporter.
-
-“A scoop is better than sex,” Ms. Finke [told](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/26/business/media/26variety.html) The New York Times in 2007, a year after she started the site, which took the name Deadline after the media entrepreneur Jay Penske [acquired it](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jun-24-fi-ct-deadline24-story.html) in 2009. But at the time of her death, the reporter who had once made executives tremble had not published a scoop in nearly a decade.
-
-She could be rude, aggressive, highhanded — so it wasn’t a shock that, mixed into the [respectful](https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-10-09/nikki-finke-death-deadline-hollywood-founder-illness) [newspaper](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/10/business/media/nikki-finke-dead.html) [obituaries](https://apnews.com/article/business-obituaries-122aa5902431596f55b2ce87ccbeaaf2) and [affectionate](https://deadline.com/2022/10/nikki-finke-tribute-deadline-hollywood-pete-hammond-commentary-1235139456/) [tributes](https://www.filmfestivals.com/blog/quendrith_johnson/tribute_nobody_toldja_nikki_finke_would_die_at_only_68), there were harsh takedowns.
-
-In an article published the day after Ms. Finke’s death, Richard Rushfield, the editorial director and chief columnist of the Hollywood newsletter franchise [The Ankler](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/14/business/media/ankler-janice-min-richard-rushfield.html), [wrote](https://theankler.com/p/rushfield-nikki-finke-rip): “She was the equivalent of a restaurant whose toilets are gushing raw sewage into the kitchen, while also serving meat they fished out of neighboring dumpsters.” That was one of his kinder lines.
-
-Sharon Waxman, a former New York Times reporter who started the Hollywood news site TheWrap in the wake of Deadline’s success, published a [barbed appreciation](https://www.yahoo.com/now/tortured-life-nikki-finke-best-133056592.html?guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAAjsX1VsIJi70CB7shxn_4636W7sKbJFe4mRxvtns5BoLmA7RWSW_bigXNDCiFC60CyrbI82AhzrpKk_Zf1oYYBt5-CwHtQJ08RYyHcXsK_wHNnMub7_-ZdVoY1_f9YevdRyi-rpSzVYNXqlHFS1cEpuFcIU2CslsQFMakPeNwRb&guccounter=2) headlined “The Tortured Life of Nikki Finke: Best Friend, Worst Enemy — and Made for the Internet.” In it, she described her as a factually challenged journalist driven principally by rage.
-
-“She was angry at how her life was turning out,” Ms. Waxman wrote. “She was exhausted from battling diabetes. Angry that she no longer had the alluring looks of her youth while battling serious weight problems. Her life revolved around her and her cat and her computer, which she wielded with a vengeance.”
-
-That view was disputed by Pete Hammond, a columnist and critic at Deadline. “She created the template for today’s entertainment journalism, one that now has a lot of imitators starting their own blogs and newsletters, but none of them quite igniting fires like Nikki could,” he wrote in [an appreciation](https://deadline.com/2022/10/nikki-finke-tribute-deadline-hollywood-pete-hammond-commentary-1235139456/) for Deadline.
-
-“You had to know her,” Mr. Hammond said in an interview, “and a lot of people were too afraid of her to really be able to deal with her, which was unfortunate, because I don’t think she was a monster at all.”
-
-Ron Meyer, a founder of Creative Artists Agency who led the Universal film studio for many years, said he was not surprised that some of the post-mortems about Ms. Finke were cruel. “She burned every bridge she could,” he said in an interview.
-
-He added that he liked her “very much.”
-
-“And I respected her,” Mr. Meyer said, “because she was the only one who ever wrote the truth.”
-
-Image
-
-![A black and white portrait of a smiling Ms. Finke in 1993.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/22/multimedia/19FINKE-02-kjmp/19FINKE-02-kjmp-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Ms. Finke, who was rarely photographed in later years, was a work-from-home pioneer.Credit...Ken Shung/MPTV Images
-
-Ms. Finke had an unusual background for a journalist. A daughter of New York privilege, she attended Buckley Country Day School, on Long Island, and the Hewitt School, on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. On Saturdays her mother took her on shopping sprees through B. Altman, Lord & Taylor, Saks Fifth Avenue, Bonwit Teller and Bergdorf Goodman, excursions that ended with tea and marzipan at the [Plaza Hotel](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/20/fashion/back-when-the-plaza-was-the-plaza.html). School vacations meant first-class travel with her family to the grand hotels of Europe.
-
-In 1971 Ms. Finke made her debut in society at the International Debutante Ball in New York. Three years later, when she was 20, The Times published [the news](https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/20/archives/law-student-fiance-of-nikki-finke.html) of her engagement to Jeffrey Greenberg, the son of the insurance executive Maurice Greenberg.
-
-There were signs, early on, that Ms. Finke wouldn’t fulfill the expectations of her parents, who saw her as a future wife and mother of the upper class. At [Wellesley College](https://alum.wellesley.edu/class-of-1975/support/class-lifetime-members) she was an editor of the campus newspaper. And in what was apparently her first job — staff assistant to Representative Edward I. Koch, the New York Democrat who would later become the mayor of New York City — she was sold on the idea of a career in journalism: “When I saw the way Ed and his staff would genuflect to journalists, I went, ‘Oh, I want to do that,’” she said in a 2013 [interview](https://observer.com/2013/01/how-ed-koch-helped-make-nikki-finke-a-reporter/).
-
-In 1975 she went to work for The Associated Press, to her parents’ dismay. She covered Mr. Koch’s 1977 mayoral run and put in time at the news service’s Moscow bureau. That posting, she later said, spurred her interest in closed societies, by which she meant Hollywood.
-
-She did not marry Mr. Greenberg until 1980. The wedding was held at the Pierre Hotel, and the marriage lasted less than a year. It came to an end, Ms. Finke later said, largely because of her ambitions, which would take her to The Dallas Morning News, Newsweek, The Los Angeles Times, The New York Observer and New York magazine.
-
-Perhaps because of her upbringing, she was not cowed by Hollywood. She began making a name for herself by pitilessly tracking the fortunes of C-suite stars of the day — Bob Daly, Barry Diller, Michael Eisner, Ari Emanuel, Jeffrey Katzenberg, Mr. Meyer, Michael Ovitz, Terry Semel, Jim Wiatt, Jeff Zucker and many others. But her ambitions were sometimes thwarted by a slew of factors that, depending on whom you ask, included her being too tough, too emotional, too erratic, or simply being a woman in a man’s profession.
-
-“She was very smart,” said Lisa Chase, who edited her at The Observer in the 1990s. “She had a particular indignation about the Hollywood power structure and how it abused money. And she had great sources.”
-
-“I went to visit her in L.A. while I was her editor,” Ms. Chase continued. “Ron Meyer called her while I was with her, and I believe so did Jeffrey Katzenberg. And I do not believe they were calls staged for my benefit.”
-
-Image
-
-Credit...Imeh Akpanudosen/Getty Images
-
-Somewhere along the way Ms. Finke developed a reputation for failing to file her stories on time. Sometimes she even dictated them to Ms. Chase over the phone, because there was a space in the paper that needed to be filled, despite her latest attack of writer’s block or deadline phobia.
-
-The excuses for why she was unable to turn in a story could be quotidian or baroque — a health emergency for her cat, or a fire in her West Hollywood apartment building. But in the landline era she managed to charm those in the know by “giving phone” better than anyone else in the world, a skill that won her scoop after scoop.
-
-Alex Kuczynski, a former Times reporter who worked with her at The Observer, recalled Ms. Finke’s passing along a neat trick for any reporter looking to publish something juicy with only one source.
-
-“I was saying that I had gotten this great tip and that I had a really reputable first source but not a second,” Ms. Kuczynski said. “And she basically said you call five people, plant a seed in their brain and wait a day for someone else to have heard it.”
-
-One deadline night, when Ms. Finke was working out of her Los Angeles apartment as a Hollywood correspondent for The Observer, she sounded so distraught over the phone that Ms. Chase called the Los Angeles Police Department, saying she believed Ms. Finke might be suicidal. Officers arrived to find Ms. Finke holding a large knife.
-
-“Nikki downplayed it later, but she was definitely in a scary place that night,” Ms. Chase said. “It wasn’t nothing.”
-
-Image
-
-The entrepreneur Jay Penske, whose purchase of Deadline in 2009 was the first of many media acquisitions.Credit...Michael Kovac/WireImage
-
-Ms. Finke also wrote stories for New York magazine that got media insiders talking, but her time at the publication came to an end after she told editors she couldn’t send along fact-checking materials because the Los Angeles International Airport had been shut down by a bomb threat, a claim not supported by evidence.
-
-In 2001, Ms. Finke landed a gig at The New York Post. She wore out her welcome after reporting that Disney had intentionally destroyed documents in a case involving Winnie the Pooh licensing. After losing her role at the Rupert Murdoch-owned tabloid, she filed a [$10 million wrongful dismissal suit](https://variety.com/2002/biz/markets-festivals/journo-sues-disney-n-y-post-1117865389/) against The Post, Mr. Murdoch’s News Corp, and Disney.
-
-In the suit Ms. Finke claimed she had been let go because Mr. Eisner, then the C.E.O. of Disney, had pressured Mr. Murdoch. The case was [settled](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/17/business/media/17blog.html) out of court, but it was an instance, Ms. Finke later said, of the cure being worse than the disease: The ordeal had left her unhireable by mainstream publications.
-
-After a tumultuous few months as an editor at [Los Angeles Downtown News](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-aug-27-cl-38801-story.html), she moved on to L.A. Weekly, the West Coast’s answer to the Village Voice. She started writing a cheeky column, Deadline Hollywood, only to find herself frustrated by the challenge of trying break news in a weekly print publication.
-
-In 2006, she registered the domain name DeadlineHollywoodDaily.com for “14 bucks and change,” she wrote in [a 2016 reminiscence](https://deadline.com/2016/05/nikki-finke-deadline-hollywood-10th-anniversary-1201750730/). She barely knew what HTML was, but with a lot to prove she began blogging relentlessly. The form she settled on combined a snarky tabloid voice with hard-nosed reporting.
-
-She realized the town was taking notice of her when she received an invitation to a dinner party hosted by a public relations person at a top company. “I told her I was flattered,” Ms. Finke wrote. “She then said, ‘Don’t be. It’s to discuss how to deal with you.’ I begged off.” She was determined not to turn into what she called “an extension of the Hollywood publicity machine.”
-
-Her refusal to mingle gave rise to rumors that she was agoraphobic. Mainly, Ms. Finke said, she didn’t want to be seen talking to people who would be pegged as her sources. She also cited the difficulties of diabetes and various attendant complications. She had also gotten heavier in a town where thinness is the thing.
-
-Her site became a must-read thanks to her day-by-day, and sometimes hour-by-hour, coverage of the writers’ strike of 2007-2008. “Like it or not, everyone in Hollywood reads her,” Brad Grey, then the chief executive of Paramount, said in a 2007 interview with The Times. Ms. Finke listened to the strikers and made them into sources. “I quickly realized that the trades and newspapers were reporting the moguls’ lies as truths,” she wrote.
-
-She was not above resorting to the hardball tactics that had made Walter Winchell and other gossip columnists of the print age into household names. Executives who didn’t take her calls risked being slagged on Deadline. The same held true for those who appeared at promotional events run by her competitors. Describing her approach in [a 2015 interview](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/30/business/media/feared-hollywood-reporter-turns-to-fiction.html), she said, “I mean, they play rough. I have to play rough, too.”
-
-Image
-
-Mr. Penske, who was Ms. Finke’s partner in business and public spats, called her a “Hollywood fireball.”Credit...Ken Shung/MPTV Images
-
-Critics said she played favorites — like Mr. Emanuel, a founding partner of Endeavor who inspired Jeremy Piven’s character on the HBO series “Entourage,” and [Mr. Meyer](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/18/business/media/ron-meyer-nbcuniversal-resign.html). But her habit of getting great dirt, along with her lightning-fast publishing speed and gleeful prose style, made the age-old daily papers and trade publications seem fusty by comparison.
-
-Still working as a one-woman band in 2009, she delivered up-to-the-minute scoops on Endeavor’s takeover of William Morris, an industry-shaking Hollywood deal led by Mr. Emanuel. She slapped her signature exclamation — “Toldja!” — onto posts that bore out her prescient reporting.
-
-She became a story herself when she sold her creation to [Mr. Penske](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/26/style/jay-penske.html), who was then a dashing young scion of the Penske Corporation, the auto-racing and ground-transportation giant. During negotiations, she told him she was going to be the worst employee he ever had. “And she lived up to it,” said Mr. Hammond, who left The Los Angeles Times to join the expanded version of Deadline under its new ownership.
-
-The amount Mr. Penske paid for the site has long been a subject of debate. A colorful 2009 profile of Ms. Finke in [The New Yorker](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/10/12/call-me), which described Deadline as “Hollywood’s most dreaded news source,” put the figure at “north of $10 million.” Whatever the sum, the sale made Ms. Finke millions.
-
-Deadline became less scrappy, more robust. Along with Mr. Hammond, Ms. Finke and Mr. Penske hired Nellie Andreeva away from The Hollywood Reporter and Mike Fleming from Variety. In 2011, Deadline started an Oscar season event series called the Contenders, and for a minute people believed the site’s founder might actually make a grand entrance.
-
-“It was so perfectly Nikki not to even show up to her own event,” said Kelly Bush Novak, who as the C.E.O. of ID-PR became one of the few publicists to form a real relationship with Ms. Finke.
-
-“It was Jekyll and Hyde,” Ms. Bush Novak continued. “She would vent and cry, and we would really bond and connect, from the small to the major things in life and in business. And then she’d get a tip and go on a tear and tell me, ‘I’m going to kill your client!’”
-
-A few of Ms. Finke’s friends and close colleagues saw her occasionally. Most did not.
-
-“I only met her once in person,” said Mr. Hammond, whose wife, Madelyn Hammond, an awards season consultant, also became one of Ms. Finke’s friends. “Madelyn and I were invited over to her apartment to have dinner. I was nervous as hell and I had worked with her all that time. She was Garboesque in that way. She ordered in from the Ivy.”
-
-Was Ms. Finke happy with the deal she had struck with Mr. Penske? Not after he seemed to use Deadline as a steppingstone to his greater publishing ambitions. His larger aims came into focus in 2012, when he was closing in on a deal to buy [Variety](https://pmc.com/2012/10/09/penske-media-corporation-acquires-variety/). It was the start of a spree that would eventually make Penske Media Corporation the owner of Variety, Rolling Stone, Women’s Wear Daily, The Hollywood Reporter, Billboard and Vibe.
-
-Tensions flared between the journalist and the budding magnate not long after his company’s October 2012 [acquisition](https://pmc.com/2012/10/09/penske-media-corporation-acquires-variety/) of Variety. In April 2013, after Roger Ebert died of cancer, Ms. Finke slammed Variety, writing that the publication was “up to its old tricks” by calling around to studios in an effort to solicit what an anonymous source told her were “creepy obit ads.” “That is Variety’s longtime but in-bad-taste revenue-raising practice that I hoped would have disappeared under Jay Penske (who also owns Deadline),” Ms. Finke [wrote](https://deadline.com/2013/04/variety-up-to-its-old-creepy-tricks-469295/).
-
-One year, Ms. Finke lamented to Mr. Penske that she wasn’t looking forward to Thanksgiving. She didn’t cook and planned to spend the holiday alone in her apartment on a day when restaurants were closed. So Mr. Penske stopped in at the Beverly Hills Hotel, ordered a three-course meal and took it to her building. Soon after leaving it with a doorman, he heard from her by phone. The meal included a sweet dessert, which enraged the diabetic Ms. Finke.
-
-“She said I was trying to kill her,” Mr. Penske recalled.
-
-In June 2013, a headline appeared in TheWrap above a story by Ms. Waxman: “SHOCKER: Jay Penske Fires Nikki Finke From Deadline Hollywood, Sources Say.” In the report, Ms. Waxman wrote that Mr. Penske had gotten fed up with Ms. Finke’s habit of sending “poison-pen emails berating sources over scoops she lost to competitors,” including TheWrap. But as the Times media columnist [David Carr reported](https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/10/business/media/despite-report-of-her-firing-nikki-finke-is-still-standing.html) a few days later, the story of Ms. Finke’s firing “did not turn out to be true.”
-
-“Ms. Waxman, perhaps driven by wish fulfillment, wrote beyond the facts at hand,” Mr. Carr wrote.
-
-In response to the story in TheWrap, Ms. Finke posted, “True, I’ve occasionally lost my temper and sent nasty emails to Hollywood. And not once has Jay Penske ever complained to me about them. (He knows I’m a bitch. That’s why he bought me.)”
-
-The public squabbling continued into September 2013, when [Ms. Finke threatened](https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/19/business/media/brand-suffers-most-from-spat-between-owner-and-hollywood-blogger.html) to take her act to a new site, NikkiFinke.com. A Penske spokeswoman fired back, saying her contract prohibited her “starting any other website.”
-
-Two months later, [Ms. Finke left](https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/07/business/media/after-year-of-feuding-nikki-finke-leaves-hollywood-website.html) Deadline. In June 2014 she began reporting once more on the entertainment industry at NikkiFinke.com, apparently in defiance of her contract. She also used the new site to attack Mr. Penske, calling him “Little Lord Fauntleroy.”
-
-Toward the end of that summer, after negotiations with Mr. Penske, she shut down the site. She did not report on the industry after that. Hollywood’s most feared reporter had been effectively silenced.
-
-“Given the pace at which she was working, I think some part of her was relieved,” Ms. Bush Novak said. “But she missed the thrill. It was in her bloodstream.”
-
-In 2015, Ms. Finke started Hollywood Dementia, a site that published fiction about Hollywood. By 2017, her vision was deteriorating, so much so that she could no longer drive to her vacation home in Palm Desert. She moved part time to a high-floor condo in Boca Raton, Fla.
-
-Perhaps surprisingly, her relationship with Mr. Penske rebounded. The truth was that he loved her and she loved him. “Despite the toxicity and challenges, and saying irrational things to employees, I wouldn’t change much,” Mr. Penske said in an interview.
-
-Friends said he stepped in to help her as her health problems worsened, footing medical bills and sending her to the Mayo Clinic to have surgery on her damaged vocal cords — damage brought on by diabetes.
-
-Mr. Penske recalled seeing her after the operation. “They told her, ‘You can’t speak for the next day or so,’” he said. “She tried to ask them a question but her voice was all raspy and low, and she started screaming at all these poor doctors, saying she was going to kill them. They’d never met such a Hollywood fireball.”
-
-From time to time Ms. Finke and Mr. Penske talked about a professional reunion. But aside from writing her reminiscence for Deadline on its 10-year anniversary, she never went back. “It was always going to be something she flirted with and didn’t do,” Mr. Hammond said.
-
-When the pandemic hit, Ms. Finke had her belongings shipped to Florida: a Russell Young Marilyn Monroe diamond dust painting; Artifort Ribbon Chairs; a Saarinen dining table; and a photograph of the cabanas at the Beverly Hills Hotel, which she had gotten blown up and turned into wallpaper.
-
-Toward the end of 2020, her friend and former Los Angeles Times colleague Ms. Haithman took a job working for Ms. Finke’s longtime antagonist Ms. Waxman, as a business reporter at TheWrap. Ms. Finke seemed weirdly unbothered by her decision, Ms. Haithman said, and in May 2021 the two of them spent some time together in Florida.
-
-“She was not bedridden or anything,” Ms. Haithman said, “but she didn’t feel up to going out. I was planning to drive her around Boca, take her to lunch, but it didn’t happen. But we always had dinner together, delivery stuff her assistants kept stocked. And she insisted on making the gin and tonics, to get the proper ratio.”
-
-In late summer Ms. Finke moved to the hospice. She made a series of farewell calls to friends and people she had worked with. Some of them she hadn’t spoken with in decades. Mr. Meyer recalled that Ms. Finke seemed strangely sanguine in their last talk.
-
-“She said, ‘I’m calling to say goodbye to you,’” Mr. Meyer said. “I said, ‘What are you talking about?’ She said ‘I’m dying.’ I said, ‘You can’t die. It would make too many people happy.’ She said, ‘That would keep me alive, but I have no choice.’”
-
-She told him she was ready to go. He said he wanted to come see her.
-
-“She said no,” he said.
-
-Mr. Penske found a way to visit Ms. Finke in her final days through a ruse.
-
-“He called me and said, ‘What’s the address? I want to send flowers,’” Ms. Hammond said. “Had I known he was going to visit, I probably wouldn’t have given it to him.”
-
-“When I came in,” Mr. Penske said, “she had fallen asleep. One of the nurses had said she wasn’t taking visitors. I said we were friends. And then she woke up. She just looked at me and started crying.”
-
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-TimeStamp: 2023-05-14
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-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-NotesfromPrinceHarrysGhostwriterNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# Notes from Prince Harry’s Ghostwriter
-
-I was exasperated with Prince Harry. My head was pounding, my jaw was clenched, and I was starting to raise my voice. And yet some part of me was still able to step outside the situation and think, This is so *weird*. I’m shouting at Prince Harry. Then, as Harry started going back at me, as his cheeks flushed and his eyes narrowed, a more pressing thought occurred: Whoa, it could all end right here.
-
-This was the summer of 2022. For two years, I’d been the ghostwriter on Harry’s memoir, “[Spare](https://www.amazon.com/Spare-Prince-Harry-Duke-Sussex/dp/0593593804),” and now, reviewing his latest edits in a middle-of-the-night Zoom session, we’d come to a difficult passage. Harry, at the close of gruelling military exercises in rural England, gets captured by pretend terrorists. It’s a simulation, but the tortures inflicted upon Harry are very real. He’s hooded, dragged to an underground bunker, beaten, frozen, starved, stripped, forced into excruciating stress positions by captors wearing black balaclavas. The idea is to find out if Harry has the toughness to survive an actual capture on the battlefield. (Two of his fellow-soldiers don’t; they crack.) At last, Harry’s captors throw him against a wall, choke him, and scream insults into his face, culminating in a vile dig at—Princess Diana?
-
-Even the fake terrorists engrossed in their parts, even the hard-core British soldiers observing from a remote location, seem to recognize that an inviolate rule has been broken. Clawing that specific wound, the memory of Harry’s dead mother, is out of bounds. When the simulation is over, one of the participants extends an apology.
-
-Harry always wanted to end this scene with a thing he said to his captors, a comeback that struck me as unnecessary, and somewhat inane. Good for Harry that he had the nerve, but ending with what he said would dilute the scene’s meaning: that even at the most bizarre and peripheral moments of his life, his central tragedy intrudes. For months, I’d been crossing out the comeback, and for months Harry had been pleading for it to go back in. Now he wasn’t pleading, he was insisting, and it was 2 *A.M.*, and I was starting to lose it. I said, “Dude, we’ve been over this.”
-
-Why was this one line so important? Why couldn’t he accept my advice? We were leaving out a thousand other things—that’s half the art of memoir, leaving stuff out—so what made this different? Please, I said, trust me. Trust the book.
-
-Although this wasn’t the first time that Harry and I had argued, it felt different; it felt as if we were hurtling toward some kind of decisive rupture, in part because Harry was no longer saying anything. He was just glaring into the camera. Finally, he exhaled and calmly explained that, all his life, people had belittled his intellectual capabilities, and this flash of cleverness proved that, even after being kicked and punched and deprived of sleep and food, he had his wits about him.
-
-“Oh,” I said. “O.K.” It made sense now. But I still refused.
-
-“Why?”
-
-Because, I told him, everything you just said is about you. You want the world to know that *you* did a good job, that *you* were smart. But, strange as it may seem, memoir isn’t about you. It’s not even the story of your life. It’s a story carved from your life, a particular series of events chosen because they have the greatest resonance for the widest range of people, and at this point in the story those people don’t need to know anything more than that your captors said a cruel thing about your mom.
-
-Harry looked down. A long time. Was he thinking? Seething? Should I have been more diplomatic? Should I have just given in? I imagined I’d be thrown off the book soon after sunup. I could almost hear the awkward phone call with Harry’s agent, and I was sad. Never mind the financial hit—I was focussed on the emotional shock. All the time, the effort, the intangibles I’d invested in Harry’s memoir, in Harry, would be gone just like that.
-
-After what seemed like an hour, Harry looked up, and we locked eyes. “O.K.,” he said.
-
-“O.K.?”
-
-“Yes. I get it.”
-
-“Thank you, Harry,” I said, relieved.
-
-He shot me a mischievous grin. “I really enjoy getting you worked up like that.”
-
-I burst into laughter and shook my head, and we moved on to his next set of edits.
-
-Later that morning, after a few hours of sleep, I sat outside worrying. (Mornings are my worry time, along with afternoons and evenings.) I didn’t worry so much about the propriety of arguing with princes, or even the risks. One of a ghostwriter’s main jobs is having a big mouth. You win some, you lose most, but you have to keep pushing, not unlike a demanding parent or a tyrannical coach. Otherwise, you’re nothing but a glorified stenographer, and that’s disloyalty to the author, to the book—to books. Opposition is true Friendship, William Blake wrote, and if I had to choose a ghostwriting credo, that would be it.
-
-No, rather than the rightness of going after Harry, I was questioning the heat with which I’d done so. I scolded myself: It’s not your comeback. It’s not your mother. For the thousandth time in my ghostwriting career, I reminded myself: It’s not your effing book.
-
-Some days, the phone doesn’t stop. Ghostwriters in distress. They ask for ten minutes, half an hour. A coffee date.
-
-“My author can’t remember squat.”
-
-“My author and I have come to despise each other.”
-
-“I can’t get my author to call me back—is it normal for a ghost to get ghosted?”
-
-At the outset, I do what ghostwriters do. I listen. And eventually, after the callers talk themselves out, I ask a few gentle questions. The first (aside from “How did you get this number?”) is always: How bad do you want it? Because things can go sideways in a hurry. An author might know nothing about writing, which is why he hired a ghost. But he may also have the literary self-confidence of Saul Bellow, and good luck telling Saul Bellow that he absolutely may not describe an interesting bowel movement he experienced years ago, as I once had to tell an author. So fight like crazy, I say, but always remember that if push comes to shove no one will have your back. Within the text and without, no one wants to hear from the dumb ghostwriter.
-
-I try not to sound didactic. A lot of what I’ve read about ghostwriting, much of it from accomplished ghostwriters, doesn’t square with my experience. Recording the author? Terrible idea—it makes many authors feel as if they’re being deposed. Dressing like the author? It’s a memoir, not a masquerade party. The ghostwriter for Julian Assange wrote twenty-five thousand words about his [methodology](https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v36/n05/andrew-o-hagan/ghosting), and it sounded to me like Elon Musk on mushrooms—on Mars. That same ghost, however, published a review of “[Spare](https://www.amazon.com/Spare-Prince-Harry-Duke-Sussex/dp/0593593804)” describing Harry as “[off his royal tits](https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v45/n03/andrew-o-hagan/off-his-royal-tits)” and me as going “all Sartre or Faulkner,” so what do I know? Who am I to offer rules? Maybe the alchemy of each ghost-author pairing is unique.
-
-Therefore, I simply remind the callers that ghostwriting is an art and urge them not to let those who cast it as hacky, shady, or faddish (it’s been around for thousands of years) dim their pride. I also tell them that they’re providing a vital public service, helping to shore up the publishing industry, since most of the titles on this week’s best-seller list were written by someone besides the named author.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27668)
-
-“Keep practicing, and someday you’ll be able to play the two songs you remember, at houses that also have pianos.”
-
-Cartoon by Ali Solomon
-
-Signing off, the callers usually sigh and say thanks and grumble something like “Well, whatever happens, I’m never doing this again.” And I tell them yes, they will, and wish them luck.
-
-How does a person even become a ghostwriter? What’s the path into a profession for which there is no school or certification, and to which no one actually aspires? You never hear a kid say, “One day, I want to write other people’s books.” And yet I think I can detect some hints, some foreshadowing in my origins.
-
-When I was growing up in Manhasset, New York, people would ask: Where’s your dad? My typical answer was an embarrassed shrug. *Beats me.* My old man wasn’t around, that’s all I knew, all any grownup had the heart to tell me. And yet he was also everywhere. My father was a well-known rock-and-roll d.j., so his Sam Elliott basso profundo was like the Long Island Rail Road, rumbling in the distance at maddeningly regular intervals.
-
-Every time I caught his show, I’d feel confused, empty, sad, but also amazed at how much he had to say. The words, the jokes, the patter—it didn’t stop. Was it my Oedipal counterstrike to fantasize an opposite existence, one in which I just STFU? Less talking, more listening, that was my basic life plan at age ten. In Manhasset, an Irish-Italian enclave, I was surrounded by professional listeners: bartenders and priests. Neither of those careers appealed to me, so I waited, and one afternoon found myself sitting with a cousin at the Squire theatre, in Great Neck, watching a matinée of “All the President’s Men.” Reporters seemed to do nothing but listen. Then they got to turn what they heard into stories, which other people read—no talking required. Sign me up.
-
-My first job out of college was at the New York *Times*. When I wasn’t fetching coffee and corned beef, I was doing “legwork,” which meant running to a fire, a trial, a murder scene, then filing a memo back to the newsroom. The next morning, I’d open the paper and see my facts, maybe my exact words, under someone else’s name. I didn’t mind; I hated my name. I was born John Joseph Moehringer, Jr., and Senior was M.I.A. Not seeing my name, his name, wasn’t a problem. It was a perk.
-
-Many days at the *Times*, I’d look around the newsroom, with its orange carpet and pipe-puffing lifers and chattering telex machines, and think, I wouldn’t want to be anywhere else. And then the editors suggested I go somewhere else.
-
-I went west. I got a job at the *Rocky Mountain News*, a tabloid founded in 1859. Its first readers were the gold miners panning the rivers and creeks of the Rockies, and though I arrived a hundred and thirty-one years later, the paper still read as if it were written for madmen living alone in them thar hills. The articles were thumb-length, the fact checking iffy, and the newsroom mood, many days, bedlam. Some oldsters were volubly grumpy about being on the back slopes of middling careers, others were blessed with unjustified swagger, and a few were dangerously loose cannons. (I’ll never forget the Sunday morning our religion writer, in his weekly column, referred to St. Joseph as “Christ’s stepdad.” The phones exploded.) The general lack of quality control made the paper a playground for me. I was able to go slow, learn from mistakes without being defined by them, and build up rudimentary skills, like writing fast.
-
-What I did best, I discovered, was write for others. The gossip columnist spent most nights in downtown saloons, hunting for scoops, and some mornings he’d shuffle into the newsroom looking rough. One morning, he fixed his red eyes on me, gestured toward his notes, and rasped, “Would you?” I sat at his desk and dashed off his column in twenty minutes. What a rush. Writing under no name was safe; writing under someone else’s name (and picture) was hedonic—a kind of hiding and seeking. Words had never come easy for me, but, when I wrote as someone else, the words, the jokes, the patter—it didn’t stop.
-
-In the fall of 2006, my phone rang. Unknown number. But I instantly recognized the famously soft voice: for two decades, he’d loomed over the tennis world. Now, on the verge of retiring, he told me that he was decompressing from the emotions of the moment by reading my memoir, “[The Tender Bar,](https://www.amazon.com/Tender-Bar-J-R-Moehringer/dp/0786888768)” which had recently been published. It had him thinking about writing his own. He wondered if I’d come talk to him about it. A few weeks later, we met at a restaurant in his home town, Las Vegas.
-
-[Andre Agassi](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=open%20agassi&hvadid=616931532844&hvdev=c&hvlocphy=1022762&hvnetw=g&hvqmt=e&hvrand=2616340182870111449&hvtargid=kwd-712658343&hydadcr=24664_13611849&tag=googhydr-20&ref=pd_sl_65wj53m97e_e) and I were very different, but our connection was instant. He had an eighth-grade education but a profound respect for people who read and write books. I had a regrettably short sporting résumé (my Little League fastball was unhittable) but deep reverence for athletes. Especially the solitaries: tennis players, prizefighters, matadors, who possess that luminous charisma which comes from besting opponents single-handedly. But Andre didn’t want to talk about that. He hated tennis, he said. He wanted to talk about memoir. He had a list of questions. He asked why my memoir was so confessional. I told him that’s how you know you can trust an author—if he’s willing to get raw.
-
-He asked why I’d organized my memoir around other people, rather than myself. I told him that was the kind of memoir I admired. There’s so much power to be gained, and honesty to be achieved, from taking an ostensibly navel-gazing genre and turning the gaze outward. Frank McCourt had a lot of feelings about his brutal Irish childhood, but he kept most of them to himself, focussing instead on his Dad, his Mam, his beloved siblings, the neighbors down the lane.
-
-“I am a part of all that I have met.” It might’ve been that first night, or another, but at some point I shared that line from Tennyson, and Andre loved it. The same almost painful gratitude that I felt toward my mother, and toward my bartender uncle and his barfly friends, who helped her raise me, Andre felt for his trainer and his coach, and for his wife, Stefanie Graf.
-
-But how, he asked, do you write about other people without invading their privacy? That’s the ultimate challenge, I said. I sought permission from nearly everyone I wrote about, and shared early drafts, but sometimes people aren’t speaking to you, and sometimes they’re dead. Sometimes, in order to tell the truth, you simply can’t avoid hurting someone’s feelings. It goes down easier, I said, if you’re equally unsparing about yourself.
-
-He asked if I’d help him do it. I gave him a soft no. I liked his enthusiasm, his boldness—him. But I’d never imagined myself writing someone else’s book, and I already had a job. By now, I’d left the *Rocky Mountain News* and joined the Los Angeles *Times*. I was a national correspondent, doing long-form journalism, which I loved. Alas, the *Times* was about to change. A new gang of editors had come in, and not long after my dinner with Andre they let it be known that the paper would no longer prioritize long-form journalism.
-
-Apart from a beef with my bosses, and apart from the money (Andre was offering a sizable bump from my reporter salary), what finally made me change my no to a yes, put my stuff into storage, and move to Vegas was the sense that Andre was suffering an intense and specific ache that I might be able to cure. He wanted to tell his story and didn’t know how; I’d been there. I’d struggled for years to tell my story.
-
-Every attempt failed, and every failure took a heavy psychic toll. Some days, it felt like a physical blockage, and to this day I believe my story would’ve remained stuck inside me forever if not for one editor at the *Times*, who on a Sunday afternoon imparted some thunderbolt advice about memoir that steered me onto the right path. I wanted to give Andre that same grace.
-
-Shortly before I moved to Vegas, a friend invited me to a fancy restaurant in the Phoenix suburbs for a gathering of sportswriters covering the 2008 Super Bowl. As the menus were being handed around, my friend clinked a knife against his glass and announced, “O.K., listen up! Moehringer here has been asked by Agassi to ghostwrite his—”
-
-Groans.
-
-“Exactly. We’ve all done our share of these fucking things—”
-
-Louder groans.
-
-“Right! Our mission is not to leave this table until we’ve convinced this idiot to tell Agassi not just no but hell no.”
-
-At once, the meal turned into a raucous meeting of Ghostwriters Anonymous. Everyone had a hard-luck story about being disrespected, dismissed, shouted at, shoved aside, abused in a hilarious variety of ways by an astonishing array of celebrities, though I mostly remember the jocks. The legendary basketball player who wouldn’t come to the door for his first appointment with his ghost, then appeared for the second buck naked. The hockey great with the personality of a hockey stick, who had so few thoughts about his time on this planet, so little interest in his own book, that he gave his ghost an epic case of writer’s block. The notorious linebacker who, days before his memoir was due to the publisher, informed his ghost that the co-writing credit would go to his psychotherapist.
-
-Between gasping and laughing, I asked the table, “Why do they do it? Why do they treat ghostwriters so badly?” I was bombarded with theories.
-
-*Authors feel ashamed about needing someone to write their story, and that shame makes them behave in shameful ways.*
-
-*Authors think they could write the book themselves, if only they had time, so they resent having to pay you to do it.*
-
-*Authors spend their lives safeguarding their secrets, and now you come along with your little notebook and pesky questions and suddenly they have to rip back the curtain? Boo.*
-
-But if all authors treat all ghosts badly, I wondered, and if it’s not your book in the first place, why not cash the check and move on? Why does it hurt so much? I don’t recall anyone having a good answer for that.
-
-“Please,” I said to Andre, “don’t give me a story to tell at future Super Bowls.” He grinned and said he’d do his best. He did better than that. In two years of working together, we never exchanged a harsh word, not even when he felt my first draft needed work.
-
-Maybe the Germans have a term for it, the particular facial expression of someone reading something about his life that’s even the tiniest bit wrong. *Schaudergesicht*? I saw that look on Andre’s face, and it made me want to lie down on the floor. But, unlike me, he didn’t overreact. He knew that putting a first serve into the net is no big deal. He made countless fixes, and I made fixes to his fixes, and together we made ten thousand more, and in time we arrived at a draft that satisfied us both. The collaboration was so close, so synchronous, you’d have to call the eventual voice of the memoir a hybrid—though it’s all Andre. That’s the mystic paradox of ghostwriting: you’re inherent and nowhere; vital and invisible. To borrow an image from William Gass, you’re the air in someone else’s trumpet.
-
-“[Open](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=open%20agassi&hvadid=616931532844&hvdev=c&hvlocphy=1022762&hvnetw=g&hvqmt=e&hvrand=2616340182870111449&hvtargid=kwd-712658343&hydadcr=24664_13611849&tag=googhydr-20&ref=pd_sl_65wj53m97e_e),” by Andre Agassi, was published on November 9, 2009. Andre was pleased, reviewers were complimentary, and I soon had offers to ghost other people’s memoirs. Before deciding what to do next, I needed to get away, clear my head. I went to the Green Mountains. For two days, I drove around, stopped at wayside meadows, sat under trees and watched the clouds—until one late afternoon I began feeling unwell. I bought some cold medicine, pulled into the first bed-and-breakfast I saw, and climbed into bed. Hand-sewn quilt under my chin, I switched on the TV. There was Andre, on a late-night talk show.
-
-The host was praising “[Open](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=open%20agassi&hvadid=616931532844&hvdev=c&hvlocphy=1022762&hvnetw=g&hvqmt=e&hvrand=2616340182870111449&hvtargid=kwd-712658343&hydadcr=24664_13611849&tag=googhydr-20&ref=pd_sl_65wj53m97e_e),” and Agassi was being his typical charming, humble self. Now the host was praising the writing. Agassi continued to be humble. Thank you, thank you. But I dared to hope he might mention . . . me? An indefensible, illogical hope: Andre had asked me to put my name on the cover, and I’d declined. Nevertheless, right before zonking out, I started muttering at the TV, “Say my name.” I got a bit louder. “Say my name!” I got pretty rowdy. “Say my fucking name!”
-
-Seven hours later, I stumbled downstairs to the breakfast room and caught a weird vibe. Guests stared. Several peered over my shoulder to see who was with me. What the? I sat alone, eating some pancakes, until I got it. The bed-and-breakfast had to be three hundred years old, with walls made of pre-Revolutionary cardboard—clearly every guest had heard me. *Say my name!*
-
-I took it as a lesson. NyQuil was to blame, but also creeping narcissism. The gods were admonishing me: You can’t be Mister Rogers while ghosting the book and John McEnroe when it’s done. I drove away from Vermont with newfound clarity. I’m not cut out for this ghostwriting thing. I needed to get back to my first love, journalism, and to writing my own books.
-
-During the next year or so, I freelanced for magazines while making notes for a novel. Then once more to the wilderness. I rented a tiny cabin in the far corner of nowhere and, for a full winter, rarely left. No TV, no radio, no Wi-Fi. For entertainment, I listened to the silver foxes screaming at night in a nearby forest, and I read dozens of books. But mostly I sat before the woodstove and tried to inhabit the minds of my characters. The novel was historical fiction, based on the decades-long crime spree of America’s most prolific bank robber, but also based on my disgust with the bankers who had recently devastated the global financial system. In real life, [my bank-robbing protagonist](https://www.amazon.com/Sutton-J-R-Moehringer/dp/1401323146) wrote a memoir, with a ghostwriter, which was full of lies or delusions. I thought it might be fascinating to override that memoir with solid research, overwrite the ghostwriter, and become, in effect, the ghostwriter of the ghostwriter of a ghost.
-
-I gave everything I had to that [novel](https://www.amazon.com/Sutton-J-R-Moehringer/dp/1401323146), but when it was published, in 2012, it got mauled by an influential critic. The review was then instantly tweeted by countless humanitarians, often with sidesplitting commentary like “Ouch.” I was on book tour at the time and read the review in a pitch-dark hotel room knowing full well what it meant: the book was stillborn. I couldn’t breathe, couldn’t stand. Part of me wanted to never leave that room. Part of me never did.
-
-I barely slept or ate for months. My savings ran down. Occasionally, I’d take on a freelance assignment, profile an athlete for a magazine, but mostly I was in hibernation. Then one day the phone rang. A soft voice, vaguely familiar. Andre, asking if I was up for working with someone on a memoir.
-
-Who?
-
-Phil Knight.
-
-Who?
-
-Andre sighed. Founder of Nike?
-
-A business book didn’t seem like my thing. But I needed to do something, and writing my own stuff was out. I went to the initial meeting thinking, It’s only an hour of my life. It wound up being three years.
-
-Luckily, Phil had no interest in doing the typical C.E.O. auto-hagiography. He’d sought writing advice from [Tobias Wolff](https://www.newyorker.com/contributors/tobias-wolff), he was pals with a Pulitzer-winning novelist. He wanted to write a literary memoir, unfolding his mistakes, his anxieties—his quest. He viewed entrepreneurship, and sports, as a spiritual search. (He’d read deeply in Taoism and Zen.) Since I, too, was in search of meaning, I thought his book might be just the thing I needed.
-
-It was. It was also, in every sense of that overused phrase, a labor of love. (I married the book’s editor.) When “[Shoe Dog](https://www.amazon.com/Shoe-Dog-Memoir-Creator-Nike-ebook/dp/B0176M1A44)” was published, in April, 2016, I reflected on the dire warnings I’d heard at Super Bowl XLII and thought, What were they talking about? I felt like a guy, warned off by a bunch of wizened gamblers, who hits the jackpot twice with the first two nickels he sticks into a slot machine. Then again, I figured, better quit while I’m ahead.
-
-Back to magazine writing. I also dared to start another novel. More personal, more difficult than the last, it absorbed me totally and I was tunnelling toward a draft while also starting a family. There was no time for anything else, no desire. And yet some days I’d hear that siren call. An actor, an activist, a billionaire, a soldier, a politician, another billionaire, a lunatic would phone, seeking help with a memoir.
-
-Twice I said yes. Not for the money. I’ve never taken a ghosting gig for the money. But twice I felt that I had no choice, that the story was too cool, the author just too compelling, and twice the author freaked out at my first draft. Twice I explained that first drafts are always flawed, that error is the mother of truth, but it wasn’t just the errors. It was the confessions, the revelations, the cold-blooded honesty that memoir requires. Everyone says they want to get raw until they see how raw feels.
-
-Twice the author killed the book. Twice I sat before a stack of pages into which I’d poured my soul and years of my life, knowing they were good, and knowing that they were about to go into a drawer forever. Twice I said to my wife, Never again.
-
-And then, in the summer of 2020, I got a text. The familiar query. Would you be interested in speaking with someone about ghosting a memoir? I shook my head no. I covered my eyes. I picked up the phone and heard myself blurting, Who?
-
-Prince Harry.
-
-I agreed to a Zoom. I was curious, of course. Who wouldn’t be? I wondered what the real story was. I wondered if we’d have any chemistry. We did, and there was, I think, a surprising reason. Princess Diana had died twenty-three years before our first conversation, and my mother, Dorothy Moehringer, had just died, and our griefs felt equally fresh.
-
-Still, I hesitated. Harry wasn’t sure how much he wanted to say in his memoir, and that concerned me. I’d heard similar reservations, early on, from both authors who’d ultimately killed their memoirs. Also, I knew that whatever Harry said, whenever he said it, would set off a storm. I am not, by nature, a storm chaser. And there were logistical considerations. In the early stages of a global pandemic, it was impossible to predict when I’d be able to sit down with Harry in the same room. How do you write about someone you can’t meet?
-
-Harry had no deadline, however, and that enticed me. Many authors are in a hot hurry, and some ghosts are happy to oblige. They churn and burn, producing three or four books a year. I go painfully slow; I don’t know any other way. Also, I just liked the dude. I called him dude right away; it made him chuckle. I found his story, as he outlined it in broad strokes, relatable and infuriating. The way he’d been treated, by both strangers and intimates, was grotesque. In retrospect, though, I think I selfishly welcomed the idea of being able to speak with someone, an expert, about that never-ending feeling of wishing you could call your mom.
-
-Harry and I made steady progress in the course of 2020, largely because the world didn’t know what we were up to. We could revel in the privacy of our Zoom bubble. As Harry grew to trust me, he brought other people into the bubble, connecting me with his inner circle, a vital phase in every ghosting job. There is always someone who knows your author’s life better than he does, and your task is to find that person fast and interview his socks off.
-
-As the pandemic waned, I was finally able to travel to Montecito. I went once with my wife and children. (Harry won the heart of my daughter, Gracie, with his vast “Moana” scholarship; his favorite scene, he told her, is when Heihei, the silly chicken, finds himself lost at sea.) I also went twice by myself. Harry put me up in his guesthouse, where Meghan and Archie would visit me on their afternoon walks. Meghan, knowing I was missing my family, was forever bringing trays of food and sweets.
-
-Little by little, Harry and I amassed hundreds of thousands of words. When we weren’t Zooming or phoning, we were texting around the clock. In due time, no subject was off the table. I felt honored by his candor, and I could tell that he felt astonished by it. And energized. While I always emphasized storytelling and scenes, Harry couldn’t escape the wish that “Spare” might be a rebuttal to every lie ever published about him. As Borges dreamed of endless libraries, Harry dreams of endless retractions, which meant no end of revelations. He knew, of course, that some people would be aghast at first. “Why on earth would Harry talk about that?” But he had faith that they would soon see: because someone else already talked about it, and got it wrong.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a26021)
-
-“I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth—unless you ask me how I am, in which case I will say, ‘I’m fine,’ even though I’m not fine.”
-
-Cartoon by Tom Chitty
-
-He was joyful at this prospect; everything in our bubble was good. Then someone leaked news of the book.
-
-Whoever it was, their callousness toward Harry extended to me. I had a clause in my contract giving me the right to remain unidentified, a clause I always insist on, but the leaker blew that up by divulging my name to the press. Along with pretty much anyone who has had anything to do with Harry, I woke one morning to find myself squinting into a gigantic searchlight. Every hour, another piece would drop, each one wrong. My fee was wrong, my bio was wrong, even my name.
-
-One royal expert cautioned that, because of my involvement in the book, Harry’s father should be “looking for a pile of coats to hide under.” When I mentioned this to Harry, he stared. “Why?”
-
-“Because I have daddy issues.” We laughed and got back to discussing our mothers.
-
-The genesis of my relationship with Harry was constantly misreported. Harry and I were introduced by George Clooney, the British newspapers proclaimed, even though I’ve never met George Clooney. Yes, he was directing a film based on my memoir, but I’ve never been in the man’s presence, never communicated with him in any way. I wanted to correct the record, write an op-ed or something, tweet some *facts*. But no. I reminded myself: ghosts don’t speak. One day, though, I did share my frustration with Harry. I bemoaned that these fictions about me were spreading and hardening into orthodoxy. He tilted his head: Welcome to my world, dude. By now, Harry was calling me dude.
-
-A week before its pub date, “[Spare](https://www.amazon.com/Spare-Prince-Harry-Duke-Sussex/dp/0593593804)” was leaked. A Madrid bookshop reportedly put embargoed copies of the Spanish version on its shelves, “by accident,” and reporters descended. In no time, Fleet Street had assembled crews of translators to reverse-engineer the book from Spanish to English, and with so many translators working on tight deadline the results read like bad Borat. One example among many was the passage about Harry losing his virginity. Per the British press, Harry recounts, “I mounted her quickly . . .” But of course he doesn’t. I can assert with one-hundred-per-cent confidence that no one gets “mounted,” quickly or otherwise, in “Spare.”
-
-I didn’t have time to be horrified. When the book was officially released, the bad translations didn’t stop. They multiplied. The British press now converted the book into their native tongue, that jabberwocky of bonkers hot takes and classist snark. Facts were wrenched out of context, complex emotions were reduced to cartoonish idiocy, innocent passages were hyped into outrages—and there were so many falsehoods. One British newspaper chased down Harry’s flight instructor. Headline: “Prince Harry’s army instructor says story in Spare book is ‘complete fantasy.’ ” Hours later, the instructor posted a lengthy comment beneath the article, swearing that those words, “complete fantasy,” never came out of his mouth. Indeed, they were nowhere in the piece, only in the bogus headline, which had gone viral. The newspaper had made it up, the instructor said, stressing that Harry was one of his finest students.
-
-The only other time I’d witnessed this sort of frenzied mob was with LeBron James, whom I’d interviewed before and after his decision to leave the Cleveland Cavaliers and join the Miami Heat. I couldn’t fathom the toxic cloud of hatred that trailed him. Fans, particularly Cavs loyalists, didn’t just decry James. They wished him dead. They burned his jersey, threw rocks at his image. And the media egged them on. In those first days of “Spare,” I found myself wondering what the ecstatic contempt for Prince Harry and King James had in common. Racism, surely. Also, each man had committed the sin of publicly spurning his homeland. But the biggest factor, I came to believe, was money. In times of great economic distress, many people are triggered by someone who has so much doing anything to try to improve his lot.
-
-Within days, the amorphous campaign against “Spare” seemed to narrow to a single point of attack: that Harry’s memoir, rigorously fact-checked, was rife with errors. I can’t think of anything that rankles quite like being called sloppy by people who routinely trample facts in pursuit of their royal prey, and this now happened every few minutes to Harry and, by extension, to me. In one section of the book, for instance, Harry reveals that he used to live for the yearly sales at TK Maxx, the discount clothing chain. Not so fast, said the monarchists at TK Maxx corporate, who rushed out a statement declaring that TK Maxx never has sales, just great savings all the time! Oh, snap! Gotcha, Prince George Santos! Except that people around the world immediately posted screenshots of TK Maxx touting sales on its official Twitter account. (Surely TK Maxx’s effort to discredit Harry’s memoir was unrelated to the company’s long-standing partnership with Prince Charles and his charitable trust.)
-
-Ghostwriters don’t speak, I reminded myself over and over. But I had to do something. So I ventured one small gesture. I retweeted a few quotes from Mary Karr about inadvertent error in memories and memoir, plus seemingly innocuous quotes from “Spare” about the way Harry’s memory works. (He can’t recall much from the years right after his mother died, and for the most part remembers places better than people—possibly because places didn’t let him down the way people did.) Smooth move, ghostwriter. My tweets were seized upon, deliberately misinterpreted by trolls, and turned into headlines by real news outlets. *Harry’s ghostwriter admits the book is all lies.*
-
-One of Harry’s friends gave a book party. My wife and I attended.
-
-We were feeling fragile as we arrived, and it had nothing to do with Twitter. Days earlier, we’d been stalked, followed in our car as we drove our son to preschool. When I lifted him out of his seat, a paparazzo leaped from his car and stood in the middle of the road, taking aim with his enormous lens and scaring the hell out of everyone at dropoff. Then, not one hour later, as I sat at my desk, trying to calm myself, I looked up to see a woman’s face at my window. As if in a dream, I walked to the window and asked, “Who are you?” Through the glass, she whispered, “I’m from the *Mail on Sunday*.”
-
-I lowered the shade, phoned an old friend—the same friend whose columns I used to ghostwrite in Colorado. He listened but didn’t get it. How could he get it? So I called the only friend who might.
-
-It was like telling Taylor Swift about a bad breakup. It was like singing “Hallelujah” to Leonard Cohen. Harry was all heart. He asked if my family was O.K., asked for physical descriptions of the people harassing us, promised to make some calls, see if anything could be done. We both knew nothing could be done, but still. I felt gratitude, and some regret. I’d worked hard to understand the ordeals of Harry Windsor, and now I saw that I understood nothing. Empathy is thin gruel compared with the marrow of experience. One morning of what Harry had endured since birth made me desperate to take another crack at the pages in “Spare” that talk about the media.
-
-Too late. The book was out, the party in full swing. As we walked into the house, I looked around, nervous, unsure of what state we’d find the author in. Was he, too, feeling fragile? Was he as keen as I was to organize a global boycott of TK Maxx?
-
-He appeared, marching toward us, looking flushed. Uh-oh, I thought, before registering that it was a good flush. His smile was wide as he embraced us both. He was overjoyed by many things. The numbers, naturally. Guinness World Records had just certified his memoir as the fastest-selling nonfiction book in the history of the world. But, more than that, readers were *reading*, at last, the actual book, not Murdoched chunks laced with poison, and their online reviews were overwhelmingly effusive. Many said Harry’s candor about family dysfunction, about losing a parent, had given them solace.
-
-The guests were summoned into the living room. There were several lovely toasts to Harry, then the Prince stepped forward. I’d never seen him so self-possessed and expansive. He thanked his publishing team, his editor, me. He mentioned my advice, to “trust the book,” and said he was glad that he did, because it felt incredible to have the truth out there, to feel—his voice caught—“free.” There were tears in his eyes. Mine, too.
-
-And yet once a ghost, always a ghost. I couldn’t help obsessing about that word “free.” If he’d used that in one of our Zoom sessions, I’d have pushed back. Harry first felt liberated when he fell in love with Meghan, and again when they fled Britain, and what he felt now, for the first time in his life, was heard. That imperious Windsor motto, “Never complain, never explain,” is really just a prettified *omertà*, which my wife suggests might have prolonged Harry’s grief. His family actively discourages talking, a stoicism for which they’re widely lauded, but if you don’t speak your emotions you serve them, and if you don’t tell your story you lose it—or, what might be worse, you get lost inside it. Telling is how we cement details, preserve continuity, stay sane. We say ourselves into being every day, or else. Heard, Harry, heard—I could hear myself making the case to him late at night, and I could see Harry’s nose wrinkle as he argued for his word, and I reproached myself once more: Not your effing book.
-
-But, after we hugged Harry goodbye, after we thanked Meghan for toys she’d sent our children, I had a second thought about silence. Ghosts don’t speak—says who? Maybe they can. Maybe sometimes they should.
-
-Several weeks later, I was having breakfast with my family. The children were eating and my wife and I were talking about ghostwriting. Someone had just called, seeking help with their memoir. Intriguing person, but the answer was going to be no. I wanted to resume work on my novel. Our five-year-old daughter looked up from her cinnamon toast and asked, “What is ghostwriting?”
-
-My wife and I gazed at each other as if she’d asked, What is God?
-
-“Well,” I said, drawing a blank. “O.K., you know how you love art?”
-
-She nodded. She loves few things more. An artist is what she hopes to be.
-
-“Imagine if one of your classmates wanted to say something, express something, but they couldn’t draw. Imagine if they asked you to draw a picture for them.”
-
-“I would *do* it,” she said.
-
-“That’s ghostwriting.”
-
-It occurred to me that this might be the closest I’d ever come to a workable definition. It certainly landed with our daughter. You could see it in her eyes. She got off her chair and leaned against me. “Daddy, I will be your ghostwriter.”
-
-My wife laughed. I laughed. “Thank you, sweetheart,” I said.
-
-But that wasn’t what I wanted to say. What I wanted to say was “No, Gracie. Nope. Keep doing your own pictures.” ♦
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-&emsp;
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-# Now Entering the Golden Age of N/A Beer
-
-### In just five years, the category has moved beyond its staid roots to become a booming industry with its own cast of big-name players and independent upstarts.
-
-There are few nodes of drinking culture more saturated, more spoilt for choice, more endlessly iterated upon in the 21st century than craft beer. Saunter into any microbrew market and you’d be forgiven for becoming instantly mind-warped from the sheer maximalism of all the options. But look closer, past the Double Chunky Cheeky Stouts, Guava Java Smoothie Sours and Gothic Baltic Barleywines and you’ll discover a category undergoing something like a soft revolution, gently nudged aloft on the twinned winds of societal trends and market forces. 
-
-I am, of course, referring to the fast-growing, unexpectedly delicious world of nonalcoholic beer. 
-
-No facet of [beer culture](https://punchdrink.com/articles/craft-beer-vocabulary-terms/)—indeed, perhaps, in all of drinking culture—has enjoyed more wild growth and acceleration in cultural footprint over the last five years, tossing off stereotypes and breaking sales records with enviable ease. Best of all, in the right hands, craft nonalcoholic beer can be full-flavored and expressive, as satisfying as any alcoholic counterpart. 
-
-It wasn’t always this way. The earliest attempts at crafting nonalcoholic beer in the United States date back to the days of the Volstead Act, when, under Prohibition, the legal alcohol content of any beverage was set at 0.5 percent. Facing certain financial ruin, inventive brewers at companies like Pabst and Anheuser-Busch developed a technique for making “near beer” that could meet this legal threshold. Their method involved fully brewing a standard beer—from mash to boiled wort to hops and fermentation—then boiling off the alcohol until the alcohol content was sufficiently reduced. A second option, developed later in the 20th century, involved reverse osmosis, essentially an elaborate filtering method via distillation that arrived at the same result: a beer at less than 0.5 percent alcohol content, “dealcoholized” from a fully realized base product. 
-
-And so it went for nearly a hundred years. Somehow, with all the immense sales growth and large-scale investment in craft beer across the late 20th and early 21st centuries, nonalcoholic beer remained staid—a drinking culture castaway relegated to an afterthought produced by only the largest beermakers. Any consumer of nonalcoholic beer can share a war story or two from those days: the askance looks from a skeptical barkeep, forced to fish a lonely Clausthaler from the back of some dusty storeroom. You’d be lucky to get one cold, if you could get one at ### The Coronation of Craft Beer
-
-](https://punchdrink.com/articles/coronation-of-craft-beer-boom-history-sam-adams-boston-lager/)
-
-In the first installment of a three-part series, Aaron Goldfarb examines the 1980s and '90s when the brewpub was born, “micro” was king and beer met the barrel in earnest.
-
-[![Beer Vocabulary](https://assets-prd.punchdrink.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/30204746/Thumb-Vocabulary-of-Beer.jpg)](https://punchdrink.com/articles/craft-beer-vocabulary-terms/)
-
-[The New Vocabulary of Beer](https://punchdrink.chttps://punchdrink.com/articles/craft-beer-vocabulary-terms/om/articles/craft-beer-vocabulary-terms/)
-
-The rapid evolution of craft beer over the past two decades has necessitated an entirely new language to describe it. Here, a non-exhaustive guide to the modern lexicon.
-
-[![](https://assets-prd.punchdrink.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/13171255/Thumb-Craft-Beer-History-Goose-Island-Hill-Farmstead.jpg)](https://punchdrink.com/articles/when-craft-beer-became-big-beer-goose-island-heady-topper-dark-lord-hill-farmstead/)
-
-[
-
-### When Craft Beer Became Big Beer
-
-](https://punchdrink.com/articles/when-craft-beer-became-big-beer-goose-island-heady-topper-dark-lord-hill-farmstead/)
-
-In the final installment of a three-part series, Aaron Goldfarb examines the 2010s, when rarity was king and the meaning of “craft” was called into question.
-
-How quickly the world changes. In 2012, a guy named Bill Shufelt was balancing a high-level career as a trader for a global asset management firm while training for an ultramarathon (as one does). He made the choice to go sober—“a life hack,” in the current parlance. Shufelt took a good look at the nonalcoholic beer market in the wake of this decision, and stumbled upon that magic moment, that glimmering alpha, the golden cross glowing at a distance, that which is known in financial circles as a *market gap*. As a graduate of Vermont’s Middlebury College and someone steeped as a consumer in the New England culture of craft brewing, he was perplexed: Why was there no nonalcoholic option that felt modern? One that tasted, you know... good?   
-
-Some of this was lack of market interest (there wasn’t a lot of mass acceptance of sober culture talk in those days), and some of it was the taste factor. Asking a bunch of craft brewers in 2012 to brew up cool nonalcoholic beer would be like proposing a white chocolate tasting at peak Mast Brothers, or asking for cream and sugar in your decaf pour over from Handsome Coffee Roasters. 
-
-But Shufelt was onto something. He linked up with an experienced brewer named John Walker, and together they tested and tinkered, brewing batch after batch in an attempt to create nonalcoholic beer from scratch—no boiling or osmosis or dealcoholization required. It took them *years* to get the recipe right, and its exact steps remain a closely guarded secret. But in 2018, Shufelt and Walker canned the first commercial shipment from their new nonalcoholic beer brand, dubbed Athletic Brewing Company—an aspirational bit of naming that speaks to the brand’s ongoing remit within the world of high-performance athletes. 
-
-Rarely in American consumer history are we given such a clear-cut case of a mono-brand industry disruption of measurable scale and influence. In less than five years, Athletic—no doubt aided by the fiduciary acumen and connections of its co-founder—has been able to raise [$226 million and counting](https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/athletic-brewing) in venture capital, according to Crunch Base, including recent rounds from [Keurig Dr Pepper](https://www.brewbound.com/news/keurig-dr-pepper-invests-50-million-in-athletic-brewing-company-takes-minority-stake-in-non-alc-beer-maker/) ($50 million in 2022) and [celebrity investors](https://www.brewbound.com/news/athletic-brewing-announces-celebrity-and-athlete-investors/) including David Chang, J.J. Watt and Toms Shoes founder Blake Mycoskie. (Shufelt disputes those numbers, noting that, to date, the brand has only raised $173.5 million across five rounds.) Athletic is, [according to *Inc.* magazine](https://vinepair.com/booze-news/athletic-brewing-26th-fastest-growing/), the 26th fastest growing company in America—that’s *any* company, not just beer—with an eye-popping three-year revenue growth metric in the neighborhood of 13,000 percent.
-
-Athletic’s incredible growth is driven in part by savvy marketing (the brand’s website features chiseled athletes overlaid by sexy-texty copy like “Beer Fit for Running”), part by the massively scaled availability of its product (Athletic runs two large breweries, one on each coast, and is distributed in all 50 states), and part by making a craft nonalcoholic beer that actually tastes good. The brand has successfully collaborated not just with athletes, but also chefs; James Beard Award winner Gabriel Rucker recently hosted a tasting menu dinner at his iconic Portland, Oregon, restaurant Le Pigeon, with each course paired with a beer from Athletic.
-
-> “In some ways, the N/A beer boom of the last half-decade has mimicked the wider craft beer space in miniature, at rocket warp speed, arriving now at a dichotomy that feels immediately familiar: There are the big guys and there are the independents.”
-
-A truly exploding product category brings with it certain hallmarks. One is international impact: Athletic’s success in the United States has helped drive a subgenre of new nonalcoholic beer options around the world, such as Heaps Normal, a fast-growing Australian N/A brewery launched in 2020. “Back then, if you were a regular punter looking for a nonalc option at the pub,” recalls co-founder Andy Miller, “your options were limited.”
-
-Like Athletic, Heaps Normal uses a “unique recipe” to brew nonalcoholic beer with no dealcoholization required, and like Athletic, Heaps has enjoyed parabolic growth over its short time in business, with distribution across Australia and New Zealand as well as Singapore and Hong Kong, and an expanding footprint across Asia coming soon. Rather than go after the high-performance athlete (though one of Heaps’ co-founders is elite pro surfer Jordy Smith), the brand’s marketing and design—which is chic and contemporary, and at times evokes certain line-drawn [natural wine labels](https://punchdrink.com/articles/about-that-natural-wine-label-bini-gut-oggau-nestarec/)—repeatedly employs the phrase “mindful drinking.”
-
-“We’re not here to preach sobriety or pass judgment on anyone’s drinking habits or choices,” says Miller. “We’re just here to offer a really tasty beer that will still allow you to get up and perform at your best the next day.”
-
-Another hallmark of category growth is cultural impact. Robin Lomax runs [@AFBeerClub](https://www.instagram.com/afbeerclub/?hl=en), one of the most popular of the dozens of social media accounts dedicated to the field of modern alcohol-free beer. His story is similar to many in the space: “I took an initial break from booze after getting into my mid-30s and not knowing when to say no ... but I was worried that a big part of my identity would be lost, so I delved into the world of alcohol-free beer.” Lomax is based in the U.K., where N/A beer culture has also emerged over the last few years, led by dedicated nonalcoholic breweries like Infinite, Nirvana and Big Drop. Lomax’s Instagram account and accompanying podcast are a brands-and-suds bacchanalia of attractive can wraps and insightful mini-reviews, very much evocative of the wider “Beerstagram” milieu but with the alcohol neatly excised. 
-
-Meanwhile, in the famously craft beer–obsessed Pacific Northwest, at least one established brewery is looking to nonalcoholic beer as something bigger. For [Three Magnets Brewing](https://www.3magbrewing.com/), a small, independent craft brewery based on the brewpub model in Olympia, Washington, craft nonalcoholic beer looks more like a lifeline. ”It’s the future,” says co-owner Nathan Reilly. Like many cities on the U.S. West Coast, downtown Olympia has been profoundly impacted by multiple overlapping disasters in the past few years, including COVID-19 shutdowns and the ongoing fentanyl epidemic. Reilly and his small team parlayed pandemic relief money into the development of a nonalcoholic beer, creating a new sub-brand led by brewer Aaron Blonden, who arrived at his method for creating fully brewed nonalcoholic beer through a process of trial and error.  
-
-Launched in late 2020, Three Magnets’ line of nonalcoholic beer—dubbed [Self Care](https://drinkselfcare.com/)–is dizzying in the diversity of its offerings, from a sessionable lager to a watermelon gose to a complex, flavorful hazy IPA, as good as any full-alcohol version I’ve had. The entire line of Self Care beers isn’t just pretty good, or good for *nonalcoholic* beer—each beer is objectively, undeniably delicious as a brewed beverage of any standing. 
-
-I asked Reilly if he thought craft nonalcoholic beer was the next big hype trend in American beer—the next [hazy IPA](https://punchdrink.com/articles/ipa-craft-beer-history/), if you will (a style Three Magnets has served since 2015). “I don’t think every brewery is going to roll out an N/A program, because it’s not easy,” he tells me. “We went all in on it, but making beer like this is very difficult if you want your product to be exceptional.” 
-
-Still, more and more conventional breweries are trying their hand, from seminal scaled breweries like Dogfish Head, Lagunitas and Brooklyn Brewery to smaller brands like Ex Novo, To Øl and Northern Monk. Simultaneously, dedicated nonalcoholic breweries—Untitled Art in Wisconsin, Rightside Brewing in Atlanta, Rescue Club in Burlington, Vermont, Surreal Brewing in San Jose, California, and more—have carved out identities in the space.
-
-In some ways, the N/A beer boom of the last half-decade has mimicked the wider craft beer space in miniature, at rocket warp speed, arriving now at a dichotomy that feels immediately familiar: There are the big guys and there are the independents. Self Care feels like a kind of anti-Athletic, a small craft product whose origin story feels more familiar to most Americans than the hard-charging hedge fund guy finding inspiration between mega-marathons. Self Care is meant to appeal to normal people looking for an occasional change-up from their standard drinking routine, or interested in dabbling with the soft stuff without subscribing to a sober-living aesthetic. It speaks to normalization, a mellow shrug of the shoulders, the subtle changing of cultural norms in the form of a beer that still tastes good without alcohol. 
-
-“Right now we’re in a space where we can be innovative and do cool shit as a craft brewery making nonalcoholic beer,” Reilly tells me, in a voice that sounds like we’ve arrived at another one of those market moments, the one called *proof of concept*. “I don’t know if it’s the next big thing, but it’s undeniable that there’s a growing market for nonalcoholic beer, and we think there’s room for nonalcoholic beer that is truly craft.”
-
-Get our freshest features and recipes weekly.
-
-### Related Articles
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-# On the Trail of the Fentanyl King
-
-In a nondescript house on a quiet street in a middle-class suburb of Houston, Texas, Alaa Allawi hunched over his black and gold laptop. It was early 2017, and Allawi ranked among the top 10 vendors on [AlphaBay](https://www.wired.com/story/alphabay-series-part-1-the-shadow/), at the time the dark web’s biggest bazaar for all manner of illegal wares. Every week he moved dozens of packages of illegal narcotics: cocaine, counterfeit Xanax, and fake OxyContin.
-
-An order came in from a young marine in North Carolina. He wanted Oxy. Allawi went about fulfilling the order, choosing from among the bags of powders and chemicals strewn about his attic and garage. He had precursor chemicals, binding agents, and colored dyes from eBay, as well as fentanyl—a synthetic opioid 50 times more potent than heroin—from China. “Man, you can order anything off the internet,” Allawi once told a friend. It was the secret to his success.
-
-Allawi poured the ingredients into a Ninja blender, pulsed it until the contents seemed pretty well mixed, then went outside to the shed in his backyard. Inside were two steel pill presses, each the size of a small fridge and dusted with chalky residue. He tapped the potent mixture into a hopper atop the press, which came alive with the push of a button. Out shot the pills a few minutes later, stamped to look like their prescription counterparts. Soon, the fake OxyContin was ready to be shipped, sealed first in a bag and then stuffed into a parcel. A member of Allawi’s crew dropped the order off at the post office, along with a pile of other packages addressed to buyers all over the country.
-
-If Allawi believed the dark web’s anonymity was enough to shield him from the prying eyes of law enforcement, he was wrong. Allawi’s work—slipping small amounts of fentanyl into counterfeit pills, making them effective but highly addictive and sometimes lethal—was fueling the latest deadly twist in a national opioid epidemic that has taken more than 230,000 lives since 2017. Allawi’s contribution to that crisis had made him a prime target for the US Drug Enforcement Administration, and federal agents were intercepting parcels containing his fentanyl-laced pills from Kansas to California. Allawi didn’t know it at the time, but shipping these pills to North Carolina would cement his downfall.
-
-Today, Allawi sits in a federal prison in northern New York, where he’s serving a 30-year sentence. His case was the first prosecution for dealing fentanyl using the dark web and cryptocurrency in the American Southwest, and investigators described his operation as a bellwether for the growing counterfeit pill market in the US. Over the course of more than two years of email exchanges, he told me his story: a criminal odyssey whose seeds were planted thousands of miles away, on a US Army base in Iraq.
-
-When the United States invaded Iraq, Allawi was a 13-year-old living in a suburb of Baghdad. On his 18th birthday, he applied to become an interpreter for the US Army. His uncle, a doctor, had encouraged him to learn the language from a young age. Allawi’s English wasn’t great, but he had been a sharp student, the kind of kid who dreamed of going to medical school himself one day. He got the job.
-
-He was quickly dispatched to Rasheed Airbase near Baghdad, where he bounced from one unit to the next. The job paid well by Iraqi standards at $1,350 a month, but it was dangerous. Al Qaeda didn’t look kindly on Iraqis who collaborated with the US. Allawi says that insurgents tied one of his friends, also an interpreter, to the back of a car and dragged him around the neighborhood until his limbs tore apart. They hung another from an electric pole and left his corpse up for days as a warning. Allawi took to wearing gloves and masks while on patrol in his neighborhood so he wouldn’t be recognized.
-
-The work was also occasionally heart-wrenching. Allawi recalls one house raid where the Americans were searching for someone suspected of cooperating with al Qaeda. After they made an arrest, the soldiers realized their satellite phone was missing. An officer proceeded to question several women who were in the house. When he got to an elderly woman, he ordered Allawi out of the room. Minutes later, the woman ran out after him, tears streaming down her face. All the women there fell to their knees, begging Allawi to stop the search. The officer, they said, had frisked the older woman and reached for her private parts. Allawi was livid, but there wasn’t much he could do. “I felt not only enraged but also the feeling of a person that belongs to an invaded country and the humiliation that comes with it,” he says. Eventually, the soldiers found the phone on top of a fridge, where one of them had left it.
-
-Most of the time, though, Allawi got along well with the Americans. Thanks to years of watching Hollywood movies, he had a good grasp on their culture and wouldn’t say anything when they crossed their legs or exposed their soles, which are considered insults in the Arab world. “Everyone liked Alaa,” says Daniel Robinson, who worked with Allawi as a contractor in Iraq. The two men spent a lot of time together on base, sharing meals and swapping stories about their lives and families. Robinson smoked his first hookah on the floor of Allawi’s barracks.
-
-Steroids were prevalent on US bases. “As easy to buy as soda,” one military contractor told the *Los Angeles Times* in 2005. Allawi began selling them to American soldiers and was dismissed from the unit he’d been serving with. Within a few months, he got another translation job, this time with AGS-AECOM, a private contractor rebuilding maintenance depots at Camp Taji, near Baghdad.
-
-Now Allawi spent his days sitting behind a computer in a cubicle, translating operation manuals for Humvees that the US was reselling to Iraq. Allawi had always loved being around computers. When he was 14, he’d purchased parts one by one—a hard drive here, a RAM module there—until he had assembled a functioning machine. At Camp Taji, he immediately dove in, probing the company’s internal networks like a deep-sea diver exploring an unknown world. “The depot job was a boring one,” he says. “Not much was happening, but I used half of my job time to learn coding and hacking.”
-
-It was also at Camp Taji that Allawi met Eric Goss, an impish 25-year-old Texan who shared his love of hip hop and would become a friend. Goss recalls one day when the camp’s head of operations called a meeting with the translators and contractors on the base. Allawi, he announced, was now cut off from accessing the internet on his computer. According to Goss, Allawi had hacked their boss’s email, found messages he was sending to his mistress, and forwarded them to the boss’s wife. (Allawi denies that he did this.) But the new restrictions didn’t stop Allawi. He found a way to install a password recovery tool on his computer that he could use to crack his way into the company’s wireless network. Around Camp Taji, Robinson recalls, “the running joke was, don’t let Alaa on your computer.”
-
-Allawi put his burgeoning tech skills to use off base, as well. He built a website called Iraqiaa.com, an online dating and chat platform aimed at young Iraqis. At least one guy ended up marrying a woman he met on the site, Allawi says. At Iraqiaa’s height, he was earning a cushy $5,000 a month from subscriptions. People started asking Allawi to design sites for them. He purchased a server from a cloud provider and started his own hosting company. For a time, it looked like he could put together a tech career in Iraq.
-
-Many of Allawi’s fellow interpreters had chosen to leave Iraq for the US as part of a special visa program. Goss, who had returned home to Houston, kept probing Allawi on MySpace: “When are you getting your ass to the United States?” For a while, Allawi put him off, but his outlook on life in Iraq was changing. It dawned on him that his options for pursuing a full-fledged IT career there were limited. “I realized that I couldn’t go further in my country,” he says.
-
-In 2012, Goss received a message from Allawi. He was coming to the US.
-
-For a time, it looked like Allawi could put together a tech career in Iraq.
-
-Illustration: Monet Alyssa
-
-On September 12, Allawi landed in San Antonio.
-
-He was ready to start a new life in Texas. Catholic Charities set him up with a driver’s license, food stamps, a $200 monthly stipend, and a free place to stay. He received an online high school diploma, then enrolled in a pre-nursing program at San Antonio College. He managed to complete four semesters, but eking out a living soon took priority. The food stamps were valid for only six months, as was the rent-free arrangement. Allawi found a job as a machine operator at a door manufacturer 45 minutes away. The pay barely covered his commute and college expenses.
-
-Allawi moved in with another former translator named Mohamed Al Salihi, who had arrived in Texas more recently and was moonlighting as a bouncer. They had a spare room, which they advertised on Craigslist to earn extra money. Their first renter, Allawi says, was a young woman who liked to party with a group of weed-smoking friends. Soon enough, Allawi was hanging out with them.
-
-Allawi was spending enough time with American college students to sense a business opportunity. He started selling weed at parties near the University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA). “It was just for surviving,” he says. He was intent on furthering his education, he insists, and took on a student loan. The plan was simple: pay his bills, sell weed at parties, and go to school. But this new venture put him in contact with other drug dealers and harder substances. “There is American saying,” Allawi adds. “If you hang around the barber-shop too long, you will end up with haircut.”
-
-In 2014, he was evicted for failing to pay $590 in rent. For a brief period, he slept in his car. He started selling cocaine on the street. On January 14, 2015, Allawi was arrested while driving with a small-time drug dealer who was known to local law enforcement. An officer searching the vehicle found less than a gram of cocaine, 10 Adderall pills, and about 100 Xanax pills, according to Allawi, who says the tablets belonged to the passenger. Allawi was charged with the manufacture and delivery of a controlled substance, but because he had no criminal record, he was sentenced to community service. His run-in with the law didn’t dissuade him from selling drugs. He was just getting started.
-
-Allawi had reconnected with Goss by then. Sometime in 2015, Goss got him a job designing a website for a business in Austin. One of the employees confided to Allawi that he’d been buying drugs on the dark web. “It’s like an Amazon for drugs,” he said. Intrigued, Allawi did his own research. “I went and asked the wizard of all time, Mr. Google!” he says.
-
-The introduction blew the doors of drugmaking wide open for the Iraqi. Allawi wasn’t content dealing on the street anymore. He was chasing a broader market than San Antonio—hell, a broader market than Texas. He bought a manual pill press on eBay for $600, eventually upgrading to a $5,000, 507-pound electric machine capable of spitting out 21,600 pills an hour. He also used eBay to purchase the inactive ingredients found in most oral medications, such as dyes. On May 23, 2015, Allawi created an account on AlphaBay. He named it Dopeboy210, most likely after the San Antonio area code, according to investigators. That fall, Allawi dropped out of school for good.
-
-At the time, AlphaBay was one of a handful of would-be successors to Silk Road, the infamous dark-web market that had been shut down in 2013. If you had a Tor browser and some bitcoins, AlphaBay offered drugs by the kilo, guns, stolen credit card data, and more, all with complete anonymity—or at least that’s what many customers believed. Between 2015 and 2017, the site saw more than $1 billion in illegal cryptocurrency transactions, according to the FBI.
-
-DopeBoy210 eventually offered no fewer than 80 different products. X50, a package of 50 Xanax pills, was one of Allawi’s flagship items and earned enthusiastic reviews. “Good shit,” one AlphaBay customer wrote, according to data provided by Carnegie Mellon professor Nicolas Christin. “Kick ass,” wrote another. The pills were fake.
-
-At first, Allawi blended chemicals with methamphetamine and used his press to churn out tablets stamped as Adderall and Xanax. Students looking to pull an all-nighter or riddled with anxiety craved this stuff; UTSA made for a lucrative outlet. Allawi then moved on to fake OxyContin pills laced with fentanyl that he ordered from China on the dark web. (Allawi declined to say why he switched to fentanyl, but investigators told me that drug dealers like it because they can make thousands of pills using minute amounts.)
-
-Allawi expanded his operation to a small circle of trusted associates. Some he had met at house parties, like Benjamin Uno, a twentysomething Dallas native whose promising basketball career was cut short by injury, and Trevor Robinson, a mustachioed fan of Malcolm X (with no relation to Daniel Robinson, the contractor). Uno helped Allawi manufacture the pills, and he and Robinson took charge of mailing out the merchandise. (Uno and Robinson didn’t respond to requests for comment.) Allawi also recruited Al Salihi, his old roommate, to guard drugs stashed at an apartment 10 minutes from UTSA.
-
-The dark web “is like an Amazon for drugs.”
-
-Illustration: Monet Alyssa
-
-Sporting a beard and a tattooed right arm, Hunter Westbrook had come to UTSA after toiling away in the oil fields of West Texas. The patrolman was used to dealing with the occasional marijuana trafficker on campus. But toward the end of 2015, something changed. Adderall pills, not just weed, flowed into dorms and parties. Then the overdoses began. When UTSA analyzed some of the pills in a lab, they were found to be laced with meth.
-
-As a campus cop, Westbrook could do little more than stop cars for traffic violations, so he reached out to the San Antonio Police Department for help. In the spring of 2016, he sat in a coffee shop and compared notes with Janellen Valle, an SAPD narcotics officer who was on a joint task force with the DEA. The two cops realized that their findings lined up. A Middle Eastern guy was apparently flooding the campus with marijuana and counterfeit pills. Tips from students led to a name: Alaa Allawi.
-
-Soon after, the DEA took over the case. Investigators say that some pills at UTSA contained fentanyl. (Allawi says he never sold fentanyl on campus, only online.) The country was drowning in the opioid, and stanching the flow was a priority for the agency. The number of overdose deaths attributed to it had skyrocketed, from 1,663 in 2011 to 18,335 in 2016, surpassing those from prescription painkillers and heroin.
-
-The DEA’s San Antonio office was used to handling street dealers and Mexican cartels. But in July, an informant tipped off the DEA about Allawi’s AlphaBay shop and sent the investigation spinning in a whole new direction.
-
-The San Antonio office didn’t do cybercrime. Sure, they had heard of Silk Road. But to the DEA agents in Texas, the dark web might as well have been Baghdad—a faraway land “out of sight, out of mind,” in the words of one investigator.
-
-Westbrook became the office’s de facto guide, largely because he was one of the few people there to have a vague understanding of what the dark web was. He met with cybersecurity professors at UTSA on how to access Allawi’s account. He was by far the youngest member of the task force; around the office, he was known as “the millennial.”
-
-The agents purchased a MacBook and a VPN subscription to access the dark web. They were floored when they saw DopeBoy210’s shop. Based on the hundreds of comments left by satisfied customers, Allawi was a massive retailer.
-
-Getting a peek at Allawi’s online operations was relatively easy. To arrest him for it, the DEA would need to definitively link Allawi to his AlphaBay account, which meant they’d need to buy drugs from him. And to do that, they’d need bitcoins.
-
-This had daunting implications for a governmental office, Westbrook realized. The task force might buy $1,000 worth of the volatile currency, only to wake up the next day and find their wallet’s value down to $900 or up to $1,100. Agency bigwigs didn’t love schemes deviating from tradition, investigators say. They certainly were reluctant to become bitcoin speculators. “It was a headache,” Westbrook says. (But not unheard of: As part of [a parallel investigation](https://www.wired.com/story/alphabay-series-part-1-the-shadow/) into AlphaBay, DEA agents in 2016 bought drugs using bitcoin. Before that, they purchased crypto as they sought to [shut down Silk Road](https://www.wired.com/2013/11/silk-road/).)
-
-In the meantime, the agents kept pounding away at the work they knew how to do: tailing suspects and working informants. As the new year began, the task force persuaded a judge to authorize the GPS tracking and tapping of Uno’s and Allawi’s phones, and later Al Salihi’s. In March, Westbrook followed Uno from Allawi’s house to a post office, where Uno delivered three boxes and a trash bag stuffed with what appeared to be envelopes. After that, postal inspectors would periodically intercept mail and packages intended for Allawi.
-
-When he wasn’t tailing members of Allawi’s crew, Westbrook worked at a DEA desk that was unofficially assigned to rookies due to its awkward position in the middle of the open room. During the investigation, someone hung a handwritten sign that read MILLENNIAL ISLAND.
-
-Westbrook usually sat alone, but on March 17 the rest of the task force was peering over his shoulder as he logged in to AlphaBay. The team had gotten the green light from DC: They could buy bitcoins and purchase drugs from Allawi. Navigating to the DopeBoy210 page, Westbrook bought 500 Adderall pills for $1,400 worth of bitcoins, and an ounce of cocaine for $1,200. He listed a mailbox at UTSA and finished the order.
-
-About a week later, he drove to the campus to retrieve the package. Looking giddy under a beige ball cap, he inserted a key into mailbox number 825. The drugs were inside. There were only 447 pills and no cocaine, so Westbrook initiated a dispute with AlphaBay (which ended in favor of Allawi). But this was a detail. What mattered was that the agents had conducted an undercover buy on the dark web. The San Antonio DEA had entered a world its agents barely knew existed a year before.
-
-Allawi had the money, the cars, the luxury sneakers, the bottle service. He was even in talks to open a local franchise for a juice bar chain.
-
-Illustration: Monet Alyssa
-
-Allawi’s profits were rolling in, but they were still in the form of bitcoins, and he needed to convert them to cash. On LocalBitcoins.com, a bitcoin exchange platform, he met Kunal Kalra, a cheerful Californian who favored Mao collar shirts and a gold bitcoin pendant—a sign of his unwavering dedication to cryptocurrency. Kalra ran a bitcoin ATM out of a cigar shop in Los Angeles. Allawi began visiting the shop to exchange his bitcoin earnings for cash, and paid Kalra a fee for his help. By the fall of 2016, the two men moved their arrangement online. They transferred more than half a million dollars in total.
-
-With plenty of cash, Allawi went on a buying spree. He made a $30,000 down payment for a two-story slab house in a residential San Antonio neighborhood just south of UTSA. “I didn’t know how much money he was making until he came to Houston,” Goss says. The Texas native accompanied his friend on multiple trips to luxury car dealerships in the city that fall. In October 2016, Allawi set his sights on a white 2013 Maserati GranTurismo, which cost $49,000. He began pulling wads of bills from a Louis Vuitton backpack and handing them to a salesman. Goss worried that paying cash would attract attention, but his friend refused to take a loan and owe interest. “Why am I gonna fucking pay?” Allawi said.
-
-A few months later, Allawi took one of his cars in for an oil change. When mechanics lifted the car on a hoist, they found a curious black box affixed to the undercarriage. It was a tracking device. Allawi had it promptly removed. He was disturbed by the discovery, but not enough to stop. “I needed money, and things had to keep going,” he says.
-
-Otherwise, though, Allawi was on top of the world. By spring of 2017, he had the cars, the luxury sneakers, and the bottle service. He was even in talks to open a local franchise for a juice bar chain. Ever the party guy, on March 23 he flew his crew out on a trip to Las Vegas. Allawi, Uno, Robinson, and Goss walked into Drai’s, a gigantic nightclub known as one of the most expensive in town. Lil Wayne was performing as the group huddled in the VIP area. Allawi was wearing a $2,000 suit that he’d nabbed on a whim at Caesars Palace—they all were, courtesy again of the boss. Allawi passed around an enormous bottle of Veuve Clicquot, a flashy move that didn’t go unnoticed by the rapper onstage. “I don’t know who these n––––s is, but I need to be partying with them,” Wayne shouted, according to Goss.
-
-The four men snapped selfies, sticking out their tongues like a bunch of eager teenagers. They were having the time of their lives.
-
-While Allawi’s crew partied in Vegas, a man in the Midwest named Vincent Jordahl was recovering from a close brush with death. He’d snorted a blue powder—fentanyl—and collapsed on his living room floor. His mother found him and performed CPR before medics revived him with Narcan, a fentanyl antidote. He was taken to a hospital in Grand Forks, North Dakota. On March 25, city medics would rush to the home of another man, named Orlando Flores, who’d also overdosed on fentanyl-laced pills and also survived. The tablets originated in the same package, sent by Allawi sometime in March.
-
-Less than a month later, on the East Coast, two other young men readied for a party of their own. Mark Mambulao and Marcos Villegas were marines stationed at Camp Lejeune, in North Carolina. It was Friday, April 14, and the duo were starting their weekend with some gin and tonics at a friend’s house in Richlands, about 32 miles north of the base. Around 9:30 pm, Mambulao sent a girlfriend a photo on Snapchat of a friend’s dog chewing his hat.
-
-Then, Villegas pulled some pills out of a small black plastic bag and passed them around. Mambulao had experimented with drugs before, including LSD, mushrooms, ecstasy, and oxycodone, which he would either gobble up or crush and snort. These pills were advertised as OxyContin. Villegas had purchased them directly from an AlphaBay vendor named DopeBoy210. The friends all swallowed the pills at the same time.
-
-About two hours later, Mambulao started to feel sick and passed out on the living room couch, so his friends laid him down in a spare bedroom, making sure he was on his side. When they checked on him later, he wasn’t breathing. The men called 911 and started to perform CPR, but it was too late. In the early hours of April 15, Mambulao died in a Jacksonville hospital. He was just 20 years old.
-
-It turned out that the pill Mambulao ingested contained a lethal dose of fentanyl. The Naval Criminal Investigative Service began looking into his death. Cooperating with the Postal Inspection Service and DEA, the NCIS traced the drugs to Allawi. (Villegas pleaded guilty in 2019 to distributing oxycodone and fentanyl and was sentenced to 10 years in prison; a second marine was also charged in connection with the case.) Why did Mambulao overdose and not the other revelers that night? There was “no real science” informing Allawi’s pill-manufacturing, says Dante Sorianello, then the head of the DEA’s San Antonio office. “Some of these pills probably got very little fentanyl, and some got too much.”
-
-The marine wasn’t breathing. His friends called 911. They started to perform CPR, but it was too late.
-
-Illustration: Monet Alyssa
-
-On May 17, a utility worker in a neon-yellow vest and hard hat walked up the driveway to Allawi’s house in Richmond and knocked on the door. “Sorry, power’s out,” he told the occupants. “We’re going to be working on it for a while.” Anyone who’s been in Houston on the cusp of summer knows what these words mean: Without AC, your home is going to turn into a furnace in no time.
-
-Westbrook and Valle, clad in black bulletproof vests, watched from their cars as Uno and Robinson left the house. The utility guy was a DEA agent, and the whole thing was a ruse so they could raid the house without risking any lives. Law enforcement saw fentanyl as a threat to eliminate at all cost, which meant shutting down the drug manufacturing before moving to arrest Allawi.
-
-At 1:38 pm, men sweating profusely in hazmat suits swarmed the house, lending an otherworldly look to this ordinarily quiet neighborhood. The suits were meant to protect the agents from fentanyl, which they thought could incapacitate or even kill them if they simply touched it. They knocked on the door and got no response. They went in.
-
-The search was fruitful. The agents placed their bounty in front of the garage in a spot demarcated by yellow cones. Among other drug paraphernalia, there were two pill presses, cardboard boxes from China containing ingredients, and enough drugs to put Allawi away for a long time: 500 grams of fentanyl powder, 500 grams of meth, 500 grams of cocaine, 10 kilos of fake oxycodone tablets laced with fentanyl, 4 kilos of fake Adderall laced with meth, and 5 kilos of counterfeit Xanax tablets. Agents found a Ruger revolver and a Sig Sauer pistol hidden in a couch in the living room. They walked out of Allawi’s bedroom carrying an AR-15-style assault rifle and a loaded Glock pistol.
-
-As the agents worked, Uno and Robinson drove by the house and realized what was happening. Far from being scared off by the raid, they returned to the scene with Allawi, Westbrook says. As they drove away one last time, all three men tossed their phones out the car window. Soon after, Allawi called Goss from a new number and asked to meet him at a ritzy house he was renting east of Houston. There, he retrieved a bag stuffed with $50,000 in cash, Goss says, and asked his friend to drive him to the airport. The ringleader had decided to hole up in LA, where he had a condo—and an extravagant collection of sneakers—in the upscale Westwood neighborhood.
-
-His operation was unraveling fast. “I’m fucked. It’s over,” he kept repeating in the car. Like any good drug boss, Allawi started planning his escape. He considered hiding in Dallas or California, according to Goss. When things settled, he could go back to Iraq, where the money he’d sent over the years had allowed his family to start a strip mall. He could flee to Mexico and fly out from there.
-
-But for weeks after the raid, there were no cops in sight. Allawi wondered whether he’d dodged a bullet. Eventually he felt secure enough to return to Texas. One evening at the end of June, he and Goss went to a club. The two men sat in the VIP area, a $500 bottle of champagne on the table. But Allawi wasn’t his usual gregarious self. He remained quiet, his glass untouched. The two men drove back from the club in silence. “I feel like I’m a martyr,” Allawi suddenly said. “All my family’s taken care of. If I die tomorrow, it wasn’t in vain.”
-
-Just a few days later, the DEA moved to apprehend Allawi’s team in simultaneous takedowns across Dallas, San Antonio, and Houston; Uno, Robinson, Al Salihi, and Goss were all arrested. So was Kalra, Allawi’s bitcoin guy. Valle was with a SWAT team at Allawi’s gargantuan rental home in the suburbs of Houston. They tried ramming the door down, but Allawi had splurged on a $10,000 reinforced model, Valle says. The team had to break in through a window.
-
-Inside, they found Allawi clad in black pants and a white polo. He told agents they had nothing on him, even as investigators seized a bitcoin wallet, two money counters, 12 burner phones, four small bags of blue chemical binder, and a .45 Colt.
-
-After the DEA agents made clear that they had more than enough evidence, Allawi quieted down. Sitting on the driveway, handcuffed, cross-legged, and slightly disheveled, he looked more like the young Iraqi who’d smoked hookah alongside US contractors than the leader of a drug ring. He rolled onto his left side, curled into a ball on the pavement, and closed his eyes.
-
-In June 2017, a grand jury indicted Allawi for conspiring to distribute fentanyl, meth, and cocaine; possession of a firearm during a drug trafficking crime; and conspiracy to launder monetary instruments, among other charges.
-
-The mountain of evidence against Allawi was overwhelming—so overwhelming, in fact, that Anthony Cantrell, his court-appointed lawyer, said a trial would take months and put a strain on his practice. Instead, Allawi pleaded guilty to conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute 400 grams or more of fentanyl resulting in death or serious bodily injury, and to using a gun during a drug crime. Investigators estimated that Allawi had made at least $14 million off his criminal activities, and had sold at least 850,000 counterfeit pills in 38 states. Sorianello says that Allawi saw the growing market for pills and capitalized on it with his operation. “He was one of the first we saw doing this at large scale,” he says. “He was a pioneer.”
-
-At his sentencing, Allawi adopted a contrite tone. “I messed up. It was a great mistake.” He concluded by asking for mercy, for the US to give him a second chance. But the court showed no such clemency: As part of his plea deal, Allawi was sentenced to 30 years in a federal prison in northern Louisiana; he has since been transferred to a medium-security facility in New York. After that, he will be deported back to Iraq. Uno, Robinson, Al Salihi, and Kalra, meanwhile, all pleaded guilty and received prison sentences ranging from 18 months to 10 years. The judge was more lenient with Goss, who pleaded guilty to conspiracy to posses with intent to distribute cocaine, and was sentenced to five years’ probation.
-
-Allawi maintained that if the US had been in the throes of a devastating opioid epidemic while he was running his drug ring, he’d never heard about it, “never heard about overdoses or the damage it can cause.” But it was operations like his—dealers selling counterfeit pills laced with illicitly produced fentanyl—that authorities say contributed to so much death and destruction.
-
-Roughly a month after Allawi’s arrest, authorities took down AlphaBay. But it didn’t do much to relieve the opioid epidemic in the US. More than 106,000 people died of a drug overdose in 2021, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—a record high. Dark-web markets, meanwhile, logged $3.1 billion in revenue that year, according to Chainalysis, a research firm that tracks cryptocurrency activity. Revenue dropped last year, thanks in large part to the takedown of another major dark-web bazaar called [Hydra](https://www.wired.com/story/hydra-market-shutdown/), but illegal marketplaces still raked in $1.5 billion.
-
-China provided most of the fentanyl present in the US before 2019, with traffickers shipping the powder through international mail and private package delivery. But controls that China has since imposed have disrupted the flow. Today, Mexican cartels lead the charge, procuring precursor chemicals from China, which can be legally exported, and churning out enough fentanyl to drown the US. The DEA seized the equivalent of 379 million potentially deadly doses of fentanyl last year, more than the population of the entire country. Distributors are active everywhere. The agency’s Rocky Mountain office, for example, which covers Colorado, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming, seized nearly 2 million fentanyl pills.
-
-Sitting in a hip coffee place in Houston last summer, Westbrook pulled out his phone and flipped through pictures of recent fentanyl busts he’d participated in. In mirror images of the takedown of Allawi’s drug house, federal agents in flashy hazmat suits prowl the driveways of nondescript homes. Industrial pill presses sit on the suburban concrete. DEA offices across the country are establishing groups focused on fentanyl investigations, he says. “It’s weird times,” he later told me, reflecting on the destruction that tiny amounts of fentanyl can wreak. “I went from chasing kilos to grams.”
-
----
-
-*This article appears in the April 2023 issue.* [*Subscribe now*](https://subscribe.wired.com/subscribe/splits/wired/WIR_Edit_Hardcoded?source=ArticleEnd_CMlink)*.*
-
-*Let us know what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor at* [*mail@wired.com*](mailto:mail@wired.com)*.*
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-Link: https://www.livescience.com/animals/orcas/orcas-are-learning-terrifying-new-behaviors-are-they-getting-smarter
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-
-# Orcas are learning terrifying new behaviors. Are they getting smarter?
-
-![An orca attacks a whale, which is gushing blood from its mouth.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/9mnjqLQRhh4X6ZQdXTqiWA.jpg)
-
-Orcas (*Orcinus orca*) are apex predators that can take on prey much larger than themselves. (Image credit: The Asahi Shimbun Premium via Getty Images)
-
-In March 2019, researchers off the coast of southwestern Australia witnessed a gruesome scene: a dozen orcas ganging up on one of the biggest creatures on Earth to kill it. The orcas devoured huge chunks of flesh from the flanks of an adult blue whale, which died an hour later. This was the first-ever documented case of orca-on-blue-whale predation, but it wouldn't be the last.
-
-In recent months, orcas (*Orcinus orca*) have also been spotted [abducting baby pilot whales](https://www.livescience.com/orca-appears-to-adopt-or-abduct-a-baby-pilot-whale) and tearing open sharks to feast on their livers. And off the coast of Spain and Portugal, a small population of [orcas has begun ramming and sinking boats](https://www.livescience.com/animals/orcas/orcas-have-sunk-3-boats-in-europe-and-appear-to-be-teaching-others-to-do-the-same-but-why).
-
-All of these incidents show just how clever these apex predators are.
-
-"These are animals with an incredibly complex and highly evolved brain," [Deborah Giles](https://www.wildorca.org/story/meet-giles-wild-orcas-resident-killer-whale-scientist/), an orca researcher at the University of Washington and the nonprofit Wild Orca, told Live Science. "They've got parts of their brain that are associated with memory and emotion that are significantly more developed than even in the human brain."
-
-But the scale and novelty of recent attacks have raised a question: Are orcas getting smarter? And if so, what's driving this shift?
-
-> They've got parts of their brain that are associated with memory and emotion that are significantly more developed than even in the human brain.
-
-It's not likely that orcas' brains are changing on an anatomical level, said [Josh McInnes](https://oceans.ubc.ca/2023/06/01/josh-mcinnes/), a marine ecologist who studies orcas at the University of British Columbia. "Behavioral change *can* influence anatomical change in an animal or a population" — but only over thousands of years of evolution, McInnes told Live Science. 
-
- **Related:** [**Scientists investigate mysterious case of orca that swallowed 7 sea otters whole**](https://www.livescience.com/animals/orcas/scientists-investigate-mysterious-case-of-orca-that-swallowed-7-sea-otters-whole) 
-
-But orcas are fast learners, which means they can and do teach each other some terrifying tricks, and thus become "smarter" as a group. Still, some of these seemingly new tricks may in fact be age-old behaviors that humans are only documenting now. And just like in humans, some of these learned behaviors become trends, ebbing and flowing in social waves. 
-
-Frequent interactions with humans through boat traffic and fishing activities may also drive orcas to learn new behaviors. And the more their environment shifts, the faster orcas must respond and rely on social learning to persist.
-
-## Teaching hunting strategies 
-
-![An orca inserts its head inside a live blue whale's mouth to eat its tongue.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/RC38rW6nFRtGQ5zvGQSjT8.jpg)
-
-Orcas (*Orcinus orca*) attacked an adult blue whale off the coast of Australia and inserted their heads inside the whale's mouth to feed on its tongue. (Image credit: John Totterdell)
-
-There's no question that orcas learn from each other. Many of the skills these animals teach and share relate to their role as highly evolved apex predators. 
-
-Scientists described [orcas killing and eating blue whales](https://www.livescience.com/orcas-hunt-and-kill-blue-whales) (*Balaenoptera musculus*) for the first time in a [study published last year](https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12906). In the months and years that followed the first attack in March 2019, orcas preyed on a blue whale calf and juvenile in two additional incidents, pushing the young blue whales below the surface to suffocate them.
-
-This newly documented hunting behavior is an example of social learning, with strategies being shared and passed on from adult orcas to their young, [Robert Pitman](https://mmi.oregonstate.edu/people/robert-pitman), a marine ecologist at Oregon State University's Marine Mammal Institute, told Live Science in an email. "Anything the adults learn will be passed along" from the dominant female in a pod to her offspring, he said.
-
-Taking down a blue whale "requires cooperation and coordination," Pitman said. Orcas may have learned and refined the skills needed to tackle such enormous prey [in response to the recovery of whale populations](https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12182) from whaling. This know-how was then passed on, until the orcas became highly skilled at hunting even the largest animal on Earth, Pitman said. 
-
-## Old tricks, new observations 
-
-![The remains of a shark that was attacked by orcas off the coast of South Africa.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/8PdNMRVEzoHoPk8imFqMJa.jpg)
-
-The remains of a shark that was attacked by orcas off the coast of South Africa. (Image credit: Marine Dynamics)
-
-Some of the gory behaviors researchers have observed recently may actually be long-standing habits.
-
-For instance, during the blue whale attacks, observers noted that the orcas inserted their heads inside live whales' mouths to feed on their tongues. But this is probably not a new behavior — just a case of humans finally seeing it up close.
-
-"Killer whales are like humans in that they have their 'preferred cuts of meat,'" Pitman said. "When preying on large whales, they almost always take the tongue first, and sometimes that is all they will feed on."
-
-Tongue is not the only delicacy orcas seek out. Off the coast of South Africa, two males — nicknamed Port and Starboard — have, for several years, been [killing sharks to extract their livers](https://www.livescience.com/killer-whale-great-white-shark-killing-spree).
-
-> Killer whales are like humans in that they have their 'preferred cuts of meat.'
-
-Although the behavior [surprised researchers at first](https://www.livescience.com/59056-orcas-may-be-killing-great-white-sharks.html), it's unlikely that orcas picked up liver-eating recently due to social learning, [Michael Weiss](https://www.whaleresearch.com/ourpeople), a behavioral ecologist and research director at the Center for Whale Research in Washington state, told Live Science.
-
-**Related:** [**Orcas attacked a great white shark to gorge on its liver in Australia, shredded carcass suggests**](https://www.livescience.com/animals/sharks/orcas-attacked-a-great-white-shark-to-gorge-on-its-liver-in-australia-shredded-carcass-suggests) 
-
-That's because, this year, scientists also captured [footage of orcas slurping down the liver of a whale shark](https://www.livescience.com/animals/orcas/watch-orca-tear-open-whale-shark-and-feast-on-its-liver-in-extremely-rare-footage) off the coast of Baja California, Mexico. The likelihood that Port and Starboard transferred their know-how across thousands of miles of ocean is vanishingly small, meaning liver-eating is probably a widespread and established behavior.
-
-"Because there are more cameras and more boats, we're starting to see these behaviors that we hadn't seen before," Weiss said.
-
-## Sharing scavenging techniques 
-
-![Orcas swim alongside a fishing boat to predate on its catch.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/NCWuEhkNjwZS9VqsHdu7gB.jpg)
-
-Orcas make an easy meal by following fishing boats and feasting on their catch. (Image credit: wildestanimal via Getty Images)
-
-Orcas master and share more than hunting secrets. Several populations worldwide have learned to poach fish caught for human consumption from the longlines used in commercial fisheries and have passed on this information.
-
-In the southern Indian Ocean, around the Crozet Islands, two orca populations have [increasingly scavenged off longlines since fishing in the region expanded in the 1990s](https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0328). By 2018, the entire population of orcas in these waters had taught one another to feast on longline buffets, with whole groups that previously foraged on seals and penguins developing a taste for human-caught toothfish.
-
-Sometimes, orcas' ability to quickly learn new behaviors can have fatal consequences. In Alaska, orcas recently started dining on groundfish caught by bottom trawlers, but many end up entangled and dead in fishing gear.
-
-"This behavior may be being shared between individuals, and that's maybe why we're seeing an [increase in some of these mortality events](https://www.livescience.com/animals/orcas/opportunistic-orcas-have-developed-a-new-feeding-behavior-that-appears-to-be-killing-them)," McInnes said. 
-
-## Playing macabre games 
-
-![An orca plays with a porpoise by putting the small mammal on its head.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/pyqbDGoco6yksVwfrSBPJ4.jpeg)
-
-Orcas off the North Pacific coast have been playing with porpoises to death in a game that has lasted 60 years. (Image credit: Wild Orca)
-
-Orcas' impressive cognitive abilities also extend to playtime.
-
-Giles and her colleagues study an [endangered population of salmon-eating orcas](https://www.livescience.com/inbreeding-may-be-causing-orca-population-in-the-pacific-northwest-to-crash) off the North Pacific coast. Called the Southern Resident population, these killer whales don't eat mammals. But over the past 60 years, they [have developed a unique game](https://www.livescience.com/animals/orcas/orcas-are-harassing-and-playing-with-baby-porpoises-in-deadly-game-that-has-lasted-60-years) in which they seek out young porpoises, with the umbilical cords sometimes still attached, and play with them to death.
-
-**Related:** [**'An enormous mass of flesh armed with teeth': How orcas gained their 'killer' reputation**](https://www.livescience.com/animals/orcas/an-enormous-mass-of-flesh-armed-with-teeth-how-orcas-gained-their-killer-reputation) 
-
-There are 78 recorded incidents of these orcas tossing porpoises to one another like a ball but not a single documented case of them eating the small mammals, Giles said. "In some cases, you'll see teeth marks where the \[killer\] whale was clearly gently holding the animal, but the animal was trying to swim away, so it's scraping the skin."
-
-The researchers think these games could be a lesson for young orcas on how to hunt salmon, which are roughly the same size as baby porpoises. "Sometimes they'll let the porpoise swim off, pause, and then go after it," Giles said.
-
-## Are humans driving orcas to become "smarter"? 
-
-![Two orcas swim among melting sea ice in Antarctica.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/CNACZ8ou6UED4A73wY4QN8.jpg)
-
-Orcas are adapting their hunting strategies to changing conditions in Antarctica. (Image credit: Delta Images via Getty Images)
-
-Humans may indirectly be driving orcas to become smarter, by changing ocean conditions, McInnes said. Orca raids on longline and trawl fisheries show, for example, that they innovate and learn new tricks in response to human presence in the sea.
-
-Human-caused climate change may also force orcas to rely more heavily on one another for learning.
-
-In Antarctica, for instance, a population of orcas typically preys on Weddell seals (*Leptonychotes weddellii*) by washing them off ice floes. But as the ice melts, they are adapting their hunting techniques to catch leopard seals (*Hydrurga leptonyx*) and crabeater seals (*Lobodon carcinophaga*) — two species that don't rely on ice floes as much and are "a little bit more feisty," requiring orcas to develop new skills, McInnes said.
-
-While human behaviors can catalyze new learning in orcas, in some cases we have also damaged the bonds that underpin social learning. Overfishing of salmon off the coast of Washington, for example, has dissolved the social glue that keeps orca populations together.
-
-"Their social bonds get weaker because you can't be in a big partying killer-whale group if you're all hungry and trying to search for food," Weiss said. As orca groups splinter and shrink, so does the chance to learn from one another and adapt to their rapidly changing ecosystem, Weiss said.
-
-And while orcas probably don't know that humans are to blame for changes in their ocean habitat, they are "acutely aware that humans are there," McInnes said. 
-
-Luckily for us, he added, orcas [don't seem interested in training their deadly skills on us](https://www.livescience.com/animals/how-often-do-orcas-attack-humans). 
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-# Patricia Lockwood · Where be your jibes now? David Foster Wallace · LRB 13 July 2023
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-Ican list​ a hundred things David Foster Wallace should have written before he wrote a book about tax accountants. One, and the most obvious, is a novel about Irish dancers on tour with a Michael Flatley figure whose influence grows more sinister over time. Pounds of verbal oil will be poured into his perm; his bulge will almost rupture his trousers. His backstory – but surely you can picture it. One dancer is addicted to weed, another feels like he doesn’t belong, and eventually Michael Flatley’s head, which has been seeming to grow on a parallel track with his sinister influence, gets microwaved successfully against all known laws of physics, and we have a moment where we hear all his thoughts as Death clogs his failing body through space and time. There. Done. *The Pale King* never needed to happen, nor all the rest of it.
-
-Though there is one thing we wouldn’t want to lose: a character named Mr Bussy.
-
-That’s how I felt before I read it, anyway. Criticism of the book at the time, less uneasy in its knowledge of Wallace (in fact performed at the peak of his sainthood), mostly centred on one question: Why did he choose to do it? As in, why would you choose to swim the Channel? Why would you lie on a bed of narrative nails? Why would you slip into the bodies of the men in grey flannel, the opaque fathers, the personified footnotes, the data mystics, the codes and by-laws among men? (We’ll get to the women later. If the male IRS worker’s backstory is that he carried a briefcase as an eight-year-old and had hyperhidrosis, the female IRS worker’s backstory is that she was diddled.)
-
-Tax agents. Oh, I feared them. As far back as I can remember, my mother was always being stretched on the rack of something she called ‘an extension’. She saved every receipt she was ever given in a shoebox. Despite her efforts, we were always being audited for priest reasons, and every other year or so I found myself parked in a suffocating van, for hours on end, outside offices just like these. What was happening, was she being interrogated under hot lights? I had a sense of dark-suited agents walking among us, eyes on our daily business – on me, in the minivan, as I waited for my mother. I was a fearful child, as he was. I was also raised in Tornado Alley, with noticeably different results.
-
-*The Pale King* was found by Wallace’s widow, Karen Green, and his agent, Bonnie Nadell: a chaos of paper, floppy disks, notebooks, three-ring-binders; words, some typed, some in his tiny handwriting, all adding up to hundreds of pages. There was no direction for its organisation, so they enlisted the help of Michael Pietsch, who ‘had the enormous honour of working with David as his editor on *Infinite Jest*, and had seen the worlds he’d conjured out of a tennis academy and a rehab centre’. In other words, a saint of 20 lb bond paper, who must have worked in a state of enthralled and transcendent boredom, of the type that Wallace had made it his mission to describe.
-
-Pietsch assures us that had Wallace been in charge of the final product it would not have contained so many instances of the phrase ‘titty-pinching’. Judging by *Infinite Jest*, it would have contained more. He also offers the wistful hope that it would have contained fewer Doberman hand puppets. Dream on, I fear. But here’s the thing about *The Pale King*: it was going to be good. It was on its way to being good – in a Mister Squishee truck, on a rural highway, with a long fertile streak out the window. Wallace might have ruined it with his visions of what he called its ‘tornadic structure’. He might have ruined it with its women: the Toni Ware chapter in particular sounds like Cormac McCarthy breaking his hymen on horseback. (RIP.) He might have ruined it with his doubt, which caused him to turn somersaults like a cracked-out fairground child. (‘Is it showing off if you hate it?’ Hal Incandenza asks in *Infinite Jest*.) But it is there. The version we have stays largely in the personalities, and chapter after chapter, it is the impersonation of someone boring that allows him to rest.
-
-It begins with the flannel plains of Illinois. The year is 1985, and the place is the IRS Regional Examination Centre in Peoria*. Something to Do with Paying Attention* first appeared as a long monologue in *The Pale King –* it comes about a quarter of the way through the book as Pietsch placed it – though Wallace had toyed with the idea of publishing it as a stand-alone novella. It is enthralling. ‘From what I understand,’ Chris Fogle says, at the beginning of his video interview, ‘I’m supposed to explain how I arrived at this career. Where I came from, so to speak, and what the Service means to me.’ He is trapped in the present, he disclaims. The work has had that effect on his mind, so that, ‘If I drank, for instance, some Tang, it wouldn’t remind me of anything – I’d just taste the Tang.’ Then he begins, beginning with his father, beginning with his ‘fairly long hair’, to remember.
-
-‘Anyhow, all this was in the Chicagoland area in the 1970s, a period that now seems as abstract and unfocused as I was myself.’ He remembers his peace-sign pendant and his parents’ divorce and ‘everyone despising Gerald Ford, not so much for pardoning Nixon but for constantly falling down’. He remembers smoking pot with his mother and her new partner, Joyce, and watching them cry and stroke each other’s hair as they talked about their childhoods. He remembers thinking his father was one of a generation of men who were born to fill out a suit – but he himself was a ‘wastoid’, a nihilist; cycling in and out of three different colleges, marking time by the rotating neon foot he could see through his dorm-room window; feeling that he owned himself only in a pharmaceutical state he called ‘Obetrolling’.
-
-> My affinity for Obetrol had to do with self-awareness, which I used to privately call ‘doubling’. It’s hard to explain. I’m still not entirely sure what I meant by this, nor why it seemed so profound and cool to not only be in a room but be totally aware that I was in the room, seated in a certain easy chair in a certain position listening to a certain specific track of an album whose cover was a certain specific combination of colours and designs – being in a state of heightened enough awareness to be able to consciously say to myself, ‘*I am in this room right now*.’
-
-I knew exactly what he was talking about, because I had once taken one of my brother’s Adderall and then gone to see *Django Unchained*. (Obetrol was later reformulated as Adderall. It was Andy Warhol’s drug of choice, and it literally does make you want to sell a soup label to someone for a million dollars.)
-
-What makes a wastoid change his life? What could effect such a decision? In *Something to Do with Paying Attention*, it is a Jesuit who persuades Fogle to it, though it goes without saying that the Jesuit has long since been persuaded to something else. One day in late December 1977, just weeks before his father will be killed in a public transit accident, Fogle stumbles into Advance Tax by mistake and finds himself ‘particularly,uniquely addressed’. He remembers that the Jesuit was wearing a slightly racy watch (as in my experience they will). He lets slip the insider terminology that reveals his secret: he was once a probable ‘IRS wiggler’, who lived in the secular world. ‘Gentlemen, you are called to account,’ he tells them, and Fogle goes out, gets a haircut, and buys a grey wool suit. As in *Infinite Jest*, the death of Fogle’s father is technically impossible. It is a thing that cannot happen. But to step into your father’s shoes and become him requires just such an event; it requires a conversion experience.
-
-The thing about the ‘I remember’ model is it’s inexhaustible, it can just go on. Recollection engenders recollection. Test it. Remember your local news anchors from when you were a child (mine were Rob Braun and Kit Andrews), describe their hair and cheekbones and your sense that they would never die, and go from there. Sing the jingle for the local pizza place. He is referred to as ‘“Irrelevant” Chris Fogle’ by the character known as David Wallace, who also says: ‘Given the way the human mind works, it does tend to be small, sensuously specific details that get remembered over time – and unlike some so-called memoirists, I refuse to pretend that the mind works any other way than it really does.’
-
-The cast that surrounds Fogle is large, cartoonish and alive. All of them carry, as if in briefcases, their own small, sensuously specific details. There is the hyperhidrotic David Cusk, a kind of incarnation of the author’s own sweatband. There is the boy contortionist whose project is to put his lips to every part of himself – who ‘did not yet know how, but he believed, as he approached pubescence, that his head would be his. He would find a way to access all of himself. He possessed nothing that anyone could ever call doubt, inside.’ There is *Merrill Errol Lehrl*; I’ll allow it. There is the data mystic, the fact psychic who ‘tastes a Hostess cupcake. Knows where it was made; knows who ran the machine that sprayed a light coating of chocolate frosting on top; knows that person’s weight, shoe size, bowling average, American Legion career batting average; he knows the dimensions of the room that person is in right now. Overwhelming.’ There is Shane Drinion, the asexual tax monk who might actually be happy, who sits across the table from the ultra-fox Meredith Rand and levitates listening to her talk about her time on a psychiatric ward and her prettiness. And there are multiple David Wallaces. One David Wallace, wet behind the ears, with so notable a skin condition that he has catalogued the different kinds of attention people pay to it, might arrive at the office one morning and be taken for another.
-
-As I read, I thought Wallace must have been taken by something very simple, the smallest sensual fact: that as an IRS worker you are issued a new social security number, in essence a new identity, a chance to start over. The old number, the old life, ‘simply disappeared, from an identification standpoint’. A whole novel could take flesh from that fact, one about the idea of bureaucratic identity as opposed to individual identity: memories, mothers, sideburn phases, the way we see ourselves. That we are, at our core, a person; in the bed of our family, a name; and out in the world, a number. Of course, as so often with Wallace, on actual investigation this turns out not to be true. The fact withdraws itself, and only the epiphany remains.
-
-Why did he turn to it? Because it was impossible, probably – just as *Infinite Jest* had been to him fifteen years earlier. And when he took on the impossible book, something sometimes happened to him: a run, a state of flow, a pure streak. As those who are prone to them know, these simulate real living, which we are somehow barred from otherwise. ‘I’m deep into something long,’ he wrote to Pietsch in 2006, ‘and it’s hard for me to get back into it when I’m pulled away.’ He developed a habit of not leaving the house, in case he might write that day. ‘Once when I pressed him,’ Pietsch said, ‘he described working on the new novel as like wrestling sheets of balsa wood in a high wind.’ As he writes in one of his most typically tall-tale essays, ‘Derivative Sport in Tornado Alley’, he was, as a ‘near-great’ junior tennis player, at his very best in bad conditions. In fiction, he creates them; he serves himself sleet, hail, sun in the eye, all for the chance to play through them. Weather, from the beginning, was his best and most beautiful dimension; he trusted in *The Pale King*’s tornadic structure to finally lift him up. ‘Derivative Sport’ ends famously with a day on the court, hitting balls with Gil Antitoi. ‘A kind of fugue-state opens up inside you where your concentration telescopes toward a still point and you lose awareness of your limbs and the soft shush of your shoe’s slide.’ His life in tennis was spent chasing this moment, he tells us; he has been talking about fiction, too, this whole time. ‘We were young, we didn’t know when to stop. Maybe I was mad at my body and wanted to hurt it, wear it down.’ This funnel of concentration, this tunnel of play between people, rips somehow into the world and becomes force.
-
-Ihave​ a tender partiality for the work in progress, and have always been electrified by the unfinished novel. My first was a copy of *Juneteenth*, which I insisted on buying instead of *Invisible Man*. *Invisible Man* was finished. The guy was invisible. Next. But *Juneteenth* held the secret, maybe. It was unbound. It bulged in the hand like a sheaf of papers, and Ellison was still alive in it, the process was ongoing.
-
-David Foster Wallace – man, that name looked great. That’s part of it, right? – David Foster Wallace, colloquially known as DFW, died by suicide in 2008, after years of suffering, sobriety, intractable depression, Nardil and its discontinuation, shock treatment as a last resort; and throughout it all hand-to-the-plough hard work. *The Pale King* was released in 2011, was a finalist for the 2012 Pulitzer Prize. The lack of an award that year seemed to reproach the others on the list (Karen Russell and Denis Johnson) for still being alive. He didn’t get to finish.
-
-In the ‘Notes and Asides’ at the end of *The Pale King*, Wallace is alive too; you can hear his voice tilting up with the question marks:
-
-> ‘Film interview’ a sham? Point is to extract from Chris Fogle the formula of numbers that permits total concentration? Point is he can’t remember – he wasn’t paying attention when he happened to read the series of documents that added up to the string of numbers that, when held in serial in his head, allows him to maintain interest and concentration at will? Has to be sort of tricked into it? Numbers have downside of incredible headache.
-
-His monologue unspools as my mother’s might have, under the hypnosis of hot lights. If ‘“Irrelevant” Chris Fogle’ tells us everything, everything he thinks and feels and remembers, won’t we eventually arrive at the string of numbers that does not bind but sets us free?
-
-I was sceptical of Sarah McNally’s claim, in her brief and somewhat subdued introduction to *Something to Do with Paying Attention*, that it is ‘not just a complete story, but the best complete example we have of Wallace’s late style’, but that’s exactly what I found it to be. It is the first time his nostalgia sounded adult to me, looking back at childhood not just as the site of personal formation but as the primal experience of bureaucracy: queues, signs, your own name on the line, textures of waiting-room chairs. Waiting to become what, a person. It was not his childhood, perhaps, but it had some of the same surfaces, colours, engineered fabrics. Time to care about JFK again, or still. A kind of cinematic obsession with the sound of joints sucked in and breath held and the textural impact of gold-orange-green couches, invariably described in his work as ‘nubbly’. Posters and dropped needles and a vacancy in teenage faces, and finally he was far enough away.
-
-Wallace’s idea of publishing it as a stand-alone text must have been born of desperation: he could not get the thing done. ‘But how to get this idea sold?’ he asks in the notes. ‘Is this a plausible plotline?’ He had the who, what, when, where; but the same thing that led these characters to the IRS left them motionless at their desks, what were they there to do, and where could they go from here? ‘Supervisors at the IRS’s regional complex in Lake James township are trying to determine why no one noticed that one of their employees had been sitting dead at his desk for four days before anyone asked if he was feeling all right.’
-
-Perhaps Wallace was writing toward paradise, where the forms are also motionless. ‘Pay close attention to the most tedious thing you can find (tax returns, televised golf), and, in waves, a boredom like you’ve never known will wash over you and just about kill you. Ride these out, and it’s like stepping from black and white into colour. Like water after days in the desert. Constant bliss in every atom.’ He did not feel that, maybe, but he could make a man who did.
-
-‘I don’t remember what I did with all my real attention, what-all it was going towards,’ Fogle says. It is always underlined in Wallace’s work, it is believed in without qualification or irony: your real attention. What is it, as a substance? An ichor that flows; a kind of beam that illuminates? Is it corrupted to look on the wrong thing? No, it is not corrupted. I would recommend that you read *The Pale King* in its entirety – it says something about how novels work, and how they don’t work, and how, if you are avoiding life, it is easier sometimes to exist in the very long middle of them. *Something to Do with Paying Attention* has the spirit of his best non-fiction, that of the set-apart morning, with a ray shining on the page. It both demonstrates his greatest gift and represents the desire to have this part of him set alone from the rest.
-
-Experiment:​ use my brain damage to travel back to a time when we did not know this about him.
-
-The memory wipe I experienced after Covid in 2020 extended backwards to 2018. Many who had died became alive again. David Bowie went on again for quite a while, a star painted over his eye. Certain things were very clear: people, places. But many things I had read online were just curiously gone. Betty White was either dead or a landlord. It all merged into a single uneasy datum, like a button under a desk or a composite face.
-
-When I thought of Wallace, I saw two black and white author photos set side by side: one in a trench coat, another turned in profile. I remembered the phrase ‘moving car’, but only because it was something I had written. As for the rest, it was as if it had never happened, or had gone back into that original inch of secrecy between people. All this to say that when I picked up *Something to Do with Paying Attention* almost at random one morning, I could not have told you with any certainty what it was that he had done.
-
-I did not think, here is the opportunity for a fresh encounter, a chance to read him as he was read back then. I simply picked it up and went on with it, absorbed. Poured out that peculiar quantum, my *readerly goodwill*. I thought, what is it exactly? He makes people feel they are in real possession of the word ‘volute’, that their vast untapped icebergs of vocabulary and perceptual detritus are readily available to them. His entire personality is present in the word ‘supposedly’ – it is actually frightening. How can the book be separate from the person. What are we reading when we are reading a book. What are we learning when we discover that someone was *not good*.
-
-We knew he was not benevolent exactly (well, some of us knew) but there was the sense that he was suffering on the same side as us. Why we believed we were reading him for moral instruction in the first place I have no idea, but it did prefigure the primary way we construct morality now: to be paying attention. To everything. That means you. To read him freshly in a time of failure: his, to be loved; mine, to hold all the facts, to have paid enough attention to sit for the test.
-
-As for whether we were foolish to love him, to emulate him, to rise to his challenge – there is an odd scene in a Joy Williams story called ‘The Blue Men’. (Do NOT read Joy Williams at the same time as DFW. It will give you a very bad opinion of him.) Two boys, maybe brothers, are playing catch with a tennis ball on a pier. ‘The younger one sidled back and forth close to the pier’s edge, catching in both hands the high, lobbed throws the other boy threw.’ One of Williams’s strange, terminal teenagers looks on. ‘That’s nice, isn’t it?’ Edith said. ‘That little kid is so trusting it’s kind of holy, but if his trust were misplaced it would really be holy.’ Trust in what, she does not specify. His brother, the ball, the boards, his body, the water, the world? ‘Like, you know, if he fell in,’ Edith said.
-
-*Infinite Jest* – man, I don’t know. Perhaps I would have enjoyed it more had the rhetorical move not so often been ‘and then this little kid had a *claw*.’ It’s like watching someone undergo the latest possible puberty. It genuinely reads like he has not had sex. You feel not only that he shouldn’t be allowed to take drugs, but that he shouldn’t be allowed to drink Diet Pepsi. The highlights remain highlights: the weed addict Ken Erdedy pacing back and forth while reciting ‘where was the woman who said she’d come,’ the game of Eschaton, the passages where Mario is almost the protagonist, the beatified ex-thug Don Gately being slowly swept out to sea over the course of a hundred pages. Every so often Wallace offers you a set piece that’s as fully articulated as a Body Worlds exhibit – laminated muscles pinwheeling through the air, beads of plasticine sweat flying – or pauses the action to deliver a weather bulletin that approaches the sublime. The rest is Don DeLillo played at chipmunk speed. You feel it in your hands: too heavy and too light, too much and not enough. In the end, it is a book about the infiltration of our attention that was also at the mercy of itself, helpless not to watch itself, hopelessly entertained.
-
-What were the noughties? A time when everyone went to see the Blue Man Group for a while. Men read David Foster Wallace. Men also put hot sauce on their balls. Tom Bissell’s intro to the 20th-anniversary edition of *Infinite Jest*, which is good both on its own merits and on the question of why someone would love the book, makes the pertinent disclosure that he read it as a 22-year-old in Uzbekistan. ‘As I read *Infinite Jest* in the dark early mornings before my Uzbek language class, I could hear my host mother talking to the chickens in the barn on the other side of my bedroom wall as she flung scatters of feed before them.’ He also acknowledges that ‘for the first few hundred pages of my initial reading, I will confess that I greatly disliked *Infinite Jest*.’ So did everyone, it would seem. There is a kind of bookmark in the space-time continuum, at the precise intersection of the year 1996 and page 150, where everyone simultaneously stopped reading. Possibly for all time. Beyond that point lay fraternity, the secret society, Stockholm Syndrome. ‘David, where be your jibes now?’ is the sort of thing you get to say if you made it through. You also get to write two paragraphs about where you were when you read it.
-
-Stuart, Florida, where I had bought a copy from the Dead People’s Book Stall, a permanent stall in the flea market that inherited the collections of the recently deceased. I lugged it home along with a Hawaiian cookbook that suggested stirring chopped canned clams into a brick of softened neufchatel. I cannot remember whether he was alive or dead at that point; if he was alive, I was not his acolyte, but I liked the fact that he was there. If he was dead, I felt a brief stay in my own execution.
-
-There was a certain freedom in admitting I was not the intended reader – one of my signature talents, then as now, is for never knowing when something is based on *Hamlet*. Still I began. James O. Incandenza’s head took up residence in my microwave. At times I was high on cough syrup; that helped. Occasionally I lifted my eyes to rest them on a canal with actual gators in it. My main sense memory is of it digging into my pussy when I propped it on my lap; one can only think this was by design. And maybe it wasn’t good for obsessive thinkers, or people prone to go into trance states while lip-biting. All of this is a roundabout way of saying that possibly it drove me crazy. You see, one corner of the back cover of my copy was torn, and I thought I could just even it out with an X-Acto knife – Lucky Jim’s sheet-snipping logic – and when my husband came home from work one afternoon he found me sitting in a pile of confetti, with a look like a dog that had just exploded all his friends in the henhouse, and he took the X-Acto knife from me without a word and hid it where I could never find it again. But there was something in me that saw this – correctly – as the only possible way to approach it: with a weapon.
-
-For a long time *Infinite Jest* was one of those novels where, anytime you said anything about it, a little guy would pop up on the sidelines waving his arms and yelling, ‘That’s the point!’ ‘The original title was A Failed Entertainment! That’s the point!’ Sometimes, maybe. But the point not being, as Wallace well knew, any sort of apex of art. Even those who love it have trouble saying quite what it is. (People are always trying to make it the *Ulysses* of Boston. No one wants a *Ulysses* of Boston!) So what – is the serious, even the respectful question – *what is this thing*? Expanded far beyond its natural size, like a rat that has eaten insulation. One of its eyes hanging out on a red string. Raw with adolescence and early sobriety: like why would you make a rat be sober?
-
-A modern reader will not find in it the book they read ten, fifteen, twenty years ago. They may find themselves lingering over those background touches that now seem to weave the majority: and then the stillborn baby was the colour of TEA, and then the cross-dressing undercover agent’s breast MIGRATED, and then a guy got together with a Swiss hand model who was a MAN, and then there was an IT in a Raquel Welch MASK who got diddled by her father into a state of carnal BLISS. But all these are carnival distractions. We recognise it as grotesque because it is grotesque: a book that will not let you read it.
-
-I’m not speaking of the length, or the timelines that Wallace himself couldn’t untangle, or the footnotes that he somehow made famous although the footnote was a very famous thing already. At some point, you will find yourself in a state of pure nystagmus, moving your eyes back and forth across the page without conscious will. Almost the second you find yourself really reading he plucks it from you again. The game is not tennis, or chess-on-the-run, or Eschaton. It is keepaway. *The Pale King*, put together by note and hint, keeps us in the realm of the readable, whereas Wallace might have imposed a superstructure that made it impossible. I did deconstruct the physical act of reading while *Infinite Jest* was propped on my lap. Even perhaps read differently afterwards, as if I had been working with a loaded bat or training with ankle weights. In that sense it was valuable. But, and correct me if I’m wrong here, what Wallace wanted was to be read – the moment when we were really with him. It might have been a thrill to feel himself taller, and our reaching and yearning and outrage radiating to him from the ground, but time passes, and we’re older now. We can look him in the eye. What he wanted was the moment in *Infinite Jest* when LaMont Chu is visiting the guru who lives on the sweat of the young tennis-players; he notes that his power is in listening, in making you recognise that ‘He’s thinking as hard as you. It’s like he’s you in the top of a clean pond. It’s part of the attention.’
-
-What *Infinite Jest* is creating is a future in which it exists. What it fears most is one in which it is not read. All throughout you can feel him, like, *worrying about his seed*. Whether he’s living up to his potential, to his regional titles, bending and trimming himself like a boy bonsai, sleeping at night with his talent in a pair of vaselined gloves. There is something grinding and awful and *wrong* in this, the same thing he observes in his essay about the young tennis phenom Tracy Austin: that there is something unnatural in watching a human being shape their mind and body so completely to a task. But then there’s the moment where he does – live up to it, I mean. ‘Here is how to avoid thinking about any of this by practising and playing until everything runs on autopilot and talent’s unconscious exercise becomes a way to escape yourself, a long waking dream of pure play.’ I am saying this as much to myself: to really be read you have to admit that you’re playing an even match. And he could have really had it, so why all the rest?
-
-Time​ will tell who is an inventor and who is a tech disruptor. There was ambient pressure, for a while, to say that Wallace created a new kind of fiction. I’m not sure that’s true – the new style is always the last gasp of an old teacher, and *Infinite Jest* in particular is like a house party to which he’s invited all of his professors. Thomas Pynchon is in the kitchen, opening a can of expired tuna with his teeth. William Gaddis is in the den, reading ticker-tape off a version of C-Span that watches the senators go to the bathroom. Don DeLillo is three houses down, having sex with his *wife*. I’m not going to begrudge him a wish that the world was full of these wonderful windy oddballs, who were all entrusted with the same task: to encompass, reflect, refract. But David, some of these guys had the competitive advantage of having been personally experimented on by the US military. You’re not going to catch them. Calm down.
-
-No, it was the essayists who were left to cope with an almost radioactive influence. He produced a great deal of excellent writing, the majority of it not his own. If he made mutants of the next generation, it was largely to their benefit: they were a little bit taller, with bigger eyes and a voice that was piped in directly.
-
-‘I Really Didn’t Want to Go’, Lauren Oyler’s recent essay for *Harper’s*, is a rollicking, even Obetrolling critique of this. Aboard Gwyneth Paltrow’s Goop cruise, she thinks through Wallace’s ‘A Supposedly Fun Thing I’ll Never Do Again’ and writes that ‘during the years-long squabble over which of us lady writers would become the next Joan Didion, no one had tried to claim the title of David Foster Wallace for girls’ – why? The answer is obvious: too sweaty. Wallace perspires freely in the foreground, while Paltrow perches mauve-and-beigely on her stool on a far stage. He is dead and she is very very very very very very well; he’s still kind of more interesting.
-
-If his non-fiction is almost amniotically soothing, it is because we consent for the duration to let him do the thinking for us. He is the cruise ship, deciding where to dock, when we should retire to our quarters, whether to offer us an afternoon of skeet-shooting or ping-pong or chess with a nine-year-old prodigy. He issues the dress code (a tuxedo T-shirt), manages the seating arrangements, and decides on the menu. Above all he presents multi-level opportunities to gorge.
-
-In non-fiction the game is to really think something through. That was his task and he did it with joy, simultaneously obedient to that editor floating with his desk in mid-air, and performatively pushing its limits. The thing about an essay is it’s going to be read now. You’re not so much worrying about it being a touchstone for the future. So he relaxes, plays restful microtennis, lets us read.
-
-And something else, too: it is a break from the book. An assignment comes as a kind of relief: not just you in your own mind. It takes you out into the world, even to the state fair, to see the clog dancers. The book is the thing that will not let you leave the house, because it might let you write it that day.
-
-There was always something suspect about Wallace as a guru, the same thing that is suspect about anyone who applies for the position. It is hard to imagine William T. Vollmann, say, getting secondarily famous for a commencement speech that was basically like, ‘You know how sometimes you want to scream at a fat person in your mind?’ \[Everyone cheers\] ‘Well don’t!’ He warned us about MTV, porn, Walkmen, BlackBerries, music in public places and *ALF*. ‘The commercials for *ALF*’s Boston debut in a syndicated package feature the fat, cynical, gloriously decadent puppet (so much like Snoopy, like Garfield, like Bart, like Butt-Head) advising me to “Eat a whole lot of food and stare at the TV.”’ In one sentence he would offer a penetrating insight about our fractured attention span, in the next he would make it clear that he was legitimately afraid of David Letterman. Remember his dire warning in ‘Big Red Son’ that late 1990s porn would lead directly to snuff films? I mean, I guess it did, but really? One can imagine him a grown-up version of the awful little Heinrich from *White Noise*, who was also right, but who, moreover, was the new kind of person – and who, after the Airborne Toxic Event, gathered the rest of the refugees around him, suddenly eloquent, seeming to glow.
-
-He did see a future (or shaped it) when all of us simultaneously forgot how to read. It is hard to mark a moment. In the US, it might have been when *Go Set a Watchman* came out, and so much criticism seemed to proceed from the consensus that Atticus Finch was a real guy and we just found out something bad he had done. Whole books seemed to blink in and out with the cursor of some highlighted line. We seemed less a collective intelligence than a guy holding a mosquito clicker, and what we were doing had less to do with reading than a kind of quick, scanning surveillance – for what, what danger? Not to have seen it coming.
-
-There is a countenance in art. This is the thing that cannot be killed. There is an eye in the painting that looks back at you. But perhaps we now felt ourselves part of the composite – scanning with other eyes, reading with other minds. I mean who cares if he pre-invented Instagram filters? What now seems most prescient is that he anticipated a time when reading would be accomplished more by a kind of hive-like activity rather than individual effort. This benefited him for a while, as he was the Great Group Read. But what he created, more than the Enfield Tennis Academy or Ennet House, more than any of the people or ghosts that moved through them, was a reality in which *Infinite Jest* could live only so long as it stood as a challenge.
-
-That’s​ what it was. In 2018 the poet and memoirist Mary Karr, who had been briefly involved with Wallace in the early 1990s, took to Twitter and accused D.T. Max of understating Wallace’s abusive behaviour towards her in his biography *Every Love Story Is a Ghost Story*. The mode suddenly switched from ‘lovely, peak-lipped mouth that was his best feature’ into a kind of embarrassed silence or *I saw it all along* or *He was never important to me anyway*. We had first thought of him in terms of his genius, and then in terms of his suffering – how to hold these things in the same hand as his threat?
-
-I had read an earlier account of the relationship in Karr’s memoir *Lit* (on the Kindle, multiple times; also wiped) but the picture she presented now was more extreme. Karr wrote that Wallace had been obsessed with her: ‘tried to buy a gun. kicked me. climbed up the side of my house at night. followed my son aged five home from school. had to change my number twice, and he still got it. months and months it went on.’ The facts – he threw a coffee table at her? he followed her five-year-old son home from school? he pushed her out of a moving car? – seemed almost unassimilable with the figure. You expect Norman Mailer to stab someone. You don’t expect the author of ‘This Is Water’ to stalk someone *for years.*
-
-He often made light of his obsessions in interviews: Alanis Morissette. Melanie Griffith. Margaret Thatcher, leaning forward to cover his hand. These anecdotes must have gone over queasily even at the time; being obsessed with Margaret Thatcher *in college* is not within the typical range of human behaviour. He had imported Karr wholesale into *Infinite Jest* as the PGOAT (‘Prettiest Girl Of All Time’), he had reproduced her Texas idiom to the point of impersonation, with the farcical claim that the character was from *Kentucky*. He had even written the novel, he claimed, to impress her, ‘a means to her end (as it were)’. That was one kind of offence; this was another. ‘But that’s insane,’ my husband said simply, when I took him through it. ‘Who does something like that? What kind of person?’
-
-Between my first reading of *The Pale King* and the second, I found myself dwelling on the tête-à-tête in the novel between Shane Drinion and Meredith Rand – a very funny name for an ultra-fox, by the way, and which follows the same basic syllabic pattern as some of Wallace’s other ultra-foxes. She confesses that in high school she was a ‘cutter’ – someone who turned her obsession inward, rather than out. (Wallace once showed up at Karr’s house with bandages on his arm; she thought perhaps he’d cut himself, but instead it was a tattoo of her name.) The section is a disappointment: a hundred-plus pages, a psychiatric ward, and why is this conversation still about prettiness? It was the wall he hit in fiction; the thing he could not think his way beyond. But I kept thinking of Drinion: the man with no apparent desire, who was happy; who claimed to not get lonely; who listened; who levitated as the ultra-fox droned on.
-
-I could step into her place. When I was on the ward, there was a boy who *got obsessed with people*. In group therapy, I remember him saying, of his neighbour, ‘I just know that she and I will always be in each other’s lives.’ I found this fascinating. He was unthinkable to me: you get *obsessed with people*? I was unthinkable to him: you *tried to kill yourself*? He turned his attention to me that day, directed his speech towards me, curled up on the couch when I left. Fascinating. He was a child, he was basically wearing a striped Ernie shirt. He was doing it, and it was also something happening to him. He was a fellow sufferer, I thought. He was. And then, get out before it happens to you.
-
-The most anyone would say is that after *Infinite Jest*, Wallace’s fiction ‘grew darker’. This was in reference to *Brief Interviews with Hideous Men*, a collection of 23 short stories published in 1999 that seemed designed to test his own maxim that ‘Fiction’s about what it is to be a fucking human being.’ Its subject matter ranges from rubbed raw red thingies to diving board reveries to child mortality. Some professed to prefer it, or considered it the apex of his achievement. I refreshed my knowledge of him just before reading it, and that must have had an effect: probably we would feel differently about David Lynch’s darkness if actual ears kept turning up in his backyard.
-
-Zadie Smith wrote an indispensable, somewhat tortured essay about this collection, begun when he was alive and published after his death. It’s an example of the generosity, the lavishness of mind, the almost rabbinical close reading he inspired at his peak. Smith really sees him in her brackets: ‘There are times when reading Wallace feels unbearable, and the weight of things stacked against the reader insurmountable: missing context, rhetorical complication, awful people, grotesque or absurd subject matter, language that is – at the same time! – childishly scatological and annoyingly obscure.’ But – there was always a but – it was almost a holy belief at that time: stick with him, it’ll be worth it.
-
-I had a copy from early on that I never read past ‘The Depressed Person’. It seemed to me then, and it seems to me now, a sick book – not in the puppy sense, but actually ill. The language appears to be genuinely infected, not one of his vernacular performances. It is variously trapping you in its methamphetamine armpit and chasing you around with a worm, but it doesn’t appear able to do anything else. Was it at this time that he lurked in Barnes and Nobles, lingering near the self-help shelf? ‘Don’t think I can’t speak your language,’ Hideous Man #20 tells the interviewer, whom he refers to somewhat pleasingly as a short-haired catamenial braburner; he does, but completely, it has taken him over. ‘It’s a little perverse, in fact,’ Smith observes, ‘how profoundly he was attracted, as a fiction writer, to exactly those forms of linguistic specialisation he philosophically abhorred.’ But that was the thing about TV, too. It’s not that he didn’t have insights about it. It’s that the blue ongoing light of it, the Entertainment, kind of did seem to have melted his brain.
-
-Jonathan Franzen is correct to emphasise his rhetorical gift; sometimes just when you’re hating it most, you are being won over. Did he want ‘faithful readers’, as Smith asserts, or did he want *the moment he knew that he had them*? ‘The record indicates that this sort of sudden reversal of thrust happens right when I have the sense that I’ve got them,’ Hideous Man #2 confesses. Or Orin, in *Infinite Jest*, with his ‘need to be assured that for a moment he *has* her,’ ‘that her sense of humour is gone, her petty griefs, triumphs, memories, hands, career, betrayals, the deaths of pets – that there is now inside her a vividness vacuumed of all but his name: O., *O*. That he is the One.’ The answers that anchor the collection, delivered by hideous men in response to blank questions, take it in their turn to pursue, repulse, and finally persuade us: but to what?
-
-I have always appreciated Wallace most in his monologues and I can, like my father, hear confessions all day; *Hideous Men* ought to be my book. Instead, I found myself generally standing opposite to Smith’s assessments: I think ‘Forever Overhead’ is juvenilia, I find ‘Church Not Made with Hands’ to be rank fraud, and I would like to put ‘Octet’ in my ass and turn it into a diamond. Attempts to operate in the register of the profound fail; poetry deserts him, having once been insulted; and I did not laugh once, and then for a different reason, until I got to the line, ‘That’s right, the psychopath is also a mulatto.’
-
-The truth about *Brief Interviews* is this: it only gets good when we’re about to be raped. We are, for the purposes of this encounter, a daffy granola hippie whose hot body is momentarily shed of her poncho, as Hideous Man #20 tells the interviewer the story of the night she unwisely got into a stranger’s car: ‘I did not fall in love with her until she had related the story of the unbelievably horrifying incident in which she was brutally accosted and held captive and very nearly killed … By this time she was focus itself, she had merged with connection itself.’ He lets the grass sharpen for her. Only at this point will he let go of prettiness, let it be gone. The prettiness goes into the world, into the grass and the phlox and the gravel, and becomes what he will never grant her: actual beauty. ‘Can you see why … it didn’t matter if she was fluffy or not terribly bright? Nothing else mattered. She had all my attention.’
-
-The book, at this moment, seems unfinished too. You think, if he can really set down everything he finds in the girl’s face, he’ll get there. Don’t miss the reflection in her eye, that’s you. Our desire puts the pen back in his hand; his breath hasn’t stopped, we are holding it for him. We’re thinking, it’s not over, he could still get there.
-
-It can still be ours, is the thing. There is a great deal of handwringing about whether we can still enjoy the work of hideous men. The question is not typically how to root out influence. It is whether we can still *enjoy*, but we are reaching for another word beyond it. What we are asking is whether we can still experience it without becoming these men.
-
-Of course we become them. That is the exercise of fiction. That the passage about the hippie wakes for me is a kind of rueful proof. If they were powerful, we become powerful. If they had the words, we have the words. ‘Judge me, you chilly cunt. You dyke, you bitch, cooze, cunt, slut, gash. Happy now?’ Yes, David. Thanks for the grass.
-
-You open the text and it wakes. This is the thing that cannot be killed. ‘Since we all breathe, all the time,’ he writes at the end of *The Pale King*, ‘it is amazing what happens when someone else directs you how and when to breathe.’ The novel does this, as much as any hypnotist. The rhythms of another person’s sentences do this, wind across the grid, Illinois, their attempts to keep their mother alive for all time by reproducing her idiom down to the letter. It’s in your mind now: levitation. It’s in your mouth now: Obetrolling. ‘And how vividly someone with no imagination whatsoever can see what he’s told is right there, complete with banister and rubber runners, curving down and rightward into a darkness that recedes before you.’ You open a text and it wakes. What is alive in it passes to the living. His attention becomes our attention. It can still be ours, sure. Do with it what you will.
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
----
-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.03 News/Phoenix Is a Vision of America’s Future.md b/00.03 News/Phoenix Is a Vision of America’s Future.md
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+---
+
+Tag: ["🗳️", "🇺🇸", "🧬"]
+Date: 2024-07-07
+DocType: "WebClipping"
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp: 2024-07-07
+Link: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2024/07/phoenix-climate-drought-republican-politics/678494/
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+
+---
+
+Parent:: [[@News|News]]
+Read:: [[2024-07-15]]
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-PhoenixIsaVisionofAmericasFutureNSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# Phoenix Is a Vision of America’s Future
+
+![photo of blue-lit urban area at dawn or dusk with blue mountain ridge in background and orange sky](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/WQdVLHySMmEjJSRq-_Ap_FKgKno=/0x146:2802x1722/1440x810/media/img/2024/05/29/WEL_Packer_ValleyOPENER/original.png)
+
+## What Will Become of American Civilization?
+
+Conspiracism and hyper-partisanship in the nation’s fastest-growing city
+
+By [George Packer](https://www.theatlantic.com/author/george-packer/)
+
+Photographs by Ashley Gilbertson
+
+![photo of blue-lit urban area at dawn or dusk with blue mountain ridge in background and orange sky](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/s2U0QzfGdxX5YrYtzAxhujUzv9c=/467x0:2335x1868/80x80/media/img/2024/05/WEL_Packer_ValleyOPENER/original.png)
+
+*Updated at 12:00 p.m. ET on July 1, 2024*
+
+No one knows why the Hohokam Indians vanished. They had carved hundreds of miles of canals in the Sonoran Desert with stone tools and channeled the waters of the Salt and Gila Rivers to irrigate their crops for a thousand years until, in the middle of the 15th century, because of social conflict or climate change—drought, floods—their technology became obsolete, their civilization collapsed, and the Hohokam scattered. Four hundred years later, when white settlers reached the territory of southern Arizona, they found the ruins of abandoned canals, cleared them out with shovels, and built crude weirs of trees and rocks across the Salt River to push water back into the desert. Aware of a lost civilization in the Valley, they named the new settlement Phoenix.
+
+[![Magazine Cover image](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/2zmQSj503z1x_iy7qSyksr8OzSY=/10x0:1590x2133/80x108/media/img/issues/2024/06/17/0724_Cover/original.png)](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/toc/2024/07/)
+
+## Explore the July/August 2024 Issue
+
+Check out more from this issue and find your next story to read.
+
+[View More](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/toc/2024/07/)
+
+It grew around water. In 1911, Theodore Roosevelt [stood on the steps of the Tempe Normal School](https://news.asu.edu/20240410-roosevelt-envisions-arizonas-future-1911-speech), which, half a century later, would become Arizona State University, and [declared](https://prism.lib.asu.edu/items/110458/view) that the soaring dam just completed in the Superstition Mountains upstream, established during his presidency and named after him, would provide enough water to allow 100,000 people to live in the Valley. There are now 5 million.
+
+The Valley is one of the fastest-growing regions in America, where a developer decided to put a city of the future on a piece of virgin desert miles from anything. At night, from the air, the Phoenix metroplex looks like a glittering alien craft that has landed where the Earth is flat and wide enough to host it. The street grids and subdivisions spreading across retired farmland end only when they’re stopped by the borders of a tribal reservation or the dark folds of mountains, some of them surrounded on all sides by sprawl.
+
+Phoenix makes you keenly aware of human artifice—its ingenuity and its fragility. The American lust for new things and new ideas, good and bad ones, is most palpable here in the West, but the dynamo that generates all the microchip factories and battery plants and downtown high-rises and master-planned suburbs runs so high that it suggests its own oblivion. New Yorkers and Chicagoans don’t wonder how long their cities will go on existing, but in Phoenix in August, when the heat has broken 110 degrees for a month straight, the desert golf courses and urban freeways give this civilization an air of impermanence, like a mirage composed of sheer hubris, and a surprising number of inhabitants begin to brood on its disappearance.
+
+Growth keeps coming at a furious pace, despite decades of drought, and despite political extremism that makes every election a crisis threatening violence. Democracy is also a fragile artifice. It depends less on tradition and law than on the shifting contents of individual skulls—belief, virtue, restraint. Its durability under natural and human stress is being put to an intense test in the Valley. And because a vision of vanishing now haunts the whole country, Phoenix is a guide to our future.
+
+#### **1\. The Conscience of Rusty Bowers**
+
+Among the white settlers who rebuilt the Hohokam canals were the Mormon ancestors of Rusty Bowers. In the 1890s, they settled in the town of Mesa, east of Phoenix and a few miles downstream from where the Verde River joins the Salt. In 1929, when Bowers’s mother was a little girl, she was taken to hear the Church president, believed to be a prophet. For the rest of her life, she would recall one thing he told the assembly: “I foresee the day when there will be lines of people leaving this valley because there is no water.”
+
+The Valley’s several thousand square miles stretch from Mesa in the east to Buckeye in the west. Bowers lives on a hill at Mesa’s edge, about as far east as you can go before the Valley ends, in a pueblo-style house where he and his wife raised seven children. He is lean, with pale-blue eyes and a bald sunspotted head whose pinkish creases and scars in the copper light of a desert sunset give him the look of a figure carved from the sandstone around him. So his voice comes as a surprise—playful cadences edged with a husky sadness. He trained to be a painter, but instead he became one of the most powerful men in Arizona, a 17-year state legislator who rose to speaker of the House in 2019. The East Valley is conservative and so is Bowers, though he calls himself a “pinto”—a spotted horse—meaning capable of variations. When far-right House members demanded a 30 percent across-the-board budget cut, he made a deal with Democrats to cut far less, and found the experience one of the most liberating of his life. He believes that environmentalists worship Creation instead of its Creator, but he drives a Prius as well as a pickup.
+
+In the late 2010s, the Arizona Republican Party began to worry Bowers with its growing radicalism: State meetings became vicious free-for-alls; extremists unseated mainstream conservatives. Still, he remained a member in good standing—appearing at events with Donald Trump during the president’s reelection campaign, handing out Trump flyers door-to-door—until the morning of Sunday, November 22, 2020.
+
+![photo of man's face in reddish sunlight with water, rocky landscape, and dark clouds behind](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/l008kqXPK6FYlXS7SuOTrQCoXDk=/0x0:3033x2022/928x619/media/img/posts/2024/05/WEL_Packer_Valley_1/original.png)
+
+Rusty Bowers, the former Republican speaker of the Arizona House of Representatives, was besieged by MAGA supporters enraged by his refusal to endorse a pro-Trump slate of electors in the 2020 election. Photographed at the Granite Reef Diversion Dam, in Mesa, Arizona, February 7, 2024. (Ashley Gilbertson for *The Atlantic*)
+
+Bowers and his wife had just arrived home from church when the Prius’s Bluetooth screen flashed WHITE HOUSE. Rudy Giuliani was calling, and soon afterward the freshly defeated president came on the line. As Bowers later recalled, there was the usual verbal backslapping, Trump telling him what a great guy he was and Bowers thanking Trump for helping with his own reelection. Then Giuliani got to the point. The election in Arizona had been riddled with fraud: piles of military ballots stolen and illegally cast, hundreds of thousands of illegal aliens and dead people voting, gross irregularities at the counting centers. Bowers had been fielding these stories from Republican colleagues and constituents and found nothing credible in them.
+
+“Do you have proof of that?” Bowers asked.
+
+“Yeah,” Giuliani replied.
+
+“Do you have names?”
+
+“Oh yeah.”
+
+“I need proof, names, how they voted, and I need it on my desk.”
+
+“Rudy,” Trump broke in, “give the man what he wants.”
+
+Bowers sensed some further purpose to the call. “To what end? What’s the ask here?”
+
+“Rudy, what’s the ask?” Trump echoed, as if he didn’t know.
+
+America’s ex-mayor needed Bowers to convene a committee to investigate the evidence of fraud. Then, according to an “arcane” state law that had been brought to Giuliani’s attention by someone high up in Arizona Republican circles, the legislature could replace the state’s Biden electors with a pro-Trump slate.
+
+The car was idling on the dirt driveway by a four-armed saguaro cactus. “That’s a new one,” Bowers said. “I’ve never heard that one before. You need to tell me more about that.”
+
+Giuliani admitted that he personally wasn’t an expert on Arizona law, but he’d been told about a legal theory, which turned out to have [come from a paper](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23559226-20220422_mark-finchem-jan-6-committee-testimony-transcript) written by a 63-year-old state representative and avid Trump partisan named Mark Finchem, who was studying for a late-in-life master’s degree at the University of Arizona.
+
+“We’re asking you to consider this,” Trump told Bowers.
+
+“Mr. President …”
+
+Bowers prayed a lot, about things large and small. But prayer doesn’t deliver instant answers. So that left conscience, which everyone is blessed with but some do their best to kill. An immense number of Trump-era Republican officeholders had killed theirs in moments like this one. Bowers, who considered the Constitution divinely inspired, felt his conscience rising up into his throat: *Don’t do it. You’ve got to tell him you won’t do it*.
+
+“I swore an oath to the Constitution,” Bowers said.
+
+“Well, you know,” Giuliani said, “we’re all Republicans, and we need to be working together.”
+
+“Mr. President,” Bowers said, “I campaigned for you. I voted for you. The policies you put in did a lot of good. But I will do nothing illegal for you.”
+
+“We’re asking you to consider this,” Trump again told Bowers.
+
+At the end of November, Trump’s legal team [flew to Phoenix and met with Republican legislators](https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/11/30/republican-lawmakers-arizona-hold-meeting-rudy-giuliani/6468171002/). Bowers asked Giuliani for proof of voter fraud. “We don’t have the evidence,” Giuliani said, “but we have a lot of theories.” The evidence never materialized, so [the state party pushed the theories](https://www.thedailybeast.com/arizona-republican-party-civil-war-somehow-keeps-getting-weirder), colleagues in the legislature attacked Bowers on Twitter, and a crowd swarmed the capitol in December to denounce him. One of the most vocal protesters was a young Phoenix man a month away from world fame as the QAnon Shaman.
+
+On December 4, Bowers wrote in his diary:
+
+> It is painful to have friends who have been such a help to me turn on me with such rancor. I may, in the eyes of men, not hold correct opinions or act according to their vision or convictions, but I do not take this current situation in a light manner, a fearful manner, or a vengeful manner. I do not want to be a winner by cheating … How else will I ever approach Him in the wilderness of life, knowing that I ask this guidance only to show myself a coward in defending the course He led me to take?
+
+Caravans of trucks climbed the road to Bowers’s house with pro-Trump flags and video panels and loudspeakers blasting to his neighbors that he was corrupt, a traitor, a pervert, a pedophile. His daughter Kacey, who had struggled with alcoholism, was now dying, and the mob outside the house upset her. At one point, Bowers went out to face them and encountered a man in a Three Percenter T-shirt, with a semiautomatic pistol on his hip, screaming abuse. Bowers walked up close enough to grab the gun if the Three Percenter drew. “I see you brought your little pop gun,” he said. “You gonna shoot me? Yell all you want—don’t touch that gun.” He knew that it would take only one would-be patriot under the influence of hateful rhetoric to kill him. He would later [tell the January 6 congressional committee](https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-J6-TRANSCRIPT-CTRL0000928883/): “The country is at a very delicate part where this veneer of civilization is thinner than my fingers pressed together.”
+
+Emails poured in. On December 7, someone calling themselves hunnygun wrote:
+
+> FUCK YOU, YOUR RINO COCKSUCKING PIECE OF SHIT. STOP BEING SUCH A PUSSY AND GET BACK IN THERE. DECERTIFY THIS ELECTION OR, NOT ONLY WILL YOU NOT HAVE A FUTURE IN ARIZONA, I WILL PERSONALLY SEE TO IT THAT NO MEMBER OF YOUR FAMILY SEES A PEACEFUL DAY EVER AGAIN.
+
+Three days before Christmas, Bowers was sitting on his patio when Trump called again—this time without his attorney, and with a strange message that might have been an attempt at self-exculpation. “I remember what you told me the last time we spoke,” Trump said. Bowers took this as a reference to his refusal to do anything illegal, which he repeated. “I get it,” Trump said. “I don’t want you to.” He thanked Bowers for his support during the campaign. “I hope your family has a merry Christmas.”
+
+Kacey Bowers died at age 42 on January 28, 2021. COVID rules kept the family from her hospital bedside until her final hours. Bowers, a lay priest in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, gave his daughter a blessing, and at the very end, the family sang a hymn by John Henry Newman:
+
+> Lead, kindly Light, amid th’encircling gloom,  
+> Lead thou me on!  
+> The night is dark, and I am far from home,  
+> Lead thou me on!
+
+The gloom thickened. Bowers’s enemies launched an effort to recall him, with foot soldiers provided by the Trump youth organization Turning Point USA, which is headquartered in Phoenix. The [recall failed](https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2021/06/17/effort-to-recall-arizona-house-speaker-rusty-bowers-appears-fall-short/7739484002/), but it was an ill omen. That summer, a wildfire in the mountains destroyed the Bowers ranch, taking his library, his papers, and many of his paintings. In 2022, after Bowers [testified before the January 6 committee](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/21/us/rusty-bowers-testimony-hearing-jan-6.html) in Washington, D.C., the [state party censured him](https://apnews.com/article/2022-midterm-elections-capitol-siege-donald-trump-presidential-censures-f8892631bd14e1b2266af4c9d00f6af8) and another stream of abuse came to his doorstep. Term-limited in the House, he ran for a Senate seat just to let the party know that it couldn’t bully him out. He was [demolished by a conspiracist](https://www.businessinsider.com/dave-farnsworth-interview-rusty-bowers-trump-qanon-mormon-2022-7) with Trump’s backing. Bowers’s political career was over.
+
+“What do you do?” Bowers said. “You stand up. That’s all you can do. You have to get back up. When we lost the place and saw the house was still burning and now there’s nothing there, gone, and to have 23-plus years of a fun place with the family to be gone—it’s hard. Is it the hardest? No. Not even close. I keep on my phone (I won’t play it for you) my last phone call from my daughter—how scared she was, a port came out of her neck, they were transporting her, she was bleeding all over, and she says: ‘Dad, please, help me, please!’ Compared to a phone call from the president, compared to your house burning down? So what? What do you do, Dad? Those are hard things. But they come at us all. They’re coming at us as a country … What do we do? You get up.”
+
+Bowers went back to painting. He took a job with a Canadian water company called EPCOR. Water had obsessed him all his life—he did not want the prophet’s vision to come to pass on his watch. One bright day last October, we stood on the Granite Reef Diversion Dam a few miles from his house, where the two main water systems that nourish the Valley meet at the foot of Red Mountain, sacred to the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indians, whose reservation stood just across the dry bed of the river. Below the dam’s headgate three-foot carp thrashed in the turbulent water of the South Canal, and wild horses waded in the shallows upstream.
+
+“What’s the politics of water here?” I asked.
+
+Bowers laughed, incredulous. “Oh my gosh, that question. It’s everywhere. You’ve heard the dictum.”
+
+I had heard the dictum from everyone in the Valley who thought about the subject. “Whiskey’s for drinking—”
+
+“Water’s for fighting,” Bowers finished, and then he amended it: “Water’s for killing.”
+
+#### **2\. The Heat Zone**
+
+Summer in the Valley for most of its inhabitants is like winter in Minnesota—or winter in Minnesota 20 years ago. People stay inside as much as possible and move only if absolutely necessary among the artificial sanctuaries of home, car, and work. Young professionals in the arts district emerge after dark to walk their dogs. When the sun is high, all human presence practically disappears from the streets, and you notice how few trees there are in Phoenix.
+
+Frank Lloyd Wright [disliked air-conditioning](https://franklloydwright.org/frank-lloyd-wright-air-conditioning/). During a visit to Taliesin West, the home and studio he built from desert stone in the 1930s on a hillside north of Phoenix, I read in his book *The Natural House* :
+
+> To me air conditioning is a dangerous circumstance. The extreme changes in temperature that tear down a building also tear down the human body … If you carry these contrasts too far too often, when you are cooled the heat becomes more unendurable; it becomes hotter and hotter outside as you get cooler and cooler inside.
+
+The observation gets at the unnaturalness of the Valley, because its civilization is unthinkable without air-conditioning. But the massive amount of energy required to keep millions of people alive in traffic jams is simultaneously burning them up, because air-conditioning [accounts for 4 percent](https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(22)00094-0) of the world’s greenhouse-gas emissions, [twice that of all aviation](https://www.iea.org/energy-system/transport/aviation).
+
+One morning last August, goaded by Wright and tired of air-conditioned driving, I decided to walk the mile from my hotel to an interview at the Maricopa County Recorder’s Office. Construction workers were sweating and hydrating on the site of a new high-rise. A few thin figures slouched on benches by the Valley Metro tracks. At a bus shelter, a woman lay on the sidewalk in some profound oblivion. After four blocks my skin was prickling and I thought about turning back for my rental car, but I couldn’t face suffocating at the wheel while I waited for the air to cool. By the time I reached the Recorder’s Office, I was having trouble thinking, as if I’d moved significantly closer to the sun.
+
+Last summer—when the temperature reached [at least 110 degrees on 55 days](https://www.weather.gov/psr/yearinreview2023) (above 110, people said, it all feels the same), and the midsummer monsoon rains never came, and Phoenix found itself an object of global horror—heat [officially helped kill 644 people](https://www.maricopa.gov/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/5796) in Maricopa County. They were the elderly, the sick, the mentally ill, the isolated, the homeless, the addicted (methamphetamines cause dehydration and fentanyl impairs thought), and those too poor to own or fix or pay for air-conditioning, without which a dwelling can become unlivable within an hour. Even touching the pavement is dangerous. A woman named Annette Vasquez, waiting in line outside the NourishPHX food pantry, lifted her pant leg to show me a large patch of pink skin on her calf—the scar of a second-degree burn from a fall she’d taken during a heart attack in high heat after seven years on the streets.
+
+[Read: The problem with ‘Why do people live in Phoenix?’](https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2023/08/phoenix-record-excessive-heat-wave-streak/674924/)
+
+It was 115 on the day I met Dr. Aneesh Narang at the emergency department of Banner–University Medical Center. He had already lost four or five patients to heatstroke over the summer and just treated one who was brought in with a body temperature of 106 degrees, struggling to breathe and unable to sweat. “Patients coming in at 108, 109 degrees—they’ve been in the heat for hours, they’re pretty much dead,” Narang said. “We try to cool them down as fast as we can.” The method is to strip off their clothes and immerse them in ice and tap water inside a disposable cadaver bag to get their temperature down to 100 degrees within 15 or 20 minutes. But even those who survive heatstroke risk organ failure and years of neurological problems.
+
+Recently, a hyperthermic man had arrived at Narang’s emergency department lucid enough to speak. He had become homeless not long before and was having a hard time surviving in the heat—shelters weren’t open during the day, and he didn’t know how to find the city’s designated cooling centers. “I can’t keep up with this,” he told the doctor. “I can’t get enough water. I’m tired.”
+
+![2 photos: person sleeping on concrete under shade of highway overpass; 4 people around bench on street, 2 wrapped in blankets](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/hleldgOJFPGTm6ZDtbRljKlNNOE=/0x0:3878x1267/928x303/media/img/posts/2024/05/WEL_Packer_Valley_2/original.png)
+
+*Left*: A homeless man seeks shade in downtown Phoenix. *Right*: Doing drugs on North First Street. (Ashley Gilbertson for *The Atlantic*)
+
+Saving a homeless patient only to send him back out into the heat did not feel like a victory to Narang. “It’s a Band-Aid on a leaking dam,” he said. “We haven’t solved a deep-rooted issue here. We’re sending them back to an environment that got them here—that’s the sad part. The only change that helps that situation is ending homelessness. It’s a problem in a city that’ll [get hotter and hotter every year](https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2023/07/heat-dome-southwest-arizona/674689/). I’m not sure what it’ll look like in 2050.”
+
+The mayor of Phoenix, Kate Gallego, has a degree in environmental science and has worked on water policy in the region. “We are trying to very much focus on becoming a more sustainable community,” she told me in her office at city hall. Her efforts include the appointment of one of the country’s first heat czars; zoning and tax policies to encourage housing built up rather than out (downtown Phoenix is a forest of cranes); a multibillion-dollar investment in wastewater recycling; solar-powered shipping containers used as cooling centers and temporary housing on city lots; and a shade campaign of trees, canopies, and public art on heavily walked streets.
+
+But the homeless population of metro Phoenix [has nearly doubled in the past six years](https://azmag.gov/Portals/0/Homelessness/PIT-Count/2023/2023-PIT-Count-Report-Final.pdf?ver=8CRzv7xw28C-V2G0sMdKfw%3D%3D) amid a [housing shortage](https://www.axios.com/local/phoenix/2024/01/02/housing-phoenix-expensive-chart-inventory), [soaring rents](https://azmag.gov/Programs/Maps-and-Data/Land-Use-and-Housing/Housing-Data-Explorer), and [NIMBYism](https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2024/01/15/phoenix-area-housing-nimby-not-in-my-backyard-opposition-apartments/70171279007/); *multifamily affordable housing* remain dirty words in most Valley neighborhoods. Nor is there much a mayor can do about the rising heat. A [scientific study published in May 2023](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.2c09588#) projected that a blackout during a five-day heat wave would kill nearly 1 percent of Phoenix’s population—about 13,000 people—and send 800,000 to emergency rooms.
+
+Near the airport, on the treeless streets south of Jefferson and north of Grant, there was a no-man’s-land around the lonely tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad, with scrap metal and lumber yards, stacks of pallets, a food pantry, abandoned wheelchairs, tombstones scattered across a dirt cemetery, and the tents and tarps and belongings and trash of the homeless. I began to think of this area, in the dead center of the Valley, as the heat zone. It felt hotter than anywhere else, not just because of the pavement and lack of shade, but because this was where people who couldn’t escape the furnace came. Most were Latino or Black, many were past middle age, and they came to be near a gated 13-acre compound that offered meals, medical and dental care, information about housing, a postal address, and 900 beds for single adults.
+
+Last summer, the homeless encampment outside the compound stretched for several desolate blocks—the kind of improvised shantytown I’ve seen in Manila and Lagos but not in the United States, and not when the temperature was 111 degrees. One day in August, with every bed inside the compound taken, 563 people in varying states of consciousness were living outside. I couldn’t understand what kept them from dying.
+
+[Read: When will the Southwest become unlivable?](https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2023/07/heat-dome-southwest-arizona/674689/)
+
+Mary Gilbert Todd, in her early 60s, from Charleston, South Carolina, had a cot inside Respiro, a large pavilion where men slept on one side, women on the other. Before that she’d spent four years on the streets of Phoenix. Her face was sunburned, her upper teeth were missing, and she used a walker, but her eyes gleamed bright blue with energy.
+
+“If you put a wet shirt on and wet your hair, it’s gonna be cool,” she told me cheerfully, poking with a fork at a cup of ramen. “In the daytime, you don’t wanna walk. It’s better, when you’re homeless, to find a nice, shady tree and build yourself a black tent that you can sleep in where there’s some breeze. The black, it may absorb more heat on the outside, but it’s going to provide more shade. Here you got the dry heat. You want to have an opening so wind can go through—something that the police aren’t going to notice too much. Because if you’re in a regular tent, they’re gonna come bust you, and if you’re sitting out in the open, they’re gonna come mess with you.” She said that she’d been busted for “urban camping” 600 times.
+
+My guide around the compound was Amy Schwabenlender, who directs it with the wry, low-key indignation of a woman working every day in the trenches of a crisis that the country appears readier to complain about than solve. “It’s America—we don’t have to have homelessness,” she said. “We allow homelessness to happen. We—the big *we*.” The neighbors—a casket maker, an electric-parts supplier, the owners of a few decaying houses—blamed Schwabenlender for bringing the problem to their streets, as if she were the root cause of homelessness. In the face of a lawsuit, [the city was clearing the encampment](https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/08/us/phoenix-homeless-encampment-the-zone/index.html).
+
+Schwabenlender had come to the Valley to get away from depressing Wisconsin winters. After her first night in a motel in Tempe, she went out to her car and found the window heat-glued to the door by its rubber seal. “What did I just do to myself?” she wondered. Now she lives in North Phoenix in a house with a yard and a pool, but she has seen enough misery to be a growth dissident.
+
+“I [don’t know why people want to live here](https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2023/08/phoenix-record-excessive-heat-wave-streak/674924/),” she said, smiling faintly, her pallor set off by thick black hair. “We can’t have enough housing infrastructure for everyone who wants to live here. So why are we celebrating and encouraging more business? Why are we giving large corporations tax breaks to move here? How can we encourage people to come here when we don’t have enough housing for the people who *are* here, and we don’t have enough water? It doesn’t add up to me.”
+
+While we were talking, a woman with a gray crew cut who was missing her left leg below the thigh rolled up to Schwabenlender in a wheelchair. She had just been released after a long prison term and had heard something that made her think she’d get a housing voucher by the end of the month.
+
+Schwabenlender gave an experienced sigh. “There’s a waitlist of 4,000,” she told the woman.
+
+On my way out of Respiro, I chatted with a staff member named Tanish Bates. I mentioned the woman I’d seen lying on the sidewalk by the bus shelter in the heat of the day—she had seemed beyond anyone’s reach. “Why didn’t you talk to her?” Bates asked. “For me, it’s a natural instinct—I’m going to try. You ask them, ‘What’s going on? What do you need? Do you need water? Should I call the fire department?’ Nothing beats failure but a try.” She gave me an encouraging pat. “Next time, ask yourself what you would want.”
+
+Utterly shamed, I walked out into the heat zone. By the compound’s gate, a security guard stood gazing at the sky. A few lonely raindrops had begun to fall. “I been praying for rain,” she said. “I am so tired of looking at the sun.” People were lining up to spend an hour or two in a city cooling bus parked at the curb. Farther down Madison Street, the tents ended and street signs announced: THIS AREA IS CLOSED TO CAMPING TO ABATE A PUBLIC NUISANCE.
+
+Every time I returned to Phoenix, I found fewer tents around the compound. The city was clearing the encampment block by block. In December, only a few stragglers remained outside the gate—the hardest cases, fading out on fentanyl or alert enough to get into fights. “They keep coming back,” said a skinny, shirtless young man named Brandon Bisson. “They’re like wild animals. They’ll keep coming back to where the food and resources are.” Homeless for a year, he was watering a pair of healthy red bougainvillea vines in front of a rotting house where he’d been given a room with his dog in exchange for labor. Bisson wanted a job working with animals.
+
+“There’s no news story anymore,” Schwabenlender said as she greeted me in her office. The city had opened a campground where 15th Avenue met the railroad tracks, with shipping containers and tents behind screened fencing, and 41 people were now staying there. Others had been placed in hotels. But it was hard to keep tabs on where they ended up, and some people were still out on the street, in parks, in cars, under highway overpasses. “How do we keep the sense of urgency?” Schwabenlender murmured in her quizzical way, almost as if she were speaking to herself. “We didn’t end homelessness.” The housing waitlist for Maricopa County stood at 7,503. The heat was over for now.
+
+#### **3\. Democracy and Water**
+
+Civilization in the Valley depends on solving the problem of water, but because this has to be done collectively, solving the problem of water depends on solving the problem of democracy. My visits left me with reasons to believe that human ingenuity is equal to the first task: dams, canals, wastewater recycling, underground storage, desalination, artificial intelligence. But I found at least as many reasons to doubt that we are equal to the second.
+
+It’s easy to believe that the Valley could double its population when you’re flying in a helicopter over the dams of the Salt River Project, the public utility whose lakes hold more than 2 million acre-feet—650 billion gallons—of water; and when Mayor Gallego is describing Phoenix’s multibillion-dollar plan to recycle huge quantities of wastewater; and when Stephen Roe Lewis, the leader of the Gila River Indian Community, is walking through a recharged wetland that not long ago had been barren desert, pointing out the indigenous willows and cattails whose fibers are woven into traditional bracelets like the one around his wrist.
+
+![2 photos: aerial view of dam shaped like connected concrete half-circles with dark green water behind; aerial view of emerald and dark green fields with dusty desert roads between](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/hoeqq90WC8XDv08BHGJ0QvhvcwY=/0x0:3045x2203/928x671/media/img/posts/2024/05/WEL_Packer_Valley_3/original.png)
+
+*Left*: The Bartlett Dam, on the Verde River, is part of the Salt River Project, which manages water allocation in the Valley. *Right*: Farmland north of Phoenix irrigated by water from Salt River Project dams. (Ashley Gilbertson for *The Atlantic*)
+
+But when you see that nothing is left of the mighty Colorado River as it approaches the Mexican border but dirt and scrub; and when you drive by a road sign south of the Valley that says EARTH FISSURES POSSIBLE because the water table is dropping four feet a year; and when sprinklers are watering someone’s lawn in Scottsdale in the rain—then the prophet’s vision feels a little closer.
+
+American sprawl across the land of the disappeared Hohokam looks flimsy and flat and monotonous amid the desert’s sublime Cretaceous humps. But sprawl is also the sight of ordinary people reaching for freedom in 2,000 square feet on a quarter acre. Growth is an orthodox faith in the Valley, as if the only alternative is slow death.
+
+Once, I was driving through the desert of far-northern Phoenix with Dave Roberts, the retired head of water policy for the Salt River Project. The highway passed a concrete fortress rising in the distance, a giant construction site with a dozen cranes grasping the sky. The Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company’s three plants would employ 6,000 people; they would also consume billions of gallons of Phoenix’s water every year. Roberts filled in the empty space around the site: “All this desert land will be apartments, homes, golf courses, and who knows what—Costcos. There’s going to be malls out here. Gobs of people.” As long as people in places like Louisiana and Mississippi wanted to seek a better life in the Valley, who was he to tell them to stay away? A better life was the whole point of growth.
+
+I asked Roberts, an intensely practical man, if he ever experienced apocalyptic visions of a dried-up Valley vanishing.
+
+“We have three things that the Hohokam didn’t,” he said—pumping, storage (behind dams and underground), and recycling. When I mentioned this to Rusty Bowers, I couldn’t remember the third thing, and he interjected: “Prayer.” I offered that the Hohokam had probably been praying for water too. “I bet they were,” Bowers said. “And the Lord says, ‘Okay. I could go *Bing!* But that’s not how I work. Go out there and work, and we’ll figure this thing out together.’ ”
+
+This famously libertarian place has a history of collective action on water. Thanks to the bipartisan efforts of the 20th century—the federal dams built in the early 1900s; the 330-mile canal that brought Colorado River water to the Valley in the late 20th century; a 1980 law regulating development in Arizona’s metro regions so they’d conserve groundwater, which cannot be replaced—Phoenix has a lot of water. But two things have happened in this century: a once-in-a-millennium drought set in, and the political will to act collectively dried up. “The legislature has become more and more partisan,” Kathleen Ferris, an architect of the 1980 law, told me. “And there’s a whole lot of denial.”
+
+At some point, the civilization here stopped figuring this thing out together. The [1980 groundwater law](https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/media/Arizona%20Groundwater_Code_1.pdf), which required builders in regulated metro areas like the Valley to ensure a 100-year supply, left groundwater unregulated in small developments and across rural Arizona. In the mid-1990s, the legislature cut loopholes into the 100-year requirement. The God-given right to pursue happiness and wealth pushed housing farther out into the desert, beyond the reach of the Valley’s municipal water systems, onto groundwater. In the unregulated rural hinterland, megafarms of out-of-state and foreign agribusinesses began to pump enormous quantities of groundwater. The water table around the state was sinking, and the Colorado River was drying up.
+
+Ferris imagined a grim future. Without new regulation, she said, “we will have land subsidence, roads cracking, destroying infrastructure, and in some cases people’s taps going dry.” The crisis wouldn’t hit the water-rich Phoenix metroplex first. “It’s going to be on the fringes, and all the people who allowed themselves to grow there are going to be really unhappy when they find out there’s no water.”
+
+Most people in the Valley come from somewhere else, and John Hornewer came from Chicago. One summer in the early 1990s, when he was about 25, he went for a hike in the Hellsgate Wilderness, 75 miles northeast of Phoenix, and got lost. He ran out of water and couldn’t find a stream. When he grew too weak to carry his backpack, he abandoned it. His eyes began to throb; every muscle hurt; even breathing hurt. He sank to his knees, his face hit the ground, and as the flies buzzed around he thought: *Just stop my heart*. He was saved by campers, who found him and drove him the 20 miles he’d wandered from his car.
+
+Almost dying from dehydration changed Hornewer’s life. “I take water very seriously,” he told me. “I’m passionate about water.”
+
+In the late ’90s, Hornewer and his wife bought two and a half acres several miles up a dirt road in Rio Verde Foothills, a small community on the northeastern edge of the Valley. To the southwest, the city of Scottsdale ends and unincorporated Maricopa County starts where the golf courses give way to mesquite and the paved roads turn to dirt. Over the years, the desert around the Hornewers was filled in by people who wanted space and quiet and couldn’t afford Scottsdale.
+
+Seeing a need, Hornewer started a business hauling potable water, filling his 6,000-gallon trucks with metered water at a Scottsdale standpipe and selling it to people in Rio Verde with dry wells or none at all. What kept Rio Verde cheaper than Scottsdale was the lack of an assured water supply. Wildcat builders, exploiting a gap in the 1980 law, didn’t tell buyers there wasn’t one, or the buyers didn’t ask. Meanwhile, the water table under Rio Verde was dropping. One of Hornewer’s neighbors hit water at 450 feet; another neighbor 150 feet away spent $60,000 on a 1,000-foot well that came up dry.
+
+Hornewer wears his gray hair shoulder-length and has the face of a man trying to keep his inherent good nature from reaching its limit. In the past few years, he began to warn his Rio Verde customers that Scottsdale’s water would not always be there for them, because it came to Scottsdale by canal from the diminishing Colorado River. “We got rain a couple of weeks ago—everything’s good!” his customers would say, not wanting to admit that climate change was causing a drought. He urged the community to form a water district—a local government entity that would allow Rio Verde to bring in water from a basin west of the Valley. The idea was killed by a county supervisor who [had done legal work for a giant Saudi farm](https://theintercept.com/2022/11/28/maricopa-supervisors-saudi-lobbyist-thomas-galvin/) that grew alfalfa on leased state land, and who [pushed for EPCOR](https://kjzz.org/content/1864357/arizona-corporation-commission-approves-long-term-water-solution-rio-verde), the private Canadian utility, to service Rio Verde. The county kept issuing building permits, and the wildcatters kept putting up houses where there was no water. When the mayor of Scottsdale announced that, as of January 1, 2023, his city would stop selling its water to Rio Verde, Hornewer wasn’t surprised.
+
+Suddenly, he had to drive five hours round trip to fill his trucks in Apache Junction, 50 miles away. The price of hauled water went from four cents a gallon to 11—the most expensive water anywhere in the country. Rio Verde fell into an uproar. The haves with wet wells were pitted against the have-nots with hauled water. Residents tried to sell and get out; town meetings became shouting matches with physical threats; Nextdoor turned septic. As soon as water was scarce, disinformation flowed.
+
+![photo of massive construction project with multiple large cranes in background, with tents and desert scrubland in foreground](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/5_83r5S3RHLEzzs1LFzRgevCOB0=/0x0:2099x1400/928x619/media/img/posts/2024/05/WEL_Packer_Valley_4/original.png)
+
+The Taiwan Semiconductor construction site in northern Phoenix. Its three plants will employ 6,000 people—and consume billions of gallons of the city’s water every year. (Ashley Gilbertson for *The Atlantic*)
+
+In the middle of it all, Hornewer tried to explain to his customers why his prices had basically tripled. Some of them accused him of trying to get their wells capped and enrich his business. He became so discouraged that he thought of getting out of hauling water.
+
+“I don’t have to argue with people anymore about whether we’re in a drought—they got that figured out,” he told me. “It would be nice if people could think ahead that they’re going to get hit on the head with a brick before it hits you on the head. After what I saw, I think the wars have just begun, to be honest with you. You’d think water would be unifying, but it’s not. Whiskey is for drinking; water is for fighting.”
+
+One of Hornewer’s customers is a retiree from Buffalo named Rosemary Carroll, who moved to Rio Verde in 2020 to rescue donkeys. The animals arrived abused and broken at the small ranch where she lived by herself, and she calmed them by reading to them, getting them used to the sound of her voice, then nursed them back to health until she could find them a good home. Unfairly maligned as dumb beasts of burden, donkeys are thoughtful, affectionate animals—Carroll called them “equine dogs.”
+
+After Scottsdale cut off Rio Verde on the first day of 2023, she repaired her defunct well, but she and her two dozen donkeys still relied on Hornewer’s hauled water. To keep her use down in the brutal heat, she took one quick shower a week, bought more clothes at Goodwill rather than wash clothes she owned, left barrels under her scuppers to catch any rainwater, and put double-lock valves, timers, and alarms on her hoses. Seeing water dripping out of a hose into the dirt filled her with despair. In the mornings, she rode around the ranch with a pail of water in a wagon pulled by a donkey and refilled the dishes she’d left out for rabbits and quail. Carroll tried to avoid the ugly politics of Rio Verde’s water. She just wanted to keep her donkeys alive, though an aged one died from heat.
+
+And all summer long, she heard the sound of hammering. “The people keep coming, the buildings keep coming, and there’s no long-term solution,” Carroll told me, taking a break in the shade of her toolshed.
+
+Sometimes on very hot days when she was shoveling donkey manure, Carroll gazed out over her ranch and her neighbors’ rooftops toward the soft brown hills and imagined some future civilization coming upon this place, finding the remains of stucco walls, puzzling over the metal fragments of solar panels, wondering what happened to the people who once lived here.
+
+“If we thought Rio Verde was a big problem,” Kathleen Ferris said, “imagine if you have a city of 100,000 homes.”
+
+An hour’s drive west from Phoenix on I-10, past truck stops and the massive skeletons of future warehouses, you reach Buckeye. In 2000, 6,500 people lived in what was then a farm town with one gas station. Now it’s 114,000, and by 2040 it’s expected to reach 300,000. The city’s much-publicized goal, for which I never heard a convincing rationale, is to pass 1 million residents and become “the next Phoenix.” To accommodate them all, Buckeye has annexed its way to 642 square miles—more land than the original Phoenix.
+
+In the office of Mayor Eric Orsborn, propped up in a corner, is a gold-plated shovel with TERAVALIS on the handle. Teravalis, billed as the “City of the Future,” is the Howard Hughes Corporation’s planned community of 100,000 houses. Its several hundred thousand residents would put Buckeye well on its way to 1 million.
+
+[Olga Khazan: Why people won’t stop moving to the Sun Belt](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/08/moving-south-sun-belt-housing-economy/675010/)
+
+I set out to find Teravalis. I drove from the town center north of the interstate on Sun Valley Parkway, with the White Tank Mountains to the right and raw desert all around. I was still in Buckeye—this was recently annexed land—but there was nothing here except road signs with no roads, a few tumbledown dwellings belonging to ranch hands, and one lonely steer. Mile after mile went by, until I began to think I’d made a mistake. Then, on the left side of the highway, I spotted a small billboard planted in a field of graded dirt beside a clump of saguaros and mesquite that seemed to have been installed for aesthetic purposes. This was Teravalis.
+
+Some subdivisions in the Valley are so well designed and built—there’s one in Buckeye called Verrado—they seem to have grown up naturally over time like a small town; others roll on in an endless sea of red-tile sameness that can bring on nausea. But when I saw the acres of empty desert that would become the City of the Future, I didn’t know whether to be inspired by the developer’s imagination or appalled by his madness, like Fitzcarraldo hauling a ship over the Andes, or Howard Hughes himself beset by some demented vision that the open spaces of the New World arouse in willful men bent on conquest. And [Teravalis has almost no water](https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/southwest-valley/2023/10/22/buckeyes-teravalis-in-legal-battle-with-state-water-department/71085070007/).
+
+In her first State of the State address last year as Arizona’s governor after narrowly defeating Kari Lake, Katie Hobbs revealed that her predecessor, Doug Ducey, [had buried a study](https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-environment/2023/01/11/developers-must-find-new-water-for-homes-planned-west-of-phoenix/69796936007/) showing that parts of the Valley, including Buckeye, had fallen short of the required 100-year supply of groundwater. Because of growth, all the supply had been allocated; there was none left to spare. In June 2023, Hobbs announced [a moratorium on new subdivisions that depended on groundwater](https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-environment/2023/06/01/new-arizona-groundwater-model-shows-shortfall-state-will-halt-growth/70279189007/).
+
+The national media declared that Phoenix had run dry, that the Valley’s fantastic growth was over. This wasn’t true but, as Ferris warned, the edge communities that had grown on the cheap by pumping groundwater would need to find other sources. Only 5,000 of Teravalis’s planned units had received certificates of assured water supply. The moratorium halted the other 95,000, and it wasn’t obvious where Teravalis and Buckeye would find new water. Sarah Porter, who directs a water think tank at Arizona State, once gave a talk to a West Valley community group that included Buckeye’s Mayor Orsborn. She calculated how much water it would take for his city to be the next Phoenix: nearly 100 billion gallons every year. Her audience did not seem to take in what she was saying.
+
+Orsborn, who also owns a construction company, is an irrepressible booster of the next Phoenix. He described to me the plans for finding more water to keep Buckeye growing. Farmland in the brackish south of town could be retired for housing. Water from a basin west of the Valley could be piped to much of Buckeye, and to Teravalis. Buckeye could negotiate for recycled wastewater and other sources from Phoenix. (The two cities have been haggling over water in and out of court for almost a century, with Phoenix in the superior position; another water dictum says, “Better upstream with a shovel than downstream with a lawyer.”) And there was the [radical idea of bringing desalinated water](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/oct/19/arizona-mexico-water-pipeline-housing-boom) up from the Gulf of California through Mexico. All of it would cost a lot of money.
+
+“What we’ve tried to do is say, ‘Don’t panic,’ ” the mayor told me. “We have water, and we have a plan for more water.”
+
+At certain moments in the Valley, and this was one, ingenuity took the sound and shape of an elaborate defense against the truth.
+
+![aerial photo of dam across rocky canyon with reservoir behind and river curving away](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/qQjnS_m2RVcM9Uee82ecw8SZ4io=/0x0:3145x2097/928x619/media/img/posts/2024/05/WEL_Packer_Valley_5/original.png)
+
+The Horse Mesa Dam, part of the Salt River Project (Ashley Gilbertson for *The Atlantic*)
+
+When Kari Lake ran for governor in 2022, everyone knew her position on transgenderism and no one knew her position on water, because she barely had one. The subject didn’t turn out voters or decide elections; it was too boring and complicated to excite extremists. Water was more parochial than partisan. It could pit an older city with earlier rights against the growing needs of a newer one, or a corporate megafarm against a nearby homesteader, or Native Americans downstream against Mormon farmers upstream. Stephen Roe Lewis, the leader of the Gila River Indian Community, described years of court battles and federal legislation that finally restored his tribe’s water rights, which were stolen 150 years ago. The community, desperately poor in other ways, had grown rich enough in water that nearby cities and developments were lining up to buy it.
+
+As long as these fights took place in the old, relatively sane world of corrupt politicians, rapacious corporations, overpaid lawyers, and shortsighted homeowners, solutions would usually be possible. But if, like almost everything else in American politics, water turned deeply partisan and ideological, contaminated by conspiracy theories and poisoned with memes, then preserving this drought-stricken civilization would get a lot harder, like trying to solve a Rubik’s Cube while fending off a swarm of wasps that you might be hallucinating.
+
+#### **4\. Sunshine Patriots**
+
+They descended the escalators of the Phoenix Convention Center under giant signs—SAVE AMERICA, BIG GOV SUCKS, PARTY LIKE IT’S 1776—past tables explaining the 9/11 conspiracy and the Catholic Church conspiracy and the rigged-election conspiracy; tables advertising conservative colleges, America’s Leading Non-Woke Job Board, an anti-abortion ultrasound charity called PreBorn!, a $3,000 vibration plate for back pain, and the One and Only Patriot Owned Infrared Roasted Coffee Company, into the main hall, where music was throbbing, revving up the house for the start of the largest multiday right-wing jamboree in American history.
+
+In the undersea-blue light, I found an empty chair next to a pair of friendly college boys with neat blond haircuts. John was studying in North Carolina for a future in corporate law; Josh was at Auburn, in Alabama, about to join the Marines. “We came all the way here to take back the country,” John said. From what or whom? He eagerly ticked off the answers: from the New York lady crook who was suing Donald Trump; from the inside-job cops who lured the J6 patriots into the Capitol; from the two-tier justice system, the corrupt Biden family, illegal immigrants, the deep state.
+
+The students weren’t repelled by the media badge hanging from my neck—it seemed to impress them. But within 90 seconds, the knowledge that these youths and I inhabited unbridgeable realms of truth plunged me into a surprising sadness. One level below, boredom waited—the deepest mood of American politics, disabling, nihilistic, more destructive than rage, the final response to an impasse that resists every effort of reason.
+
+I turned to the stage. Flames and smoke and roving searchlights were announcing the master of ceremonies.
+
+“Welcome to AmericaFest, everybody. It’s great to be here in Phoenix, Arizona, it’s just great.”
+
+Charlie Kirk—lanky in a patriotic blue suit and red tie, stiff-haired, square-faced, hooded-eyed—is the 30-year-old founder of Turning Point USA, the lucrative right-wing youth organization. In 2018, it moved its headquarters to the Valley, where Kirk lives in [a $4.8 million estate](https://apnews.com/article/election-2024-trump-turning-point-maga-d08a98e439fa4e902cb756d7e35153db) on the grounds of a gated country club whose price of entry starts at $500,000. In December, 14,000 young people from all 50 states as well as 14 other countries converged on Phoenix for Turning Point’s annual convention, where Kirk welcomed them to a celebration of America. Then his mouth tightened and he got to the point.
+
+“We’re living through a top-down revolution, everybody. We’re living through a revolution that’s different than most others. It is a cultural revolution, similar to Mao’s China. But this revolution is when the powerful, the rich, the wealthy decide to use their power and their wealth to go after *you*. Instead of building hospitals and improving our country, they are spending their money to destroy the greatest country ever to exist in the history of the world.”
+
+Kirk started Turning Point in 2012, when he was 18 years old, and through tireless organizing and demagogy he built an 1,800-chapter, 600,000-student operation that brings in $80 million a year, much of it in funding from ultrarich conservatives.
+
+“The psychology is that of civilizational suicide. The country has never lived through the wealthiest hating the country. What makes this movement different is that you are here as a grassroots response to the top-down revolution happening in this country.”
+
+When the young leader of the grassroots counterrevolution visited college campuses to recruit for Turning Point and record himself baiting progressive students, Kirk sometimes wore a T-shirt that said THE GOVERNMENT IS LYING TO YOU, like Mario Savio and Jerry Rubin 60 years ago, demonstrating the eternal and bipartisan appeal for the young of paranoid grievance. His business model was generational outrage. He stoked anger the way Big Ag pumped groundwater.
+
+“This is a bottom-up resistance, and it terrifies the ruling class.” Kirk was waving a finger at the students in the hall. “Will the people, who are the sovereign in this country, do everything they possibly can with this incredible blessing given to us by God to fight back and win against the elites that want to ruin it?” Elites invite 12,000 people to cross a wide-open border every day; they castrate children in the name of medicine; they try to put the opposition leader in jail for 700 years. “They hate the United States Constitution. They hate the Declaration.”
+
+The energy rose with each grievance and insult. Kirk’s targets included Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky (“that go-go dancer”); LinkedIn’s co-founder, Reid Hoffman; Laurene Powell Jobs, the majority owner of this magazine; Senator Mitt Romney; satanists; “weak beta males” on campus; and even the Turning Pointers who had come to the convention from Mexico and Honduras (“I’m told these people are here legally”). Kirk is an accomplished speaker, and his words slide out fluidly on the grease of glib hostility and grinning mockery. But standing inside the swirl of cross-and-flag hatreds whipped up by speeches and posts and viral videos is a 6-foot-4 son of the Chicago suburbs with a smile that exposes his upper gums and the smooth face of a go-getter who made it big and married a beauty queen—as if the hatred might just be an artifice, digitally simulated.
+
+“Elon Musk liberating Twitter will go down as one of the greatest free-speech victories in the history of Western civilization,” Kirk said. “We can say that ‘January 6 is probably an inside job; it’s more of a fed-surrection than anything else.’ And that ‘99 percent of people on January 6 did nothing wrong.’ That we can go on Twitter and say, ‘George Floyd wasn’t a hero, and Derek Chauvin was targeted in a Soviet-style trial that was anti-American and un-American.’ One of the reasons why the powerful are getting nervous is because we can finally speak again online.”
+
+The other good news was that American high-school boys were [more conservative than they’d been in 50 years](https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/4125661-high-school-boys-are-trending-conservative/)—Turning Point’s mass production of memes had given a sense of purpose to a generation of males known for loneliness and suicidality. Kirk is obsessed with their testosterone levels and their emasculation by elites who “want a guy with a lisp zipping around on a Lime scooter with a fanny pack, carrying his birth control, supporting his wife’s career while he works as a supportive stay-at-home house husband. He has a playlist that is exclusively Taylor Swift. And their idea of strength is this beta male’s girlfriend opening a pickle jar just for him.”
+
+Kirk erected an index finger.
+
+“At Turning Point USA, we resoundingly reject this. We believe strong, alpha, godly, high‑T, high-achieving, confident, well-armed, and disruptive men are the hope, not the problem, in America.”
+
+The picture of the American experiment grew grimmer when Kirk was followed onstage by Roseanne Barr. She was dressed all in beige, with a baseball cap and a heavy skirt pleated like the folds of a motel-room curtain, chewing something in her hollowed cheeks.
+
+She could not make sense of her laptop and shut it. “What do you want to talk about?”
+
+Without a speech, Barr sank into a pool of self-pity for her canceled career, which reminded her of a quote by Patrick Henry, except the words were on her laptop and all she could remember was “the summer soldier,” until her son, in the front row, handed her a phone with the quote and told her that it was by Thomas Paine.
+
+“I’m just all in for President Trump, I just want to say that. I’m just all in … ’cause I know if I ain’t all in, they’re going to put my ass in a Gulag,” Barr said. “If we don’t stop these horrible, Communist—do you hear me? I’m asking you to hear me!” She began screaming: “STALINISTS—COMMUNISTS—WITH A HUGE HELPING OF NAZI FASCISTS THROWN IN, PLUS WANTIN’ A CALIPHATE TO REPLACE EVERY CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY ON EARTH NOW OCCUPIED. DO YOU KNOW THAT? I JUST WANT THE TRUTH! WE DESERVE TO HEAR THE TRUTH, THAT’S WHAT WE WANT, WE WANT THE TRUTH, WE DON’T CARE WHICH PARTY IS WRONG, WE KNOW THEY’RE BOTH NOTHIN’ BUT CRAP, THEY’RE BOTH ON THE TAKE, THEY’RE BOTH STEALIN’ US BLIND. WE JUST WANT THE TRUTH ABOUT EVERYTHING THAT WE FOUGHT AND DIED AND SUFFERED TO PROTECT!”
+
+The college boys exchanged a look and laughed. The hall grew confused and its focus began to drift, so Barr screamed louder. This was the pattern during the four days of AmericaFest, with Glenn Beck, Senator Ted Cruz, Vivek Ramaswamy, Kari Lake, Tucker Carlson, and every other far-right celebrity except Donald Trump himself: A speaker would sense boredom threatening the hall and administer a jolt of danger and defilement and the enemy within. The atmosphere recalled the politics of resentment going back decades, to the John Birch Society, Phyllis Schlafly, and Barry Goldwater. The difference at AmericaFest was that this politics has placed an entire party in thrall to a leader who was once the country’s president and may be again.
+
+I wanted to get out of the hall, and I went looking for someone to talk with among the tables and booths. A colorful flag announced THE LIONS OF LIBERTY, and beside it sat two men who, with their round shiny heads and red 19th-century beards and immense girth, were clearly brothers: Luke and Nick Cilano, who told me they were co-pastors of a church in central Arizona. I did not yet know that the Lions of Liberty were linked to the Oath Keepers and had helped organize an operation that sent armed observers with phone cameras to monitor county drop boxes during the 2022 midterm election. But I didn’t want to talk with the Lions of Liberty about voter fraud, or border security, or trans kids, because I already knew what they would say. I wanted to talk about water.
+
+No one at AmericaFest ever mentioned water. Discussing it would be either bad for Turning Point (possibly leading to a solution) or bad for water policy (making it another front in the culture wars). But the Cilano brothers, who live on five acres in a rural county where the aquifer is dropping, had a lot to say about it.
+
+“The issue is, our elected officials are not protecting us from these huge corporations that are coming in that want to suck the groundwater dry,” Nick said. “That’s what the actual issue is.”
+
+“The narrative is, we don’t have enough water,” Luke, who had the longer beard by three or four inches, added. “That’s false. The correct narrative is, we have enough water, but our elected officials are letting corporations come in and waste the water that we have.”
+
+This wasn’t totally at odds with what experts such as Sarah Porter and Kathleen Ferris had told me. The Cilano brothers said they’d be willing to have the state come in and regulate rural groundwater, as long as the rules applied to everyone—farmers, corporations, developers, homeowners—and required solar panels and wind turbines to offset the energy used in pumping.
+
+“This is a humanity issue,” Luke said. “This should not be a party-line issue. This should be the same on both sides. The only way that this becomes a red-blue issue is if either the red side or the blue side is legislating in their pocket more than the other.” And unfortunately, he added, on the issue of water, those legislators were mostly Republicans.
+
+As soon as a view of common ground with the Lions of Liberty opened up, it closed again when the discussion turned to election security. After withdrawing from Operation Drop Box in response to a lawsuit by a prodemocracy group, Nick had softened his opposition to mail-in voting, but he wanted mail ballots taken away from the U.S. Postal Service in 2024 and their delivery privatized. He couldn’t get over the sense that 2020 and 2022 must have been rigged—the numbers were just too perfect.
+
+Before depression could set in, I left the convention center and walked out into the cooling streets of a Phoenix night.
+
+The Arizona Republican Party is more radical than any other state’s. The chief qualification for viability is an embarrassingly discredited belief in rigged elections. In December 2020, Charlie Kirk’s No. 2, Tyler Bowyer, and another figure linked to Turning Point [signed on to be fake Trump electors](https://azmirror.com/2022/02/01/trumps-fake-electors-heres-the-full-list/), and on January 6, several Arizona legislators marched on the U.S. Capitol. In the spring of 2021, the state Senate hired a pro-Trump Florida firm called Cyber Ninjas to “audit” Maricopa County’s presidential ballots with a slipshod hand recount intended to show massive fraud. (Despite Republicans’ best efforts, the Ninjas [increased Joe Biden’s margin of victory by 360 votes](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/cyber-ninjas-company-led-arizona-gop-election-audit-shutting-down-n1287145).) After helping to push Rusty Bowers out of politics, Bowyer and others orchestrated a MAGA party takeover, out-organizing and intimidating the establishment and enlisting an army of precinct-committee members to support the most extreme Republican candidates.
+
+In 2022, the party nominated three strident election deniers for governor, attorney general, and secretary of state. After all three lost, Kari Lake repeatedly accused election officials of [cheating her out of the governorship](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2022/10/kari-lake-arizona-governor-trump-2022-election/671679/), driving Stephen Richer, the Maricopa County recorder, to sue her successfully for defamation. This past January, just before the party’s annual meeting, Lake [released a secret recording](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/24/us/politics/kari-lake-arizona-gop.html) she’d made of the party chair appearing to offer her a bribe to keep her from running for the U.S. Senate. When she hinted at more damaging revelations to come, the chair, Jeff DeWit, quit, admitting, “I have decided not to take the risk.” His successor was chosen at a raucous meeting where Lake was booed. Everyone involved—Lake, DeWit, the contenders to replace him, the chair he’d replaced—was a Trump loyalist, ideologically pure. The party bloodletting was the kind of purge that occurs in authoritarian regimes where people have nothing to fight over but power.
+
+[Read: In Kari Lake, Trumpism has found its leading lady](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2022/10/kari-lake-arizona-governor-trump-2022-election/671679/)
+
+In April Arizona’s attorney general [indicted 11 fake Trump electors](https://apnews.com/article/arizona-fake-electors-charges-2020-election-9da5a7e58814ed55ceea1ca55401af85) from 2020, including two state senators, several leaders of the state Republican Party, and Tyler Bowyer of Turning Point, as well as Giuliani and six other Trump advisers. The current session of the legislature is awash in Republican bills to change election procedures; one would simply put the result of the state’s presidential vote in the hands of the majority party. I asked Analise Ortiz, a Democratic state representative, if she trusted the legislature’s Republican leaders to respect the will of the voters in November. She thought about it for 10 seconds. “I can’t give you a clear answer on that, and that worries me.”
+
+Richer, the top election official in Maricopa County, is an expert on the extremism of his fellow Arizona Republicans. After taking office in 2021, he received numerous death threats—some to his face, several leading to criminal charges—and he stopped attending most party functions. Richer is up for reelection this year, and Turning Point—which is [trying to raise more than $100 million to mobilize the MAGA vote](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/mar/02/far-right-youth-group-turning-point-charlie-kirk) in Arizona, Georgia, and Wisconsin—is coming after him.
+
+Election denial is now “a cottage industry, so there are people who have a pecuniary interest in making sure this never really dies out,” Richer told me drily. “Some of these organizations, I’m not even sure it’s necessarily in their interest to be winning. You look at something like a Turning Point USA—I’m not sure if they want to win. They certainly have been very good at not winning. When you are defined by your grievances, as so much of the party is now and as so much of this new populist-right movement is, then it’s easier to be mad when you’ve lost.”
+
+Richer listed several reasons MAGA is 100 proof in Arizona while its potency is weaker in states such as Georgia. One reason is the presence of Turning Point’s headquarters in Phoenix. Another is the border. “The border does weird things to people,” he said. “It contributes to the radicalization of individuals, because it impresses upon you the sense that your community is being stolen and changed.” A University of Chicago study showed that January 6 insurrectionists came disproportionately from areas undergoing rapid change in racial demographics. And, Richer reminded me, Phoenix “contributed the mascot.”
+
+Jacob Chansley, the QAnon Shaman, sat waiting at a table outside a Chipotle in a northwest-Phoenix shopping mall. He was wearing a black T-shirt, workout shorts, and a ski hat roughly embroidered with an American flag. Perhaps it was the banal setting, but even with his goat’s beard and tattoos from biceps to fingernails, he was unrecognizable as the horned and furred invader of the Capitol. For a second, he disappeared into that chasm between the on-screen performance and the ordinary reality of American life.
+
+The Shaman was running as a Libertarian in Arizona’s red Eighth Congressional District for an open seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. “Can you imagine the kind of statement it would send to the uniparty in D.C. to send me back as a congressman?” Chansley wouldn’t be able to vote for himself—he was still on probation after serving more than two years in a federal prison. It was hard to tell to what extent his campaign actually existed. He was accepting no money from anyone, and when I asked how many signatures he’d collected for a petition to get on the ballot, he answered earnestly, “Over a dozen.” (He would ultimately fail to submit any at all.) That was how Chansley talked: with no irony about circumstances that others might find absurd. There was an insistent strain in his voice, as if he had spent his life trying to convince others of something urgent that he alone knew, with a stilted diction—“politics and the government and the legislation therein has been used to forward, shall we say, a less than spiritual agenda”—that seemed familiar to me.
+
+![photo of bearded man in black beanie and black shirt talking and making an "air quote" gesture with heavily tattooed hands](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/kFLqamb_MAKRtxPyZFWRcxgFjzE=/0x0:1866x1245/928x619/media/img/posts/2024/05/WEL_Packer_Valley_6/original.png)
+
+Jacob Chansley, the QAnon Shaman, at a Chipotle in Phoenix, February 9, 2024. After serving time in federal prison for his actions at the Capitol on January 6, he ran for office in Arizona’s Eighth Congressional District. (Ashley Gilbertson for *The Atlantic*)
+
+Why was he running for Congress? Unsurprisingly, because politicians of the uniparty were all in the pocket of special interests and international banks and did not represent the American people. His platform consisted of making lobbying a crime, instituting term limits for congresspeople and their staff, and prosecuting members engaged in insider trading. Meanwhile, Chansley was supporting himself by selling merch on his website, ForbiddenTruthAcademy.com, and doing shamanic consultations.
+
+Why had he gone to the Capitol in regalia on January 6? He had a spiritual answer and a political answer. The Earth’s electromagnetic field produces ley lines, he explained, which crisscross one another at sacred sites of civilizational importance, such as temples, pyramids, and the buildings on the National Mall. “If there’s going to be a million people assembling on the ley lines in Washington, D.C., it’s my shamanic duty, I believe, to be there and to ensure that the highest possible frequencies of love and peace and harmony are plugged into the ley lines.” That was the spiritual answer.
+
+The political answer consisted of a long string of government abuses and cover-ups going back to the Tuskegee experiment, and continuing through the Warren Commission, Waco, Oklahoma City, 9/11, Iraq, Afghanistan, Hillary Clinton’s emails, COVID and the lockdowns, Hunter Biden’s laptop, and finally the stolen 2020 election. “All of these things were like a culmination for me,” he said, “ ’cause I have done my research, and I looked into the history. I know my history.” Chansley’s only regret about January 6 was not anticipating violence. “I would have created an environment that was one of prayer and peace and calm and patience before anything else took place.” That day, he was at the front of the mob that stormed the Capitol and broke into the Senate chamber, where he left a note on Vice President Mike Pence’s desk that said, “It’s only a matter of time, justice is coming.”
+
+As for the conspiracy theory about a global child-sex-trafficking ring involving high-level Democrats: “Q was a successful psychological operation that disseminated the truth about corruption in our government.”
+
+One leader had the Shaman’s complete respect—Donald Trump, who sneered at globalists and their tyrannical organizations, and who, Chansley said with that strain of confident knowing in his voice, declassified three vital patents: “a zero-point-energy engine, infinite free clean energy; a room-temperature superconductor that allows a zero-point-energy engine to function without overheating; and what’s called a TR3B—it’s a triangular-shaped antigravity or inertia-propulsion craft. And when you combine all these things together, you get a whole new socioeconomic-geopolitical system.”
+
+When the Shaman got up to leave, I noticed that he walked slew-footed, sneakers turned outward, which surprised me because he was extremely fit, and I suddenly thought of a boy in my high school who made up for awkward unpopularity by using complex terms to explain forbidden truths that he alone knew and everyone else was too blind to see. Chansley was a teenage type. It took a national breakdown for him to become the world-famous symbol of an insurrection, spend two years in prison, and run for Congress.
+
+#### **5\. The Aspirationalist**
+
+“Can the American experiment succeed? It’s not ‘can’—it has to. That doesn’t mean it will.”
+
+Michael Crow, the president of Arizona State University, wore two watches and spoke quickly and unemotionally under arched eyebrows without smiling much. He was physically unimposing at 68, dressed in a gray blazer and blue shirt—so it was the steady stream of his words and confidence in his ideas that suggested why several people described him to me as the most powerful person in Arizona.
+
+“I am definitely not a declinist. I’m an aspirationalist. That’s why we call this the ‘new American university.’ ”
+
+If you talk with Crow for 40 minutes, you’ll probably hear the word *innovative* half a dozen times. For example, the “new American university”—he left Columbia University in 2002 to build it in wide-open Phoenix—is “highly entrepreneurial, highly adaptive, high-speed, technologically innovative.” Around the Valley, Arizona State has four campuses and seven “innovation zones,” with 145,000 students, almost half online; 25,000 Starbucks employees attend a free program to earn a degree that most of them started somewhere else but never finished. The college has seven STEM majors for every one in the humanities, graduating thousands of engineers every year for the Valley’s new tech economy. It’s the first university to form a partnership with OpenAI, spreading [the free use of chatbots into every corner of instruction](https://news.asu.edu/20240229-arts-humanities-and-education-generative-ai-humanities-classroom), including English. Last year, the law school invited applicants to use AI to help write their essays.
+
+Under Crow, Arizona State has become the kind of school where faculty members are encouraged to spin off their own companies. In 2015, a young materials-science professor named Cody Friesen founded one called Source, which manufactures hydropanels that use sunlight to pull pure drinking water from the air’s moisture, with [potential benefits for the world’s 2.2 billion people](https://data.unicef.org/topic/water-and-sanitation/drinking-water/) who lack ready access to safe water, including those on the Navajo reservation in Arizona. “If we could do for water what solar did for electricity, you could then think about water not as a resource underground or on the surface, but as a resource you can find anywhere,” Friesen told me at the company’s headquarters in the Scottsdale innovation zone.
+
+But the snake of technology swallows its own tail. Companies such as Intel that have made the Valley one of the largest job-producing regions in the country are developing technologies that will eventually put countless people, including engineers, out of work. Artificial intelligence can make water systems more efficient, but the data centers that power it, such as the new one Microsoft is building west of Phoenix in Goodyear, [have to be cooled with enormous quantities of water](https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2024/03/ai-water-climate-microsoft/677602/). Arizona State’s sheer volume and speed of growth can make the “new American university” seem like the Amazon of higher education. Innovation alone is not enough to save the American experiment.
+
+[Read: AI is taking water from the desert](https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2024/03/ai-water-climate-microsoft/677602/)
+
+For Crow, new technology in higher education serves an older end. On his desk, he keeps a copy of the 1950 course catalog for UCLA. Back then, top public universities like UCLA had an egalitarian mission, admitting any California student with a B average or better. Today they compete to resemble elite private schools—instead of growing with the population, they’ve become more selective. Exclusivity increases their perceived value as well as their actual cost, and it worsens the heart-straining scramble of parents and children for a foothold in the higher strata of a grossly unequal society. “We’ve built an elitist model,” Crow said, “a model built on exclusion as the measurement of success, and it’s very, very destructive.”
+
+This model creates the false idea that certain credentials are the only proof of a young person’s worth, when plenty of capable students can’t get into the top schools or don’t bother trying. “I’m saying, if you keep doing this—everyone has to be either Michigan or Berkeley, or Harvard or Stanford, or you’re worthless—that’s gonna wreck us. That’s gonna wreck the country,” Crow said, like a *Mad Max* film whose warring gangs are divided by political party and college degree. “I can’t get some of my friends to see that we, the academy, are fueling it—our sanctimony, our know-it-all-ism, our ‘we’re smarter than you, we’re better than you, we’re gonna help you.’ ”
+
+The windows of his office in Tempe look out across the street at a block of granite inscribed with [the words of a charter he wrote](https://newamericanuniversity.asu.edu/about/asu-charter-mission-and-goals): “ASU is a comprehensive public research university, measured not by whom it excludes, but by whom it includes and how they succeed.” Arizona State admits almost every applicant with at least a B average, which is why it’s so large; what allows the university to educate them all is technology. Elite universities “don’t scale,” Crow said. “They’re valuable, but not central to the United States’ success. Central to the United States’ success is broader access to educational outcomes.”
+
+The same windows have a view of the old clay-colored Tempe Normal School, on whose steps Theodore Roosevelt once foresaw 100,000 people living here. Today the two most important institutions in the Valley are the Salt River Project and Arizona State. Both are public enterprises, peculiarly western in their openness to the future. The first makes it possible for large numbers of people to live here. The second is trying to make it possible for them to live together in a democracy.
+
+In 2016, the Republican majority in the Arizona legislature insisted on giving the university $3 million to start a School of Civic and Economic Thought and Leadership. SCETL [absorbed two earlier “freedom schools”](https://news.asu.edu/content/new-asu-center-engage-community-politics-leadership) dedicated to libertarian economics and [funded in part](https://charleskochfoundation.org/news/2842/) by the Charles Koch Foundation. The new school is one innovation at Arizona State that looks backwards—to the founding principles and documents of the republic, and the classical philosophers who influenced them. Republican legislators believed they were buying a conservative counterweight to progressive campus ideology. Faculty members resisted this partisan intrusion on academic independence, and [one left Arizona State in protest](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2018/04/22/professor-a-disturbing-story-about-the-influence-of-the-koch-network-in-higher-education/). But Crow was happy to take the state’s money, and he hired a political-science professor from the Air Force Academy named Paul Carrese to lead the school. Carrese described himself to me as “an intellectual conservative, not a movement conservative,” meaning “America is a good thing—and now let’s argue about it.”
+
+I approached SCETL with some wariness. Koch-funded libertarian economics don’t inspire my trust, and I wondered if this successor program was a high-minded vehicle for right-wing indoctrination on campus, which is just as anti-intellectual as the social-justice orthodoxy that prevails at elite colleges. Yet civic education and civic virtue are essential things for an embattled democracy, and generally missing in ours. So is studying the classics of American history and thought in a setting that doesn’t reduce them to instruments of present-day politics.
+
+As we entered the campus building that houses SCETL, a student stopped Carrese to tell him that she’d received a summer internship with a climate-change-skeptical organization in Washington. On the hallway walls I saw what you would be unlikely to see in most academic departments: American flags. But Carrese, who stepped down recently, hired a faculty of diverse backgrounds and took care to invite speakers of opposing views. In a class on great debates in American political history, students of many ethnicities, several nationalities, and no obvious ideologies parsed the shifting views of Frederick Douglass on whether the Constitution supported slavery.
+
+Crow has defended SCETL from attempts by legislators on the right to control it and on the left to end it. Republican legislatures in half a dozen other states are bringing the model to their flagship universities, but Carrese worries that those universities will fail to insulate the programs from politics and end up with partisan academic ghettos. SCETL’s goal, he said, is to train students for democratic citizenship and leadership—to make disagreement possible without hatred.
+
+“The most committed students, left and right, are activists, and the center disappears,” Carrese said. This was another purpose of SCETL: to check the relentless push toward extremes. “If students don’t see conservative ideas in classes, they will go off toward Charlie Kirk and buy the line that ‘the enemy is so lopsided, we must be in their face and own the libs.’ ”
+
+Turning Point has a large presence at Arizona State. Last October, two Turning Point employees went on campus to get in the face of a queer writing instructor as he left class in a skirt, pursuing and filming him, and hectoring him with questions about pedophilia, until the encounter ended with the instructor on the ground bleeding from the face and the Maricopa County attorney [filing assault and harassment charges against the two Turning Point employees](https://www.12news.com/article/news/local/valley/tpusa-employees-court-ordered-diversion-program-harassing-queer-asu-educator/75-46a2401a-763b-4964-b3ae-d450442ec8b7). “Cowards,” Crow [said in a statement](https://newsroom.asu.edu/statement/president-crow-turning-point-usa-bullying-asu-faculty). He had previously [defended Kirk’s right to speak](https://newsroom.asu.edu/statement/freedom-of-speech-at-arizona-state-university) on campus, but this incident had nothing to do with free speech.
+
+Leading an experiment in mass higher education for working- and middle-class students allows Crow to spend much less time than his Ivy League counterparts on speaker controversies, congressional investigations, and Middle East wars. The hothouse atmosphere of America’s elite colleges, the obsessive desire and scorn they evoke, feels remote from the Valley. During campus protests in the spring, Arizona State suspended 20 students—0.0137 percent of its total enrollment.
+
+#### **6\. The Things They Carried**
+
+Two hours before sunrise, Fernando Quiroz stood in the bed of his mud-caked truck in a corner of Arizona. Eighty people gathered around him in the circle of illumination from a light tower while stray dogs hunted for scraps. It was February and very cold, and the people—men with backpacks, women carrying babies, a few older children—wore hooded sweatshirts and coats and blankets. Other than two men from India, they all came from Latin America, and Quiroz was telling them in Spanish that Border Patrol would arrive in the next few hours.
+
+“You will be asked why you are applying for asylum,” he said. “It could be violence, torture, communism.”
+
+They had been waiting here all night, after traveling for days or weeks and walking the last miles across the flat expanse of scrubland in the darkness off to the west. This was the dried-up Colorado River, and here and there on the far side, the lights of Mexico glimmered. The night before, the people had crossed the border somewhere in the middle of the riverbed, and now they were standing at the foot of the border wall. They were in America, but the wall still blocked the way, concealing fields of winter lettuce and broccoli, making sharp turns at Gate 6W and Gate 7W and the canal that carried Mexico’s allocated Colorado River water from upstream. Quiroz’s truck was parked at a corner of the wall. Its rust-colored steel slats rose 30 feet overhead.
+
+![2 photos: a pile of passports from various countries; a top-bound spiral notebook with "DIOS TE AMO" in large print followed by a handwritten prayer](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/anSyoBzv738OLwCxfyeCuErC-Nk=/0x0:4058x1336/928x306/media/img/posts/2024/05/WEL_Packer_Valley_7/original.png)
+
+Items left behind by migrants near the wall at the Mexican border (Ashley Gilbertson for *The Atlantic*)
+
+Seen from a distance, rolling endlessly up and down every contour of the desert, the wall seemed thin and temporary, like a wildly ambitious art installation. But up close and at night it was an immense and ominous thing, dwarfing the people huddled around the truck.
+
+“Put on your best clothes,” Quiroz told them. “Wear whatever clothes you want to keep, because they’ll take away the rest.” They should make their phone calls now, because they wouldn’t be able to once Border Patrol arrived. They would be given a gallon-size ziplock bag and allowed into America with only what would fit inside: documents, phones, bank cards. For all the other possessions that they’d chosen out of everything they owned to carry with them from all over the world to the wall—extra clothes, rugs, religious objects, family pictures—Border Patrol would give them a baggage-check tag marked Department of Homeland Security. They would have 30 days to come back and claim their belongings, but hardly anyone ever did—they would be long gone to Ohio or Florida or New York.
+
+At the moment, most of them had no idea where they were. “This is Arizona,” Quiroz said.
+
+As he handed out bottled water and snacks from the back of his truck, a Cuban woman asked, “Can I take my makeup?”
+
+“No, they’d throw it out.”
+
+A woman from Peru, who said she was fleeing child-kidnappers, asked about extra diapers.
+
+“No, Border Patrol will give you that in Yuma.”
+
+I watched the migrants prepare to abandon what they had brought. No one spoke much, and they kept their voices low. A man gave Quiroz his second pair of shoes in case someone else needed them. A teenage girl named Alejandra, who had traveled alone from Guatemala, held a teddy bear she’d bought at a Mexican gas station with five pesos from a truck driver who’d given her a ride. She would leave the teddy bear behind and keep her hyperthyroid medicine. Beneath the wall, a group of men warmed themselves by the fire of a burning pink backpack. In the firelight, their faces were tired and watchful, like the faces of soldiers in a frontline bivouac. A small dumpster began to fill up.
+
+For several years, Quiroz had been waking up every night of the week and driving in darkness from his home in Yuma to supply the three relief stations he had set up at the wall and advise new arrivals, before going to his volunteer job as a high-school wrestling coach. He had the short, wiry stature and energy of a bantamweight, with a military haircut and midlife orthodontia installed cheap across the border. He was the 13th child of Mexican farmworkers, the first to go to college, and when he looked into the eyes of the migrants he saw his mother picking lettuce outside his schoolroom window and asked himself, “If not me, then who?”
+
+He was volunteering at the deadliest border in the world. A few miles north, the wall ended near the boundary of the Cocopah reservation, giving way to what’s known as the “Normandy wall”—a long chain of steel X’s that looked like anti-craft obstacles on Omaha Beach. Two winters ago, checking his relief station there, Quiroz found an old man frozen to death. Last summer, a woman carrying a small child crossed the canal on a footbridge and turned left at the wall instead of going right toward Gates 6W and 7W. She walked a few hundred yards and then sat down by the wall and died in the heat. (The child survived.) Afterward, Quiroz put up a sign pointing to the right.
+
+Over time, he began to find heaps of discarded objects in the dirt—clothing, sleeping bags, toiletries, a stroller. Border Patrol didn’t have a policy of confiscating migrants’ possessions—if anything, this violated official policy—but the practice was widespread, varying from post to post and day to day depending on the volume of influx and the mood of agents. So mounds of what looked like trash piled up at the wall, and right-wing media portrayed the sight as the filth and disorder that migrants were bringing into the country. Through a collaboration with Border Patrol and Yuma County, Quiroz set up dumpsters, toilets, and shade tents at his relief stations. He was also spending his own money, sometimes $200 a day, and his house filled up with migrants’ lost property—hundreds of abandoned Bibles and rosaries, and backpacks that he emptied, cleaned, and donated to migrant shelters.
+
+East of Yuma, near a remote border crossing called Lukeville, I met a man with a plastic bag and a trash-picker walking alone on a dirt track along the wall. He was a retired public historian named Paul Ferrell, and he was collecting what migrants had left behind: brand-new backpacks, prescription medicine, silk saris, Muslim prayer rugs, a braided leather waistband from West Africa, money in 13 currencies, identity cards from dozens of countries. Ferrell intended to throw away or sell some items, and donate others to the University of Arizona—as if here, a few miles from the reservation of the Tohono O’odham Nation, believed to be descendants of the vanished Hohokam, he’d stumbled on the relics of another civilization, a recent one spanning the entire world, but already abandoned: a notebook from Delhi filled with a young person’s fantasy story, handwritten in English, called “Murder in Paradise”; pages of notes in Punjabi detailing the writer’s persecution; a notebook with a Spanish prayer titled “God I Love You”:
+
+> Please help me fulfill my American dream I ask you my saint God that I can stay working there God I need you so much heavenly father without you I am nothing … I feel fear that they will return me to my country there I don’t have anything but debts except my family loves me so much they with so much pain help effort gave me money heavenly father I ask you to help me heavenly father.
+
+Like the things you would try to save from a fire, migrants’ possessions are almost by definition precious. Having already left nearly everything behind, at the wall some lose their contacts’ information, some their evidence for asylum, some their money, and some their identity. Quiroz was trying to bring these indignities to the attention of officials in Washington, but the border seems designed more for posturing than for solutions.
+
+His daily efforts didn’t win him universal admiration. A couple of years ago, self-described patriots drove along the wall and trashed his water stations, threw away bananas and oranges, and harassed him and other volunteers. After that, he kept his coolers padlocked to the wall, and on the morning in early February of this year when a gun-carrying convoy that called itself God’s Army rolled through Yuma, he stayed home, not wanting a confrontation. The migrant numbers had grown so high that public opinion was moving against them. “It’s going to be what wins the election: Where do you stand on the border?” Quiroz said. “Politicians will throw everything out of our faith and humanity to get leverage. It’s sad—I see it in my friends, good people, the children of immigrants. It breaks my heart. My wife kicks me under the table: *Don’t say anything*.”
+
+Even the most sympathetic humanitarian knew that some asylum seekers were gaming the system. One morning, at a Spanish-speaking church in Mesa that receives migrants from the border every Thursday, I watched 24 single men emerge from a Border Patrol bus holding ziplock bags; one of them, a 20-year-old from India, told me that he had left his father’s car-parts yard and traveled nine months to start his own business in Indiana.
+
+I went to the border believing that any country has to control whom it admits; that 2.5 million apprehensions in a single year are a crisis; that an overwhelmed asylum system intended for the persecuted is being exploited by the desperate; that the migrant influx shows this country’s enduring appeal while undermining it by inflaming extremism and convincing less advantaged Americans that the government and the elites don’t care about them.
+
+A few hours at the wall didn’t change these beliefs. But the immeasurable distance between the noise in Washington and the predawn hush around Quiroz’s truck reminded me, not for the first time in Arizona, that our battles royal take our attention from the things that matter most—a human face, a lost notebook.
+
+The sun’s yellow rays in the east were beginning to pierce the slats when Gate 6W slid open and a Border Patrol van appeared. The agent had the migrants line up, women and children first, and, one by one, he photographed them and their passports. A light rain fell, and the arch of a rainbow rose over the invisible border in the riverbed. People began removing their shoelaces as Border Patrol required and Quiroz had instructed, presumably to prevent suicide attempts. They would leave their belongings at the wall and then be taken to the Yuma Sector, where they would be held for a day or two, or longer, some to be sent on to an immigration detention center, some to be deported, while others—the ones who convinced an official in a hurried interview that they might face danger if forced to return home—would be put on a bus to Phoenix, clutching their ziplock bag.
+
+![photo of group of people standing next to border wall with "Caution/Cuidado" sign and dumpster](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/bHotvqQelZzUcHqphXIRK16_eUc=/0x0:1638x1092/928x619/media/img/posts/2024/06/WEL_Packer_Valley_8/original.png)
+
+Asylum seekers gather by the U.S.-Mexico border wall in San Luis, Arizona. (Ashley Gilbertson for *The Atlantic*)
+
+But Phoenix was almost never their ultimate destination. Phoenix was an overnight church shelter, a shower and a meal, a set of used clothes, a call to someone somewhere in the country for an onward ticket—then the Greyhound station or Sky Harbor Airport, the longest journey’s second-to-last stop for an Indian traveling from Gujarat to Fresno, an Ecuadorean from Quito to Orlando, a Guinean from Conakry to the Bronx. The drama at the border kept Arizona’s political temperature near boiling, but otherwise it left little impression on the rest of the state. The latest immigrants to the Valley are engineers coming from California and Seattle. Those who arrived speaking other languages have already been here long enough to have changed the place forever.
+
+#### **7\. American Dreams**
+
+My traveling companion to the border was a young man named Ernie Flores. He had spent his childhood on both sides, waking in darkness at his mother’s house in San Luis, Mexico, and crossing over every day to attend school in Yuma. He had been a troublemaker, always tired and angry, but he grew up with a kind of mystical optimism. “I remind myself constantly: If I’m suffering, I like to be present,” he said, “because that’s my life.”
+
+Tall and husky, with a fade haircut and a reserved face under heavy black brows, Flores was canvassing for Working America, an organization that connected nonunion households to the labor movement. As the sun set, he went door-to-door in the city’s poorer neighborhoods like his own in South Phoenix, informing residents about the power company’s price gouging; asking their views on health care, jobs, education, and corporate accountability; and collecting their email addresses on his tablet. He would stand back from the doorway and speak quietly, neither presenting nor inviting a threat. It was slow, unglamorous work on issues that mattered to everyone and resisted hot takes, and Flores was good at it. He relished these brief encounters, windows into other people’s lives, hearing them out even when he knew they wouldn’t give him their email.
+
+On his own time, he ran a small business helping migrants start their own, so that they would contribute to the American economy rather than burden it. At the wall, he advised a tailor from Ecuador. Gate 6W of the Yuma Sector reminded Flores of Ellis Island. He wanted the border where he’d spent his childhood to be a highway someday, with off-ramps into both countries, integrating their economies. Right now the border seemed to exist so that political parties could exploit it. There were all kinds of people, he said, and everyone had to be represented, including Trump supporters. Education and information would gradually lead voters like the ones he met at front doors to make better demands of their leaders. “Everything has a cycle, I guess,” he said. “This division that we have because of Trump will fade away as it usually does.”
+
+His long, calm, generous view was rare in this Year of American Panic. It escaped the gravity of polarization. In a way, it made Ernie Flores someone Charlie Kirk should fear.
+
+Phoenix is only slightly more white than Latino, and carne asada joints and the sound of Spanish are so ubiquitous that it feels less like a divided city than a bicultural one. “Ethnic politics are not as strong here as in the East,” Joaquin Rios, a leader of Arizona’s teachers’ union, told me. Michael Crow, the Arizona State president, went a step further and called Phoenix “a post-ethnic city.” He added: “It didn’t grow up around ethnic communities that then helped to define its trajectories, with a series of political bargains along the way. It was wide open.”
+
+But for much of the 20th century, the city [restricted its Latino and Black populations to the area below the Salt River](https://www.azcentral.com/in-depth/money/real-estate/2022/04/18/effects-redlining-still-being-felt-south-phoenix-more-than-50-years-later/7293622001/), and South Phoenix remains mostly working-class. When newer waves of immigrants from Mexico began coming in the 1980s, many settled in a neighborhood of modest single-family houses in West Phoenix called Maryvale, a postwar master-planned community—Arizona’s first—that white families were abandoning for gated swimming pools in North Phoenix and Scottsdale.
+
+To call Phoenix wide open—a place where people from anywhere can arrive knowing no one and make their way up and leave a mark—is truer than to say it of Baltimore or Cleveland or Dallas. But the fault lines around a lousy school district are just as stark here as everywhere else in America, and white professionals’ children are just as unlikely to be trapped inside one. Our tolerance of inequality is bottomless, but sunshine and sprawl have a way of hiding it. You can drive the entire length of the Valley, from Queen Creek to Buckeye, and start to feel that it all looks the same. Only if you notice the concentration of vape and smoke shops, tire stores, panhandlers at freeway entrances, and pickups in the dirt yards of beige stucco houses do you realize you’re passing through Maryvale.
+
+The Cortez family—Fabian, Erika, and their four daughters—lives in a tiny two-room apartment just outside Maryvale, with less space than a master bathroom in one of the $6 million Paradise Valley houses whose sales are reported in *The Arizona Republic*. The girls—Abigail, Areli, Anna, and Arizbeth, ranging from 18 to 10—sleep in the back room, and their parents sleep in the front, where there’s a sofa, a small kitchen, a washer-dryer, and a partly inaccessible table pushed into a corner.
+
+Erika—a former athlete, tall, with a round face and large glasses—first came to the U.S. on a visa from Mexico in 2004, to see her mother and give birth to Abigail. Then they went back to Juárez, where Fabian was working in a warehouse and Erika attended college. But a few months later, when Erika tried to reenter the U.S. to have Abigail vaccinated, an immigration officer at the border in El Paso demanded: “Why is she a citizen and you’re not? If I see you again, I’ll take away your visa.” Afraid of being separated from her mother forever, a day later Erika was in Phoenix with the baby. That was the end of her education. After a month, Fabian joined them and found work as a maintenance man. They began to raise an American family: the children as citizens, the parents, in Erika’s word, “illegal.”
+
+Mixed-status families are common in Maryvale. Analise Ortiz, who represents the area in the state legislature, told me, “It’s not so much the everyday flow of traffic over the border that impacts my district—people come to Phoenix and then they leave. It’s immigration policy on the federal level.” The country’s failure year after year to address the dilemma of its millions of undocumented residents shapes every aspect of the Cortez family’s life. When Fabian spent weekends doing landscape work for a man who then refused to pay what he owed him—saying, “I’ll call immigration; get off my property”—he had no recourse. In 2006, he fell from the second floor of a job site onto a concrete slab and fractured his back. Fabian spent a year in bed recovering while Erika sold tamales from their kitchen to make ends meet. He still feels pain today, but the company paid him no compensation.
+
+In 2010, a punitive state law known as S.B. 1070—nicknamed the “Show Me Your Papers” law, and enforced by the rabidly anti-immigrant sheriff of Maricopa County at the time, Joe Arpaio—instituted a reign of terror for people in the Valley with dark skin. Every day, the Cortezes risked a police check that might break up the family, and Erika was afraid to go outside. Once, two policemen stopped Fabian when he was driving a friend’s car—one cop wanted to take him in, but the other, seeing two child seats in the back, let Fabian go and impounded the car. (S.B. 1070 significantly [reduced the number of undocumented immigrants in Arizona](https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/immigration/2020/03/02/sb-1070-legacy-arizonas-immigration-enforcement-law/4732918002/); it also galvanized Latinos to vote Democratic and helped turn the state purple.)
+
+Several years ago, Erika became diabetic, and she’s been plagued ever since by serious illnesses and chronic fatigue. But with Fabian’s minimum-wage pay and no health insurance, she’s limited to a discount clinic where the wait time is long and the treatment is inadequate. In 2020, amid the depths of the pandemic, the owner of the four-bedroom house they were renting near the interstate broke the lease, saying that he was going to sell, and gave the family a month to leave. They had no choice but to put most of their furniture in storage and squeeze into the two cramped rooms. The girls made their mother weep by saying, “Don’t be sad. We’re together, we have a ceiling, we have food. If we’re together, we’re happy—that’s all that matters.”
+
+Arizona ranks 48th among states in spending per student, ahead of only Utah and Idaho, in spite of poll after poll showing wide support for public education. A universal-voucher law is sending nearly [$1 billion annually in tax money to the state’s private schools](https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona-education/2023/05/31/arizona-private-school-voucher-program-esa-cost-hit-900-million/70273679007/). With little regulation, Phoenix is the Wild West of education—the capital of for-profit, scandal-plagued colleges and charter schools, many of them a mirage, a few of them a lifeline for desperate parents.
+
+The Cortez girls attended Maryvale public schools, where Erika and Fabian always volunteered. The girls were studious and introverted; the classrooms were often chaotic. When Areli was in fifth grade, her teacher warned Erika that the local middle school would be a rough place for her, as it had been for Abigail. The teacher recommended a Maryvale charter school that was part of a network in the Valley called Great Hearts. Its curriculum was classical—essentially a great-books program, with even geometry taught using *Euclid’s Elements*—and its mission was education through “truth, beauty, and goodness.” Erika didn’t know any of this when she toured the school, but she was impressed by the atmosphere of discipline and respect. Children were learning in a safe place—that was enough for her and Fabian. Areli got in off the waitlist, Abigail was admitted into the school’s first ninth-grade class, their younger sisters entered the elementary school, and the girls began their education in Latin, Shakespeare, van Gogh, and Bach.
+
+![photo of standing woman kissing child on side of head with other family members smiling in tiled room with refrigerator, washer, and dryer](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/liQcllkzKSWJMGxC9DPx9bGjMgA=/0x0:1797x1198/928x619/media/img/posts/2024/06/WEL_Packer_Valley_9/original.png)
+
+Erika and Fabian Cortez and their four daughters live in a two-room apartment near Maryvale. The girls attend a charter school with a classical curriculum. (Ashley Gilbertson for *The Atlantic*)
+
+The family’s life revolved around school. Erika woke before dawn and drove Fabian to his job at 5:30 a.m., then returned home to take the girls to Great Hearts. She was the classic Team Mom and spent hours every afternoon driving her kids and others to basketball games and track meets. Unlike Maryvale’s Great Hearts, which is overwhelmingly Latino and poor, most schools in the network are largely white and middle-class, and the Cortez girls weren’t always made to feel welcome at away games. But Erika loved that her daughters were studying books she’d only heard of and learning to think more deeply for themselves. The family never gathered at home before eight at night, when Erika was often exhausted; the girls—straight‑A students—did homework and read past midnight. Their mother lived with the fear that she wouldn’t see them all grown. She wanted “to give them wonderful memories. I don’t want to waste time.”
+
+I spent a morning at Great Hearts in Maryvale, where hallways displayed replicas of paintings by da Vinci, Brueghel, and Renoir. A 12th-grade class in “Humane Letters” was studying *The Aeneid*, and on the whiteboard the teacher had written, “To whom or what is duty owed? Can fate and free will coexist?” Students were laboring to understand the text, but Aeneas’s decision to abandon Dido for his destiny in Rome sparked a passionate discussion. “What if Aeneas, like, asked Dido to come with him?” one boy asked.
+
+If you accept the assumption that children won’t learn unless they see their own circumstances and identities reflected in what they’re taught, then the pedagogy at Great Hearts must seem perverse, if not immoral. I asked Rachel Mercado, the upper-school headmaster, why her curriculum didn’t include the more “relevant” reading now standard at most schools in poorer districts. “Why do my students have to read that?” she demanded. “Why is that list for them and not this list? That’s not fair to them. I get very worked up about this.” Her eyes were filling. “They deserve to read good things and have these conversations. They’re exposed to all that”—the problems of race and gender that animate many contemporary teen novels. “Why is that the only thing they get to read? You saw them reading *The Aeneid*. These books are about problems that humans relate to, not just minority groups.”
+
+Like SCETL at Arizona State, classical education at Great Hearts runs the risk of getting caught in the constantly grinding gears of the culture wars. The network was co-founded by a Republican political operative, and sponsors of its annual symposium include the Heritage Foundation and Hillsdale College. Great Hearts’ leaders worry that some people associate classical education with the right. “But teachers don’t think about it,” Mercado said. “This whole political thing is pushed by people who don’t think about what to do in the classroom.”
+
+Great Hearts has made it difficult for students to change their gender identity in school. For some progressives, this is evil, and, what’s more, the Cortez girls only appear to be thriving in an inequitable education that marginalizes them. For some conservatives—Charlie Kirk, for example, and Kari Lake, now running for the U.S. Senate—the girls’ parents are criminals who should be sent back to Mexico, destroying everything they’ve sacrificed to build, and depriving America of everything they would contribute.
+
+In a place like Maryvale, you realize how righteously stupid the culture wars make both sides. There’s no reason to think that great books and moral education have anything to do with MAGA. There’s no reason reading Virgil should require banning children from changing names. There’s no reason to view Western civilization as simply virtuous or vicious, only as the one that most shaped our democracy. There’s no reason to dumb down humanistic education and expect our society to become more just. If we ever do something about the true impediments to the Cortez family’s dreams—if Fabian could earn enough from his backbreaking work for the six of them to live in four rooms instead of two; if insurance could cover treatment for Erika’s illnesses so she doesn’t have to delay seeing a doctor until her life is threatened; if the local public schools could give their daughters a safe and decent education; if America could allow the family to stop being afraid and live in the sunlight—then by all means let’s go back to fighting over name changes and reading lists.
+
+#### **8\. Campaigners**
+
+Ruben Gallego was hopping up and down in the middle of the street in a tie-dyed campaign T-shirt and shorts and a pair of cheap blue sunglasses. The Phoenix Pride Parade was about to start, and everyone was there, every class and color and age: Old Lesbians Organizing for Change, NASCAR, McKinsey, the Salt River Project, Gilbert Fire & Rescue, Arizona Men of Leather. Gallego, the U.S. representative from Arizona’s Third District (and the ex-husband of the mayor of Phoenix), is running for the U.S. Senate against Kari Lake.
+
+Gallego grew up in a small apartment outside Chicago with his mother, a Colombian immigrant, and his three sisters after their Mexican father abandoned the family. Ruben slept on the floor, worked in construction and meatpacking, got into Harvard, was suspended for poor grades before graduating in 2004, and enlisted with the Marine reserves. In 2005, he was sent to Iraq and fought for six months in the hardest-hit Marine battalion of the war. His [deployment still haunts him](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/01/he-doesnt-understand-war/604648/). He looks more like a labor organizer than a congressman—short and bearded, with the face and body of a middle-aged father who works all the time but could have taken care of himself on January 6 if an insurrectionist had gotten too close.
+
+[*Radio Atlantic*: “He doesn’t understand war”](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/01/he-doesnt-understand-war/604648/)
+
+The Third District includes South Phoenix and Maryvale, and Gallego was campaigning as a son of the working class on behalf of people struggling to afford rent or buy groceries. The Third District borders the Ninth, whose median income is not much higher, and whose congressman, Paul Gosar, [inhabits the more paranoid precincts of the Republican Party](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/11/lawless-masculinity-gop/620732/). The district line might as well be a frontier dividing two countries, but some of the difference dissolves in the glare of sunlight hitting the metal roof of a Dollar General. [Three-quarters of Gallego’s constituents](https://censusreporter.org/profiles/50000US0403-congressional-district-3-az/) are the urban Latino and Black working class. I asked him if his message could win over Gosar’s rural white working class.
+
+“You can win some of them—you’re not going to win them all,” he said. “They hate pharmaceutical companies as much as I do. They hate these mega-monopolies that are driving up the cost of everything as much as I do. They worry about foreign companies sucking up the water as much as I do.”
+
+In 2020, Gallego received national attention when [he tweeted his rejection of the term *Latinx*](https://x.com/RubenGallego/status/1324071039085670401). He criticizes his own Democratic Party for elitism. “We should not be afraid to say, ‘You know what—we messed up,’ ” he told me. “ ‘We lost our focus on working-class issues, and we need to fight to get it back.’ ” I asked Gallego about the recent turn of Latino and Black Americans toward the Republican Party. He was more concerned that sheer cynicism would keep them from voting at all.
+
+The parade started up Third Street, and Gallego went off looking for every hand he could shake. In the first 10 minutes, he counted 86.
+
+It struck me that a parade for the child tax credit would never draw such a large, diverse, and joyous crowd, or any crowd at all. Even with a resurgence of union activism, “We are wage workers” doesn’t excite like “LGBTQ together.” When the Arizona Supreme Court voted in April that [a Civil War–era ban on almost every abortion should remain state law](https://apnews.com/article/arizona-abortion-restrictions-1864-9c68866d69dca38c728dd27b80592e8f), the dominant theme of Gallego’s campaign became that familiar Democratic cause, not the struggles of the working class.
+
+Americans today are mobilized by culture and identity, not material conditions—by belonging to a tribe, whether at a Pride march or a biker rally. Political and media elites stoke the culture wars for their own benefit, while government policies repeatedly fail to improve conditions for struggling Americans. As a result, even major legislation goes unnoticed. Joe Biden’s infrastructure, microchip, and climate bills are sending billions of dollars to the Valley, but I hardly ever heard them mentioned. “Right now they are not a factor in my district,” Analise Ortiz, the state representative, told me. When she went door-to-door, the bills hardly ever came up. “Honestly, it’s rare that Biden even comes up.”
+
+The professional class has lost so much trust among low-income voters that a Democratic candidate has to be able to say: “I don’t despise you. I talk like you, I shop like you—I’m one of you.” This was the approach of Bernadette Greene Placentia.
+
+She started working as a long-haul trucker in 1997, became the owner of a small trucking company, and at age 50 still drove one of the three rigs. She grew up in rural Nebraska and Wyoming, the daughter of a union railroader who was a conservative Democrat and National Rifle Association lifer—a type that now barely exists. She’s married to the son of a Mexican American labor leader who worked with Cesar Chavez, and together they raised an adopted daughter from China. She’s a pro-union, pro–death penalty, pro-choice gun owner—“New Deal instead of Green New Deal.” She struggles with medical bills and rig payments, and she was running for Congress as a Democrat in Arizona’s Eighth Congressional District, which encompasses the heavily Republican suburbs northwest of Phoenix.
+
+The open seat in the Eighth was more likely to go to the Republican speaker of the Arizona House, Ben Toma; or to Blake Masters, the [Peter Thiel disciple](https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/26/blake-masters-house-bid-arizona-00123783) who lost his run for U.S. Senate in 2022; or to Anthony Kern, a state senator and [indicted fake Trump elector](https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2024/05/01/anthony-kerns-campaign-fundraises-off-being-indicted-as-fake-elector/73518551007/) who [joined the mob outside the Capitol on January 6](https://azmirror.com/2021/05/05/where-was-anthony-kern-on-jan-6/); or to [Trump’s personal choice](https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/elections/2023/12/08/former-president-donald-trump-endorses-abe-hamadeh-for-congress-in-cd8/71857539007/), Abe Hamadeh, another election denier who was [still suing after losing the attorney-general race](https://www.democracydocket.com/news-alerts/court-sanctions-election-deniers-and-dismisses-challenge-to-arizonas-2022-election-results/) in 2022. But I wanted to talk with Greene Placentia, because she confounded the fixed ideas that paralyze our minds with panic and boredom and deepen our national cognitive decline.
+
+We met at a Denny’s next to the interstate in Goodyear. She was wearing an open-shoulder cable-knit turtleneck sweater with crossed American and Ukrainian flag pins. Her long hair was pulled back tight, and her eyes and mouth were also tight, maybe from driving 3.5 million miles around the country. As soon as I sat down, she said, “The Democratic Party purports to be the party of the working class. Bullshit.”
+
+![2 photos: 2 firefighters and a white hearse shrouded in smoke by fence with palm trees in background; woman with long hair in black sweater in parking lot in front of truck with hood raised](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/HNfO0g6poUFeoPdCabExSydV_28=/0x0:3844x1265/928x305/media/img/posts/2024/06/WEL_Packer_Valley_10/original.png)
+
+*Left*: Firefighters respond to a fire that tore through a hair salon and a pawn shop in South Phoenix in February. *Right*: Bernadette Greene Placentia, a long-haul truck driver, ran for Arizona’s Eighth Congressional District as an anti-establishment Democrat. (Ashley Gilbertson for *The Atlantic*)
+
+When she knocked on doors in her district and introduced herself, the residents couldn’t believe she was a Democrat. “We need to get rid of the political elites; we need to get rid of the multimillionaires,” she would tell them. “We need representative democracy. That means people like you and me.” And they would say, “Yeah, you’re not like the other Democrats.”
+
+The image is a caricature, and unfair. The Republican Party is dominated by very rich men, including its leader. But populist resentments in America have usually been aroused more by cultural superiority than by great wealth. In 2016, Greene Placentia knew that Trump would win, because she worked every day with the targets of his appeal. “As rich as that fucker is, he stood up there and said, ‘You know what? It’s not your fault; it’s their fault. They don’t care about you—I care about you. I will fight for you. They’re busy fighting to get guys in dresses.’ Crude, but that’s what he said. And when your life has fallen apart, when you’re not making shit, and somebody stands there and says, ‘I will help you. I believe in you,’ you’re gonna go there. We gotta belong to a pack. If that pack isn’t paying attention to us, you’re gonna go to another pack.” The pack, she said, is Trump’s, not the Republican Party’s, and its bond is so strong that a road-rage encounter between two members will end in apologies and bro hugs.
+
+For nearly a decade, journalists and academics have been trying to understand Trump’s hold on white Americans who don’t have a college degree. Racism, xenophobia, economic despair, moral collapse, entertainment value? Greene Placentia explained it this way: The white working class is sinking, while minority groups, with the support of Democrats, are rising—not as high, but getting closer. “When you’re falling and the party that built its back on you isn’t there, and you look over and they’re busy with everybody else and the environment and all this shit, and your life is falling apart, and all you see is them rising, it breeds resentment.”
+
+She wasn’t justifying this attitude, and she despised Trump (“a con man”), but she was describing why she was running for Congress. “The reason they don’t listen to us—it isn’t because of the message we’re saying; it’s because of the messenger. They don’t trust any establishment Democrats. You’re gonna have to start getting people in there that they believe in and trust, and it has to be people that’s more like them and less like the Gavin Newsoms and the Gretchen Whitmers that grew up in the political world. Otherwise, every presidential election is gonna be on the margins.”
+
+Stashed under her car’s dashboard was a pack of Pall Malls along with a “Black Lives Matter / Women’s Rights Are Human Rights / No Human Is Illegal …” leaflet. In a sense, Greene Placentia was trying to do for the Democrats what Sarah Palin had done for the Republicans. She was trying to make working-class into a political identity that could attract voters who seemed to belong to the other party or neither.
+
+“The problem is, both the establishment Republicans and the establishment Democrats are gonna fight like hell against that person,” she said, “ ’cause that kind of person isn’t for a party; it’s for the people.”
+
+The Arizona Democratic Party ignored Greene Placentia. In the end, like the Shaman, she didn’t gather enough signatures to get on the ballot.
+
+Jeff Zink drove around South Phoenix wearing a black Stetson, stitched boots, and a Love It or Leave It belt buckle, with a pistol holstered on his right hip—as if to say, *That’s right, I’m a Second Amendment guy from Texas*, which is what he is. Zink was campaigning for Gallego’s seat in the Third Congressional District on a Republican brand of identity politics—an effort at least as quixotic as Greene Placentia’s in the Eighth, because South Phoenix, where Zink lives, is solidly Democratic and Latino. Like her, he didn’t have much money and was spending down his retirement funds on the campaign. He was betting that his surname and party wouldn’t matter as much as the area’s crime and poverty and the empty warehouses that should have been turned into manufacturing plants with good jobs by the past three congressmen with Hispanic surnames—that his neighbors were fed up enough to vote for a white MAGA guy named Zink.
+
+Zink believed that his background as an NFL trainer and ordained Christian minister showed that he couldn’t be the racist some called him because of January 6. That day, he and his 32-year-old son, Ryan, had crossed police barriers and joined the crowd on the Capitol steps, though they hadn’t entered the building itself. Zink wasn’t charged, but Ryan—who had posted video on social media of himself cheering the mob as it stormed the doors—was [found guilty on three counts and faces up to 22 years](https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/texas-man-found-guilty-felony-and-misdemeanor-charges-related-jan-6-capitol-breach) in federal prison. Zink complained to me that a rigged court in Washington had convicted his son for exercising his First Amendment rights. He also believed that the 2020 presidential and 2022 state elections in Arizona [had been fraudulent](https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/elections/2023/12/30/this-candidate-congress-worked-discredited-az-election-audit/72040325007/), and he’d participated in “recounts” of both. Even his own congressional-race loss to Gallego in 2022, by a 77–23 margin, had left him suspicious. Nothing was on the level, evil was in control—but a heavenly God was watching, and soon America would be governed biblically by its true Christians of every color.
+
+Zink drove along Baseline Road, the main east-west drag through South Phoenix. He wanted to show me crime and decay, and it didn’t take long to find it. A fire truck with lights flashing was parked outside a Taco Bell in a shopping center. “I guarantee you we have a fentanyl overdose,” Zink said—but the man lying on the floor inside had only passed out drunk. The next stop was a tire shop in the same mall. Zink had already heard from the store manager that drug dealers and homeless people from a nearby encampment had broken in dozens of times.
+
+The manager, Jose Mendoza—lean, with a shaved head and a fringe of beard along his jawline, wearing his store uniform, jacket, and cap—seemed harassed. The local police force was understaffed, and he had to catch criminals himself and haul them down to the precinct. After a break-in at his house while his wife and kids were there, he had moved out to Buckeye. On the long commutes, he listened to news podcasts. Standing by the store counter, he had a lot to say to Zink.
+
+“My biggest thing, the reason I don’t like Trump, is because he politically divided the nation,” Mendoza said. “If he wins, I am leaving, I’m going back south, I’m selling everything I have and getting out of here. I am 100 percent serious, brother, because I’m not going to be put inside a camp like he threatened to do already. I’m not going to stand for any of my people being put inside of a camp.” Mendoza was furious that Trump had pardoned Joe Arpaio, who had treated Latinos like criminals for two decades.
+
+“Right,” Zink said. “These are the things where that division that has happened and—”
+
+“I don’t see Biden coming in here and getting the sheriffs to start profiling people,” Mendoza said.
+
+“Right, right.”
+
+The candidate kept trying to agree with Mendoza, and Mendoza kept showing that they disagreed. He ended the conversation in a mood of generalized disgust. “You know what? Get rid of both of ’em. Put somebody else,” he said. “Put Kennedy, shit, put somebody’s Labrador—I’ll vote for a Labrador before I’ll vote for any of those two guys.”
+
+Zink had neglected to tell Mendoza that he and his gun had just been at the border in Yuma with the anti-migrant God’s Army convoy. Or that the friend who’d first urged him to move to the Valley was one of Arpaio’s close aides. But back in his truck, Zink said, “My father told me this: ‘Until you’ve walked a mile in somebody’s shoes, you don’t know where they’re coming from.’ It’s going to take me a long time to listen to Jose, with all of the things that’s gone on.”
+
+A warmer reception awaited him from Dania Lopez. She owned a little shop that sold health shakes in the South Plaza mall, where her husband’s low-rider club gathered on weekends. She had been raised Democratic, but around 2020 she began to ask herself whether she agreed with what she’d watched all her life on Univision. She and her husband, an auto mechanic, opposed abortion, worried about undocumented immigrants bringing fentanyl across the border, and distrusted the notion of climate change (“It’s been hot here every year”). Their Christian values aligned more with the Republican Party, so they began listening to right-wing podcasts. But the decisive moment came on Election Day in 2020, when a voting machine twice rejected her husband’s ballot for Trump. The paper size seemed too large to fit.
+
+“If that happened to me, how many more people that happened to?” Lopez asked me in the back of her shop. “It really raised those red flags.” This procedural mistake was enough to make her believe that the 2020 election was rigged. Now there was a Zink for Congress sign in her store window. “I think that God has opened my eyes to be able to see something that I couldn’t see before.” A lot of her friends were making the same change.
+
+Lopez and her husband are part of a political migration among working-class Latino and Black voters, especially men. The trend might get Trump elected again this year. Biden’s margin of support among Black voters has [dropped by as much as 28 percent](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/05/us/elections/times-siena-poll-registered-voter-crosstabs.html) since 2020, and among Latino voters by as much as 32 percent, to nearly even with Trump’s. Attendance at the Turning Point USA convention was overwhelmingly white, but outside the center I met a Black woman from Goodyear, in a red America First jacket, named Christy Kelly. She was collecting signatures to get her name on the ballot for a seat on the state utility commission, in order to block renewable energy from causing rolling blackouts and soaring prices, she said. She called herself a “walkaway”—a defector from a family of longtime Democrats, and for the same reason as Dania Lopez: She was a conservative.
+
+I asked if she didn’t regard Trump as a bigot. “Absolutely not,” Kelly said cheerfully. “Trump has been one of the No. 1 names quoted in rap music going back to the ’80s, maybe the ’90s. Black people have loved Trump. Mike Tyson loved him.” Republicans just had to learn to speak with more sensitivity so they didn’t get automatically labeled racist.
+
+Kelly and Lopez defied the rules of identity politics. They could not be counted on to vote according to their race or ethnicity, just as Greene Placentia could not be counted on to vote according to her class. Whether or not we agreed, talking with these women made me somewhat hopeful. Identity is a pernicious form of political division, because its appeal is based on traits we don’t choose and can’t change. It’s inherently irrational, and therefore likely to lead to violence. Identity politicians—and Trump is one—don’t win elections with arguments about ideas, or by presenting a vision of a world more attractive than their opponent’s. They win by appealing to the solidarity of group identity, which has to be mobilized by whipping up fear and hatred of other groups.
+
+![photo of bearded man on side of street holding blue and red "Don't Blame Me I Voted for Trump" flag](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/382jT3zrBmOKMCKc4Waa80zuM94=/0x0:1728x1152/928x619/media/img/posts/2024/06/WEL_Packer_Valley_11/original.png)
+
+A homeless man named Roberto Delaney Francis Jesus Herrera in the no-man’s-land around the tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad (Ashley Gilbertson for *The Atlantic*)
+
+Unlike identities, ideas are open to persuasion, and persuasion depends on understanding and reaching other people. But when partisanship itself becomes a group identity, a tribal affiliation with markers as clear as Jeff Zink’s handgun, dividing us into mutually unintelligible blocs with incompatible realities, then the stakes of every election are existential, and it becomes hard to live together in the same country without killing one another.
+
+#### **9\. The Good Trump Voter**
+
+Bernadette Greene Placentia’s account of Trump voters wasn’t completely satisfying. Resentment of elites is a powerful motive in democratic politics, and so is the feeling—apparently universal among long-haul truckers—that the economy was better under Trump. But that disregards the moral and psychological cesspool himself: a bully, a liar, a bigot, a sexual assaulter, a cheat; crude, cruel, disloyal, vengeful, dictatorial, and so selfish that he tried to shatter American democracy rather than accept defeat. His supporters have to [ignore all of this, explain it away, or revel in displays of character](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2024/01/trump-2024-win-american-identity/676143/) that few of them would tolerate for a minute in their own children. Now they are trying to put him back in power. Beyond the reach of reason and even empathy, nearly half of my fellow citizens are unfathomable, including a few I personally like. The mystery of the good Trump voter troubled me.
+
+[From the January/February 2024 issue: Trump voters are America too](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2024/01/trump-2024-win-american-identity/676143/)
+
+Most people are better face-to-face than when performing online or in an anonymous crowd. At the Turning Point convention, where four days of rage and hatred spewed from the stage, everyone I spoke with, my media badge in full view, was friendly (other than 30 seconds of scorn from Charlie Kirk himself when I tried to interview him). Did this matter? I didn’t want to live in a country where politics polluted every cranny of life, where communication across battle lines was impossible. It was important to preserve some civic ties for the day after the apocalypse, yet the enormity of the threat made it hard to see any basis for them.
+
+A man was attending the convention with the pass of a friend who had recently lost his wife during the coronavirus pandemic. The friend had been invited to speak about the staggering losses of the pandemic and the reasons for them, but some days were still bad, and he had skipped the day’s session. His name was Kurtis Bay. I wanted to meet him.
+
+Bay lived in a gated subdivision in Mesa at the eastern edge of the Valley, three miles from Rusty Bowers. Bay’s house, like all the ones around it, was beige, stucco-walled, and tile-roofed, with a small desert yard. A Toyota Tacoma was parked in the driveway and an American flag hung from a pole on the garage wall. The rooms inside were covered in pictures of a middle-aged blond woman with a warm smile and, occasionally beside her, a man with the silvering goatee and easy, sun-reddened face of someone enjoying his late 50s with his wife.
+
+This was the man who greeted me in a half-zip windbreaker. But all the pleasure was gone from his blue eyes, and his voice easily broke, and the house felt empty with just him and his dog, Apollo, and an occasional visit from the housekeeper or the pool guy. His sons and grandsons couldn’t bear to come over since Tammy’s death, so Bay had to get in his truck to see them.
+
+He had come up in Washington State from next to nothing, deserted by his father, raised by his mother on food stamps in Section 8 housing, leaving home at 15 and boxing semi-pro. Though he never forgot the humiliations of poverty and the help of the state, his belief in personal responsibility—not rugged individualism—led him, in the binary choice, to vote Republican. Kurtis and Tammy married when they were in their early 20s and raised two boys in the Valley, while he ran a business selling fire and burglar alarms and started a nonprofit basketball program for disadvantaged youth that was later taken over by the Phoenix Suns. A generation or two ago, the Bay family might have been an ad for white bread, but one of the sons was gay and the other was married to a Black woman, and the two grandsons were growing up, Bay said, in a society where “they will never be white enough or Black enough.”
+
+These themes kept recurring with people I met in the Valley: mixed-race families, dislike of political extremes, distrust of power, the lingering damage of COVID.
+
+The coronavirus took Tammy’s mother in the early months of the pandemic. Kurtis and Tammy had moved back to Washington to be near her, but after her death they returned to the Valley, where their married son had just moved his family so that the boys could attend school in person. Kurtis and Tammy didn’t get vaccinated, not because they were anti-vax but because they’d already had COVID. “We are not anti-anything,” he said, “except anti-evil, anti-mean, anti-crime, anti-hate.”
+
+The year 2021 was golden for them: projects on the new house in Mesa, their sons and grandsons nearby, Kurtis retired and golfing, Tammy starting a business restoring furniture. “We got back to running around chasing each other naked, living our best life in the home of our dreams,” he said. “We’d witnessed the worst and seen the best. We were together 39 years.”
+
+Tammy came down with something after a large Christmas party at their son’s house. By early January 2022, she was so exhausted that she asked Kurtis to drive her to the nearest hospital. A COVID test came back negative, while chest X-rays showed pneumonia. Still, the doctors brought Tammy up to the COVID unit, where the staff were all wearing hazmat suits and next of kin were allowed to stay only an hour. The disorientation and helplessness of a complex emergency at a big hospital set in, nurses who didn’t know the patient’s name coming and going and a doctor with the obscure title “hospitalist” in charge, needing immediate answers for alarming decisions and insisting on treating a virus that Kurtis was adamant Tammy didn’t have. When he refused to leave her side, a nurse called security and he was physically escorted out, but not before he wrote on the room’s whiteboard: “No remdesivir, no high-flow oxygen, no sedation, no other procedures without my approval. Kurtis Bay.”
+
+To the hospital, Bay was a combative husband who was resisting treatment for his extremely sick wife. To Bay, the hospital was slowly killing his beloved and recently healthy wife with antiviral drugs and two spells on a ventilator. The ordeal lasted 15 days, until Tammy died of sepsis on January 20, 2022.
+
+Bay told me the story with fresh sorrow and lingering disbelief rather than rancor. “I have a lot of pain, but I’m not going to be that person that’s going to run around with a sandwich board and stand in front of the courthouse and scream, ‘You murdered my wife!’ ” He believed that federal agencies and insurance companies created incentives for hospitals to diagnose COVID and then follow rigid protocols. The tragedy fed his skepticism toward what he called the “managerial class”—the power elite in government bureaucracy, business, finance, and the media. The managerial class was necessary—the country couldn’t function without it—but it accumulated power by sowing conflict and chaos. Like the hospital’s doctors, members of the class weren’t individually vicious. “Yes, they are corrupt, but they’re more like AI,” Bay said. “It’s morphing all by itself. It’s incestuous—it breeds and breeds and breeds.” As for politicians, “I don’t think either political party gives a shit about the people”—a dictum I heard as often as the one about whiskey and water.
+
+Bay saw Trump as the only president who tried to disrupt the managerial class and empower ordinary citizens. Robert F. Kennedy Jr. would do it too, but voting for him would be throwing his vote away. If Trump loses this year, the managerial class will acquire more power and get into more wars, make the border more porous, hurt the economy by installing DEI algorithms in more corporations. “I’ll vote for Trump,” Bay said, “but that’s, like, the last thing I think about in terms of how I’m going to impact my neighbor, my friend, my society.” Everyone wanted clean air, clean water, opportunity for all to make money and raise a family. If the extremes would stop demonizing each other and fighting over trivia, then the country could come together and solve its immense problems—poverty, homelessness …
+
+I listened, half-agreeing about the managerial class, still wondering how a man who dearly loved his multiracial family and cared about young people on the margins and called his late wife “the face of God on this Earth” could embrace Trump. So I asked. Bay replied that good people had done bad things on January 6 but not at Trump’s bidding, and he might have gone himself if the timing had been different; that he didn’t look to the president for moral guidance in raising children or running a business; that he’d easily take “grab her by the whatever” from a president who would end the border problem and stop funding wars. All of this left the question unanswered, and maybe it was unanswerable, and I found myself looking away from his watery eyes to the smiling woman in the large framed picture behind his left shoulder.
+
+“There are no good days,” Bay said.
+
+#### **10\. Dry Wells**
+
+In the spring of 2023, Governor Hobbs [convened an advisory council](https://www.azwater.gov/gwpc) to find solutions to the two parts of the water problem: how to allow urban areas to keep growing without using more groundwater, and how to prevent rural basins from running out of water altogether. The council began to meet in Room 3175 at the Arizona Department of Water Resources, two blocks north of the homeless compound in the heat zone, and a dozen blocks west of the convention center’s noise and smoke machines. Around a long horseshoe table sat every interested party: farmers, builders, tribal leaders, politicians, environmentalists, experts, and the state’s top water officials. The Salt River Project was there; so were Kathleen Ferris and Sarah Porter; so was Stephen Roe Lewis, the leader of the Gila River Indian Community, who had [secured federal funding to install experimental solar panels](https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-nearly-6-million-innovative-solar-panel) over the tribe’s canals to conserve water and power. At one end of the table, frown lines extending from the corners of her mouth, sat Gail Griffin, the diminutive and stubborn 80-year-old Republican chair of the House committee on natural resources. Rusty Bowers, working as a lobbyist for the water company EPCOR, listened from the back of the room.
+
+![photo of side view of man in glasses with long dark ponytail wearing blue blazer with dry grasses and mountain ridge in background](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/xBJ4sCvtmHHRyf4QPuCaVqXlJ8E=/0x0:2039x1359/928x619/media/img/posts/2024/06/WEL_Packer_Valley_12/original.png)
+
+Stephen Roe Lewis, the leader of the Gila River Indian Community. After years of litigation, the community now controls large amounts of water. (Ashley Gilbertson for *The Atlantic*)
+
+They studied documents and took turns asking questions, challenging proposals, seeking consensus on the Rubik’s Cube of water. They had until the end of the year. Maybe it was the heat, but I began to think of Room 3175 as one of the places where the fate of our civilization would be decided. These people had to listen to one another, but that didn’t guarantee any agreement. Developers remained unhappy with the governor’s halt to building on groundwater in the Valley’s edge towns, like Buckeye. In October, two women quit the council, complaining that farm interests were going unheard. They were replaced by a farmer named Ed Curry, who grew chili peppers down in Cochise County.
+
+Cochise interested me. It is one of the most conservative counties in Arizona. Last November, two county supervisors were [indicted for refusing to validate votes](https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/elections/2023/11/29/cochise-county-supervisors-charged-with-election-interference/71742834007/) without a hand count and delaying certification of the 2022 midterms, which elected Hobbs governor over Kari Lake. Cochise was also the county most threatened by the depletion of groundwater. Its Willcox Basin had [lost more than 1 trillion gallons since 1990](https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2023-12/2023_WillcoxBasin.pdf), at least three times the amount of water restored by rain or snowmelt, and the water table was now below the reach of the average well. Cochise was where you saw a road sign that said Earth Fissures Possible.
+
+The convergence of these two extremes—MAGA politics and disappearing water—made for unusual alignments in rural Arizona. As the Lions of Liberty told me at Turning Point’s convention, water didn’t divide strictly red and blue—the issue was more local. Rural groundwater in Arizona was left unregulated by the 1980 law, and around the state, some conservative county supervisors whose constituents’ wells had gone dry were urging the legislature to impose rules. In some places, the crisis pitted homesteaders against large agribusinesses, or a retiree against a neighboring farmer, with Republicans on both sides. I sometimes thought the problem could be solved as long as Turning Point never hears about it.
+
+Cochise County is a three-hour drive southeast from Phoenix. Its flat expanse of land ends at distant ranges made of rock formations in fantastic shapes. The Willcox Basin has a sparse population and little in the way of jobs other than farming. In the past few years, retirees and young pioneers looking to live off the grid have begun moving to Cochise. So have agricultural businesses—wineries, large pecan and pistachio growers from California, and Riverview, a [giant Minnesota cattle operation with some 100,000 heifers](https://www.hcn.org/issues/53-8/agriculture-a-mega-dairy-is-transforming-arizonas-aquifer-and-farming-lifestyles/), known locally as the Dairy. The Willcox Basin has no reservoirs or canals; almost all of the available water lies hundreds of feet below the dry ground. The Dairy [drilled more than 100 wells, some 2,500 feet deep](https://www.myheraldreview.com/news/a-mega-dairy-and-a-dwindling-aquifer-in-willcox/article_1eb7f652-54bf-11ee-9fd9-77706bee033f.html), to suck out groundwater and irrigate 40,000 acres of corn and wheat, heavy water-use crops, to raise the heifers before shipping them back north for milking. Cochise County simply provided the water, for free. Ferris predicted how the story would end: “The water will dry up and Riverview will leave town and take their cows and go. And all the people that love it down there because it’s so gorgeous are going to run out of water.”
+
+Last July, a retired construction worker from Seattle named Traci Page, who had 40 acres near the Dairy, turned on her tap to wash the dishes and got a lukewarm brown stream. Her well had gone dry. In a panic, she called the Dairy and was offered a 3,000-gallon tank so she could replace her well with expensive hauled water. “Thanks,” she said, “but will you please deepen my well? You’re out here drilling these holes.” Page’s state representative was Gail Griffin, from the governor’s advisory council—a devout believer in property rights and an adamant opponent of regulation. Griffin never replied to her appeals. Page ended up selling her tractor to cover part of the $16,000 it cost to have her well deepened.
+
+“During this dry-up, I feel like I’m sprinting up a gravel hill and it’s giving way under my feet. I can’t get ahead,” Page told me. “And this economy, and the corruption on both sides, and the corrupt corporations coming in here—can we just catch a break? Can you stop a minute so we can breathe?”
+
+The sinking aquifer and relentless pumping by agribusiness led some locals to put an initiative on the ballot in 2022 that would have required the state to regulate groundwater in the Willcox Basin much as it did in the Phoenix area. The initiative set neighbor against neighbor, just like the water cutoff in Rio Verde, with rumors and falsehoods flying on Facebook and the Farm Bureau advertising heavily against it. A retired feed-store owner named Lloyd Glenn, whose well had dropped sharply, supported the initiative and found himself on the opposite side of most people he knew. “I guess I’m not a good Republican anymore,” he told me.
+
+“That’s the thing—they’ve gone a bit radical,” his wife, Lisa, a retired schoolteacher, said. “It’s lent itself to the disbelief. We can’t get the same information and facts.” She added, “And Gail Griffin has not let anything come forward in 10 years. She shuts down legislation and is thick as thieves with the Farm Bureau. If the water goes, there will be no more life here.”
+
+The initiative was overwhelmingly defeated. I talked with several farmers who argued that it was appropriate for an urbanizing area like the Valley but not for the hinterlands. One of them was Ed Curry.
+
+His 2,000-acre farm has sat alongside Highway 191 for 43 years. Curry was 67, white-haired and nearly deaf in one ear, a religious conservative and an agricultural innovator. His farm produced 90 percent of the world’s green-chili seed and experimented with new genetic strains all the time, including one that had signs of success in arresting Alzheimer’s. To save water, Curry used drip irrigation and planted 300 acres of rosemary. He wanted to hand the farm down to his kids and grandkids, and that meant finding ways to use less water.
+
+Curry was always hugging people and saying he loved them, and one person he loved was Gail Griffin. They had a special relationship that went back 30 years, to an incident at a community musical program in a local public school, where Curry told a story about Sir Isaac Newton that seemed to insist on the existence of a Creator. When the local “witchcraft group” called the American Civil Liberties Union on him, he told me, Griffin contacted a lawyer from the Christian Coalition in Washington and rescued him, and ever since then Curry had put up Griffin signs at election time. But he hated the labeling and demonizing by the right and the left. In Sunday school, he taught the kids that “the ills of society are because we’ve forgotten we belong to each other.”
+
+When the governor’s water advisers asked Curry to join the council in November, he took the chance, and went up to Phoenix to meet with the people in Room 3175 and try to work something out. As a farmer who practiced sustainability, who understood property rights but also obligations to your neighbors, he believed that he could reach both sides, including his old friend Griffin. “Guys, we can’t get nothin’ done, because we got the far right over here scared of the far left,” Curry told the governor’s people. “It’s all this new sexual revolution of the transgender stuff. Country people deal with cows, bulls—we know better than all this crap. God didn’t make us goofy. So you’ve got the far right taking this stand against the far left because they see ’em as way out there. And yet the far left says the far right are a bunch of bigots. None of that affects this water deal—none of it! Doesn’t matter.”
+
+On my way back to Phoenix from Curry’s farm, I stopped in the town of Willcox to see Peggy Judd, one of the county supervisors indicted for election interference. By then it was dark, and the front door opened into the small living room of a very small house decorated for Christmas. Judd sat on the sofa, a heavyset woman with flat hair and a tired smile. Her husband, Kit, who had bone cancer, lay under a blanket in a recliner, wearing a Trump cap and taking Vicodin. He was a mechanic and had once installed Curry’s irrigation engines.
+
+I sat beside Peggy on the sofa and we talked about water. She had opposed the initiative, but she had come to realize the urgency of acting to save the county’s groundwater. Griffin, with whom she’d once been close, for a time stopped talking to her. “Representative Griffin wants water to be free. We can’t fix that. She is a private-property-rights, real-estate-broker person, and her brain cannot be fixed.”
+
+In Arizona, I hoped for surprises that would break down the hardened lines of politics, and here was one. Gail Griffin, a traditional conservative, remained an immovable champion of the farm lobby, but Peggy, a MAGA diehard, wanted action on water because her neighbors’ wells were going dry. In this one case, partisanship mattered less than facts. Disinformation and conspiratorial thinking had no answer for a dry well.
+
+![photo of aerial view of valley at dawn or dusk with light reflecting off the river running through it](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/k9GGhdp8YwsYOZKxlO-4YEAQlII=/0x0:1995x2900/655x952/media/img/posts/2024/06/WEL_Packer_Valley_13/original.png)
+
+A branch of the Salt River just south of the Theodore Roosevelt Dam, northeast of Phoenix (Ashley Gilbertson for *The Atlantic*)
+
+We talked for an hour, and the whole time, the threat of prison hung in the room unmentioned. Suddenly Peggy brought up politics. She had loved being a county supervisor, passing budgets, solving local problems—until COVID. “It wasn’t political ’til then,” she said, when mask mandates and vaccines set people against one another.
+
+“COVID flipped us upside down,” Kit said in a faint, throaty voice. “People don’t know how to act anymore.”
+
+Peggy had driven with her daughter and grandkids to Washington for January 6, to let the president know how much they loved him and would miss him. It was a beautiful day of patriotic songs and prayer, but they got cold and headed for the Metro before things turned ugly. Then came the midterm election of 2022, when she ignored the Cochise County attorney’s opinion and refused to validate the votes without a hand count. She told me that she just wanted to help her constituents get over their suspicion of the voting machines: “I’m surprised I’m being indicted, because I was election-denier lite.”
+
+She didn’t consider that she was part of a wider effort, going back to that beautiful, patriotic day in Washington, to abuse the public trust and take away her fellow citizens’ votes. In three days she would be arraigned in Phoenix.
+
+Peggy had received a lot of ugly messages. She played a voicemail that she’d saved on her phone. “You’re a fat, ignorant cunt. You’re a disgrace and embarrassment to this country,” said a man’s voice. “At least you’re old as fuck and just look unhealthy as hell and hopefully nature wipes you off this planet soon. From a true American patriot. Worthless, ignorant scum of the planet … All because of you fucking scumbags on the right just don’t understand that you’re too psychologically weak and damaged to realize that you are acting against this country … Again, from a true American patriot, you fucking fat cunt.”
+
+Peggy wiped away tears. A week ago, she said, she had woken up at four in the morning and couldn’t face another day as county chair, because of the comments that came her way at public meetings. Then she made some fudge and ate it off the spoon and felt better. She texted a woman out east who worked for Mike Lindell, the right-wing pillow salesman, who was going to help pay Peggy’s legal bills. “I’m miserable,” she told the woman. “Things are not going to be okay. I don’t even know if I can go to work today.” But she made herself drive down to the county seat.
+
+When she returned home that evening, a sheriff’s sergeant was waiting at her house. Someone had reported comments Peggy made while waiting to be fingerprinted at the county jail. A suicide-prevention lady gave Peggy a little pamphlet that she now took with her everywhere. She had learned a lesson: If you feel like you’re going to kill yourself, tell someone.
+
+“I pray, I pray that Trump comes back,” Kit moaned from the recliner. “There’ll be nothing left of this country if we have to go through another bout of the Democrats.” He had just two months to live.
+
+“There, see, you want to know why we’re divided?” Peggy said to me. “Because people that believe that believe *that*. And people that believe the opposite believe *that*. It’s all in their heart.”
+
+I had the sense that she would have talked until midnight. But it was getting late, and I didn’t want to feel any sorrier for her than I already did, so I drove back to Phoenix with a plate of Peggy’s Christmas cookies.
+
+#### **11\. Epilogue**
+
+“I’m going to do something weird,” Rusty Bowers said. Seated at the wheel of his truck in his dirt driveway, he uttered a short prayer for our safety. Then we drove out of the Valley east into the Sierra Ancha mountains.
+
+The [fire that took his ranch and studio](https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2021/06/08/telegraph-fire-destroys-family-cabin-arizona-house-speaker-rusty-bowers/7605077002/) had burned over the escarpment and left behind the charred stumps of oak trees. The air tankers’ slurry spray had just missed his house, and most of the nearby forest was gone. But a stand of ponderosa pines had survived, and the hillsides were already coming back green with manzanita shrubs and mountain mahogany. Up here, the Salt River was a narrow stream flowing through a red canyon. From the remains of the ranch, we climbed the switchbacks of a muddy road to almost 8,000 feet. On Aztec Peak, we could see across to the Superstition range and over a ridge down into Roosevelt Lake, cloud-covered, holding the water of the Salt River Project. The Valley that it fed was hidden from view.
+
+It was just before Christmas, the start of the desert winter. A few weeks earlier, the governor’s water council had released its recommendations: Where rural groundwater was disappearing, the state should regulate its use, while giving each local basin a say in the rules’ design. Ed Curry, the chili farmer, considered this a reasonable approach, but he was unable to move Gail Griffin, who blocked the council’s bill in her House committee and instead proposed a different bill that largely left the status quo in place. The logic of partisanship gave Griffin full Republican support, but Curry warned that she was losing touch with her constituents, including some farmers. “We’re two friends in desperate disagreement about water,” he told me. In February, 200 people—including Traci Page, whose well had gone dry—[crowded a community meeting near Curry’s farm](https://www.myheraldreview.com/news/cochise_county/mayes-hears-concerns-from-residents-in-thirsty-willcox-and-douglas-basin/article_e9ead10c-d58c-11ee-874d-bfb1e7b48ae9.html). Many of those who spoke described themselves as conservatives, but they denounced the Dairy’s irresponsible pumping, the state’s inaction, and Griffin herself, who was in the room and appeared shaken by their anger. Groundwater continued to disappear much faster than it could be restored, but something was changing in people’s minds, the wellsprings of democracy.
+
+Peggy Judd’s voicemail had reminded me of the abuse directed at Bowers from the other extreme. As he drove, I asked what he thought of her. “Zealously desirous to follow the cause, but not willfully desirous,” he said, distinguishing between true believers like Judd and power-hungry manipulators, like Charlie Kirk, “cloaked in Christian virtue and ‘We’re going to save America.’ And that is a very dangerous thing.” He went on, “You will push her into the cell and then use her as a pawn for fundraising.” Bowers believed that Satan seared consciences with hate like a hot iron until people became incapable of feeling goodness. He also believed that faith led to action, and action led to change—“even if it’s just in your character. You may not be able to change the world. You may not be able to change a forest fire. But you can act. You can choose: *I will act now*.”
+
+Bowers wanted to show me a ranch that he was fantasizing about buying. We drove on a forested mountain road that ran along a stream and came to a metal barrier. On the other side, in an opening of pine trees, was a small meadow of yellow grass, an apple orchard, and a red cabin with a rusted roof and a windmill. In the sunlight, it looked like the setting of a fairy tale, beautiful and abandoned.
+
+“Hellooo!” Bowers called three times, but no one answered.
+
+He had an idea for what to do with the ranch if he bought it. He would build a camp for kids in the Valley—kids of all backgrounds, ethnicities, religions, but especially ones with hard lives. They would leave their phones behind and come up here in the mountains with proper chaperoning—no cussing or spitting—and learn how to make a bivouac, cook for themselves, and sit around the campfire and talk. The talking would be the main point. They would discuss water and land use, the environment, “all the things that could afflict us today.” It would be a kind of training in civil discourse.
+
+“Point being, division has to be bridged in order to keep us together as a country,” Bowers said. “One at a time. That’s why you get a little camp. Can I save all the starfish after a storm? No. But I can save this little starfish.”
+
+We got in the truck and started the drive back down to the Valley. It was late afternoon. We’d been alone in the mountains all day, and I’d forgotten about the 5 million people just west of us. It had been a relief to be away from them all—the strip malls, the air-conditioned traffic, the swimming-pool subdivisions, the half-built factories, the pavement people in the heat zone, COVID and January 6, the believers and grifters, the endless fights in empty language over elections and migrants and schools and everything else. But now I realized that I was ready to go back. That was our civilization down in the Valley, the only one we had. Better for it to be there than gone.
+
+---
+
+*This article originally misstated the amount of water held in the Salt River Project’s lakes. It appears in the [July/August 2024](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/toc/2024/07/) print edition with the headline “The Valley.”*
+
+&emsp;
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-&emsp;
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-# Piecing Together My Father’s Murder
-
-
-When my older sister, G, was a child, she bought a pet chick from a street vender near our family’s home in Ankara, Turkey. The bird had a pale-yellow coat and tiny, vigilant eyes. G would place him on her shoulder and listen to him cheep into her ear. But he soon grew into a rooster, shedding feathers and shitting on the furniture, so our grandfather had a housekeeper take him home to kill for dinner. In a school essay, my sister described this experience as her “first confrontation with death.”
-
-I wrote my own essay about the chick many years later, for a high-school English class. The assignment was to interview relatives and retell a “family legend.” G’s tale, which she repeated often, hinted at a strange, wondrous chapter of our past, before our parents immigrated to the United States and had me. I read G questions from a how-to handout on oral history, relishing the excuse to pry. But there was another encounter with death that I didn’t dare ask about, an untold story that involved the two of us. One night in August of 1999, on a summer trip back to Ankara, our dad was murdered. G was twelve and I was three. We were both there when it happened, along with our mom, but I was too young to remember.
-
-The Turkish language has a dedicated tense, sometimes called the “heard past,” for events that one has been told about but hasn’t witnessed. It’s formed with the suffix “*‑miş*,” whose pronunciation rhymes—aptly, I’ve always thought—with the English syllable “-ish.” The heard past turns up in gossip and folklore, and, as the novelist Orhan Pamuk has written, it’s the tense that Turks use to evoke life’s earliest experiences—“our cradles, our baby carriages, our first steps, all as reported by our parents.” Revisiting these moments can elicit what he calls “a sensation as sweet as seeing ourselves in our dreams.” For me, though, the heard past made literal the distance between my family’s tragedy and my ignorance of it. My dad’s murder was as fundamental and as unknowable as my own birth. My grief had the clumsy fit of a hand-me-down.
-
-As far as I can recall, no one in the family explained his death to me. My mom considered my obliviousness a blessing. “He’s a normal boy,” she’d tell people. From a young age, I tried to assemble the story bit by bit, scrounging for information and writing it down. But G always seemed protective of her recollections from that night and skeptical of my self-appointed role as family scribe. She, too, had written about our dad over the years, and she’d point to the chick story as an early sign of my tendency to cannibalize her experiences. We’d quibble over the specifics—had my writing filched details from hers?—but to me it was an epistemological problem. I wanted what she had, which was firsthand access to the defining tragedy of our lives.
-
-I can summon a single brief scene from what I believe to be the night of the crime. Some adult has lifted me onto a bed next to a window and left the room. There are flashes outside, bright red and blue, which look to me like light-up sneakers.
-
-We returned from Turkey with our original plane tickets, one of them unused. Back home, in Massachusetts, my mom had G and me sleep in her bed, barricading the door with a wooden dresser. In time, though, she did her best to project an air of normalcy, worrying that our misfortune would prime others to see us as vulnerable foreigners. “It’s as if we are stained,” she would say. Every fall, she’d contact our teachers before the student directory showed up in the mail, to make sure that no one removed our dad’s name from our listing. On her advice, I let people assume that he had died of an illness. When relatives called from Ankara, she would hand me the receiver and have me recite one of the few Turkish phrases I knew: “*Iyiyim*”—“I’m fine.” Alone in her bedroom, however, she’d cry out, “Why?” In a note to a school counsellor, several years after my dad’s death, she admitted, “Although I am trying my best, our home has not been a joyful place.”
-
-After school, I’d sneak into her closet, where the shape of my dad still hung from wire hangers, emanating a gentle, smoky scent. I’d run my nails down his neckties and reach into the pockets of his tweed blazers, pulling out a miniature Quran or his keys to our old Ford. There was a business card for the local Quick Cuts and Turkish lira bills in preposterous denominations—ten million, twenty million—from the time before the government slashed six zeros from the currency. Before bed, my mom and I sometimes read from a picture book about the life of the Prophet Muhammad, whose father had died before his birth. Because Islam forbids depictions of the Prophet, the illustrations hid his figure behind a shimmering foil silhouette, a golden void that reminded me of the chalk outlines scrawled around corpses in cop shows.
-
-Much of what I knew about my dad I learned on the Internet. When I typed his name into Google, the first suggested search term was “*cinayet*,” which an online dictionary informed me was the Turkish word for “murder.” A short obituary in the Boston *Globe* noted only that he’d died, on vacation in Ankara, “at the hands of an intruder.” The phrasing seemed to me strangely intimate, as though someone had suffocated him in a tender embrace. Like my mom, he’d been a professor of chemical engineering. He was eulogized in one scientific journal as “warm and decent,” with an “easygoing, modest, and upbeat personality.” He sounded nothing like me, an odd, caustic child who preferred horror movies to Saturday-morning cartoons. When my mom drove us around, I made a point of leaving my seat belt unbuckled; in the event of a deadly crash, I didn’t want to be left behind.
-
-Someone had given my mom a copy of “The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Sourcebook,” which, she explained doubtfully, was supposed to help her turn back into the person she’d been before my dad’s death. I’d seen this person in old photos, a long-haired woman sipping Coke from glass bottles by the Aegean Sea, but she was unfamiliar to me. I remember thinking that I hadn’t been much of anyone before my dad’s death. There was no self to recover, no past to reclaim. My first and only memories of him overlapped with everyone else’s last.
-
-One weekend when I was nine or ten, I switched on the family computer while my mom took a phone call in the next room. As long as she was on the landline, I couldn’t access the dial-up, so I found myself browsing documents on the computer’s desktop. In a folder of G’s homework assignments was a file titled “dad.doc.” In it, she described our father as a steady, soothing presence. “He faced even the gravest situation with a covert, wise chuckle,” she wrote.
-
-With a tingling sense of trespass, I opened the next file, a short story by G. It was narrated by a young girl babysitting her little brother while their mother, a widow, runs errands. The girl describes her brother as “complacent and unaware in his youth,” adding, “to him our father was probably just a fuzzy picture in the papers or a glossy portrait over the dining room table.” I closed that document and opened another, which appeared to be an application essay. I stopped when I got to these sentences: “A thief broke into our apartment in the middle of the night and shot my father. He was killed instantly.” Overcome by the violence of this image, I hit the switch on the power strip, and the screen went black. I rushed out of the room and into my mom’s arms. It was the first time that I remember crying about my dad.
-
-Besides one of my mom’s cousins, who’d married an American Air Force pilot, all our family lived abroad. Sometimes when I misbehaved, my mom would talk about moving us back to Turkey. We spent what seemed like entire summers at my grandfather’s apartment in the bleary heat of Ankara, where I wasn’t supposed to consume tap water or street food. Walking with my mom through Kızılay Square, I’d watch venders churn goat’s-milk ice cream behind wheeled stalls, plunging long spoons into metal vats with the rhythmic discipline of oarsmen.
-
-At some point on every trip, a yellow cab took us to visit my parents’ old apartment, which had remained in the family. I guessed that it was the site of the crime because, once inside, my mom and G shut themselves in the bedrooms to cry. Since I couldn’t cry, I’d wait on the balcony, which left my bare feet black with dust, or in the living room, where there were still bullet holes in the upholstery and Berenstain Bears books on the coffee table. In one, Sister Bear wakes up screaming after seeing a scary movie and scurries to her parents’ room for reassurance. “You must have had a nightmare,” Papa Bear tells her. In college, G published an essay about the “ambivalent nostalgia” of visiting that apartment. When she was little, she wrote, the sounds of prayer and the scents of neighborhood cooking had drifted in from the street. Now those fond memories jostled with ones “of violent struggle, the ring of gunshots, the crash of breaking windows.”
-
-Like many immigrant parents, our mom considered writing to be an unremunerative indulgence. Throughout my childhood, she tried to nudge me toward the sciences. On weekends, we conducted experiments with litmus strips from her lab, dipping them into milk or Windex and watching the paper change shades. She gave me a grid-ruled notebook to record the results, but I perverted it into a journal. In diary entries and English essays, I told the story of my dad’s death, or what I’d heard of it, again and again. Was I trying to dignify our shame and suffering? To reclaim the voice so often denied to survivors of violence? I could trot out answers from the trauma literature, but the reality was both more selfish and more desperate. Recounting the story was the only way of writing myself in.
-
-The day I left for college, I dug up the oral-history handout that I’d used to interview G about the chick and asked my mom directly about the murder. “Remember that you’re an interested relative, not a hard-nosed reporter,” the handout said. We sat together in the living room, on our old patterned couch. She told me that she’d selected it with my dad before his last trip to Turkey but that he hadn’t lived to see it delivered. To ease her into the act of reminiscence, I brought up a memory from Ankara that I’d never managed to slot into the time line of childhood. A cousin, my dad’s niece, was babysitting me. Maybe I was five. I insisted on baking something, and she deemed the result inedible.
-
-“That must have been during the trial,” my mom said. “I left you with her because she spoke the most English.” She’d left G in Massachusetts, to spare her the stress of testifying, but with me there was no such concern. “You were too young to be a *şahit*,” my mom explained, using the Turkish word for “witness.”
-
-“Did you tell me why we were there?” I asked.
-
-“What was I going to say? Someone had come into the house and shot your father? It would have been very awkward, and the psychologists said, ‘Don’t.’ ”
-
-For a while, she told me, I didn’t understand that he’d died. When friends called to offer condolences, I’d rush to the phone and answer, “Daddy?” My mom felt as though God had betrayed her. “I was told that if you didn’t hurt anyone, if you didn’t cheat or steal, then you would be protected from something so awful,” she said. “I was angry at my parents for tricking me.” She recalled wearing sunglasses to the trial, so that she wouldn’t have to meet the suspect’s eyes. After shooting my dad, the man had threatened to kill her, too, using the Turkish verb *yakmak*, literally “to burn.” Repeating his words, my mom started to weep, and I felt too guilty to ask anything else. “Don’t push for answers,” the handout said. “*TO BE CONTINUED*,” I wrote in my journal. But it was several years before we spoke of the murder again.
-
-In the documentary “Tell Me Who I Am,” from 2019, middle-aged British twins named Alex and Marcus Lewis consider the rift that developed between them after Alex lost his memory in a motorcycle accident at the age of eighteen. For years, as he worked to fill in the “black empty space” of his youth, his brother hid the horrific abuse that they’d both endured as children. The film recounts Alex’s efforts to extract the truth from Marcus, who fears that any disclosures would be unbearable for them both. “We’re linked together,” Alex explains. “Yet we have this unbelievable separation of silence.”
-
-When I was a child, the age gap between G and me made her a somewhat remote figure. In my memories, she’s doing homework behind the closed door of her bedroom, or driving us to school, with No Doubt on the stereo and me in the back seat. I remember her joking that by the time I had a personality she was already out of the house. As she attended college, then law school, we spoke mostly by e-mail and text message. We first discussed the night of our dad’s death when I was eighteen or nineteen. I had asked to meet at a pub, so that I could test out a fake I.D. “Do you remember that night?” she asked me. “I took you, and we hid in a closet.” She said that she wasn’t certain the police had got the right guy.
-
-The gulf between us exposed itself sporadically. “I like scary movies,” G once said, trying to relate to my interests. But when she joined me to see “The Babadook,” a supernatural horror film about a single mother haunted by grief, she sobbed so hard that we stayed in our seats until long after the theatre had cleared. G encouraged me to send her my writing, but she bristled at my attempts to narrate our dad’s death. Sometimes her recollections contradicted our mom’s. I’d never rushed to the phone and answered, “Daddy?,” she said. When I imagined our mom “clutching her dying husband,” G told me, “You’re lying about Dad. That’s not how it happened.” I once tried writing a passage from his point of view; G said she found it exploitative. “I so liked the rest of your piece, told from your perspective, since that is genuine and truly your story to tell,” she added. Other details made her feel “mildly plagiarized.”
-
-I felt caught in a peculiar quandary. If I repeated details that G had already written down, was I relying on a primary source or appropriating what my peers in creative-writing workshops would call her “lived experience”? The tautology maddened me. I had lived the experience, too, yet I felt like either a mimic, reciting my family’s recollections, or a fabulist, mistaking my imagination for fact. My ignorance isolated me from G and our mom. I had a sense that I was hammering on a bolted door, begging them to admit me to an awful place. And why would I want to get in? Well, because they were there.
-
-When I was in college, G called to say that she’d seen new photographs from the night of the crime. One of our great-uncles had archived old news clippings about the murder and forgotten to wipe the scans from a flash drive of family snapshots that he gave her. Back in the U.S., she opened the files expecting baby pictures and instead found an article displaying an image of our dad’s body. “Mom has one, too,” G said of the flash drive. “Have you seen the picture?” There was no reason I would have, so the question struck me as a taunt, another reminder that the facts of the murder remained out of my reach.
-
-After we hung up, I booked a bus ticket home for the weekend. On Saturday, while my mom was at the supermarket, I searched for the drive on her desk and dresser, in her handbag and coat pockets, but found nothing. I was on my best behavior the next morning, rinsing and recycling the plastic cups of yogurt which I’d otherwise have tossed in the trash. As I left, I said casually that G had mentioned some family photographs. I was suspicious when my mom handed over a flash drive, as though she’d anticipated my request, and then enraged when, on the bus back to campus, I opened every file and realized that she’d removed the scans from the crime scene. What remained were quirky relics, like a black-and-white photograph of my dad as a little boy, wearing a fez after his circumcision ceremony.
-
-I called my mom to confront her. “All I am trying to do is to protect you,” she told me. “I couldn’t protect you that night.” Eventually, she offered to show me the materials, but only under her supervision, a plan that she said she’d come up with after consulting two psychologists. I rejected the idea and resorted to petulance, blocking my mom’s phone number until she e-mailed me the scans. They came through at such magnified dimensions that I had to scroll left and right several times to see them.
-
-The article that G had referred to was published soon after our dad’s death, in a tabloid called the *Star Gazetesi*. Because the text was in Turkish, all I could take in at first were three color photos. The largest showed a plainclothes policeman escorting G down a dark sidewalk outside the apartment. She was wearing rainbow-strapped sandals and had her eyes squeezed shut. In the second picture, my mom raised her arms to shield her face from the photographers. In the smallest image, set just beneath the headline, my dad’s corpse lay prone on the floor, with his face buried in the bloodied fabric of a woven rug. A box of red text bore the words “*BU HABER TELEVİZYONDA YOK*,” simple enough for me to parse without a dictionary: “You won’t see this news on television.”
-
-A college friend who’d lost his father introduced me to an Emily Dickinson poem about pain’s capacity to conceal itself, so that “Memory can step / Around—across—upon it.” Looking at the picture of my dad, I felt no pain. I felt estranged and ashamed of my estrangement, as though I were seeing someone else’s father. Perhaps the spats with my sister had led me to internalize her resentment: to feel too much would be to take something that wasn’t mine. I wondered what kind of rug, precisely, was beneath my dad’s body. I’d need the detail later if I wrote about the scene.
-
-The tabloid photographs excluded two key characters, the killer and me. We were twins in our omission. According to the article, the police had pulled a suspect’s fingerprints from the railing of our apartment’s balcony. Witnesses said they’d seen a stocky, brown-haired man fleeing the building. The media was calling him “the balcony burglar,” although he hadn’t stolen anything from us. He’d escaped, which explained his absence, but where was I? If the photographers had focussed their attention below eye level, would they have found a three-year-old trailing behind?
-
-The older I got, the more I sensed that I’d surrendered the right to grieve or rage. I wanted to collect on those emotions. When I came home from college, I’d round up crafts that my mom had saved from my childhood and smash them on the back porch. In my apartment, I’d sprawl face down on the floor of the shower, trying to imagine what my dad had felt as he’d lain there with life clinging to him. If people asked where he was or what he did for a living, I’d say flatly, “He was murdered in a home invasion,” and watch their faces change.
-
-Before my senior year, I made arrangements to visit Ankara and research the crime myself. With the help of an American journalist who’d worked in Turkey, I contacted a local researcher, who planned to track down police reports and court transcripts ahead of my arrival. Not long before my flight, though, the researcher informed me that he’d been unsuccessful, because my dad had died before such records were reliably digitized. “The file is in the archive but has no reference number,” he said.
-
-It was a bad time to go searching for facts in Turkey. Journalists were being imprisoned. The authorities had blocked access to Wikipedia. When my mom learned what I was up to, she warned me that I could get myself arrested. Then she booked her own flight to Ankara. I had envisioned a risky mission during which I’d become a man in a distant land. I ended up in a hotel room with my mom, who reminded me each night to bolt the door and wear my retainer. “Your father died, he died, he is dead,” she’d say in the dark, as we lay in adjacent twin beds. “Will you spend your life doing this?”
-
-We argued daily about our itinerary. I had fantasized about visiting the prison where the killer was incarcerated, two hundred kilometres from Ankara, and speaking with him face to face. My mom fobbed me off with wistful trips around the city. We went to my dad’s elementary school, where modern Turkey’s founder, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, was memorialized in the foyer, and to the university where my dad had taught. “I don’t want murder to define him,” my mom said. His former students, now professors themselves, told me stories about his polished shoes and his collection of Charlie Brown comics. When they heard about my interest in meeting the killer, they reacted as though I’d suggested exhuming the body.
-
-My mom set up an appointment with the lawyer who’d represented our family during the trial. He was a neighbor who’d been sleeping in his own apartment, several stories above ours, when his wife awoke him to say that Hasan Orbey had been shot. Greeting us at his office, the lawyer shook my hand and kissed my mom on each cheek. He told us that any request for an audience with the killer would be at best denied—the prison was closed to most visitors—and at worst interpreted as a threat of revenge. To prove it, he called a prosecutor friend. I heard only his side of the conversation, which my mom translated from Turkish in a whisper. “I told him the same thing, but he grew up in America, in different circumstances,” the lawyer said. He looked at me the way a cashier might examine a troublesome customer. “Yes,” he repeated. “America.”
-
-“What would you even say?” my mom asked me once he’d hung up the phone. “Imagine the man is sitting there.” She pointed to an empty chair beside us.
-
-“No, no,” the lawyer said. He gestured to suggest a partition. “He’d be on one side. You’d be on the other.” Turning to me, he added, “You could say whatever the truth was. You could say you want to see the person who made your father disappear.”
-
-“Be reasonable,” my mom replied, clicking her tongue.
-
-On his desk, beside three tulip-shaped glasses of black tea, the lawyer set down a pair of binders. He explained that they contained copies of files related to my dad’s case. The sheets peeked out from their plastic covers like the layers in baklava. My mom appeared to be offering a trade: if I agreed not to contact the prison, then I could take the documents home. She’d even help me translate them.
-
-I refused to leave the country without at least driving by the prison, so she recruited a childhood friend of my dad’s, H, as a chaperon. My mom planned to stay at the hotel bar and dull her nerves with raki. “This has been too much,” she said as I got ready to leave. “I lost my husband. After your father was shot, my mother could not walk. My father had a heart attack. My parents died early because of the stress. When you have children, you will understand.”
-
-To get to the prison, H and I rode a bullet train and then hailed a cab. On the drive, he recalled, laughing, that before he and my dad became friends they’d got into a squabble, and my dad had punched him in the face. The taxi’s meter ticked upward, and expanses of dusty land rose and fell on either side of us. Road signs marked with black silhouettes warned of wayward livestock. Eventually, H had the driver turn onto an off-ramp. I spotted the Turkish word for “prison” on a sign above a security fence surrounding a low-slung building. A few guards stood out front wearing helmets and holding guns. H reached across my body and locked the car door. Then he told the driver to turn back.
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-From the police reports, which my mom translated on unlined paper in a tilted, elegant script, I learned that we’d arrived in Ankara for our family vacation on August 16, 1999, a day before one of the deadliest earthquakes in Turkish history. On the first night of the trip, the quake ripped through the country’s northwestern coast, crushing buildings and killing thousands of sleeping people. But we were far from the epicenter, and my parents reassured their American friends, on the phone, that we were safe. Later that week, they had a dinner reservation to celebrate their twentieth wedding anniversary. G and I spent the evening at our grandparents’ place, watching reruns of the British sitcom “Keeping Up Appearances,” until our parents came by and drove us back to the family apartment.
-
-I fell asleep, but my parents and sister were up late with jet lag. Our dad went across the street to buy pistachios and ice cream from a corner store. “There was nothing out of the ordinary,” my sister would later tell the police. She and our dad sat in the living room reading Tintin comics. Our mom pestered them to get to bed, but G couldn’t sleep, so she tried to tidy up her room. It was hot in the apartment, and she started to feel nauseated, so our dad got a pail from the kitchen and said a prayer for her. To be decent before God, he covered his shirtless body with a bedsheet. My sister returned to our parents’ room. “I told her to lie down so we’d wake up on time in the morning,” our mom recalled to the police. That is when our dad left the room again.
-
-Later, neighbors in our building described being awoken by what they assumed were aftershocks of the earthquake. My sister knew right away that the sounds were gunshots. “I heard my dad cry,” she told the police. “The shots did not stop. My mom was in a state of shock. She shouted, ‘Hasan! My husband!,’ and went toward the door.” G picked me up and rushed us into the bedroom closet. When I started to cry, she told me to be quiet. “I didn’t know whether the man was still inside,” she said, but he was gone by the time the police arrived.
-
-After my trip to Ankara, G and I argued bitterly. I planned to go back to Turkey and learn more. G claimed that my efforts to meet the murderer were reckless and might endanger our relatives. A few weeks later, I walked her down the aisle at her wedding, and then we didn’t speak for six months. Around that time, she wrote our mom and me a letter confessing to her own feelings of estrangement. “I’m so angry we aren’t as kind to each other as we would have been if we hadn’t been through all this,” she said.
-
-When I told G that I was working on this piece, she surprised me by saying that she sometimes feels I’ve written her out of the story. She mentioned that I’d once described hiding from the killer in the closet, as though I were alone. “I *pulled* you into the closet,” she said. “To save your life.” For a moment, we seemed to narrow the distance between us.
-
-“Mom always told me not to talk to you about it, because you didn’t remember,” she said.
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-“Mom always told *me* not to talk to *you* about it,” I replied. “Because you did.”
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-The memoirist Joyce Maynard often tells students to “write like an orphan,” without regard for what their loved ones will think. Several years ago, when my mom read this quote in a profile I wrote of Maynard, she said, “You’re not going to do that, right? Write like you’re an orphan?” After a moment, she added, “You’re not an orphan.” She liked to cite a Turkish proverb—“*Kol kırılır yen içinde kalır*”—about the virtues of discretion: “A broken arm stays in its sleeve.” “You’ll lose me,” she once said, of my insistence on telling our story, and then immediately took it back.
-
-I went to graduate school to improve my Turkish and brought the legal files to campus in a banker’s box. On the floor of my dorm, under an enormous lamp designed to treat seasonal affective disorder, I spent hours studying the original documents beside my mom’s translations. The police had labelled sketches of the crime scene with words that I recognized from my Turkish workbook: a bathroom (*banyo*), a balcony (*balkon*), a nursery (*çocuk odası*). Other vocabulary was unfamiliar: the chalk outline of a victim (*maktul*); the black marks of bullet casings (*mermi kovanları*), grouped together like the dots on a die. My mom couldn’t bear to translate more than a few words of the autopsy report, so I tried to do the rest myself. To native English speakers, Turkish syntax can seem inverted, so I deciphered each sentence backward, beginning at the end. My dad had bullet holes in his chest, his shoulder, his rib cage, his right elbow, and his left thigh. All but one bullet had exited his body.
-
-The suspect, whom I’ll call V, was in his early thirties, a decade younger than my dad. By his own account, he had committed multiple previous burglaries and had finished a stint in prison just a few months before my dad’s murder. Afterward, he evaded apprehension for a year before getting arrested for a lesser offense and confessing. “I feel remorse,” he told the police of the murder. “I had no place to run and was in a panic and scared.” Later, though, he changed his story. He denied his guilt throughout the trial but was eventually sentenced, in 2003, to life in prison. In a series of unsuccessful appeals, he accused the police of coercing him into a confession. “I am a burglar, not a murderer,” he wrote in one letter. In another, he added, “When my family is broken and my life ends within four walls, will the court’s conscience be clear?”
-
-I found these claims both disturbing to contemplate and difficult to square with V’s original testimony, in which he’d recounted the night of the murder in exacting, often extraneous detail. He’d reported the number of beers that he’d drunk before working up the nerve to break into homes, and the color of a military jacket that he’d stolen earlier that night from a veteran’s apartment, where he’d also found the gun that he used to kill my dad. He’d described entering our home through an open window and following a stream of light through the hallway. He reached the living room and, hearing a sudden sound, crouched beside a cabinet. The light turned on, and he saw a man with a wide forehead walk toward him, saying, “Who are you?” V was still crouching when he removed the gun from his left side and shot. He emptied the magazine and watched my dad topple backward.
-
-The police had interviewed a few of V’s family members, including his wife. The two had what she described as an arranged marriage, wedding in a religious ceremony several months after the murder. She said she was aware of his earlier criminal record but added, “Besides that, I don’t have any other information about his past.” At the time of V’s arrest, she was six months pregnant with their child.
-
-This last revelation dislodged a block in my mind. The sensation was almost physical, like the pop in your ears as a plane lands. I’d never imagined that there was a child on the other side of the tragedy. He or she—I pictured a boy—would have been just a few years younger than I was. Whether his father was guilty or not, he, too, had lost a parent to the murder. Perhaps he’d visited the prison that I’d managed only to see.
-
-Every time I’m in Ankara, I retrace the route that V described taking that night. A café called the Salon Arkadaş, where he’d been employed at the time, has been replaced by an Italian roastery where people work on laptops and eat tiramisu. I follow Tunalı Hilmi Avenue toward my family’s former home, past sleeping street dogs and storefronts that advertise their air-conditioning. This August, twenty-four years since the murder, I looked up at our old apartment, now a rental, and noticed that the new tenants had strung bulbs of garlic to dry on the balcony, which was reinforced with metal bars.
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-An odd custom of Turkish law enforcement involves bringing a suspect to the scene of the crime for a reënactment. One newspaper clipping shows V standing on the balcony railing, bracing himself against the side of the building to demonstrate how he’d reached the open window. He is average-looking, with silvery hair and the tanned complexion of many Turks, wearing scuffed shoes and a baggy suit. I have examined his face many times, trying to see him through my family’s eyes. G had advised me that if I managed to meet him he might become violent. “He should rot,” our mom said. He was a thief, a criminal, a killer. Even the newspaper called him “*oldukça soğukkanlı*”—“rather cold-blooded.” I know the Turkish words now, and at least as much about the murder as my mom and my sister do. Yet I still cannot feel much of what they feel. What I see when I look at him is someone else’s father. ♦
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-Date: 2023-06-11
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-TimeStamp: 2023-06-11
-Link: https://m.startribune.com/heather-mayer-death-bdsm-mother-find-justice-twin-cities/600273507/
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-&emsp;
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-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-PolicecalledasuicideHermotherwantedthetruthSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# Police called her hanging a suicide. Her mother vowed to find the truth.
-
-##### Part I
-
-### The hidden wounds on Richmond Street
-
-As a death investigator, Breanna Dibble thought of herself as the eyes and ears of the Hennepin County Medical Examiner’s Office, responsible for detecting small details that could become important clues later. On a busy July 4th weekend in 2019, she raced to the scene of a woman found hanged in a South St. Paul basement that looked like a dungeon.
-
-Dibble went to work. Chains, sex toys, a whip, an empty tequila bottle and a polka-dot party hat spiraled in a mess around the woman’s nude body, which lay on the floor. Dibble turned her over and found bruising and lacerations smattering her back. She noticed a tattoo on the woman’s thigh, a black-ink illustration showing a female figure in lingerie with her hands bound behind her tailbone. Diamond-shaped imprints crisscrossed the woman’s throat, and they appeared to match the links of a utility chain with a Master lock that dangled from a pipe on the ceiling.
-
-There was no suicide note. Full rigor mortis meant she had probably died hours before anyone called 911. A red dress hung off her shoulder like a scarf in what Dibble took for a clumsy attempt to clothe her. The fact that she was otherwise naked struck her as important. In hundreds of death scenes, Dibble had never seen a case of a woman hanging herself naked, especially with three kids upstairs likely to discover the body. As police questioned the others in the house, she learned at least one of them was lying.
-
-![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/handouts/stppolicereport.png?w=800)
-
-An excerpt from the South St. Paul police report on Heather's death.
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-The officers told Dibble not to bother with bagging the victim’s hands to preserve DNA evidence or sealing the body for the autopsy — standard protocols for a potential homicide. Dibble did anyway, but by then police had covered the woman with a dirty bedsheet, possibly contaminating the body.
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-“They had already made their minds up that her death was a suicide,” Dibble said in an interview. “And I had no indication of that at all.”
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-The woman’s name was Heather Mayer. She was 33 years old and worked as a policy specialist for a Twin Cities insurance company.
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-Dibble would revisit the scene of Heather’s death many times as she lay awake nights or paused at a stoplight. She waited for the day police might deliver the investigative findings that would make the rest of the pieces fit into place. It never came.
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-Nearly four years later, the circumstances of Heather Mayer's death continue to remain a mystery. South St. Paul police have informally continued to call it a suicide, or possibly a “tragic accident,” and the medical examiner records still list Heather’s cause of death as “undetermined.”
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-Dibble wasn’t the only one who wondered if there was more to Heather’s death than what police said. When one of the officers called Heather’s mother, Tracy Dettling, to say her daughter had hanged herself, Dettling’s mind flashed to her grandkids still in the house. She jumped into her car and sped toward the Twin Cities. Then she called the officer back from the road.
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-“Did *he* do this?” Dettling demanded.
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-  ![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/portraits/bella_h.jpg?w=1400)
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-Bella Bree, seen on Nov. 11, 2022, said she was in a “dark place” emotionally and financially when she met Ehsan Karam on Tinder. They married seven months after their first text.
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-Bella Bree was one of the last people to see Heather alive.
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-On a misty afternoon last summer, 29-year-old Bella smoked a Camel menthol outside the unremarkable two-story rental house where police found Heather’s body three years earlier. Being back there reminded Bella of the strange power this place on Richmond Street W. once possessed over her.
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-“I feel like it’s pulling me in,” she said, exhaling a white cloud.
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-Five years ago, Bella had fallen into a bad way. A series of debilitating back surgeries forced her to drop out of the University of Minnesota, leaving her isolated and on the verge of losing her apartment. She said she was fighting suicidal thoughts when a handsome man who described himself as “not vanilla” messaged her on Tinder.
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-Bella had identified herself as a “sub” in her dating profile — short for a “submissive.” She was looking for a “dominant.”
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-Ehsan Karam was a dominant.
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-It was Bella’s first real experience in BDSM — the broad term for relationships involving bondage, dominance, submission and sadomasochism — and most of what she knew came from reading “Fifty Shades of Grey,” the bestselling novel by E.L. James.
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-In the book, a naïve college student, Anastasia, is courted by Christian, a handsome young billionaire with a “red room of pain” in his Seattle penthouse. As Anastasia considers becoming Christian’s submissive, they meet to negotiate a contract, stipulating which safe words and hard limits Christian must follow with Anastasia in order to “explore her sensuality and her limits safely.”
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-Some practitioners of BDSM have criticized “50 Shades” for perpetuating dangerous misconceptions. BDSM is about safely taking or relinquishing control, they say — not the need to inflict harm on someone, as Christian does to Ana in the book, to the point of reducing her to tears.
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-“What people are drawn to is the idea of playing with power,” said Phillip Hammack, who studies fetish relationships as a psychology professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz. “It’s like a script” — which is why BDSM sessions are called “scenes.”
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-There are many forms of BDSM, but Hammack said there is one immutable rule that distinguishes all fetish from abuse: Clear — and sometimes written — consent. “If the sub says ‘peace out,’ that’s it. It’s over.”
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-When Bella first started dating Ehsan, he seemed like a love interest out of a romance novel. He glowed with confidence and told her that every day with her “felt like Christmas.” He paid for her meals and showered her with torrents of affection and favors they called “love bombs.” He invited her to move in with him, solving her apartment problem.
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-“He seemed to have all of the qualities that I would need in a partner,” she said.
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-In March 2018, seven months after he messaged her on Tinder, they married.
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-## So from the time I met Ehsan until we were married,
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-#### **Bella Bree**, Ehsan’s ex-wife
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-Ehsan was 36, 12 years older than Bella when they met. Born in Iran, he’d been raised in the Twin Cities. Up until a few years earlier, he had trained to be a professional fighter. [Video from 2013 shows Ehsan winning his first pro mixed martial arts fight by choking his opponent into submission.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYJAINYGbHg)
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-Ehsan didn’t respond to interview requests for this story, but in a profile published by his gym in 2013, he said bullies tormented him at school, and he started taking martial arts lessons as a kid. Training to be a fighter transformed him from a “typical insecure guy” to “a better friend, a better father, a better boyfriend, and just a happier person in general,” he told the interviewer. He talked about his expertise in chokeholds, which had won him four straight fights. An injury ended his MMA career early, he told Bella, and he worked as a security guard in downtown St. Paul when they met.
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-After they married, Bella began to see a more controlling side of Ehsan emerge.
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-He sent her a “submission contract” and said she must agree to its terms if she wished to stay with him. The document, which she shared with the Star Tribune, stipulated Ehsan would be Bella’s “owner.” He would dictate her schedule, from waking by 6 a.m. to the time she’d wait for him in bed at night. She would exercise, perform chores and eat at his direction. A poor attitude or other disobedience amounted to an offense punishable by slapping, pinching of genitals, isolation or the use of clamps for prolonged periods, according to the contract. The agreement, which Bella signed, was to terminate only in her death.
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-He invited other women, whom he called “slaves,” to live in their house and join them in a sexual relationship. Morgan Sargeson, 29, was the first. She recalled Ehsan introducing Bella as an ex-girlfriend whom he’d allowed to stay at his house after her mother died. Bella’s mom was very much alive, but at Ehsan’s order Bella said she spent weeks pretending to mourn in front of Morgan.
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-## I dated Ehsan for a month and a half
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-#### **Morgan Sargeson**, Ehsan’s ex-partner, sitting with Bella Bree, Ehsan’s ex-wife
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-Then Heather moved in. Heather had known Ehsan longer than any of them. They had dated casually once, years before Bella came into the picture. By September 2018, she was staying at the Richmond Street house four or five nights a week, before living there full time.
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-Heather stood on the short side of 5 feet tall, with a sugary charm that could lift the spirit of any room and an indomitability that allowed her to carry a mattress up a flight of stairs, or take a beating so Bella didn’t have to. Once, when she knew Bella was feeling especially low, Heather surprised her at work with a bucket of fried chicken, and they improvised a picnic lunch on the hood of her car.
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-She also carried a darkness. Maybe it started when she was raped. She was just a teenager. As she relayed the story to friends and family later, two men were giving her a ride home. They told her she couldn’t leave the car without gratifying them first.
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-Heather dropped out of high school and began showing signs of a severe anxiety disorder that made it hard for her to keep a job. She got pregnant the first time at 17. The father was a teenager who’d been staying under a bridge near a bead shop her mom owned, where Heather worked part time, in Northfield. Heather set out to help him, and she ended up marrying him. The relationship fell apart, and by age 25, she was a single mother of three boys.
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-Heather found a group of like-minded people in the BDSM community. Others had also endured sexual abuse. BDSM allowed them to take the power back by acting out scenes in which they were in total control.
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-She kept that part of her life secret from her family. In online forums, she called herself “CandySays2.” She became a moderator for a group of hundreds of people in the local BDSM community that met daily on social media, semimonthly in person and occasionally for parties.
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-Part of Heather’s role was to keep predators out of the community. If a new member sought to join her group, she and the other moderators were responsible for vetting them first. Heather was a tenacious protector of her flock — which is why her friends say they were so terrified of the images that began to appear on her social media feed.
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-![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/handouts/heather_selfie.jpg?w=900)
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-Heather Mayer is seen in a photo from her phone. The 33-year-old insurance policy specialist had a playful streak and a toughness belied by her size.
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-A week after agreeing to be Ehsan’s “slave,” Heather told a friend how well it was going. “I’m super happy and I feel a bigger balance than I have before and I’m loving it!” she texted.
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-But in later messages, she described him as a “walking time bomb” who used the pretext of BDSM to prey upon vulnerable women.
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-“He’s a man with mental health issues and is mentally/physically abusive and he found a label that helps him justify that abuse,” she said.
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-For Heather, Bella and Morgan, what had started as consensual BDSM turned into beatings that exceeded anything they’d agreed to, according to Bella’s and Morgan’s interviews with the Star Tribune and police, and corroborated by pictures, videos and private messages.
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-Morgan said Ehsan crossed the line separating BDSM from abuse early in their relationship, when he struck her on the inner thigh with a metal pipe. The pipe left a red imprint that bloomed into a purple and blue bruise bigger than the size of her hand, and that has yet to fully disappear more than four years later. The weapons after that day included whips, a flogger covered in sharp plastic teeth, chains, his fists and a conductor wand he used to shock them with an electrical current, she said.
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-“He would punch me in the ribs repeatedly until they broke. He would make sure they broke,” Morgan said. “And then he would stretch my ribs until I passed out from the pain. And then I would wake up to him doing whatever he wanted to me.”
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-Bella recalled several of the instances he hurt or scared her, like the time he held her underwater in a bathtub until she almost lost consciousness. Or when he shoved her face in her cat’s dirty litter box, and months later she was still finding silver grains of litter lodged deep in her ear. Once, he beat her with a metal pipe so hard it bent her wedding band and crushed her finger.
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-He threatened to kick Bella out of the house unless she endured what he called her “gantlet.” Bella said he beat her with his hands, a belt and a metal rod until she passed out from shock. He posted a photo on Instagram afterward, showing Bella’s nude body covered in bruising from the neck down, she said. “And people loved it.”
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-Both Morgan’s and Heather’s young children lived in the house at different times when their mothers were beaten. Ehsan found out Morgan was looking to move out, and “he went after my kidneys and my tailbone with various diameters of PVC,” she said. “My daughter was sleeping downstairs, so I couldn’t scream. And he knew that.”
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-For Morgan, the fear of staying gained the upper hand.
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-On the morning of Dec. 7, 2018, after Ehsan left for work, Morgan’s co-worker helped her pack and drove her to an apartment he’d rented in his name so Ehsan couldn’t follow her.
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-“I absolutely lived my last, like, three weeks there unsure of whether or not I was going to wake up in the morning,” Morgan said.
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-## I would be able to steal away to study for college,
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-#### **Morgan Sargeson**, Ehsan’s ex-partner, sitting with **Bella Bree**, Ehsan’s ex-wife
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-The BDSM sessions turned into a contest to see which of the women could endure the most pain, and it was almost always Heather, according to Bella and Morgan.
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-Images taken during that period show Heather’s body covered with dozens of red markings from a weapon fashioned with the tiny teeth of a plastic office-chair mat. A video from February 2019 shows Ehsan snuffing out a cigarette on Heather’s back and then repeatedly holding her head underwater in a bathtub, once for about 20 seconds, even after she thrashed to get back up. Weeks later, she texted Ehsan from the hospital, reporting she’d suffered pneumonia, bronchitis and an ear infection.
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-“I am not well,” she said in a separate exchange. “I didn’t realize that slave meant I do not get taken care of when I’m not doing well.”
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-“You get taken care of pretty f—ing well,” he replied. “Even making that statement is extremely ungrateful.”
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-“All of me aches today ... can’t hear out of my left ear ... stomach still hurts and I feel cold,” she wrote to him in another conversation.
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-“Suck it up, bitch,” he replied.
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-In other messages, she described occasions where he drank in excess. She urged him to get treatment and said he had a history of hurting his girlfriends after he blacked out. “You are going to hurt someone or kill someone someday,” she said.
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-Ehsan denied it. “Hypothetically,” he said, “if I had hit you, would it be wise to admit such a thing over text?”
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-##### Heather Mayer
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-The reason you hate me so much is because I don't forget the details, I'm always sober enough and lucid enough to remember everything that happens
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-##### Ehsan Karam
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-You're really slow
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-Think what you want
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-I am not .. I'm intelligent, resourceful, helpful and kind I'm not always perfect and I have my less than pretty moments .. but I'm a pretty good person who just chooses the wrong men to be with
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-What's crazy is how smart you are and instead of using it to have a great life and happiness you would rather hide and do nothing and stay in all of this chaos ..
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-Hypothetically...if I had hit you. Would it be wise to admit such a thing over text?
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-I never touched a single one of my exes goodbye
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-Obviously not, but I'm still trying to help you and don't treat me like I'm crazy ... anyways I will try not to message you, you can message me or call me if and when you ever want to talk
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-Three weeks after being admitted to the hospital, Heather called police to report Ehsan had attacked her and locked himself in the house with her kids. When the officers showed up, Heather said they’d broken up and he’d punched her head “five or six” times and then chased her into their alley, according to a police report. Ehsan didn’t go peacefully. Police broke out a window in his house, and he reached through the glass and snatched the barrel of one of their guns. They Tasered and shot Ehsan with three rubber bullets before he collapsed and the officers were able to break in the door.
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-Ehsan was taken to jail and charged with domestic assault and obstruction of justice. Heather filed for a domestic abuse no-contact order. This fight in front of her children had gone too far, she told him.
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-“Maybe someday you’ll get the help you need and you won’t keep hurting people,” she wrote to him in a private message on social media. “I love you Ehsan ... I will probably forever ... I hate you for taking yourself away from me.”
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-![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/handouts/heather_chain.jpg?w=400)
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-Heather Mayer, posing in this photo with a chain around her neck, was a moderator for a Twin Cities BDSM group. Her role, in part, was to keep predators out.
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-The separation didn’t last.
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-After the assault, she and Ehsan started exchanging texts and private messages, sometimes dozens per day. The messages make references to sleeping together and meeting outside at her job, where Ehsan worked for the building’s security. Ehsan said that a proper slave would have no limits, and that things would be different “if you’d acted appropriately.”
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-“I love you,” Heather replied. “This is hurting me beyond what ive really experienced before … i dont know how to navigate it … i’m scared and alone …”
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-“This is where you lean into your submission and my protection if you want this to work,” he told her. “Really no way around that.”
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-Less than two months after taking out the no-contact order, Heather wrote a letter asking a judge to lift it. She sent a draft to Jennifer Casanova-Roers, Ehsan’s attorney, who agreed to look at it before Heather submitted it to the judge. In texts, Ehsan responded with edits instructing her how to downplay the abuse, citing Casanova-Roers.
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-“Jenefer \[sic\] says if you want the no contact lifted you have to be at court on Tuesday,” Ehsan texted her on June 12, 2019. “She said there’s a part in your letter where you say ‘nothing like this has happened THIS BAD before’ she thinks it should say NOTHING LIKE THIS HAS EVER HAPPENED BEFORE.” He told her to add that she suffered from bipolar disorder and PTSD, and that she’d been erratic because she went off her medication. “And of course remove the sh— about me being drunk,” he said.
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-The next week, Heather stood in front of Dakota County Judge Jerome Abrams, asking that Ehsan be allowed to move back home.
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-“She feels safe,” Casanova-Roers told the judge. (Casanova-Roers declined to be interviewed for this story.)
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-Abrams remarked on the severity of the events that led to the no-contact order, but he agreed to lift it. For the sake of Heather’s kids, he said, “it’s probably good for you to get back together so long as things are smooth.”
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-Sixteen days later, Heather was dead.
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-   ![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/handouts/heatherjournal_new.png?w=1400)  ![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/handouts/heatherjournal_new.png?w=1400)
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-An excerpt from Heather Mayer's journal, asking to lift the no-contact order against Ehsan Karem that she had sought in April 2019, three months before her death.
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-After she left Ehsan, Morgan married the coworker who’d aided her escape. She got pregnant that summer, and they bought a townhouse together in Apple Valley. When she found out Heather died, she grieved for her friend. But Morgan decided to stay out of it when people from her old life started asking her to go to the police about Ehsan’s history of violence.
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-She was getting ready to take her kids bowling six months later when her phone rang. The name that flashed across her screen read “Heather.”
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-Someone was calling her from a dead woman’s phone.
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-##### Part II
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-### A mother’s instincts won’t let go of case
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-  ![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/portraits/tracy_h.jpg?w=1400)
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-Tracy Dettling began compiling evidence after Dakota County declined to file charges in Heather Mayer’s death. Above, she held a photo of her daughter on Jan. 2, 2023, as she stood on the frozen remains of a garden Mayer had planted for her years ago in Nerstrand, Minn.
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-Tracy Dettling entered the prosecutor’s office braced for bad news.
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-It had been seven months since police found her daughter Heather dead, and in that time Dettling had lost faith that police were taking the case seriously. When Dakota County Attorney Kathy Keena called a meeting, Dettling texted the lead investigator to say she felt in her gut there would be no charges. “I hope I am wrong.”
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-Dettling’s suspicions proved correct.
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-The police investigation, Keena said, did not find criminal behavior that led to her daughter’s death because Heather voluntarily climbed into the chain harness she was found in before the others in the house went to bed, and they owed her no “duty to protect” under the law. Had Heather died in the course of BDSM — the form of sexual roleplay she and the others in the house practiced — a “strong argument could be made” for criminal negligence charges. But Keena said the evidence pointed in the other direction. (Keena would not agree to an interview for this story.)
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-Dettling bit her tongue and gazed across the room. There was more to this, she thought. If the police couldn’t find the truth, she would do it herself. Dettling told Keena she wanted her daughter’s file — the body-camera video, autopsy records, police interviews, Heather’s iPhone.
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-“I want everything.”
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-![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/handouts/heather_childhood.jpg?w=650)
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-Heather Mayer grew up in Nerstrand attending church, local football games and going to the cabin for long weekends.
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-If there is such a thing as luck, Dettling believes her family didn’t get any. Her first child died of sudden infant death syndrome. A car accident left her second daughter, Jennifer, quadriplegic and cognitively impaired at 19.
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-“Heather was my last hope,” Dettling said.
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-Dettling is short, like Heather. With glasses perched on the edge of her nose and a flash of white hair pulled back into a ponytail, she spends her free time scouring police records or rereading court transcripts she keeps stacked on her dining room table, searching for clues that may have eluded police.
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-She raised Heather in Nerstrand, an hour’s drive south of the metro, in a modest old house that overlooks a tree-covered valley. Nerstrand is a community of only a few hundred people south of Northfield, a larger city that’s home to the Malt-O-Meal cereal factory and whose slogan is “Cows, Colleges and Contentment.” Heather enjoyed a typical Midwestern country girl’s life, attending church and varsity football games and going to the cabin for long weekends. She devoured books, especially love stories.
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-At 16, Heather entered what Dettling calls the “black years.” She dropped out of high school. She started sneaking out. One day, Dettling found her daughter inside a car in their driveway having sex with a stranger.
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-“Whatever happened to my daughter, it was like night and day,” Dettling said. “I didn’t know how to help her.”
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-Dettling convinced Heather to get a GED, but a crippling anxiety disorder prevented her from holding down a job. Heather worked for her mother for nine years, as her disabled sister Jennifer’s full-time caretaker. One day Dettling found Heather dozed off and Jennifer dangling helplessly out of her wheelchair. “What are you doing?!” she remembered shouting.
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-Heather woke up and tried to brush it off. Dettling lost her temper, and the fight ended with Heather quitting and storming out of the house.
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-She blocked her mom’s phone number after that. In her rare visits home, Dettling recalled, she noticed Heather losing weight at an alarming pace (by the time of her death, Heather had shed 50 pounds from what she’d listed on her driver’s license). Her daughter’s skin appeared gray and sallow, her cheeks hollowed. She wore long sleeves and turtlenecks, even in the summer.
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-One evening, Dettling just had this feeling. She called Heather’s son and told him to put his mother on. Heather sounded weak, Dettling recalled later, but she said she was feeling good about the future and talked about plans to take the kids to Valleyfair. They fought over Ehsan. Dettling couldn’t understand how Heather could go back to the man who’d hit her.
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-“Leopards don’t change their spots,” she said.
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-“He’s good to me,” Heather replied.
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-“Heather, how is he good to you?” Dettling asked. “Just name one thing.”
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-Heather was silent, Dettling recalled. “That said it all to me.”
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-Two days later, police called to say her daughter had killed herself.
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-  ![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/portraits/tracy_home.jpg?w=1400)
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-Tracy Dettling cried as she talked about the death of her daughter next to piles of documents she has investigated at her home in Nerstrand.
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-After Dakota County declined to file charges in Heather’s death, the prosecutor mailed Dettling a USB drive. She began compiling the first of what would grow into enough documents, recordings and photographs to fill a plastic storage crate. Slowly and painfully, she pieced together the day her daughter died.
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-At about 1:25 p.m. that July day, Bella had called 911 to report Heather’s death. She told the operator she’d found Heather at least “15 to 20 minutes” ago.
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-The body-camera showed officer Mellissa Cavalier arrive about five minutes later. Cavalier rushed down to the basement to find a woman named Holly Appell, 33, a new addition to the Richmond Street house, shirtless and frantically performing chest compressions on Heather’s lifeless body. Without prompt, Holly told the officer that Heather “has bipolar disorder” when she first arrived. “The keys were right next to her,” she told the officer, referring to the chain that Heather was found in. She added that Heather had not taken her medication the day before.
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-The officers confirmed Heather was dead. Cavalier stepped away to call Dettling. The officers and a chaplain huddled outside in the rain and debated how to tell the kids, who had been in their rooms upstairs and oblivious to what had happened, as the paramedics rolled their mother away on a gurney.
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-Cavalier, meanwhile, returned to the house with more questions for Holly and Bella.
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-Dettling had asked repeatedly if “*he*” did this, she said. Who was “*he*?”
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-“She was referring to Ehsan,” Holly told her, “and no he did not.”
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-“Was he here at all yesterday?” asked the officer.
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-“Yes,” replied Holly, “but he wasn’t here when all this happened … He didn’t do this,” she repeated, claiming Ehsan had left “probably about midnight or so.”
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-Later, Holly approached Cavalier outside the house to confess she’d lied to cover for Ehsan. He was here when it happened. He’d slept here. He’d helped take Heather’s body down from the harness.
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-“We know how it looks, because of like the domestic violence,” said Holly.
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-Ehsan returned later that night. In a 15-minute conversation in the basement, Ehsan told Phillip Oeffling, the lead investigator assigned to the case, how Heather was heavily medicated. She “asked” for the chain harness and climbed into it “of her own accord,” and the keys were “right next to her,” Ehsan told the officer. He said he checked on her several times throughout the night. “I have no recollection of what happened after that,” Ehsan said.
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-Ehsan said they’d called 911 within three to five minutes after finding Heather dead that next day.
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-When Oeffling asked to speak to him one-on-one, Ehsan told him to “talk to my lawyer.”
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-Though prosecutors would list Ehsan as a suspect, there is no record that Oeffling ever followed up to interview him again.
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-Oeffling, South St. Paul Police Chief Brian Wicke and former Chief Bill Messerich declined interview requests about this case.
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-In listening to audio of Oeffling’s interviews with witnesses in the months after Heather’s death, Dettling found conflicting versions of what happened the night before they discovered her daughter’s body. Neither matched prosecutor Keena’s explanation that both Ehsan and Holly witnessed Heather voluntarily climb into the chain before they went to bed.
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-The first version came from Holly, who told police she’d met Ehsan online and visited a couple of times that year. The weekend Heather died, she’d flown up from her home in Alabama for Ehsan’s birthday.
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-In a phone interview, Holly told Oeffling they’d enjoyed a quiet night at home watching TV, drinking tequila and snorting cocaine, planning a celebration for the next night. Bella went to bed first, followed by Ehsan. When Holly turned in for the night, Heather was the last one up. She remembers Heather “playing with” the chain. But, “I don’t remember full-on seeing her get into it,” she said.
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-There’s no definitive evidence of how Heather’s body was positioned when she was found. Holly told Oeffling when she woke that day, Heather was missing. They searched the house and Holly found her in the laundry room, strangled by the chain, which was fastened into a makeshift noose by a Master lock and wrapped around her neck. Holly said they always left slack on the chain’s noose, but when they found Heather’s body, she appeared to be leaning her weight into it, “like she was trying to do what she was doing.” They shouted up to Bella, who called 911 while Holly started CPR. “And then you guys were there within a few minutes.”
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-![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/handouts/chain.jpg?w=400)
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-A lock and chain found in the basement where Heather Mayer died. Diamond imprints on her throat appeared to match the chain.
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-The second version of the night came from Bella. The first time they talked, Oeffling interviewed Bella at the house on Richmond Street with Ehsan present. Speaking barely above a whisper, Bella provided short answers to Oeffling’s questions, saying she didn’t see or hear anything the night of Heather’s death, and she didn’t remember much about the next day when the body was discovered. Heather seemed perfectly fine that night, Bella said, and added that sometimes Heather used the chain alone.
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-The following January, after she’d separated from Ehsan, Bella told Oeffling that Ehsan had coached her on what to say before the first interview. “It was all about just making sure I don’t say that he left her there,” she said. “That she did it herself.”
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-In a series of new interviews with police, Bella confirmed that she was the first to bed the night Heather died, but said she was awakened by voices in the vents coming from the basement below. According to her statements to police, she could hear Heather being whipped and saying, “I would hang myself for you.”
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-“He was there with her. And he left her there — chained in the basement alone. Chained by the neck in the basement, by herself, while they were doing alcohol and cocaine,” Bella told the officer. “I don’t think she took her life.”
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-“I don’t either. I don’t either,” said Oeffling. “You mentioned they left her there. How do you know that?”
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-“That’s what they told me,” Bella replied.
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-“And then they said to lie about it, and say that she did it all herself, and she liked to do that,” she told Oeffling. “But what they said happened was they were having a ‘scene.’ And he said he left the key with her and went to bed.”
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-When Bella learned the next day that Heather was dead, she told Oeffling, she had wanted to call the police right away, but Ehsan and Holly said they needed to find the key first.
-
-Bella said she spent five or 10 minutes helping them search for the key to the lock that held the chain around her throat before Ehsan claimed he found it at her feet, “which didn’t make sense to me.” Ehsan unlocked Heather and placed her on the bed, and Bella called the police.
-
-Ehsan and Holly instructed her to tell police Heather hanged herself, she told Oeffling. “So I did. And then he left.”
-
-“Just to clarify, you have no information that he forced her into the apparatus?” asked Oeffling. “Do you think she was in it when she made that statement about being willing to hang for him?”
-
-Bella knew only what she heard through the vents, she told the investigator. “My darkest suspicion is that she was in that, and she said that, and he tested her on it.”
-
-## Last thing I saw was Heather’s face.
-
-#### **Bella Bree**, Ehsan’s ex-wife, sitting with Morgan Sargeson, Ehsan’s ex-partner
-
-Oeffling noted the “odd set of circumstances” to the case and said the “lifestyle” of the residents on the house at Richmond Street made it a difficult one, according to recordings of the interviews with Bella.
-
-“It’s established that \[Ehsan’s\] not a nice person. But not being a nice person isn’t illegal. If we want a case charged, we have to show evidence of a crime,” he told Bella.
-
-Bella would later send photos to the officers documenting the abuse, and social media posts from Ehsan bragging about not using safe words. In a private message, Ehsan asked Bella, “Would you die for me?” In another, he threatened to kill her and himself. In a separate message, in February 2019, he described a plan to feed Holly a “bunch of drugs” and “keep her chained up like I did you.”
-
-Bella repeatedly told Oeffling that she was afraid Ehsan would hurt more women if police didn’t stop him. “He’s going to do this again,” she said. “I know that he is.”
-
-As she listened to the interview recordings, Dettling realized their stories did not line up.
-
-She noticed other details of the investigation that also didn’t make sense. Days after her daughter’s death, a psychologist who knew Heather through the BDSM community called Oeffling to report how Heather had confided that Ehsan was abusing her. Oeffling told the tipster that Ehsan appeared to be a “terrible human being,” but all signs pointed to her death being an accident caused by Heather using a “dangerous combination” of alcohol and benzodiazepines, a depressant. However, when Dettling got the medical examiner’s report, she saw her daughter’s blood tested positive only for alcohol and cocaine.
-
-The autopsy also revealed to Dettling the extent of the injuries her daughter had suffered before she died.
-
-Scars covered Heather’s chest, buttocks, back and legs, some up to 6 inches long, including the outline from where the phrase “Daddy Knows Best” had been carved into her forearm. The medical examiner also described more recent cuts and bruises that had not healed.
-
-The autopsy photos show Heather’s wrists bent inward and encircled with narrow contusions. Bella told police in a statement she saw Heather’s wrists shackled behind her back with handcuffs the morning she died. She told the Star Tribune she recognized the red cuffs; she’d bought them for Ehsan as a present, she said.
-
-Police photos from the scene of Heather’s death show a pair of red handcuffs in an open drawer of a clear-plastic storage container. A pair of scissors and a zip tie can also be seen strewn across a bed a few feet away. The photos were included as evidence in the police file, but Oeffling never asked Bella about handcuffs and he made no mention of them in his report.
-
-Dettling found a journal full of entries written by her daughter. One contained the phrase “I will always honor my commitments to my master” written 80 times. Another page listed her “hard limits” as a BDSM submissive, including stopping when she said “red,” the safe word. Under “special considerations,” she wrote: “Choking — I love it. If I start to get to \[sic\] panicked after multiple times please let me recover.”
-
-![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/handouts/heatherhonor.png?w=800)
-
-A page from Heather Mayer’s journal contained the phrase “I will always honor my commitments to my master” written 80 times. Elsewhere she described her “hard limits” as a submissive.
-
-Dettling guessed her daughter’s passwords and searched through Heather’s phone, including her text history and social media messages. The exchanges described past assaults and accusations that Ehsan didn’t follow the limits she’d put in writing.
-
-“I said red so many times,” Heather said in one exchange.
-
-“I’m in too much pain, my spine feels like it’s trying to climb out of me, every joint is throbbing and my lungs hurt,” she said in another.
-
-“I did not think you would use kink to justify abuse,” she told him in a separate message. “You’re emotionally manipulative and do not recognize the damage you do until after the fact and then shrug it off as no big deal … you are throwing \[our relationship\] away by making me decide between being safe and being terrified.”
-
-“You said you’d never leave my side,” Ehsan replied. “Quite an interesting turn of events.”
-
-  ![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/portraits/morgan_h.jpg?w=1400)
-
-Morgan Sargeson said Ehsan Karam crossed the line separating BDSM from abuse early in their relationship. When he heard she wanted to move out, she said he attacked her with PVC pipe.
-
-Dettling called Morgan from Heather’s phone, but at first she didn’t answer.
-
-She texted later explaining who she was and why she wanted to talk, and Morgan called her back. Dettling said she’d found Morgan’s texts in her daughter’s phone and needed to know what happened in the Richmond Street house. Over two hours, Morgan recounted the physical and psychological torture she and Heather had endured together. Dettling said she was trying to get police to reopen the case — to get justice. Maybe Morgan’s story would convince them.
-
-Morgan agreed to submit a statement to police about what Ehsan did to her. She sent Dettling an image from Ehsan’s Instagram account, posted shortly before her daughter’s death. It showed Ehsan crushing Heather’s face into the carpet with his leather shoe. A gob of spit had crusted over her eye. “Pray for this bitch, y’all. She’s got a ROUGH month ahead of her,” read the caption.
-
-![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/handouts/thepatriarchig.jpg?w=400)
-
-An image from Ehsan Karam’s Instagram account shows him crushing her face into the carpet with his shoe.
-
-In the photo, Ehsan has wrapped Heather’s neck in a utility chain. Bella said it’s the same chain police found at Heather’s death scene.
-
-Bella said she was there at the hotel where it happened, and she could corroborate that the protection order had been in place at the time.
-
-Finally, months of hard work paid off. Dettling sent the photo to Oeffling, who agreed to reopen the case and interview Morgan.
-
-Morgan sent Oeffling a video showing her bleary eyed and dressed in black lingerie. Ehsan appears behind her, grasps her neck into a chokehold between his forearms and squeezes. “I didn’t want it to happen,” she told the officer. “I didn’t want it to be filmed. So he made me drink, he made me smoke marijuana. And in the video you can see that I’m just not there at all.”
-
-Oeffling was still skeptical any of this amounted to a crime — especially one a jury would recognize — given her willingness to engage in BDSM.
-
-It was like two boxers entering the ring, he told Morgan, according to a recording of their interview. “You can’t come back a month later and say, ‘Hey, I didn’t agree to get my ass kicked,’ but at the time, you agreed to fight.”
-
-Nevertheless, reopening the investigation turned up a new lead for police: Another woman who said Ehsan had assaulted her.
-
-Her story begins the day after police found Heather dead in Ehsan’s basement.
-
-![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/portraits/gabbie_h.jpg?w=1400)
-
-Gabby Schmeeckle was a BDSM novice when she met Ehsan Karam over Instagram. She met Karam in person just a day after Heather Mayer’s death and fled after an “audition” where she was punched, slapped and whipped.
-
-Less than 24 hours after paramedics had wheeled Heather’s body out of the house, Gabby Schmeeckle, 32, was finishing a nursing school exam in Omaha and then packing up her car to visit Ehsan for his birthday.
-
-Gabby had found him on Instagram a few months earlier and they’d flirted over direct messages. He invited her up to his house for his birthday in July. Gabby also followed the social media accounts of Heather, Morgan and Bella, and she figured if these experienced women in the community had been with him, he must be trustworthy.
-
-Gabby was a novice in the world of BDSM. After watching her dad die from complications related to an autoimmune disorder, she’d searched for something to help with the pain. She found articles that said BDSM could be an effective tool to work through trauma. “I liked the idea of being protected and cared for,” she said.
-
-When she arrived at the house that night and met him for the first time in person, she detected a strange mood, especially with Bella, who seemed subdued and distant. No one mentioned until later in the weekend that Heather had been found dead in the basement just a day earlier.
-
-Gabby said Ehsan invited her to join the Richmond Street house, but told her she first must endure an “audition” that entailed a weekend of pain without limit. If she asked him to stop, she would have to leave.
-
-“I was early enough in my BDSM journey that I just kind of took it for what it was,” she said. “I didn’t really question him.”
-
-Gabby said she fled the next night in tears, covered in cigarette burns, her own blood, whiplashes and purple and red markings across her breasts and face from where he’d punched and slapped her. She drove across the border into Iowa before she felt safe enough to pull over at a hotel for the night.
-
-“There was no consent,” she said. “There was no saying no. This man is trained in jiujitsu. He’s an MMA fighter. What am I going to do against him?”
-
-## A lot of my breaking point was the face smacking,
-
-#### **Gabby Schmeeckle**,  
-Ehsan’s ex-partner
-
-Over the next few months, as officer Oeffling was interviewing witnesses in Heather’s case, Ehsan persuaded Gabby to give him another chance.
-
-She visited him in Denver, where he was staying with his mom, and he choked her until she passed out, and then choked her again because he “didn’t like how I came out of it,” she said. In November 2019, he came to live with her in Omaha for a month. “That’s when it was the worst,” she said. “Just constant torture.”
-
-Gabby eventually filed a report of domestic abuse to police in Nebraska. They told her she had a weak case because of her participation in BDSM, she said. Police took her report, but it never led to charges.
-
-When the officers from South St. Paul called Gabby in 2020, after reopening the investigation of Heather’s death, she told them about how he’d beat her up that first night.
-
-“Did you tell him no?” asked investigator Mitch Nelson, according to a recording of the interview.
-
-“Yes,” she said.
-
-Ehsan didn’t talk about Heather’s death, she told Nelson, other than making “several comments that weekend about how he was going to be needing another bitch around the house.” She sent the detective evidence of his brutality toward her. The photos, which she also shared with the Star Tribune, showed her tattoos permanently discolored from the cigarette burns, her chest gashed and blackened from where he struck her over and over.
-
-Nelson said he thought she had a case for a domestic assault charge. Months later, a prosecutor from Keena’s office called. The prosecutor told her the pictures were “some of the worst” she’d ever seen, recalled Gabby, but her office would not be filing charges.
-
-“Her explanation was that a jury would never side with me.”
-
-## He said that I had to come audition for him
-
-#### **Gabby Schmeeckle**,  
-Ehsan’s ex-partner
-
-Dettling finally caught two breaks. The Minnesota Office of Lawyers Professional Responsibility agreed to open an investigation into Casanova-Roers, Ehsan’s lawyer. Dettling had sent the oversight board descriptions of text messages from her daughter’s phone that appeared to show Casanova-Roers helping to coach Heather on how to get the no-contact order dropped.
-
-The South St. Paul City Attorney’s Office was also charging Ehsan with violating Heather’s protection order. It was a misdemeanor. If convicted, Ehsan likely faced a fine and court-ordered therapy, maybe some minor jail time. It wouldn’t bring Heather back. But three years after her death, it would allow Dettling and Bella to confront him in the courtroom.
-
-Before they did, another woman would come forward.
-
-##### Part III
-
-### ‘I want Heather’s voice to be heard’
-
-  ![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/portraits/stephanie_h.jpg?w=1400)
-
-Stephanie Chao in November 2022 at the Tucson, Ariz., spot where Ehsan Karam attacked her in front of a police officer five months earlier.
-
-One afternoon last June, in the shadow of the Santa Catalina Mountains an hour north of the Mexican border, Tucson Police officer Maxwell McCully was driving to a report of a domestic assault when he noticed a man sprinting down the sidewalk.
-
-McCully looked closer and saw a woman up ahead. The officer realized she was running away from the man.
-
-McCully flipped on his siren and pulled over, but it was too late, according to his report: Ehsan tackled Stephanie Chao onto the cement in front of his squad car.
-
-McCully leapt out of the car, unholstered his sidearm and pointed it. Ehsan surrendered and the officer handcuffed him. In his report, McCully said Stephanie was shaking, struggling to speak and bleeding from a cut under her left eye.
-
-The cut had faded into a scar the shape of a teardrop five months later, as Stephanie sat in a park in Tucson and described how she’d met Ehsan on a dating app in 2020, after he’d left Minnesota and then Nebraska. She said they moved into an apartment his mom helped him buy, and Ehsan was training her in BDSM. Ehsan had also continued his relationship with Holly Appell, the other woman who was present the night Heather died, who Stephanie said became her “sub sister.”
-
-Like the others, Stephanie said Ehsan bulldozed past the line separating consensual BDSM and domestic abuse. She said he choked her until she was unconscious, then again before she had a chance to recover. In less than two years, Stephanie said, he gave her a dozen black eyes.
-
-“My one thing was I don’t want face shots,” she said. “And he would break it every f—ing time.”
-
-The day police arrested him, Stephanie said she ran for her life. She said Ehsan punched her three times in the face before officer McCully could stop him.
-
-## He would choke me until I was unconscious,
-
-#### **Stephanie Chao**, Ehsan’s ex-partner
-
-While the officers were at the apartment complex, a neighbor who’d called 911 around the same time accused Ehsan of harassing them for weeks. The officers found the neighbor’s window broken and caked in fecal matter, and four vulgar notes littering their entryway.
-
-Ehsan was booked into the Pima County jail around 11 p.m., and charged with two counts of domestic assault, both misdemeanors. At the time, he was wanted on a nationwide warrant ordering his extradition to Minnesota for skipping a court date. Instead of shipping him to Minnesota, a judge let him out on bond at noon the next day, according to jail records.
-
-“Oh my God,” Stephanie remembered thinking when he walked back into their apartment with no warning. “I’m going to die.”
-
-![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/handouts/tusconreport.png?w=800)
-
-The Tucson, Ariz., police report of Ehsan Karam’s assault on Stephanie Chao and harassment of their neighbors.
-
-Eleven days later and 1,600 miles away, Dettling stepped up to the gray building with the words Dakota County Judicial Center in black letters over the entry, prepared to face the man she blamed for her daughter’s death.
-
-She hoped to find a reckoning inside, even a small one. Ehsan had pleaded guilty to violating Heather’s domestic assault no-contact order, issued by a judge a few months before her death.
-
-The South St. Paul city attorney was asking for three days in jail and mandatory counseling, far less than what Dettling had hoped to achieve when she set out on this mission to find justice. But after three years of searching, she would mark any jail time in the victory category.
-
-When Ehsan came before the judge, Dettling watched from the spectator gallery. Bella and Morgan viewed the proceedings live through a Zoom feed.
-
-In a plea for leniency, Ehsan’s attorney, Casanova-Roers, told Judge Timothy McManus that Heather was the one who’d initiated the contact in violation of the order, not her client. “And he understands he should not have allowed that,” Casanova-Roers said.
-
-South St. Paul prosecutor Jerome Porter called Dettling to offer a victim impact statement on behalf of her daughter. She approached the lectern just a few feet from Ehsan. It was the first time she’d ever been in the same room as him.
-
-“I want Heather’s voice to be heard,” Dettling began, reading from a notebook with the words “Heather case. Justice is coming” scrawled on the cover. She asked McManus to give Ehsan the maximum penalty under the law.
-
-She told the judge how he’d inflicted so much pain and anguish on Heather that she’d suffered regular panic and anxiety attacks. “She couldn’t sleep, eat, go to the bathroom, talk to her friends, see her family, go to the store, or be with her kids or work, let alone work overtime, without his permission,” Dettling said.
-
-“He controlled every aspect of her life, so that when I started going through her phone and reading the texts between Ehsan and Heather, it didn’t sound like my daughter,” she continued. “I knew the words were hers, but I didn’t recognize the person writing them. He had transformed my daughter, Heather, from being \[an\] independent, hard-working mother of three wonderful children — \[a\] confident and strong young woman, sure of her convictions, creative and talented — to someone I didn’t know ... He had her brainwashed. Heather couldn’t tell anymore what was love and what was abuse.
-
-“There are laws against abusing animals in this way. What gives him the right to treat a human being in this way and get away with it? My grandchildren have to go through the rest of their lives without their mother because of this monster.”
-
-Casanova-Roers objected when Dettling told Judge McManus how the attorney had coached her daughter on how to write the letter requesting to drop the no-contact order, but McManus overruled and let her speak.
-
-“They crafted a letter that was a lie and presented it to this court,” Dettling continued. “It was a targeted and blatant lie ... The letter took all the blame off of Ehsan and put all of the blame on Heather.
-
-“Jennifer used key words to sway the judge into dropping the \[no-contact\] order, saying to the court that Heather ‘felt safe;’ ‘they are both in therapy.’ ”
-
-McManus acknowledged he was at a disadvantage. The case had bounced to different judges before landing on his desk for sentencing, and he didn’t know the history.
-
-“Who are you getting this from?” he asked Dettling.
-
-“Heather’s phone,” she replied.
-
-“Is this after she died?”
-
-“Yes.”
-
-“OK,” the judge continued delicately. “And then, I’m completely in the unknown. How did your daughter die?”
-
-Dettling bit her tongue. “It’s undetermined,” she said. “It is not suicide, as they called it in.”
-
-She asked the judge to hold Ehsan accountable not just for Heather, but for the “pattern of abuse and torture of vulnerable women.”
-
-“They are afraid to come forward and to make him accountable because of the extreme fear he has put in them,” she said. “I know the wheels of justice turn slowly, but I want Ehsan to know that Heather will have her justice. Your Honor, make him accountable today!”
-
-## Heather couldn’t tell anymore
-
-#### **Tracy Dettling,** Heather’s mother, reading from the victim impact statement she made on behalf of her daughter in court
-
-After Dettling, Bella spoke.
-
-She told McManus that Ehsan had also been convicted of violating a protection order she’d taken out against him. “I suffered physically, severe sexual and psychological abuse, as did Heather and the other partners he brought in and out of our South St. Paul home,” said Bella. “These abuses included being punched, slapped, kicked and beat with PVC pipes, metal-type belts and switches of various diameters all over the face and body.”
-
-“Why didn’t you call the police?” asked the judge.
-
-“I was in fear for my life,” Bella said. “He threatened to kill us if we did anything.”
-
-![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/handouts/bella_lipinjury.jpg?w=625)
-
-A photo of Bella Bree with a bruised and swollen lip taken on Oct. 9, 2018. She sent this and other images to police as evidence of how Ehsan Karam crossed the boundaries of BDSM into nonconsensual violence.
-
-When it came time for Ehsan to tell his side, Casanova-Roers told McManus he was not getting the full story. The behavior Dettling and Bella described was all “part of the sexual play” of BDSM, she said. Prosecutors for Dakota County had viewed the videos and photos and interviewed the witnesses to the allegations. “There were no charges brought against Mr. Karam because there was ample evidence to show that it was part of this BDSM play,” the lawyer said.
-
-Heather was an experienced moderator in the BDSM community who knew what she was doing, said Casanova-Roers. “Your Honor, it’s hard to hear the things that Ms. Dettling said for anyone, especially parents. Mr. Karam has a hard time hearing it because these things did not happen in the way that they have been presented to you today.
-
-“Heather’s death was very painful for my client as well,” Casanova-Roers continued. “He loved her dearly. And he loved \[Bella\] as well. I think things took a turn, and all of this consensual play that happened is now being used against him as —”
-
-“It’s not consensual,” interrupted Bella. “It is not.”
-
-McManus asked Ehsan if he wished to speak in his defense. In a brief statement, Ehsan acknowledged the allegations sounded bad when taken literally. “But the way that they have described it does not take into account the fact that it was all consensual. If you were familiar with the community, you would not be as shocked by what you’re hearing, I promise you, your Honor.”
-
-In the end, McManus sentenced Ehsan to the maximum 90 days in jail.
-
-“I find this is a serious violation,” the judge said.
-
-The bailiff took Ehsan into custody, and Dettling grinned and pumped her fists in celebration as she left the courthouse.
-
-  ![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/portraits/tracy_armsup.jpg?w=1400)
-
-Tracy Dettling pumped her fists in victory outside the Dakota County courthouse after seeing Ehsan Karam sentenced to 90 days in jail for breaking a no-contact order Heather Mayer had taken out on him before her death.
-
-The Dakota County jail discharged Ehsan in August, after he served two months. Once released, he traveled to Orlando to stay with Holly Appell.
-
-On Sept. 28, 2022, as Hurricane Ian raged outside, police responded to a 911 call to Holly’s apartment. Holly would later testify that she’d broken up with Ehsan, and the next morning, while they were still in bed, he wrapped his arms around her throat and squeezed her windpipe until she blacked out. “I said ‘no.’ I said, ‘I do not consent.’ I said ‘red,’ ” she told the judge. “And he told me that my words do not matter.”
-
-Ehsan is charged with assault, battery and a first-degree felony for kidnapping that carries up to life in prison. In early March, in a courtroom in downtown Orlando, he watched blankly from the jury box as Holly testified in a hearing over his bond. Handcuffs fastened his wrists to a metal chain that wrapped around the waist of a blue jumpsuit.
-
-In sworn testimony, Holly recounted how over the next 36 hours, until she was able to message a friend for help from her Apple Watch, Ehsan repeatedly choked her unconscious, took her phone, stripped her naked, locked her in a dark closet for hours and forced her to perform sex acts. He told her he planned to kill her and himself. “I was terrified — he had this look in his eyes,” she said.
-
-Ehsan forced her on the bed and drew the tip of a kitchen knife from her neck to her cheeks, then stuck the blade in her mouth, Holly continued. He told her how he was going to rip off her insulin pump and let her die, she testified. “He also at that point told me that my dad wasn’t coming until Friday and that my body would be decomposing by then.”
-
-She said she spent two months in inpatient psychiatric treatment in Tennessee recovering from the attack.
-
-Ehsan pleaded not guilty to the charges. His attorney, Bryce Fetter, said in a court document that Ehsan’s actions with Holly during the alleged assault and kidnapping were “consensual.”
-
-During the hearing, Fetter said that Ehsan and Holly were in a “relationship that went bad.” He argued Holly had opportunities to escape or call for help and she didn’t. Holly also had a history of dishonesty, Fetter said, and he read text messages entered into evidence showing her friends calling Holly a serial liar, saying she’d hidden her relationship with Ehsan from them.
-
-The judge denied Ehsan bond, meaning he’d remain in jail until his trial, scheduled for June.
-
-In an interview three days after the hearing, Holly said she now looks differently at what happened to Heather and how Ehsan reacted than when she first gave her statement to police almost four years ago. When she defended Ehsan to the officers the day they found Heather’s body, she said she truly believed the man she loved — whose responsibility was to protect his submissives — was not capable of hurting one of them. But now she knows that’s not true.
-
-“Ehsan disguised abuse as BDSM,” she said. “He has violence in him.”
-
-Holly said she was getting ready for bed the last time she saw Heather alive. She watched Ehsan take Heather into the laundry room and heard them engaging in a BDSM scene from the next room. “I could hear the two of them ‘playing,’ ” she said.
-
-Ehsan came out of the laundry room, but Heather never did. “He told me she wanted to sleep in there,” said Holly.
-
-Holly didn’t see Heather again until the next day, when she found her hanged to death in that room. She said Ehsan seemed distraught as they searched for the key to the chain around her neck, but he “freaked out” when they talked about calling 911. He instructed her and Bella to lie to police and say he hadn’t been at the house when it happened, Holly said. And then he ran.
-
-When she thinks back on that night, Holly wonders if Heather would still be alive if she would have gotten up to check on her.
-
-“I really feel like the only people that know what happened are him and Heather,” Holly said. “And obviously Heather can’t speak for herself anymore.”
-
-  ![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/portraits/holly_h.jpg?w=1400)
-
-Holly Appell testified that after she broke up with Ehsan Karam, he repeatedly choked her unconscious, locked her in a closet and forced her to perform sex acts. Karam’s attorney said the actions were “consensual.”
-
-Holly is the sixth woman across four states to accuse Ehsan of assault since Heather called 911 on him in April 2019, according to police records. One of those, who participated in this story but asked not to be attached by name to this detail, reported to police that Ehsan forced her to perform oral sex on men in exchange for drugs. The allegation led to no criminal charges. Several said Ehsan posted explicit photos of them, which they’d shared with him privately when they were dating, on social media after they broke up. In one case, the woman said he posted the photos on her own social media account, which her family members followed. For the assault on Heather in April before she died, Ehsan was convicted of obstruction of justice and sentenced to probation; the domestic assault charge was dismissed nearly six months after Heather’s death.
-
-Four of the women took out protection orders against Ehsan, and he’s been convicted of violating two: Bella’s and Heather’s. He is still facing charges in Arizona and Florida for allegations of assaulting Stephanie and kidnapping Holly.
-
-Heather’s death has spread through social media as a cautionary tale to others in the BDSM community. The fact that it’s still unsolved sends an implicit message, said Sarah, another member of an online BDSM group, who requested that her last name be withheld for privacy.
-
-“We’re not worth pursuing if anything happens — because we asked for it.”
-
-On Dec. 20, Casanova-Roers entered into an agreement with the Minnesota Office of Lawyers Professional Responsibility to suspend her law license for 60 days and place her on probation for two years. The investigation, initiated by Dettling’s complaint, found Casanova-Roers violated Minnesota’s rules of professional conduct when she gave Heather legal advice on how to get the no-contact order lifted. Casanova-Roers failed to disclose to Heather that her interests as Ehsan’s attorney directly conflicted with those of his victim, the agreement states. The Minnesota Supreme Court enacted the suspension in May.
-
-Jerome Abrams, the judge who dropped Heather’s protection order 16 days before her death, declined to comment. Court spokesman Kyle Christopherson said Abrams, who is retired, did not recall Heather’s hearing, but that such cases are difficult because judges must rule based on the information presented at the time. “If they’re deceived, then perhaps the ruling isn't going to be in the best interest of the parties,” he said.
-
-Morgan and Bella have started a nonprofit to help victims of domestic violence, called Heather House. Reconnecting over the case ignited a close friendship. They are now roommates. They published a webpage called [“What Happened to Heather?”](https://queenethereal.com/) which contains their accounts of the abuse they suffered under Ehsan as a warning to others. Bella plans to reenroll at the University of Minnesota and finish her degree. She served Ehsan with divorce papers while he was in jail. They officially divorced in December.
-
-Dettling has continued to search for justice for her daughter. She hired a private detective, Mike Lewandowski, to review the case. The former St. Cloud police officer and investigator told the Star Tribune that the South St. Paul officers overlooked red flags from Day One of the investigation in Heather’s death, starting from when they told Dettling her daughter killed herself. “The term ‘suicide’ probably should have been not used,” he said.
-
-Lewandowski said police continued to mishandle the case by throwing a bedsheet over Heather’s body, failing to preserve the scene, interviewing witnesses in front of Ehsan and by not investigating Bella’s statements about what she saw and heard that night and the next morning.
-
-In September, Lewandowski brought the case to the Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, which assigned an investigator to review it.
-
-The case is still open.
-
-![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/portraits/ehsan_jail_cropped.jpg?w=625)
-
-Ehsan Karam at a March 3 bond hearing at the Orange County Courthouse in Orlando. He is charged with assault, battery and a first-degree felony for kidnapping that carries up to life in prison.
-
-In those first couple Thanksgivings after Heather died, Tracy Dettling could hardly eat.
-
-She tried to make the holiday nice for the grandchildren that first year. They needed that, she thought. She went to wake Heather’s youngest son and noticed he’d written the words “Come back mom” in a sharpie on his upper thigh. She was preparing a stuffing later, and all she could think about was that funny mask Heather made every year with Saran wrap or a Ziploc bag to keep from crying when she chopped the onions, and Dettling’s brave face would quiver and then collapse.
-
-This past November, on the fourth Thanksgiving since her daughter’s death, a half hour before the guests were set to arrive, Dettling anxiously checked on the side dishes in the oven, worried she might overcook them. She bumped into her husband, who was carving the turkey in the kitchen, and she laughed and pinched the back of his pants. When it came time for the onions, she decided to make a Saran-wrap mask over her glasses, just to see how well it worked.
-
-Since Heather’s death, the court has granted Dettling full custody of her three grandsons. They have grown tall and sturdy, already towering over their grandmother and sprouting facial hair. The second-oldest volunteered to slice the bread and help make the stuffing — the duties his mother performed each year before she died. He ribbed Dettling about cooking too much food — again — and told jokes to fill the time when everything is cooking and the guests had yet to arrive. He remembered the time they all drove up to the Twin Cities with Heather to see “The Hunger Games: Catching Fire.” They had to sit in the very front row of the megaplex and all their necks hurt for days after. Jennifer, who was strapped to her electric wheelchair, acknowledged by blinking. A chubby Chihuahua named Margarita watched from under the table.
-
-Dettling laughed at her grandson’s jokes and it reminded her of how Heather would make her laugh. She told them all how she spotted a cardinal earlier that day venturing up to the bird feeder on the back deck that hangs over the forest behind her house. Whenever they see one, she explained, “We always say, ‘ah, Heather’s peeking in on us.’ ”
-
-There was a knock and the sound of the dinner guests walking in the house, and Dettling moved to the door.
-
-![](https://ststatic.stimg.co/assets/news/heather-assets/handouts/heatherandboys.jpg)
-
-Heather Mayer and her sons.
-
-#### How we reported this story
-
-The reporting for this story began in 2021, when Tracy Dettling contacted Star Tribune reporter Andy Mannix regarding the unsolved death of her daughter, Heather Mayer. Dettling was convinced police had not conducted a thorough investigation, in part because of Heather’s lifestyle in the BDSM world.
-
-What began as a story about a mother’s search for justice expanded in scope as Mannix began investigating the events leading up to the death of Heather, and how law enforcement and the courts handled her case. About a year into the reporting, Ehsan Karam, the man Heather was living with at the time of her death, was charged with assaulting women in Arizona and Florida. Others who knew Ehsan, including his estranged wife, came forward to police alleging that Karam had assaulted them as well, and they agreed to share their stories with Mannix.
-
-The story relied heavily on records — both public and non-public — obtained through data requests and provided by sources, as well as dozens of interviews. Mannix and photographer Renée Jones Schneider also traveled to Tucson, Ariz., Omaha, Orlando and several locations in Minnesota to complete the reporting.
-
-The description of the South St. Paul Police Department’s response on July 4, 2019, comes from a combination of body-camera footage from multiple officers, crime scene photos, Hennepin County Medical Examiner records, police reports and interviews with people who were present that day. The reporters interviewed experts in the BDSM subculture and members of an online BDSM group Heather helped moderate. Several talked on the condition of anonymity, citing concerns that stigma around their lifestyle could negatively impact their families and professional lives.
-
-The quotes from police interviews with witnesses come from the official recordings of those conversations made by the officers, supplemented by the officers’ notes and reports. All dialogue from court proceedings is quoted verbatim from transcripts.
-
-Many people named in the story declined or ignored requests to be interviewed, including: Ehsan Karam, Jennifer Casanova-Roers, Kathy Keena, South St. Paul Police Chief Brian Wicke, former Chief Bill Messerich, officer Phillip Oeffling and other members of the South St. Paul Police Department. To represent their side of the story, Mannix quoted their statements on the case from police reports, court records and transcripts, interview recordings, body-camera footage and their writing.
-
-Tracy Dettling gave Mannix access to Heather’s phone, which contained the text and private social media messages cited in this story. The phone also contained videos and photos of the violence described in the story. To corroborate their allegations, other women in the story also provided text messages, photos and videos of the verbal abuse and physical violence they endured. They allowed the Star Tribune to independently view all materials cited in this story, including those turned over to law enforcement. Some of the photos were posted to social media.
-
-The description of the meeting between Dettling and Keena comes from a combination of interviews with Dettling and a copy of the letter Keena wrote explaining why her office did not file charges. Dettling also shared her correspondence with law enforcement over the case.
-
-In cases where no record existed, the reporters relied on interviews with the people who were present to recreate those scenes, such as the final phone call between Dettling and her daughter.
-
-Every minute nearly 20 people are victims of intimate partner violence, according to the [National Coalition Against Domestic Violence.](https://ncadv.org/STATISTICS) If you’re a victim, help is available through organizations such as the [Minnesota Day One](http://dayoneservices.org/) confidential crisis hotline (1-866-223-1111) and the [National Domestic Violence Hotline](https://www.thehotline.org/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=domestic_violence) (1-800-799-7233). If you’re having suicidal thoughts, call the [National Suicide Prevention Lifeline](https://988lifeline.org/) at 988.
-
-**[Contact reporter Andy Mannix](mailto:andy.mannix@startribune.com) if you would like to share your feedback on this story. You can also share your feedback with Star Tribune editors at [editor@startribune.com.](mailto:editor@startribune.com)**
-
-#### Credits
-
-**Reporting** Andy Mannix
-
-**Photography and Videography** Renee Jones Schneider
-
-**Editing** Eric Wieffering, Deb Pastner, Emily Johnson, Jenni Pinkley, Mark Vancleave, Abby Simons, Trisha Collopy, Valerie Reichel
-
-**Design** Anna Boone, Josh Jones, Josh Penrod, Greg Mees
-
-**Development** Anna Boone, Jamie Hutt
-
-**Audience Engagement** Nancy Yang, Sara Porter, Ashley Miller
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-Date: 2023-01-15
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-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-01-15
-Link: https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/01/prince-harry-spare-memoir-meghan-monarchy/672701/
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-&emsp;
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-# Prince Harry’s Unwitting Case for Abolishing the Monarchy
-
-## Prince Harry’s Book Undermines the Very Idea of Monarchy
-
-The prince’s memoir, *Spare*, is a scorching account of life in a golden cage.
-
-![Prince Harry](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/NgjLIYPzVL__DiVrTbsai0bnJjI=/0x0:4800x2700/960x540/media/img/mt/2023/01/prince_harry_oversharer_/original.jpg)
-
-Chris Jackson / Getty
-
-Imagine a fairy-tale city—on the coast, perhaps, with sailboats bobbing in the breeze. This is Ursula K. Le Guin’s Omelas, a fictional utopia where “the air of morning was so clear that the snow still crowning the Eighteen Peaks burned with white-gold fire.”
-
-But Omelas holds a horrifying secret: Its continued existence relies on a single malnourished, unloved child being kept in a cellar, alone and uncomforted, in filth and fear.
-
-“They all know it is there, all the people of Omelas,” Le Guin writes. “They all know that it has to be there. Some of them understand why, and some do not, but they all understand that their happiness, the beauty of their city, the tenderness of their friendships, … even the abundance of their harvest and the kindly weathers of their skies, depend wholly on this child’s abominable misery.”
-
-Most citizens take the bargain. A few do not—they walk away, out of the city, never to be seen again. They give Le Guin’s 1973 story its title: “The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas.”
-
-Prince Harry probably didn’t have Omelas in mind when writing his new memoir, [*Spare*](https://bookshop.org/a/12476/9780593593806). As he confesses several times in the text, he is not much of a reader. But perhaps J. R. Moehringer, his ghostwriter, did, because I have never seen the case against the monarchy made so powerfully as it is here. The cost of all the pomp and pageantry, the tabloid sales and the viral clicks, the patriotism and the tradition, has been the utter destruction of one boy’s mind.
-
-[Read: How the British Royal Family became a global brand](https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/10/british-royal-monarchy-queen-elizabeth/411388/)
-
-The first surprise, after the glutinous [Oprah interview](https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2021/03/meghan-markle-wont-be-silenced/618227/) and the syrupy [Netflix series](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/12/harry-and-meghan-netflix-documentary-series-final-episodes/672478/), is that *Spare* is a gripping read—where else would you find charging [elephants](https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/jan/10/prince-harry-william-book-charles-camilla), hallucinations about [talking trash cans](https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11604649/Prince-Harry-claims-hallucinated-bin-talking-bad-mushroom-trip-memoir.html), Afghan War [stories](https://time.com/6245898/prince-harry-implications-killing-taliban-spare/), royal [fistfights](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/jan/04/prince-harry-william-physical-attack-2019-meghan-spare-book), and a prince’s [frostbitten penis](https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2023/01/prince-harrys-frostbitten-groin-the-epilogue) in a single narrative? Yet the overall tone is one of unrelenting misery. Harry’s paranoia, obsession, and anger ooze out of every page. He hates the press (oh, how he hates the press). His stepmother, Camilla, is “dangerous.” His sister-in-law, Kate, is stuck-up, dressing immaculately for a casual homemade dinner, whereas Meghan is happy to chill out in jeans. His brother, William, is jealous, brooding, and aging poorly—losing his resemblance to their late mother as he gets older, Harry cruelly notes. His father, now King Charles, is addicted to good headlines, and secures them by letting his staff brief against his own children. Yes, that’s right, *Spare* finally coughs up the allegations that Harry had only hinted at before: that his own family colluded with the media to depict him as a wastrel and Meghan as a diva.
-
-*Harry and Meghan*, on Netflix, was cringe because all the billing and cooing about the couple’s world-shattering romance sat uneasily alongside Harry’s grumbles about the tabloids. *Spare* succeeds as a memoir by putting that romance in context. Again and again, girlfriends fall for Harry—and then see their private life systematically trashed. One calls him in tears about the paparazzi outside her flat. Another loves him but decides she would rather be free. By 30, Harry is wondering if he will ever find anyone prepared to deal with the curse of being his partner. Meghan Markle is the only woman who is prepared to endure the wholesale razing of her life to be with him. But even then, he compares his royal status to a disease: “I’d infected Meg, and her mother, with my contagion, otherwise known as my life.”
-
-This book is so honest about Harry’s dark side—his alcohol and drug use, his anxiety, the “[red mist](https://people.com/royals/prince-harry-saw-red-mist-prince-william-during-fight-meghan-markle-spare/)” his brother provoked in him—that it lends credibility to his complaints about the media in a way that the Netflix series did not. His troubles begin in August 1997, when his father wakes up Harry at Balmoral to tell him that his mother, Diana, has died. Charles, then the Prince of Wales, had been emotionally crippled by his own upbringing: A sensitive, bookish boy, the future king was bullied quite brutally at his boarding school, Gordonstoun. That seems to have left him unable to comfort his sons, and Harry deals with the trauma of losing Diana by blocking out all memories of her. He finds himself unable to talk about her, or to cry for her.
-
-Harry also keenly feels his secondary status as the “spare” to the heir. There’s a mirthless joke about existing only to provide donated organs to William if needed, and he interprets every bit of normal brotherly bickering as a reminder of his lower rank in the hierarchy. Early on, Harry asserts that while he might not be a scholar, he can remember in great detail every place he’s been. And can he! One way to sum up *Spare* would be “Area Man Complains About Free Lodgings.” His half of a shared childhood bedroom is smaller and “less luxurious” than William’s; his Kensington Palace apartment has no light; the ceilings on his grace-and-favor cottage are too low. Worst of all, at Balmoral, he is given a “mini room in a narrow back corridor, among the offices of Palace staff.” The tiny violin is played heavily in this symphony.
-
-If Harry’s complaints all seem phenomenally petty, we shouldn’t be surprised. Royal courts have always been like this, ensnaring their inhabitants in constant micro-battles for status. Nancy Mitford’s wonderful [biography of Madame de Pompadour](https://bookshop.org/a/12476/9780940322653), mistress of the French King Louis XV, outlines the terrible consequences of the rigid etiquette of Versailles: French nobles let their country estates go to ruin while they bickered over who was allowed a chair instead of a stool in the king’s presence, or at what angle they could have their kneeling cushion in chapel. Even as an adult, Harry is infantilized, dependent on his father for money and on the wider royal network for permission to travel, endorse charitable causes, and propose marriage. “I’d been forced into this surreal state,” he writes, “this unending *Truman Show* in which I almost never carried money, never owned a car, never carried a house key, never once ordered anything online, never received a single box from Amazon, *almost* never traveled on the Underground.”
-
-Now imagine the restless status-seeking of a royal family combined with the distorting power of money and fame. Harry had the misfortune to be a teenager right at the nadir of British tabloid culture, when phone hacking was widespread, paparazzi were at their most intrusive, and the Metropolitan Police were useless at helping with either problem. The royals repeatedly wondered who was betraying them, even when no one was. The papers were simply listening to their voicemail messages. In 2007, Harry claims, a photo of him could fetch £30,000—a down payment on an apartment. “But a snap of me doing something *aggressive*? That might be a down payment on a house in the countryside.” (Oddly, this passage made me sympathetic to the photographers for once—we can’t all phone up “Granny” and ask for a bigger cottage on her estate.)
-
-Throughout the book, Harry’s relatives counsel him to stop reading the press. That blessed state is clearly impossible, given his temperament, yet I am still astonished by how much attention he pays to his public image. He knows the names of individual journalists who have wronged him, although he rarely uses them. (He describes the media magnate Rupert Murdoch’s right-hand woman, the former tabloid editor [Rebekah Brooks](https://www.gawker.com/celebrity/prince-harry-memoir-spare-rebekah-brooks-news-of-the-world-eton-charles), as “Rehabber Kooks.”) He has even read Hilary Mantel’s “[Royal Bodies](https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v35/n04/hilary-mantel/royal-bodies)” lecture—in which the author unpacked the British obsession with royalty, from Henry VIII’s era to the present day—although he doesn’t appear to have understood it. He thinks Mantel was dismissing the royals by likening them to pandas, when she was making the same point he is: “However airy the enclosure they inhabit, it’s still a cage.” Because of Harry’s intense focus on the media’s shortcomings, coverage of *Spare* has presented an ethical dilemma for the British press. Most have valiantly ignored his criticisms of their practices while going big on fraternal bickering and the genital injury Harry suffered on a charity trip to the North Pole.
-
-Whatever else this book might be, it is a superb historical document. We know now that the King of England had an emotional-support (stuffed) animal called Teddy, used to do headstands to cure his bad back, and wears an overpowering cologne called Eau Sauvage. You can’t accuse Harry of holding back about himself, either: This book is soaked in booze and caked in vomit and even describes the unfortunate effect of anxiety medication on his bowels. He wets himself during a yacht race because he’s too nervous to take a leak in front of the crew. He applies his mother’s favorite moisturizer to his frost-ravaged “todger,” in a scene that my eyes almost physically rejected reading: “I found a tube, and the minute I opened it the smell transported me through time. I felt as if my mother was right there in the room. Then I took a smidge and applied it … down there.” The book ends with the birth of his daughter, Lilibet. The scene in the delivery room finds him down the business end, fielding the catch. “I wanted to say: Hello,” he recalls. “I wanted to say: ‘Where have you come from?’” (I mean, I can hazard a guess.)
-
-[Helen Lewis: Harry and Meghan are playing a whole different game](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/12/harry-meghan-netflix-show/672400/)
-
-For hardened Harry-haters, this book will bolster their portrait of a vengeful narcissist unwilling to take any responsibility for his actions. Including the number of Afghans he killed while on duty—25—seems a genuine error of judgment, both because of its security implications for the military that he venerates and because Harry’s new fan base of coastal Americans will find it repellent. (On [*The Late Show With Stephen Colbert*](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-64231560), Harry tried to blame the press for picking up the line, but the book does not shy away from it: “Twenty-five. It wasn’t a number that gave me any satisfaction. But neither was it a number that made me ashamed.”)
-
-Harry seems to have backed himself into a corner where he cannot acknowledge the existence of legitimate criticism or even that at least some of the wild media stories about him were true. There’s a British phrase—a “hooray Henry”—for a certain kind of posh partygoer, and for all his protestations that the media have invented a caricature of him, Harry does spend a lot of his own narrative utterly blotto. He does cocaine at 17. He drinks rum in “Club H,” the den in the basement of his father’s country home, with friends burdened with unimprovable aristo names like Badger, Casper, Rose, and Chimp. He smokes weed in palace gardens, careful not to let the smoke blow over the Duke of Kent. He takes shrooms at an American party and hallucinates that the toilet has a face. He even bangs through the laughing gas in the delivery room at the birth of his first child, and the nurses have to fetch another tank for his wife, who is in labor.
-
-Despite all the therapy, some of the memoir does read like a spew of unprocessed emotions; other sections make you wish Harry would occasionally look on the bright side. His professed desire for reconciliation with his family jars with calling out his brother’s “alarming baldness,” his father’s pettiness, and his stepmother’s scheming. He is perpetually wronged, never at fault himself—or if he is, he had his reasons (bald brother, petty father, scheming stepmother, plus the beastly press and the tragedy of his mother’s death). He wore that Nazi uniform to a fancy-dress party only because William and Kate found it funny. He challenged a group of women he’d never met to play strip billiards in Las Vegas only because—well, we never find out. But he’s annoyed that one of them sold the photos of his bare ass to the tabloids all the same. Sometimes, despite the best efforts of his ghostwriter and publisher, moments of blithe aristocracy creep in: “Pa’s chef would sometimes stock my freezer with chicken pies,” for example, or “Meg and I were on the phone with Elton John.”
-
-At one point, Harry mentions the “negativity bias” of the media: their preference for bad news and personal attacks. But his own negativity bias is incredibly strong. With a different narrator, this book would be a chronicle of a life marked by both service and adventure—gunning down Taliban fighters from an Apache helicopter, drinking champagne from a prosthetic leg at the South Pole, waving an ermine thong at his brother’s wedding, borrowing Tom Hardy’s costume from *Mad Max* for a party, calling in a military jet to tail his father’s car for a laugh—but everywhere a note of sourness creeps in, because every highlight is ruined, and every low moment is worsened, by the click-click-click of camera shutters.
-
-Harry and I are nearly the same age. I’ve lived through everything in this book, from the outside—my own mother woke me up that morning in 1997 to tell me about the car crash. I, too, remember when Opal Fruits, a British candy, was renamed Starburst. *Spare* is therefore both intensely relatable and extraordinarily distant. Maybe I also told uncomprehending elderly relatives about Ali G at the turn of the century, but Harry taught a 101-year-old Queen Mother to snap her fingers and say “Booyakasha!”
-
-And as this book might say, I have been on a journey. My sympathy for Harry and Meghan has waned since I [applauded](https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/01/prince-harry-meghan-markle-sussex/604657/) their initial decision to exchange royal life for exile in California. Their subsequent publicity tour strikes me as self-defeating, with the true quality of a family quarrel, reheating decades-old grievances, and marked by an unquenchable thirst for the last word. Thankfully, *Spare* helps the reader understand the inevitability of it all. These personalities in these circumstances *had* to create this outcome. Reflecting on his time calling in air strikes in Afghanistan, Harry writes that he enjoyed the poetry and jargon of communicating with the pilots: “And I found deeper meanings in the exercise. I’d often think: It’s the whole game, isn’t it? Getting people to see the world as you see it? And say it all back to you?” That sounds suspiciously close to a mission statement for the book—one of many instances when you can feel the ghostwriter’s hand—and if so, Harry is doomed to disappointment. You can tell your truth all you want, but you can’t make it *the* truth.
-
-[K. A. Dilday: My time with the British aristocracy](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/01/i-have-caught-a-glimpse-of-meghan-markles-world/605029/)
-
-Yet this book still holds extraordinary power, not least as the best case yet against a hereditary monarchy. “My problem has never been with the monarchy, nor the concept of monarchy,” Harry writes. “It’s been with the press and the sick relationship that’s evolved between it and the palace.” But how else could such a relationship function, when a royal family exists only to exist? Literally no one would care about Harry’s opinions about elephants, or military veterans, or racism—or anything at all—if not for the accident of his birth.
-
-At the same time, his readers will understand the inhumanity of thrusting anyone into this gilded hell without their permission. The public might love the tiaras and the traditions, but Harry’s memoir makes it impossible to ignore the broken people inside the institution. Support for the monarchy is consistently high in Britain, but I wonder how many people will read this book and think: *It’s time to walk away from Omelas.*
-
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-*When you buy a book using a link on this page, we receive a commission. Thank you for supporting* The Atlantic.
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-# Rape, Race and a Decades-Old Lie That Still Wounds
-
-
-The Great Read
-
-Farid El Haïry spent most of his adult life as a convicted rapist. Then his accuser changed her story.
-
-![A man standing in a covered courtyard.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/10/04/multimedia/00france-lie-01-gpzl/00france-lie-01-gpzl-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
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-Farid El Haïry in June in Hazebrouck, France.Credit...Dmitry Kostyukov for The New York Times
-
-[Catherine Porter](https://www.nytimes.com/by/catherine-porter) and [Aurelien Breeden](https://www.nytimes.com/by/aurelien-breeden)
-
-The reporters visited the small French city of Hazebrouck twice, interviewed over a dozen people and went over court records.
-
-Published Oct. 8, 2023Updated Oct. 9, 2023
-
-The phone echoed in Farid El Haïry’s home in northern France. It was February 1999.
-
-A rural police officer was on the line, asking if he could come down to the gendarmerie for a chat.
-
-“I asked them why and was it urgent,” he says. It’s nothing serious, he remembers being told. Come when you can. It won’t take long.
-
-Then a lanky 17-year-old about to start an apprenticeship in a bakery, Mr. El Haïry set out for the brick station a couple of days later. He grabbed some pains au chocolat and a Coke on the way for breakfast.
-
-He would not return home for years.
-
-He was charged with the sexual assault and rape of a 15-year-old girl from a neighboring high school, whom he knew only by sight and had never spoken to. The police had no witnesses, no corroborating evidence, just her word against his.
-
-After a night at the gendarmerie, he was sent to a nearby prison that was notorious for overcrowding, drug use and suicide. He spent the next 11 months and 23 days in pretrial custody before being released with one painful condition — stay away from his home city of Hazebrouck, where his accuser, but also his friends and family, lived.
-
-At a trial in 2003, a jury found him guilty and sentenced him to five years in prison, but so much of it was suspended that he would not return to jail.
-
-Since then, there have been two Farid El Haïrys — the hyperactive teenager, described by classmates and relatives as a joker who played games and didn’t take school seriously, and the sober adult, who hides his distrust behind a smiling facade and must always work to control the rage he describes as a “cancer burning inside of me.”
-
-Fuel for his rage included race. Mr. El Haïry, now 42, is the son of a Moroccan immigrant. He doubts a white citizen would have been charged on similarly flimsy evidence, let alone convicted. A growing pile of [reports](https://www.jstor.org/stable/23358671) and [court decisions](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/world/europe/france-racial-profiling-police-court.html) show that racial profiling by the police is a serious, unaddressed problem in France.
-
-For 23 years, Mr. El Haïry suppressed that anger — until another unsettling phone call arrived, this one interrupting his family’s Eid al-Fitr celebrations last year.
-
-Again, it was the police.
-
-There had been a development in his case, he learned. His accuser from so many years ago, now a mother herself, had been in touch. She had changed her story.
-
-## ‘Something Was Wrong’
-
-Sitting in the gendarmerie on that morning in 1999, Mr. El Haïry assumed it was a mistake. So did his family.
-
-“It was impossible,” said his cousin Angélique Vanhaecke. “He never even talked to girls.”
-
-But over time, as the investigation continued and Mr. El Haïry suffered strip searches and solitary confinement, he began to feel differently.
-
-“Something was wrong,” he said on a recent walk around Hazebrouck to revisit the scenes of a crime that never happened.
-
-“They were looking for a culprit,” he added.
-
-As a French Arab who grew up in his hometown’s only housing project, he believed he made for a convenient one.
-
-Hazebrouck is a middle-class city of 21,000 people in a region known for its rich farmland, work ethic and love of beer. Locals describe it as insular and quiet. Only 2 percent of residents were immigrants [in 2019](https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6455262?sommaire=6455286&geo=COM-59295).
-
-Before his parents rented a nearby house, Mr. El Haïry grew up in “the blocks” — a group of subsidized high-rises where many of the town’s few immigrant families lived.
-
-His father worked at a steel plant in Dunkirk, 28 miles away. His mother, who grew up in Hazebrouck, was a cook in a hospice. Farid was the youngest of their three sons — a wiry boy buzzing with energy who roared around the neighborhood on a bike.
-
-“He liked to laugh, tease and roughhouse,” Ms. Vanhaecke said. But, she added, “he wasn’t violent at all.”
-
-As a teenager, Mr. El Haïry was stopped regularly for identity checks by the local police. Sometimes, he recalled, the same officers would stop him more than once a day.
-
-Racial profiling by the police is a longstanding grievance in France. [One 2017 study](https://www.defenseurdesdroits.fr/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rapport-enquete_relations_police_population-20170111_1.pdf) found that young men “perceived to be Black or Arab” were 20 times as likely to be subjected to identity checks compared with the rest of the population.
-
-Mr. El Haïry had no criminal record.
-
-Court documents give his accuser’s original account: Mr. El Haïry had stopped her on the street one winter evening with a group of friends, described as of Northwest African origin. Together, they hauled her down an alley, pinned her down and molested her, she said.
-
-She knew Mr. El Haïry only by sight. But he was known as “a violent individual.”
-
-Five months later, she crossed paths with Mr. El Haïry again near the public pool. This time, a different man, again described as of Northwest African origin, held her to the ground while Farid raped her. She said she had been a virgin.
-
-Mr. El Haïry vehemently denied all of it.
-
-The police were never able to identify the man from the second incident. The accuser did pick out three of Mr. El Haïry’s friends from the first. Officers obtained initial statements from two that they had crossed paths with her alongside Mr. El Haïry.
-
-Under questioning from a magistrate months later, however, the stories shifted. The two friends said they had been pressured into their statements by officers, and denied ever seeing Mr. El Haïry and the victim together. The accuser said while the friends had talked to her, only Mr. El Haïry had molested her.
-
-The case went forward anyway.
-
-“The police should have immediately, immediately, immediately said to themselves, ‘It’s not just one thing that is inconsistent, it’s a lot of things,’” Mr. El Haïry said.
-
-The gendarmerie in Hazebrouck declined to comment. They had not kept records of the investigation, an official said, and none of the officers involved still worked there.
-
-After being released from custody, Mr. El Haïry moved into an uncle’s apartment in Pantin, a Paris suburb.
-
-His parents traveled three hours to bring him groceries regularly. “I saw how my parents suffered,” said Christian El Haïry, Farid’s eldest brother. “They lost their little boy.”
-
-Mr. El Haïry was required to report weekly to a police station, which often took hours. He lost his first job as a shoe salesman because he couldn’t explain the absences. He struggled to keep and make friends because he worried they would find out.
-
-“He was broken,” Ms. Vanhaecke said. “He had a joie de vivre. From one day to the next, it was gone.”
-
-## A Surprise Letter
-
-The accuser cried continually through the trial, which lasted two days.
-
-The prosecution relied on her story, a gynecological exam and psychiatric reports that assessed her as credible, suffering from a severe lack of self-esteem and disgust with sexuality. She was also a good student, they noted. Mr. El Haïry was deemed immature, egocentric and defensive. He had been suspended from school repeatedly.
-
-Martin Grasset, Mr. El Haïry’s lawyer during the trial, saw the verdict as a partial victory. His client would not return to jail — a sign, he thought, that the jury had sensed holes in the case.
-
-“It’s behind him,” Mr. Grasset recalled thinking at the time.
-
-From the outside, it seemed that way.
-
-Mr. El Haïry went on to manage a shoe store before switching to a mobile phone business in Lille. He married, bought a house and had two children.
-
-But the conviction hung over him.
-
-His name was added to the national sex offender registry.
-
-In a brief article about the trial, which had been held behind closed doors, a local newspaper printed his name.
-
-People looked at his family differently, said his brother Christian. “We all held a bit of hate in our heart,” he said.
-
-Then, last year, Mr. El Haïry’s life was upended again by a call from the police. The accuser had written to the local prosecutor in 2017, admitting she had lied.
-
-“Mr. Farid El Haïry isn’t guilty of anything and never committed any actions of sexual violence or rape against me,” her letter read. It claimed that she had been raped by her older brother from the ages of 8 to 12, and had only been released from the “grip of family secrecy” after years of therapy.
-
-“I wish to set the record straight,” she wrote. “I feel ashamed and guilty with regard to Farid El Haïry. He didn’t deserve this.”
-
-After the call, Mr. El Haïry rushed to tell his parents. His mother, then 69, was in palliative care with kidney failure.
-
-“She said to me, ‘Don’t worry Farid, I won’t die,’” said Mr. El Haïry, recounting the scene. “‘I will be in the courtroom when you are exonerated.’” Soon after, she moved back home.
-
-But she was too sick to travel to Paris last December when judges on France’s top appeals court exonerated her son.
-
-After the ruling, Mr. El Haïry dropped his head in his hands. His lawyers patted his back, calling the case “historic.”
-
-Since 1945, only about 15 people convicted of serious crimes, like murder or rape, have been exonerated or found not guilty in France after a retrial, experts say.
-
-That offered little solace. Stepping out of the courtroom, Mr. El Haïry was in tears.
-
-“I did one year of imprisonment, but the 23 years of mental imprisonment are what’s hardest,” he told reporters. “One family was destroyed to protect another.”
-
-Just over two weeks later, Mr. El Haïry’s father died of a heart attack. His mother died a few months after that.
-
-## Julie’s Story
-
-Farid’s accuser was a girl named Julie.
-
-Now in her 40s, she agreed to meet at her lawyer’s office on condition that we not reveal her family name or where she now lived. At the same time she wrote the letter about Mr. El Haïry, she sent another one to prosecutors, accusing her older brother of repeated rape. That investigation continues.
-
-She talked for more than two hours, breaking into tears a few times. The story is still raw for her, too.
-
-Julie was born and raised in Hazebrouck, where her family used to own a textile business.
-
-When she sent the letters in 2017, she had been carrying the lie for almost two decades. Several things pushed her to confess.
-
-She had recently given birth to her first child, a son, and was terrified the pattern of incest would repeat itself.
-
-That summer, a victim’s aid counselor urged her to come clean.
-
-In the fall, the `#MeToo` movement erupted. It inspired her, she said, even though her experience contradicted what many other activists at the time were saying — that the police regularly dismiss rape victims as liars.
-
-“`#MeToo` is about the liberation of speech,” she said. “So I spoke out, this time to tell the truth.”
-
-When she was 14, Julie’s first consensual sex with her boyfriend resurfaced traumatic memories of her brother’s incest, she said, triggering a gnawing anxiety.
-
-“I fell asleep with the fear of rape,” she said.
-
-Around the same time, her boyfriend clashed with Mr. El Haïry and became so scared of him that he refused to go downtown, just to avoid him. As Julie describes it, her fear of rape meshed with her boyfriend’s fear of Mr. El Haïry, and her decision to lie emerged from a teenager’s confusing jumble of feelings.
-
-“I think it was a survival instinct,” she said. “I needed to speak out.”
-
-While Mr. El Haïry is convinced that race and class influenced the police investigation and court case, Julie is less sure.
-
-“From my adolescent perspective, it was not at all something that I saw or perceived,” she said. “Did it play a role? I don’t know.”
-
-She did say, however, that every time she went to the “blocks” for dance classes, she was scared.
-
-Once cast, the lie shielded her: She was recognized as a victim within her family without tearing it apart. The incest never reoccurred afterward, she said.
-
-The story she told the police matched a common rape myth — that most rapists are strangers lurking in street shadows. In fact, “perpetrators are predominantly close relatives,” said Audrey Darsonville, a criminal law professor at the University of Nanterre.
-
-Malicious or fictitious accusations of rape are extremely rare, Ms. Darsonville noted, but it is not uncommon for minors — especially incest victims — to initially accuse the wrong perpetrator.
-
-“It’s a kind of cry for help,” she said, from victims who cannot bring themselves to name the family member abusing them.
-
-Julie initially told a handful of friends that she had been raped by Mr. El Haïry. One evening, her two brothers overheard and told their parents. She did not want to file a complaint, she insisted, but her parents took her to see a psychologist, who alerted the authorities.
-
-The investigation was a blur, she said. The psychologist and her mother sat in for her police interview. She barely interacted with her lawyer. She felt an “extreme solitude” and later became bulimic.
-
-She was trapped in her lie. But Julie also acknowledged she did nothing to defuse it, even after it put an innocent teenager in prison for nearly a year.
-
-In 2003, when she received a letter summoning her to court for the trial, she recalls thinking: “Either I kill myself, or I denounce my brother, or I go.”
-
-So she went.
-
-Now, as an adult and as a mother, she is coming to terms with her decisions. Her life was also cleaved in halves that she is now trying to restitch — the girl who was the victim of abuse, and the teenager who told a harmful lie to save her.
-
-“One protected the other,” she said. “I had the right words, but not for the right person.”
-
-## No Vindication
-
-For over two decades, Mr. El Haïry imagined the moment when the lie would be exposed, his reputation redeemed and his lives welded.
-
-But that is not what happened.
-
-“I didn’t feel what I thought I would feel,” he said over lunch in a Hazebrouck tavern. “I was screwed over for 24 years, and it took 30 seconds to exonerate me.”
-
-Stories about the case ran on the national 8 o’clock news and in local and national newspapers. But true to the city’s tight-lipped reputation, the revelation caused little stir in Hazebrouck. Walking around the main square on market day, few locals knew about it. A former classmate running a bakery said he hadn’t known about Mr. El Haïry’s conviction in the first place.
-
-The city’s current mayor, who was 6 at time of Mr. El Haïry’s arrest, said he considered the case a personal affair and not a reflection of Hazebrouck, which he pointed out has no history of serious crime or police abuse.
-
-But in the blocks where Mr. El Haïry’s family is still known, the exposed injustice stings.
-
-“No one believed it,” said Moustapha Zidane, 47, a youth worker at the neighborhood’s small community center. “We were stigmatized by the police.”
-
-Mr. El Haïry’s North African heritage and his connection to the impoverished neighborhood made him an “easy target,” Mr. Zidane said.
-
-“If you aren’t the same color as others, it’s not OK,” concurred Évelyne Lazoore, 63, outside the local primary school, where she had just dropped off her niece. “He was put in prison for nothing.”
-
-Mr. El Haïry has filed a complaint against Julie, accusing her of wrongfully accusing him. An investigation is continuing.
-
-He stews with anger at the justice system.
-
-He learned about Julie’s first letter nearly five years after she sent it. Court summons for Mr. El Haïry were sent to the wrong address. The pandemic further delayed things. But even for France, a country where the wheels of the overburdened judiciary often move slowly, his exoneration process was particularly long, experts say.
-
-“I could have enjoyed five years of that liberty and innocence with my parents,” he said bitterly.
-
-Mr. El Haïry is also seeking damages from the state to compensate for the hardship of his imprisonment and conviction.
-
-It is unclear how much he might be entitled to. In 2012, a man who had spent over seven years in prison on false rape charges [received nearly 800,000 euros](https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2012/09/25/les-indemnites-de-loic-secher-fixees-a-797-352-euros-par-la-justice_1765154_3224.html), or over $840,000, but Mr. El Haïry had far less jail time.
-
-For him, the main loss is immaterial — the life he might have lived, the person he might have been.
-
-Since he learned of Julie’s confession, Mr. El Haïry’s nights are sleepless again. He spends them turning over every detail of the case, asking questions that might never be satisfactorily answered. Just when he should be released from the lie, he is consumed by it.
-
-“It’s my lullaby,” he said.
-
-[Aurelien Breeden](https://www.nytimes.com/by/aurelien-breeden) has covered France from the Paris bureau since 2014. He has reported on some of the worst terrorist attacks to hit the country, the dismantling of the migrant camp in Calais and France's tumultuous 2017 presidential election. [More about Aurelien Breeden](https://www.nytimes.com/by/aurelien-breeden)
-
-
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-```button
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-&emsp;
-
-# Reuters, New York Times Top List of Fossil Fuel Industry’s Favorite Media Partners
-
-*This story was co-reported with DeSmog and co-published by The Intercept and The Nation.*
-
-As she begins a recent episode of the podcast “Powered By How,” award-winning journalist Nisha Pillai talks about the difficulty of scaling innovation, then introduces her guests: a business psychologist, a renewable energy investor, and the head of an innovation lab. The guests go on to describe the complexities of climate change, the challenges to scaling any sort of technology, and what’s needed to engineer real solutions.
-
-It sounds like any other business or energy podcast, but each episode in this eight-part series is actually an ad. The casual listener could easily miss the first 5 seconds, set to jangly, stereotypically podcast-y music, when Pillai, a former BBC World News presenter whose voice instills instant confidence, announces that this is a podcast from Reuters Plus in partnership with Saudi Aramco.
-
-Pillai never explains that Reuters Plus is the internal ad studio at Reuters, not part of the newsroom. Nor does she remind listeners of the show’s sponsor when the head of the innovation lab, an Aramco executive, trots out the fossil fuel industry’s favorite line on climate: “We need to have collective action from all: government, industry, the developer of the technologies and the end consumer.”
-
-Reuters is one of at least seven major news outlets whose internal brand studio creates and publishes misleading promotional content for fossil fuel companies, according to a [new report](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24183641-drilleddesmog_mediagreenwashingreport) [released today.](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24182162-drilleddesmog_mediagreenwashingreport) Known as advertorials or native advertising, the sponsored material is created to look like a publication’s authentic editorial work, lending a veneer of journalistic credibility to the fossil fuel industry’s key climate talking points.
-
-In collaboration with The Intercept and The Nation, Drilled and DeSmog analyzed hundreds of advertorials and events, as well as ad data from Media Radar. Our analysis focused on the three years spanning October 2020 to October 2023, when the public ramped up calls for [media](https://www.worldwithoutfossilads.org/), [public relations, and advertising companies](https://cleancreatives.org/) to cut their commercial ties with fossil fuel clients amid growing awareness that the industry’s deceptive [messaging](https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/climat/v159y2020i1d10.1007_s10584-019-02582-8.html) was slowing climate action.
-
-All of the media companies reviewed — *Bloomberg, The Economist, the Financial Times, the New York Times, Politico, Reuters,* and *The Washington Post* — consistently top lists of “most-trusted” news outlets. They also all have internal brand studios that create advertising content for major oil and gas companies, furnishing the industry with an air of legitimacy as it pushes misleading climate claims to trusting readers. In addition to podcasts, newsletters, and videos, some of these outlets allow fossil fuel companies to sponsor their events. Reuters goes even further; its events staff creates custom summits for the industry explicitly designed to remove the [“pain points” holding back faster production of oil and gas.](https://events.reutersevents.com/oilandgas/data-driven-usa)\[*Disclosure: Matthew Green previously worked as a climate reporter for Reuters*\]
-
-With United Nations climate talks underway in the United Arab Emirates, oil and gas companies have been sponsoring even more advertorials and events with media partners than usual, primarily designed to portray the industry as a climate leader.
-
-“It's really outrageous that outlets like *The New York Times* or *Bloomberg* or *Reuters* would lend their imprimatur to content that is misleading at best and in some cases outright false,” said Naomi Oreskes, a climate disinformation expert and professor at Harvard University. “They’re manufacturing content that at best is completely one-sided, and at worst is disinformation, and pushing that to their readers.”
-
-Spokespeople for *Bloomberg, the Financial Times, The New York Times, Reuters*, and *The Washington Post* told us that advertorial content is created by staff that are separate from the newsroom, and their journalists are independent from their ad sales efforts. (*Politico* and *The Economist* did not respond to requests for comment). But the independence of these outlets’ journalists is not in question; what’s important is whether readers understand the difference between reporting and advertising. According to a growing body of peer-reviewed research, they do not.
-
-A 2016 Georgetown University study, for example, found that advertorials are confused for “real” content by about [two thirds of people](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2816655). Another study, conducted in [2018 by Boston University researchers,](https://open.bu.edu/handle/2144/27308) found that only one in 10 people recognized native advertising as advertising, rather than reporting. In the context of climate change, the sponsored content often directly contradicts the news articles.
-
-Michelle Amazeen, the lead author on the Boston University study, found that those who did recognize sponsored content for what it was thought less of the outlet they were reading. “It tarnishes the reputation of that news outlet,” Amazeen said. “So it’s baffling to me why newsrooms are continuing to pursue this.”
-
-**“Crafting Your Climate Narrative”**
-
-This year’s 28th annual UN climate negotiations, known as the Conference of the Parties or COP28, is currently being held in Dubai, the largest city in one of the world’s top oil-producing countries. Presided over by Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, the head of the UAE’s state-owned oil company, Adnoc, it is the most industry-influenced COP yet.
-
-Fossil fuel companies, including Adnoc, are seeking to preserve their business models by promoting carbon capture and storage, hydrogen power, and carbon offsets as viable climate solutions, despite the fact that these technologies are on track to do little more than extend the life of the fossil fuel industry. As COP28 president, Al Jaber has backed these technologies in the leadup to the summit.
-
-The enormous influence oil and gas executives are wielding at COP28 has thrown commercial partnerships between media outlets and the fossil fuel industry into sharper focus. Climate reporters at every outlet we analyzed have diligently covered the challenges that the industry’s so-called solutions face, but when that reporting is placed alongside corporate-sponsored content touting the technology’s benefits, it leaves readers confused.
-
-In addition to the Reuters Plus [podcast](https://plus.reuters.com/powered-by-how/p/1) produced this year for Aramco, which touts the benefits of industry-backed “innovations” like synthetic fuels and “non-metallic” drilling materials—both of which have the added benefit of creating new revenue streams for the company’s petrochemical business—The New York Times’ T Brand Studio also created [“The Energy Trilemma,”](https://www.nytimes.com/paidpost/bp/energy-trilemma.html) a 2022 podcast for BP about how high-emitting industries are decarbonizing, mostly through technology and not by reducing the development or use of fossil fuels. Bloomberg Media Studios, meanwhile, [created a video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=TbUOTqytvzE&t=48s) for ExxonMobil touting hydrogen power, as well as carbon capture and storage, or CCS. In the video, Exxon CEO Darren Woods says the company is “ready to deploy CCS to reduce the world’s emissions,” but leaves out the fact that the company also plans to increase annual carbon dioxide emissions by as much as the output of the entire nation of Greece — news [Bloomberg’s own climate reporters broke](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-05/exxon-carbon-emissions-and-climate-leaked-plans-reveal-rising-co2-output?sref=Ptu9QECN).
-
-Reuters Events also offered to help corporations hone their “climate narrative” at COP28, via opportunities to secure “exclusive interviews,” seats at high-level roundtables, coverage on the Reuters website, exclusive dinner invites, and a Reuters presence in corporate pavilions at the Dubai expo center where negotiations are held.
-
-![](https://imagedelivery.net/wTzk2S2Vnup17_3QtUMt7w/i51ce4ccf42fa88fe4fbdaa8b7d8f8cbb/public)
-
-The media plays a fundamental role in shaping both policymakers’ and the public’s understanding of climate issues. According to communications agency BCW’s [annual survey of media brands](https://www.bcw-global.com/newsroom/belgium/eu-media-poll-2022-politico-most-influential-media-for-eu-decision-makers) in Europe, Politico, Reuters, the Financial Times, and The Economist top the list of most influential media for European Union decision-makers. No surprise, then, that they are also amongst the fossil fuel industry’s favorite media partners.
-
-“The considerations around what is the role of carbon-based industry in partnering with media organizations is not too dissimilar to the debates and discussions around what kind of role the carbon-based industry interests have in the climate talks themselves,” said Max Boykoff, who contributed research and analysis to the most recent [climate mitigation report](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/) from the United Nations-backed Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC.
-
-“People aren't picking up the IPCC report or peer-reviewed research to understand climate change,” he added. “People are reading about it in the news. That’s what shapes their understanding.”
-
-**“Gross, Undermining, and Dangerous”**
-
-News outlets’ in-house ad agencies haven’t just helped greenwash the fossil fuel industry’s preferred climate solutions in the leadup to COP28. Over the past three years, the Financial Times’ FT Commercial team has created dedicated web pages for various fossil majors, including [Equinor](https://equinor.ft.com/) and [Aramco](https://aramco.ft.com/), along with [native content](https://aramco.ft.com/how-one-industry-can-help-push-the-world-towards-net-zero) and [videos](https://equinor.ft.com/videos/carbon-removal-and-reduction?utm_source=FT&utm_medium=Premium_Native_Amplification), all focused on promoting oil and gas as a key component of the energy transition. FT’s recent Energy Transition Summit platformed talking points from executives at BP, Chevron, Eni, and Essar. At The Economist’s 2020 Sustainability Week event, BP featured as a platinum sponsor, while Petronas and Chevron sponsored the magazine’s [Future of Energy Week](https://events.economist.com/future-of-energy-week/sponsors/) in 2022.
-
-Politico is one of the most consistent publishing partners for the fossil fuel industry. Over the past three years, it has run native ads more than 50 times for the American Petroleum Institute, the most powerful fossil fuel lobby in the U.S.; organized 37 email campaigns for ExxonMobil; and sent dozens of newsletters sponsored by BP and Chevron, the latter of which also sponsors Politico’s annual “Women Rule” summit. Since 2017, Shell has sponsored every one of Politico’s Energy Visions events (and companion web series), which examines “the politics and issues driving the energy transition conversation.”
-
-According to data from Media Radar, The New York Times took in more than $20 million in revenue from fossil fuel advertisers from October 2020 to October 2023 — twice what any other outlet earned from the industry. That number is due largely to the paper’s relationship with Saudi Aramco, which brought in $13 million in ad revenue during that three-year period, via a combination of print, mobile, and video ads, as well as sponsored newsletters.
-
-The revenue figure does not include creative services fees paid to the Times’s internal brand studio. New York Time*s* spokesperson Alexis Mortenson said that the T Brand Studio creates custom content for fossil fuel advertisers in print, video, and digital, including podcasts, and promotes it to the New York Times audience via “dark social posts” — advertisements that cannot be found organically and do not appear on a brand's timeline. “We no longer allow organic social posts,” Mortenson noted. “Additionally, we allow fossil fuel advertisers to sponsor some newsletters. Fossil fuel advertisers, however, cannot sponsor any climate-related newsletter.”
-
-Climate reporters at these outlets, who requested anonymity to avoid professional repercussions, described the practice as “gross,” “undermining,” and “dangerous.”
-
-“Not only does it undermine the climate journalism these outlets are producing, but it actually signals to readers that climate change is not a serious issue,” one climate reporter said.
-
-Another journalist at a major media organization said the outlet had undermined its credibility by striking commercial deals with oil and gas companies with a long history of hiring public relations agencies to cast doubt on climate science.
-
-“Where is our integrity?” they said. “How can we expect people to take our climate coverage seriously after everything these oil companies have done to hide the truth?”
-
-**“Vast Sums of Money”**
-
-The fossil fuel industry’s attempts to extend its social license by buying friendly advertorials and other sponsored content date back to 1970, when Mobil Oil vice president of public affairs Herb Schmertz worked with the New York Times to create the first advertorial. The company proceeded to run these pieces, which Schmertz described as “political pamphlets,” in the Times every week for decades — a program that Mobil Oil extended to dozens of other outlets. The rest of the industry followed suit, and the practice has continued ever since. A peer-reviewed [2017 study](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa815f) of Mobil and then ExxonMobil’s New York Times advertorials found that 81 percent of the ones that mentioned climate change emphasized doubt in the science.
-
-The advent of “brand studios” inside most major media outlets over the past decade has super-charged such content programs. Now many publications have staff dedicated to creating content for advertisers, and the outlets market their ability to tailor content to their readership. These offerings come at a higher cost than traditional ad buys, making them increasingly important to for-profit newsrooms facing a crisis in the traditional revenue models. And fossil fuel companies have been happy to pay.
-
-“They wouldn't be spending vast sums of money on these campaigns if they didn't have a payoff, and it’s well-documented that for decades the fossil fuel industry has leveraged and weaponized and innovated the media technology of the day to its advantage,” said University of Miami researcher Geoffrey Supran, a co-author of the 2017 advertorial study with Oreskes. “It’s sometimes treated as a historical phenomenon, but in reality we’re living today with the digital descendants of the editorial campaigns pioneered by the fossil-fuel industry — the old strategy is very much alive and well.”
-
-Taking a page from Schmertz’s book, [The Washington Post Creative Group](https://www.washingtonpost.com/creativegroup/archive/) — the paper’s internal brand studio — describes on its website how it goes about “influencing the influencers.”
-
-![](https://imagedelivery.net/wTzk2S2Vnup17_3QtUMt7w/i524b9b3e1c7f6ca73cfc2af555ef2c59/public)
-
-In 2022 alone, ExxonMobil sponsored more than 300 editions of Washington Post newsletters. Throughout [2020](https://www.washingtonpost.com/creativegroup/sponsor/api/) and [2021](https://www.washingtonpost.com/creativegroup/sponsor/americanpetroleuminstitute/), it also ran a series of editorials for the American Petroleum Institute on its website, including [a multimedia piece](https://www.washingtonpost.com/brand-studio/api-why-natural-gas-will-thrive-in-the-age-of-renewables/) that argued fossil gas is a complement to renewable energy and repeated claims that renewable energy is unreliable — talking points that the paper’s news reporters [often](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/02/green-energy-gas-nuclear-taxonomy/) [debunk.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2022/02/20/texas-energy-winter-renewable-jacobson-dessler-rogan/) During this time, the Washington Post editorial team published [Pulitzer prize-winning climate reporting](https://www.washingtonpost.com/pr/2020/05/04/washington-post-wins-2020-pulitzer-prize-explanatory-reporting-groundbreaking-climate-change-coverage/) and [expanded its climate coverage](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/11/28/introducing-posts-expanded-climate-coverage/).
-
-**Reuters tops the list**
-
-Of all the outlets we reviewed, only Reuters offers fossil fuel advertisers every possible avenue to reach its audience. Its event arm even produces custom events for the industry, despite counting “freedom from bias” as a core pillar of its “[Trust Principles](https://matthewgreenglobal.substack.com/p/processing-my-reuters-climate-karma),” which were adopted to protect the publication’s independence during World War II.
-
-Since Reuters News, a subsidiary of Canadian media conglomerate Thomson Reuters, [acquired](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-fcbi-m-a-thomsonreuters-idUSKBN1WJ0ZW) an events business in 2019, the distinction between the company’s newsroom and its commercial ventures has become increasingly [blurred](https://matthewgreenglobal.substack.com/p/processing-my-reuters-climate-karma). Reuters’ in-house creative studio produces native print, audio, video, and newsletter content for multiple oil majors, including [Shell](https://www.reuters.com/plus/shell/collaboration-counts), [Saudi Aramco](https://plus.reuters.com/powered-by-how/), and [BP](https://www.reutersagency.com/en/reuters-plus/bp-energy-outlook-2019/), while Reuters journalists routinely take part as moderators and interviewers and propose guest speakers for Reuters Events.
-
-In a [media kit](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24042466-reutersmediakit) for “content opportunities in the upstream industry,” Reuters Events staff offers to produce webinars, whitepapers, and live-event interviews for those hoping to get in front of its “unrivalled audience reach of decision makers in the oil & gas industry.” For its Hydrogen 2023 event, Reuters Events produced [a companion whitepaper](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24042318-reuters_hydrogen2023_whitepaper-1) on the top 100 hydrogen innovators, which it then used to market the event in various other outlets. Topping the list of innovators were key event sponsors, Chevron and Shell.
-
-Reuters Events also stages [fossil fuel industry trade shows](https://events.reutersevents.com/petchem/downstream-usa/exhibition) aimed at maximizing production of oil and gas, and it creates digital events and webinars for vendors in the fossil fuel supply chain looking to connect with oil and gas companies. In June 2023, Reuters Events convened hundreds of oil, gas, and tech executives in Houston for “[Reuters Events Data-driven Oil & Gas USA 2023](https://events.reutersevents.com/oilandgas/data-driven-usa/become-sponsor),” a conference held under the banner “Scaling Digital to Maximize Profit.”
-
-“Time is money, which is why our agenda gets straight to key pain points holding back drilling and production maximization,” the conference website said.
-
-Reuters has also partnered with Chevron, the “diamond” sponsor of both its flagship Reuters Impact climate event in London in September 2023 and its Global Energy Transition Summit in New York this coming June 2024.
-
-In December 2022, Reuters ran [an event](https://events.reutersevents.com/impact/ogci) sponsored by t[he Oil and Gas Climate Initiative,](https://desmog.com/oil-and-gas-climate-initiative) a lobby group which includes many of the world’s largest oil companies, to discuss the “major part” fossil fuel companies “play in ensuring a sustainable energy transition.” During the event, industry talking points were tweeted directly from the [Reuters Events Twitter account.](https://twitter.com/reutersevents/status/1585999153540530176)
-
-![](https://imagedelivery.net/wTzk2S2Vnup17_3QtUMt7w/if6634f2da16ccfb9ee03290e146bad94/public)
-
-A Reuters spokesperson said its Reuters Plus studio allows companies to connect with audiences attending Reuters Events via clearly labelled sponsored content.
-
-"Reuters Events serves multiple professional audiences involved in the most important discussions of our day; facilitating these discussions is an important part of the Reuters Events business," the spokesperson said.
-
-“Business-to-business publishers always had an events revenue stream, but consumer-facing news publications didn’t really get into the events business until digital advertising became commodified,” media analyst Ken Doctor said. Now, events represent 20 to 30 percent of revenue for some publications. Doctor called them a “thought-leader exercise” for the advertisers. “There are only a few top media brands out there, and if you are associated with any of them, there is a lot of tangential brand building benefit to that.”
-
-The additional revenue may come at a reputational cost for news outlets. After seeing the scope of Reuters’ involvement with the fossil fuel industry, we wondered how an outlet that’s producing events for fossil fuel companies, aimed at increasing oil and gas development, could qualify for membership in [Covering Climate Now](https://coveringclimatenow.org/), an organization that offers newsrooms the opportunity to “demonstrate leadership among their peers — and to show readers, listeners and viewers that they’re committed to telling the climate story with the rigor, focus, and urgency it deserves.”
-
-“Covering Climate Now has had no communication with Reuters about any activities backing faster development of fossil fuels,” Mark Hertsgaard, the executive director of Covering Climate Now, said in a written statement. \[Disclosure: Amy Westervelt is a member of the steering committee of Covering Climate Now, of which both Drilled and DeSmog are members.\]
-
-“Covering Climate Now has always taken a big-tent approach to our partnership with news organizations. This story raises serious questions about news media responsibility in climate reporting, and Covering Climate Now plans to think more deeply about these questions and how we might adjust our policies going forward.”
-
-Journalism is facing a crisis, and in the midst of declining revenues, trailing subscriptions, and shuttering newsrooms, outlets should be considering new ways to fund their work. But experts say that the seemingly wholesale embrace of powerful industries that we’re seeing from some of the world’s most trusted names in news requires a much more rigorous conversation than these outlets seem interested in having.
-
-“In theory, these complaints \[around advertorials\] could possibly be addressed with better labeling and smarter design,” Jay Rosen, journalism professor at New York University, said. “But if you're saying that even when they are properly labeled and carefully set off from the real journalism, these advertorials weaken trust and miscommunicate about climate change, that is a problem that cannot be solved within the industry consensus around sponsored content. It’s implicitly calling for a new consensus.”
-
-As their content marketing about the journey to net zero continues to get bigger and better, oil majors’ investments in fossil fuel development have only increased. A [peer-reviewed study](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0263596) comparing oil majors’ advertising claims and actions, published in the journal *Plos One* in 2022, found that while the companies are talking more than ever about energy transition and decarbonization, they are not actually investing in either. “The companies are pledging a transition to clean energy and setting targets more than they are making concrete actions,” the study’s authors wrote.
-
-Reporters at the publications we reviewed often cover this disconnect between advertising and action, challenging fossil fuel companies’ claims. Their employers, however, then sell the space next to those stories for industry-sponsored takes that research shows many readers take equally as seriously.
-
-“I feel like it's really important not to beat around the bush and to just recognize these activities for what they are, which is literally Big Oil and mainstream media collaborating in PR campaigns for the industry,” said Supran, the University of Miami researcher. “It’s nothing short of that.”
-
-*Joey Grostern also contributed reporting to this story.*
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-# Rihanna’s Halftime Show Was More Than Enough
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/061/0b1/f3680151dcfb68275236359c7f665574ac-rihanna-super-bowl.rhorizontal.w700.jpg)
-
-Photo: Christopher Polk/Variety via Getty Images
-
-The last time most people saw [Rihanna](https://www.vulture.com/tags/rihanna/) perform on television or anywhere else was at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards ceremony, where she was named Video Vanguard. A series of themed performances demonstrated that she deserved the distinction, putting the Barbadian singer-songwriter and fashion mogul’s musical versatility on display all night, transforming the Madison Square Garden stage into a dancehall club, a lightning-flecked storm cloud, and a beautiful all-white band recital. Four medleys showcased her casual excellence in [singing](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hqpw9dtKChg) [across](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9Ygppti7YI) [genres](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUyEZzFyz9U), in the process tracing her evolution from teenage sensation to dance-music icon at ease in the listless sequence of psych-rock jams, soul songs, and ballads heard on the same year’s *Anti*.
-
-It’s an intense journey. Rihanna had a difficult childhood, growing up with a father whose addiction and abuse weighed heavily on her mother. A hunch that America was the ticket to a career in music was validated when Jay-Z signed the young singer to his Roc Nation imprint, having heard enough two songs into her audition. 2005’s “Pon de Replay” was our first sampling of the voice, a delicate but raspy thing blessed with a formidable vibrato and a depth of range that snuck up on us when she trotted effortlessly across the high notes in 2006’s “Tainted Love” flip “S.O.S.” and 2007’s New Order interpolation [“Shut Up and Drive”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=up7pvPqNkuU) and when she leaned into her low end on “Rehab.”
-
-Rolling out seven albums in eight years, Rihanna dominated pop, embracing emerging trends, serving big-tent bops in lean years for R&B singers, and doing songs with everyone from [Coldplay](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Uw6ZkbsAH8) to [Jeezy](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xcwd_Nz6Zog). *Anti* traced the growth of a devastatingly effective singles artist who got sick of the implication that she doesn’t make great albums, a lie gorgeous deep cuts like [“Get It Over With”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1tkqMFIpO0) from *Unapologetic* ought to have dispensed with in 2012. As her catalogue grew more refined, we fell in love with her public persona and the air of unbothered cool that seemed to emanate from her every movement. [Rihanna talked shit](https://www.justjared.com/2021/02/26/its-been-10-years-since-rihanna-ciaras-epic-twitter-exchange/) while her peers played demure.
-
-What we didn’t know that night in 2016 is that our appreciation of Rihanna’s distaste for predictable career moves would be put to the test over the next seven years as she became a billionaire, launching several businesses outside of music and rebuffing questions about her next album with the same snark that used to be reserved for her [naysayers](https://twitter.com/rihanna/status/203576093385568256). We wouldn’t get much in the way of music from the singer for the rest of the decade, outside of choice guest appearances on songs by Kendrick Lamar and N.E.R.D., and she seemed to grow tired of being nagged about a future musical endeavor under every social-media post. It’s wild that the singer’s next television spot would be the halftime show at the Super Bowl, the most high-stakes gig in the country for a pop star whose most recent tour occurred in the Obama administration — and four years after she had turned down the opportunity to play the same event, citing solidarity with Colin Kaepernick, who’d been functionally blacklisted for kneeling during the national anthem at games. “There’s things within that organization that I do not agree with at all, and I was not about to go and be of service to them in any way,” she told [*Vogue*](https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-cover-november-2019) that year. (Jay-Z’s partnership with the NFL, which drew intense [smoke](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJb0iTquMtk) when the rapper-mogul went on-camera declaring Kaepernick’s protest resolved, gave Black artists and entrepreneurs a bit of leverage in the organization. But the continued dearth of Black head coaches and the game-winning Kansas City Chiefs’ commitment to branding that Native American groups have deemed [offensive](https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-sports/super-bowl-kansas-city-chiefs-cruel-insult-native-americans-protest-racism-rhonda-levaldo-1234678298/) calls into question the NFL’s charge to [“End Racism](https://www.nfl.com/news/goodell-confirms-nfl-plans-of-end-racism-end-zone-stenciling).”)
-
-This year’s show reintroduced us to Rihanna the live performer by walking us through her back catalogue, revealing her sterling hits to be untarnished after a long Fenty Everything retail blitz and highlighting the singer’s current commitment to motherhood, unveiling an unexpected baby bump just months after the birth of her first son with A$AP Rocky. It’s a testament to the Barbadian icon’s mettle, to a career dedicated to making the difficult look doable, that all of this intrigue could be stuffed into a confident, relaxed performance that saw the singer float in the air on a suspended platform while barreling through songs from various corners of her expansive catalogue. Last week, Rihanna told Apple Music’s Nadeska Alexis she’d made [almost 40 drafts](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/rihanna-super-bowl-press-conference-halftime-show-1234676685/) of the set list in the planning stages, and throughout the 13-song medley, there was the sense she could’ve played 20 more hits. Couldn’t we get “Man Down”? (It was fascinating but unsurprising that the Ye collaborations “Run This Town” and “All of the Lights” featured; it was his [Saint Pablo tour](https://www.vulture.com/2016/09/kanyes-floating-stage-is-the-star-of-his-tour.html) that initiated the floating-stage thing, right? [Simpler time](https://www.vulture.com/2022/12/kanye-west-dropped-brands-adidas-gap-what-did-ye-say.html).)
-
-The usual suspects — “We Found Love,” “Only Girl (In the World),” “Diamonds,” “Umbrella” — made their expected appearances, but opening *that* show with “Bitch Better Have My Money” was bold, and leaving ballads like “Take a Bow” and “Stay” at home in favor of the raunchier “Rude Boy” and “Pour It Up” gave the spectacle a faintly reckless air that counterbalanced the hard-fought seamlessness displayed as the star was shuttled onto and off of the moving platform, which resembled the Battlefield level from *Super Smash Bros. Melee*. Whenever they needed to attach or remove the strap connecting the singer’s harness to the stage, fireworks shot off over the stadium, drawing the audience’s eyes aloft.
-
-Soaring over the field in flowing red garments, Rihanna nodded to the [Super Bowl XXX show](https://youtu.be/AHohGSKfgQ0?t=114) from 1996 where Diana Ross took off in a helicopter after singing “Take Me Higher.” Her ease with pop ballads, R&B jams, and dance music also mirrors her predecessor’s. There were hairpin turns in the set — “Bitch Better Have My Money” into “Where Have You Been,” “Rude Boy” right after “We Found Love” — that were steadied by the poise of the survivor at center stage. She didn’t need any guests. She held court dressed in blood red, surrounded by a swirl of dancers in white, soft-launching a new kid by hosting a kind of metaphysical conception to the tune of “Work” and “Wild Thoughts,” joining Beyoncé and Cardi B in their use of television to share the reveal, the latest in a lengthy succession of [women](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQKQEY6KDzE&t=117s) [giving](https://twitter.com/craigspoplife/status/1624961931202203649) [memorable](https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8beae) [performances](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZhdTAwkDu1Q) [while](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxRNtNpJPVw) [pregnant](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5JjcJAg_P0).
-
-The lack of megawatt guest stars coupled with the singer’s careful avoidance of elaborate choreography might have thrown off some viewers who have become accustomed to such features in a halftime show, a strange development since it wasn’t the takeaway in 2021 when the Weeknd delivered a spirited medley that was just as light on elaborate footwork. We’ve never known Rihanna to do all that backflip shit, and her first live engagement after childbirth was not the place to start looking for it. (Y’all got your lives last winter when Snoop, Dre, and Eminem two-stepped on top of trailers. You know you don’t need an 8-count to get down.) The set touched on the points it needed to — video-game stage design, the star’s effortless command of whatever space she happens to be occupying at any given moment, and an endless stream of hits stretching out across half a dozen radio formats — and then got going.
-
-Maybe that means it doesn’t make its way into the pantheon of Super Bowl showcases that get revisited throughout the year, like the Coldplay special from 2016 where [Beyoncé stunted so hard](https://youtu.be/SDPITj1wlkg?t=89) that we often forget she wasn’t the headliner, or Michael Jackson’s memorable [two-minute statue pose](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EsopN7JKUVs) from 1993, or the flawless 1991 [“Star-Spangled Banner”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAYKTMQl7MQ) from Whitney Houston. (Eagles coach Nick Sirianni [sobbing](https://twitter.com/NFL/status/1624913939170729984) through Chris Stapleton’s national anthem suggests the clip will have legs. You either know buddy can sing the soul loose from your body, or [you fuck around and find out](https://youtu.be/V-FYmUIvE10?t=197).) What Rihanna’s Super Bowl show did expertly communicate is that she is a tenacious self-starter who played the fame game so well that she made it from a [bungalow](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLeGYlx5pSQ) to a [billion](https://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2021/08/04/fentys-fortune-rihanna-is-now-officially-a-billionaire/?sh=3dda38eb7c96) in less than 20 years, and her singles still slam, and we could probably stop asking after *R9* for a little while. She returns to live performance leaving us with questions — Why grace a stage you recently boycotted? Are there more shows in our immediate future? — that we’ve followed her long enough to know she’ll answer in her own time, if she chooses. For now, she settles for making history again.
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-Rihanna’s Halftime Show Was More Than Enough
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Riley Keough on Growing Up as Elvis’s Granddaughter, Losing Lisa Marie, and Inheriting Graceland.md b/00.03 News/Riley Keough on Growing Up as Elvis’s Granddaughter, Losing Lisa Marie, and Inheriting Graceland.md
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-# Riley Keough on Growing Up as Elvis’s Granddaughter, Losing Lisa Marie, and Inheriting Graceland
-
-**Her grandfather died** before she was born, but his house in Memphis stayed in the family. Graceland. Years ago, Riley Keough and her mom, Lisa Marie Presley, would visit for Thanksgiving with Keough’s brother and sisters. They would stay at the official hotel, and when the tourists departed the legendary home for the day, they’d go over and hang out, drive golf carts around the grounds, and celebrate the season together. “When Elvis’s chefs were alive, they used to still cook dinner for us, which was really special,” she tells me. “It was very Southern: greens and fried catfish and fried chicken and hush puppies. Cornbread and beans. Banana pudding.”
-
-It’s an early evening in May—Keough’s 34th birthday, as it happens—and we’re in a hotel lobby outside St. Gallen, Switzerland, hoping a waiter will materialize. The place is nearly empty. An elderly woman sleeps in a wheelchair. A bartender swats flies away from a sweating cheese plate. A pianist is attempting to enliven happy hour with a classical rendition of R.E.M.’s “Losing My Religion.” The chords reverberate around the vast, sterile rotunda.
-
-Top by **Emporio Armani;** leggings by **Giorgio Armani;** shoes by **Jimmy Choo;** bracelet and ring (right ring finger) by **Van Cleef & Arpels.**Photograph by Mario Sorrenti; Styled by Nicola Formichetti.
-
-“There were a few times that we slept there,” Keough says of Graceland, “but I don’t know if I should say that.” She pauses. The second floor has always been closed to the public out of respect for Elvis Presley’s family because the singer had a fatal heart attack there. Then again, Keough’s family *was* Presley’s family. Who had the right to be there if not them? “The tours would start in the morning, and we would hide upstairs until they were over,” she continues. “The security would bring us breakfast. It’s actually such a great memory. We would order sausage and biscuits, and hide until the tourists finished.”
-
-In the coming weeks, I’ll hear Keough’s unselfconscious laugh and see the spitfire side of her that her friends adore. But today, she speaks softly and carefully, with her knees pulled up to her chest. Life has thrown a lot at her in short order, some of it joyous, some of it obliterating: the death of her brother, by suicide, in 2020. The birth of her and her husband’s daughter in 2022. The death of her mother, following complications of prior weight-loss surgery, early this year. The debut of her star-making ’70s rock series, *Daisy Jones & the Six,* for which she was nominated for an Emmy. A surprising legal fight with her grandmother, Priscilla Presley, over Lisa Marie’s estate and hence Graceland, as well as the family’s interest in Elvis Presley Enterprises.
-
-Keough and I will talk about all of this. She will introduce me to her baby and tell me the girl’s name, which she’s never made public before. She’ll say, of the losses she’s suffered, that there were times it felt like something fundamental had broken inside her. But now, in the hotel lobby, she says simply, “This is not my best birthday.” It’s her first without her mother, for one thing. “Last year, I was in Greece wrapping *Daisy Jones.* I found out that I won the Camera d’Or, I was on the beach, and it all happened at the same time. It was very beautiful. I feel like that’ll ride me through this one.”
-
-Keough is now the sole custodian of Graceland and the family shares of Elvis Presley Enterprises, all of which were worth just $5 million at the time of Elvis’s death and are now reportedly in the neighborhood of $500 million. She’s also a rising star, producer, and director: The award at Cannes was for the drama *War Pony,* which she codirected with Gina Gammell, about two Lakota boys on a reservation in South Dakota. Everything that happened to Keough this year, good and bad, happened in full public view—and will continue to.
-
-“There’s the Kennedys and there’s the Presleys,” says the director Baz Luhrmann, who got to know Keough and her mother while working on *Elvis.* “They are the royal families of America. And in different ways, they both were, as Shakespeare says, ‘wedded to calamity.’ Is it genetic? Is it because they have such high standards? Is it because the world watches them? Maybe. Because to be American royalty is not just to have your country watch you. To be American royalty is to have the whole world watch you.”
-
-**The waiter never** shows up. Keough smiles politely at the pianist’s efforts. “Let’s go for a walk,” she says. “The guy’s over there playing *The Little Mermaid* with Bono glasses on.” Her husband and daughter, who are as jet-lagged as she is, are sleeping upstairs.
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-Efficient glass doors snap open and shut, and we pass a placard about the history of the hotel: It’s a former Swiss sanatorium. I see why Keough prefers to be outside as often as possible. The Alps in one direction, Lake Constance in the other.
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-I ask the obvious question: Why are we in Switzerland?
-
-“I have Lyme disease,” Keough says. She pulls her long hair, still damp from the shower, away from her bare face. “I used this little break that I have to come and try and see if I can alleviate it a bit. It’s a holistic treatment center and offers all kinds of things that you can’t really do in America yet, like cleaning your blood.”
-
-She’s never addressed Lyme in detail before. Later, I will ask her *Daisy Jones* costar, Sam Claflin, if he saw Keough struggle with pain during production. “Once she told me, there were moments where I’d catch it,” he says. “I’d noticed that she’d disengage in fleeting moments between scenes. The fact that she has all that underlying her day-to-day routine and is battling that on top of everything else—it’s nothing short of miraculous.” Keough herself doesn’t discuss the debilitating symptoms she’s lived with. She’s conscious that people may write her off as a poor little rich girl, though her mother was reportedly millions in debt when she died.
-
-We look for a place to sit on the lawn.
-
-“This is my first break in a lot of years,” she says as we claim a patch of grass. “I’m a workaholic.”
-
-This past week, Keough wrapped production in Vancouver on a miniseries she’s producing and starring in for Hulu (*Under the Bridge*), appeared in Mexico City at Dior’s 2024 cruise show, and celebrated the launch of a new Cartier jewelry collection in Florence. She’s also been shepherding new projects at her and Gammell’s production company, Felix Culpa. And here she is in Switzerland, doing an interview with me after eight hours of uncomfortable treatment—on her birthday.
-
-I ask where she thinks she got her work ethic from.
-
-“Not from my parents,” she says. Her father is the musician Danny Keough. “Not from anyone in my family. I came out of the womb like that.” Keough’s wearing a smocked shirt, blue jeans, and Charvet slippers. She takes off the slippers and digs her toes into the grass. “I think we’re half nature, half nurture. I was naturally somebody that was very punctual and hardworking and wanted to do things. My upbringing was very different to that. It was very no-schedule: Sometimes we go to school, sometimes we don’t. That was what I was used to, so I was living out my teen and childhood years as though that was what I wanted. I’m definitely an adventurous and spontaneous person, but I thrive on routine. My parents said when I was little, I was very much trying to organize things and make things happen.”
-
-Reese Witherspoon, an executive producer on *Daisy Jones,* puts Keough’s career in context nimbly: “Despite all the money and the trappings that seem to facilitate an easier life, that is a very, very challenging life. To be under constant scrutiny and still rise to the top and still perform at the highest level…. I’m really in awe of her in how much she challenged herself.” And don’t sleep on this undeniable truth: “Because she didn’t have to.
-
-**Keough made the** cover of *People* when there was still a pacifier in her mouth. She was born in 1989 in Santa Monica, and her mom posed with her alongside the cover line: “Elvis’s first grandchild. HERE SHE IS!” The magazine reportedly paid $300,000 for the exclusive. Keough’s father is Irish and Ashkenazi Jewish. Her mother was Scottish, Irish, Norwegian, Indigenous, and “very hillbilly.” As for herself, Keough says, “I’m an American girl.”
-
-This particular American girl’s parents met while mom was living at the Church of Scientology’s Celebrity Centre in LA. (Lisa Marie and Priscilla joined after Elvis’s death.) Keough was raised in the church, but the family reportedly left it in 2014. “I grew up with my dad reading tarot card books and metaphysics,” she tells me. “He’s very spiritual. I’m very spiritual. ‘Faith’ is a loaded word for people, but I think faith is faith in anything—faith in love, humanity, the universe, whatever it is. I don’t go to church, but I was always able to identify that spirituality was something that I really needed in my life.” Her family split their time between California, Florida, and Hawaii. Keough’s late brother, Benjamin Storm Keough, was born in 1992. Around this time, Keough’s already unusual childhood sloughed off any remaining resemblance to normality.
-
-In 1993, Michael Jackson was accused of sexually abusing a 13-year-old boy. He turned to his close friend Lisa Marie for support. A year later, after Jackson had settled with the boy’s family for a reported $20 million, he proposed to her. She separated from Danny Keough, and 20 days later, she and Jackson eloped to the Dominican Republic. The media suspected the marriage was a publicity stunt to rehabilitate Jackson’s reputation, but Lisa Marie denied it: “I am very much in love with Michael. I dedicate my life to being his wife.” Jackson’s addiction to pills has since been cited as the reason the marriage dissolved a year and a half later.
-
-“My whole childhood was probably very extreme,” Keough says. She breaks the tension with one of her big, guttural laughs. “In hindsight, I can see how crazy these things would be to somebody from the outside. But when you’re living in them, it’s just your life and your family. You just remember the love, and I had real love for Michael.” Keough was obviously too young to be aware of the accusations swirling around Jackson, so her memories are often idyllic, like the time the singer shut down a toy store in Paris—maybe it was London?—when she needed a teddy bear. “I think he really got a kick out of being able to make people happy, in the most epic way possible, which I think he and my grandfather had in common.”
-
-I point out the surreal fact that Keough has called both Graceland and Neverland home.
-
-“Which one did I like better?” she wonders aloud. “I spent more time at Neverland than Graceland, to be honest. That was a real home, whereas Graceland was a museum in my lifetime.”
-
-After Lisa Marie and Jackson split, she married Nicolas Cage. Four months later, they separated. Keough doesn’t keep in touch with Cage, but says she’d be game to do a movie with him. “He’s a great actor,” she says. “I’ve had some wild stepfathers. Famous and not famous.” She steers the conversation back to Danny Keough, whose humble lifestyle had a grounding effect when she was young. “Her life was so fragmented,” says Gammell, a close friend as well as Keough’s producing partner. “He’s someone who had no money, and she had this incredibly regular life with him—and then eras with her mom that were extraordinary. That’s why she’s so comfortable in any place.”
-
-Lisa Marie’s base was Calabasas, California, a town now globally known thanks to the Kardashians. The gated community, Hidden Hills, has been home to Madonna, Will Smith, Drake, Miley Cyrus, and more. “I think when we lived there, it was just us and Melissa Etheridge—it was horse country,” says Keough. “I’m an OG Calabasas girl.” The Kardashians were there too, but this was long before the show. “My grandma dated their dad, I think?” Keough says. “Fact-check that.”
-
-She’s right. Priscilla dated Robert Kardashian after her divorce from Elvis in 1973. She refused to marry him while Elvis was still alive, so they parted ways.
-
-In 2014, Kim Kardashian and Kanye West bought the property where Keough’s childhood home once stood. The original house had been demolished and a bigger one built. West enlisted Axel Vervoordt to design the family compound where Kim lives now.
-
-**As a teenager,** Keough’s family traveled so much that it was hard to get traction at school. “I was always at a loss,” she says. “My father really cared about my education. My mom was like, ‘You’re an artist. Go be an artist.’ ” Keough didn’t graduate from high school, though she still wants to someday. She turned to books, as well as museums, films, and anything else she could use to educate herself. “I like math,” she says, “and my grammar isn’t as bad as you’d think given the circumstances.”
-
-At 14, Keough began modeling. She was a catwalk mainstay for a few seasons and notched a *Vogue* cover with Mom and Grandma, as well as a Miss Dior campaign. Through it all, her friend group has remained consistent, with Dakota Johnson, Zoë Kravitz, and Kristen Stewart among her nearest and dearest. All three describe Keough as graceful, humble, and fearless—and, for the record, they don’t seem to have strategized in a group text beforehand. They’re incredulous at the strength she’s displayed over the past three years (“I would do anything to take her pain away,” says Johnson). And they note that Keough’s quietness makes you lean in and pay attention, both onscreen and off. She’s delicate, they say, not to be confused with weak.
-
-Kravitz and Keough were breast-fed in close proximity because their moms were friends, and somewhere there’s VHS tape of them running around a three-year-old’s birthday party together, but it was a chance New Year’s bash at 16 that bonded them for life. “I think consistency is the thing that I’ve always appreciated about Riley,” Kravitz says. “No matter what situation we’re in, no matter what crowd we’re in, she’s the same person. I’ve never questioned her integrity.” Then a laugh. “She’s definitely got this crazy little demon inside of her that likes to just…I mean, give her a couple tequilas, and she is rowdy!”
-
-I relay all this to Keough, and she erupts with laughter. “I don’t think the wildness exists in the same way now,” she says. “I don’t really drink anymore, but definitely in my late teens into my mid-20s, I was an adventurer. Now I’m a bit of a granny.”
-
-Johnson met Keough in an In-N-Out parking lot when they were 16. “It was like finding a soulmate,” Johnson tells me. Her own parents, Don Johnson and Melanie Griffith, were on the cover of *People* when she was newly conceived, the cover line blaring, THEY’RE PREGGERS! “When I met her, I felt this thing that is so impossible to articulate, growing up in a famous family,” Johnson continues. “There was this solidarity. Understanding. We would just smoke cigarettes with our moms. And they’d call each other and be like, ‘I guess she’s going to stay with you for the next four days. Call me if she needs a ride.’ I’d go to Riley’s and then leave a week later. I don’t know if that’s normal, but, yeah, just running around LA, sharing clothes, smelling like Nag Champa. Most of it involved music festivals and dating musicians, of course.” Seeing her old friend in *Daisy Jones & the Six*? “It all tracks.”
-
-Since the Emmy-nominated series debuted this year, Keough has been almost frustratingly humble about her singing voice, saying she sang softly here and there when she was growing up but not much more. Johnson, it turns out, has a better memory. “When we were 19, we started a joke band called Folky Porn,” she says. “Riley and I both had blond hair. We were hiding out in New York after breakups. We would do three-part harmonies with my brother, Alexander, on Hank Williams songs and John Prine songs, and we’d film them on Photo Booth. Thousands and thousands of takes.”
-
-I relay all this to Keough too, and she’s thrilled to be reminded of her teenage pipe dream.
-
-“Oh my goodness, Dakota *did* discover me,” she says. “I’ve been lying to the world! I *was* in a band!”
-
-I ask Keough if she’d rather go on tour with The Six or Folky Porn.
-
-“Don’t ask me those kinds of questions,” she protests, laughing. “It’s very controversial—but I would rather go on tour with Folky Porn.”
-
-**Keough snagged her** first professional acting job in *The Runaways,* a biopic about the ’70s band with Stewart as Joan Jett. “She was kind of this elusive figure on set because she was with us so briefly, but she comes with a baked-in, unavoidable gravitas,” Stewart tells me. “She’s Elvis’s grandkid, so obviously we were curious about her. Do you know what I mean? And she was really, really—and I mean this affectionately—painfully shy.”
-
-In her early 20s, Keough self-taped an audition for a scene-stealing role as a stripper in Steven Soderbergh’s *Magic Mike.* The director not only cast her but worked with her on two subsequent projects as well, *Logan Lucky* and *The Girlfriend Experience,* the latter earning her a Golden Globe nomination. “The most surprising thing about Riley is her complete fearlessness in performing,” Soderbergh says. “She protects nothing. Whatever her process is—and she must have a process, you don’t just roll up with stuff this great—she wouldn’t dream of burdening anyone with it. I mean, I can’t find anything wrong with her.” Stewart seconds this: “She’s the best thing in everything she’s done. Because she’s not acting. She’s a solid sender. She’s always being honest, and that’s a vulnerable place to put yourself. And I don’t mean that to belittle any project, but there are some actors that just can’t do anything uninteresting.”
-
-Keough met the Australian stuntman and actor Ben Smith-Petersen in 2013 while making *Mad Max: Fury Road,* and later they road-tripped to Byron Bay. “I remember it so vividly, I just knew that we were going to have kids,” Keough says. “It was, in hindsight, very strange. I didn’t know how we’d get there, but we did.”
-
-The couple married in 2015. Both Keough and Stewart still light up at the memory of the bachelorette trip to central California’s oasis of kitsch, the Madonna Inn.
-
-“We’re really good at hotel-room hangs,” Stewart tells me. “We’ve never been kicked out of a hotel, though. That’s saying something.”
-
-“We were listening to Spice Girls, the Backstreet Boys, and TLC,” says Keough. “The rooms were pink and glittery. We wore penis headbands.”
-
-“We ate dinner in the weird little restaurant and were too loud,” says Stewart.
-
-“There’s a really unflattering paparazzi picture of us hungover the next morning, forever on the internet,” says Keough. “It’s my most fun memory.” (Google her name and “bachelorette party”: The photo looks like a poster for a heist film.)
-
-Back in Switzerland, the sun is setting, and Keough has wrapped herself in a sweater. We’re so many hours ahead of LA that, when we started talking inside, the only birthday wishes she’d gotten were automatic emails from her doctor’s and dentist’s offices. Ever since we sat in the grass, though, her phone has been singing with alerts from friends.
-
-Keough smiles. “Oh my God, so many texts, I must be special,” she jokes.
-
-We say goodbye for the day in the lobby. As Keough slips away to join her husband and daughter, the pianist, in all seriousness, starts playing “Can’t Help Falling in Love.”
-
-Too late. Riley has left the building.
-
-**The world first** discovered that Keough and her husband had welcomed a daughter at Lisa Marie’s funeral at Graceland in January. Keough wrote a eulogy but was too overcome to deliver it, so her husband read it for her. It included these lines: “I hope I can love my daughter the way you loved me, the way you loved my brother and my sisters. Thank you for giving me strength, my heart, my empathy, my courage, my sense of humor, my manners, my temper, my wildness, my tenacity. I’m a product of your heart.”
-
-On a hot June afternoon, Keough hugs me hello outside the unassuming ’70s tract house that she and Smith-Petersen have been renting at the end of a cul-de-sac in Calabasas. “Don’t judge, this isn’t my aesthetic,” she says. “After my mom died, I needed to be close to my sisters. There were only three houses available out here, so we just moved in. We were stuck.”
-
-The family’s moving to a more private place tomorrow—even now, there’s a paparazzo parked at the end of the street—and Smith-Petersen is packing boxes in the garage. The family will still be close to Keough’s 14-year-old half sisters, Harper and Finley Lockwood, which is imperative: Luhrmann remembers Keough at Lisa Marie’s funeral “physically holding the twins as people filed past in the garden.”
-
-I ask if the new place is her ideal home.
-
-“No, but I love suburbia,” she says. “This is my dream: normalcy. I’m happy out here.”
-
-Keough ushers me inside and, over the barking of the family’s dogs, Zushi and Grubs, I hear an infant’s cry.
-
-“Hi, baby,” she says. Then to me: “This is Tupelo.”
-
-Tupelo Storm Smith-Petersen arrived via surrogate in August 2022. Keough says of surrogacy, “I think it’s a very cool, selfless, and incredible act that these women do to help other people. I can carry children, but it felt like the best choice for what I had going on physically with the autoimmune stuff.” As for her daughter’s name: Tupelo, of course, was the King of Rock and Roll’s birthplace in Mississippi. “It’s funny because we picked her name before the Elvis movie,” Keough says. “I was like, ‘This is great because it’s not really a well-known word or name in relation to my family—it’s not like Memphis or something.” A big laugh at her naivete. “Then when the Elvis movie came out, it was like, Tupelo this and Tupelo that. I was like, ‘Oh, no.’ But it’s fine.”
-
-Her daughter’s middle name is a tribute to her late brother, Benjamin Storm Keough, who died when he was 27.
-
-Keough reaches into a playpen and picks up her 10-month-old girl. There’s no question who the father is. “She’s literally like someone shrunk my husband and that’s our baby,” Keough says. Then softly, she lets me in on a secret: “I’ll show you where *I* am.” She turns Tupelo so the back of her head faces me. “This curl right here.” Keough smiles and tugs gently on a blond tendril at the nape of the baby’s neck. I also see Keough in Tupelo’s eyes and smile.
-
-Keough tries to hand the baby to her sitter, but Tupelo wants Mama, so the three of us make our way to the backyard, where a wooden bench overlooks a man-made lake. Tupelo coos in her mother’s lap and plays with my sunglasses.
-
-“This is the thing in my life so far that I have really wanted to, quote-unquote, get right,” Keough says. “I don’t think you ever can be a perfect parent, but I would like to be the best mom for her that I can be. That’s.…” Keough pauses for a long, long time. “Very important to me.” I hear echoes in this of her eulogy for her mom: “I’m certain I chose the best mother for me in this world, and I knew that as far back as I can remember you.”
-
-Later, when Tupelo is napping and the California sun is bearing down, Keough sits in a lounge chair in a white tank top, yellow bikini bottom, and straw sun hat. She has sunglasses perched on the tip of her nose, and she’s eating a red apple. After 15 days of treatment in Switzerland, she’s feeling better. It’s the first thing she’s tried that’s worked.
-
-Since we last met, Keough’s settlement with her grandmother has been made public. In return for becoming the sole trustee of Lisa Marie’s estate, Keough will reportedly pay Priscilla a million dollars and cover $400,000 in legal fees.
-
-Her lawyer has said Keough wouldn’t have settled if she wasn’t happy.
-
-“Mm-hmm,” she says. She knew these questions were coming. She takes a breath. “When my mom passed, there was a lot of chaos in every aspect of our lives. Everything felt like the carpet had been ripped out and the floor had melted from under us. Everyone was in a bit of a panic to understand how we move forward, and it just took a minute to understand the details of the situation, because it’s complicated. We are a family, but there’s also a huge business side of our family. So I think that there was clarity that needed to be had.”
-
-And clarity’s been had?
-
-She smiles: “Clarity has been had.”
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-Are things with Grandma happy?
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-“Things with Grandma will be happy,” Keough says. “They’ve never not been happy.” She pauses to assemble her thoughts. “I’m trying to think of a way to answer it that’s not a 20-minute conversation.” Another long pause. “There was a bit of upheaval, but now everything’s going to be how it was. She’s a beautiful woman, and she was a huge part of creating my grandfather’s legacy and Graceland. It’s very important to her. He was the love of her life. Anything that would suggest otherwise in the press makes me sad because, at the end of the day, all she wants is to love and protect Graceland and the Presley family and the legacy. That’s her whole life. So it’s a big responsibility she has tried to take on. None of that stuff has really ever been a part of our relationship prior. She’s just been my grandma.”
-
-There have been conflicting reports online about whether Priscilla will be allowed to be buried at Graceland one day.
-
-“I don’t know why she wouldn’t be buried at Graceland,” says Keough. “I don’t understand what the drama in the news was about. Yeah. If she *wants* to be, of course. Sharing Graceland with the world was her idea from the start.” She pauses and swallows. “I always *had* positive and beautiful memories and association with Graceland. Now, a lot of my family’s buried there, so it’s a place of great sadness at this point in my life.”
-
-One of those people is her younger brother.
-
-“He, in a lot of ways, felt like my twin,” Keough says. “We were very connected and very similar. He was much quicker and wittier and a little smarter than me.” She musters a laugh. “He was a very special soul.” After Benjamin’s death, Riley moved in with her mother for six months. “After that, I would still sleep at her house like two or three times a week. She wanted us there. If it was up to her, I would have lived there full-time.”
-
-Keough saw her mother at a party for *Elvis* a day after the Golden Globes this year. “We had dinner,” she says. “That was the last time I saw her. I remember thinking about how beautiful she looked, and that was my strongest memory of the dinner.”
-
-When Keough addresses the accumulated tragedies head-on, the sentences come in pieces: “I have been through a great deal of pain and I’ve had my.… Parts of me have died and I’ve felt like my heart has exploded, but I also feel.… I’m trying to think of how to phrase this.… I have strengthened the qualities that have come about through adversity.”
-
-I ask her what she wants people to remember about her mother.
-
-She sighs, then smiles.
-
-“Oh my gosh,” she says, “I think it would take hours and hours to summarize her, but she was really one of a kind.” She lets out another of those booming laughs that seem too big for her body. “She was just so unapologetically herself in every circumstance, and so strong.” Here, the sentences start coming in pieces again. “The life she had was not easy, and the treachery she endured and the lack of real love and real friends.… She definitely had some great friends and relationships in her life, but I don’t think she really ever had.… People were just coming for her since she was born—wanting something from her and not being totally authentic. She had to develop very thick skin. She was a very powerful presence and extremely loving and extremely loyal and sort of a lioness—a fierce woman, and a really wonderful mother. I think that would be my summary because I’m her daughter. She was the best mom.”
-
-She stops for a moment. “When I lost my brother, there was no road map whatsoever, and it was a lot of big emotions that I didn’t know what to do with,” she says. “When I lost my mom, I was familiar with the process a little bit more, and I found working to be really helpful. I find it triggering when people say happiness is a choice, but in that moment, I did feel like there was a choice in front of me to give up and let this event take me out or have the courage to work through it. I started trying to move through it and not let it take me out.”
-
-Keough clearly poured a lot of herself into Daisy Jones. “This was one of those career-making moments and it was *in her,*” Witherspoon says. “She was willing to go there and really share a lot of her deep personal experiences with an audience. Especially if you get to episodes 8, 9, 10, you start to see this woman unraveling in a way that is so real and visceral and terrifying. She went there, despite everything that’s been going on in her life.”
-
-**The last time** I see Keough is a Thursday night in downtown LA, at a concert by her friend Blake Mills, the singer-songwriter responsible for most of the music on *Daisy Jones.* Ever the workaholic, Keough is carrying a tote bag with the dress, heels, and jewelry she just wore to a Jaeger-LeCoultre store opening across town. She changed into jeans and a white T-shirt in the car. I ask how her family’s move went, and she tells me it’s been postponed because the new place is still being painted. She’s upbeat nonetheless. “I like moving,” she says. “You can get rid of stuff.”
-
-Seats have been reserved for Keough, but she’d rather be close to the front, so we thread through the crowd, and soon her husband joins us. It’s a small venue—a former Presbyterian church—and the AC is broken. Still, Keough is the concertgoer I wish I could be: hanging on every word, swaying with the music, totally present. Every so often a lyric seems to hit home and she shares a loving glance with her husband.
-
-By 9 p.m., Keough is starving, so she times a Postmates delivery to eat outside during intermission. (*My parents said when I was little, I was very much trying to organize things and make things happen.*) Keough had hoped for Goop Kitchen but it was closed, so—there’s no pretending this isn’t an LA story—she went with Erewhon. Unfortunately, they forgot utensils. Keough laughs: “I guess I’m eating vegan lasagna with my hands.” The three of us sit on the steps outside the former church, and she does. A night out is rare for the new parents. They’re morning people who are usually in bed at nine. Neither can remember their last concert.
-
-Back inside, we listen to Mills until close to midnight. We’re all fading, but Keough isn’t ready to leave. “One more song,” she tells me, eyeing the clock. She leans into her husband’s body, her eyes never leaving the stage, the smile never leaving her face. Mills introduces “By Myself” from *Daisy Jones.* “This song was sung by Riley Keough,” he says. It’s a ballad about turbulence and self-reliance, among other things, comparing life to a “wind rough sea.” When it’s over, Keough says, “I think that’s a good one to end on.”
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-Outside, she hugs me goodbye and takes her husband’s hand. They walk off into the night toward their car, which they’ve parked on the street like everybody else.
-
-There’s a line at the end of *Daisy Jones:* “The chosen ones never know they are chosen.” At her home in Calabasas, I asked Keough what she thought of it, and she joked about how she knew some chosen ones who definitely think they *deserved* to be chosen. Then she stopped deflecting. “I think I’ve certainly been chosen for some wonderful things and chosen for some horrible things too,” she said. “I am aware that I have been through a lot of very crazy things, but I don’t feel like a victim. I don’t feel like poor Riley.”
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-Keough said this next part offhandedly, but it says a lot about her humility and her quest for normalcy even as the world watches.
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-“I also don’t really feel chosen.”
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----
-
-**SAG-AFTRA members are currently on strike; as part of the strike, union actors are not promoting their film and TV projects. The interviews and photoshoot for this piece were conducted prior to the strike.**
-
-*HAIR, TOMO JIDAI; MAKEUP, FRANK B; MANICURE, HONEY; SET DESIGN, PHILIPP HAEMMERLE. FOR DETAILS, GO TO* [*VF.COM/CREDITS*](https://www.vanityfair.com/credits/2023/08/september-2023-us-credits)*.*
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--   [Riley Keough](https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2023/08/riley-keough-on-growing-up-presley-cover-story) on Growing Up Presley, Inheriting Graceland, and More
-    
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--   [Ivanka Trump](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/06/ivanka-trump-is-not-letting-her-dads-mounting-legal-woes-ruin-her-summer) Is Not Letting Her Dad’s Mounting Legal Woes Ruin Her Summer
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-Date: 2023-07-17
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-Link: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/robert-f-kennedy-jr-2024-presidential-campaign-democratic-primary.html
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-```button
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-# Robert F. Kennedy Jr.’s Inside Job
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-## How a conspiracy-spewing literal Kennedy posing as a populist outsider jolted the Democratic Party.
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-RFK Jr. at the JFK statue in Nashua, New Hampshire, on June 20, 2023. Photo: Philip Montgomery
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-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/0ee/7fb/98ba5468417cd0f2ae4bf504f63014af2f-Montgomery-NYMAG-RFKJR-Final-01.rhorizontal.w1100.jpg)
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-**While waiting** for his plate of meat loaf, gravy, and an iceberg wedge at an empty restaurant in Concord, New Hampshire, on the first day of June, [Robert F. Kennedy Jr.](https://nymag.com/tags/robert-f.-kennedy-jr./) was gently explaining to me that nobody knows whether HIV is the sole cause of AIDS.
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-“They were doing phony, crooked studies to develop a cure that killed people,” he said of the scientists laboring through the 1980s on the array of protease inhibitors and other anti-retroviral drugs that would eventually stem mass death in countries where access to the medicines was made available, “without really being able to understand what HIV was, and pumping up fear about it constantly, not really understanding whether it was causing AIDS.”
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-That HIV infection causes AIDS is long-established science. But the conspiracy theory Kennedy is laying out, alongside several of its associated tendrils — that HIV is a free rider on a more dangerous virus, that scientists stifled debate in order to profit from the production of AZT, the first drug approved by the FDA to treat HIV and AIDS in 1987 — has deep roots and has borne tragic fruit. For instance, Thabo Mbeki, the president of South Africa from 1999 to 2008, shared Kennedy’s skepticism, and his distrust kept crucial therapies unavailable in his country for years, resulting in an estimated hundreds of thousands of needless deaths. Still, Kennedy — who has in other instances acknowledged that HIV causes AIDS — insisted to me over lunch, “There are much better candidates than HIV for what causes AIDS.”
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-These mythologies are the chronological starting points for opinions Kennedy puts forth in his 2021 book, [*The Real Anthony Fauci: Bill Gates, Big Pharma, and the Global War on Democracy and Public Health*](https://www.amazon.com/Real-Anthony-Fauci-Democracy-Childrens/dp/1510766804)*.* Kennedy, an environmental lawyer who has spent the past two decades ever more beholden to repeatedly disproved arguments about a link between vaccines and autism, jumped thirstily into the COVID fray, becoming a vocal critic of almost every government-funded or endorsed COVID-mitigation approach, from masking to social distancing to vaccine development and mandates. His chosen nemesis was [Fauci](https://nymag.com/tags/anthony-fauci/), the immunologist veteran of the AIDS fight, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases from 1984 to 2022, and chief medical adviser to [Joe Biden](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/tags/joe-biden/) from 2021 to 2022.
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-## Inside Job
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-[![package-table-of-contents-photo](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/db3/193/6cf747fb79864475a035c4c68baed9dceb-1423Cov-4x5-RFKJR--2-.2x.rvertical.w330.jpg)](https://nymag.com/magazine/toc/2023-07-03.html)
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-[More From This Issue](https://nymag.com/magazine/toc/2023-07-03.html) 
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-In his book, Kennedy characterizes Fauci as “the powerful technocrat who helped orchestrate and execute 2020’s historic coup d’etat against Western democracy” and claims that his “remedies,” including the COVID vaccines that stopped people from dying, were “often more lethal than the diseases they pretend to treat.”
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-COVID, like the AIDS epidemic before it, provided fertile ground for conspiracy theorizing. A new disease of unknown origin, it exploded lives and families and the global economy; it provoked fear and a longing for answers that those in charge could not initially provide. Public-health officials and political leaders made choices, some of which proved misguided, some of which led to solutions. And, of course, as Kennedy himself will eagerly explain, corporate entities — from Amazon to Pfizer to Moderna — profiteered, in grotesque fashion, from people’s pain, loss, and confusion.
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-But they aren’t the only ones who took exploitative advantage of the suffering of millions: Kennedy’s vilification of Fauci as a fascist sold more than 1 million copies, and his public profile grew with his every outsize utterance, including that vaccine mandates “will make you a slave” and that “even in Hitler’s Germany, you could cross the Alps to Switzerland. You could hide in an attic like Anne Frank did,” a nadir so low that even his wife, the actress Cheryl Hines, had to issue a statement condemning it.
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-But however off-kilter he sounded — indeed, precisely because he was extra off-kilter in his attacks on lockdowns and vaccines and masks — Kennedy’s COVID performance became the springboard that launched [his current campaign against Biden](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/06/democrats-shouldnt-ignore-rfk-jr-they-should-expose-him.html) for the [Democratic nomination for the presidency in 2024](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/02/what-would-2024-look-like-for-democrats-if-biden-retired.html). Kennedy kicked off his bid in Boston in April, addressing a roomful of people cheering and holding signs with his name in the air. He had the look of a man getting the reception he’d been waiting for his whole life, and his extemporaneous remarks stretched to almost two hours, his expensive education and resemblance to his famous forebears covering for quite a bit of rambling. “He can look and sound so thoughtful and contemplative,” said one person who has known him a very long time. “And he’s just bursting with madness.” Kennedy soon began polling at an eye-catching nearly 20 percent in multiple surveys, and though a recent New Hampshire poll showed him at [9 percent](https://www.anselm.edu/about/anselmian-hub/news/sacsc-june-poll-shows-voters-believe-bidentrump-matchup-would-be-clear-sign-broken-party-system) in June, he earned higher favorability numbers in an [*Economist*\-YouGov poll](https://docs.cdn.yougov.com/rj3bg6ve06/econTabReport.pdf) than either Biden or [Donald Trump](https://nymag.com/tags/donald-trump/).
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-He has spent the summer traveling to every dark-web–cancel-cultured–just-asking-questions–anti-woke whistle-stop that’ll have him, appearing on podcasts with [Bari Weiss](https://nymag.com/tags/bari-weiss/), [Joe Rogan](https://nymag.com/tags/joe-rogan/), [Russell Brand](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/tags/russell-brand/), and [Jordan Peterson](https://nymag.com/tags/jordan-peterson/), among others. He can count among his reply guys and fans (and, in some cases, early endorsers) a clutch of Silicon Valley CEOs and financiers, including hedge-fund manager [Bill Ackman](https://nymag.com/tags/bill-ackman/); venture capitalists [Chamath Palihapitiya](https://nymag.com/tags/chamath-palihapitiya/) and [David Sacks](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/05/twitter-will-drive-conservatives-mad-and-further-right.html); and [Elon Musk](https://nymag.com/tags/elon-musk/) and [Jack Dorsey](https://nymag.com/tags/jack-dorsey/), the current and former overlords of Twitter, respectively. He has been friendly with many in the media, including Salon founder and former editor-in-chief [David Talbot](https://nymag.com/tags/david-talbot/) and *Rolling Stone* co-founder and longtime editor [Jann Wenner](https://nymag.com/tags/jann-wenner/). Kennedy’s campaign manager is [Dennis Kucinich](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/tags/dennis-kucinich/), the former Cleveland mayor and Ohio congressman. A super-PAC called American Values 2024 has reportedly raised millions in [support of Kennedy’s campaign](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/05/do-rfk-jr-s-supporters-really-know-who-he-is.html), and Sacks held a fundraising dinner for him in June for which diners paid $10,000 a ticket. Kennedy’s drive to speak his mind has been praised by those on the far right, including [Tucker Carlson](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/tags/tucker-carlson/) and [Steve Bannon](https://nymag.com/tags/steve-bannon/), and some on the self-described left, like [Matt Taibbi](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/10/what-happened-to-matt-taibbi.html) and Max Blumenthal.
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-Kennedy crowed to me about his horseshoe coalition gathered round a campaign he views as fundamentally populist. And it’s quite a band he has put together: crunchy Whole Foods–shopping anti-vaxxers, paunchy architects of hard-right authoritarianism looking to boost a chaos agent, Nader-Stein third-party perma-gremlins, some Kennedy-family superfans, and rich tech bros seeking a lone wolf to legitimize them. Their convening can give the impression of weightiness, but if you so much as blew on them, the alliance would shatter into a million pieces. The only thing that seems to bind them is Kennedy, the current embodiment of a warped fantasy of marginalization and martyrdom that has become ever more appealing — and thus politically significant — in an age of disinformation and distrust in government and institutions.
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-That’s not to say Kennedy’s campaign is a joke. He is both an addled conspiracy theorist and an undeniable manifestation of our post-pandemic politics. He is an aging but handsome scion of America’s most storied political family, facing off against an incumbent who many in his own party worry is too old and too unpopular to win a second term. Far from an exile, he is an extremely well-connected person with unparalleled access to the centers of influence in New York, Hollywood, and Washington, D.C., who either has no idea what kind of fire he’s playing with, or does and is therefore an arsonist.
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-He is running a surprisingly potent campaign that, thanks to the lurid dynamics of social media and the boosts he is receiving from some of the wealthiest, most listened-to people in America, stands to grow even more disruptive, his deep thoughts on [Rogan’s podcast](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/05/why-did-spotify-pay-so-much-for-joe-rogans-podcast.html) translating into overflow crowds at his rallies. Lesser threats than Kennedy have played spoilers in elections before, and if he succeeds in helping burn us all to the ground, it will not be because he is an outsider, as he claims, but because of a political and media culture that has protected and encouraged and fawned over him his whole life — handing a perpetual problem child, now 69 and desperate for attention, accelerant and matches.
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-**Kennedy is the third** of 11 children born to Ethel Skakel Kennedy and Robert Francis Kennedy. His great-grandfather P. J. Kennedy was a Boston political boss in the late-19th century. Another of Kennedy’s great-grandfathers, the legendary John Francis “Honey Fitz” Fitzgerald, served in Congress and as mayor of Boston; Fitzgerald’s daughter Rose married P. J.’s son Joe, a banker and movie-studio boss who would get rich during Prohibition and briefly and ignominiously serve as an ambassador to England in the lead-up to World War II. Kennedy writes in his family memoir, [*American Values*](https://www.amazon.com/American-Values-Lessons-Learned-Family/dp/0062845918)*,* “During the Depression, there were only twenty-four known millionaires in the country, and among them were” [Joe Kennedy](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/09/why-joe-kennedys-loss-isnt-the-end-of-the-kennedy-dynasty.html) and coal magnate George Skakel, his two grandfathers.
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-More recently, Kennedy’s uncle [John Fitzgerald Kennedy](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/06/jfk-accomplished-little-but-his-historic-myth-endures.html) served as president of the United States from 1961 to November 1963, when he was shot and killed in Dallas. Kennedy’s father, Bobby, was John’s campaign manager and attorney general and, after John’s death, the senator from New York. In 1968, Bobby Sr. ran a thrilling campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination but was assassinated in a hotel kitchen in June of that year. Kennedy’s uncle Ted was the senator from Massachusetts from 1962 until his death in 2009. In 1980, Ted launched a righteous presidential campaign to the left of incumbent [Jimmy Carter](https://nymag.com/tags/jimmy-carter/); he took the fight to the convention in an election year that ended very badly for Democrats and the nation.
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-Robert F. Kennedy Jr. was 14 when his father was killed, but even before that, his life had been tumultuous. As he has written, “from the moment I climbed from my crib, chaos followed me like a loyal hound.” A feral student who was drawn more to snakes, birds, riverbeds, and wooded trails than to school, he has written that he once drove his seventh-grade tutor, a pacifist Jesuit, so bananas that the tutor punched him in the nose. Kicked out of an elite roster of prep schools, he still managed to arrive at Harvard in 1972, already using drugs that would lead him into a 14-year battle with addiction that dogged him throughout law school at the University of Virginia and culminated with a charge of possessing heroin after he was found ill in an airplane bathroom on the way to rehab in 1983.
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-After a brief stint as an assistant district attorney in New York, Kennedy joined Riverkeeper and the Natural Resources Defense Council. He founded Pace Law School’s Environmental Litigation Clinic and the Waterkeeper Alliance and is by many measures responsible for the mighty job of having restored the Hudson River to some semblance of health, vigorously prosecuting polluters and working to acknowledge the relationship between Indigenous communities and the land that had been stolen from them and then poisoned.
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-Kennedy’s trajectory juddered in the early aughts when parents who believed their children’s autism diagnoses might have been tied to vaccines approached him and persuaded him of their view. Kennedy became one of the loudest voices blaring false links between vaccination and autism. In 2005, Salon, in partnership with [*Rolling Stone*](http://web.archive.org/web/20070626115932/http:/www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/7395411/deadly_immunity)*,* published a long reported story by Kennedy that pointed toward the mercury compound thimerosal, used as a preservative in vaccines, as the autism culprit. The story included significant errors, and in 2011 Salon removed it from the site.
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-In his current incarnation, Kennedy seems anxious not to linger on the vaccine question; his supporters consider the term [*anti-vaxx*](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/04/rfk-jr-is-running-in-the-democratic-president-primary-2024.html) a smear and argue that his campaign has been for “vaccine safety.” When I told him I have every available vaccine and booster coursing through my veins, he shrugged. “I don’t care what people think about that,” he said, chasing his indifference with a tiny poisoned pill. “Generally, the only people who really understand the issue are the parents of injured children because it takes so much commitment and time to learn it. I’m one of the few people I’ve ever met who got into it just because I read the science. I don’t blame people for having faith in vaccines.”
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-His vaccine beliefs hooked him up with a broader world of conspiracy theorizing. In 2006, Kennedy wrote a lengthy story, again for [*Rolling Stone*](https://web.archive.org/web/20060701011840/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/10432334/was_the_2004_election_stolen)*,* claiming the Republican Party had “mounted a massive, coordinated campaign to subvert the will of the people in 2004,” stealing the election in Ohio via Diebold voting machines — a specious claim that was seductive to Democrats who simply could not believe [George W. Bush](https://nymag.com/tags/george-w.-bush/) had won his reelection bid against [John Kerry](https://nymag.com/tags/john-kerry/). Kennedy’s doubts in electoral results have persisted, and he recently equivocated to the [Washington *Post*](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/06/05/rfk-jr-democratic-primary-biden/)’s Michael Scherer about the 2020 election, saying, “I don’t know. I think that Biden won.”
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-Kennedy has also come to believe many other things that run the gamut from unproven to ludicrous to dangerously irresponsible. They begin with his conviction that the CIA played a role in the murders of both his uncle and his father and that Bobby Sr. was killed not by [Sirhan Sirhan](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/tags/sirhan-sirhan/) but by a security guard assigned to protect him; he actively campaigned for Sirhan’s release from prison against the wishes of most of the Kennedy family, including his mother.
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-In 2016, Kennedy published [*Framed*](https://www.amazon.com/Framed-Michael-Skakel-Decade-Prison/dp/151070177X)*,* a book that argues not just for the innocence of his cousin [Michael Skakel](https://nymag.com/tags/michael-skakel/), who served more than a decade for the 1975 murder of his Connecticut neighbor [Martha Moxley](https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/crimelaw/features/6131/), but also points a finger at two New York City teens hanging around Greenwich, one Black and one of mixed race, who he had decided were the real killers.
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-Kennedy has also suggested that 5G high-speed-internet towers are being used to “harvest our data and control our behavior”; posited a link between mass shootings and antidepressant use; told Rogan that Wi-Fi pierces “the blood-brain barrier,” causing “leaky brain”; and claimed the presence of atrazine in the water supply has contributed to depression and gender dysphoria among boys since atrazine is known to clinically castrate frogs when dumped into their tanks.
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-Again: [Robert F. Kennedy Jr.](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/05/do-rfk-jr-s-supporters-really-know-who-he-is.html) has been polling as high as 20 percent.
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-1.  ![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/710/3e8/634f0bbed174224edbeca8eba108aaf6b0-1959-Hyannis-Port.rhorizontal.w670.jpg)
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-    **1959:** At left, with his parents and siblings.
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-2.  **1960:** With his uncle John F. Kennedy.
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-3.  **1968:** As his father’s pallbearer.
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-4.  **1972:** As a Harvard freshman.
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-5.  **1979:** At Studio 54.
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-6.  **1997:** With his second wife, Mary Richardson Kennedy.
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-7.  **2000:** With Chelsea and Hillary Clinton.
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-8.  **2013:** With his current wife, Cheryl Hines.
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-9.  **2023:** On *Tucker Carlson Tonight*.
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-10.  **2023:** With podcaster Joe Rogan.
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-11.  **2023:** Doing push-ups for a campaign video.
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-**Running for president,** Kennedy told me, “is a lot easier” than he’d assumed it would be. Having worked for his uncle’s 1980 race, in which the candidate had given 12 speeches a day and was “always on,” Kennedy had imagined presidential campaigns as “this terrible marathon where you’re exhausted and it never stops.” The modern campaign, he told me, is a breeze: “You can actually do retail politics without leaving your house because of the podcast.”
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-Kennedy *loves* a podcast. He treats them with the same energy he brought to his launch speech, with every affirming nod or assenting grunt from a friendly host prompting him to hold forth at greater philosophical length; his exchange with Rogan stretched to three hours. “People really feel like they’re getting to know you, and they’re listening,” he told me of the benefits of the format.
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-They may be able to meet him, but, I asked, what about the part where he would hear from them? For that, Kennedy, like many boomers before him, has discovered Twitter, where he posts homemade videos and attacks scientists and tags Taibbi all day long. “I get all the responses,” he told me. “It’s like taking a poll every day.” He says his daughter-in-law, Amaryllis Fox, a former CIA agent whom he often cites as a key adviser, has instructed him that “they like it when you do the Twitter before you take your shower; don’t comb your hair, just do it when you’re ragged so that they’re getting a glimpse of your real life.” Some of those glimpses of his real life — like the videos of the “dog car” he drives to his hikes in Southern California, which doesn’t have seat belts because his German short-haired pointer, Attila, has eaten the buckles — show him as charismatic, funny, and appealingly self-deprecating. Others, such as a series of shirtless workout posts, display a red-faced, manic desperation.
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-In a mid-May conversation, Kennedy noted with clear satisfaction how well he was polling and was adamant that he intends to be president. I asked what he was doing to prepare. Was he paying attention to the election results from Turkey? Which Supreme Court decision was he awaiting with particular concern?
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-He cut me off. “I’ve done that. I have a lifetime of doing that,” he said, noting that his first foreign-policy essay was published in *The Atlantic* when he was a sophomore at Harvard. “In 2016, I had one of the most-read essays on [Politico](https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/02/rfk-jr-why-arabs-dont-trust-america-213601/) on the Syrian war. I’ve written countless articles on foreign policy since.”
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-I asked how the job of essay writing might differ from sitting in the Oval Office. “That is what I think about all the time,” he replied. “How do you unravel corporate capture in these agencies? I have been thinking about the CIA for most of my life. That’s a captured agency too, but they’re captured by the military-industrial complex; their function is to provide this constant pipeline of wars to feed the military-industrial complex.” Kennedy believes his father had decided to upend the CIA in the weeks before his death: “I know what my father was going to do, and I know how to fix that agency.”
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-But what about economic policy, what about affordable health care, what about steering the country through a [post-*Dobbs*](https://www.thecut.com/article/abortion-democratic-party-2024-elections.html) landscape when it comes to abortion? Kennedy is pro-choice and told me he supports the availability of [mifepristone](https://nymag.com/tags/abortion-pill/) and [misoprostol](https://nymag.com/tags/abortion-pill/). “I don’t think there’s anybody in the country who has fought harder for bodily autonomy and medical freedom to be free from the government telling us what we can and cannot do with our bodies,” he said.
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-There was an infinitesimal pause.
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-“But the big issue is that 80 percent of health-care funding goes to chronic disease, and that’s the issue I intend to fix. Why are Americans the sickest people on earth? Why isn’t the NIH telling us the answer to that question? Because there are powerful interests. There are chemical companies, there are oil companies, there are food processors, industrial-agriculture and pharmaceutical companies.”
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-Kennedy is not wrong that the kinds of toxic exposures faced by millions thanks to generations of unchecked polluting for profit have left our planet and our bodies in trouble. He is also not wrong about the profit-seeking malevolence and rot of pharmaceutical companies or the repugnant influence they wield over Washington. This is one place Kennedy’s message resonates for lots of reasonable voters on the left and the right.
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-But he does not really emphasize reducing costs and making medicine and health-care treatments more broadly available to more people. If this were important to him, he would not have allowed Rogan to pit him against Dr. Peter Hotez, the Texas physician-scientist making open-source, patent-free vaccines available to poor populations around the world, undercutting the extortionate pharma companies. Kennedy’s fight is about vilifying lifesaving medical treatments in favor of others that he has decided, based on inscrutable metrics of his own, are more holistic.
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-“There are lots and lots of things out there that people are doing,” said Kennedy, who during COVID spoke about how alternative treatments like ivermectin, zinc, hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin were not being studied properly, even though they were in fact studied and found ineffective against COVID. “I see what works and what doesn’t work. The worst thing is the pharmaceutical solutions.”
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-**Kennedy is trafficking** in lines that have tremendous appeal to many on the left dismayed by the Biden presidency, so much so that some have been open about a willingness to ignore what they regard as the crazy. Talbot, author of two books on the previous generation of Kennedys and my former boss when I was a writer at Salon, endorsed Kennedy via Facebook in a series of posts in which he proclaimed, “No, he’s not anti-vax. He wants to make vaccines safer. He’s not a ‘nutcase,’ as many liberals have been led to believe.” By phone, he told me he doesn’t agree with everything Kennedy has said: “Has he made some mistakes? Probably yes. Some medical and scientific mistakes, which he should roll back.” But, he went on, “I agree with maybe 60 percent of what Biden has done, and I agree with 90 percent of what Bobby says.”
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-Talbot sees Kennedy’s relationship to two-party American politics as analogous to his own relationship to mainstream political journalism. “I thought the media moved in lockstep; no one wants to stick their neck out. Starting Salon was my effort to really let the inmates run the asylum for once,” he said, noting that in Kennedy he saw “someone who thinks like I do, outside the box, willing to take risks.” Talbot added, “If I were to desert him now, if I were to wimp out on Bobby now because I don’t agree with him 100 percent about everything, I would not be able to live with myself.”
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-Wenner said by phone that he is a “firm supporter of President Biden” but expressed affection and admiration for Kennedy. “He is a crusader,” he said. “He’s much like his father: pursuing justice and fairness for people. He’s got his father’s sense of righteousness and anger and his skills and his impetuousness. He’s following in his dad’s footsteps, personally and psychologically, which is not at all unusual. The acorn doesn’t fall far from the tree.”
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-Wenner defended the journalism Kennedy had done for him, specifically citing “[Crimes Against Nature](https://www.maryellenmark.com/bibliography/magazines/article/rolling-stone/crimes-against-nature-637526337990109730/R),” a 2003 attack on the Bush administration’s horrific environmental policies, as a “beautiful and eloquent piece.” He said he recently read a reexamination of Kennedy’s argument that the 2004 election was stolen in Ohio, determining, “I cannot find any discrediting of the piece. I find it very believable, and at worst it’s an open case.” As for the vaccine story, Wenner said, “I find it now impossible to refute the nearly unanimous wisdom of the science” that vaccines are safe. “We have a lot to feel aggrieved about, but we’re not going to get justice with the wrong facts and a meat cleaver.”
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-And indeed, when you get more granular than Kennedy’s banner ideas about the environment and corporate capture and the forever-wars industry, what you find is not just wrong facts, or even just the “nutcase” or “anti-vaxx” stuff, but inconsistency, hypocrisy, and a deference to the status quo.
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-The candidate’s environmental commitments, for example, go sideways when it comes to cryptocurrency. Kennedy delivered the keynote address at the Bitcoin 2023 conference this year, in which he said he would prevent bitcoin from being regulated as a security, even though it has proved wildly volatile and produces considerable CO2 emissions, which one 2022 study estimated to be comparable to those of the entire country of Greece. He has acknowledged the environmental pitfalls yet is still accepting campaign donations in bitcoin.
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-While he has railed at billionaires, he has described Sacks and Musk as “incredibly patriotic and incredibly committed to democracy.” He seems largely uninterested in many progressive economic-policy ideas, including a wealth tax, universal basic income, or a federal jobs guarantee, and regularly reaffirms that he is “a free-market-capitalism kind of guy.”
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-Kennedy’s anti-interventionist commitments seem to stop at his support for Israel, which he continually asserts. His positions on immigration and guns are so outside the liberal-left mainstream that people have suggested he is running in the wrong primary. When recently asked at a town hall what he would do to halt the proliferation of semi-automatic weapons, he replied, “I’m not going to take people’s guns away.” And during the Twitter Spaces conversation with Musk and Sacks in June, he said he was going to “seal the border permanently.” He told the *Breaking Points* podcast that he wants to shift spending out of a military-industrial interventionist mind-set and into “Fortress America — arming ourselves to the teeth at home.”
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-Kennedy insists, “I still consider myself a Democrat, and I have all the values that I grew up with, nothing changed.” When I told him I am often a critic of Biden from the left, he nodded and said, “Me too.” But when I asked which other members of the party he finds promising, he came up blank. When I noted that there are lawmakers in the party, like the Squad, who do give voice to many of the leftist-sounding critiques he makes, he shrugged them off as having “caved” on U.S. support of Ukraine before immediately changing the subject to the “warmongers” Biden and [Hillary Clinton](https://nymag.com/tags/hillary-clinton/). Kennedy recently bumped into Clinton at a Las Vegas event. “I knew it was going to be awkward,” he said, “because her Zeitgeist is pro-war and pro-vaccine … But I went up and said hello.” Clinton just looked at him, he told me, “and said, ‘I don’t know what to say.’” Reached for comment, Clinton said, “I still don’t.”
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-If Kennedy has a hard time saying anything nice about any other Democrat, he speaks with nimble warmth about members of the team he would ostensibly be trying to beat should he find himself in the general election. Kennedy called Tucker Carlson “breathtakingly courageous.” This spring, he posted a photo of himself with far-right activist James O’Keefe, who has used deceptively edited videos as attack vehicles against ACORN, Planned Parenthood, and NPR.
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-He told me he would rather run against Trump than Ron DeSantis because “I feel like I can really beat Trump at debates. I have an advantage that nobody else has because I can hold him responsible for the lockdowns.” Like many in his party, Kennedy had been friendly with Trump. He met with him soon after he was elected president to discuss the danger of vaccines. “Then he sold out to Pfizer,” he told me. “And I would love to bring that up to his face and confront him with that and his cowardice in terms of not standing up to Fauci, which I don’t think anybody else can.” He added, “I’ve known him for years. I’ve beat him twice in lawsuits back in the old days, and I feel like I’ll enjoy that part.”
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-“Look at my Twitter,” he said. “It’s one after the other: ‘I’m a Republican, I voted for Trump. I’m going to vote for you.’” For his part, Trump, a connoisseur of primary dynamics who is clearly enjoying the heartburn Kennedy’s campaign is causing, said recently, “You know, he’s a commonsense guy and so am I, so whether you’re conservative or liberal, common sense is common sense.”
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-Kennedy has publicly expressed his sympathies for DeSantis’s stated desire to “burn” the NIH “to the ground,” casually aligning himself with a governor who has gutted Florida’s education system, all but banned abortion there, and signed a law that permits the state to remove minors who have been given access to gender-affirming health care from their families. To me, he said, “All of my interactions with DeSantis have been extremely friendly, and I really like his wife, Casey, and I’ve had good relationships with him, and I agree with a lot of the stuff he did during COVID.” On the other hand, he went on, “My wife can’t stand him; she’s from Florida, and she is *done,* so I can’t even mention his name in our house.”
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-**The first question** Kennedy asked me was whether I planned to read his book *American Values,* a pretty astonishing chronicle of the multigenerational exploits of his family. There is an uncle raising a glass to his friends gathered on the runway before crashing his out-of-control plane into a canyon in Idaho. There is Kennedy’s pet coati attacking his seven-months’ pregnant mother, Ethel, sending her into early labor. There is his father’s passing mention to Indonesia’s Sukarno that his son loved Komodo dragons, two of which — ten and 12 feet long and capable of eating a child of Bobby’s size — soon arrived as a gift. “I was disappointed that we were not able to keep them,” Kennedy writes, noting that he continued to visit them at the National Zoo, where he worked on weekends and after school, feeding them frozen piglets and rats.
-
-*American Values* is also a laundering of a lot of dirty Kennedy linen. There is but one mention of Chappaquiddick and lots of florid encomiums about how devoted everyone was to one another with little mention of the famously chronic infidelity that ran rampant in the family. He lauds ancient Grandma Rose for her “curiosity about people of all backgrounds,” including “fishermen, actors, cabbies, political leaders, bus drivers, tourists, movie stars, heads of state, strangers in elevators,” a list that suggests that the full and dazzling range of humanity may fall into three categories: famous people, people who transport them to places, and others they may meet by chance on Cape Cod.
-
-When I asked him over lunch about why he wanted me to read that book over all the others — about mercury, about how his cousin definitely didn’t murder his neighbor in 1975, about Fauci, about Francis of Assisi — Kennedy said, “That’s my favorite.”
-
-He is leaning hard into his family in this contest; his logo even borrows the iconography of his father’s 1968 campaign. It makes it all the more awkward that almost no members of the Kennedy family are supporting him. Many have already publicly endorsed Biden, who employs at least three Kennedys in his administration. Kennedy’s sister, the filmmaker Rory Kennedy, told CNN, “Due to a wide range of Bobby’s positions, I’m supporting President Biden.” On the day Kennedy filed his paperwork with the Federal Election Commission, his cousin Bobby Shriver tweeted that it was “a good day” to remind everyone he had been an early supporter of Biden in the 2016 primary.
-
-I asked Kennedy about his relationships with the relatives who disapprove of his campaign. “I understand people are going to disagree with me,” he said, “and that I just need to maintain my spiritual center and love people, even though I sometimes have to love them from a distance.” He then started searching his phone to show me “breakup texts” from friends, most of which he received during his COVID activism. He tells me at least one was from his longtime family friend and adviser Tim Hagan. (Hagan did not respond to multiple requests for comment.) He gave me a hangdog look and said, “A lot of times you make decisions that are the correct decisions, but they hurt people you really love. Breaking up with the girlfriend, whatever, they’re hurtful and they feel terrible, but it’s the right thing to do. I feel like I have to make up my mind about what’s the right thing and then do it and try to comfort people who are hurt by it and not return hate with hate or anything like that, but keep walking, keep up the positive high vibrations and not descending to lower vibrations.” The people I spoke to for this piece who have been close to Kennedy and his family, all of whom declined to speak on the record, described the distress and heartache his candidacy is causing among those who care for him.
-
-Much has been made of the awkward position in which his campaign puts his wife, a star of *Curb Your Enthusiasm* who has spent her career among fellow Hollywood liberals. To me, he said that Hines’s opinion is the only one he cares about, that he plays to “an audience of one.” He peppers his conversation with jokes about how much his wife disagrees with him, telling me she couldn’t read his Fauci book, despite trying several times, because “it just made her depressed.” Yet he is out here running for president. And for all her protestations, she is out there publicly supporting him.
-
-The assumption that Kennedy would enter politics has been long-standing; this magazine put him on its cover in 1995, labeling him “a New York political player with a future.” He recalled he had considered running in 2000 for [Daniel Patrick Moynihan](https://nymag.com/news/politics/68317/)’s vacated New York Senate seat, the one Clinton wound up winning. “Because I was having family problems, I decided not to,” he said. Then when Clinton was tapped to head the State Department in 2008, Governor [David Paterson](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/tags/david-paterson/) “called me and offered me her Senate seat,” he said. But Kennedy declined, saying he wanted to spend more time with his wife and six children. I asked if he regretted that choice.
-
-No, he said. “It was the right decision at the time. My wife took her own life not long after. My kids needed me. There’s a lot of things that I would do differently if I could do the whole thing over again, but you don’t get that choice, and that’s not one of them.”
-
-Kennedy and his second wife, [Mary Richardson Kennedy](https://nymag.com/tags/mary-richardson-kennedy/), the best friend of his sister Kerry, announced their separation in 2010. In 2012, Mary hanged herself in an outbuilding of their home in Mount Kisco. More than a year later, the New York *Post* published excerpts of a diary from earlier in his marriage in which he kept an account of the 16 women he’d had sex with that year. In 2014, he married Hines.
-
-**One of the keys** to Kennedy’s appeal with a certain segment of the population is his view of himself as an outcast and victim. When his inaugural campaign speech went long, he joked with the crowd, “This is what happens when you censor somebody for 18 years.”
-
-He was in fact banned from Instagram during the depths of the pandemic, though his account has since been reinstated. Still, reality doesn’t match up with his self-depiction as a rejected outsider. To date, his campaign has been covered at length in profiles in [*Time*](https://time.com/6287001/rfk-jr-interview-2024-campaign/)*,* the Washington [*Post*](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/06/05/rfk-jr-democratic-primary-biden/)*,* the New York [*Times*](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/28/us/politics/rfk-democrats-election.html)*,* [*The Atlantic*](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2023/06/robert-f-kennedy-jr-presidential-campaign-misinformation-maga-support/674490/)*,* and now this magazine. His books are distributed by Simon & Schuster, and he has promoted those books on Bill Maher’s show and Fox News.
-
-Being shunned in any way for ideas that, when it comes to vaccines, are not just about individual choice but about our collective responsibility is perhaps anathema to people raised to assume their voices would be heard and understood as legitimate. Public-health directives during COVID were crude and sometimes wrong — messaging on masking changed repeatedly, masking outdoors now seems silly, the school closures lasted longer than they should have — but the objections made by people like Kennedy were not rooted in special advance scientific knowledge. Rather, they stemmed from the fury of normally powerful people affronted by the argument that their individual impulses put them on the wrong side of a moral question of communal engagement and compassion. It is a dynamic many managed to reframe as their willingness to stand in patriotic challenge to weak-minded, compliant, vaccinated sheep. And it is the type of environment in which men born with immense wealth and power — the kind who casually mention that governors have called and offered them Senate seats that they have turned down — can recast themselves as martyred heroes.
-
-“He’s been pilloried in the press,” [John Gilmore](https://time.com/6287001/rfk-jr-interview-2024-campaign/), head of his super-PAC, told *Time.* “He’s lost jobs. He’s been pushed out of organizations, he gets trashed sometimes by members of his own family. So he’s not a poser, to say the least.”
-
-But of course he’s a poser. This entire campaign is a pose, as is his outsider stance. He is a Kennedy. He is the fifth member of his family to run for president. His sister Kerry was married to the man who would become the governor of New York, whose brother was a television journalist; his cousin Maria was married to the governor of California, who also happened to be a movie star. His grandfather owned a movie studio. He has written, in *American Values,* of attending the 1960 Democratic convention at which his uncle was nominated; he was 6, and his family stayed at the home of Marion Davies, the actress and the mistress of his grandfather’s good friend William Randolph Hearst. At that convention, Frank Sinatra hosted cocktail parties celebrating his family. Kennedy’s own wife is a star whom he met through another television star, his friend [Larry David](https://nymag.com/tags/larry-david/), who recently offered the *Times* this classic clarification about his relationship with the candidate: “Yes love and support, but I’m not ‘supporting’ him.”
-
-Over lunch in New Hampshire, I asked Kennedy how his conversation with Republican New Hampshire governor Chris Sununu had gone following his address to the state legislature; Kennedy told me, “It was nice. I knew his father” — who was also governor. It can seem as if Robert F. Kennedy Jr. knows the father of every powerful person in America. Perhaps more important, they knew his father and his uncles and his grandfathers.
-
-So he gets traction where no one else would. His relationship with the political media, which has published him, written about him, and seen him as a full and flawed and interesting human, has always been guided by his core identity as an *insider,* a member of the family that this country was taught to love above all others and to pity in their many public tragedies. As a journalist who has been told for decades that my empathy for the female candidates I often cover is probably overemotional and built too strongly on personal identification, let me just tell you that you should never stand between a white male political journalist over the age of 40 and his *feelings* about the Kennedys.
-
-I was a young person in journalism in New York at the turn of the millennium when a lot of people I worked for and with were Kennedy’s dining companions, buddies, and neighbors. Peter Kaplan (another of my former bosses), then editor of the New York *Observer,* had been his roommate at Harvard and was one of his best friends. Kennedy and his cousin John Jr. — who ran the magazine *George* — were big handsome puppies who frolicked among a generation of political junkies who had grown up worshipping their dads and then wound up at the same schools, jobs, and parties as the sons. I saw this at *Talk* and the *Observer* and Salon; it was true at *The New Yorker* and the New York *Times* and *The New Republic* and *The Atlantic* and the places that published Kennedy from the 1970s on, providing him the mainstream credentials he cited when I asked him about his preparation for the presidency. For what it’s worth, in those same years, I was often asked to cover Trump, then a local celebrity and bargain-basement version of a Kennedy himself, an easy call to get a quote to fill a column, with every mention making his name more recognizable, his words more legitimate. *How do we think these guys got here?*
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-**If Robert F. Kennedy Jr.** were your uncle, you might well love him a whole lot. As I sat listening to him spin untruths, looking at me intently with his doggy blue eyes, I did not like him. But he certainly recalled to me other people in my life whom I have loved — addicts and infidels, men whose complicated family lives sent them into woods and streams to find sense and solace in birds and snakes. He made me think of other people in my life who in fact did love him, sometimes very much.
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-If he can have that effect on me, what must his draw be for those who have not spent hours reading about thimerosal and AZT and Diebold machines just double-checking that all this stuff he says with such assuredness is, indeed, nonsense? Imagine how strong it could be for millions of scared Americans who look at him and see shadows of people they’ve lost, of men the country has lost.
-
-If he were your uncle, you would likely consider that he is fighting some serious psychological headwinds. His own uncle was assassinated when Bobby was 9. He was pulled from school at 14 and flown to the deathbed of his father, also assassinated. His cousin drove a plane into the sea on the way to Bobby’s sister’s wedding. One brother died in a skiing accident, another of a drug overdose. His wife died by suicide. All this in a family in which his grandfather’s dictum was “There will be no crying in this house.”
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-If he were your uncle, you also might try hard not to pick a fight with him at Thanksgiving, or maybe you would eagerly pick a fight with him at Thanksgiving. And maybe you would tussle lightly with your parents and siblings and cousins about whether you felt sorry for him or whether he was actually just an asshole.
-
-But if he were your uncle, he would not be performing surprisingly well in a Democratic presidential primary and gobbling the attention of the national press with his every word. That he is tells us as much about this country’s broken systems as any of his diatribes do.
-
-And it’s not benign. Because while, no, he is certainly not likely to win the Democratic nomination or ever become president, he could do well in a rogue New Hampshire primary in which Biden is declining to participate, and his performance in that state could trigger further distrust in our elections and throw more fuel on the legitimacy crisis that is raging across this democracy — a crisis that is dangerous, insurrectionist, violent, and terrifying. This campaign will mean his views gain a broader audience, and that too is terrifying when it comes to the erosion of the public’s understanding of disease, science, and public-health measures.
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-And then there is the bracing reality that, here in Trump’s America, another clearly damaged man, a man whose own close-knit family has waved red flags about his fitness for office, is getting this far in the anti-Trump party.
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-Talbot observed to me that Kennedy’s forerunners had a brain trust around them: “They had people who told them when they were going too far, gave them advice — Ted Sorensen, Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Peter Edelman.” Kennedy used to have that kind of protective support from the journalists and politically powerful friends who shined him up, in many cases literally editing his words. But Kaplan died, his cousin died, and Hagan broke up with him.
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-Now his brain trust appears to be the hyperonline, hard-right masculinity influencers who give him the approval he craves and encourage him to do things like post videos of himself shirtless, his chest and arms improbably pumped, doing nine janky push-ups.
-
-Not so distant from this performance of retro white machismo is the fact that at least some of the blame for this wretched state of affairs lies with Biden and the Democratic Party. When elected, Biden promised to be a bridge president: to formulate, alongside the equally senescent leadership of his party, a succession plan of some sort. But these aging leaders have not done that, so here we are with some of the anti-Biden energies among Democratic voters getting directed toward a man who looks like the saviors of old, a glitchy hologram of fabled politicians who once represented youth and hope.
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-He never, ever, ever should have been here. In this position. In these pages, in this context. He should never have been a politician or a public figure at all. He should have been a veterinarian.
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-In *American Values,* amid all his bizarre hagiography of his family members and rehashing of the Bay of Pigs, is story after story after story of pure delight and joy and love and fulfillment: There are the falcons and hawks and pigeons, the Komodo dragons, the matricidal coati, a red-tailed hawk named Morgan. There’s a California sea lion, Sandy, who “took up residence in our swimming pool” and “ate mackerel by the barrel, devouring everything but the eyeballs, which we found scattered like marbles across the pool, patio and lawn.” One day, after causing a traffic jam on the Georgetown Pike, Sandy, like the dragons, winds up at the National Zoo. And how about Carruthers, the 16-pound leopard tortoise brought back from Africa under the diplomatic protection of his uncle Sargent Shriver in Ethel Kennedy’s Gucci suitcase? Carruthers spent 21 years roaming the house at Hickory Hill in Virginia alongside “ten horses, eleven dogs, a donkey, two goats, pigs … a 4-H cow, chickens, pheasants, ducks, geese, forty closely related rabbits” and Hungarian homing pigeons, a nocturnal honey bear who “slept away his days in the playroom crawl space,” and a jill ferret who “fed her pups under the kitchen stove.”
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-“In those days,” he writes of his childhood, “whenever anybody asked me about my future plans, I replied without hesitation: I wanted to be a veterinarian or a scientist.” But as he would tell Tablet, “When my dad died, my priorities reoriented, and I felt kind of an obligation to pick up the torch. So I went on a different path, which ended up in law school.” Only as he was getting sober, in his telling, did he realize he had to find some sort of middle ground and turned to environmental law.
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-This guy could have been patching up owl wings in Virginia, California, or New Hampshire, just like George W. Bush (the guy he’s sure stole the 2004 election) might have enjoyed a modest career painting in Kennebunkport or Texas.
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-But this country, with its political system built around white patriarchal ideals of who powerful men are supposed to be, and its very limited view of what other kinds of power might look like, has created too irresistible an opportunity for someone with a famous name, a tremendous ego, and a persecution complex. So here we are, eight years after Trump descended the elevator in Trump Tower, listening to a man talking about ivermectin and the fascism of Fauci and the castration of frogs and watching him run riot in a Democratic primary.
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-Robert F. Kennedy Jr.’s Inside Job
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-# Russia may have lost an entire elite brigade near a Donetsk coal-mining town
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-KYIV — As Russia probes Ukraine’s defensive lines ahead of an expected offensive, it might have lost the entire elite 155th naval infantry brigade while storming Vuhledar, a coal-mining town in the Donetsk region.   
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-“A large number of enemy forces, including the command staff, were destroyed near Vuhledar and Mariinka in Donetsk Oblast,” Oleksiy Dmytrashkivskyi, head of the united press center of the Tavriskiy District of Ukrainian defense forces, told POLITICO. “In addition, over the past week, the enemy lost about 130 units of equipment, including 36 units of tanks.”
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-Russian forces also were losing 150-300 marines a day near Vuhledar, Dmytrashkivskyi said.  
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-Russian tactical failures around Vuhledar have likely further weakened the Russian ultranationalist community’s belief that Moscow’s forces are able to launch a decisive offensive operation, the Institute for the Study of War [reported in its latest update](https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-february-11-2023). Pro-Kremlin military bloggers have been mourning huge losses and criticizing the Russian command for sending the elite troops in frontal attacks.
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-### You may like
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-The Ukrainian marines also published a video of Russian troops panicking and piling up on a battlefield near Vuhledar. “Go make a cemetery! Gosh, the first column went there and blew up, and then the second one went exactly the same route,” Ukrainian artillerymen can be heard saying while watching Russians approaching Vuhledar.
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-“The 155th brigade already had to be restaffed three times. The first time after Irpin and Bucha; the second time they were defeated near Donetsk — they recovered again. And now almost the entire brigade has already been destroyed near Vuhledar,” Dmytrashkivskyi said.
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-Russian military and nationalist community met the defeat near Vuhledar painfully. The Institute for the Study of War reported that recent footage of failed Russian assaults near Vuhledar has pushed some Russian military bloggers to call for public trials against the high-ranking officers as they continue to repeat the same mistakes.
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-The defeat happened only a few days after Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu reported about a “successful offensive near Vuhledar.” The Ukrainian Defense Ministry trolled the Russians by [posting a video](https://twitter.com/DefenceU/status/1623949387608231936) of a Russian military column being destroyed in the area.
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-Russian former paramilitary commander Igor Girkin, sentenced to life in prison in absentia for the downing of MH17 passenger flight in 2014, has called Russian generals “complete morons, who don’t learn from their own mistakes.”
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-In his [Telegram military blog](https://t.me/strelkovii/3925), Girkin, who uses the pseudonym Igor Strelkov, echoed the ongoing criticism of the Russian military community toward the commanders. He confirmed that Russian forces near Vuhledar had to advance in motorized and tank columns along narrow roads and ended up piling up.
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-“Ukrainian artillery shoots exceptionally accurately. More than 30 units of armored vehicles were lost. Dozens of tankmen were killed. Even more marines, special forces, and motorized riflemen died,” Girkin said. “All these losses turned out to be ‘one-sided’ — the Ukrainians shot the attackers like in a shooting gallery.”
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-Girkin pessimistically described the defeat near Vuhledar as the end of the offensive of the Russian army on the entire Donetsk front.
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-Ukrainians are not rushing to celebrate victory, though, as Russian forces continue to storm Ukrainian positions near Vuhledar, Avdiivka and Bakhmut, where Ukrainians are preparing for street fighting.
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-“I wish weapons from our partners would come more quickly, as that would give us the opportunity not only to protect ourselves and hold the attacks but also finally push them out of our territory,” Dmytrashkivskyi said.
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-# Ryan Gosling on Stepping Away From Hollywood and Playing Ken in ‘Barbie’
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-*To listen to this profile, click the play button below:*
-
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-
-**Ryan Gosling subscribes** to what he calls an escape-room style of being an actor. This is a little theoretical, because he’s never actually been to an escape room, and he’s not totally sure what happens inside of them. “Maybe I should do one,” he says, “to see if this really works.” But the general idea is: You’re thrown into a particular set of circumstances and you’ve got to find your way out. Maybe you show up on set one day and it’s raining when it’s not supposed to be raining, Gosling says, “or this person doesn’t want to say any of that dialogue, or the neighbor’s got a leaf blower and they’re not turning it off.” What do you do next? 
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-Over time, Gosling has discovered that this approach might apply to more than just acting. Maybe, for instance, you’re a kid growing up in a town you don’t want to be in and you’re trying to locate an exit. Maybe you’re looking for something you can’t put into words and you make movies to try to pin down whatever it is you’re looking for. Maybe you’re a person who never envisioned raising a family and then you meet the person who changes, in some radical way, how you see yourself and your future. Life comes at you, in all its unanticipated and startling particulars; the thing that makes you an artist is the way you respond. 
-
-And being open to the unexpected has served Gosling well. When he was young, his first real breakthrough came in a movie, 2001’s *The Believer,* about a Jewish kid from New York who becomes a neo-Nazi. Gosling was none of these things, a fact that the director, Henry Bean, turned out to like—“The fact that I wasn’t really right for it was exactly why he thought I was right for it,” Gosling says. A few years later, when Gosling was auditioning for *The Notebook,* he says, the director, Nick Cassavetes, “straight up told me: ‘The fact that you have no natural leading man qualities is why I want you to be my leading man.’ ” Gosling got the part; he’s been a leading man ever since. 
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-In his youth, Gosling treated acting a little bit like therapy, or an opportunity “to teach myself about myself.” He was in search of experiences—films that could capture a mood, or a feeling. Sometimes what he was doing barely looked like acting at all. “Even though I think Ryan has watched a lot of movies, the way he acts is as if he hasn’t watched that many movies,” Emily Blunt, who first got to know Gosling on the set of David Leitch’s forthcoming movie *The Fall Guy,* says. For 2010’s *Blue Valentine,* Gosling lived for a time with his costar, Michelle Williams, in the house where they shot the film, playing the part of parents with the young actor who played their daughter. For 2011’s *Drive,* he and the film’s director, Nicolas Winding Refn, spent days driving across Los Angeles, listening to music, whittling away dialogue from their script until the film was purely about the unnameable sensation the two of them shared in the car. “I was trying to find a place to put all these things that were happening to me,” Gosling says. “And these films became ways to do that, like time capsules.” For *Only God Forgives,* Refn’s next film, Gosling spent months in Thailand before shooting began, training in Muay Thai camps, learning to fight. “And I don’t think I did Muay Thai once in that film,” Gosling says. Refn changed plans. Gosling was okay with it. “I didn’t do the film to do Muay Thai,” he says. 
-
-And then something interesting happened, or maybe—in the manner of life—a few things happened, and the way Gosling worked began to change. In 2014, he and his partner, Eva Mendes, with whom he starred in *The Place Beyond the Pines,* had their first kid, and then in 2016, their second, both daughters. Gosling started to act in fewer independent movies and more studio films, like *La La Land* and *Blade Runner 2049.* These were movies, as Gosling describes them to me, “for an audience.” And then, for four years, he didn’t appear in anything at all. 
-
-Gosling’s explanation for his absence from Hollywood is straightforward: He and Mendes had recently had their second kid, “and I wanted to spend as much time as I could with them.” Gosling is not one of those people who pictured himself as a parent—the moment he first imagined himself as a father, he says, was the moment immediately before he became one: “Eva said she was pregnant.” But, he adds, “I would never want to go back, you know? I’m glad I didn’t have control over my destiny in that way, because it was so much better than I ever had dreamed for myself.”
-
-When Gosling finally came back to work, it was for last year’s *The Gray Man*, an action spectacle directed by the Russo brothers for Netflix, and then this year’s *Barbie,* directed by Greta Gerwig. He says the time away solidified certain changes in his attitude toward his job. “I treat it more like work now, and not like it’s, you know, therapy,” he says. “It’s a job, and I think in a way that allows me to be better at it because there’s less interference.”
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-Perhaps not coincidentally, the projects he’s gravitating toward now, which include another giant action film, *The Fall Guy*—which Leitch describes as “a love letter to big movies,” and which Gosling just finished shooting in Australia—seem to have larger and more crowd-pleasing aspirations. “I’ve always wanted to do it,” Gosling says. “I just never really had the opportunity like this, or it never kind of worked itself out this way. It took me a long time to get into sort of bigger, more commercial films. I had to kind of take the back entrance.”
-
-When Gosling was younger, making independent movies, it was often with the unspoken expectation that not many people would see them. “So you kinda make the movie for yourselves,” he says. Somebody had once given him the advice: *Your job is just to feel it.* “Doesn’t matter if anyone else does, you know?” Gosling says. “But I think, having done a lot of that, I realize that I kind of feel like my job is for other people to feel it. And it’s cool if I do, but that’s really not the point. The point is that other people do.”
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----
-
-**From Cornwall,** Ontario, where Gosling grew up, to Toronto, where he began attending auditions as a child actor, was “like, a five-hour train ride,” Gosling says. He shares this, in part, because the two of us are on a train right now. The Pacific Surfliner, winding out of Los Angeles and along the coast. Just something he had never done and wanted to do. We’d walked through Union Station to the platform together and I’d watched a bunch of afternoon commuters, families surrounded by luggage, people with nowhere else to go just killing time, and kids in jaunty outfits like *La La Land* extras doing cartoon double takes, despite the white hat Gosling wore pulled down low. 
-
-Actually: “Let me make sure it’s five hours from Cornwall,” Gosling says, putting down the Starbucks cup that says “Freddie” on it and pulling out his phone. “Don’t wanna start self-mythologizing. *It was a hundred hours on a train*.” He puts the phone away: “Four hours and 15 minutes.” Margot Robbie, who produced and stars in *Barbie* opposite Gosling, calls him “an overthinker.” Gosling, she says, will say something, “and then 40 minutes later, he’ll come up to me and be like, ‘You know when I said that? I’m just clarifying that what I meant was, *blah blah*.’ And I’m like, ‘Why are you still thinking about that?’ ”
-
-He’s wearing boots and a workwear jacket and, at 42, has merry little creases around the eyes. You can sort of see what Nick Cassavetes was saying when he gave him a hard time about being a leading man: His features, broad and more than a little mischievous, are just unconventional enough to remind you that the matinee idol thing wasn’t foretold. Despite having played any number of violent men in movies, in person he reads as somewhere between reserved and simply shy. “He’s very gentle,” Blunt says. “He likes to kind of sleuth around. He’s more sleuth-y than macho, you know?” But these days people just sort of bend toward him. On the train, phones protrude from other rows at unnatural angles, and the ticket taker in our car keeps coming by to offer him snacks.
-
-In *Barbie*—a massively ambitious summer blockbuster that attempts to both honor the generations of children who played with the doll while also introducing new and sophisticated gender politics, the concept of mortality, and an ironic opening homage to Kubrick’s *2001*—Gosling plays Ken, the adoring doll that orbits Barbie, who is played by Robbie. There was not a lot to Ken before Gosling and the filmmakers got to him. “Ken,” Gosling says, “his job is *beach.* For 60 years, his job has been beach. What the fuck does that even mean?” 
-
-Gerwig, who also cowrote the film with her partner, Noah Baumbach, says that tonally, they were trying to strike a delicate balance with Ken, as they were with the whole film: It’s supposed to be funny, because it’s a film about dolls, but it’s also supposed to be full of suffering and pathos, because, well…it’s a film about dolls. And Ken, forever an afterthought, is perhaps the funniest and saddest of them all. Gerwig says she cast Gosling because “there is a quality to Ryan’s acting, even when he is hilarious, it’s never the actor standing outside of the role commenting on or judging this person. He doesn’t try and make you know that Ryan Gosling knows that this is silly. He does it in a way that takes on all of the potential humiliations of the character as his own.”
-
-Some people I have spoken to, including, at times, Gosling himself, have expressed not mystification but a curiosity about how Gosling ended up in a Mattel-produced movie about a kids’ toy. (Even Robbie jokes about this when we speak: “We were like, ‘He’s just done a movie called *First Man.…* And then he’s done a movie called *The Gray Man.…* Maybe he’s ready to do *Barbie!* Maybe he wants to do the total opposite!’ ”)  Part of it, Gosling says, was simply about the chance to work with a bunch of women on a project that puts the female characters forward—“I kind of respond to scripts, I guess, or characters, where there's that kind of dynamic. I recognize it.” Part of it, Gosling says, actually relates to the kids’ toy thing: His daughters play with Barbies and Ken, sort of. “I did see him, like, face down in the mud outside one day, next to a squished lemon,” Gosling says, “and it was like, *This guy’s story does need to be told,* you know?” 
-
-But another reason Gosling was drawn to the movie relates, in a way, to the four-hour-and-15-minute train ride he used to undertake, by himself, to and from auditions. Gosling returns in conversation to this particular period of his life a lot. The story, briefly: Cornwall smelled like rotten eggs, because of the paper mill there, where Gosling’s father and some of his uncles worked. His parents split up. He was raised in the Mormon church. He did not have a lot of friends, or an easy time with school; he also had an uncle who was an Elvis impersonator, and there was something about the shows he did that made Gosling want to perform as well. “Here was this kind of bedazzled door number three with question marks on it,” Gosling says, “and I went in.”
-
-Gosling says it was this uncle who first gave him a glimpse of how art can transform both the people who make it and the people who observe it—Gosling would help him with his shows, and then watch his uncle turn into someone else when he performed, someone different and more full of life. Gosling says this uncle also bolstered his act with talent shows, people drawn from the local community, and “everyone had this secret talent. You’d see the guy that bags groceries at the A&P, and he has some version of ‘Black Velvet’ that’ll bring the house down, you know? And then you realize that that’s really him and the performance is the guy he’s playing who packs bags at the A&P.”
-
-Gosling started asking himself: What is my talent? He began auditioning, and the auditions he was traveling to led to him being cast, at age 12, in Disney’s *The All-New Mickey Mouse Club,* alongside Justin Timberlake, Christina Aguilera, and Britney Spears. Unlike his peers, he did not make much of a mark there. “Everybody was at, like, prodigy level. I certainly wasn’t a child prodigy. I didn’t know why I was there. And I think that was the consensus. It’s why I didn’t work—it was like, they dressed me up as a hamster or put me in the background of someone’s song. But it was all a great experience in a way because it helped me figure out what I wasn’t going to be good at. Which is important to learn too.”
-
-What Gosling turned out to be good at, in the long run, was playing a certain kind of brooding, intense young man in an independent film, and so for years he did that. But inside him, always, lived the spirit of a kid dressed up like a hamster in Orlando, performing for anyone who would watch. And I share this next part of our conversation more or less verbatim, because I think there’s, well, a lot of Ryan Gosling in it—the skepticism of the ersatz therapy that a magazine interview can become; the instinct to protect himself; the heartfelt honesty, which is nevertheless his mode; and the comic timing, which is uncannily similar to that of any number of characters we’ve seen him play onscreen. 
-
-It begins, as these things often do, with a somewhat overwrought interview question: 
-
-*What do you think the young Ryan would make of where you’ve ended up?*
-
-“Um, what would young Ryan say? First of all, I’d be like, ‘Hey, young Ryan, calm down. This dude, Zach, asked me to come back and talk to you.’ ”
-
-*\[Helpless laughter.\]*
-
-“ ‘Don’t ask how. Don’t ask why, I don’t have time. We’re on a train, and the train’s gonna end, so we only have so much time. \[*Pause.*\] You’re gonna be in a Barbie movie.’ ”
-
-He continues, no longer playing a scene: “Look, the irony is that the movies that I’ve made so many of, I didn’t grow up watching independent films. We didn’t have an art house theater. I didn’t know anything about the kinds of films that I was in, you know? I didn’t have any real frame of reference. All I had was, like, my Blockbuster knowledge.”
-
-In the video store he’d go to in Cornwall, “it was all bigger films, and most of them were action films or comedies,” Gosling says. “That’s why I loved movies. It’s those films that made me want to do this. Like, obviously I learned more about film, and I feel very lucky to have gotten to make the movies that I’ve made. But it’s cool to be in a phase of my life where I’m getting to make the kinds of things that inspired me to make film in general.”
-
-So…“kid me, this kid you want me to go and talk to?” Gosling says. “He would like *Barbie* more than *The Believer,* you know?” 
-
-And as for Ken, the no-thoughts-just-vibes character he plays in the film: “There’s something about this Ken that really, I think, relates to that version of myself. Just, like, the guy that was putting on Hammer pants and dancing at the mall and smelling like Drakkar Noir and Aqua Net-ing bangs. I owe that kid a lot. I feel like I was very quick to distance myself from him when I started making more serious films. But the reality is that, like, he’s the reason I have everything I have.”
-
-Gosling says he’s been thinking about that kid a lot recently: “He didn’t know what he was doing or why he was doing it, he was just doing it, and it’s like, I owe my whole life to him. And I wish I had been more grateful at the time, you know?” He says he spent a lot of time on the *Barbie* set communing with this younger version of himself, who didn’t have a clue, but who did everything in total earnestness. 
-
-“I really had to go back and touch base with that little dude,” Gosling says, “and say thank you, and ask for his help.”
-
----
-
-**These days Gosling** lives in a quiet town in the southern half of California. Because he brings his family to the location of each movie he shoots, he aims to do only one or so per year. Most of the time, he says, he’s simply at home. Relatives come around, Gosling says, but he and Mendes don’t have a nanny; whatever they do, they do it themselves. Gosling is frankly romantic about his life with his daughters and Mendes. He says things were one way, then they were another. “I was looking for her, you know?”
-
-*Were you conscious of that?*
-
-“No. But it all makes sense now.”
-
-He says as a parent, whenever he doesn’t know what to do, which happens from time to time, “I just lean on Eva. She knows what’s important, always. She just somehow knows. So if ever I’m in my head about it, I just ask her.”
-
-In the past, Gosling says, he sought life, and creative inspiration, in extreme places. In 2014, he wrote and directed a film, *Lost River,* that grew out of a regular trip he’d been making to Detroit with a camera, just to film decaying buildings. The movie is a fever dream: violent, paranoid, surreal. Gosling remains proud of *Lost River.* But these days, he says, “all the things that are happening right now at home I just find funnier and more inspiring than any of the stuff I came across when I was out there in abandoned buildings looking for it.”
-
-Because Gosling hasn’t worked much since 2018, he has been mostly out of the public eye, but that will soon change with *Barbie.* Anyone who has ever seen Gosling on a talk show knows that he tends to be a charismatic, genial ambassador for whatever project he’s out there promoting. But he does not particularly enjoy talking about himself, something I know because he tells me, multiple times, as our train makes its way along the coast.
-
-“I mean, you know how it is, you do this,” he says, when I ask him what the source of his discomfort is. “It hasn’t been useful for me personally to start self-pathologizing or, um, telling a story about why or pretending to even understand all the machinations of why. A lot of it was just operating on instinct. It was escape room, you know?”
-
-To that end, he deluges me with a slew of questions of his own—partly, I think, because he’s a genuinely nice guy, or at least a polite one, and somewhat interested; and a lot, I think, to avoid being asked questions himself. He asks about my 14-month-old son and how having a kid has or has not changed me. (“Do you find it’s affected your work, or way that you work, or why you’re doing it?”) For a while, he asks about my mom, because I tell him she used to play the guitar, and Gosling suddenly needs to know everything. (“Moms that play guitar, that’s so cool. Kind of like Liona Boyd, Liona Boyd style? Or like classical? Folky? That’s cool. You don’t hear a lot about a mom guitarist.”)
-
-“I feel like he watches everyone and everyone’s nuances so acutely,” Emily Blunt says, “that at some point, I think everyone will be sucked up and put in a movie, into a character.” She also says she had the same suspicion I’m having now. “I’m sure it’s a deflection strategy,” she says, laughing. “I’m sure I told him many more intimate secrets than he told me. He’s quite gifted at that.”
-
-It’s charming; it’s also understandable. If you are a certain age, you will well remember the frenzy in the early part of the past decade around Gosling, and particularly Gosling’s appearance, which was the subject of endless Tumblr posts and thirsty bar conversations. “I think it embarrasses him in some ways,” Blunt says, about the public perception of Gosling as some sort of cross between the perfect boyfriend and the coolest man around, “because it’s not what he feels. I got the sense it wasn’t really what he felt about himself.”
-
-Earlier in his career, Gosling used to talk about being raised by a single mother who was attractive, and how frightening he found the predatory energy that came from the men they’d encounter, how uneasy he was made by the way people related to her. (Gosling says that *Lost River,* with its portrait of a searching boy and his struggling mother, played by Christina Hendricks, was explicitly about this feeling he had as a child.) Gosling says now, flatly, that he never made the connection between his mother and himself and the attention his own appearance began to garner as he became famous. And he did his best to depersonalize the attention he was getting. But the whole experience, Gosling admits, was “confusing.” 
-
-And now, to some extent, it seems to be happening again. After a *Barbie* trailer was released, fans on social media began debating whether or not Gosling was, in fact, too weathered and grown up now to play Ken, a debate that, in time, made its way onto the pages of the *New York Post* (“Gen Z ‘Barbie’ Fans Slammed for Calling Ryan Gosling Too ‘Old’ to Play Ken”) and a number of other tabloids. Gosling’s response to this is, at least initially, diplomatic and a little amused: “I would say, you know, if people don’t want to play with my Ken, there are many other Kens to play with.”
-
-Later, though, he brings it up again, unprompted. “It is funny,” he says, “this kind of clutching-your-pearls idea of, like, `#notmyken`. Like you ever thought about Ken before this?” As he said earlier, this is a guy whose job is *beach.* 
-
-“And everyone was fine with that, for him to have a job that is nothing. But suddenly, it’s like, ‘No, we’ve cared about Ken this whole time.’ No, you didn’t. You never did. You never cared. Barbie never fucked with Ken. That’s the point. If you ever really cared about Ken, you would know that nobody cared about Ken. So your hypocrisy is exposed. This is why his story must be told.”
-
-Gosling catches himself and laughs. “I care about this dude now. I’m like his representative. ‘Ken couldn’t show up to receive this award, so I’m here to accept it for him.’ ”
-
----
-
-**On the phone** one day, Greta Gerwig tells me a story. This takes place before *Barbie* begins shooting, when she and Robbie are hosting a sleepover for the actors who play the different Barbies in the cast. The Kens are also invited to stop by, but Gosling can’t make it. Midway through there’s a knock at the door. “And this man, this Scottish man, in a full kilt, showed up and played the bagpipes,” Gerwig says. He says that Gosling had sent him. “And then he read a speech from *Braveheart.* And then he left.”
-
-When I ask Gosling why *Braveheart,* and specifically why the moment when Mel Gibson tells a bunch of sons of Scotland that the English may take our lives but they’ll never take our freedom, he says, “Well, sometimes, you just need to hear it.” Gerwig says that Gosling “always can sense very quickly what would be the most delightfully funny thing to do next. And then he does it.”
-
-This is the kind of thing a director says about her actor when he’s starring in her comedy; but, for whatever it’s worth, here is a more or less total summary of what happens next. Gosling and I depart the train, talking about nothing in particular: childhood, Starter jackets, the way that playing cool can skew into a fear of playing at all. “Like, you thought you were winning by not trying,” he says. “Or at least showing that you weren’t trying. But it kind of backfires a little later, when you start actually not trying in order to win.”
-
-And I’m nodding at the profundity of what Gosling is saying, and he keeps going: “And then you realize that that’s actually what losing is. Is just not trying.”
-
-And I say *yes!*
-
-And he says, because he knows he has me now, “And all you had to do was watch *Rocky* to realize that just trying is winning.”
-
-And I start laughing, that what has gotten me so inspired is a light paraphrase of the speech that Rocky gives in more or less every *Rocky* movie.  (Later, when I ask David Leitch about this impulse, to find a punch line, Leitch says, “Nine times out of 10, Ryan wants to laugh.”) 
-
-And we go into a restaurant not far from the station, with comfy booths and not a lot of people around, and split a bunch of food as the sun begins to set outside. It’s quiet, calmer than the train, and as our dishes arrive and the server comes around a few more times to check on him, Gosling talks a little more about why he’s wary of these conversations, which “can border into therapy, which is bad for obvious reasons.”
-
-Or sometimes, he says, “it can feel like, you know, you go in wearing jeans, and you come out wearing cutoffs. And the pocket’s not the only thing that’s showing, you know what I mean?”
-
-And I’m laughing again, and we start negotiating the length of the metaphorical jeans he’s going to leave with this time. 
-
-“What about a capri?” he proposes.
-
-*Just the ankle?*
-
-“Yeah. A tiny bit of ankle. Deal?”
-
-And I laugh and say *deal,* though I don’t mean it, and excuse myself to use the restroom, and when I return, he’s already made arrangements to break free, and when I sit back down in the now empty booth, our server comes over, somewhat apologetically, with every dessert on the menu, plus a few they don’t advertise, courtesy of Gosling, placing plates of ice cream down one by one by one by one by one as I watch the actor himself escape out the front door. 
-
----
-
-**“I’m having a** little train regret,” Gosling says, a few weeks later. “I think just the nostalgic nature of it and the hypnotic rocking motion got me musing and self-mythologizing more than I intended to.”
-
-On my computer screen, his Ken-blond hair is covered up by a hat advertising the Caterpillar construction-equipment company. There are wooden panels behind him and sunlight out in front of him coming from somewhere I can’t see. It’s Sunday, and Gosling is recovering from yesterday, the birthday of one of his daughters. A bunch of family flew in. “I think I made over 30 pizzas and over 40 espresso drinks,” Gosling says. “And since my stepdad is Roman, I think all of those things might put me aligned to apply for my Italian citizenship.” 
-
-Today, he’s about to get into a car to drive to an advance screening of *Barbie* and sneak in the back to watch the film for the first time with an audience. But first, well, he has some thoughts about his earlier thoughts. 
-
-“I think I was going on about abandoned buildings and, uh, time capsules and some bullshit like that. That is fine, I think, between two guys that are dad-ing out on a train. But if you put that stuff in quotes on top of a guy in a pink duster with, like, a ripped shirt the, uh, the needle on the bullshit meter starts to break off.”
-
-He also wants to apologize. “Sorry about all the ice cream,” he says. “I thought it’d be stuff you could take home, you know?”
-
-He pauses. “What else was I thinking of?” And then remembers. 
-
-“When you asked me about Eva and kids,” Gosling says, “I think I said, I didn’t think about kids until she told me she was pregnant. That’s not really true. I didn’t want to overshare, but now I also don’t want to misrepresent. I mean, it’s true that I wasn’t thinking about kids before I met her, but after I met Eva, I realized that I just didn’t want to have kids without her. And there were moments on *The Place Beyond the Pines* where we were pretending to be a family, and I didn’t really want it to be pretend anymore. I realized that this would be a life I would be really lucky to have.”
-
-I ask Gosling why he didn’t just say that the first time, given how nice, and how genuine, the sentiment is.
-
-“I didn’t really want to get into it,” he says. “But I realized that I was misrepresenting the reality of it.”
-
-In the weeks since Gosling and I had last spoken, I’d spent some time on the phone with people who know him, including, memorably, Harrison Ford, who starred with Gosling in *Blade Runner 2049.* Ford, who is himself well-known in Hollywood for his no-nonsense approach to the business, described, approvingly, a man he admired but never really got to know. “I think we went out to dinner one time,” Ford says. “But on the set, he’s just a joy to work with. We both don’t like to talk about acting as much as we like to just get it done. And he’s one of those guys who just comes and does it.” They’d filmed the movie together, promoted it, and then, according to Ford, hadn’t spoken once since. Gosling now confirms this. “The last time I saw him, we were eating hamburgers in the parking lot of the Apple Pan after a screening of *Blade Runner*.” 
-
-The idea, then and now, Gosling says, is to do it and be gone and leave no record of what or why beyond that. Talk about the new movie; get in and get out. He looks at me now and sighs, like he didn’t mean for any of the rest of this to happen. “I mean, I just wanted to ride the Surfliner and talk about *Barbie*, you know?” 
-
-**Zach Baron** *is* GQ’*s senior staff writer.*
-
-*A version of this story originally appeared in the June/July 2023 isue of GQ with the title “Ryan Gosling Goes Hollywood”*
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-Date: 2023-10-01
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-TimeStamp: 2023-10-01
-Link: https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/ukraine-how-merkel-prevented-ukraine-s-nato-membership-a-der-spiegel-reconstruction-a-c7f03472-2a21-4e4e-b905-8e45f1fad542
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-&emsp;
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-# How Merkel Prevented Ukraine's NATO Membership
-
-And when it came to assigning responsibility, Zelenskyy didn't just single out the Russians – the murderers who hunted down pedestrians and cyclists. He also mentioned former German Chancellor Angela Merkel and ex-French President Nicolas Sarkozy. "I invite Ms. Merkel and Mr. Sarkozy to visit Bucha to see what the policy of 14 years of concessions to Russia has led to."
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-Zelenskyy was referring to the NATO summit that took place in Bucharest in April 2008.
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- ![Summit participants Angela Merkel, Vladimir Putin (second from left) and George W. Bush (second from right)](https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/16858008-90f9-4f03-9e22-a0ec6796ee58_w520_r1.4492350486787204_fpx40_fpy61.jpg "Summit participants Angela Merkel, Vladimir Putin (second from left) and George W. Bush (second from right)")
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-Summit participants Angela Merkel, Vladimir Putin (second from left) and George W. Bush (second from right)
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-Foto:
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-Vladimir Rodionov / picture alliance
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-That was the year that Ukraine was likely closer to becoming a member of the Western alliance than ever, before or since. United States President George W. Bush stood solidly behind Kyiv's accession. But the effort failed, as Zelenskyy made clear, due to the opposition of Merkel and Sarkozy – and an "absurd fear" of Russia. Because of this "miscalculation," the Ukrainian president continued, his country is facing "the most terrible war in Europe since World War II."
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-Must Germany once again bear the blame for a war, this time stemming from cowardice? Does Bucharest mark a kind of "original catastrophe" for the failures of Berlin's relations with Russia?
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-DER SPIEGEL 38/2023
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- ![](https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/0eb026f8-3c6a-4134-9b71-caf37cdcebf2_w335_r0.7502857142857143_fpx50.96_fpy62.26.jpg)
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-**The article you are reading originally appeared in German in issue 38/2023 (September 16th, 2023) of DER SPIEGEL.**
-
-[SPIEGEL International](https://www.spiegel.de/international/ "SPIEGEL International")
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-Zelenskyy's accusations resulted in Merkel breaking the silence that she had maintained since leaving office in December 2021. She issued a statement saying that she stands by her "decisions relating to the NATO summit in 2008." A short time later, she expanded on that statement, saying that, at the time, Ukraine had been divided on the issue of joining NATO and that Russian President Vladimir Putin would not have just quietly stood aside and allowed the country to be accepted into the alliance. "I didn't want to provoke that," she said.
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-Was her position the right one? And were the steps taken by Germany the correct ones?
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-DER SPIEGEL has spoken with a half-dozen people who attended the 2008 Bucharest summit. Some of them, like Latvia's then-President Valdis Zatlers, have agreed to be quoted on the record. Other diplomats and aides asked not to be named. They describe a kind of "High Noon" situation between Merkel and Bush, tears of anger from U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and pointed attacks from Polish Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski against his German counterpart Frank-Walter Steinmeier, who is today Germany's president and head of state. There were, say participants, wild threats coming from Putin. The German chancellor even spoke Russian on occasion with her Central Eastern European allies from the former Warsaw Pact nations in the attempt to negotiate a way out of the impasse, since it was the language they all had in common. And finally, say participants, Merkel – using the green pen that German heads of government use in day-to-day operations – personally added changes to the closing communiqué.
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-Photos from Bucharest show an apparently high-spirited chancellor in the Romanian capital's Palace of Parliament, one of the largest buildings in Europe, with conference halls the size of half a football field. But there are also images of Merkel looking surly, the strain clearly visible. The summit lasted from April 2-4, a Wednesday to Friday. On the first evening, Merkel dined with the other heads of state and government, and the next day, the national leaders met together with ministers, advisers and military leaders in a large conference setting. On the last day, member state leaders welcomed Russian President Putin. Many witnesses also remember how Merkel wore a green jacket on that Thursday, making her stand out among the gray suits worn by all the men.
-
-![The 2008 NATO Summit: "High Noon" in Bucharest](https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/650f0cb1-4ad5-4f5b-bf05-43d1b20168b7_w520_r1.5066208925944091_fpx29.86_fpy44.98.jpg)
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-The 2008 NATO Summit: "High Noon" in Bucharest
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-Foto: Belga / IMAGO
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- ![Merkel and Bush (second from left) in Bucharest: "George, I've thought things through carefully."](https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/1c66f8cb-31fb-4a59-8517-99882059534c_w520_r1.3289036544850499_fpx33.84_fpy44.97.jpg)
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-Merkel and Bush (second from left) in Bucharest: "George, I've thought things through carefully."
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-Foto: Gerald Herbert / picture alliance
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-The accounts of the summit also make it clear that Bucharest was the climax of a conflict that had begun in 2007 and first came to an end with Bush's departure from the White House in January 2009. And that Merkel wasn't alone. She had support from France in addition to Spain, Italy, the Benelux countries, Portugal and Norway. Even the British, normally so loyal to the U.S., were wavering. Merkel's opposition in Bucharest, in other words, was not the result of Germany going it alone. Perhaps Berlin was right after all?
-
-Ever since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, there have been demands that Germany's relations with Russia under Merkel, of the center-right Christian Democrats, and under Steinmeier, of the center-left Social Democrats, be closely reexamined. Yet very few steps to actually do so have been taken. Here, DER SPIEGEL is making an effort to reconstruct a key year in the Ukraine question from a number of different perspectives. It was possible for the first time to examine German Foreign Ministry documentation that had thus far been classified, including draft talking points for Merkel, dispatches from embassies in Washington and at NATO headquarters in Brussels, memos from the German Foreign Ministry's political affairs division for Steinmeier and "guidelines" for the German delegation in Bucharest, which outlined the German positions. Other source material used for this reconstruction include interviews, declassified U.S. records, documents published by WikiLeaks, memoirs and the results of a project [completed](https://www.smu.edu/Dedman/Research/Institutes-and-Centers/Center-for-Presidential-History/CMP/US-Russian-Relations-under-Bush-and-Putin)  by Southern Methodist University in Texas, where scholars systematically interviewed former members of Bush's staff about his Russia policy.
-
-Neither Merkel nor Steinmeier made themselves available for an interview when contacted by DER SPIEGEL.
-
-### **A Nightmare**
-
-### **Kyiv, Fall 2007  
-**
-
-A letter to NATO expressing a demand to start the accession process. That's all it would take. For several months, Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko had been consulting with U.S. diplomats about sending just such a signal, signed by Ukraine's highest constitutional institutions: President Yushchenko in addition to the prime minister and the president of parliament. A signal of unity. Such a gesture would demonstrate to the West that Kyiv's interest in joining NATO had to be taken seriously – in contrast to the signals sent in previous years.
-
-Yushchenko was in favor of the step. A former banker, the Ukrainian president was married to an American woman who used to work at the U.S. State Department, and his fear of the Russians was based on personal experience. Just a few years earlier, the reformer had only narrowly survived a dioxin poison attack. He was convinced that Putin, a former KGB agent, was responsible. From Yushchenko's perspective, only NATO membership could guarantee sovereignty for his country. Otherwise, he feared, Ukraine would remain "in a semi-colonial state," dependent on Moscow.
-
-But the letter never came.
-
-It had been the same story for quite some time. In conversations with the Americans, leading Ukrainian politicians would insist that they aspired to NATO membership – particularly Yushchenko, a leader of the 2004 Orange Revolution, with its promise of freedom and prosperity. His one-time political ally turned bitter rival Yulia Tymoshenko also wanted Ukraine to become part of the trans-Atlantic alliance. Even the pro-Kremlin opposition leader Viktor Yanukovych, who would ultimately flee to Russia in 2014, would occasionally give the impression that he wasn't opposing Ukrainian NATO membership for all eternity.
-
-The problem, however, was that political reforms in Ukraine simply weren't progressing to the point where they would meet NATO standards when it came to the military, the judiciary and politics. That lack of progress could only partly be blamed on Russia, which was eager to weaken Ukraine wherever it could so as not to lose influence. On the Corruption Perception Index kept by Transparency International, Ukraine had fallen to 118th place, almost as low as Russia, and the trend remained negative. Yanukovych and Tymoshenko themselves were suspected of malfeasance.
-
-More than anything, though, they were not having success in reversing the populace's skepticism of NATO. Indeed, the efforts undertaken by Yushchenko and Tymoshenko to that end had been less than monumental, with opposition leader Yanukovych even using the September 2007 parliamentary elections to brand himself as the leader of the anti-NATO movement in the country.
-
-A strong majority of Ukrainians indicated in surveys that they weren't particularly interested in joining the alliance. Merkel's administration in Berlin believed that around two-thirds of the population "held negative views of NATO." Cold War prejudices fueled by Russian television continued to have an influence, particularly in the eastern and southern parts of the country. Furthermore, many Ukrainians had fought for the Soviet Union in Afghanistan and were worried about being sent back, this time to fight for the West, should Ukraine become part of NATO.
-
-Victoria Nuland, the U.S. ambassador to NATO in Brussels, advised the Ukrainian government to launch an expansive information campaign in the country to dispel the image of NATO as a "four-letter word." To some observers, it seemed as though the Americans were more interested in Ukraine's accession to NATO than the Ukrainians themselves.
-
-Yushchenko and Tymoshenko were ultimately able to set aside their differences following the parliamentary elections for long enough to establish a coalition to prevent election victor Yanukovych from become prime minister. Instead, Tymoshenko took the position, the woman with the striking braid wrapped across her head. It was the fourth change in government in just three years for Ukraine. And in January 2008, Yushchenko, Tymoshenko and the president of parliament finally sent the letter to Brussels.
-
-In the letter, they requested from NATO a Membership Action Plan (MAP) for Ukraine. Normally, such plans outline the reforms that must be undertaken ahead of accession and are part of the standardized process that takes a number of years to complete. In theory, MAP status does not guarantee ultimate accession to the alliance, but in practice, it is widely considered to be a sign of almost inevitable membership.
-
-Yet the letter did not actually become the symbol of unity Kyiv had hoped to send. In protest against the request for MAP status, Yanukovych's people paralyzed parliament for several weeks. There were even fisticuffs on the floor. Ultimately, the government and the opposition agreed to hold a referendum prior to a NATO accession.
-
-Reformers Tymoshenko and Yanukovych also sought to block each other. Ukraine planned to hold presidential elections in 2010 and, as the German Embassy in Washington learned, Tymoshenko was hoping to win that election and wanted to wait to start the MAP process until that time. That desire translated into hesitancy from Tymoshenko when it came to pushing for her country's NATO accession during a visit to alliance headquarters in Brussels.
-
-German Foreign Minister Steinmeier warned his NATO counterparts in a confidential meeting of domestic political intrigue in Kyiv on the MAP issue. "Hidden agendas cannot be ruled out," he said.
-
-The Ukrainian reformers frequently bickered like children for all to see. "It's always the other one who is to blame for the situation," one Berlin diplomat said, describing the situation. When Merkel visited Ukraine later that year, Yushchenko tried to prevent the prime minister from meeting with the German chancellor. The Germans, though, found a cagey way to set up a meeting anyway: Merkel sat down in a restaurant and Tymoshenko came in through the backdoor. The situation in Kyiv is a "nightmare," Merkel's security adviser, Christoph Heusgen, told the Americans.
-
-But the letter sent to NATO by Kyiv did at least force alliance member states to reveal where they stood on Ukrainian accession.
-
-### **Threats from Moscow**
-
-### **Brussels, NATO Headquarters, January 30, 2008  
-**
-
-Things hadn't been going well for quite some time in the NATO-Russia Council, a body that provided a venue for the West and Moscow to discuss security issues. In the early 2000s, Putin had thought that Russia could ultimately become a NATO member, on a par with the Americans. At the time, he even said that he saw no problem with Ukrainian membership. But such sentiments had long since evaporated. In early 2008, Putin sent the ultranationalist populist Dmitry Rogozin to Brussels, a tall, bulky man with closely cropped hair. His nickname in Moscow was "The Hooligan." Rogozin's mission as NATO ambassador was to stifle the influence of Russia's critics, particularly coming from the new, Central and Eastern European NATO member states.
-
-Rogozin claimed that the Baltic states, the Crimean Peninsula and extensive regions of Ukraine belong to "traditional territory of the Russian nation." At the very first council meeting in which he took part, he made reference to the anti-NATO sentiment in Ukraine and threatened that Ukrainian accession to NATO could "be a threat to the very existence of Ukraine as a sovereign state." Britain and Hungary stood up to him.
-
-Attempts at intimidation were a frequently used tool in Moscow's political repertoire. Putin left no doubt about his desire to return Russia to its role as a global power. But from the perspective of several NATO countries, it wasn't clear what method Putin would choose to achieve this goal: old-style aggressive power politics; or economic strength coupled with technological prowess, as demonstrated by the West. "You could sense that the Russians themselves weren't totally sure," says one Merkel adviser. Secretary of State Rice spoke of two versions of Russia. The one accepts commonly held values, the other does not, a sentiment documented in Cable 359 from Germany's NATO representation.
-
-The Baltic states and Poland would regularly meet to harmonize their positions ahead of NATO meetings, says Zatlers, the former president of Latvia. Zatlers, a medical doctor and a former reserve officer in the Soviet army, exudes fearlessness in public. Immediately after the reactor meltdown in Chernobyl in 1986, the Soviet army sent him there for a two-month stint. "The Ukrainians like me because I'm the only head of state who has been to Chernobyl," says Zatlers, a brawny man with a friendly smile.
-
-Zatlers, who served in office from 2007 to 2011, doesn't harbor any anti-Russian sentiments and strove for friendly relations with his country's massive neighbor to the east. But Zatlers also spoke frequently with Polish President Lech Kaczyński about their countries' past experiences. In contrast to Zatlers, the archconservative Polish law professor had clear conceptions about who his enemies were: "Dangers? That would be our neighbors – Russia and Germany."
-
-One-time Solidarność activist Kaczyński was arrested when the communist regime in Warsaw imposed martial law with the support of Moscow. His parents had fought against Nazi Germany in the 1944 Warsaw Uprising. Stalin's advancing Red Army paused combat operations before entering the Polish capital, giving the Nazis the time they needed to complete their destruction of the uprising and the city.
-
-Zatlers says that even back in 2008, Kaczyński was concerned that Moscow might attack neighboring countries Ukraine and Georgia, which was also seeking to join NATO at the time. A powerful show of unity by the alliance at the Bucharest summit, it was hoped, would deter Putin and improve the strategic position of Central and Eastern European countries.
-
-But the alliance was divided. Nuland, the U.S. NATO ambassador, counted 14 countries of 26 in the North Atlantic Council that backed Kyiv's ambitions to begin the MAP process, but aside from the U.S. and Canada, almost all of them were Central and Eastern European countries.
-
-Alliance skeptics grouped around Germany's NATO ambassador, Ulrich Brandenburg, a typical proponent of Foreign Minister Steinmeier's restrained approach to diplomacy. A deliberate man who had once been a conscientious objector, Brandenburg sat between France and Greece in NATO's alphabetized seating arrangement and sought to hold together a kind of blocking minority of around 10 countries. NATO may adhere to the principle of consensus, but Germany on its own would not have been able to stand up to pressure from the Americans.
-
-The U.S., meanwhile, kept a close eye on what Steinmeier's representative was up to in Brussels – as he sought to prevent Ukraine and Georgia from even making it onto the agenda for the Bucharest summit. When Nuland and her team would manage to defeat Germany on a specific question, they would joyfully write to Washington that Brandenburg was "stone-faced" or was "visibly unhappy."
-
-The kid gloves had long since been taken off. "We aren't alone, but we are exposed. The result will have an effect on our status in NATO," Brandenburg noted. The Germans and their allies had to face accusations that they were primarily concerned about their economic interests in Russia, says Zatlers. Minor episodes he had experienced reinforced that impression. During his first visit to Berlin, he says, Merkel opened their discussion by asking whether he was opposed or in favor of the Nord Stream natural gas pipeline from Russia to Germany. That was apparently the most important issue from the chancellor's perspective. And it was clear what she wanted to hear: The pipeline is a super idea.
-
-"Some harbor the suspicion that we and others have conceded zones of influence to Russia," Brandenburg wrote to the Foreign Ministry in Berlin. Still today, all German participants continue to deny that such suspicions were at all justified. According to a U.S. cable from Warsaw, Polish diplomats at the time even went so far as to advance a claim that bordered on character assassination – namely that Foreign Minister Steinmeier was profiting financially from Nord Stream, just like his friend Gerhard Schröder, the former German chancellor who Steinmeier had served as head of the Chancellery. Still, Warsaw wasn't interested in a blanket boycott of Russian natural gas, they just wanted the pipelines to run through Poland.
-
-Ambassador Brandenburg, for his part, introduced the horrific scenario of a political partitioning of Ukraine. The German diplomat told his American counterpart face-to-face that it was "impossible to have security in Europe without Russia, and foolish to try to have it against Russia." The sentiment was a classic mantra from Merkel's and Steinmeier's relations with Moscow – one that is today considered to be one of the greatest failures of the Merkel era.
-
-### Evil Spirits
-
-### Washington, D.C., White House, February 2008
-
-With the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq dominating the headlines, President Bush had long paid little attention to the issue of Ukraine. But the letter from Kyiv changed that. Fundamentally, the Texan received European countries interested in joining NATO with open arms. Bush was a believer in the American mission of bringing democracy to the world and had bipartisan support on the issue in Congress, with Democratic Senator Joe Biden, the current U.S. president, leading the way. Yushchenko was seen as a hero by many in the U.S., with influential Democrats and Republicans even nominating him for the Nobel Peace Prize following the Orange Revolution.
-
-Bush was aware of Ukraine's corruption problems, but he hoped that the prospect of NATO membership would accelerate reforms in Kyiv and also prompt Moscow to pursue a less aggressive course against Ukraine and Georgia. The Americans told the Germans over and over again that under no circumstances could the impression be created that Kyiv and Tbilisi were being denied MAP status out of consideration for Moscow's sensitivities.
-
-There were, however, also warnings from intelligence agents, diplomats and ministers. U.S. Ambassador to Moscow William Burns, who is now director of the CIA, wrote that NATO membership for Ukraine was the "brightest of all red lines" for the Russian elite (not just Putin). The Russian president, he noted, had no flexibility on the issue. Burns recommended that MAP status for Ukraine be delayed, arguing that the West needed Russian cooperation on a number of other issues, such as Iran.
-
- ![The Palace of Parliament in Bucharest: Conference halls the size of half a football field.](https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/77dab051-356c-4f39-9155-ea1f2ad4f60b_w520_r1.4998642411077925_fpx55.33_fpy54.99.jpg "The Palace of Parliament in Bucharest: Conference halls the size of half a football field.")
-
-The Palace of Parliament in Bucharest: Conference halls the size of half a football field.
-
-Foto: Micha Korb / picture alliance
-
-Defense Secretary Robert Gates agreed with Burns. "One Cold War was quite enough," he said. He considered NATO membership for Ukraine to be a "monumental provocation" of Moscow and a dangerous weakening of the alliance. He doubted that Americans and Europeans were prepared to put their lives on the line for Ukraine, and that being so, an empty guarantee of security for Ukraine would damage NATO's credibility. Privately, Gates was hoping that the Germans and French would stand in the way of his president's expansion plans.
-
-Even Secretary of State Rice has said she had doubts about the advisability of pushing for Ukrainian accession. Doing so, she feared, could weigh on the alliance and even lead to a defeat for Bush in Bucharest. Was it worth the risk?
-
-At a National Security Council meeting in the White House a few weeks before the NATO summit, Rice only outlined the arguments in favor of and against Ukrainian membership, without making any recommendation.
-
-Still, Bush stayed true to his line, and administration staff believe that's because of the neo-conservative advisers lined up behind Vice President Dick Cheney. Still today, Cheney is seen as the black hat in the Bush administration who pushed the U.S. into the illegal invasion of Iraq and the torture program that damaged America's reputation for years.
-
- ![Dick Cheney, George W. Bush and Condoleeza Rice in Washington in 2006: Tears of anger](https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/8cb9230d-a37e-4b29-be03-81fdde5c7e43_w520_r1.5015015015015014_fpx64.55_fpy44.97.jpg "Dick Cheney, George W. Bush and Condoleeza Rice in Washington in 2006: Tears of anger")
-
-Dick Cheney, George W. Bush and Condoleeza Rice in Washington in 2006: Tears of anger
-
-Foto: EVAN VUCCI/ AP
-
-Even before German reunification in 1990, Cheney – who was U.S. secretary of defense at the time – was eyeing NATO's eastward expansion because he didn't trust the Russians. He also wanted to prevent a second superpower from ever again posing a threat to U.S. hegemony, and thus sought to pursue the enlargement of NATO, which had lost some of its importance with the end of the Cold War. It proved advantageous that Central and Eastern European countries sided reliably with the U.S. when it came to conflicts within the alliance. NATO Ambassador Nuland in Brussels had once been a member of Cheney's staff.
-
-Officially, the Americans insisted that Ukraine was making its own sovereign decisions on the NATO issue, but many German diplomats and politicians harbored suspicions that Washington was seeking to enlarge its own sphere of influence. When it came to the issue of MAP status, scoffed a Foreign Ministry staffer in Berlin, Ukraine was receiving "a lot of support, except from its own people."
-
-This impression was strengthened by a number of minor episodes. When the U.S. government learned that Prime Minister Tymoshenko was hesitant on the MAP issue, Secretary of State Rice took it upon herself to speak with her – the Germans learned from a source in the U.S. capital. Rice apparently wanted to get the Ukrainians back in line. A Merkel administration staffer says that on the Ukraine issue, the Americans were motivated by "ideology and great power aspirations." In the German guidelines for Bucharest, the first item in the list of German interests is the sentence: "Maintain a sense of proportion in expanding NATO's regional and functional role."
-
-It isn't clear from the historical record whether the rather artless Bush shared Cheney's viewpoint. According to contemporaries, he took a principled stance: If democratically elected governments sought MAP status, then he couldn't stand in the way. He wanted his staff to pile the pressure on America's allies. "I like it when diplomacy is tough," Fiona Hill, then a national intelligence officer, recently recalled Bush as saying in an [interview](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/11/magazine/trump-putin-ukraine-fiona-hill.html)  with the *New York Times Magazine*.
-
-Bush and his team, however, faced a fundamental handicap in their efforts: The entire world knew that his tenure in the White House would soon be coming to an end.
-
-### U.S. Pressure on Merkel and Steinmeier
-
-### Berlin, Chancellery, March 2008  
-
-With the Americans firmly sticking to Bush's course on Ukraine, Washington took advantage of every tool in the diplomatic toolbox. They pressured the Germans, sought to maneuver and wooed them. When Bush's people learned that Heusgen's family was in Washington on vacation, his wife and children were invited to the White House for a tour. Seemingly by chance, the president turned up. They did everything they could to buy us, says a Merkel adviser.
-
-Secretary of State Rice tried her luck with her German counterpart Steinmeier. Rice speaks Russian and turned her expertise on the country into a career. She felt that Moscow needed to "know that the Cold War is over and Russia lost." But Steinmeier wasn't a fan of that kind of triumphalism. In the tradition of German Social Democratic Ostpolitik, he wanted to build bridges to Moscow and was hoping for "change through interconnectedness." That was a mistake, as he believes today. Back then, though, the German Foreign Ministry still thought that even Russian NATO membership was still a possibility in the long term.
-
-And then there was the Medvedev factor. According to the Russian constitution, the end of Putin's presidency was approaching, and the young lawyer Dmitri Medvedev, who presented himself as a liberal reformer (read DER SPIEGEL's 2009 interview with Medvedev [here](https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegel-interview-with-russian-president-dmitry-medvedev-oil-and-gas-is-our-drug-a-660114.html) ), had been elected to succeed him. Steinmeier knew Medvedev from his time as the head of Schröder's Chancellery, back when the Russian was head of the presidential administration at the Kremlin. And whereas Rice argued that when it came to pushing ahead on Ukraine, there was no better time than the Putin/Medvedev interregnum, the Germans felt that the timing was "particularly inauspicious."
-
-Looking back today, Medvedev's 2008 succession of Putin is seen as a having been a bait-and-switch operation from the beginning – Putin returned to the Kremlin in 2012. These days, Medvedev primarily attracts attention for his incendiary rants. Was it then naïve to place hopes in Medvedev back then? Heusgen says that Medvedev "really tried to free himself from Putin's grasp." He just didn't succeed.
-
- ![Then-Russian President Dmitri Medvedev (right) and his predecessor Putin in Moscow in 2008: a bait and switch?](https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/67084cc1-44ca-46eb-b2d7-7b03c25c46c1_w488_r0.809_fpx49.98_fpy40.44.jpg "Then-Russian President Dmitri Medvedev (right) and his predecessor Putin in Moscow in 2008: a bait and switch?")
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-Then-Russian President Dmitri Medvedev (right) and his predecessor Putin in Moscow in 2008: a bait and switch?
-
-Foto: IMAGO
-
-In the German Foreign Ministry guidelines for the Bucharest summit, beneath the heading "our interests," is the sentence: "Minimize strains in the relationship to RUS," the abbreviation for Russia. In his public comments, Steinmeier would say that the West was already in conflict with Moscow on a number of issues, such as Kosovo. He therefore saw "no compelling reason" to open up an additional disagreement.
-
-Soon, it became clear to the Americans that Steinmeier could not be moved. Bush would have to negotiate with Merkel personally, at the top. He called her at least three times in the run-up to Bucharest, and he asked allies to also call Berlin.
-
-Merkel responded to the efforts with humor. According to someone familiar with the conversation, she told him: "George, I've noticed that you have asked other Europeans to call me as well. And when they do, I ask them: Are you calling on George's behalf? And then I know that they are. It makes no difference if you call yourself or if others do. I've thought things through carefully. It is not a tactical position, I am convinced of that. You shouldn't think that I am one of those people who say something different before the summit than they do at the summit." That's how someone present at the time recalls the conversation.
-
-Bush took her recalcitrance in stride. He had always told Merkel that he had no problem with being openly contradicted. His falling out with Gerhard Schröder over the war in Iraq, Bush said, only came about because Schröder had lied to him – which Schröder denies. And Merkel did contradict him openly.
-
-The chancellor had her doubts about Ukraine's democratic maturity. She was also concerned about Russia's Black Sea fleet, the contractually agreed headquarters of which was on the Crimean Peninsula, which would become NATO territory if Ukraine were to accede. She pointed to the North Atlantic Treaty, which founded the NATO alliance and limits membership to countries that can "contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area." Nobody, Merkel felt, could seriously claim that the clause applied to Ukraine and Georgia. Furthermore, countries involved in regional conflicts should not be allowed to join, she emphasized – and Georgia was involved in a spat with Moscow over two provinces that wanted to escape the clutches of Tbilisi.
-
- ![Russian Navy ships with the Black Sea fleet at the Crimean Peninsula port of Sevastopol in 2008](https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/f8bc9353-9d35-4efa-a1b7-72f548bbd92f_w520_r1.7836691410392365_fpx37.55_fpy44.97.jpg "Russian Navy ships with the Black Sea fleet at the Crimean Peninsula port of Sevastopol in 2008")
-
-Russian Navy ships with the Black Sea fleet at the Crimean Peninsula port of Sevastopol in 2008
-
-Foto: picture alliance
-
-When Bush called, the Germans got the impression that the chancellor's arguments were having an effect on the American president.
-
-It was also true that Merkel, head of the center-right Christian Democratic Union, would be facing a re-election campaign one year down the road and had very little room for maneuver. Following a visit to Berlin, a senior U.S. diplomat reported that among leading members of German parliament, he was unable to find anybody who shared Washington's position on Ukraine. George W. Bush's America was seen by many in Berlin as violence prone and unpredictable – and many members of the center-left Social Democrats (SPD) hadn't forgotten that when it came to efforts aimed at preventing the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, Putin had stood by Germany's side. In 2007, SPD parliamentary group leader Peter Struck said that Germany should maintain the "same proximity" to Washington and Moscow. Or the same distance, depending on your interpretation.
-
-### Bucharest, Palace of Parliament, April 2, 2008
-
-### **"This Is Getting Ugly"**
-
-On the German delegation's outbound flight to the NATO summit in Bucharest, many conversations centered on the French. Steinmeier was apparently concerned. Would Sarkozy cave to pressure from the Americans? If he did, it would be difficult for the Germans to prevent NATO's eastward expansion.
-
-The summit began with a number of dinners. NATO heads of state and government convened at Cotroceni Palace, the official residence of the Romanian president, while the defense ministers and the foreign ministers, including Steinmeier, attended separate dinners at the Palace of Parliament. The foreign ministers had been charged with discussing eastward enlargement – and, of course, with working on the Germans, who were seeking to block it. Steinmeier would later say that it was the worst evening of his tenure at the Foreign Ministry.
-
-There are no minutes available from the meetings, and events can only be reconstructed through the memories of attendees. According to those recollections, Rice asked her German colleague to speak first, then the Central and Eastern Europeans. She wanted to have the last word.
-
-The heads of state from Central and Eastern Europe had already taken a close look at how West Germany joined NATO in 1955. When Steinmeier said that Georgia could not become a NATO member as long as the "frozen conflict" with its two provinces remained unresolved, things started "getting ugly," according to Rice. The foreign ministers of Poland and the Czech Republic along with Rice attacked Steinmeier sharply. Divided Germany had itself been a "frozen conflict," they said, and the Germans should be happy that no one back then had the mindset that Berlin has now.
-
-The strongest attack on Steinmeier came from Polish Foreign Minister Sikorski, a former journalist who had lived in the U.S. for years, where he had worked for the neoconservative think tank American Enterprise Institute. Sikorski's office says he spoke spontaneously and kept no notes of his remarks. Several witnesses recall him, at least indirectly, comparing Merkel's and Steinmeier's Russia policies with the Hitler-Stalin Pact of 1939. He said the Poles owed it to the Germans that they had to live under the Soviet yoke for several decades after 1945. If Paris and Berlin disregarded Poland's strategic interests, there would be consequences, he grumbled according to accounts of the meeting, adding that Poland has a long memory.
-
-Merkel and Steinmeier were staying at the Hilton Hotel in Bucharest. That night, they sought to ensure that support from other delegations had not wavered. And by the next morning, it was clear: Merkel would not be on her own. Members of the German delegation say that Sarkozy's position was that if the chancellor was sticking to her guns, then he would too.
-
-### **Tears of Anger**
-
-### **Bucharest, Palace of Parliament, April 3, 2008**
-
-The working session of the North Atlantic Council began at 8:55 a.m. in a vast hall with a dove-blue carpet, marble columns and crystal chandeliers. Merkel vs. Bush, it was like "High Noon," recounts Volker Stanzel, who was director of the Political Affairs Division at the German Foreign Ministry at the time.
-
-Heads of state and government were sitting at the circular table, with Steinmeier next to Merkel. Behind them were the delegations, comprised of more than 100 politicians, military officers, diplomats and advisers. As the leaders gave their speeches up front, handwritten proposals were being passed around in the background, airing ideas on the search for a way out of the impasse.
-
-It is frequently the case at such conferences that there are as many versions of what happened as there are participants, and none of them can claim to be perfectly accurate. But it is clear from accounts that organizers had used a curtain to delineate the conference zone in the expansive hall, and behind the curtain, it was almost dark, with furniture scattered about. Secretary of State Rice, Merkel's security adviser Heusgen and others stood at a bar table. Russia by itself is just one country, the American argued, according to participants, whereas Russia plus Ukraine and Belarus is an empire. She stressed that such an empire, once established, would once again seek to dominate Europe, and that the Kremlin would again pursue an aggressive foreign policy.
-
- ![French President Nicolas Sarkozy, Merkel and German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier in Bucharest in 2008: Setting a fatal course](https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/eff59d6d-94fc-4d4f-ada2-14b7f82be9a2_w520_r1.502824858757062_fpx69.86_fpy54.98.jpg "French President Nicolas Sarkozy, Merkel and German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier in Bucharest in 2008: Setting a fatal course")
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-French President Nicolas Sarkozy, Merkel and German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier in Bucharest in 2008: Setting a fatal course
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-Foto: Gamma-Rapho / Getty Images
-
-It sounded like the Cheney line: Keep Russia down. Heusgen is said to have countered with the legal situation in NATO. Rice reportedly then countered: It's not for you Germans, of all people, to deprive the Ukrainians and Georgians of a development that you yourselves have gone through and from which you have benefited.
-
-According to Heusgen's account, Rice even broke down in tears because the Germans were being so tough. Another witness says they were tears of anger. Speaking to the press later, the U.S. secretary of state praised the Central and Eastern European allies as welcome "new blood" in NATO. She described them as "people who understand what it was to live under tyranny" – clearly a barb against the West Germans.
-
-It was an unusual situation. Normally, staffers prepare summit agreements, leaving it to their bosses to resolve the final points of disagreement. In Bucharest, though, Merkel and the others had to do the groundwork themselves. But they made no progress. It was Bush with the Canadians and the Central and Eastern Europeans on one side, and Merkel with most Western and Southern Europeans on the other. There was talk of a serious historical mistake by the Germans, of ingratitude, of emboldening Russia. Bush let the Germans know that he had already promised everything to the Ukrainians and the Georgians and couldn't back out now. That, at least, was the version propagated by the Germans.
-
-Draft talking points for Merkel, in turn, proposed that her main argument should be that "every step this alliance takes should mean more security and stability," which is "very much in the common interest." Countries involved in regional or internal conflicts, the draft read, could not become members of the alliance.
-
-Around noon, everyone had to leave the hall except for the heads of state and government, the foreign ministers and the closest staff members. The sound in the side rooms, where some diplomats sat, was turned off.
-
-It was the last round in Bucharest.
-
-Merkel and Bush agreed that the Russians could be given no veto power over NATO matters. When Merkel said that Ukraine and Georgia could certainly become NATO members, just not now, Bush saw it as a possible compromise formulation. But Poland's Kaczyński intervened: "We want MAP now."
-
- ![Anti-NATO demonstrators in Kyiv in 2008](https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/70199959-11fd-44aa-a579-3785279c6181_w520_r1.6736401673640167_fpx40.63_fpy50.jpg "Anti-NATO demonstrators in Kyiv in 2008")
-
-Anti-NATO demonstrators in Kyiv in 2008
-
-Foto: Sergey Dolzhenko / picture alliance
-
-The meeting was adjourned, at first for only 30 minutes, but then for an hour. Confusion spread through the room. Many noticed Bush slouching at the conference table – and his reticence. As the Central and Eastern Europeans gathered in the corner of the hall, the U.S. president remained seated, leaving the initiative to Merkel. The situation left one member of the German delegation later wondering: When the leader of the Western world really wants something, after all, he usually gets it.
-
-The chancellor finally joined the Central and Eastern European leaders. By all accounts, she showed understanding. She was a skilled mediator and she knew the region from her travels as a student during East German times. Her paternal grandfather was also originally from Poland. Then-Latvian President Zatlers recalls appreciatively that the chancellor was the only one who wanted to know why MAP was so important to them.
-
-Merkel, for her part, now claims to have recognized the danger posed by Putin. "I was very sure that Putin would not let this (*Ed's: NATO membership*) just happen." She also apparently didn't believe that Putin could be deterred.
-
-A crowd quickly formed, one that grew larger and larger. Rice also joined in. Proposed formulations were passed from the outside to the inside, and Merkel was at the center with a draft text. Zatlers was there, as was Poland's Kaczyński and Lithuanian President Valdas Adamkus. He had fought in a volunteer unit against the advancing Red Army at the end of the war before later emigrating to the U.S. and pursuing a career in the civil service. He then returned to Lithuania as a retiree. Some also remember the Romanian host Traian Băsescu being part of the group, a former communist and informant to the feared Securitate secret service prior to the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989.
-
- ![Merkel opponent Lech Kaczyński, the president of Poland, and Lithuanian President Valdas Adamkus in 2007: a shared dark past](https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/85c5ad9c-d8a5-4db9-ab59-615f9819eee8_w488_r1.4910096818810512_fpx67.72_fpy44.96.jpg "Merkel opponent Lech Kaczyński, the president of Poland, and Lithuanian President Valdas Adamkus in 2007: a shared dark past")
-
-Merkel opponent Lech Kaczyński, the president of Poland, and Lithuanian President Valdas Adamkus in 2007: a shared dark past
-
-Foto: Valda Kalnina / picture alliance
-
-Kaczyński, Adamkus and Băsescu shared a dark past with Bush. The U.S. had used prisons for torture interrogations of terrorism suspects in their countries. Now, they were arguing that the future of Georgia and Ukraine was a "vital security interest" to their countries.
-
-At times, the discussion switched to Russian; Merkel and the others had, after all, all lived under Soviet rule. That, at least, is how some witnesses who were present tell it, but others contradict that version of events.
-
-With the situation growing heated, the German side would say afterwards, the impulsive Polish leader Kaczyński even sought to intimidate the German chancellor, despite her larger stature.
-
-But Merkel was already prepared to make compromises. A German draft explicitly stated that Ukraine and Georgia would "one day become members of NATO." Germany was not fundamentally opposed, but wanted the MAP process to be slowed down. Rice walked over to Bush. The president said he could live with that.
-
-But the Central and Eastern Europeans countered that "one day" actually meant never, and Merkel ultimately deleted the two words, though she also refrained from making any concrete promises. The Germans, after all, had plenty of experience with non-binding membership promises, having held Turkey's European Union bid at arm's length for decades. And thus, the upshot from Bucharest was that NATO would, at some point, welcome two new members. The foreign ministers were to deliberate again in December 2008. For the time being, the subject was closed.
-
-At 2:04 p.m., Merkel and Sarkozy appeared together before the press.
-
-Bush, together with the Central and Eastern Europeans, was able to claim that they had achieved more than expected. Normally, a commitment to allow a country to join NATO came at the end of the accession process – and not at the beginning. Rice and others later gave the impression that Merkel, as a German, had probably not properly understood what she had written in English, namely: a clear commitment. The Germans, in turn, could claim that they had prevented the immediate accession of Ukraine and Georgia.
-
-From the internal policy perspective of the West, Bucharest was a reasonable compromise, for which Merkel received praise from German media, from the mass-circulation *Bild* newspaper, the *Frankfurter Allgemeine*, the *Süddeutsche Zeitung* and also DER SPIEGEL.
-
-### **Putin's Appearance**
-
-### **Bucharest, Palace of Parliament**
-
-### **April 4, 2008**
-
-The Russian president is notoriously late, and in Bucharest, he kept the assembled heads of state and government waiting for 40 minutes. NATO leaders should not have accepted the delay, Zatlers says today. And they certainly should not have accepted the speech Putin delivered, he adds. Bucharest, the Latvian says, "was a low point in the history of NATO."
-
-Putin described Ukraine as a "very complicated state," stitched together from Polish, Czechoslovak, Romanian and, particularly, Russian territory. A state with a Russian minority, the size of which he greatly exaggerated. Above all, though, he took aim at Crimea. He said it had wound up in the hands of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic through an arbitrary act by the Soviet Politburo which, although true, sounded disturbing in the context. Although Russia has no right to veto NATO membership, Putin noted, the Russian leader threatened that if Ukraine joined the alliance, it could jeopardize the existence of the state.
-
-The Poles were alarmed. The speech was "absolutely outrageous," Polish Foreign Minister Sikorski fulminated. While still in the hall he had, seemingly innocently, sent someone to ask the Russian delegation for a copy of the remarks and, to his astonishment, actually received one. He later gave it to the Ukrainian defense minister in the hope that he could use the text to push through a higher defense budget in Kyiv. It wasn't until weeks later that news emerged publicly of Putin's speech.
-
-Zatlers was also concerned. He viewed the speech through the lens of information he had received prior to the summit. The Russian national railway had announced an investment plan for its rail network. The history of two world wars had taught Zatlers to consider troop movements when examining Russian railroad construction.
-
-Bush, though, remained silent, which Zatlers still believes was a mistake. The leader of the free world, he says, failed to stand up to Putin. Bush continued onward to Sochi following the Bucharest summit for his last state visit to Russia, clearly eager to avoid controversy. In Sochi, Putin went even further in his talks with the American than he had at the NATO summit. "You don't understand, George, that Ukraine isn't even a state," he told Bush.
-
- ![George W. Bush and Vladimir Putin in Sochi in 2008](https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/eeaad844-0466-4314-b06c-cf11c60f5b36_w488_r0.6786666666666666_fpx52.95_fpy41.37.jpg "George W. Bush and Vladimir Putin in Sochi in 2008")
-
-George W. Bush and Vladimir Putin in Sochi in 2008
-
-Foto: UPI Photo / IMAGO
-
-Speaking to the press, the U.S. President said: "The Cold War is over." Some of the Texan's staffers had the feeling that his efforts before and in Bucharest had only served to allow the president to say afterwards that he had tried everything to get Ukraine into NATO.
-
-And how did the Germans react? "Putin's speech was largely brushed off," says one participant, adding that many seemed to think it was just talk. "Plus, everyone was looking at their watches because they wanted to get home." It was Friday, after all.
-
-Merkel told journalists that she had been unable to detect "any kind of aggression" in Putin's words and that the focus should be on the "constructive elements." It was a position that Berlin adhered to for far too long.
-
-Today, when the failure of Germany's relations with Russia over the past several decades is discussed, comments to the German public downplaying the Russian threat are already very much a part of it.
-
-The chancellor chose appeasement over deterrence. As ex-security adviser Heusgen writes in his bestselling book "Leadership and Responsibility," Merkel sought to reassure Putin after the summit by saying that Bucharest had prevented Ukraine's accession and that it was inconceivable that such a fundamental decision would be overturned. Another version holds that she referred to NATO's principle of unanimity and assured Putin that Germany would always vote against Ukraine's accession.
-
-One can interpret Merkel's statement as merely an expression of a German attitude of which everyone was already fully aware. But it can also be read as Merkel's betrayal of Germany's allies in Central and Eastern Europe, who had been promised that Georgia and Ukraine would join NATO sooner or later.
-
-Either way, it was most certainly a case of hubris – because Putin would not be appeased. Merkel, he is said to have argued, would not remain chancellor forever.
-
-### **  
-Steinmeier's Visit to Poland**
-
-### **Bydgoszcz, April 6, 2008**
-
-Steinmeier had long been scheduled to pay a private visit to his Polish counterpart Sikorski at his country estate in Bydgoszcz in northern Poland. The German foreign minister was keen to maintain good relations with his eastern neighbor and his staff said he was looking forward to the trip. Sikorski, on the other hand, seemed to have been hoping to score points domestically, according to media speculation.
-
-The German foreign minister traveled to Poland with his wife Elke Büdenbender. They enjoyed dinner together that evening, with Sikorski's American wife Anne Applebaum, a journalist, Pulitzer Prize winner and ardent Iraq war supporter, cooking a mushroom soup in front of the cameras. The German guests stayed the night.
-
- ![Steinmeier (eft) at his wife Elke Büdenbender (right) during their visit to Sikorski, his wife Anne Applebaum (second from left) and their children in Bydgoszcz, Poland](https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/af5d22e8-306f-4d81-b9a6-830262c32b44_w520_r1.3903526550466154_fpx63.27_fpy49.98.jpg "Steinmeier (eft) at his wife Elke Büdenbender (right) during their visit to Sikorski, his wife Anne Applebaum (second from left) and their children in Bydgoszcz, Poland")
-
-Steinmeier (eft) at his wife Elke Büdenbender (right) during their visit to Sikorski, his wife Anne Applebaum (second from left) and their children in Bydgoszcz, Poland
-
-Foto: Piotr Ulanowski / picture alliance
-
-But the niceties proved deceptive: The relationship had soured following Sikorski's harsh criticism in Bucharest. To the outside world, the host tried to give the impression that everything was just fine. "In Bucharest, there was an honest discussion behind closed doors," he told waiting journalists. That's the nature of negotiations, he said. Afterwards, they "return to good relations." Steinmeier also made an effort and signaled that he intended to pay more attention to the concerns of Eastern European EU members in the future. The next day, they both traveled to Warsaw for a joint appearance at a university.
-
-But as U.S. documents show, around two weeks later, Sikorski described the Germans to the Bush administration as a "Trojan horse" inside NATO.
-
-### Being Right
-
-### Brussels, NATO Headquarters, August 14, 2008  
-
-The crisis in Georgia had escalated. Tbilisi had responded to Putin's provocations and attacked the breakaway province of South Ossetia. The Russians were quick to take advantage of the situation by occupying one-third of Georgia's territory. In the North Atlantic Council back in Brussels, alliance diplomats were left to bicker about who was responsible. The Americans and Central Europeans argued that if Georgia had been granted MAP status, the situation never would have escalated. They insisted on immediately correcting what they saw as past mistakes. The German side countered that it was actually the promise of NATO membership delivered to Georgia in Bucharest that had led to the Russian invasion. Only Putin knows which side was correct.
-
-Quite a few NATO member states began looking at Crimea with a certain amount of trepidation. When NATO foreign ministers gathered for a crisis summit to discuss the situation on August 19, the representative from Prague, Karel Schwarzenberg, warned of a "potentially looming Crimean conflict on the horizon." Because the Siberian wolf "will not be satisfied with vegetarian nourishment forever."
-
-The war in Georgia, though, demonstrated that the West could do very little in the immediate vicinity of Russia to stop a determined Putin. Unless NATO was ready to go to the extreme. During a meeting with Bush in the White House, a staff member asked advisers and cabinet members present if there was anyone in favor of sending U.S. troops to Georgia to stand up to the Russians. Not even Vice President Cheney was in favor of the idea. Burns, the U.S. ambassador in Moscow, had apparently been right all along and could feel vindicated. Long before, he had warned his government not to overestimate the influence the West had when it came to Ukraine and Georgia.
-
- ![Victims of the war in Irpin, Ukraine, in March 2022](https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/47937107-a601-4e8f-9a5b-213bc54ca865_w520_r1.5_fpx62.66_fpy50.jpg "Victims of the war in Irpin, Ukraine, in March 2022")
-
-Victims of the war in Irpin, Ukraine, in March 2022
-
-Foto: Aris Messinis / AFP
-
-And the Ukrainians? After Bucharest, President Yushchenko tried to change public opinion in his country in order to address the concerns held by Berlin. The cabinet in Kyiv allotted additional funding to public relations work and established an inter-ministerial working group. And Yushchenko's party launched a campaign promoting NATO membership. The plan had been for the share of Ukrainians supporting NATO accession to rise – to 43 percent in 2009, then 50 percent in 2010, and finally 55 percent in 2011. U.S. Ambassador Nuland was ecstatic, and many member states said they would offer their support to the government in Kyiv, with Germany apparently among them.
-
-But the efforts fizzled out. In 2010, reformer Yushchenko failed badly in his re-election bid and Yanukovych, the Russian ally, beat out Tymoshenko in a run-off election – bringing the NATO accession project to an end. Latvian ex-president Zatlers nonetheless sees Bucharest as a "missed chance." He believes that Ukrainian attitudes toward NATO would have slowly shifted had the alliance sent a positive signal to Kyiv during the summit.
-
-The path laid in Bucharest in 2008 didn't necessarily lead to today's war in Ukraine. And yet the summit in Bucharest resulted in the worst of two worlds, Ambassador Burns believes. The Ukrainians and Georgians had been indulged in hopes of NATO membership, which the West was unlikely to deliver. And the summit also reinforced Putin's sense that the West was pursuing a course he saw as an existential threat.
-
-As such, Merkel, Steinmeier and their allies must live under a cloud of suspicion that despite their good intentions, they ultimately sacrificed both Georgia and Ukraine. Putin, at least, hasn't yet dared to attack a NATO member.
-
-When Yanukovych was officially inaugurated as the president of Ukraine in 2010, there was a delay and Zatlers had to wait with the other guests. By chance, he found himself standing next to members of the Russian delegation, who apparently either didn't recognize him or didn't realize that he spoke Russian. The delegates from Moscow openly congratulated each other on Yanukovych's success in Kyiv. "Everything is going according to plan," one said. For Zatlers, it is proof that Putin's so-called "special operation" against Ukraine had already begun. It just hadn't yet reached the battlefield.
-
-Collage: \[M\]: Ryan Olbrysh / DER SPIEGEL; Fotos: Thomas Imo / photothek / IMAGO, Gavriil Grigorov / Kremlin Pool / ZUMA Wire / IMAGO, Russian Defence Ministry / ITAR-TASS / IMAGO, Fabian Bimmer / AP / picture alliance, Russian Defence Ministry / TASS / dpa / picture alliance, Yevhen Zinchenko / Global Images Ukraine via Getty Images, Beata Zawrzel / NurPhoto via Getty Images, Jeff Overs / BBC News & Current Affairs via Getty Images, Win McNamee / Getty Images, Sergei Supinsky / AFP
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-Date: 2023-03-05
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-Link: https://magazine.atavist.com/sanctuary-tarra-elephant-georgia-tennessee-carol-buckley/
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-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-SanctuaryNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# Sanctuary
-
-###### The *Atavist* Magazine, No. 136
-
-Shannon McCaffrey is a political reporter at the *Atlanta Journal-Constitution.* Previously, she worked for the Associated Press and Emory University. She is also a journalism instructor at Kennesaw State University. She holds an MFA in narrative nonfiction from the University of Georgia.
-
-**Editor:** Seyward Darby  
-**Art Director:** Ed Johnson  
-**Copy Editor:** Sean Cooper  
-**Fact Checker:** Sky Patterson  
-**Photographer:** Peyton Fulford
-
-*Published in February 2023.*
-
----
-
-*Prologue*
-
-Hurricane Michael crashed through southern Georgia in a fury. Winds whipping at more than 100 miles per hour sheared off rooftops and stripped cotton plants bare. Michael had fed on the tropical water of the Gulf of Mexico, gathering strength. By the time it made landfall, it was one of the most powerful hurricanes in U.S. history.
-
-In its aftermath, Carol Buckley gazed out at the wreckage strewn across her land. It was October 2018. Three years earlier, emotionally broken, she had come to this secluded place just north of the Florida Panhandle in search of a new beginning. Now she feared that she would have to start from scratch once again.
-
-Buckley fired up a Kawasaki Mule and steered the ATV across the rutted fields to get a closer look at the damage. At 64, Buckley had a curtain of straight blond hair, and her eyes were the pale blue of faded denim. Years spent outdoors had etched fine lines into her tanned face. The Mule churned up a spray of reddish mud as she bumped along.
-
-Michael had toppled chunks of the nearly mile-long chain-link fence ringing Buckley’s land. She was relieved to see that the stronger, steel-cable barrier inside the perimeter had held. Felled longleaf pines lay atop portions of it, applying immense pressure, but the cables hadn’t snapped. Installed to corral creatures weighing several tons, the fence stood firm.
-
-Here outside the small town of Attapulgus, near quail-hunting plantations and pecan groves, Buckley had built a refuge for elephants. It was the culmination of a nearly lifelong devotion to the world’s largest land animals. But at the moment, Buckley’s refuge lacked any elephants—and one elephant in particular.
-
-There are many kinds of love stories. This one involves a woman and an elephant, and the bond between them spanning nearly 50 years. It involves devotion and betrayal. It also raises difficult questions about the relationship between humans and animals, about control and freedom, about what it means to own another living thing.
-
-The woman in this story is Buckley. The elephant is named Tarra. They met at a tire store in California, and together followed a serpentine path from spectacle to safety: from circus rings to zoo enclosures to a first-of-its-kind sanctuary. But now their bond was being tested. For complex reasons, Buckley had lost custody of Tarra, and just before Michael struck, a jury had deadlocked on whether the two should be reunited. In a few months, the case would go to trial again. If Buckley won, she would bring Tarra home to Attapulgus. If she lost, it was possible she’d never see the elephant again.
-
-The uncertainty was a nightmare. But the fence Buckley built for Tarra had withstood a monstrous storm. This was, she thought, a good omen.
-
-![](https://magazine.atavist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Elephant-Refuge-11.jpg?is-pending-load=1)
-
-*I.*
-
-Anyone who has ever had a beloved pet can tell you that the relationship between an animal and its owner is special. Pets aren’t property in the way a house, a car, or a pair of shoes is. Some people love their animals in ways that defy logic. They don’t think of them as things; they think of them as family.
-
-Even more nuanced are the relationships people have with highly intelligent animals like chimpanzees and dolphins. And elephants. In the past few decades, research has piled up showing that elephants are some of the brightest and most emotionally complex creatures on the planet. Like humans, they are self-aware—they can even recognize themselves in a mirror. They can also experience pleasure, pain, and grief.
-
-Discoveries about elephant intelligence have helped bring about a sea change in the way the animals are treated. Some circuses, under pressure from animal rights groups, have stopped featuring elephant acts. Ringling Bros. retired its elephants in 2016, then shut down altogether the following year. Some U.S. states have banned exotic-animal performances and toughened animal welfare laws.
-
-Activists are pushing for governments to do more: In 2022, the New York Court of Appeals considered whether Happy, an elephant in the Bronx Zoo, had the legal rights of personhood. If the question seems preposterous, consider that courts have held that corporations can be considered people in certain instances. So why not an elephant, which is a living, breathing creature?
-
-Last June, the appeals court rejected the legal argument, which had been presented by an organization called the Nonhuman Rights Project, by a 5–2 vote. Still, some animal rights advocates see reason for hope: The case spurred public dialogue about the treatment of captive animals and whether some species should be no one’s property, ever.
-
-Buckley’s views on owning animals have changed over the years. Understanding how and why means starting at the very beginning. Buckley grew up with dogs, and as a young adult she had a German shepherd named Tasha. One day in 1974, Tasha broke Buckley’s concentration when the dog went into a frenzy, barking at something outside the bay window of Buckley’s home in Simi Valley, a Los Angeles suburb. Rattled by the commotion, Buckley looked outside to see what Tasha saw. And there it was: a baby elephant.
-
-A slim man was walking the elephant with a rope. The calf must have weighed as much as a refrigerator. Buckley bolted through the front door. “Who is she? Why is she here? What are you doing with her?” Buckley asked the man.
-
-Buckley was 20 and had just moved to Simi Valley. She grew up south of Los Angeles in a large family. At her all-girls Catholic high school, she had been a mediocre student and so hyperactive that the nuns ordered her to run laps to burn energy. Buckley wasn’t sure precisely what she wanted to do with her life, but she knew it wouldn’t involve sitting still. She was studying exotic animal management at a community college, figuring that would set her on an exciting career path. Seeing an elephant stroll past her door seemed like fate.
-
-“Come over to my tire store,” the man holding the rope told her. “She’s there every day. You can feed her.” Buckley was there waiting when the man and his elephant returned from their walk.
-
-At the time, few rules governed the ownership and treatment of exotic animals. Bob Nance, the tire shop’s proprietor, had a small menagerie—a Siberian tiger, parrots, monkeys—that customers could gawk at while their new Michelins were being mounted. His pets were a selling point. And a baby elephant? Now *that* was something. Her name was Fluffy, which a kid had suggested in a naming contest Nance sponsored in a local newspaper.
-
-Fluffy wasn’t Nance’s first elephant. Before her there had been Dolly, purchased from Louis Goebel, an exotic-animal impresario who’d created an LA theme park called Jungleland. But things with Dolly didn’t go as hoped. Her keepers pulled up to Nance’s shop, unloaded the nearly full-grown elephant, handed Nance a training hook, and were on their way. Nance, who had no experience with elephants, hacked off the end of a car axle, stuck it in the ground of his parking lot, and chained Dolly to it during work hours. At night he tethered her to an outbuilding. Once, Dolly yanked herself free—sort of. The police called to alert Nance. *Bob*, they said, *your elephant is dragging a building down Los Angeles Avenue.* 
-
-Nance feuded with city officials over whether zoning laws allowed him to keep an elephant at his store until one day, reluctantly, he agreed to sell Dolly to a circus operator. Soon after Goebel called him up. Jungleland was about to close its doors, and a newly arrived baby elephant needed a home. Could Nance help? A calf, Nance reasoned, would be easier to handle, at least for a while. “Of course,” he told Goebel.
-
-Fluffy was probably from Burma, where it was common for poachers to kill mother elephants in order to capture their valuable calves. It was an act of unimaginable cruelty, not least because baby elephants are extremely close with their mothers, and suckle for as long as five years. Fluffy was about six months old when she was shipped to the U.S. Most likely, animal merchants in Thailand packed her into a wooden crate, loaded her aboard a cargo plane, and launched her on a stomach-churning flight over the Pacific Ocean. It wasn’t unusual for baby elephants to arrive dead. 
-
-Fluffy became the star attraction at Nance’s store. She was good-natured and always hungry. Sometimes Nance stuffed her into the back seat of his Lincoln Town Car and drove her to nearby elementary schools, where wide-eyed students admired her. Nance outfoxed the city officials who’d complained about Dolly by keeping Fluffy in a travel trailer, which allowed him to move her when he needed to.
-
-After meeting Fluffy, Buckley herself became a fixture at the tire store. She showed up many mornings before class. She shoveled the dirty wood shavings out of Fluffy’s trailer and fed the elephant breakfast. Fluffy consumed four quarts of formula from a bottle, along with a pile of fruits and vegetables. Twice a week, Buckley wheeled a buggy through a local produce store and loaded it up with whatever was available: apples, oranges, cucumbers, bananas, onions. Carrots were Fluffy’s favorite.
-
-In those early days, Fluffy tolerated Buckley, but she adored Nance, who always had a pocket full of shiny jellybeans. She chirped excitedly whenever he appeared. Nance wasn’t too concerned about training Fluffy, until one day she nearly crashed through a glass door at the tire store. Nance agreed to let Buckley teach Fluffy a few things about how to behave. 
-
-Buckley had never trained an elephant before, so she started by using the methods she’d used with her dogs growing up. Positive reinforcement was the most important one. Buckley would instruct Fluffy to lift her foot, then demonstrate what she meant by physically pulling the elephant’s leg up off the ground. When Fluffy got the move right on her own, Buckley rewarded her with food. Fluffy was stubborn, but dangle a banana in front of her and she’d do anything you asked. 
-
-Back then, most captive elephants didn’t get rewards for behaving as they were told. In circuses, on film sets, and at animal parks, handlers used what’s known as dominance training. When an elephant didn’t do what they demanded, they whacked it with a bull hook or punished it some other way. Buckley was aware of that approach, but it didn’t feel right. Fluffy was bursting with energy and eager to please. Training her felt like play. “It wasn’t about control,” Buckley said. “It was about trust and building a relationship.”
-
-Years later, Buckley would question the foundation of her work with Fluffy. But for now she was happy. Fluffy seemed to be, too. The elephant learned to follow one command after another. Tricks came next. The future was rich with possibilities: of what Fluffy might do, of who might see her, of where Buckley might take her.
-
-By the time Fluffy was a year old, she and Buckley were inseparable. When Buckley sat on the floor of the elephant’s trailer to do homework, Fluffy watched over her. When Buckley didn’t pay the elephant enough attention, Fluffy nudged her playfully with her trunk. 
-
-According to Buckley, there were nights when she brought Fluffy home with her. She would back the elephant’s trailer up to the bay window of her house so they could see each other. Buckley studied with the light on while Fluffy dozed outside in the dark. Sometimes Fluffy awoke and stretched out her trunk, 40,000 tiny muscles working in unison, probing toward the lit window as if to make sure Buckley was still there.
-
-![](https://magazine.atavist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/elephant-refuge_courtesy1.jpeg?is-pending-load=1)
-
-Buckley and Fluffy at the tire shop in California.  
-*Courtesy of Carol Buckley*
-
-**Today, graduates of** the Exotic Animal Training and Management Program at Moorpark College run zoos, sanctuaries, and research facilities. Some manage animal acts for Hollywood studios. Moorpark has become the MIT of animal wrangling, the place where you learn how to get a tiger to open its mouth wide for a veterinary exam without being eaten alive. But back in the mid-1970s, the program was in its infancy.
-
-The two-year associate’s degree was the brainchild of William Brisby, a onetime high school biology teacher who taught himself how to work with dangerous animals. Sporting thick sideburns, a full beard, khaki attire, and aviator sunglasses, Brisby looked like a safari guide. In a way he was. He created a teaching zoo for the Moorpark program, the first resident of which was a gray wolf named Kiska. Students took turns caring for her. Brisby later acquired capuchins, a camel, even a lion, according to author Amy Sutherland’s book about Moorpark, *Kicked, Bitten, and Scratched*.
-
-Sutherland describes Brisby as both charismatic and problematic. He divorced his first wife, became engaged to one of his students, then broke it off to marry a younger one. A mythology sprang up around him, which gave him swagger. People said he’d trained dolphins with the Navy—not so, according to the founder of the Navy’s marine mammal program.
-
-Brisby could be tough, dictatorial even. “For the next two years in this program you don’t have a life,” he told first-year students. “You belong to me.” But Buckley wasn’t intimidated by Brisby. She was audacious and headstrong. Brisby became her mentor as she figured out what to do about Fluffy.
-
-By the summer of 1975, Buckley was dedicating all her free time to the elephant. She spent a month with Robert “Smokey” Jones, a legendary elephant trainer. She also volunteered to take Fluffy to events—people paid for the elephant to appear at parties or on camera. At a Mother’s Day celebration in Topanga Canyon, Fluffy surprised everyone, including Buckley, by plunging into a pool. When Fluffy was booked on Bob Hope’s Christmas special, she infuriated the star by [reaching out](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wFo6jsoqgf0) [with](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wFo6jsoqgf0) [her trunk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wFo6jsoqgf0) to touch his crotch.
-
-Occasionally, Buckley recognized how precarious the whole endeavor was. She towed a two-ton elephant in a trailer on Southern California’s busy freeways and winding canyon roads. Once, up north in the foothills of San Jose, she saw a couple of boys at the side of the road harassing a snake. She pulled over and hopped out to scold them as the snake slithered into the woods. Then Buckley turned and saw the trailer; she’d parked at the edge of a steep drop. One wrong move—an emergency brake not set right, Fluffy shifting her weight just so—and the vehicle could have crashed into the ravine. Buckley felt a shiver and knew she needed to be more careful.
-
-The more time Buckley spent with Fluffy, the less she spent on schoolwork. She sought Brisby out for advice. She told him she saw a future with Fluffy, a chance to make the elephant her career, book gigs across California, maybe around the country. Brisby leaned back in his chair as she spoke. When she finished, he reminded her that the Moorpark program was designed to help students break into the exotic-animal management industry. With Fluffy, Buckley had already done that. She didn’t need Moorpark anymore. “Don’t come back for the second year,” Brisby advised.
-
-Buckley left school. She moved into a small trailer next to Fluffy’s on Nance’s property. According to Buckley, Nance started paying her on a weekly basis to care for the elephant. When Buckley asked Nance to build Fluffy a barn, he did. 
-
-But the arrangement didn’t last long. Simi Valley, ringed by hills and thick with citrus groves, had once felt a world away from the busy heart of Los Angeles. By 1976, however, housing tracts were crowding out the farms and ranches. Nance didn’t like what he saw and decided to relocate to Northern California. Buckley seized the opportunity. With a loan cosigned by her father, she bought Fluffy for $25,000. 
-
-Buckley was sure Fluffy would be a star, but decided that the elephant’s name wouldn’t do. She wanted something that would look good in lights. Buckley scribbled letters in a notebook, trying out different combinations. Eventually she wrote down T-A-R-R-A. Yes, that was it. *Tarra*.
-
-![](https://magazine.atavist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/elephant-refuge_courtesy2.jpeg?is-pending-load=1)
-
-Tarra and Buckley performing on skates.  
-*Courtesy of Carol Buckley*
-
-**The calls started** coming in. Tarra appeared in an episode of *Little House on the Prairie*, in which a circus passes through to the pioneer town of Walnut Grove. Carol Burnett sat atop Tarra in the movie *Annie*. Tarra appeared on one of Jerry Lewis’s telethons.
-
-But Buckley soon discovered that there was less demand in show business for a lone elephant than for a herd of three to five that could perform tricks together. Buckley wasn’t about to buy more elephants, so Tarra would need a gimmick to be competitive.
-
-One day a man approached Buckley at a sports expo in Santa Barbara where Tarra was doing tricks to amuse visitors. He introduced himself as an ice skater and gushed about Tarra. 
-
-“She’s so coordinated,” he said. “I could teach her to ice-skate!”
-
-“No, you will not,” Buckley huffed*.* 
-
-A year or so later, she reconsidered. When Buckley and Tarra weren’t on the road, their home base was Ojai, California, where they lived along the Ventura River. Twice a day, rain or shine, they waded into the river together. Tarra splashed excitedly while Buckley watched. The river was full of large, smooth boulders, and Tarra picked her way across them with astonishing ease. She was eight by then, and the size of an SUV; she ate about 50 pounds of food a day. But she was nimble. Buckley marveled at how Tarra balanced on the boulders, gripping the edges with her toes. 
-
-OK, Buckley thought, let’s give this skating thing a try. In Southern California, she decided, roller skates would be a better fit.
-
-Buckley visited a local welder, who estimated that it would cost $2,500 to construct metal skates big and strong enough for an elephant. Buckley had $3,000 in her bank account. She called her mother. “You know Tarra better than anyone,” her mother told her. “If you think she would like it, then do it.” Buckley emptied her bank account and commissioned the skillet-size skates.
-
-Then she went to a shoemaker to inquire about “boots”—really what she wanted was more like mammoth ankle braces—to give the elephant additional support. “Before you say no, just come and meet her,” Buckley pleaded. The shoemaker did and, charmed by Tarra, agreed to make the boots. 
-
-On a sunny spring morning, Buckley walked Tarra to a stretch of concrete near her home, the foundation for a house that had never been finished. Today it would be the setting for a most unusual lesson. Like she had so many times before, Buckley asked Tarra to raise one of her front legs. When the elephant complied, Buckley guided her foot into a skate—the straps were made of seatbelts, the wheels of industrial casters. Then she repeated the process with the other front foot. The leather boots rose about halfway up Tarra’s stocky legs. Buckley would only be trying out the front skates, to see how the elephant took to them.
-
-Tarra bounded off, trumpeting and chattering, rolling and playing. She seemed almost to bounce with glee. Wobbly at first, she quickly gained confidence and control.
-
-Two weeks later, Buckley took Tarra to an abandoned warehouse, where there would be room for her to experiment for the first time wearing all four skates. Tarra glided across the concrete floor. Her excitement was contagious.
-
-Buckley now had a roller-skating elephant. Tarra didn’t spin or do tricks; the fact that she was on wheels was enough to attract attention. The bookings poured in. Buckley and Tarra promoted Shriner circuses on the West Coast. They appeared at roller rinks and in vast parking lots. Before events, Buckley got on her hands and knees with a level to make sure the venue didn’t slope, making it difficult to stop. Then she adorned Tarra with a shiny headdress and got ready for the show. Buckley skated alongside Tarra, dressed in a leotard cut high at the leg.
-
-On the road, they bunked together in a custom trailer. When it was time to sleep, Buckley climbed into bed in a compartment up front and said good night. She could hear Tarra slump against the wall and slide down to the floor. The trailer shook as the elephant got comfortable. Buckley fell asleep to the rumble of Tarra’s heavy snores.
-
-![](https://magazine.atavist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Elephant-Refuge-4.jpg?is-pending-load=1)
-
-*II.*
-
-The sharp wind that comes off Lake Ontario in winter can make even the hardiest soul seek refuge. In 1988, Buckley and Tarra were doing just that, hunkered down near Toronto. But they weren’t sheltering from the elements so much as from uncertainty. They had wrapped up a series of performing jobs when Leslie Schreiber, Buckley’s old Moorpark roommate and the co-owner of the Bowmanville Zoo in the town of Clarington, about 60 miles east of Toronto, hired Buckley to look after the facility’s seven elephants for a few months. Buckley added Tarra to the group and began keeping a journal, scribbling ideas and plans for a future that would look very different from her past.
-
-Buckley was at a crossroads, disenchanted with her nomadic life and unsure whether Tarra should continue to perform. After more than a decade on the road, it was clear the elephant wasn’t enjoying herself. When Tarra was younger, Buckley had been sure to make pit stops during long trips so Tarra could play, swim, and explore wooded areas. Now that she weighed nearly four tons, spontaneous leisure time was harder to manage.
-
-Meanwhile, Buckley had witnessed the unsavory side of the exotic-animal circuit. Many elephants were run through their paces by handlers they barely knew, who used bull hooks and batons to compel obedience. When the animals weren’t performing, they were often chained up.
-
-Not everyone treated elephants that way—certainly Buckley didn’t. But how could she justify being part of a culture that tolerated abuse? She loved Tarra but wondered whether she’d made the right choices. “Do I wish that when I first met her I knew all that I know now?” Buckley said years later. “Of course I do.” Then again, she’d started her career so young, at a time when few people in the U.S. gave a second thought to the welfare of animals. “All that we went through together, that’s how I gained the knowledge and the experience that has helped create another way and a better situation for her,” Buckley said. “I don’t regret it.”
-
-The unease Buckley was grappling with by the time she arrived at Bowmanville reflected a growing ambivalence across North America. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, which formed in 1980, had exposed the abuse of animals in research labs and slaughterhouses. PETA was polarizing, its tactics confrontational, but the inhumane practices and conditions it exposed were influencing public opinion about animals held in captivity. These included elephants, which were still mainstays of circuses and smaller outfits like Buckley’s.
-
-In Canada, Buckley initiated a new chapter of Tarra’s life. Elephants had been wowing crowds at American zoos since the first one opened in 1874, in Philadelphia, where curators bought an elephant from a traveling circus and tied it to a tree. Zoos had improved a lot since then, but there would always be downsides to captivity. Elephants are prone to foot problems and other ailments if they don’t have space to roam. They need stimulation that zoos can’t always provide. (Since 1991, more than 30 American zoos have eliminated their elephant exhibits altogether.)
-
-But Tarra was no longer a feisty calf, and at Bowmanville she seemed to enjoy being part of a herd for the first time in her life. Elephants are extremely social, and Tarra formed strong bonds. Buckley wondered if placing her at a zoo where she’d have a permanent community would be preferable to life on the road.
-
-After their stay in Canada, Tarra spent some time at the Racine Zoo in Wisconsin, then returned to Ontario. In 1991, Tarra turned 17, placing her on the precipice of the most fertile stretch of a female Asian elephant’s life. Research suggested that female elephants with offspring were less stressed than those without. Buckley reasoned that having a calf might make a zoo even more comfortable for Tara. As it happened, there was a breeding program in Ontario, a place called the African Lion Safari Park. There, while looking for a mate for Tarra, Buckley met someone just as obsessed with elephants as she was. 
-
-Scott Blais had begun working at the park when he was 13, cutting the grass, directing traffic, and picking up garbage. At 15, he graduated to elephant training. He learned to chain the animals inside barns and either beat them with bull hooks or use the tools to grab them by sensitive areas, such as under the lips or behind the ears, when they didn’t do as they were told. Pain was used to get elephants to stand on their heads and balance on their hind legs; they lived in a near constant state of submission. When Buckley arrived at the park with Tarra in tow, Blais was exposed to a different way of handling elephants. He started to view the techniques he used as barbaric. He asked Buckley to teach him, and they struck up a friendship.
-
-Soon they were a couple. They were 18 years apart in age, but that didn’t seem to matter much. Besides, Buckley looked younger than she was, while Blais, his hair already receding, looked older. Their relationship blossomed, and so did their shared vision for, as Blais put it, “the larger idea of how to change the lives of captive elephants.”    
-
-When Tarra became pregnant by a bull elephant at the park, Buckley considered her options. She needed to find a zoo that wanted an elephant, a calf, and two keepers—Buckley and Blais intended to stay together. The Nashville Zoo made an enticing offer: Excited at the prospect of housing Tarra, and eventually her baby, zoo administrators proposed creating a 30-acre elephant habitat. Buckley accepted the offer. She, Blais, and Tarra set off for Nashville. 
-
-## **Not everyone treated elephants that way—certainly Buckley didn’t. But how could she justify being part of a culture that tolerated abuse?**
-
-**Elephants gestate** for nearly two years. Unlike in the wild, Tarra had never watched a fellow female give birth or witnessed the tight matriarchal herd that forms around a newborn to help raise it. No one was sure how Tarra would react to a calf. 
-
-The months passed peacefully, until one morning Tarra bolted across the zoo yard, her eyes bulging. She had experienced her first labor contraction, and it startled her so much that she seemed to be trying to run away from the pain. The veterinarian was informed, but then the contractions stopped.
-
-“You’re OK, girl,” Buckley told Tarra. “You’re going to be OK.” 
-
-Three days passed. The wait was agonizing. Finally, Tarra’s contractions began again. The veterinarian wanted to speed up the labor by inserting an IV line of oxytocin. Buckley called a friend, an elephant expert at the London Zoo, who warned that if the calf came too fast, and Tarra wasn’t dilated, the birth could be dangerous.
-
-“Is she squirting milk?” the friend asked. 
-
-Buckley looked at Tarra’s chest. “Yes.” 
-
-“That means she’s dilated,” the friend said. He told Buckley that Tarra should receive a lower dose of oxytocin than the vet had proposed, and not from an IV, but through a shot in a muscle.
-
-The needle pierced Tarra’s grooved skin, and within a few minutes she was in the throes of labor. In captivity, elephants are often chained up during birth for the protection of vets and keepers. Buckley hated the idea. As a compromise, she agreed to put a 40-foot chain on one of Tarra’s back legs; that way the elephant would still be able to move around.
-
-Tarra squatted, and finally there was progress. A head emerged, followed by front legs folded into the body. But soon the calf became stuck. There was no good way for the humans watching the birth to solve the problem. Then a primal instinct took hold of Tarra: When the next contraction came, she lifted her unchained back foot, placed it against the calf’s head, and in a single swift movement pushed the baby out.
-
-Slick and gray, the calf landed on the barn floor. Tarra seemed exhausted but calm. She stepped a few feet away and watched. The baby lay silent and still. It wasn’t breathing. The vet moved in to resuscitate it. He crouched over the calf and pumped its chest rhythmically with his palms. Five minutes passed. Ten. Twenty. 
-
-“Keep trying,” Buckley implored. Tarra didn’t interfere; she remained at a distance, as if keeping vigil. Buckley was weeping, her sobs deep and ragged.
-
-After the vet declared the calf dead, Tarra walked back over to it. With her trunk, she sucked at the calf’s mouth, then placed the tip of her trunk against the baby’s so that their nostrils were touching. She breathed out hard, then sucked in even harder. It seemed like a last attempt to remove anything that might be blocking the calf’s airways.
-
-Then, gently, Tarra placed a back foot against the baby’s side. Elephants’ foot pads are sensitive—so sensitive they can detect a heartbeat. After a few moments, Tarra walked away.
-
-Later, a necropsy revealed that the baby had arthrogryposis, a stiffening of the joints often accompanied by limb deformities. Apparently, while pregnant, Tarra had been bitten by a mosquito carrying a virus that caused the condition. It was a freakish tragedy that meant there would be no happy elephant family on display at the Nashville Zoo, at least not one including Tarra. The zoo wanted Tarra and Buckley to stay, but the promised elephant habitat never materialized. Disillusioned, Buckley decided to leave.
-
-Rather than look for another zoo, Buckley wanted to try something new. There was an idea she had been toying with for a while: What if there was a place elephants that had been cast out of zoos and circuses could go? Somewhere that the sick and elderly could spend their last days? A refuge where elephants, and only elephants, could exist in a state as close to the wild as possible? No such place existed in North America. Buckley resolved to build it.
-
-She set out on the back roads of rural Tennessee looking for a piece of land cheap enough to afford and large enough for elephants to roam. She found it on the first day. The property lay at the end of a dirt road in the tiny town of Hohenwald, German for “high forest.” There, along Cane Creek, the hills rolled gently into a large valley. The land surrounding the property was owned by Champion International, a paper company. It was quiet, private, and protected.
-
-After the 112 acres were purchased, Buckley and Blais spent their days in the sweltering Tennessee heat sinking reinforced fence posts. They worked through red tape with skeptical state wildlife authorities to get the necessary permits to establish the Elephant Sanctuary in Tennessee. In March 1995, the day after Tarra’s barn was finished, she moved in. 
-
-![](https://magazine.atavist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Elephant-Refuge-8.jpg?is-pending-load=1)
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-![](https://magazine.atavist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Elephant-Refuge-5.jpg?is-pending-load=1)
-
-*III.*
-
-The sanctuary became a runaway success. Over its first 15 years, the mom-and-pop operation transformed into a nonprofit with a board of directors, an international reputation, and an annual budget of more than $3 million. It bought more acreage, built more barns, and hired more staff. Most important, it took in 23 elephants, about half of which were “retired” by their owners or guardians to roam the countryside in herds alongside Tarra.
-
-Each elephant had a gut-wrenching story. When Barbara arrived in 1996, she was emaciated, suffering from a wasting disease; she had been kept in isolation for years because her owners didn’t know what else to do with her. Jenny had been chained up in Las Vegas, underweight and barely able to walk because of an untreated leg injury. Shirley’s harrowing journey as a performing elephant had taken her to Cuba, where she was captured briefly by Fidel Castro’s forces, and then aboard a circus ship that caught fire and nearly sank, burning her in the process. An altercation with another performing elephant left her with a broken leg.
-
-Buckley saw each animal’s plight as a glaring symbol of human ignorance. At the sanctuary, the elephants healed. The “residents,” as they were called, took long walks along spring-fed streams. Some of them were interacting with other elephants for the first time in years. Like any community, they worked through minor dramas and personality conflicts. Remarkably, two elephants named Shirley and Jenny had lived together before. When they reunited at the sanctuary, they greeted each other like old friends and became inseparable.
-
-Tarra was the sanctuary’s welcoming committee. She was younger and healthier than the other elephants, and eager to make friends. But her closest companion was a dog on the property, a white mutt named Bella. Buckley would eventually write a children’s book about the pair, and they were featured on national TV. “When it’s time to eat, they both eat together,” Buckley said in a *CBS Evening News* segment. “They drink together. They sleep together. They play together.”
-
-Life at the sanctuary wasn’t always idyllic, however. There were controversies, including one involving an elephant called Flora. Once the centerpiece of a traveling circus run by a man named David Balding, Flora had landed at the Miami Zoo after Balding became concerned that she was too aggressive to be in front of crowds. When Flora was barred from the zoo after injuring a keeper, Balding thought the Tennessee refuge might be a good option. Balding dropped Flora off in 2004, and she went on a monthslong rampage, tearing up fences and directing her aggression at caregivers and other elephants. Gay Bradshaw, a psychologist and ecologist specializing in animal trauma, diagnosed Flora with PTSD and said that visits from Balding could hamper her recovery. Buckley forbade Balding from seeing Flora. Balding tried to change Buckley’s mind, but Buckley wouldn’t budge. The saga would play out in the documentary *One Lucky Elephant*, in which Balding comes across as sympathetic, Buckley as unyielding.
-
-The sanctuary also suffered tragedy. In 2006, Winkie, an Asian elephant, trampled and killed staff member Joanna Burke. The death hit the sanctuary’s tight-knit staff hard. Questions swirled about whether Winkie would be euthanized, but Burke’s grieving parents wouldn’t hear of it; their daughter loved elephants, they said, and she wouldn’t want the animal put down. Winkie remained at the sanctuary, and Burke was buried just outside the grounds.
-
-Upsetting incidents punctuated what some employees said was a tense work environment. Buckley labored day and night, and had no use for anyone who didn’t demonstrate the same level of commitment. In her mind, elephants came first; pity the person who disagreed. Even her romantic relationship grew strained. “People were always on edge,” Scott Blais wrote in an email, “always waiting for the next yelling session, never knowing what direction to turn.”
-
-Buckley has denied berating staff. If she yelled, she said, it was to get someone’s attention. “Elephants are potentially lethal. If staff doesn’t listen to instruction in the moment, they may be in danger,” Buckley explained. “If someone says I yell, it was always done out of concern for their safety.”
-
-Buckley knows she’s intense and single-minded, and she was never more so than about the sanctuary. It was her passion. She never hesitated to make her opinion known. When the board decided to build an elephant education center in downtown Hohenwald to give the sanctuary, off-limits to visitors, a public face, Buckley supported the idea, but she balked at the price tag and the board’s decision to pay chairwoman Janice Zeitlen’s husband, an architect, $60,000 to design the space. According to Buckley, when a tuberculosis outbreak hit the refuge, affecting elephants and humans alike, a board member told her not to report it to state regulators.
-
-The sanctuary would later deny this and allege that Buckley failed to implement proper tuberculosis containment protocol. It would make the claim in legal filings, because that’s where Buckley and the institution she cofounded were headed: to court.
-
-## **Buckley labored day and night, and had no use for anyone who didn’t demonstrate the same level of commitment. In her mind, elephants came first; pity the person who disagreed.**
-
-**On a cool** Saturday morning in November 2009, Buckley sat in her office gazing through a bank of windows at a soft expanse of pasture dotted with stands of maple and yellow poplar. Across the room was another set of windows, this one looking onto the interior of the sanctuary’s main barn, which housed several massive elephant stalls. The days when she watched Fluffy through the bay window at her home in California were a distant memory.
-
-The sanctuary’s board was convening that day. The group had recently discussed the refuge’s rapid growth with a consultant, and Buckley thought that would be the subject of the day’s meeting. Around 10 a.m., board members arrived one by one: an art gallery owner, a bank executive, an infectious-diseases doctor, local community leaders. The only member with a background in animal management was Buckley’s old Moorpark friend Leslie Schreiber. 
-
-As soon as the group had settled around a glass table in Buckley’s office, she sensed that something was wrong. Charlie Trost, a board member and attorney, seemed to be the only person in the room willing to meet her eye. He handed her a letter and told her to read it. The letter said she was being placed on involuntary leave pending review. Buckley wasn’t to speak to sanctuary employees, donors, or the media.
-
-The room went silent as Buckley looked up.
-
-“What’s happening?” she asked. “Why is this happening?”
-
-Trost replied that she should finish reading the document.
-
-Watching from across the room was Blais. He and Buckley were no longer a couple. According to Buckley, Blais had cheated on her with another staff member. (Blais denies this.) After separating, they’d continued working together—or tried to, anyway. By the time of the board meeting, Blais had come to feel that Buckley’s treatment of the staff posed a risk to the elephants. As he later put it in an email, there was “no way with the innate sensitivity of elephants,” especially “those who have experienced their own trauma,” that the sanctuary’s animal residents weren’t “affected by the impact that Carol’s abuse had on the care team.”
-
-Buckley’s vision went blank; time seemed to stop. The next thing she knew, she was kneeling in a closet in her home, which was located on the sanctuary grounds. She was staring at racks of clothes. She wanted to die; she thought she might. Schreiber had followed Buckley home. Now she eased her friend into a chair.
-
-Both Schreiber and the sanctuary’s managing director, Kate Elliott, who had attended the board meeting by telephone, disagreed with Buckley’s suspension. Trost informed them that it didn’t matter. “We have the votes to approve this,” he said. (Trost declined to be interviewed for this story.)
-
-Buckley wanted to fight the board, but that could jeopardize her chances of eventually returning to her job. Over the next few weeks, the days grew shorter and a winter chill set in. Buckley wasn’t allowed in the sanctuary’s barns, so she took long walks among the elephants when they were in the fields. The animals, and Tarra most important among them, knew nothing of the turmoil. They made Buckley feel grounded.
-
-According to Blais, over the course of Buckley’s leave, the full impact of her management style became clear, and he told the board he couldn’t work with her anymore. As a compromise, the board offered Buckley a job running global outreach—she would still be affiliated with the sanctuary, but she wouldn’t interact with staff or be involved in day-to-day operations with the elephants, including Tarra. Buckley said no.
-
-In March 2010, her leave became permanent: She was fired by the board. “They broke me the way you break an elephant,” Buckley said. “I’m tough and I didn’t break easily, but I broke.”
-
-To Buckley, the biggest blow wasn’t losing her job—it was losing Tarra. She had to leave her home at the sanctuary, but the elephant she had rarely been apart from for the past 35 years was better off staying put. The refuge was the only place that made sense for Tarra, and no one knew that better than Buckley; it was why she’d created it in the first place.
-
-When Buckley left Tennessee that spring, heading to Asia for a long-planned trip to work with elephant trainers, she said goodbye to Tarra in a field. “I’ll be back in a few months,” she told the elephant, who stretched her trunk toward Buckley’s nose, as she often did. Buckley walked away with a catch in her throat, but she was sure she’d be reunited with Tarra after her trip. Even if she couldn’t work at the sanctuary, she thought, she could visit Tarra. Maybe not right away, but soon enough.
-
-Instead, four years would pass before Buckley saw Tarra again.
-
-## **“They broke me the way you break an elephant,” Buckley said. “I’m tough and I didn’t break easily, but I broke.”**
-
-**Shortly after** being fired, Buckley sued the sanctuary for wrongful termination and for the right to visit Tarra. The sanctuary denied any wrongdoing and said that Buckley would not be admitted onto the property. Whether she would ever see Tarra again became a question for a judge. Buckley waited; the court system, as it so often does, moved at a glacial pace.
-
-One day, Buckley saw video footage of Tarra and thought she looked lethargic. Buckley decided to amend her lawsuit. She could live with the circumstances of her dismissal, but she couldn’t live without Tarra. She would fight to prove her ownership of the elephant—that Tarra belonged to her, not to the sanctuary, and that she should be the one making decisions about Tarra’s care.
-
-In December 2014, a judge permitted Buckley to visit Tarra, but set strict guidelines for the encounter. According to a court order, Buckley could make physical contact with Tarra only if the elephant “chooses to get close enough to the bars to allow Ms. Buckley to touch or pet \[her\] or otherwise show affection.” The visit took place on December 22. In a memo Buckley wrote immediately afterward, she said that Tarra seemed “despondent and looked and acted depressed.” She questioned whether the elephant had been drugged; the sanctuary’s veterinarian assured her that was not the case. When the visit ended, Buckley walked back to her car in tears. “It was devastating,” she said.
-
-Worried that sporadic visits would confuse and upset Tarra, Buckley decided not to see the elephant again until a court ruled in her favor. The next time she came in contact with Tarra, Buckley vowed, it would be to transport her to a new, shared home. Where that home would be was an open question.
-
-![](https://magazine.atavist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Elephant-Refuge-9.jpg?is-pending-load=1)
-
-*IV.*
-
-As legal filings flew back and forth, Buckley stayed busy, spending months abroad working with elephants in India, Nepal, and Thailand. Over the years, Buckley had become a recognized expert in aspects of elephant health care. In Asia, she taught locals how to prevent and treat injuries and infections on the feet of working elephants. She helped install solar-powered electric fences around the animals’ enclosures so they wouldn’t have to be chained up.
-
-Pictures of Tarra popped up regularly on the Tennessee sanctuary’s Facebook page. A newsletter, *Trunklines,* documented her wanderings—typically she walked more than a mile per day—and her dunks in the property’s lakes and ponds. If Buckley tuned in at the right moment, she might see Tarra lumbering along, captured by the sanctuary’s live EleCam. But Buckley rarely looked for Tarra online. It was too painful.
-
-Instead, when she was stateside, Buckley focused on finding a place to build another sanctuary, somewhere she could relocate Tarra if she won her legal battle. A realtor sent her listings in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia. Her old friend Schreiber accompanied her around the Southeast to look at properties. Buckley rejected one spot after another. The soil was too sandy, or the location too close to busy neighborhoods.
-
-One day in 2016, her realtor called, excited. “I think I found it!” he said. He was referring to a plot of more than 850 acres, right along the Georgia state line with Florida, comprising grasslands, clusters of pine trees, a large pond, and even a small house where Buckley could live. Through donations and financing, she got the money she needed to purchase the land. She would have to do the same things she did in Tennessee to get it elephant-ready: clear fields, install fences, build a barn. She recruited volunteers and got to work.
-
-In August 2018, Buckley returned to Tennessee for the custody trial. It ended in a hung jury. Buckley went back to Attapulgus, to her empty elephant refuge. A retrial was scheduled for eight months down the road. Once more Buckley waited. When Hurricane Michael tore through Georgia, she was surprised to find that it gave her hope.
-
-## **If Buckley tuned in at the right moment, she might see Tarra lumbering along, captured by the sanctuary’s live EleCam. But Buckley rarely looked for Tarra online. It was too painful.**
-
-**The second trial** in the case of *Carol Buckley v. the Elephant Sanctuary in Tennessee, Inc.* began April 1, 2019, in the Lewis County Courthouse, a rectangular brick building in Hohenwald. Since putting down roots outside the town of some 4,000 people, the sanctuary had become a point of pride for locals. Tarra was its bona fide star. The courtroom was packed. Buckley sat with her lawyers, her nerves jangling like loose keys. She tried not to let it show.
-
-While the case was emotional for everyone involved, Buckley chief among them, legally speaking it turned on a single dispassionate question: Who owned Tarra? In his opening statement, Bob Boston, one of the attorneys for the defense, argued that when the sanctuary became a nonprofit a few months after it was founded, ownership of all its property, including Tarra, transferred to the new entity. He asked the jury not to wrench Tarra away from the place where she’d lived more than half her life, where she’d bonded with other elephants. Among the sanctuary’s “founding principles,” Boston pointed out, “was to remove elephants from lives of isolation.”
-
-Next, Ed Yarbrough, one of Buckley’s attorneys, turned on the country charm like a faucet. In a gentle drawl, he painted a picture of young Buckley in California. “When she saw this elephant, her whole life changed. I mean, it’s literally true,” Yarbrough said. “Here she is today, forty-some-odd years later, trying to get her elephant back.” He recounted adventures Buckley and Tarra had gone on together, “long before any of these people ever thought about a sanctuary.” To illustrate the crux of the case, Yarbrough made a comparison. “When you get married in Tennessee, if you already own your house and your land, and then somehow that marriage doesn’t work out, when you split up that doesn’t go to the other party. That’s separate property. It stays with the original owner,” he said. “Tarra is separate property and needs to stay with her owner.”
-
-Scott Blais had flown in from Brazil, where he’d moved to run another elephant sanctuary. His dark hair was thinner than ever, and he’d gotten married a few years before. He came to testify, as he put it, on behalf of Tarra. He took the stand after lunch on the first day.
-
-“Did you view the sanctuary and its elephants to be yours?” Boston asked him.
-
-“No,” Blais replied. “The whole basis of a nonprofit organization is it’s not a personal possession. It’s not a personal business. It’s a nonprofit that is governed by a board of directors, and with that, there’s no personal possessions that is the result of the activity of the organization. We don’t own the land, we don’t own … the physical property, the barn, the vehicles.” And certainly not the elephants.
-
-In Blais’s view, Buckley had betrayed their once shared vision of how elephants should be cared for—as creatures whose most important relationships were with other elephants. “This is their permanent residence. This is their life, with or without us,” he said. “It’s about their life separate from any individual human. And I think, when I really ponder it now, this is the fundamental principle we really got right.”
-
-When Buckley took the stand, Yarbrough started to ask if at any time she had given Tarra to the sanctuary. Buckley interrupted before he could finish the question. “It’s unthinkable,” Buckley said. “I would *never* do that voluntarily. I devoted my whole life to this elephant. Why would I give her away?” 
-
-Buckley’s answers to other questions showed that, in her mind, the notion of ownership and what was in Tarra’s best interest were inextricably linked.
-
-“First of all,” Yarbrough asked, “do you love Tarra the elephant?”
-
-“Of course,” Buckley replied.
-
-“Do you want what’s best for her?”
-
-“I’ve always wanted what is only best for Tarra.”
-
-“If you were persuaded that the best thing for Tarra was to remain right where she is, that’s where you would leave her?”
-
-“I would leave her there in a minute.”
-
-“If you were persuaded that what was best for her was to go somewhere else, would you do that?”
-
- “I’d do that as well.”
-
-“Is that what this case is about?”
-
-“That’s what this case is about. The only way that I can assert my authority over making sure that Tarra is cared for at the highest level, every aspect of Tarra, not just her physical—her psychological, her mental, her emotional—the only way I can assert my authority is to…,” Buckley trailed off, then gathered herself to finish her thought.
-
-“If they won’t acknowledge that I own her,” she said, “I cannot have any say about how she’s cared for.”
-
-## **“I devoted my whole life to this elephant,” Buckley said. “Why would I give her away?”**
-
-**The trial lasted three days.** Other testimony focused on the sanctuary’s “disposition policy,” which states that an elephant resident can only be transferred out of the facility, including by its owner, if a veterinarian, the board, and the site’s directors deem it to be in the animal’s best interest.\* Boston argued that the policy applied to “all elephants” at the sanctuary, including Tarra. Even if the jury found that Buckley owned Tarra, the fact that her transfer hadn’t been recommended meant she should stay where she was. However, Yarbrough argued that the disposition policy was a moot point: It hadn’t existed when Tarra became the sanctuary’s first resident, he said, so it didn’t apply to her.
-
-It was sunny outside, a true spring day, when the judge sent the jury to deliberate. After three hours, they glumly filed back into the courtroom. Like the jurors in the first trial, they were deadlocked. “Go ahead and talk some more and see what you can do,” the judge told them. “We’ll be here. Just let us know what you decide.”
-
-Buckley panicked. She wasn’t sure she could face another mistrial—more money down the drain, more years without Tarra. Her lawyers and friends in the gallery who’d come to show support tried to calm her down. But she needed an answer.
-
-Around 20 minutes later, the jurors came back. One by one, the judge asked the foreperson about the counts in the case.
-
-“Do you unanimously find that the Elephant Sanctuary has proven, by clear and convincing evidence, that Carol Buckley made an irrevocable gift to the Elephant Sanctuary of the right to possess Tarra?” the judge asked.
-
-“The answer is no,” the foreperson said.
-
-“Do you unanimously find, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the Elephant Sanctuary maintains a policy that permanent residents of the sanctuary are not removable by their owners?”
-
-“The answer to that is yes.”
-
-“Do you unanimously find, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Ms. Buckley agreed to transfer Tarra under the same policy referenced in question two above, that Tarra is not removable by Ms. Buckley?”
-
-“The answer to that is no.”
-
-Buckley wasn’t sure what it all meant. It seemed like a legal jigsaw puzzle, and she couldn’t work it out. Wide-eyed, she turned to her counsel.
-
-“Did we win? What happened?” 
-
-“You won, Carol. Tarra’s coming home*.”* 
-
-Buckley began to cry. 
-
-![](https://magazine.atavist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Elephant-Refuge-7.jpg?is-pending-load=1)
-
-*V.*
-
-A fine rain was falling the November day in 2021 when Buckley arrived in Tennessee to retrieve Tarra. The wipers squawked a steady rhythm against the windshield of her Subaru as she pulled onto the property where, more than 25 years before, she’d seen such promise and possibility. But Buckley didn’t dwell on what could have been. Two months prior, her refuge in Georgia had welcomed its first elephant, a former circus performer named Bo. Now Buckley was bringing home its second resident, and the one who’d inspired its creation.
-
-The Elephant Sanctuary in Tennessee had appealed the verdict in Buckley’s favor, and for two more years legal papers had shuffled back and forth. An appeals court finally ruled in the summer of 2021 to uphold the verdict and deny the sanctuary its request for a new trial. What followed were months of wrangling over the details of Tarra’s transfer. There was paperwork to fill out, medical testing to conduct. Some details of the transfer were contentious. The sanctuary didn’t want Buckley to be present when Tarra was loaded into the trailer that would carry her to Georgia. Perhaps it wasn’t surprising that, in a battle that became as bitter as this one did, the end would be messy.
-
-Barred from the barn where keepers were preparing Tarra for her trip, Buckley and her lawyer sat in front of a closed-circuit television in the sanctuary’s sleek new veterinary building. On screen they watched as a semi pushed Tarra’s trailer through the mud, maneuvering its back entrance until it was nearly flush with the gate of an enclosure next to the barn. Buckley’s breath caught as Tarra walked into view. The footage was grainy, but she could see that the elephant had aged. Her legs seemed stiff. Her grooved gray hide sagged.
-
-Tarra had been off the road for 27 years. Near the trailer, she was visibly uneasy. Caregivers scattered a trail of hay on the ground leading to the ramp she’d have to climb to enter the vehicle. Predictably, the elephant followed the food, scooping it into her mouth with her trunk as she went. But when she reached the ramp, she hesitated. Gingerly, she placed her front legs onto it but would go no further. After a moment she backed up and paced the enclosure. Again sanctuary staff lured her with a trail of hay; again she refused to ascend the ramp. Her ears flared and she swayed back and forth. Tarra was growing stressed.
-
-C’mon girl, Buckley thought.
-
-By the time Tarra was penned inside the trailer, four hours had passed. Buckley watched as several caregivers lingered at the door, presumably saying goodbye. As they departed, one of them collapsed on the ground, sobbing. (The Elephant Sanctuary of Tennessee declined an interview request for this story. “The sanctuary is honored to have provided care for Tarra for 26 years, and we express gratitude for all the things she has taught us,” it said in a statement. “Tarra is truly missed every day and will always be a part of our family and our herd.”) 
-
-The semi roared to life. The trailer began to move. Buckley climbed back into her Subaru and followed Tarra off the property. A short distance away, the vehicles pulled over. Buckley wanted to make sure Tarra had enough food for the journey to Georgia. She also wanted to see her elephant.
-
-Tarra’s eyes were wide. All 9,700 pounds of her were contained in a steel cage. Buckley was glad to see her, but she also felt afraid of Tarra for the first time in her life. She wondered: Is this the same Tarra I knew? Has she changed? Will she remember me? Is she angry? Scared?
-
-Back on the road, the vehicles turned south. They sliced through the heart of Alabama, passing Birmingham and Montgomery. As the hours ticked by, Buckley kept her eyes on Tarra’s trailer.
-
-They arrived in Attapulgus at 11 p.m. under the glow of a full moon. The semi’s brakes hissed, then went quiet. Buckley got out of her car. To release Tarra from the trailer, she would have to unhook an interior gate. For a few seconds, she would be alone with the elephant without steel between them. Buckley would be vulnerable; if Tarra was upset, she could crush her. That couldn’t be how their story ended, could it? After all the struggle, the heartache? 
-
-Buckley gathered her nerve, and as fast as she could, she slid the gate open and stepped away from the trailer. Tarra didn’t charge. After a few long moments, she appeared in the doorway. She seemed deflated, exhausted. Her head drooped. With slow, heavy steps she eased onto the ramp and took in her surroundings. Standing to the side, Buckley watched apprehensively. 
-
-“How are you doing, honey?” she said softly. “It’s me.”
-
-Tarra turned her heavy head toward Buckley, and her sleepy eyes opened wide. She clambered off the truck and let loose a chorus of chirps and squeaks. It was like she was picking up a conversation with a close friend after years apart. Tarra reached her serpentine trunk toward Buckley, but Buckley shrank away. “Give me some time, honey,” she said. “I’m a little afraid of you right now.” 
-
-Despite all she’d learned about elephant behavior, Buckley couldn’t possibly know what the past ten years had been like for Tarra. Had she grieved? Had she moved on? Tarra slowly explored her new terrain. She used her trunk to touch sage grass and blackberry bushes. But she never strayed far from Buckley. They were both older now, a little slower. The arrogance of youth was tempered.
-
-After a few minutes, Tarra walked toward Buckley again. This time Buckley relaxed, and Tarra closed the last bit of distance between them. She slipped her trunk gently around Buckley’s waist and pulled her close.
-
-*Epilogue*
-
-Gusts of wind scraped clouds from the sky, leaving it fresh and blue. In a field of browning grass, Tarra ambled, an exotic interloper, incongruous with the region’s surrounding crops and cows. A black and white dog named Mala bounded her way. Tarra gave a low rumble you could feel more than hear. Mala, like Bella before her, had become the elephant’s close companion. But Mala’s arrival also signaled something else: Buckley was coming.
-
-A few minutes later, Buckley heaved into view on her four-wheeler. She cut the engine about 100 yards from Tarra and dismounted. Two rectangles of hay were strapped to the vehicle; a second dog, Samie, perched on the seat.
-
-“Hey, pumpkin,” Buckley called to the elephant.
-
-They walked toward each other, and when they met, Buckley patted Tarra’s shoulder. She inspected one of Tarra’s feet and her tail, talking all the while. “Mama’s here. How are you doing, girl?” she asked. Buckley scattered the hay for Tarra to eat and sat down on the grass to watch, her knees drawn to her chin. Mala and Samie wrestled and scampered, weaving between Tarra’s legs. Tarra was careful when she moved; a misstep would crush her canine friends in an instant.
-
-In three days it would be the one-year anniversary of Tarra’s arrival in Georgia. There had been challenges. Bo, the other elephant at the refuge, who had been in a circus before his owner handed him to Buckley in September 2021, was a six-ton mountain of a creature. With a broad, twin-domed head and sweeping tusks, Bo loomed over Tarra. When they first met, Bo came on strong. He was castrated, so it wasn’t about attraction; he’d once performed with a group of female elephants, and he was excited for companionship. Tarra was wary, and Bo gave her space. Tarra eventually sought him out and lifted her trunk to breathe in his scent. They both relaxed. Now, if Tarra made the first move, the elephants touched trunks and leaned on each other.
-
-For Buckley, the past year had brought some closure. When she won custody of Tarra, the court ordered the Elephant Sanctuary in Tennessee to pay trial costs worth tens of thousands of dollars. Buckley cut a deal. She agreed to cover the expenses herself in exchange for Tarra’s golden headdress and one of her roller skates, artifacts from the elephant’s performing days. The sanctuary had hung them at its welcome center in a display labeled “CAPTIVE.” A caption read, “\[Tarra\] worked for two decades in the circus at amusement parks and in the film industry. In 1995, she retired and became the first resident of The Elephant Sanctuary.” Buckley’s name was nowhere to be seen.
-
-After she was forced out of the Tennessee sanctuary, Buckley was derided in some animal rights circles for being “a circus girl.” Tarra’s days on roller skates had not aged well—to many elephant lovers they seemed crass, even abusive. But Buckley isn’t ashamed of her past. “I have no desire to change history,” she said. “Tarra enjoyed skating. The people who don’t think she did are the ones who never saw her skate.”
-
-Recently, Buckley got her hands on the chest she once towed Tarra’s skates around in. “That’s her baby stuff, her baby shoes,” Buckley said. She’s not sure what she’ll do with them yet—maybe set up a small display somewhere in California to memorialize Tarra’s early days.
-
-For all the fondness she feels toward Tarra and their shared story, Buckley firmly believes elephants belong in the wild. She opposes the importation of new elephants and the breeding of the nearly 400 elephants in American zoos. She cringes at the notion of an elephant being construed as someone’s property, but acknowledges that as long as the law sees them that way, already captive elephants should be placed in the best possible hands. Reintroducing them to Africa or Asia won’t work—the change would be too dramatic, too dangerous. Refuges are the only answer.
-
-If she met Tarra today, galumphing down a California street, Buckley would find her a place at a sanctuary. Then again, without Tarra, would Buckley know what such a thing is? Would one even exist in the U.S.? On every step of their journey together, Buckley said, Tarra led the way, guiding her toward a kind of enlightenment.
-
-Buckley would like to expand the refuge beyond Tarra and Bo, but the money isn’t pouring in. Partly that’s because of the drama surrounding her lawsuit against the sanctuary. But there’s also been a proliferation of elephant-related causes, sanctuaries, and charities around the world. A quarter of a century ago, Buckley was blazing a trail. Now she’s part of a crowd.
-
-Buckley is a little rueful about this, thrilled at the attention elephants now receive but skeptical that all the people working with them know what they’re doing, keep up with the latest research, spend money on the right things. Buckley knows, too, that some of the qualities of her personality that make her good with Tarra and other elephants—her stubbornness chief among them—can alienate fellow humans.
-
-In the field with Tarra, Buckley is at peace. There’s a cadence to their relationship they’ve both come to expect and rely on—daily rituals of feeding, roaming, and communicating. When Buckley heads home at the end of the day, she knows she’ll see Tarra again soon. She feels lucky. Maybe Tarra does, too.
-
-“See you, honey,” Buckley says.
-
-The elephant watches her go.
-
-*\*This story has been updated to elaborate on the terms of the sanctuary’s disposition policy.*
-
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-```button
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-^button-SavingtheHorsesofOurImaginationNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# Saving the Horses of Our Imagination
-
-THE HORSE wasn’t just skinny, she was skeletal. Not just thirsty, desperate. Alive, but just barely.
-
-When the scrawny filly wandered into Joey Ferris’ yard, he knew exactly where she had come from. Ferris was a lieutenant at the Mingo County Sheriff’s Office, where operators frequently fielded calls about horses like this. In addition to putting out food and water, he decided to use the opportunity to call attention to their ongoing plight.
-
-He began the video he uploaded to YouTube in 2017 with a matter-of-fact assessment: “Bad things are happening in Southern West Virginia.”
-
-“People get a horse,” Ferris says into the camera, eyebrows furrowed, “and they leave the horse on the strip mine.” 
-
-Behind him, the cumin-colored filly bowed toward a pan of water, her ombre tail flicking away dogged summer gnats. It had been a few weeks since this one had appeared on his property, he explained. Her ribs were once again beginning to disappear beneath her flesh, but the horse’s hip bones strained against her hide like a pair of blunt  arrowheads. “We’ve been feeding her really good, but she’s still bony.” 
-
-Ferris posted the video to his YouTube channel and called it *Abandoned Horses of WV Need Help*. But Ferris was also in need of assistance. The bony brown horse was content to hang out in his backyard for a meal or two, but she bolted at the first sign of a harness. So he forwarded the video to someone who might know what to do. 
-
-If anyone knew that West Virginia’s abandoned horses needed help, it was Tinia Creamer, who had been trying to get people to pay attention to the problem for years—in blog posts, presentations to politicians, and YouTube videos of her own. Creamer runs Heart of Phoenix, a West Virginia horse rescue about two hours north of Ferris’s home in the area known as the Southern Coalfields, where decades of strip-mining – removing mountaintops to access the minerals beneath – have turned the undulating topography into flat, grassy prairies ideal for grazing. The consolation prize: for years, locals took advantage of the newly available  space.  
-
-It was an informal system with implicit rules: Round up your horses in the winter, absolutely no stallions. But when the economy tanked in 2008, many in the region could no longer afford to feed their horses. And so they simply left them—even their stallions—on these sites, hopeful they would survive on the grass that mining companies were legally obligated to plant after operations had shut down. 
-
-> “People get a horse and they leave the horse on the strip mine.”
-> 
-> Joey Ferris, Mingo County Sheriff’s Office
-
-Within a decade, thousands of free-roaming horses were scratching out a living on abandoned and active strip mines across nine counties in Eastern Kentucky and four in southern West Virginia, while disagreements over the scope of the problem and how to solve it intensified. Some, like Creamer, maintained the horses were ill-equipped for the elements and needed to be removed. Others argued that all the horses needed was a little supplemental care—a salt block here, a hay bale there—and not only could they endure, they might actually become a point of pride for the region. Something beautiful in a beleaguered place. 
-
-Meanwhile, more horses were turned out. More horses were born. More horses died.   
-
-About a year before Creamer heard from Ferris, her organization responded to a call about another strip mine horse in need. The horse eventually known as Revenant was a deep chestnut with white feet, the front left of which hung uselessly, gruesomely fused in the shape of a hockey stick. His injury was old, perhaps caused by an encounter with a mine shaft or a collision with heavy machinery. Rejected by his herd, the horse had somehow dragged himself across the mountain to find food and water. 
-
-“It is beyond our scope of understanding how he is alive,” Creamer [later wrote](https://heartofphoenix.org/2016/03/12/revenant-a-mine-horse-with-a-destroyed-front-leg-from-west-virginia-heart-of-phoenix-equine-rescue/) of Revenant, his body thin and misshapen; it was hardly a question that he be euthanized. 
-
-But when Creamer watched Ferris’s video of the filly who would be named Phoebe, she knew this rescue would go differently. “A starving horse two weeks from death,” Creamer says, but young. “Age was greatly on her side.”
-
-Creamer figured that, like Revenant, Phoebe had also been rejected by her herd. At some point—perhaps weakened by parasites or too dependent on her mother’s milk—she had become a liability. Coyote bait. To drive her away, the other horses kicked her, bit her, or ran her down until the only logical thing for the filly to do was seclude herself. 
-
-But the complex social instinct that told Phoebe to hide also compelled her to seek companions, in this case a miniature pony that belonged to Ferris’s girlfriend. Phoebe was looking for a new herd. 
-
-Visiting Ferris and using that friendly pony as a lure, Creamer enticed Phoebe into a trailer and back to the rescue. A couple weeks after Ferris posted his video, Phoebe was off the mountain for good. 
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/KST_20221122_8957.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&ssl=1)
-
-Feral horses have gathered on decommissioned mines across Appalachia. But how to care for them is disputed. *Photo by Kristian Thacker*
-
-HEART OF PHEONIX is located a few miles north of Huntington, West Virginia, in the town of Lesage: a smattering of houses, a small grocery, and a hot dog stand perched on the banks of the Ohio River. The rescue currently houses about 40 horses, three of whom had been removed from strip mines.
-
-Gilligan was a two-week-old foal from Mingo County when he and his mother were hit by a car. No one could catch the feral mare, who escaped back into the mountains with a broken leg. But Gilligan was “so little and so hurt,” so much of his skin gone after a skid across the asphalt, that he was easy to capture. 
-
-Two years later, Gilligan plodded lazily across the rescue’s fields while nearby, helping himself at a round bale, was Mario, part of a bachelor herd of stallions HOP removed from an old strip mine in Martin County, Kentucky. “He’s still really tough to catch,” Creamer says, before pointing to a brown and white paint horse who came off the mountain—unbeknownst to anyone—in her 30-year-old mother’s belly, part of another roundup. Suri, they called her, short for surprise. 
-
-Creamer says HOP gets weekly calls from people worried about horses on old or active mines, but today the organization only responds to truly dire cases—injured animals or a nuisance horse in danger of being shot by fed-up locals. 
-
-“It’s very difficult, very costly, very time-consuming, and very unsafe for us to do it,” she says. There’s one other major hurdle: “There is nowhere for them to go.” 
-
-At 40 years old, Creamer has a mane of dark hair, glassy blue eyes, and a full-throated Appalachian accent that stretches her vowels like taffy. She knows it sounds made up but swears it’s true: her first word was *horsey*. Growing up in Lincoln County, West Virginia, Creamer amassed hundreds of Breyer horse models. By 11, her mom had enrolled her in riding lessons; by 14, she had a horse of her own. She spent her teenage years at auctions with her horse-trader grandfather, who also took her to the Kentucky Derby, where they watched from the infield.
-
-Horses were always there, in real life and in the stories her father used to tell, about growing up a “starving little boy with no daddy in Lincoln County, where having a horse was a luxury.” His voice still caught with emotion when he talked about the family mule that got shot for pilfering a neighbor’s garden, leaving his mother with no way to get to town, no way to pull firewood down from the hills. 
-
-But by adulthood, Creamer had moved on from horses and away from West Virginia. At 24, she was living in Florida with her husband and son—most of a literature degree under her belt and plans to become a novelist—when she had an epiphany. “I love West Virginia, I love it in a crazy, mad, ridiculous way,” she says. She missed her dad; she missed her five siblings. “I had to get back home.” Creamer returned to West Virginia in the waning days of 2006, intending to make a fresh start; instead, she got there just in time to say goodbye. 
-
-It was a rainy January night around 11 p.m. when a fire broke out at the six-story Emmons apartment building in downtown Huntington. Creamer’s 19-year-old brother Ben, 17-year-old sister Angel, and 14-year-old brother Quentin were inside. All three were killed. Sixteen years later, Creamer says the loss is “something you don’t get over.” 
-
-“You can kind of move on. You can kind of forget the person, almost. But what you never ever forget is who you were before it happened,” she tells me, as her painted nails tapped the picnic table. “That’s the selfishness of grief. You don’t forget who you were with those people.” The first year after her siblings’ deaths, Creamer was “a mummy,” but the next year, suddenly, she found herself wanting a horse. 
-
-“It was a piece of being a kid. What did I have as a kid? Those siblings and horses.”
-
-She only wanted one, a horse she could keep on the land she bought outside of town. She turned to Craigslist; it was 2009, a year into the country’s worst recession in a generation, and the online classifieds revealed the grisly fallout. 
-
-“You couldn’t log on there and *not* see horses starving to death or being given away everywhere,” she says.
-
-> “I remember saying ‘someone has to do something about this.’ And then I thought, ‘Oh no. It’s going to be me.’”
-> 
-> Tinia Creamer, Heart of Pheonix
-
-By 2010, Creamer had founded Heart of Phoenix, which she named after one of her first rescues – a neglected horse whose painful hoof condition made her impossible to save. Today, it is one of the largest equine rescue organizations in the world. 
-
-HOP was still a fledgling nonprofit in 2012 when Creamer learned about horses roaming old strip mines. Someone sent her an email with a picture of a horse “that looked like it had been set on fire.” The horse was located in Mingo County, the email said, could she help? When she wrote back asking for the owner’s name and the address, the person explained that the horse lived on the strip mine. Lots of them did, actually.
-
-Even 12 years later, her eyes still get wide recalling this moment. She decided to go see for herself. 
-
-They were out there all right. Herds teeming with emaciated horses, [some with hides marred by open wounds and lacerations](https://heartofphoenix.org/2015/07/25/the-feral-abandoned-and-managed-herds-of-horses-of-west-virginia-and-kentucky/), nosing for something to eat amid rocks and brush, breeding and in-breeding indiscriminately. Swarming local roadways to lick salt off the pavement. She knew even the healthy-looking horses were likely vitamin-deficient and full of worms. “They’re domestic animals. They are in no way designed to live out there,” she says.
-
-For Creamer – whose grandfather’s very currency was horses, whose father still got misty-eyed about a dead mule, whose own shattered life had been knitted back together by the gentle animals – the scene was surreal, shameful. There was only one thing to do: get these horses off the mountain. 
-
-She went looking for help online, but was instead met with hostility. In person, too, the locals weren’t keen on Creamer—being from the next county over made her an outsider—poking her nose in their business. “People in that part of West Virginia are very protective about what they do,” she says, and what they were doing, most argued, was grazing their horses on land nobody was using, old mines where their fathers and grandfathers had given the best years of their lives. 
-
-Others had grown fond of the herds, riding up the mountain on their ATVs every weekend to offer the animals bread or apples. 
-
-In their opinion, no, Creamer absolutely couldn’t take them off the mountain; these were somebody’s horses. *Their* horses. Some of them literally, but all of them figuratively. It may seem unreasonable but reason is frequently absent when it comes to our attitudes and actions toward animals. We introduce invasive species to fragile ecosystems, we breed dogs that cannot breathe, we swarm apex predators for the perfect photo. 
-
-We let our proclivity for beauty cloud our better judgment. It’s not a phenomenon exclusive to  Appalachia. We do this, all of us, *everywhere.*
-
-Creamer wasn’t just coming up against locals’ attachment to their horses, but a pernicious human tendency to confuse profound affection for animals with wisdom about what’s best for them. 
-
-Still, she persisted. She reached out to local politicians, the state’s humane society and the department of agriculture. Some offered sympathy, but nobody offered to help.  
-
-For the next four years, Creamer visited the area often, keeping a catalog of the horses she found. 
-
-In 2014, when the herds had grown into the thousands, it looked like her record-keeping might pay off. She was invited to speak at the annual combined shareholders meeting of the massive, mostly out-of-state [land corporations](https://wvpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/5/land-study-paper-final3.pdf) who collectively own huge swaths of southern West Virginia. EPA fines for not meeting reclamation milestones had compelled them to learn more about the feral horses sabotaging their efforts.  
-
-“These were some of the richest people in America,” Creamer thought, people with a vested interest, if not in the health of horses, then at least in the health of the land. She was hopeful they would provide funding for management. For 45 minutes she explained the size and severity of the problem, displaying a slideshow of the photos she had collected, photos of dead, injured, or starving horses.
-
-How much did they care?
-
-“Let me tell you how much,” she says, making a zero with her thumb and forefinger. “Whatever the EPA fined them was not comparable to what this sounded like it would cost. And probably it wasn’t.” 
-
-She couldn’t understand — she still can’t — why people were so unmoved to help, to even *admit* there was a problem. Couldn’t they see what she saw? 
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/KST_20221122_0167.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&ssl=1)
-
-Feral horses surround a truck on a dirt road in West Virginia. *Photo by Kristian Thacker*
-
-For a very long time, when people looked at a horse, they more or less saw the same thing: an implement of transportation, agriculture, or war. Domesticated about 6,000 years ago, horses allowed people to move farther and faster than ever before; they tilled fields and drove cattle, they carried men into battle and correspondence across a young country. In West Virginia, pit ponies worked alongside miners, hauling coal out of the bowels of blue mountains.
-
-But the connection between human and horse was never a mere partnership, not the sort of practical arrangement we shared with donkeys or oxen. 
-
-We etched them onto rock, painted them in caves and on canvas. We carved them out of marble, wrote classic novels about them. We braided their manes and [took them as dance partners](https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-57999120), set their likeness on rockers and placed them beside our babies’ cribs.   
-
-Modern machinery, of course, rendered the horse largely redundant. Tractors, trucks, and tanks could do work quicker and more efficiently. But that was hardly the end of the affair. 
-
-Today, only about [1.6 million American households own a horse](https://horsesonly.com/horse-industry/), which means the rest of us encounter horses in fleeting, fantastical glimpses. Horse-drawn carriages on city streets, Super Bowl commercials with neighing Clydesdales, and a julep-soaked Saturday in May when TVs in bars across the country turn to “the greatest two minutes in sports.” 
-
-These beasts of burden no longer carry *actual* burdens; instead they bear an arguably heavier load—raw human emotion. Romance, nostalgia, glory. For so-called wild horses, we have reserved our most precious sentiments: those of America itself. 
-
-“They are freedom, they are independence,” reporter David Phillips writes in his book *Wild Horse Country.* “They are the ragtag misfits defying incredible odds.”
-
-But there are more than a few holes in our mythology. First of all, in the United States there’s [no such thing as a wild horse](https://www.hcn.org/blogs/range/feral-vs-wild-horses)—not genetically, because all horses today are descendants of domesticated stock—and not in any literal sense of the word either. The country’s remaining populations of feral horses don’t defy odds so much as they rely on humans to even the playing field for them. We may no longer need horses, but we certainly like having them around—and have gone to great lengths to make it so. 
-
-For instance, perhaps the country’s most famous herd of feral horses, Virginia’s Chincoteague Ponies, are carefully tended by a local volunteer fire department, using funds raised in an annual auction of the island’s foals. The 150 or so horses, made famous by Marguerite Henry’s beloved children’s book, *Misty of Chincoteague*, are kept safe from their adoring fans with barbed wire and receive regular, year-round veterinary care. 
-
-On North Carolina’s Outer Banks, herds of feral horses are managed by state and federal agencies as well as a handful of nonprofits. The horses are monitored for diseases and cordoned off from a busy roadway, their populations kept in check through adoptions and sterilization. 
-
-But the powerful emotional connection that compels us to preserve these animals often leads to controversy around what good management means. Out West, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has been at odds for decades with activists chronically upset about its handling of the region’s thousands of mustangs. Since the 1970s, in an attempt to maintain equilibrium between land and animal, the agency has rounded up more than 300,000 horses in helicopter-driven spectacles that critics call brutal and [inherently inhumane.](https://americanwildhorsecampaign.org/media/nbc-news-cruel-or-necessary-true-cost-wild-horse-roundups-0) According to Phillips, “the United States has nearly as many wild horses in captivity as it has in the wild.”
-
-The East Coast herds are also no stranger to conflict. Both the Humane Society and [PETA](https://www.delmarvanow.com/story/news/local/virginia/2018/08/05/chincoteagues-herd-management-method-not-unusual/892463002/) have urged the Chincoteague Volunteer Fire Department to change or cancel its annual “pony penning,” in which horses are driven to swim across a narrow channel that separates their island from the town. 
-
-Feral horse management isn’t just controversial — it’s also expensive. The BLM Wild Horse and Burro Program has an annual budget of more than $100 million, more than double the West Virginia Department of Agriculture’s, and more than 1,000 times Heart of Phoenix’s.
-
-Given the emotion and ambivalence wrapped up in our notions of horses, maybe it’s no surprise that Tinia Creamer’s calls for help were answered with a mute paralysis. And even if a unified vision for handling the horse crisis in Appalachia was to emerge, it wasn’t like there was money to do anything about it. The counties in question are among the poorest and most isolated in the country. Here, locals are waging a multi-front war against addiction, joblessness, and crumbling infrastructure. Feral horses just weren’t on the docket. 
-
-But as the herds grew, grim stories appeared in local papers. [Hungry horses](https://www.horseillustrated.com/horse-news-2015-07-the-stray-horses-of-eastern-kentuckys-coal-mines) chewing the siding off of houses, ripping up landscaping, and [causing car accidents](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/02/10/stray-horses-a-growing-problem-in-kentucky/23199035/). [In 2016](https://www.wcpo.com/news/state/state-kentucky/in-parts-of-kentucky-horses-set-free-to-roam-wilderness-in-winter), three stallions were found shot to death on a decommissioned strip mine in Johnson County, Kentucky. 
-
-And in 2019, 20 horses were shot in Floyd County, Kentucky, the majority pregnant mares, a story that was picked up by [the *New York Times*](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/20/us/horses-shot-death-Kentucky.html). The site of the killing was so remote [there wasn’t a company](https://www.courier-journal.com/story/money/louisville-city-living/2020/01/30/kentucky-horse-shooting-survivors-rehabilitate-human-society-farm/4468324002/) the county could pay to remove the carcasses.
-
-Suddenly, a new narrative threatened to calcify — one that warped locals’ long-held affection for the horses into something negligent, even malicious. That’s when efforts emerged to recast the animals into a new role, from ecological crisis to tourist attraction. 
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/KST_20221122_9010.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&ssl=1)
-
-Technically, all feral horses in the United States are descended from domesticated stock. True wild horses no longer exist. *Photo by Kristian Thacker*
-
-I MET Marsha Thompson, the woman who would introduce me to the “mountain horses of Kentucky” — as the [Air BnB experience](https://www.airbnb.com/experiences/1966507) I booked described them — at the Quicksand Fire Station in Breathitt County. It had been just two months since the summer’s catastrophic floods killed 46 people across six counties in Eastern Kentucky, including Breathitt, in an event the [National Weather Service called](https://www.weather.gov/jkl/July2022Flooding) “historically unheard of.” On a Saturday in September, families were still arriving at the fire station to pick up food and packages of bottled water. 
-
-Thompson was in mid-recovery herself; she and her dogs were staying with her pastor while repairs were made on her house, which was inundated with eight feet of water during the disaster. It’s the second time in two years her home has flooded, but she has no plans to relocate.  
-
-As we inched our way up the mountain in her Toyota Rav4, Thompson was ready with stories about the area’s history as well as her own as a “horse-crazy” girl growing up in Iowa. A retired nurse who’s lived in the county for 40 years, Thompson had a friend who grazed his horses on the old mine above town, but she didn’t realize how many animals lived up there until she started volunteering with the [Appalachian Horse Project](https://appalachianhorseproject.org/history-of-free-roaming-horses).
-
-Founded in 2016, AHP is led by Ginny Grulke, the former executive director of the Kentucky Horse Council, a nonprofit dedicated to the state’s equine community. She was serving in that capacity in 2014 when the governor’s office reached out to see if she might know what to do about the feral horses in Eastern Kentucky. The animals were becoming a nuisance, waylaying coal companies’ half-hearted reclamation efforts and overgrazing the land. But the investigative committee formed to find a solution was hamstrung; the state didn’t want to invest money in managing the horses, and the alternatives would create bad press. 
-
-“We have a national reputation as \[the\] horse capital of the world,” Grulke says. “The last thing we wanted to do was round up horses and euthanize them.” And there was another challenge: the free-roaming horses were beloved, and visiting them was a popular and pleasant way to spend a Saturday afternoon.
-
-“We thought we had a negative situation we had to contain, but that flipped pretty quickly,” Grulke remembers. “Instead we thought maybe this could actually be an opportunity to benefit the community.” So AHP put a formal name on an effort already underway, working with locals who had been cataloging and caring for the horses for years, just as Creamer was in West Virginia. In 2019, AHP started offering tours as a way to raise money to care for the horses and encourage economic activity [in a county where](https://www.arc.gov/income-and-poverty-in-appalachia/) a third of residents live below the poverty line.  
-
-It wasn’t a completely novel idea. Not only is horse tourism big business in other parts of the country but investing in large, charismatic animals has worked in Kentucky before. Between 1997 and 2002, the state reintroduced about 1,500 elk—a long-extinct native animal—onto former strip mines in the same part of the state. Today the herd numbers in the thousands and activities like elk-watching and hunting have created hundreds of jobs and provided a modest but meaningful infusion of cash into a local economy that desperately needed it. Elsewhere in Appalachia, strip mines had been creatively repurposed into tourism-generating campgrounds and [ATV parks](https://www.minemadepark.com/).
-
-Thompson and I stepped out of her SUV at a site with all three—a campground, an ATV park, and an elk-viewing station. It’s been more than 30 years since mining wrapped up at Southfork Elk View Recreational Area. From the rusty lookout at the apex of the park, Thompson showed me the dramatic impact mining had on the land. We looked north and saw some of the oldest mountains in the world. We looked west and saw the landscape ironed flat, mountaintops missing and valleys filled in, all of it wrapped in dusty coal-hauling roads that today host scores of ATVs. Their whining engines were a soundtrack of the afternoon.  
-
-Five minutes later we’d taken one of those roads into the heart of the park, where we found two AHP volunteers — Shauneece Brandenburg, holding a spent deworming syringe, and Deronda Southard, holding a camera — and a group of 10 or so horses. 
-
-Renegade was the first horse I met. The color of black coffee, his mane was so choked with burrs that it was twisted into green dreadlocks. I arrived unarmed with snacks, but he frisked me anyway – my fingers, my phone, my notebook, my hair – with a nose soft like flower petals. I was delighted by his presence but also a little wary; Renegade was all hulking, twitching muscles.
-
-“He’s chilling out,” Brandenburg says, as if she’s sensed my reticence. “His hormone levels are dropping.” The women explained that Renegade was one of seven stallions castrated in AHP’s spring gelding clinic. There are about 500 free-roaming horses in Breathitt County and getting the population under control is the organization’s biggest challenge, made apparent by the number of pregnant mares that amble up to us as we talk. 
-
-Brandenburg and Southard know each of these horses well, and visit every weekend —  for 12 and 7 years, respectively — delivering mineral blocks and hay, tracking each animal’s development and health like some people monitor their fantasy football teams. AHP volunteers were the first to arrive after the floods. If they hadn’t, Brandenburg says, “there would be a lot of dead horses up here.”
-
-Many of the horses on this mountain technically belong to someone, but that doesn’t matter to them. 
-
-“They’re *my* horses. They’re—every one—mine.” Southard says, joking but not really. “I don’t care who they belong to. And Shauneece will say they’re hers.”
-
-“We’re lucky to have them,” Brandenburg adds. 
-
-Soon, more cars arrived, a combination of volunteers and visitors, and suddenly the pasture around us was filled with dozens of horses. They walked, trotted, and galloped through stands of chicory and thistle, arriving from every direction, knowing by now that the crunch of tires meant food. They were rewarded with carrots and cookies and popcorn held out on outstretched hands beneath adoring faces. The scene was chaotic: foals whinnied for their mothers and stallions scrapped over space while the women hollered back and forth about who was looking better than last time, who needed extra attention.  
-
-It was beautiful and beguiling and standing there I was filled with questions. Is this safe for humans? Is it right for horses? Could tourism really be the way to solve this crisis?  
-
-Even Tinia Creamer, who for years argued against using the horses as tourist attractions, has softened her stance on the issue. “There is some value in glamorizing them because it would make them valuable.” She says that as successive generations are born feral, they’re getting better at facing the elements.  
-
-“But it’s a wonderful life until it isn’t,” she warns. “There’s not a single horse out there that stays in that life. It can look like the most beautiful thing you’ve ever seen. But next year, it could be emaciated, leg broken, hit by a car.” And just because a horse *looks* healthy doesn’t mean it is. Creamer says most of the horses HOP has rescued from strip mines were malnourished, full of parasites and decaying teeth. 
-
-“The land looks lush and green, but it’s mostly actually weeds,” she says. “The [water sources are all toxic](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47165522). They don’t like you to say that around here, but they are.”
-
-After a decade-plus of inaction on the parts of state governments and land companies, Creamer now thinks tourism could be a last-ditch avenue for management, with the right precautions. 
-
-“It’s not a hopeless situation with proper intervention. But until you see it and you know this area and the land and the whole story, it’s impossible to give me a solution.”
-
-A visit to Kentucky demonstrates why locals feel so strongly about these horses, beings also forging lives on the literal scraps of the coal industry, making do with little, surviving in places others have written off. 
-
-Driving up and down the mountain was its own tour, the aftermath of industrial abandonment and natural disaster. Tree branches filled with things that belong in houses: a comforter, a dresser, a race car bed, and houses emptied or stripped to the studs, mountains of wet belongings piled in front yards. Beside many homes sat tents, neon oranges and reds that stood out against the green hillside.
-
-“They’ve lost so much already,” Thompson says of those living in tents. “They’re worried if they leave, someone will come and steal the little bit they have left.”
-
-*Ragtag misfits defying incredible odds.* David Phillips was describing mustangs when he wrote that line, but the same could be said about the people of Appalachia. As I watched the small crew on a mountaintop admiring seemingly irrepressible animals and another small crew in the valley clearing furniture from a creek that will surely flood again, the two scenes called to mind something else Phillips wrote about the wild horses of our imagination: 
-
-“They are what we tell ourselves we are, and what we aspire to be.” 
-
-Soon after arriving at the rescue, Phoebe went from a starving, “pathetic” horse weeks from death to a quirky, curious animal, according to Creamer. “A big dork with gigantic ears.” She grew until she was 17 hands at the shoulder — about five feet, seven inches – a size to match her gigantic ears. 
-
-After a year in rescue, Phoebe went to stay with Adam Black, a horse trainer outside Columbus, Ohio. For 100 days, he worked to get Phoebe ready for HOP’s annual competition and adoption event, the [Appalachian Trainer Face Off](https://appalachiantrainerfaceoff.com/), in which previously unhandled animals are transformed by volunteer trainers into adoptable, ready-to-take-home horses. 
-
-Black says working with feral horses presents unique challenges. “They’re hypersensitive to body language, eye contact, how you face them,” he explains. “It’s that predator-prey mentality. Years of survival have taught them that.” For the first few weeks in Black’s care, Phoebe’s past as a feral horse was on full display. “She was very concerned with her personal bubble,” he remembers, “she wasn’t convinced she needed people in her life.”
-
-Eventually, Phoebe relaxed, her “mule-y, long ears” softened, and Black could slip a harness over her nose. Then a lead. Then a saddle. Then a rider. Then a rider with a pistol who shot balloons while Phoebe dashed confidently. She met dogs and cattle and kids and went for long trail rides at crowded parks. 
-
-Phoebe finished third at the event, and was adopted by Lisa Quinlan, a 57-year old bookkeeper and longtime horse owner who lives outside Akron. Among Quinlan’s other two horses, Phoebe asserted her dominance. A fearsome kick allowed her to establish a new pecking order. The mare once rejected by her band is now the “top notch girl in the field, the head horse.” 
-
-With the humans, though, Phoebe was slower to acclimate, aloof and difficult to catch. When Quinlan initially tried to pet her or put her on a lead, Phoebe would just walk away. “She was a tough nut.” Quinlan recalls. 
-
-It took about a year, but now when Quinlan walks out into the field, the giant horse with big ears comes running. When she sees her owner at the fence line, Phoebe lets out a contented whinny. “She really likes us,” Quinlan says with a smile that comes through the phone. “She wants us to be a part of her herd.”
-
-Five years after she wandered into a good Samaritan’s backyard, Phoebe has exactly what she came down the mountain to find. 
-
-But thousands more just like her remain.
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IMG_2995-1-1-1.jpg?resize=742%2C1024&ssl=1)
-
-## Ashley Stimpson
-
-Ashley Stimpson (she/her) is a freelance journalist based in Maryland. Her work has appeared in Longreads, Nat Geo, WIRED, Popular Mechanics, Field & Stream, and elsewhere. She is a staff writer for Belt Magazine.
-
-*This story was made possible by the support of **Sunday Long Read subscribers** and publishing partner **Ruth Ann Harnisch**. All photos by **Kristian Thacker for The Sunday Long Read.** Edited by **Peter Bailey-Wells**. Designed by **Anagha Srikanth**.*
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
----
-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.03 News/Scenes From the Knives-Out Feud Between Barbara Walters and Diane Sawyer.md b/00.03 News/Scenes From the Knives-Out Feud Between Barbara Walters and Diane Sawyer.md
index a3ff5382..413bbabf 100644
--- a/00.03 News/Scenes From the Knives-Out Feud Between Barbara Walters and Diane Sawyer.md	
+++ b/00.03 News/Scenes From the Knives-Out Feud Between Barbara Walters and Diane Sawyer.md	
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ---
 
 Alias: [""]
-Tag: ["🎭", "🇺🇸", "📖", "💥"]
+Tag: ["🎭", "🇺🇸", "📺", "💥"]
 Date: 2024-05-05
 DocType: "WebClipping"
 Hierarchy:
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ CollapseMetaTable: true
 ---
 
 Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: 🟥
+Read:: [[2024-07-16]]
 
 ---
 
@@ -83,8 +83,6 @@ If someone had built to order the woman most likely to set off Barbara Walters,
 
 Now Diane and her booker, **Mark Robertson,** were pursuing them, too; he was every bit as aggressive as Barbara, sometimes enabling Diane to stay above the fray. But to her surprise and dismay, Diane discovered ABC had no system to allocate prospective subjects, like the one that was used at *60 Minutes* to maintain some order among the famously competitive correspondents there. At ABC, it was a free-for-all. Whoever could land a big guest got them.
 
-L-R: in 1993, 1990, and 2014.L-R: by Ron Galella/Ron Galella Collection/Getty Images; By Bettmann/Getty Images; by Noam Galai/WireImage/Getty Images.
-
 Barbara welcomed Diane to ABC by trying to steal the first guest from her new show.
 
 Thomas Root was at the center of a headline-grabbing mystery. On July 13, 1989, the communications lawyer took off from Washington National Airport in his Cessna 210 Centurion, flying to North Carolina to meet some clients. He radioed he was having trouble breathing; later, he would report he blacked out. The single-engine plane was tailed by military jets and helicopters as it headed down the Eastern Seaboard on autopilot for nearly four hours and eight hundred miles. When it ran out of fuel and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near the Bahamas, Root bobbed to the surface and rescuers managed to pull him into a raft. Oh, and this: He had an unexplained gunshot wound in his stomach.
diff --git a/00.03 News/She Made $10,000 a Month Defrauding Apps like Uber and Instacart. Meet the Queen of the Rideshare Mafia.md b/00.03 News/She Made $10,000 a Month Defrauding Apps like Uber and Instacart. Meet the Queen of the Rideshare Mafia.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0816aa24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/00.03 News/She Made $10,000 a Month Defrauding Apps like Uber and Instacart. Meet the Queen of the Rideshare Mafia.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+---
+
+Tag: ["🚔", "📈", "🌐", "💸"]
+Date: 2024-07-15
+DocType: "WebClipping"
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp: 2024-07-15
+Link: https://www.wired.com/story/priscila-queen-of-the-rideshare-mafia/
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+
+---
+
+Parent:: [[@News|News]]
+Read:: 🟥
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-MeettheQueenoftheRideshareMafiaNSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# She Made $10,000 a Month Defrauding Apps like Uber and Instacart. Meet the Queen of the Rideshare Mafia
+
+To understand Priscila Barbosa—the pluck, the ambition, the sheer balls—we should start at the airport. We should start at the precise moment on April 24, 2018, when she concluded, *I’m fucked*.
+
+Barbosa was just outside customs at New York’s JFK International Airport, 5-foot-1, archetypally pretty even without her favorite Instagram filter. She was flanked by two rolling suitcases stuffed with clothes and Brazilian bikinis and not much else. The acquaintance who had invited her to come from Brazil on a tourist visa, who was going to drive her to Boston? The one who promised to help her get settled, saying that she could make good money like he did, driving for Uber and Lyft?
+
+He’s not answering her texts.
+
+Barbosa was stranded. She cried. She took stock of her belongings: the suitcases, her iPhone, 117 bucks not just in her wallet, but total. She called her mom back in Brazil, but she already knew that her family couldn’t pay for a ticket home. No way was she asking her friends, who had doubted this plan all along; one said she was too old to start over in a new country and, with a whiff of class judgment, insinuated that immigrating was not something their social circle really *did*.
+
+What now?
+
+Well, Barbosa has a phoenix tattooed on her back. She radiates a game sense of *What can I say yes to today?* The type of person who, when she and a pal don’t want to splurge on a fancy hotel during a girls trip, swipes right on every guy on Tinder until one joins their bar-crawl and invites them to sleep on his boat. (Says a friend: “Priscila is craaaazy.”) The US government would one day put it more grandly, speaking of Barbosa’s “unique social talents,” calling her “hard-working,” “productive,” and “very organized.”
+
+She knew there was no going back to Brazil but also, deep down, that she didn’t want to, that opportunity was *here*. “I loved this place”—the US—from nearly the moment she stepped off the plane, she declares. She was 32 years old, college educated, and spoke decent English. She had no choice but to work her way out of this mess.
+
+Barbosa couldn’t have predicted where her striving would end: that she’d become the heavy in a web of fraud. That she’d expose the [gig economy’s](https://www.wired.com/tag/gig-economy/) embarrassing blind spot. That, one day, multibillion-dollar companies like [Uber](https://www.wired.com/tag/uber/) and [DoorDash](https://www.wired.com/story/gig-economy-uber-lyft-doordash-jeffrey-fang/) would cry victim. *Her* victim. Or that she’d fall so far, or that her relationship with Uncle Sam would grow so deeply twisted and codependent.
+
+She did know, that day at JFK Airport, that her doubters back in Brazil would only see one plotline on Instagram: Priscila’s march to victory. Taking a $10 Lyft to a bus station, eyes still puffy from her airport cry, Barbosa aimed her iPhone at the traffic speeding across the Throgs Neck Bridge on a clear spring day. She labeled the video “New York, New York,” and uploaded it onto her Story, ripe with the promise that she was heading somewhere big.
+
+In real life, Barbosa is candid (“I’m a bad liar”). She drops self-deprecating jokes and lets loose big, jagged laughs that sound like a car trying to start. She grew up in Sorocaba, an industrial city of 723,000 people about two hours west of São Paolo. Her dad was an electrician, mom a postal worker. They set their eldest daughter on a path “to be a very educated and polite person”—English lessons and ballet classes. Barbosa loved to mess around on computers. As a teen, she kitted out her home PC with a terabyte of memory and an Nvidia processor so she could play *Counter-Strike* and *World of Warcraft*. She also hung out at a local cyber café, where she and a few other gamers formed a tournament team called the BR Girls (“BR” for Brazil). Offscreen, high school was miserable. She was bullied for being a teacher’s pet, for being “chunky,” for being terrible at sports. When a few boys showed romantic interest in her, she turned them down for fear it was a prank.
+
+Barbosa studied IT at a local college, taught computer skills at elementary schools, and digitized records at the city health department. She also became a gym rat (“I’ve had to fight for the perfect body my whole life”) and started cooking healthy recipes. In 2013, she spun this hobby into a part-time hustle, a delivery service for her ready-made meals. When orders exploded, Barbosa ramped up to full-time in 2015, calling her business Fit Express. She hired nine employees and was featured in the local press. She was making enough to travel to Walt Disney World, party at music festivals, and buy and trade bitcoin. She happily imagined opening franchises and gaining a solid footing in the upper-middle class.
+
+But Brazil was in the middle of a recession, and after a few years, her customers started disappearing. Trying to stay afloat, Barbosa cashed out her bitcoin and, when that wasn’t enough, took out high-interest loans (“What a stupid idea, by the way”). She closed Fit Express. Her younger sister had just graduated from college, and her parents had lost their bakery, their retirement gig. Barbosa felt it was up to her to pull everyone out.
+
+She texted that Boston-area acquaintance about her desperation, and he answered: *Why didn’t she move to the US and drive for Uber and Lyft?* He sent her screenshots of what he was making—$250 a day, better than attorney-level money in Brazil. He said undocumented people could live like normal citizens. She already had a tourist visa. With her family broke and her job search going nowhere, “I couldn't see any other option,” she says.
+
+A one-way ticket to JFK cost nearly $900. She sold a ring from her grandpa for $1,000. At the airport, her father tried to cut through the family’s gloom, saying, “Rock out, and get a Mustang for Dad!”
+
+A flight across the equator later, and the momentary meltdown at JFK shaken off, Barbosa hurtled north from New York City to Boston on a Peter Pan bus, fervidly scrolling through Facebook groups dedicated to Massachusetts' large Brazilian community, tapping out DMs and dialing numbers. A Brazilian pizzeria owner told her to come in for a try-out the next day. A Brazilian landlord, who had a tiny room in a flophouse in the western burb of Framingham, said he would take the $400 rent once Barbosa got paid. A shot-in-the-dark call: a Brazilian guy from Boston whom she’d met years before on vacation in Miami. Miraculously, he not only answered but met her at South Station, let her stay the night, and ferried her the next morning to the pizzeria, where she aced the cooking test.
+
+The first night at the flophouse, Barbosa slept on the floor. The second, a Walmart air mattress. She shoved magazines below the door to keep out the rats (“Disgusting!”). Without a car, she walked an hour to the pizza joint, past strip malls and Brazilian bakeries. On the way, she’d stop at Planet Fitness to lift weights and use the shower. (She welcomed the side effect of all the survival schlepping: “The most skinny I ever got!”)
+
+Barbosa was earning about $800 in cash a week at the pizzeria. Aiming to pay down her debts and build her new life quickly, she looked for a second part-time job. One restaurant manager said he needed her to have a Social Security number, and handed her the number of a guy who could make her fake work documents, but Barbosa didn’t dare call. “When you first get here,” she explains, “you think ICE is going to be waiting for you on every single corner.” She tried cleaning houses but lasted exactly two days, loathing every second. Then the pizzeria got slow for the summer and laid her off. Scrolling Facebook in bed one morning, she saw a post in a Brazilian group asking: *Do you want to work for Uber/ Lyft and be your own boss?*
+
+Barbosa quite enjoyed being her own boss. Working for other people since arriving in the States had felt like a necessary but major downgrade. She also finally had a car, having financed a used Jeep Liberty after a couple months of work. When she called the listed number in the ad, the guy who answered told her that, for $250 a week, she could rent an Uber driver account. It would have Barbosa’s photo, her car, and her bank account, but would use another name. Barbosa didn’t ask any questions. She says she didn’t know exactly how she was skipping right over the app’s onboarding requirements: a US driver’s license, a year of driving experience in the US, a Social Security number, and a background check. She did know that she cleared $2,000 in her first week, enough to stop worrying about another job.
+
+Illustration: Michelle Mildenberg
+
+Not long after she started, Uber deactivated Barbosa’s account out of the blue. So she switched to renting one on Lyft from the same guy. Now she drove as “Shakira.” When the Lyft app prompted Barbosa to confirm her identity by scanning her license, she texted the guy she was renting from: *What now?* He sent back a photo of Shakira’s ID. *Oh. She was real.* He paid Shakira a fee each week.
+
+Driving without a license, under the table on a tourist visa, loaded Barbosa with stress. One night, Barbosa picked up a passenger at 2 am and he tried to kiss her. She had to fight him off and left him one star on the app; she didn’t want to risk calling the cops. Another time, she was pulled over for having her lights off. Barbosa froze as the officer strode up to her window, worried she might get her car towed and end up in jail, or even—who knows?—deported. She showed the cop her Brazilian driver’s license, and said she’d left her American one at home. He let her go.
+
+In WhatsApp groups, and while waiting for riders at Logan Airport, Barbosa chatted up other Brazilian drivers also renting accounts. They traded tips about driving without papers, the nuances of the fuzzy don’t-ask-don’t-tell status quo in a country that hasn’t passed comprehensive immigration reforms in more than three decades. Far from an ICE officer on every corner, she heard, if you kept your head down, didn’t drink and drive or pick fights, you could manage.
+
+In October, Barbosa posted a humblebrag on Instagram to mark six months in the US: “Thankful every day that I had such courage and audacity.” She had reasons to be proud: From being stranded with $117 at JFK, she’d moved into a better apartment and had already sent enough money back to Brazil to pay her parents’ bills and nearly clear her own debts. She was buying clothes at TJ Maxx, perfume at Macy’s, restarting her regimen of technicolor manicures and wrinkle-busting Botox (“a priority”). In another Instagram photo, she was holding her cocktail aloft and dancing with a giant furry bear at a club, kissing toward the camera. The post quoted the iconic Apple ad: “Here’s to the crazy ones, the misfits, the rebels …”
+
+The six-month anniversary also meant Barbosa was officially overstaying her tourist visa. The grind continued. She was clocking 14-hour days on Uber. She was also still paying a middleman just to use an account. Then, that fall, Barbosa stumbled on a way out.
+
+One of her customers left their wallet in her car. She followed the woman’s convoluted instructions to return it, driving to two far-flung locations over two hours. Miffed, at one point Barbosa opened the wallet. She looked at the woman’s license, blonde with blue eyes. Barbosa snapped a picture. She thought the woman might tip her or at least say “thank you” for having wasted two hours, unpaid, to do her a favor. Instead, the woman was rude and short, giving Barbosa the push she’d been looking for. “I said, yeah, now I’m going to use this.”
+
+Over the next few weeks, she would click through the driver onboarding process on both Uber and Lyft, reading over the steps to create her own account, mulling the risk. Finally, lying in bed on Christmas night, the first one she’d spent without her family, it was time: She opened her phone and scrolled to the blonde woman’s license. Barbosa uploaded the license to the Uber app. She used the woman’s name but her own insurance and registration. She entered her own iCloud email and phone number and set her own picture—brown hair, brown eyes—on the driver profile. She made up a Social Security number, submitted the application, and went to sleep.
+
+The next day, Uber approved the account. Like that, Barbosa was in business for herself.
+
+“I looove to party,” Barbosa once wrote me during the year and a half that we talked and emailed. For her, going out is less a dalliance than a birthright, Barbosa’s wildly extroverted brand of self-care. “I’m a human being, too,” she says, “I deserve to have fun.”
+
+On Fridays, as other drivers shared their earnings in the WhatsApp group, she’d post a pic of her fresh pineapple vodka cocktail and invite them to join her at happy hour. Barbosa headed to bars and clubs several nights a week—the Grand, Scorpion Bar, the Harp, Ned Devine’s, Royale—and threw parties at her apartment. She thrived on meeting other Brazilians (“I hate to be alone”), plugging their numbers into her phone, asking what they did for work.
+
+A few incident-free weeks after Barbosa started driving with the Uber account she’d made, a new business opportunity arose. An acquaintance asked Barbosa to find a renter for his Uber and Lyft accounts, which he wasn’t using. (Some undocumented drivers traveled to states like Maryland and California, which would issue licenses to residents regardless of immigration status. Barbosa would soon get her own license, using a friend’s address in California.) She scouted a candidate, and the acquaintance gave her a cut of the rent, $50 a week. She soon did the same for a few other people she knew who also wanted to rent out their accounts—a popular side hustle among expats, she quickly realized. Voilà, $300 in passive income a week.
+
+One day, while chatting over barbecue and Mike’s Hard Lemonade at one of her house parties, a friend mentioned that for whatever reason, the onboarding process for ride-sharing accounts seemingly couldn’t verify Social Security numbers issued after June 2011, when the Social Security Administration changed the way it assigned the numbers.
+
+After the party, Barbosa couldn’t resist; she plugged a few random sequences into ssn-verify.com, a website that shows when a number was issued. She tried one that started 776-94. *Bingo.* Maybe assigned after 2011. She entered the combination while making a new driver account. When Checkr, a company that does background checks for Uber, emailed asking for her to verify the number, Barbosa says she simply plugged it in again. Then Checkr sent whatever information it gathered to Uber, and Uber approved the account. (A source close to Checkr insists that the company could, in fact, do background checks using numbers assigned after 2011, and Social Security numbers are just one data point they use to find information. All Barbosa knows is, in that era, her trick worked.)
+
+Barbosa also met people with pictures of real licenses to sell, and she spotted another opportunity: By buying a license and adding in her simple Social Security trick, Barbosa could create new driver accounts on Uber and Lyft en masse. She set rent at the price she’d previously paid, $250 a week. Business took off. Word got around; more people pinged her WhatsApp, wanting their own profiles. By late summer, with some eight renters bringing her $2,000 a week, Barbosa stopped driving. Now she spent her days at her dining table on her laptop, concocting accounts.
+
+“It never, never crossed my mind that I was, like, being a criminal,” Barbosa says.
+
+Photograph: Tony Luong
+
+Barbosa figured she had gotten lucky on her own slapdash Uber account that she’d hatched on Christmas. Now, when she found a client, she registered a burner phone number on TextNow and an encrypted email with Proton Mail. Uber seemed to have gotten more discerning, so if her customer looked nothing like the person on the driver’s license, she photoshopped the customer’s face in place of the original. That way, when the app prompted them to take a selfie as a security spot check, they would pass. She also photoshopped the name from the license onto the customer’s insurance documents. Ever organized, Barbosa kept an Excel spreadsheet with each account’s details. In her Apple Notes, she checked off clients once they Venmoed or Zelled her the weekly rent.
+
+“It never, never crossed my mind that I was, like, being a criminal,” Barbosa says. Sure, she would learn that her suppliers were getting the driver’s license photos on the dodgy down-low. One guy was sneaking pictures of customer’s IDs from his job at a car dealership. Other pictures were bought off the dark web. Some people in the underground driver’s license economy in Maryland or California would snap a photo of the licenses before mailing them to their out-of-state immigrant clients, and then rent or sell those photos to people like Barbosa. Somehow (“my naive concept,” she says), uploading doctored documents onto an online platform seemed a lesser transgression than buying fake work documents IRL.
+
+Barbosa rationalized that she wasn’t stealing money, and she had certain standards. She didn’t buy licenses off a guy who reportedly dinged his car into people’s bumpers and photographed the victim’s ID in the post-crash exchange. To Barbosa, that seemed truly beyond the pale.
+
+Mostly, she felt like an entrepreneur, supplying the demand. Undocumented immigrants wanted to drive in the gig economy, and with the system that existed, they legally could not. People like Barbosa—with no family in the States to sponsor them for green cards and their undocumented status precluding them from applying for many other types of visas—were short on options. “If the US gave more opportunities for immigrants to be able to work legally and honestly here,” she says, “nobody would look for something like this.”
+
+It wasn’t just about business, though. Barbosa readily admits she enjoyed not just the challenge but the ego boost of beating powerful Silicon Valley companies on their own platforms. “I feel pride in breaking their stupid systems,” she wrote me. “These companies are all about money. They don’t care for the drivers (we are just numbers for them).” So she held open yawning security loopholes and waved undocumented drivers in. “I never had evil intentions,” she explains. “I always thought I was helping my people.”
+
+Of course, Barbosa was poking the rideshare industry’s weak spot: The companies sometimes had no idea who was driving. Uber and Lyft, vying for supremacy and scale, competed to add drivers as fast as possible. Onboarding was optimized for ease and speed, done remotely, via the app. Both companies outsourced criminal background checks, but they didn’t catch everything. (That led to a torrent of lawsuits, regulator spats, and bad press about Uber– and Lyft–approved drivers who’d committed robbery, sex offenses, and assault.) A year before Barbosa arrived in Massachusetts, the state had tried to wrangle the chaos with its own background check for drivers, the toughest oversight in the country at the time. An audit later found that program severely lacking, too.
+
+Background checks, of course, are useless if the person being vetted is not actually the driver. As Barbosa was finding, in that era, *verifying* the driver’s identity was a Swiss cheese of flaws to exploit. In 2019, London regulators reported 43 unauthorized drivers who had simply uploaded their photo to another Uber worker’s account to give some 14,000 rides. Officers at San Francisco International Airport were ticketing Lyft and Uber drivers after discovering people who didn’t match their app profiles. Industry observers called the issue of drivers sharing or renting accounts an open secret. (The companies claim to have ramped up security since, but the American Immigration Council says that, in its analysis of 2022 census data, undocumented workers are very much still a part of this sector.)
+
+Barbosa tried to do her own vetting of drivers, for safety and business. She texted the potential customers: *Did they have a driver’s license in Brazil?* *Did they have a car? How often do they plan to work?* Dilettantes, she learned, tended to stop paying rent, wasting an account.
+
+She started to become well known in Boston’s Brazilian community (“famous,” she calls it) as, paradoxically, an honest broker. All over social media were warnings about scammers preying on undocumented drivers, taking advantage of the fact they wouldn’t go to police or the courts. Some vendors charged exorbitant rent or would take money upfront and never give someone an account. Others siphoned the drivers’ earnings to their own wallets.
+
+The good faith Barbosa showed to her customers paid off. Soon she was raking in about $10,000 a month and was pairing up with business partners to help make and manage some accounts. In the summer of 2019, she bought a used black Mustang. (She posted on Instagram, “Dad, this is for you.”) She shared her #route66roadtrip, the Grand Canyon, a crowded Vegas pool party. From Epcot, she and a friend posted cocktail toasts from a whirlwind of Disneyfied countries. She posed in front of a Beverly Hills sign and on Rodeo Drive. Her followers were paying attention. On a picture of Barbosa wearing a faux fur coat in New York City, one person commented, “She’s Hollywood now!” In phone calls, her mom asked, “What do you do for work, Priscila?” She answered vaguely, “Making accounts.”
+
+Then, the fall brought a nearly existential blow: Uber asked drivers on profiles with fake Social Security numbers—about 35 of Barbosa’s clients at that point, she estimates—to present their documents in person. (“We’re committed to constantly improving our detection capabilities to protect against fraudsters’ ever-evolving schemes,” said Heather Childs, chief trust and security officer at Uber.) Barbosa and her drivers had no choice but to walk away: a loss, she says, of around $30,000 a month in rent. Until this point, she recalls, account deactivation had been rare.
+
+Now Barbosa knew that if she wanted to keep making lucrative Uber accounts, she’d need real Social Security numbers. She searched the dark web for the numbers belonging to the people on the licenses she bought, but struck out. So Barbosa started purchasing stolen numbers from a contact, $100 a pop. She nervously created a few new accounts with the real numbers, but didn’t feel comfortable repeating that at scale; it felt, she says, like she’d “crossed the line.”
+
+Barbosa was wondering whether she’d need to leave her Uber business altogether, when one of her customers gave her an idea. Alessandro Da Fonseca was an amiable guy in his twenties who’d recently emigrated from a shantytown district of Rio de Janeiro. He rented one of Barbosa’s cars for a pizza delivery job and a Lyft gig, where he could get along with just a few words of English and an animated “Yeah!” as customers chatted him up. He’d also started driving for DoorDash. (“I prefer food, because food doesn’t talk,” he told me.) DoorDash incentivized drivers to invite new workers to the app by dangling a referral bonus, which would be paid out after the first-time driver made a set number of deliveries. The setup was ripe for exploitation.
+
+At the time, DoorDash required a driver’s license number but no picture of the actual card. Barbosa tried making an account, reusing a number from a license she had on hand. Success. Fonseca started driving—as her “new” referral—on this account. She offered him a 50-50 split of the bonus. Barbosa and Fonseca got into a routine: She created new accounts to refer, and he typically cleared enough deliveries to earn the bonus on two accounts he worked under simultaneously (also against the rules) every two weeks.
+
+While waiting for orders at McDonalds, Chipotle, or Burger King, Fonseca would chat up other Brazilian delivery workers. Some were getting kicked only 20 percent of the referral bonus from their account maker. Fonseca pitched his contact and her 50-50 split.
+
+Thanks to her previous business, Barbosa was sitting on a stack of IDs, and her old Uber customers who’d lost their accounts now wanted in. She could push out a DoorDash account in five minutes. Pretty soon, she says, she had 10 customers. Fonseca found Barbosa to be a showboat on Instagram, sure, but also unfailingly polite and generous. She invited him to her house parties and dispensed recommendations on anything from a good car dealer to a Japanese restaurant. In business, she was demanding, prodding him when his referrals were dallying in reaching the bonus. Sometimes she’d give Fonseca a laggard’s login, and he would ask the driver whether he could finish the jobs himself. (A spokesperson for DoorDash said, “We’ve made huge strides on tackling fraud, and the fact is, what we did five years ago is not what we do today.”)
+
+Barbosa started making Instacart accounts, too, and soon she was again minting money, to the tune of some $12,000 a month. The week before Christmas 2019, Barbosa posted on Instagram a picture of her in New York City, grabbing the charging Wall Street bull by its enormous bronze balls.
+
+Illustration: Michelle Mildenberg; Getty Images
+
+Distracted by her burgeoning delivery app business, Barbosa mostly stopped thinking about Uber and Social Security numbers. Then Covid struck and cratered ride-sharing overnight.
+
+A mother lode of food delivery surged in its place. DoorDash and Instacart cranked up their referral bonuses to lure more drivers to the road. At one point, she recalls, it was $2,000 on DoorDash, $2,500 on Instacart. Immigrants ineligible for unemployment or Covid relief texted Barbosa with a new level of desperation. They needed to make rent, to feed their kids. Now she was hearing from Brazilians all over the United States. Spanish-speaking immigrants too. Even some US citizens who couldn’t drive because of DUIs or reckless driving tickets.
+
+Barbosa went into overdrive, churning out accounts “as fast as I could.” For friends, or people whose situations sounded especially grim, she’d sometimes make them for free.
+
+On Instacart, she’d scan the front of her own California license, so she could then take a selfie to pass the platform’s face-recognition test. She says she did this on hundreds of accounts. For the license’s backside, she photoshopped on a barcode that she generated with software, using the identity information from her existing stockpile of drivers’ IDs. When she needed more licenses, she bought fresh ones off Instacart workers who were using a new harvesting technique: While scanning the back of a customer’s ID into the app during alcohol deliveries, the worker would sneak a photo of the front.
+
+On DoorDash, a few zealous drivers were nabbing the referral bonus in a single day and coming back the next day for another account. Sometimes, Barbosa had up to 20 new accounts on various platforms going through background checks; at her Covid apex, she says, she raked in about $15,000 in one week.
+
+Barbosa—always a “materialist,” she concedes—catapulted to a new realm of buying power. She flaunted her acquisitions on Instagram: a Sea-Doo ($7,000, used), Louboutin heels, Gucci sunglasses, a Louis Vuitton purse. She upgraded her cross necklace to a 24k gold one with 18 inset diamonds (not religious, just superstitious), and her bed to a California king. With most clubs shuttered, Barbosa outfitted her latest rental upgrade, a three-story townhome in Saugus, with a karaoke machine and a keg tap, plus a hot tub and a firepit in the backyard. She adopted a Yorkie named Bailey, for whom she bought so many toys that house visitors asked whether she had kids (no, and no thanks). She posted an Instagram Story that someone had filmed of her standing out of the sunroof of her gleaming white Porsche Macan, hair whipping. (For extra money, she rented out the Porsche and her Mustang on Turo.) She dropped $13,000 to rent an event hall in the Boston burbs for her 35th birthday bash, with a band and 50 guests. The next day, she was awed but not stressed by an additional $12,000 charge on her credit card for the open bar. She bought a plot of land outside of Fort Myers, Florida, that she saw advertised on Facebook for $5,000. (“I’m like, that’s so cheap!”) She planned to someday build a house there and move in with her boyfriend, a Brazilian house painter whom she hoped to marry.
+
+Barbosa also had enough money to solve what she thought was her biggest problem: She couldn’t go home to see her family, because she needed a green card to leave and reenter the US. So a couple of months into Covid, she flew to LA and flipped through a binder full of pictures of potential husbands in an office on Wilshire Boulevard. A sham marriage would cost some $28,000—$18,000 to the agency and $10,000 to the husband, paid out in $350 monthly chunks to keep him cooperative throughout the process. She felt zero guilt: At least she wasn’t feigning romance with a citizen. Cleaner for it to be a business transaction.
+
+Barbosa bought a white sundress at a boutique and a crown of white flowers and drove to a park, where a Covid-masked officiant married her and a man named Mario by a flowering jacaranda tree. An agency staffer snapped pics for evidence, and Mario’s real girlfriend looked on. Barbosa’s family, who knew the drill, FaceTimed in on her phone. Her Instagram post from the day doesn’t mention what was really happening; it shows her alone in her sundress on the beach. Caption: “The sky is the limit!”
+
+Throughout the pandemic, Barbosa was a digital nomad tending her accounts mill. From a water park, she’d call DoorDash customer service to clear up a flubbed delivery from one of her workers who didn’t speak English. Poolside in Vegas, she’d log in to a client’s Instacart to snap a selfie for a face recognition spot-check. (Some customers kept a printout of Barbosa’s photo on hand for the checks. Instacart says those tricks would not work today.) When Instacart deactivated some 85 percent of her accounts—a particularly dire crisis—she ignored her boyfriend’s protests and hunkered down in a Florida hotel room for days to remake each one.
+
+Over time, Barbosa invited a small group of compatriots in the business into a WhatsApp group that she cheekily named Mafia. (An unfortunate choice, in hindsight: “I should have put ‘People From Church.’”) The Mafia shared tips and problems and agreed on account prices, with plenty of banter to enliven the drudgery of the digital assembly line.
+
+By the fall of 2020, drivers were asking for Uber Eats accounts. If Barbosa wanted their business, she would again have to face the Social Security number dilemma. She mulled it over. It had been months since she’d queasily made her first accounts using the real numbers, which she’d bought off a contact. Nothing bad had happened. She’d since found the right dark-web site to purchase them directly. Why ease off now? “I was already so involved in this,” she wrote me.
+
+So Barbosa decided to wade back into the Uber biz. She bought a batch of Social Security numbers off the dark web with bitcoin.
+
+By then, Uber seemed to be wising up. Accounts would be deactivated after a week, a month at most. Then Barbosa would noodle a workaround, and the cat-and-mouse game would continue. But in late 2020, after a wallop of new deactivations, the Mafia seemed to finally hit a wall. For days, then weeks, they tried to figure out a new method that would get an account approved. No luck. Barbosa recalls someone texting, chagrined, “The Titanic is sinking.”
+
+Then, one Mafia member mentioned that Uber kept metadata on the accounts. Barbosa noticed that all of her axed accounts had, in fact, been created on her phone—*iPhone de Priscila Barbosa*. What if she made her computer look like a different device each time? She restarted her laptop, accessed the web through a VPN, changed her computer’s address, and set up a virtual machine, inside which she accessed another VPN. She opened a web browser to create an Uber account with a real Social Security number bought from the dark web. It worked. Barbosa delivered a few orders herself. The account held.
+
+She texted the Mafia, “Guys, this is working.”
+
+They exploded in texts of relief and joy: “If Priscila can’t figure it out, no one can!” Barbosa felt a pride she had only known back in Brazil when her meal business was booming. She felt smart, and needed: She’d kept scores of immigrants working during the pandemic; she’d helped get people food as a deadly virus menaced. If she blurred the details, she could feel good about all of it.
+
+The glow was short-lived. As the year wound down, a vague rumor hit one of her WhatsApp groups: Police might be investigating the fake accounts biz. Already uneasy about buying Social Security numbers, Barbosa says she didn’t want to be caught flat-footed if the rumor turned out to be true. She hustled around her apartment, grabbing Instacart, DoorDash, and Grubhub bags, logo stickers, and app-issued debit cards. Outside, she placed several phones under her Porsche’s wheels and drove over them. She threw all the evidence into garbage bags and, that night, chucked them into several dumpsters in various parking lots.
+
+She’d long taken comfort that WhatsApp and Proton Mail, the email service she’d used for the apps, were encrypted. She used an alias, Carol, on her work phone so clients couldn’t easily snitch on her. Now the physical evidence was gone too. (“Sweet illusion,” she wrote me.) For a couple of weeks after the purge, Barbosa forced herself to stop making accounts.
+
+She spent New Year’s in Miami Beach, where she posted a photo of herself wearing Gucci sunglasses and holding a frozen mai tai the size of her head. She shared the pic with the Mafia.
+
+Someone quipped back, “Find me, FBI.”
+
+As 2020 turned to 2021 and Barbosa continued making accounts, a low hum of dread invaded her idle moments. She started to ponder an exit.
+
+She confided to a Mafia pal that she was scared of losing everything. News in February didn’t help: A 30-year-old Brazilian named Douglas Goncalves had been arrested for working under a stolen identity on Instacart. It was the first time Barbosa had heard of criminal consequences for a fake profile, and she recognized the suspect’s name: Goncalves, she says, had texted her a couple of weeks earlier about getting an account. His long-winded answers to her usual vetting questions annoyed her, and she ghosted him, she recalls. But the texts might still be sitting on his phone.
+
+Fonseca, Barbosa’s DoorDash partner, also started to worry. Too many people were hawking accounts, licenses, and Social Security numbers in his WhatsApp groups. “Everybody knew this bomb would explode someday,” he said. “People are stupid and don't take care.”
+
+Barbosa thought about going legit, getting back into the food business, opening a Brazilian steakhouse. She figured startup costs at about $50,000; she had that amount many times over. She googled around to see what kind of permits she’d need.
+
+Still, her frauds kept compounding. Uber was now rejecting the doctored ID photos; she bought a printer to create physical fake licenses. She had more than 50 customer accounts active on various platforms, and new people kept texting her, often with a woeful tale. To calm her fraying nerves, she told herself that with so many people in the accounts trade, some doing more audacious things than she was, why would *she* get in trouble? One Mafia member, she says, was running a team that spoofed DoorDash deliveries for food that, in reality, was never picked up or delivered.
+
+“I had so many chances to stop, but I didn’t,” she wrote me. “It looked like an addiction you know.”
+
+In April 2021, while Barbosa was cooking dinner, a text pinged her phone. Her green card had been approved. Barbosa screamed; she called her parents in tears. Then she threw together a party for the next night to celebrate. When Fonseca arrived, he squeezed through the loud, packed house and grabbed some Brazilian barbecue. Outside on the back porch, he found Barbosa, in cut-off shorts and a halter top, swigging overflowing champagne from the bottle.
+
+If you ask Barbosa when she was happiest, she’ll say it was that moment: “Everything was perfect.” She had a green card. She had the house and the (real) boyfriend and the Porsche that she wanted. She booked a round-trip ticket—first class—to visit her family in Brazil for two weeks in late May. She bought Versace sneakers, because why not. She was going to open her steakhouse, marry her boyfriend, and, down the line, move into the house she’d build in Florida. Just three years after landing at JFK, she had risen to the top of a shadow Silicon Valley gig economy. She’d hacked her way to the American Dream.
+
+On May 6, 2021, a new Instagram Story. Among the vacation bacchanalia and designer haul videos, this one stood out. Barbosa filmed ahead, over handlebars as she pedaled a bike through her sunny townhouse complex. No humblebrag, or even brag-brag. Carefree.
+
+The next morning, she woke up at dawn to her Yorkie barking. A banging on the front door. A booming voice, ordering her to come downstairs.
+
+*Find me, FBI.* They did.
+
+Illustration: Michelle Mildenberg; Getty Images
+
+Later that day, crying in the back seat of an unmarked car en route to a Rhode Island prison, Barbosa recalls an FBI agent trying to calm her down. He complimented her apartment, which she admits, even given the circumstances, pleased her just a little.
+
+As it turns out, in late 2019, right about the time Barbosa was grabbing the Wall Street bull by the balls, Uber did know something was off. The company detected a ring of people bypassing its background checks in Massachusetts and California, and tipped off the FBI in Boston. Investigators served a warrant to Apple; they wanted to see the iCloud account of a Brazilian guy named Wemerson Dutra Aguiar who, after getting hurt at his job in construction, started driving for apps and later dealing fake accounts. Barbosa didn’t know Aguiar, but a Mafia member had once asked her to email him a Connecticut driver’s license template. She did. By February 2021, law enforcement had circled in on her, and served Apple a search warrant for her iCloud too. In early April, the FBI had tracked Barbosa’s location via her T-Mobile cell number. Investigators staked out her apartment and watched her come and go.
+
+All this time, Barbosa had worried that getting caught could mean the government would seize her money and property—to her, disaster enough. She was shocked that the FBI raided her house, “like arresting a murderer.” *All this for me?* Then she was locked in a prison cell and charged, along with 18 other Brazilian nationals, with conspiracy to commit wire fraud and aggravated identity theft, for making and renting fake accounts over the prior two-plus years.
+
+Barbosa was accused of being a heavy in the case: The government said she pushed out some 2,000 accounts, using hundreds of driver’s licenses, and profited more than $780,000. Barbosa says about half of that was her actual take. The rest she either split with her business partners or sent along to the immigrants who didn’t have their own bank accounts and used hers. (The government conceded in court filings that Barbosa did let other people use her bank account.)
+
+For the next two weeks, Barbosa says, she sat alone in her jail cell for 23 hours a day—for a mandated Covid-era quarantine—suffering from panic attacks and spiraling self-loathing. “I was feeling that my life was over,” she wrote me. “I fucked up everything.” Her attorney mailed her a flash drive of the government’s evidence: her bank statements, the contents of her iCloud account, her Excel spreadsheet, some Mafia WhatsApp chats. Barbosa cringed upon reading “Find me, FBI.” (“I bet the FBI agent’s face, when they read that, they said hahaha, like, stupid woman!”)
+
+While Barbosa was in jail, her sister traveled to Boston and packed four suitcases full of Versace and Louboutin shoes and LV purses, then took them back to Brazil. Barbosa had a contact transfer $30,000 back to Brazil before it could be seized. (The feds did later grab approximately $55,000 in bitcoin.) On a video call, her sister showed her stories in the Brazilian press. “My name was in everyone’s mouth in my city,” she says. The former teacher’s pet from Sorocaba who taught computers to kids, now an alleged felon with some Mafia texting group in the US. Her mom was devastated. For months and months, the legal process dragged on.
+
+Barbosa holds onto the shoes and gray sweats she wore in prison.
+
+Photograph: Tony Luong
+
+She took up crochet, among other hobbies, while incarcerated.
+
+Photograph: Tony Luong
+
+So, question: Did you think Priscila Barbosa, queen of accounts, was going to sit idle in jail? At the Gloria McDonald Women’s Facility in Rhode Island, she morphed into Barbosa, Star Inmate. She cooked for more than 100 prisoners in the cafeteria and shared Brazilian recipes with fellow kitchen staff. That earned her $3 a day. (“Ridiculous,” she says, but she enjoyed the work.) She joined inmates in planting an organic vegetable garden in the yard. She aced law clerk and English composition classes. She picked up crochet, writing down pages of instructions that her sister had emailed: a headband, glittery unicorn slippers, a Christmas tree, stockings, and snowmen to deck out the unit for the holidays. She conquered a 2,000-piece puzzle of jellyfish and whales, then a 5,000-piece world map. She did daily squats and jumping jacks. She watched *Orange Is the New Black* and declared it somewhat accurate. She watched a TV commercial for WhatsApp’s “private” texting and declared it a lie. When she entered a room, she says that some inmates, resentful, would snipe, “Here comes the princess.” Upon hearing about her crime, one woman called her “Brazilian Robin Hood.”
+
+The name was snappy, but an awkward fit. Barbosa hadn’t stolen money from the rich as much as identities from ordinary people. Now sitting in jail, she says, she finally thought about them. “This is going to sound awful,” she warns, but here goes: “I feel bad that I caused some emotional distress to people. But at the same time, I did it in peace, because I never took money from any of those people. It wasn’t victimless, because I used people’s identity. But nobody really got damaged.”
+
+None of the three identity-theft victims who spoke to me—a Harvard professor and two tech workers—knew how or when their identity had been stolen. None had experienced financial harm. They felt unnerved because their information was exposed, but they were also curious about, and even showed a degree of empathy for, the thieves. One victim mused to me, “It’s kind of a sad crime in a way, isn’t it? Obviously, it’s a crime and they shouldn’t have done it, but sad that people have to do stuff like this to get by.”
+
+In prison, the crime was regarded as rather pathetic. Alessandro Da Fonseca, Barbosa’s DoorDash ally (arrested on the same day), was waiting out the legal process with many other defendants in a Rhode Island detention center, and found that more serious fraudsters were baffled. With all the personal information the ring had access to—enough to open bank accounts, credit cards—their only con was to … create Uber profiles? Fonseca shrugged it off. “We are not criminals, with a criminal mind,” he told me in a jail call. “We just want to work.”
+
+Uber disagreed. During the legal wranglings, the company accused the ring of stealing money and tallied its losses: some $250,000 spent investigating the ring, around $93,000 to onboard the fraudulent drivers, plus safety risks and damage to its reputation. Defense attorneys shot back that no one lost money at all: The jobs were done. The food was delivered. People got their rides. The gig companies, in fact, profited off the undocumented drivers, taking their typical hefty cut—money that, once the fraud was discovered, there was no evidence they’d refunded to customers.
+
+In February 2022, Barbosa sat in her Rhode Island prison cell, reading two packets of papers: one agreement to plead guilty to felony identity theft and conspiracy to commit wire fraud, another to cooperate with the US government. She had already done the latter in two hours-long interviews, in hopes of a lighter recommended sentence. She signed both agreements with a star in the P of Priscila (a sort of watermark, she says, in case the government tried to use her signature elsewhere).
+
+A year later, in June 2023, Barbosa walked into her sentencing inside the red-brick federal courthouse along Boston’s waterfront. It felt nice to be back in civilian clothes—a white flouncy blouse and black pants—but she was still afraid. The government was recommending three years for her, given her cooperation. Other defendants, whose alleged profits were lower, had been sentenced to that or more.
+
+In court, assistant US attorney David Holcomb told the judge that Barbosa was the “most prolific creator” of the accounts, a “central figure” in the network, “highly effective” at this kind of fraud, with “unique social talents” bringing together ex-boyfriends, social contacts, and competitors. Barbosa’s attorney argued that her intentions were mostly good. “She is a very intelligent woman,” he said, who “put her intelligence to use in an extraordinary way,” helping immigrants work. (Barbosa enjoyed that part.) The judge wasn’t convinced. Her intelligence was all aimed at defrauding people, he said, and he had to set an example: “I hope those chat rooms are now filled with chats about ‘Did you hear about what happened to Priscila Barbosa?’” Her use of technology—the dark web, bitcoin, Photoshop—constituted “sophisticated means,” a sentencing enhancement, he added.
+
+When Barbosa spoke, she cried. She said she was ashamed. She apologized “from the bottom of my heart” to the people whose identities she used. Then the judge read out her sentence: three years, just what the assistant US attorney recommended. Barbosa exhaled. With the two years she’d already served in prison, and with time shaved off for good behavior, she’d be released within a few months. For that last stretch, she was shipped off to Aliceville federal prison in Alabama.
+
+Then, late in the hot summer, she got a visit from federal immigration officers. After she finished her sentence, they told her, she’d be taken to deportation proceedings. (“It looks like this nightmare never ends,” she wrote me.) As the months ticked by, Barbosa’s hopes of being able to stay in the US had grown. Now, crestfallen, she slipped into depression. She also decided that she would not fight it. She’d pay for her own ticket to Brazil so she’d be free as soon as possible. With the weeks dwindling, she typed me a very un-Barbosa message:
+
+*“Too bad they got me too, it is what it is.”*
+
+That, you might have guessed, was never how the story of Priscila Inc. was going to end.
+
+Remember Barbosa’s sham marriage in LA? The government found out about it too, while raiding her apartment. Along with her laptops and phones and driver’s license printer, investigators took an album of wedding photos and a receipt for the $28,000 “Package Plan.” They asked her about it during those interviews while she was in jail.
+
+In October, as Barbosa’s deportation drew nearer, she heard from her attorney. Thanks in part to the intel from the apartment raid and her interviews, the government had busted the 11-person ring. Now she was being subpoenaed to testify at one person’s trial.
+
+Barbosa didn’t want to take the stand, but given her cooperation agreement, she had little choice. So on November 15, 2023, the day before she had been scheduled to be taken into ICE custody, Barbosa was on a commercial plane, flying back to Boston with two US Marshals, hiding her handcuffs from other passengers inside her hoodie’s kangaroo pocket. At the federal courthouse, she was (technically) rearrested, this time as a material witness. A magistrate judge released her with an ankle monitor to await the trial.
+
+To understand Priscila Barbosa—the pluck, the sheer balls—consider that as other fraudsters were counting the days until their deportations or still living on the lam, she was walking out of a Boston courthouse’s front door.
+
+Barbosa was 37 years old. Fluent in English. Still wearing her gray Alabama prison sweatsuit. A bulky GPS cinched on her ankle. She breathed in the autumn air, along with a surreal feeling of once again being in charge of her own day. “I don’t have even a toothbrush!” she told me over the phone the next day, giddy. “It is incredible to feel free again.”
+
+Two weeks later, she’d stride into the trial and recount the meeting at the marriage agency’s office on Wilshire, the binder of potential spouses, the wedding by the jacaranda tree. The defendant’s attorney, while cross-examining Barbosa, would rub in just how much she was benefiting from testifying: that she’d helped herself by telling the government about others (“I was just being truthful,” she retorted), that her prison sentence had been shorter (“Who wants to be in jail?” she replied).
+
+Her deportation had been temporarily halted for her testimony, but she would still need a permanent immigration remedy to stay long-term. Barbosa says she applied for asylum late last year, claiming that she fears retribution from the associates of the wedding agency and some people in the Uber case.
+
+Illustration: Michelle Mildenberg
+
+As the rush of freedom subsided, Barbosa faced the sobering task of another new start. At least she had more than $117 this time, and her family had shipped back her designer clothes. Solving one immediate problem, she could get a legitimate driver’s license now; Massachusetts had started issuing them regardless of immigration status. She could also work while her asylum application was pending, and her English skills, burnished by constant use in prison, got her part-time gigs translating medical appointments and home-renovation sales pitches. But frankly, neither felt like Barbosa-sized jobs. Her boyfriend had moved on while she was in prison, so she moved into a studio apartment alone. She hit the old clubs and parties with a smaller circle of friends—her closest one had been deported, others distanced themselves. At times, depression sank in.
+
+Sitting in her quiet living room in January, she said, “Maybe this is me adjusting to the world again.” As she spoke, she wobbled between the versions of herself. The Barbosa who meant well but, yes, did bad … but had been quite good at it, hadn’t she? The Barbosa vowing to never go anywhere near a gig app ever again, then the one who could still, when asked, recount every fraudulent keystroke. The repentant Barbosa who was glad getting caught forced her to quit. The pragmatic Barbosa who knew she would never have made a single fake profile had she just been legally allowed to work. With her future suspended between two countries, she wondered what was next.
+
+So that’s it. Barbosa wanted you to know the full story, “the real Priscila,” the complex one. For the easy plot with a clean ending, there’s Instagram.
+
+In December, Barbosa put up her first after-prison post, picking up her victory march where she’d left off. She stood in front of a suburban Boston ballroom’s Christmas tree in pleather bell bottoms, forehead newly Botox-smoothed, Louis Vuitton purse dangling from her wrist. She typed out a fresh bio: “Brazilian Living in USA … Grateful for Life. Paralegal. MasterChef. IT Professional.”
+
+All of it more or less true.
+
+---
+
+*Let us know what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor at* *[mail@wired.com](mailto:mail@wired.com).*
+
+**Hair and makeup by Rose Fortuna**
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
+
+---
+`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
\ No newline at end of file
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-Tag: ["🤵🏻", "🇺🇸", "🏝️"]
-Date: 2023-07-29
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-TimeStamp: 2023-07-29
-Link: https://www.vox.com/culture/23798890/american-tourists-travel-trends-vacation-optimization
-location:
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-08-10]]
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-&emsp;
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-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-StoptryingtohavetheperfectvacationNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# Stop trying to have the perfect vacation. You’re ruining everyone else’s.
-
-It’s sort of a cliché to remark that Americans make bad tourists, but on the other hand, it’s hard to argue with the evidence. In the past week, two videos of American tourists complaining about Europe have gone viral: In one, a traveler [says that Paris](https://twitter.com/SomaKazima/status/1678851500821323776) “smells like piss, cheese, and armpit” and that its food “looks grimy as hell,” and in the other, [a woman argues](https://twitter.com/WeNotSocks/status/1678931921756200962) that any influencer who posted pretty photos of the Amalfi Coast “deserves jail time” because they neglected to mention the logistics of actually getting there. “This is literal manual labor not vacation,” she writes in the caption. I’m not going to add to the chorus of Twitter users sending death threats to these two, because in a sense, they’ve both got points: If you go to Europe just because it looks cute on TikTok and Instagram, you’re going to end up disappointed.
-
-Many Americans, in much the same way we’ve grown accustomed to [cheap products that arrive within 24 hours or less](https://www.vox.com/the-goods/23013102/american-consumers-expectations-anger-entitled), have an unsavory tendency to feel as though we are owed a fabulous, friction-free time simply because we’ve spent enough money and energy *planning* to have a fabulous, friction-free time. Cottage industries and corners of the internet have sprung up to reinforce this illusion: No matter where in the world you go, especially as an American leisure tourist, absolutely every choice can be made for you. On TikTok, you can copy painfully [intricate spreadsheets](https://www.tiktok.com/@smartwomensociety/video/7200857170433314049?q=europe%20spreadsheet&t=1689272642844) and [decks](https://www.tiktok.com/@sli.travelogistics/video/6991078105360157957?q=europe%20spreadsheet&t=1689272642844) [promising](https://www.tiktok.com/@fancistatravels/video/7205556000257084714?q=europe%20spreadsheet&t=1689272642844) you the “BEST SUMMER EUROPE TRIP EVER.” Startup apps like [Postcard](https://www.postcard.inc/auth/start) and [Camber](https://camberapp.com/) allow you to copy other people’s saved location pins and follow their itineraries like treasure maps. Publications and influencers compete to offer you the dreamiest-sounding getaways, guiding you to each trendy restaurant and café and what to order there. Some people are even [letting ChatGPT plan their vacations](https://www.tiktok.com/@urtravelbff/video/7245351038956391722). It’s an almost sports-like pastime to reference every possible available recommendation and “best of” list and cobble together a bulletproof itinerary, an activity I’ve engaged in many times, sometimes with great pleasure. But it all ends the same: with thousands of people doing the same things, in the same places, at the same times.
-
-Is travel cringe? It certainly feels that way, particularly if you’re traveling to one of the destinations that have become symbols of internet-driven over-tourism — Tulum, Lisbon, Reykjavik, Mexico City, Santorini, Dubrovnik, to name a few from the past decade. These are cities boasting both extraordinary natural beauty and, crucially, governments and corporations eager to profit from tourism. In catering to Western tastes, developers and the dollars they seek aren’t only killing the existing culture, they’re also, ironically, killing what makes people want to visit a place. In the latest edition of his Barcelona guide, the legendary travel author Rick Steves writes a eulogy for the Ramblas, a thriving market for locals that’s since become a tourist trap selling souvenirs and Instagram-ready fruit skewers.
-
-“I’ve been doing this for 40 years, and when I started, there was not enough information. Now there’s too much,” he tells me. He describes the kind of travel that has emerged in the last decade or so as “bucket list” tourism, where people use crowdsourced information and top 10 lists to plan their trips and end up annoyed that everyone else is there, too. “I’m part of the problem, because I write books and I send a lot of people to places that are quote ‘undiscovered,’” he says. “But what I like to do is give people a basis for finding their own discoveries: the little mom and pops that carbonate your travels with great memories. My favorite places are what I call personality-driven, not just a money-making venture of some faceless company that’s going to hire the cheapest labor.”
-
-Customers, having felt as though they’ve missed out on the last few years of international travel due to the pandemic, expect prices to be the same as they were in 2019, explains Jacqui Gifford, the editor-in-chief of Travel + Leisure, and therefore aren’t always prepared for the delays and cost increases caused by inflation, labor shortages, and supply chain issues. “I went to Rome in March, which is typically an off-season month, and it was jam-packed,” she says. “There’s really no low season, it’s just busy year-round in some destinations. At any major museum in Europe, you need to book your tickets in advance; it’s very rare you can go up and wing it.” Even airport lounges, those once-exclusive havens for the business elite, are being ruined by tourists. “So many people get in now because of credit cards. I’ve had times when I’ve had to wait in line, and it was like 50 people deep. You’re like, ‘Is this really worth it?’”
-
-Worse, that entitlement leads tourists to believe that the people who live in a place should be grateful you’re there. “It just sounds so ridiculous,” says Bani Amor, a travel writer and lecturer. “I’m from New York, it’s one of the most traveled places in the world. It gives billions to our economy. But is that lowering my rent? Is that adding an elevator to my train two blocks away that I can’t go on because I’m disabled? \[Instead\] they’re removing benches, it becomes dirtier, and houselessness goes up. The money [is not circulating](https://ekuonline.eku.edu/blog/global-hospitality-blog/impact-of-tourism-leakage-and-how-to-prevent-it/). It’s going [to police](https://www.vera.org/publications/a-look-inside-the-new-york-city-police-department-budget), to [jails](https://www.budget.ny.gov/pubs/archive/fy23/ex/agencies/appropdata/CorrectionsandCommunitySupervisionDepartmentof.html#:~:text=Budget%20Highlights,and%20%2442%20million%20in%20capital.). It’s not making my life better. That’s a basic lack of understanding of capitalism.” No better example exists of this phenomenon [than Hawaii](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/04/travel/hawaii-tourism-protests.html), where most people work more than one job to barely get by, and where new tourist accommodations and attractions are advertised as job bringers and then fail to pay a living wage. Amor, while acknowledging that social media and the internet speed up the process of certain destinations going viral, says that none of this is new. “At the heart of it is displacement: the constant erosion of place, of culture. Tourism always begets more tourism.”
-
-You could certainly make the argument that traveling at all is across-the-board unethical, and while a certain kind of tourist behavior undoubtedly is (young British men have made Amsterdam residents so miserable that the government [released a PSA](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/29/world/europe/amsterdam-uk-tourists-stay-away.html) telling them to please, for the love of god, host their lads’ weekends someplace else), that’s only part of it. To declare that traveling is problematic just because it has become more accessible for middle- and working-class people to experience and therefore more people are doing so feels both classist and misguided.
-
-More people are traveling because they can, a direct result of policy changes on a governmental and corporate level: the rise of online travel agencies like Expedia and Viator that make vacation planning as easy as online shopping, the [slackening of visa requirements](https://skift.com/2018/05/31/lisbons-overtourism-lesson-living-like-a-local-is-not-enough/) for foreigners and “[digital nomads](https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22999722/mexico-city-pandemic-remote-work-gentrification)” who buy local real estate (many of whom promptly renovate them into cookie-cutter Airbnbs), [deregulation of the airline industry](https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/02/how-airline-ticket-prices-fell-50-in-30-years-and-why-nobody-noticed/273506/), the popularity of user-generated, algorithmically ranked “best of” travel recommendations, a capitalist global economy that keeps developing countries’ currencies low and therefore favorable to people from richer nations, and the widespread adoption of remote work, to name a few. That there is not enough space at the restaurants we want to eat at, that the must-see museums sell out weeks in advance, these are not the fault of the individual travelers clamoring to go there, they’re the result of explicit decisions made by governments and corporations.
-
-I am old enough to remember what traveling internationally was like before Uber and Airbnb, but not old enough to remember a time before budget airlines. In other words, I have only ever known travel to be cheap, but it has not always been quite this easy. The seamlessness with which Americans (and other English speakers) can sift through the world without actually feeling like we’ve left home can make traveling feel like, well, not. The messy logistics are catered to us in the form of instant phone translations and English language apps to hail taxis and book apartments, and also by the literal aesthetics of the places we go: In attempts to woo wealthy cool-seekers, developers design restaurants, hotels, and public spaces to look like facsimiles of the restaurants, hotels, and public spaces [determined by Silicon Valley investors](https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/3/12325104/airbnb-aesthetic-global-minimalism-startup-gentrification) to be what cool people should want. A coffee shop in Beijing now can look the exact same as one in Buenos Aires and as one in your hometown. Our tourist dollars, after displacing innumerable families from neighborhoods they’ve occupied for generations, then turn those same neighborhoods into playgrounds specifically for us.
-
-It all feels sort of embarrassing once you’re there. In Venice, which earlier this year [imposed a reservation system](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/01/world/europe/venice-tourism-register-pay.html) and a daily fee to out-of-towners due to over-tourism, I remember waiting in line to squeeze single-file through a crowded bookstore described as a must-visit in all the travel guides where no one bought any books because there literally wasn’t any time or space to do so. Even when we’re not being particularly awful (there’s been a [minor hoopla on Twitter over](https://twitter.com/search?q=water%20in%20europe&src=typed_query) the past week because of a couple TikToks making jokes about the lack of free water at restaurants in Europe, which, they’re right! You do actually have to ask for and pay for water at most European restaurants!), the discourse always ends up being how shitty Americans are. Which, fair. “An ugly thing, that is what you are when you become a tourist, an ugly, empty thing, a stupid thing, a piece of rubbish pausing here and there to gaze at this and taste that, and it will never occur to you that the people who inhabit the place in which you have just paused cannot stand you,” Jamaica Kincaid [wrote in 1988](https://archive.harpers.org/1988/09/pdf/HarpersMagazine-1988-09-0025609.pdf?Expires=1677792158&Signature=Ym1~sX5KGj0nynJA2nMsat6imBieV5PPKz1bKM7EMv2cz1urXBdn67rY75hoHDTGIp1fybAG~Ea2A7cSUVH-8tTK3y2MiLMEuGV7deRkA5IDmQDeHJTubIrTfyNTzgcsR8c5aRMy2IbUrFM-4B1YK4o5LFqdylN3F7inaSY0OadDmJIM1Irz-8uuEFpsqPVmI6ZH7iUUzncIh-Y7zk0IdmeqwnMEpaL1YUamix4V2fFk2WdTgBr-UCZ0zDBNoWWZTF486DtHEAP0uJSNJws5zSATt4mo68rziMugU8NyZ4ait1IXYq2R1DKmo9Gja1fi764MtIdfqd2EUpTzWmfs4A__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIQD6QYTWPWWYIORQ), and that is precisely how it feels in 2023.
-
-That doesn’t mean we can’t be better at it. Despite what a [recent semi-viral New Yorker essay](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-weekend-essay/the-case-against-travel) argues, walking around Paris aimlessly does, in fact, sound like a great way to spend a day. Travel is fun, and it is a luxury, and that is okay! “Leisure travel is selfish, and we can think of that word neutrally,” says Amor. “No one is doing anyone a favor by traveling.”
-
-What’s embarrassing, then, is the obsession with getting everything right, with the spreadsheets and the research and the taking of the thousandth photo, followed by the pouting because the bar was too crowded or the emotional unleashing on a service worker because your train got canceled due to a railway labor strike. You are not a good or more interesting person because you have visited 35 countries before the age of 35, or because you’ve dined at every restaurant on Bon Appetit’s guide to Tokyo’s best izakayas. The quality of your photos does not equal the amount of fun you had on a trip. Just ask Rick Steves: On a recent trip to Venice, he watched as couples on gondola rides spent almost no time looking at each other or their surroundings. “And they shoot everything vertical for Instagram,” he says, laughing. “I just thought of that right now. It makes no sense. Our eyes are designed to look at things horizontally.”
-
-How do we travel better? Steves recommends visiting “second cities.” “Everybody goes to Paris, what about Lyon? Everyone goes to Dublin, what about Belfast? Everybody goes to Edinburgh, what about Glasgow?” Gifford, meanwhile, suggests spending more time in one place rather than trying to check off every city on your list. “I used to get requests all the time like, ‘I want to do Greece and Italy and France in one trip in 10 days.’ I don’t think from a logistical standpoint people want to do that kind of trip anymore. What’s nice about it is it’s a very relaxed pace.”
-
-From my own experience, it’s the extremely trite observation of “putting down your phone” that helps make travel seem like a real vacation. It’s like going to a party that’s so much fun you’ve forgotten to take any photos: One of the most fun nights I had on a trip to Florence started off with me being annoyed that my boyfriend dragged me to a nondescript pub to watch some sports game instead of checking out a cute little wine bar we’d been recommended, but we ended up meeting a whole tour group and going out to dinner with them. Later I posted an Instagram story of us singing karaoke in a crappy bar to Taylor Swift’s 10-minute version of “All Too Well” and everyone was like, “What the fuck are you doing at a karaoke bar in Florence?” and I was like, “Having a blast!” Literally, who cares!
-
-“Just because something’s number one on some listing, what’s number one for you? It’s not about how many places you’ve been to. I want to know how many friends you’ve met and the mistakes you’ve made and then actually enjoyed as a result of those mistakes,” says Steves. “The magic of travel is still there. But people have to be in the moment. Let serendipity off its leash, and follow it.” Annoyingly, my TikTok algorithm has already figured out I’m going to the Cotswolds in a few weeks, and it’s taken everything in my power to scroll past the [nauseatingly magical thatched-roof cottages and quaint little shops](https://www.tiktok.com/discover/the-cotswolds?lang=en) and surrender to the mysterious forces of fate. Travel isn’t supposed to be a fairy tale, after all — a great trip is far more interesting than that.
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Striking French workers dispute that they want a right to ‘laziness’.md b/00.03 News/Striking French workers dispute that they want a right to ‘laziness’.md
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-Date: 2023-03-18
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-03-18
-Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/03/07/france-strikes-pensions-transport/
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-# Striking French workers dispute that they want a right to ‘laziness’
-
-PARIS — Although countries across Western Europe have been convulsed by strikes this winter, French unions have drawn few cries of cross-border solidarity in their fight against a planned increase in the retirement age from 62 to 64, even as they brought parts of their country to a standstill Tuesday.
-
-Commentators elsewhere in Europe have mocked the anger over [“what would seem like a gentle reform”](https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/plus243532513/Frankreich-Ploetzlich-zweifeln-die-Franzosen-ob-die-Rente-wirklich-in-Gefahr-ist.html) anywhere but France — a delusional [“island of the blessed”](https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/retraites-vu-d-allemagne-les-francais-vivent-sur-l-ile-des-bienheureux-09-02-2023-2508033_24.php) where full-time employees get at least five weeks of vacation a year. French Interior Minister Gérald Darmanin, meanwhile, suggested “laziness” was driving the opposition against the government’s plan.
-
-It may be hard for outsiders to muster sympathy for French workers, with their 35-hour workweeks, their generous lunch breaks and vacation time, and their “right to disconnect” from job-related communication outside working hours. But the French protesters say they are misunderstood. Their furious response to President Emmanuel Macron’s plan, they say, is rooted not in laziness but in the fact that the French are already working hard — too hard, in fact.
-
-“Many unions agree that before considering pension reform, one must first talk about work itself,” said Bruno Palier, a research director at Sciences Po Paris who focuses on European welfare models.
-
-“An American might be surprised to hear it, given that we have paid holidays and a 35-hour workweek in France,” he said, but “when the French work, they work very, very hard.”
-
-French workers march in Paris on March 7 as trade unions stepped up campaigns to curb pension reforms that would increase the retirement age two years. (Video: TWP)
-
-Measured by output per hour, French workers were more productive than their German counterparts — who are often perceived to be obsessed with efficiency — and only slightly less productive than Americans in 2019, [according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.](https://data.oecd.org/lprdty/gdp-per-hour-worked.htm#:~:text=GDP%20per%20hour%20worked%20is,all%20persons%20engaged%20in%20production.)
-
-France also has some of the highest [levels of burnout](https://www.wilmarschaufeli.nl/publications/Schaufeli/500.pdf) and on-the-job accidents among European workers, which researchers have attributed to a sometimes toxic and hierarchical work culture that limits employees’ growth and engagement. After accounting for differences in purchasing power, Americans earn about 17 percent more than French workers, OECD data shows.
-
-Critics of Macron’s retirement plans have offered a wide range of arguments against the plan to increase the retirement age to 64 by 2030, including that blue-collar workers — who on average die earlier than their white-collar counterparts — will be hit hardest. But frustration with what many here perceive as deteriorating working conditions, Palier said, “is key to understanding the resistance,” too.
-
-After weeks of protests, unions counted over 300 marches across France on Tuesday. The Interior Ministry estimated the number of protesters at 1.28 million, while unions put the figure at 3.5 million.
-
-Many trains and flights were canceled, metro lines remained closed, and more than 35 percent of primary-school teachers participated in the strikes, according to officials. There were some clashes between protesters and authorities in Paris and other cities.
-
-Protests will continue to impact railway traffic and refineries on Wednesday, unions said, raising the possibility of days of nationwide disruptions.
-
-While some in France rushed to gas stations to prepare for possible shortages, most approve of the strikes, polls show.
-
-Annie Sicre, 62, a former translator who participated in a Paris march on Tuesday, said a higher retirement age makes little sense when some French companies have developed a reputation for [pushing out employees in their late 50s](https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2021/03/21/les-entreprises-sans-seniors-une-specificite-francaise_6073958_3234.html).
-
-“Throughout my career, I witnessed work become more intense — and by the time I turned 55, 58, I started to struggle,” she said. After stretches of stress-related sick leave, she spent the final two years of her work life on unemployment benefits, before retiring in January.
-
-What’s ahead of her now, she said, “is another part of life — and everyone has the right to enjoy it. This country isn’t poor.”
-
-A higher retirement age would push many near-pensioners into unemployment or into physically challenging jobs in the gig economy, she said.
-
-Macron, who lost his absolute majority in Parliament last year, has weighed his response to the sustained protests carefully. But he still enraged left-wing critics when he said he hasn’t been able to “spot public anger” over his plans. Macron has maintained that a higher retirement age would reflect rising life expectancy in the country, which has increased by about three years over the past two decades. Many of France’s neighbors have higher retirement ages, though the complexity of Europe’s pension systems makes them difficult to compare.
-
-In an interview last month, Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne signaled that there may be some room for compromise on working conditions. Acknowledging that the French “are not happy at work,” she promised to address their dissatisfaction. But Borne and others are going about it the wrong way, left-wing critics say.
-
-In late January, Gabriel Attal, the ambitious budget minister, announced that he would test implementing a four-day workweek. Rather than cutting working hours, however, Attal envisioned spreading the 35 hours over four days instead of five. This would create a workday only slightly longer than the average in the United States, but the idea brought a swift backlash. Rather than putting more pressure on employees, critics said, the government should strive to reduce their burden.
-
-Philippe Askenazy, a French economist, was on a team of U.S.- and France-based researchers that about a decade ago studied the working conditions of cashiers in American and French supermarkets. Perhaps surprisingly, they found that French cashiers had higher targets for the scanning of items and added more value per hour than their American counterparts.
-
-Askenazy attributes the high workload in France to the adoption in 2000 of the 35-hour workweek, which was meant to boost job growth but has in some ways created a paradoxical work environment.
-
-One of the many rules that are supposed to separate work and leisure time is a law that bans workers from eating lunch at their desks. At the same time, though, companies have embraced “high-performance workplace practices and increased the monitoring of workers,” Askenazy said.
-
-Since the introduction of the 35-hour workweek, the French have become less enthusiastic about the importance of their jobs and less proud of their companies, [according to the left-wing](https://www.jean-jaures.org/publication/je-taime-moi-non-plus-les-ambivalences-du-nouveau-rapport-au-travail/) Jean-Jaurès Foundation. Fewer people are interested in management positions, and some have surreptitiously disconnected from work — akin to the [“quiet quitting” trend](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/09/08/quiet-quitting-quiet-firing-what-to-do/?itid=lk_inline_manual_40) elsewhere.
-
-Palier, the political scientist, points to clusters of work-linked suicides as the most striking sign of the toxic work culture that has emerged in France. In a landmark case last year, an appeals court convicted the former CEO of France’s biggest telecommunications company of “institutional moral harassment” after 19 workers died by suicide.
-
-Whoever wants to make the French appreciate work again, Palier said, will need to confront the toxic aspects and failures “of the relationship with work in France, with management, and the way we’ve tried to construct a strategy of competitiveness.”
-
-French workers march in Paris on March 7 as trade unions stepped up campaigns to curb pension reforms that would increase the retirement age two years. (Video: TWP)
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Super Bowl Strip Tease The NFL and Las Vegas Are Together at Last.md b/00.03 News/Super Bowl Strip Tease The NFL and Las Vegas Are Together at Last.md
index 5b776eef..a6e07af9 100644
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 Parent:: [[@News|News]]
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+Read:: [[2024-07-17]]
 
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diff --git a/00.03 News/Taylor Swift Is TIME's 2023 Person of the Year.md b/00.03 News/Taylor Swift Is TIME's 2023 Person of the Year.md
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-Date: 2023-12-10
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-12-10
-Link: https://time.com/6342806/person-of-the-year-2023-taylor-swift/
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-&emsp;
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-# Taylor Swift Is TIME's 2023 Person of the Year
-
-Taylor Swift is telling me a story, and when [Taylor Swift](https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567666/taylor-swift/) tells you a story, you listen, because you know it’s going to be good—not only because she’s had an extraordinary life, but because she’s an extraordinary storyteller. This one is about a time she got her heart broken, although not in the way you might expect.
-
-She was 17, she says, and she had booked the biggest opportunity of her life so far—a highly coveted slot opening for country superstar Kenny Chesney on tour. “This was going to change my career,” she remembers. “I was so excited.” But a couple weeks later, Swift arrived home to find her mother Andrea sitting on the front steps of their house. “She was weeping,” Swift says. “Her head was in her hands as if there had been a family emergency.” Through sobs, Andrea told her daughter that Chesney’s tour had been sponsored by a beer company. Taylor was too young to join. “I was devastated,” Swift says. 
-
-But some months later, at Swift’s 18th birthday party, she saw Chesney’s promoter. He handed her a card from Chesney that read, as Swift recalls, “I’m sorry that you couldn’t come on the tour, so I wanted to make it up to you.” With the note was a check. “It was for more money than I’d ever seen in my life,” Swift says. “I was able to pay my band bonuses. I was able to pay for my tour buses. I was able to fuel my dreams.”
-
-![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/SWIFT.FINAL_.COVER3_.jpg?quality=75&w=2400)
-
-Photograph by Inez and Vinoodh for TIME
-
-Listening to Swift share this, on a clear fall afternoon in her New York City apartment, I’m struck by how satisfying the story is. There are high stakes at the outset; there are details, vivid and sensory; there’s a twist that flips the action on its head; and there’s a happy ending for its hero. It takes her only about 30 seconds to recount this, but those 30 seconds contain an entire narrative world.
-
-I’m not surprised. Swift has a preternatural skill for finding the story. Her anecdote about Chesney symbolizes a larger narrative in Swift’s life, one about redemption—where our protagonist discovers new happiness not despite challenges, but because of them. Swift, as we’ll discuss, took a few hits to get here. “I’ve been raised up and down the flagpole of public opinion so many times in the last 20 years,” she says as we tuck into a cozy den off the kitchen to talk, and she kicks off her shoes and curls up onto the sofa. “I’ve been given a tiara, then had it taken away.” She is seemingly unguarded in conversation, reflective about both where she’s been and where she finds herself now. After all, while she’s long been one of the biggest entertainers in the world, this year is different. “It feels like the breakthrough moment of my career, happening at 33,” she says. “And for the first time in my life, I was mentally tough enough to take what comes with that.” This is her story—even if she’s now so high that it’s hard to believe she was ever low.
-
-![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/SWIFT.FINAL_.COVER2_.jpg?quality=75&w=2400)
-
-Photograph by Inez and Vinoodh for TIME
-
-Swift’s accomplishments as an artist—culturally, critically, and commercially—are so legion that to recount them seems almost beside the point. As a pop star, she sits in rarefied company, alongside Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, and Madonna; as a songwriter, she has been compared to Bob Dylan, Paul McCartney, and Joni Mitchell. As a businesswoman, she has built an empire worth, by some estimates, over $1 billion. And as a celebrity—who by dint of being a woman is scrutinized for everything from whom she dates to what she wears—she has long commanded constant attention and knows how to use it. (“I don’t give Taylor advice about being famous,” Stevie Nicks tells me. “She doesn’t need it.”) But this year, something shifted. To discuss her movements felt like discussing politics or the weather—a language spoken so widely it needed no context. She became the main character of the world.
-
-If you’re skeptical, consider it: How many conversations did you have about Taylor Swift this year? How many times did you see a photo of her while scrolling on your phone? Were you one of the people who made a pilgrimage to a city where she played? Did you buy a ticket to her concert film? Did you double-tap an Instagram post, or laugh at a tweet, or click on a headline about her? Did you find yourself humming “[Cruel Summer](https://time.com/6287902/cruel-summer-taylor-swift-single/)” while waiting in line at the grocery store? Did a friend confess that they watched clips of the [Eras Tour](https://time.com/6341858/taylor-swift-eras-tour-movie-streaming/) night after night on TikTok? Or did you?
-
-![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/SWIFT.FINAL_.COVER1_.jpg?quality=75&w=2400)
-
-Photograph by Inez and Vinoodh for TIME
-
-Her epic career-retrospective tour recounting her artistic “eras,” which played 66 dates across the Americas this year, is projected to become the biggest of all time and the first to gross over a billion dollars; analysts talked about the “Taylor effect,” as politicians from Thailand, Hungary, and Chile implored her to play their countries. Cities, stadiums, and streets were renamed for her. Every time she came to a new place, a mini economic boom took place as hotels and restaurants saw a surge of visitors. In [releasing her concert movie](https://time.com/6323858/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-movie-review/), Swift bypassed studios and streamers, instead forging an unusual pact with AMC, giving the theater chain its highest single-day ticket sales in history. There are at least 10 college classes devoted to her, including one at Harvard; the professor, Stephanie Burt, tells TIME she plans to compare Swift’s work to that of the poet William Wordsworth. Friendship bracelets traded by her fans at concerts became a hot accessory, with one line in a song causing as much as a 500% increase in sales at craft stores. When Swift started dating Travis Kelce, the Kansas City Chief and two-time Super Bowl champion, his games saw a massive increase in viewership. (Yes, she somehow made one of America’s most popular things—football—even more popular.) And then there’s her critically hailed songbook—a catalog so beloved that as [she rereleases it](https://time.com/5949979/why-taylor-swift-is-rerecording-old-albums/), she’s often breaking chart records she herself set. She’s the last monoculture left in our stratified world.
-
-It’s hard to see history when you’re in the middle of it, harder still to distinguish Swift’s impact on the culture from her celebrity, which emits so much light it can be blinding. But something unusual is happening with Swift, without a contemporary precedent. She deploys the most efficient medium of the day—the pop song—to tell her story. Yet over time, she has harnessed the power of the media, both traditional and new, to create something wholly unique—a narrative world, in which her music is just one piece in an interactive, shape-shifting story. Swift is that story’s architect and hero, protagonist and narrator.
-
-![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/taylor-swift-person-of-the-year.jpg?quality=75&w=2400)
-
-Inez and Vinoodh for TIME
-
-This was the year she perfected her craft—not just with her music, but in her position as the master storyteller of the modern era. The world, in turn, watched, clicked, cried, danced, sang along, swooned, caravanned to stadiums and movie theaters, let her work soundtrack their lives. For Swift, it’s a peak. “This is the proudest and happiest I’ve ever felt, and the most creatively fulfilled and free I’ve ever been,” Swift tells me. “Ultimately, we can convolute it all we want, or try to overcomplicate it, but there’s only one question.” Here, she adopts a booming voice. *“Are you not entertained?”*
-
----
-
-**A few months before** I sit with Swift in New York, on a summer night in Santa Clara, Calif., which has been temporarily renamed Swiftie Clara in her honor, I am in a stadium with nearly 70,000 other people having a religious experience. The crowd is rapturous and Swift beatific as she gazes out at us, all high on the same drug. Her fans are singularly passionate, not just in the venue but also online, as they analyze clues, hints, and secret messages in everything from her choreography to her costumes—some deliberately planted, others not. (“Taylor Swift fans are the modern-day equivalent of those cults who would consistently have inaccurate rapture predictions like once a month,” [as one viral tweet noted](https://twitter.com/Coll3enG/status/1582520477175533568).)
-
-[*Subscribe now and get the Person of the Year issue*](http://time.com/subscribe)
-
-Standing in the arena, it’s not hard to understand why this is the biggest thing in the world. “Beatlemania and *Thriller* have nothing on these shows,” says Swift’s friend and collaborator Phoebe Bridgers. Fans in Argentina pitched tents outside the venue for months to get prime spots, with some quitting their jobs to commit to fandom full time. Across the U.S., others lined up for days, while those who didn’t get in “Taylor-gated” in nearby parking lots so they could pick up the sound. When tickets went on sale last year, Ticketmaster crashed. Although 4.1 million tickets were sold for the 2023 shows—including over 2 million on the first day, a new record—scalpers jacked up prices on the secondary market to more than $22,000. Multiple fans filed lawsuits. The Justice Department moved forward with an investigation. The [Senate held a hearing](https://time.com/6249730/ticketmaster-taylor-swift-hearing-congress/). Given these stakes, Swift had to deliver.
-
-![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/taylor-swift-person-of-the-year-senate-ticketmaster.jpg?quality=75&w=2400)
-
-Ticketmaster and Live Nation executives testified at a Senate hearing after demand for tickets overwhelmed the siteAl Drago—Bloomberg/Getty Images
-
-“I knew this tour was harder than anything I’d ever done before by a long shot,” Swift says. Each show spans over 180 minutes, including 40-plus songs from at least nine albums; there are 16 costume changes, pyrotechnics, an optical illusion in which she appears to dive into the stage and swim, and not one but two cottagecore worlds, which feature an abundance of moss.
-
-In the past, Swift jokes, she toured “like a frat guy.” This time, she began training six months ahead of the first show. “Every day I would run on the treadmill, singing the entire set list out loud,” she said. “Fast for fast songs, and a jog or a fast walk for slow songs.” Her gym, Dogpound, created a program for her, incorporating strength, conditioning, and weights. “Then I had three months of dance training, because I wanted to get it in my bones,” she says. “I wanted to be so over-rehearsed that I could be silly with the fans, and not lose my train of thought.” She worked with choreographer Mandy Moore—recommended by her friend Emma Stone, who worked with Moore on *La La Land*—since, as Swift says, “Learning choreography is not my strong suit.” With the exception of Grammy night—which was “hilarious,” she says—she also stopped drinking. “Doing that show with a hangover,” she says ominously. “I don’t want to know that world.”
-
-**Read More:** *[Taylor Swift Shares Her Eras Tour Workout and Self-Care Regimen](https://time.com/6343028/taylor-swift-workout-routine-eras-tour/)*
-
-Swift’s arrival in a city energized the local economy. When Eras kicked off in Glendale, Ariz., she generated more revenue for its businesses than the 2023 Super Bowl, which was held in the same stadium. Fans flew across the country, stayed in hotels, ate meals out, and splurged on everything from sweatshirts to limited-edition vinyl, with the average Eras attendee reportedly spending nearly $1,300. Swift sees the expense and effort incurred by fans as something she needs to repay: “They had to work really hard to get the tickets,” she says. “I wanted to play a show that was longer than they ever thought it would be, because that makes me feel good leaving the stadium.” The “Taylor effect” was noticed at the highest levels of government. “When the Federal Reserve mentions you as the reason economic growth is up, that’s a big deal,” says Ed Tiryakian, a finance professor at Duke University. 
-
-Carrying an economy on your back is a lot for one person. After she plays a run of shows, Swift takes a day to rest and recover. “I do not leave my bed except to get food and take it back to my bed and eat it there,” she says. “It’s a dream scenario. I can barely speak because I’ve been singing for three shows straight. Every time I take a step my feet go *crunch, crunch, crunch* from dancing in heels.” Maintaining her strength through workouts between shows is key. “I know I’m going on that stage whether I’m sick, injured, heartbroken, uncomfortable, or stressed,” she says. “That’s part of my identity as a human being now. If someone buys a ticket to my show, I’m going to play it unless we have some sort of force majeure.” (A heat wave in Rio de Janeiro caused chaos during Swift’s November run as one fan, Ana Clara Benevides Machado, reportedly collapsed during the show and later died; Swift wrote on Instagram that she had a “shattered heart.” She rescheduled the next show because of unsafe conditions, and spent time with Benevides Machado’s family at her final tour date in Brazil.)
-
-![Taylor Swift Tour Rehearsal](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/taylor-swift-person-of-the-year-tour-rehearsal.jpg?quality=75&w=2400)
-
-Swift told TIME she started training six months in advance of the Eras Tour, which kicked off in MarchCourtesy TAS Rights Management
-
-Swift is many things onstage—vulnerable and triumphant, playful and sad—but the intimacy of her songcraft is front and center. “Her work as a songwriter is what speaks most clearly to me,” says filmmaker Greta Gerwig, whose feminist *Barbie* was its own testament to the idea that women can be anything. “To write music that is from the deepest part of herself and have it directly speak into the souls of other people.” As Swift whips through the eras, she’s not trying to update her old songs, whether the earnest romance of “You Belong With Me” or the millennial ennui of “22,” so much as she is embracing them anew. She’s modeling radical self-acceptance on the world’s largest stage, giving the audience a space to revisit their own joy or pain, once dismissed or forgotten. I tell Swift that the show made me think of a meme that says, “Do not kill the part of you that is cringe—kill the part of you that cringes.” “Yes!” she exclaims. “Every part of you that you’ve ever been, every phase you’ve ever gone through, was you working it out in that moment with the information you had available to you at the time. There’s a lot that I look back at like, ‘Wow, a couple years ago I might have cringed at this.’ You should celebrate who you are now, where you’re going, and where you’ve been.”
-
-**Read More:** *[How We Chose Taylor Swift as TIME's 2023 Person of the Year](https://time.com/6342816/person-of-the-year-2023-taylor-swift-choice/)*
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-Getting to this place of harmony with her past took work; there’s a dramatic irony, she explains, to the success of the tour. “It’s not lost on me that the two great catalysts for this happening were two horrendous things that happened to me,” Swift says, and this is where the story takes a turn. “The first was getting canceled within an inch of my life and sanity,” she says plainly. “The second was having my life’s work taken away from me by someone who hates me.”
-
----
-
-**Swift shows me** some things she loves in her apartment: a Stevie Nicks Barbie that sits still boxed in her kitchen, sent to her by the artist; the framed note from Paul McCartney that hangs in her bathroom; tiles around the fireplace that Swift found shopping in Paris with her mother. Connections to her family are everywhere, including a striking photo of her grandmother Marjorie, an opera singer and the inspiration for a track on her album *evermore.* Swift grew up on a Christmas-tree farm in Pennsylvania, with her younger brother Austin; her father Scott was a stockbroker at Merrill Lynch, and Andrea worked in marketing. Her family still works closely with her today. “My dad, my mom, and my brother come up with some of the best ideas in my career,” Swift says. “I always joke that we’re a small family business.”
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-![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/taylor-swift-person-of-the-year-family-commencement.jpg?quality=75&w=2400)
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-Austin, Andrea, and Scott Swift with Taylor at NYU graduation in 2022 where she received an honorary Doctorate of Fine ArtsCourtesy TAS Rights Management
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-After moving to Nashville as a teen, she signed with Scott Borchetta’s Big Machine Records. Swift’s songwriting ability was evident from the first lyrics of “Tim McGraw,” her debut single: “He said the way my blue eyes shined put those Georgia stars to shame that night—I said, ‘That’s a lie.’” Even for country music these lyrics are literary—conjuring a romantic fantasy, then deflating it a line later. The fairy-tale promise of love and intimacy became a runner in Swift’s work as a songwriter, something she’d repeatedly espouse, then skewer; she was self-aware about the role narrative played in her expectations. She was seen as a gifted pop-country ingenue when, in a now infamous moment, Kanye West interrupted Swift onstage at the 2009 VMAs while she was accepting an award. The incident set in motion a chain of events that would shape the next decade of both artists’ lives. 
-
-It was around that time, Swift remembers now, that she began trying to shape-shift. “I realized every record label was actively working to try to replace me,” she says. “I thought instead, I’d replace myself first with a new me. It’s harder to hit a moving target.” Swift wrote songs solo, incorporated diverse sonic influences, and placed more clues about personal relationships in her lyrics and album materials for fans to decode. Her epic ballad “All Too Well,” from 2012’s *Red,* epitomizes Swift’s superpower as a songwriter, deploying tossed-off details like a forgotten scarf that comes back at the song’s end to stab you in the heart—but it also had a secret message hidden in the liner notes. When an extended version of the song hit No. 1 last year upon its rerelease, it wasn’t only because the song is extraordinary, but because it has its own lore, like Carly Simon’s “You’re So Vain” if it came with an experiential puzzle for fans to solve. “She’s like a whole room of writers as one person, with that voice and charisma,” Bridgers says. “She’s everything at once.”
-
-[](https://timecoverstore.com/collections/2023+person+of+the+year)[*Buy a print of the Person of the Year covers now*](https://timecoverstore.com/collections/2023+person+of+the+year)
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-Swift knew she had to keep innovating. “By the time an artist is mature enough to psychologically deal with the job, they throw you out at 29, typically,” she says. “In the ’90s and ’00s, it seems like the music industry just said: ‘OK, let’s take a bunch of teenagers, throw them into a fire, and watch what happens. By the time they’ve accumulated enough wisdom to do their job effectively, we’ll find new teenagers.’” She went [full-throttle pop for 2014’s *1989*](https://time.com/6328790/taylor-swift-1989-2/)*,* putting her [on top of the world](https://time.com/3583129/power-of-taylor-swift-cover/)—“an imperial phase,” she calls it. She didn’t realize it would also give her much farther to fall. Public sentiment turned—sniping about everything from her perceived overexposure to conspiracy theories about her politics. “I had all the hyenas climb on and take their shots,” she says. West wrote a song with vulgar lyrics about her, and claimed that Swift had consented to it, which Swift denied; West’s then wife, Kim Kardashian, released a video of a conversation between West and Swift that seemed to indicate that Swift had been on board with the song. The scandal was tabloid catnip; it made Swift look like a snake, which is what people called her. She felt it was “a career death,” she says. “Make no mistake—my career was taken away from me.”
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-![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/taylor-swift-person-of-the-year-4.jpg?quality=75&w=2400)
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-Inez and Vinoodh for TIME
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-It was a bleak moment. “You have a fully manufactured frame job, in an illegally recorded phone call, which Kim Kardashian edited and then put out to say to everyone that I was a liar,” she says. “That took me down psychologically to a place I’ve never been before. I moved to a foreign country. I didn’t leave a rental house for a year. I was afraid to get on phone calls. I pushed away most people in my life because I didn’t trust anyone anymore. I went down really, really hard.” (Kardashian wrote, in a 2020 social media post, that the situation “forced me to defend him.”) Swift’s next album, 2017’s *Reputation,* featured snake imagery; the video for “Look What You Made Me Do” saw her killing off younger versions of herself. She remembers *Reputation* being met with uproar and skepticism. “I thought that moment of backlash was going to define me negatively for the rest of my life,” she says. She had also satisfied her record deal with Borchetta, and knew she wanted out. “The molecular chemistry of that old label was that every creative choice I wanted to make was second-guessed,” she says. “I was really overthinking these albums.”
-
-She met with Lucian Grainge, the CEO of Universal Music Group, and Monte Lipman, who runs Universal’s top label Republic Records, to talk about signing a deal that would give her more agency. Today, Grainge is perhaps the most powerful executive in the music industry, but, as I sit with him in his office in Los Angeles, he describes himself as an “old punk” who operates on instinct more than metrics. He told Swift, he says, “We will utilize everything that we’ve got as a company for you.” Swift felt like she’d been given carte blanche: “Lucian and Monte basically said to me, ‘Whatever you turn in, we will be proud to put out. We give you 100% creative freedom and trust.’” It was exactly what she needed to hear most when the chips were down.
-
-Yet the release of Swift’s first album with Republic, 2019’s *[Lover](https://time.com/5651207/taylor-swift-lover-songs-explained/),* coincided with the second big upheaval in her professional life: Borchetta had sold Big Machine—and with it, Swift’s catalog, valued then at a reported $140 million—to Ithaca Holdings, which is owned by music manager Scooter Braun, a former ally of West’s. “With the Scooter thing, my masters were being sold to someone who actively wanted them for nefarious reasons, in my opinion,” Swift says. (“It makes me sad that Taylor had that reaction to the deal,” Braun told *Variety* in 2021.) The sale meant that the [rights to Swift’s first six albums](https://time.com/5618336/taylor-swift-scooter-braun-masters/) moved to Braun, so whenever someone wanted to license one of those songs, he would be the one to profit. Swift rallied her fans against the deal, but still felt powerless. “I was so knocked on my ass by the sale of my music, and to whom it was sold,” she says. “I was like, ‘Oh, they got me beat now. This is it. I don’t know what to do.’” She went back to work, using the pandemic lockdown to pare back her sound on critically acclaimed albums *[folklore](https://time.com/5871159/taylor-swift-folklore-explained/)* and *[evermore](https://time.com/5920105/taylor-swift-evermore/).*
-
-Around the same time, she started thinking about rerecording her old albums in an effort to wrest back control. “I’d run into Kelly Clarkson and she would go, ‘Just redo it,’” Swift says. “My dad kept saying it to me too. I’d look at them and go, ‘How can I possibly do that?’ Nobody wants to redo their homework if on the way to school, the wind blows your book report away.” Since Swift wrote her own songs, she retained the musical composition copyright and could rerecord them. She also negotiated to own the master rights for her material when she moved over to Republic in 2018, so she now owns her new material and the rerecorded songs. (Major labels have since made it more difficult for artists to rerecord their music.) She began rerecording subtly different versions of her old albums, tagging them “(Taylor’s Version)” and adding unreleased tracks to redirect listenership to them. She frames the strategy as a coping mechanism. “It’s all in how you deal with loss,” she says. “I respond to extreme pain with defiance.”
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-![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/taylor-swift-person-of-the-year-eras-tour.jpg?quality=75&w=2400)
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-Swift performs at Foro Sol in Mexico City on Aug. 24Hector Vivas—TAS23/Getty Images for TAS Rights Management
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-Grainge calls the rerecording project “bizarrely brilliant and unique”—something that only an artist at her level could pull off. “It’s got such a narrative—there’s a reason for it.” He shakes his head. “Imagine Picasso painting something that he painted a few years ago, then re-creating it with the colors of today.” Part of the success story, Swift says, is the freedom she received from the label to follow her instincts. “If you look at what I’ve put out since then, it’s more albums in the last few years than I did in the first 15 years of my career,” she says. That prolific output has fueled her ascension. “She could serve two terms as President of the United States and then go to Las Vegas,” Grainge says. “Who else can do that?” 
-
-In the grand narrative of Swift’s life, as she rose this year, her foes’ fortunes also seemed to turn. Over the summer, it was reported that several of Braun’s key clients—chief among them Justin Bieber and Ariana Grande—were no longer being managed by his company, while West’s antisemitic and other offensive remarks led to his losing key endorsement deals. Swift knows firsthand that fame is a seesaw. “Nothing is permanent,” she says. “So I’m very careful to be grateful every second that I get to be doing this at this level, because I’ve had it taken away from me before. There is one thing I’ve learned: My response to anything that happens, good or bad, is to keep making things. Keep making art.” She considers. “But I’ve also learned there’s no point in actively trying to quote unquote defeat your enemies,” she says. “Trash takes itself out every single time.”
-
----
-
-**The premiere for** Swift’s concert film takes place at the Grove, an outdoor mall in Los Angeles, which has been shut down for the event; Swift has packed 13 screens with thousands of fans. She goes, one by one, to each theater thanking sobbing audience members for being there. Like the tour, the film, which was released directly to theaters without a traditional partner, is an event. “We met with all the studios,” she tells me, “and we met with all the streamers, and we sized up how it was perceived and valued, and if they had high hopes and dreams for it. Ultimately I did what I tend to do more and more often these days, which is to bet on myself.” She credits her father with the idea. “He just said, why does there have to be a—for lack of a better word—middleman?”
-
-**Read More:** *['I Bet on Myself.' How Taylor Swift's Deal With AMC Came Together](https://time.com/6342992/taylor-swift-amc-eras-tour-movie-deal/)*
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-In the theater excitement ripples through the crowd, a mix of fans and Swift’s friends, as we wait for her. To my left are two dedicated Swifties, sisters who introduce themselves as Madison, 23, and McCall, 20, and who are still reeling from taking a selfie with Swift on the red carpet. Their wrists are covered in friendship bracelets, some of which are deep cuts—such as no it’s BECKY, a reference to a beloved Tumblr meme, and BLEACHELLA STAN, for Swift’s 2016 platinum blond bob—and Madison reveals a tattoo on her forearm that says “Taylor’s Version.” Both tell me their favorite album is *Reputation.* They are my favorite people I have ever met, and I want to talk to only them for the rest of my life. Madison admires Swift for her vulnerability—“which is insane, when she’s under endless scrutiny”—while McCall cites her consistency, which she calls “a lost art form.” When I ask how McCall feels about Swift’s romantic life, she fields the question elegantly. “It’s a disservice to her to focus on that stuff,” she says. “She’s so good at making her personal experience relate to millions of people. When I listen to her songs, I think about what I’ve been through—not what she’s been through.”
-
-Swift’s private life has long served as both grist for the tabloid mill and inspiration for her own work; she split from her longtime boyfriend, actor Joe Alwyn, earlier this year. Most recently, she’s been dating the [NFL star Travis Kelce](https://time.com/6317898/travis-kelce-taylor-swift-relationship/), as has been well documented when she attends his games. “I don’t know how they know what suite I’m in,” she says. “There’s a camera, like, a half-mile away, and you don’t know where it is, and you have no idea when the camera is putting you in the broadcast, so I don’t know if I’m being shown 17 times or once.” She is sensitive to the attention that’s put on her when she shows up. “I’m just there to support Travis,” she says. “I have no awareness of if I’m being shown too much and pissing off a few dads, Brads, and Chads.”
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-![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/taylor-swift-person-of-the-year-nfl.jpg?quality=75&w=2400)
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-After playing Kansas City in July, Swift returned in October to support her boyfriend, Chiefs star Travis KelceDavid Eulitt—Getty Images
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-I point out that it’s a net positive for the NFL to have a few Swifties watching. “Football is awesome, it turns out,” Swift says playfully. “I’ve been missing out my whole life.” (A [game she attended in October](https://time.com/6319422/taylor-swift-travis-kelce-nfl-tv/) was the most-watched Sunday show since the Super Bowl.)
-
-Given her complex history with public interest in her dating life, I say, it seems noteworthy that her relationship with Kelce has played out so publicly. Swift gently pushes back: “This all started when Travis very adorably put me on blast on his podcast, which I thought was metal as hell,” she says. “We started hanging out right after that. So we actually had a significant amount of time that no one knew, which I’m grateful for, because we got to get to know each other. By the time I went to that first game, we were a couple. I think some people think that they saw our first date at that game? We would never be psychotic enough to hard launch a first date.” The larger point, for her, is that there’s nothing to hide. “When you say a relationship is public, that means I’m going to see him do what he loves, we’re showing up for each other, other people are there and we don’t care,” she says. “The opposite of that is you have to go to an extreme amount of effort to make sure no one knows that you’re seeing someone. And we’re just proud of each other.”
-
-Swift’s openness is one part of why her fan base leans heavily, though not exclusively, female. The Eras Tour was one critical piece of what Swift calls “a three-part summer of feminine extravaganza”—the other two parts being Gerwig’s box-office bonanza *Barbie* and Beyoncé’s blockbuster, culture-shifting Renaissance Tour. “To make a fun, entertaining blast of a movie, with that commentary,” she says of *Barbie,* “I cannot imagine how hard that was, and Greta made it look so easy.” (“I’m just a sucker for a gal who is good with words, and she is the best with them,” Gerwig says about Swift, whom she calls “Bruce Springsteen meets Loretta Lynn meets Bob Dylan.”)
-
-Swift is no less effusive in talking about Beyoncé, who brokered a similar deal with AMC and shows up to Swift’s Los Angeles premiere; the next month, Swift returns the favor by attending Beyoncé’s in London. “She’s the most precious gem of a person—warm and open and funny,” Swift says. “And she’s such a great disrupter of music-industry norms. She taught every artist how to flip the table and challenge archaic business practices.” That her tour and Beyoncé’s were frequently juxtaposed is vexing. “There were so many stadium tours this summer, but the only ones that were compared were me and Beyoncé,” she says. “Clearly it’s very lucrative for the media and stan culture to pit two women against each other, even when those two artists in question refuse to participate in that discussion.”
-
-**Read More:** *[‘The Most Precious Gem of a Person:’ Taylor Swift on Her Friendship With Beyoncé](https://time.com/6343062/taylor-swift-beyonce-friendship-renaissance/)*
-
-To Swift, the success of all three feels like an inflection point. “If we have to speak stereotypically about the feminine and the masculine,” she says, “women have been fed the message that what we naturally gravitate toward—” She has a few examples: “Girlhood, feelings, love, breakups, analyzing those feelings, talking about them nonstop, glitter, sequins! We’ve been taught that those things are more frivolous than the things that stereotypically gendered men gravitate toward, right?” Right, I say. “And what has existed since the dawn of time? A patriarchal society. What fuels a patriarchal society? Money, flow of revenue, the economy. So actually, if we’re going to look at this in the most cynical way possible, feminine ideas becoming lucrative means that more female art will get made. It’s extremely heartening.”
-
-![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/taylor-swift-person-of-the-year-beyonce.jpg?quality=75&w=2400)
-
-Beyoncé joined Swift in Los Angeles on Oct. 11 for the first screening of her Eras Tour filmJohn Shearer—Getty Images for TAS
-
-Amid so much attention, it seems noteworthy that Swift appears more relaxed in the public eye, not less—although I wonder out loud whether it just appears that way. She nods. “Over the years, I’ve learned I don’t have the time or bandwidth to get pressed about things that don’t matter. Yes, if I go out to dinner, there’s going to be a whole chaotic situation outside the restaurant. But I still want to go to dinner with my friends.” She sounds thoughtful. “Life is short. Have adventures. Me locking myself away in my house for a lot of years—I’ll never get that time back. I’m more trusting now than I was six years ago.” 
-
-She’s also having more fun. At her premiere, Swift sits in the same row as me, Madison, and McCall, singing along and dancing in her seat; we keep craning our necks to look at her, sharing thunderstruck looks: *Isn’t this surreal?* There are moments in the film when the cameras capture the enormous screens behind Swift onstage, and it feels like a house of mirrors, these myriad reflections of Taylor Swift—us watching her watch herself on a screen, which is itself showing Swift’s image on so many screens, the thousands of fans onscreen in the stadium and us in this theater, with Swift in the middle of it—all of us rapt, unable to look away.
-
-**Read More:** *[Taylor Swift Makes History as Person of the Year. Here’s How](https://time.com/6343069/taylor-swift-history-person-of-the-year/)*
-
----
-
-**Swift and I have been talking** for a while now at her apartment, long enough that our coffees have gone cold and her cat Benjamin Button has trundled into the room, then gotten bored and left. She tells me about revisiting *Reputation,* which is perhaps the most charged era in the tour. “It’s a goth-punk moment of female rage at being gaslit by an entire social structure,” she says, laughing. “I think a lot of people see it and they’re just like, Sick snakes and strobe lights.” The upcoming vault tracks for *Reputation* will be “fire,” she promises. The rerecordings project feels like a mythical quest to her. “I’m collecting horcruxes,” she says. “I’m collecting infinity stones. Gandalf’s voice is in my head every time I put out a new one. For me, it is a movie now.”
-
-![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/taylor-swift-person-of-the-year-5.jpg?quality=75&w=2400)
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-Inez and Vinoodh for TIME
-
-It strikes me then that for all the talk about eras, it’s also worth thinking about genres—how Swift has moved between them in the stories she’s told. At first, it was a coming-of-age story, one about a young woman finding her way in the world and honing her voice before a fickle public. Then there were romances, great ones—tales of enchantment and desire, heartbreak and disillusionment, relationships that she both excavated for her songs and that the media documented for her with either joy or schadenfreude, depending on the day. There have been dramas with stakes so high and turns so twisty they feel Shakespearean in their scope, betrayals both personal and professional that have shaped her life. Occasionally, these stories have tipped into screwball comedy—like when a crowd in Seattle cheered so loudly it registered as an earthquake, or when, on a tour stop in Brazil, the local archdiocese allowed messages celebrating her to be projected onto the 124-ft. Christ the Redeemer statue. But they have one thing in common: Swift. 
-
-She is a maestro of self-determination, of writing her own story. The multihyphenate television creator Shonda Rhimes—no stranger to a plot twist—who has known Swift since she was a teenager, puts it simply: “She controls narrative not only in her work, but in her life,” she says. “It used to feel like people were taking shots at her. Now it feels like she’s providing the narrative—so there aren’t any shots to be taken.”
-
-**Read More:** *[Behind the Scenes of TIME’s 2023 Person of the Year Issue](https://time.com/6342829/person-of-the-year-2023-editors-letter/)*
-
-Here, Swift has told me a story about redemption, about rising and falling only to rise again—a hero’s journey. I do not say to her, in our conversation, that it did not always look that way from the outside—that, for example, when *Reputation*’s lead single “Look What You Made Me Do” reached No. 1 on the charts, or when the album sold 1.3 million albums in the first week, second only to *1989,* she did not look like someone whose career had died. She looked like a superstar who was mining her personal experience as successfully as ever. I am tempted to say this.
-
-But then I think, Who am I to challenge it, if that’s how she felt? The point is: she *felt* canceled. She *felt* as if her career had been taken from her. Something in her had been lost, and she was grieving it. Maybe this is the real Taylor Swift effect: That she gives people, many of them women, particularly girls, who have been conditioned to accept dismissal, gaslighting, and mistreatment from a society that treats their emotions as inconsequential, permission to believe that their interior lives matter. That for your heart to break, whether it’s from being kicked off a tour or by the memory of a scarf still sitting in a drawer somewhere or because somebody else controls your life’s work, is a valid wound, and no, you’re not crazy for being upset about it, or for wanting your story to be told. 
-
-After all, not to be corny, haven’t we all become selective autobiographers in the digital age as we curate our lives for our own audiences of any size—cutting away from the raw fabric of our lived experience to reveal the shape of the story we most want to tell, whether it’s on our own feeds or the world’s stage? I can’t blame her for being better at it than everyone else. It’s also not like she hasn’t admitted it. She sang it herself, in her song “Mastermind,” off last year’s *[Midnights](https://time.com/6223793/taylor-swift-midnights-album-takeaways/),* in a bridge so feathery you could almost miss that it marks some of the rawest, most naked songwriting of her career: “No one wanted to play with me as a little kid/ So I’ve been scheming like a criminal ever since/ To make them love me and make it seem effortless/ This is the first time I’ve felt the need to confess/ And I swear I’m only cryptic and Machiavellian because I care.”
-
-![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/taylor-swift-person-of-the-year-2.jpg?quality=75&w=2400)
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-Inez and Vinoodh for TIME
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-She tells me she wrote that song after watching the Paul Thomas Anderson film *Phantom Thread,* which—spoiler—culminates in the reveal of a vast, layered manipulation. “Remember that last scene?” she says. “I thought, wouldn’t it be fun to have a lyric about being calculated?” She pauses. “It’s something that’s been thrown at me like a dagger, but now I take it as a compliment.” 
-
-It *is* a compliment. After I leave Swift’s house, I can’t stop thinking about how perfectly she crafted this story for me—the one about redemption, how she lost it all and got it back. Storytelling is what she’s always done; that’s why, Chesney tells me, he gave her that gift all those years ago. “She was a writer who had something to say,” he says. “That isn’t something you can fake by writing clichés. You can only live it, then write it as real as possible.” 
-
-She must have known that all the references she made had hidden meanings, that I’d see all the tossed-off details for the Easter eggs they were. The way she told me that story about Chesney, she knew there was a lesson, about the power of generosity, and how a crushing defeat can give way to a great and surprising gift. The way she said, “Are you not entertained?”—surely we both knew it was a quote from *Gladiator,* a movie in which a hero falls from grace, is forced to perform blood sport for the pleasure of spectators, and emerges victorious, having survived humiliation and debasement to soar higher than ever. And the way before I left, she showed me the note from Paul McCartney hanging in her bathroom, which has a Beatles lyric written on it—and not just any Beatles lyric, but this one: “Take these broken wings and learn to fly.” —*With reporting by* Leslie Dickstein *and* Megan McCluskey •
-
-Styled by Heidi Bivens at Honey Artists; hair by Holli Smith; make-up by Diane Kendal; nails by Maki Sakamoto; production by VLM Productions
-
-On the covers: 
-
-*Jacket, denim shirt and turtleneck by Polo Ralph Lauren; dress by Area; bodysuit by Bardot, tights by Wolford; earrings are artist’s own*
-
-On the inside: 
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-*Jacket, denim shirt and turtleneck by Polo Ralph Lauren; tuxedo jacket, tuxedo shirt, vest and pocket square by Ralph Lauren Collection, jeans by Polo Ralph Lauren; dress by Alaia; rings by Anna Sheffield and Cartier; earrings are artist’s own*
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-# Tessa Gourin, Jack Nicholson’s Daughter, on Acting and ‘Nepo Baby’ Discourse
-
-The East Village apartment where 28-year-old [actor](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t59-48jGlPc) [Tessa Gourin](https://www.instagram.com/tessadotgourin/?hl=en) lives is an artist’s dream: stacks of books line the white walls, photos from the set of [Harmony Korine](https://www.thedailybeast.com/spring-breakers-wish-fulfillment-fantasy-or-vacuous-booze-bikini-bullets-fest)’s 1995 film *Kids* hang above the cozy blue couch, and [mushroom-shaped ceramics](https://www.instagram.com/mushroomsbytessa/) Gourin learned to make during the pandemic sit on the mantle. In the back is a small art studio where she’s working on a painting based on a paparazzi photograph taken of her as an infant, clutched protectively in her mother’s arms.
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-A few things rapidly became clear as I speak to Gourin over the course of an hour. She’s a born entertainer, alarmingly beautiful and restlessly gesticulating in her seat as she fires off references to everyone from painter Otto Dix to playwright John Patrick Shanley to Lindsay Lohan. She’s commanding; you can imagine her powerful speaking voice effortlessly reaching the last row of a Broadway theater. Most of all, she’s razor-focused on one longtime goal.
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-“I’ve wanted to act my entire life,” Gourin tells The Daily Beast. “My mom filmed me my whole childhood and it’s literally me saying, ‘Can I get filmed again?’ I was performing for everyone and their parents at sleepovers, doing fake *American Idol* and things like that.”
-
-As a kid, when she got obsessed with the musical *Annie*, Gourin begged her mom to buy her a curly wig. Her aunt sewed her a red dress to complete the costume.
-
-“My mom wouldn’t let me act when I was younger, and I can respect that, but I’m like, ‘Fuck, I would have killed it,’” Gourin says.
-
-And there’s no way around it: From her sharply arched eyebrows to the massive, manic grin that splits her face in half, Gourin is the spitting image of her father, Academy Award-winning actor [Jack Nicholson](https://www.thedailybeast.com/jack-nicholson-deserves-a-better-biography-than-this).
-
-As in, the Jack Nicholson who played an alcoholic writer descending into madness in [*The Shining*](https://www.thedailybeast.com/inside-the-shining-sequel-doctor-sleep-a-spooky-as-hell-tribute-to-stanley-kubrick-and-stephen-king)*,* arguably [Stanley Kubrick](https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-secret-photographs-of-stanley-kubrick)’s masterpiece. The Jack Nicholson who bellowed his way into the history books as a formidable Marine Corps colonel in [*A Few Good Men*](https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-few-great-men-too-many-aaron-sorkin-doesnt-think-you-can-handle-the-truth). The Jack Nicholson who’s such a cornerstone of American cinema, his unmistakable features might as well be carved into Mount Lee next to the [Hollywood sign](https://www.thedailybeast.com/cheats/2010/04/26/hugh-hefner-saves-lsquohollywoodrsquo-sign).
-
-At one point during our conversation, Gourin burst out laughing and so precisely resembled Nicholson that I felt a visceral jolt of shock.
-
-The actor is known to have fathered at least five children by [four different women](https://news.amomama.com/282858-jack-nicholson-fathers-5-kids-its-claime.html), but he has [never publicly acknowledged](https://www.yourtango.com/entertainment/jack-nicholson-daughter-tessa-gourin-slams-illegitimate-father#:~:text=Jack%20Nicholson's%20daughter%2C%20Tessa%20Gourin,said%20in%20an%20Instagram%20story.) Gourin as his daughter, and he hasn’t been present in her life since she was a child. She hasn’t spoken to Nicholson in years, she said, and declined to be more specific.
-
-“From a very young age, my mother told me not to tell anyone that I have this famous dad,” Gourin tells The Daily Beast. “I knew he was powerful and Daddy Warbucks-level rich, so I kind of equated my life to being like Orphan Annie’s.”
-
-But at the peak of the internet-wide conversation about “[nepo babies](https://www.thedailybeast.com/nepo-babies-of-famous-parents-say-they-did-it-their-way-no-one-is-buying-it),” when everyone was gleefully mocking the children of celebrities who’ve been given every professional opportunity and yet compulsively refuse to acknowledge their advantages, *Newsweek* published an essay written by Gourin with the headline, “[I’m Jack Nicholson’s Daughter—I Wish People Could Call Me a Nepo Baby.](https://www.newsweek.com/jack-nicholson-daughter-tessa-gourin-nepo-babies-1777724)”
-
-“Having grown up without my father, I’ve sat on the sidelines and watched in frustration as other celebrity children have seamlessly secured roles or been signed to huge agencies,” Gourin [wrote](https://www.newsweek.com/jack-nicholson-daughter-tessa-gourin-nepo-babies-1777724) in the piece. “More recently, I have grown even more frustrated at what I think is a missed opportunity for these so-called ‘nepo babies’ to own their position and embrace it instead of complaining about it.”
-
-Gourin was inspired to write the essay after reading an interview with actress and model Lily-Rose Depp in which the 23-year-old denied benefiting from nepotism. Depp, the daughter of [Johnny Depp](https://www.thedailybeast.com/unsealed-docs-from-johnny-depp-v-amber-heard-defamation-trial-contain-shocking-new-claims) and French singer Vanessa Paradis, [told *Elle*](https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a41894075/0125-0141-an-idol-rising-december-2022/) in November, “It’s weird to me to reduce somebody to the idea that they’re only there because it’s a generational thing. People are going to have preconceived ideas about you or how you got there, and I can definitely say that nothing is going to get you the part except for being right for the part.”
-
-Gourin made it clear that she’s a fan of Lily-Rose, despite their different perspectives. “It’s such a double-sided thing, because I can also understand the frustration of getting in the door, and then once you’re there it’s like, ‘OK, now show us what you can do,’” Gourin tells The Daily Beast. “But as an actor, that’s the most exciting thing to me. It’s a driving force to want to prove yourself. This guilty thing over ultimately having a gift is something you should just work out yourself, and put into your work.”
-
-Gourin grew up on Manhattan’s Upper East Side, in a two-bedroom apartment with her mother, former New York real estate agent Jennine Gourin, and her younger half-brother. Life was hardly luxurious; the family moved every time the rent went up. Her early education was funded by Nicholson: “I went to (and was thrown out of) many prestigious private schools, through his financial help,” [Gourin wrote](https://www.newsweek.com/jack-nicholson-daughter-tessa-gourin-nepo-babies-1777724) in *Newsweek*.
-
-“Look, I was raised by a single mother in a really intense, nuanced situation,” Gourin tells The Daily Beast. “I grew up in private schools, which I am appreciative of, but my home life wasn’t great, so I don’t feel as though I really even got the full benefit of a good education. I was so all over the place with processing my life. I was acting out. But granted, I’m not saying, ‘Poor me, I grew up so poor.’ I was completely fine. My mother indulged me.”
-
-Like many budding thespians, Gourin relished performing in high school plays. Eventually, though, she grew fearful of encroaching on her father’s hallowed territory or even being blacklisted over their connection, so she stopped acting for a couple of years in her mid-twenties.
-
-“I was afraid people would think I was tacky or that I was riding off his coattails,” she explains. “But this person doesn’t want me in his life, so how would you use that to your benefit?”
-
-“My mom wanted me to have a relationship with him, but he said he wasn’t interested,” Gourin says. “When you’re a child, you don’t have a choice where you’re going, so if your mom is pushing you on someone who’s technically your father and he agrees to see you for anywhere between one hour and a couple of days, that’s where you’re going to go. I don’t know this person very well, we’ll just say that.”
-
-(This is how she [put it](https://www.newsweek.com/jack-nicholson-daughter-tessa-gourin-nepo-babies-1777724) in *Newsweek*: “Have you ever been on a date and sensed that the other person just wasn’t feeling it? That’s pretty much how every interaction I have ever had with Jack Nicholson has gone.”)
-
-“I was afraid people would think I was tacky or that I was riding off his coattails. But this person doesn’t want me in his life, so how would you use that to your benefit?”
-
-Now, after many hours of therapy spent sorting through the contradictions of her upbringing—a process Gourin says is “very painful” and nowhere near finished—she’s finally ready to embrace her calling. She doesn’t have an agent or a manager yet, but for the past two years, she’s been working with acting teacher [Tony Greco](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0337517/news), who also instructed [Philip Seymour Hoffman](https://www.thedailybeast.com/philip-seymour-hoffmans-partner-tells-the-inside-story-of-his-fatal-battle-with-addiction). Notably, [like her father](https://www.yahoo.com/now/jack-nicholson-actually-high-filming-150612771.html#:~:text=Jack%20Nicholson%20is%20a%20self,thought%2C%20word%2C%20and%20deed.), Gourin is a devoted believer in method acting.
-
-“The Method is just something that ended up being what works for me the most,” she says. “A huge reason why I’m so drawn to acting is because I have a really complicated life. Because of my life experiences, I have a large amount of conflicting emotions, and acting is a place for me to put those emotions. Method acting is all about examining people’s pathologies and why they do what they do, which is of interest to me.”
-
-“I’m also fucking crazy,” she deadpans. “I’m not the poster child for sanity, and I do think that’s a little similar to my dad, from what I’ve read.”
-
-Gourin says she’s never had a conversation with her father about their shared passion for acting, but artistically, she harbors zero resentment towards him. “I really want this to come across: If I were to discredit anything about his acting, then that wouldn’t make me an artist, because making art and being the world’s greatest dad are not the same thing,” she says.
-
-“If I were to discredit anything about his acting, then that wouldn’t make me an artist, because making art and being the world’s greatest dad are not the same thing.”
-
-Instead, Gourin has her sights set on the future. She’s excited about an [upcoming feature](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11853291/) she acted in that’s directed by Kansas Bowling, and she’s also writing and starring in a short film of her own that she’ll work on this summer. “It takes place in a hotel room, and it’s everything I’ve ever wanted to say to my father,” Gourin said.
-
-But she’s eager to do much more.
-
-“In terms of the types of roles I would love to play: Jessica Lange in *Frances*, Ellen Burstyn in *Alice Doesn’t Live Here Anymore*, Parker Posey in *Party Girl*, Martha Plimpton in *200 Cigarettes*, and Gena Rowlands in literally anything she has ever done,” she says. “I want to work with Darren Aronofsky. I would love to work with Mike White. I would tear *The* *White Lotus*.”
-
-Despite her mom’s best efforts, the truth about Gourin’s parentage has always been both an open secret and an inescapable element of her creativity. The fact that her dad is Jack Nicholson has prompted rabid curiosity from everyone from nosy camp counselors—“They used to make me say ‘Here’s Johnny,’ and obviously at 8 years old I’d never even seen *The Shining,*” Gourin says—to the adults who supervised her childhood playdates and shamelessly asked how her father was doing.
-
-“People always find out everywhere I go, and I’m actually not sure how, because it’s not what I lead with, ever,” she says. “But if people ask me, I’ll always just get into it because I’m such an open book and have had to comb through it so much that I’m like, ‘Yeah, ask me what you want.’”
-
-Her hard-won vulnerability sometimes comes back to bite her.
-
-“A few years ago I was casually dating this guy who was also an actor, and I opened up to him about the whole situation, specifically about how difficult it was for me growing up,” Gourin recalls. “His response was to start doing a monologue from *The Departed*, in the accent and everything.”
-
-(Reader, I screamed. Nicholson, of course, plays [a psychopathic Irish Mob boss](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5AuLTra3t8) in the Boston-based Best Picture winner, directed by Martin Scorsese.)
-
-Fully aware of being invasive, I ask Gourin whether she’d ever found out why her father, so omnipresent on billboards and *Batman* T-shirts and TNT reruns, had chosen to be largely absent from her life. She didn’t flinch.
-
-“I don’t think anyone’s ever given me a concrete answer,” she says, peering at me calmly, straight brown hair tucked behind her ears. “I formed my own opinion. He’s a complicated person, and I think my mom fights her own demons, and with the combination of the two, I was simply collateral damage.”
-
-“I was dealt a really shitty random card, but I’m not gonna let that destroy me,” she continues, her voice slipping into a ringing register I hadn’t heard before. “In fact, I’m gonna use it to fuel me. I feel like every really good artist, what’s at their core, what their ultimate hardships and conflicts are within their lives—that’s what drives them, and that just happens to be mine.”
-
-&emsp;
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-Tag: ["🚔", "💸", "🇨🇦"]
-Date: 2023-04-03
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-04-03
-Link: https://hazlitt.net/longreads/big-coin-heist
-location:
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----
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-04-16]]
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-
-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-TheBigCoinHeistNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# The Big Coin Heist
-
-**The figure turns to address two others.** Like him, they are dressed in head-to-toe black, their faces obscured. Unlike him, they are lagging on the stairs of Berlin’s Hackescher Markt S-Bahn platform. Because there is no audio and his face is turned away from the CCTV cameras, there’s no way to know what he’s saying, but there’s something in his body language. A restlessness, like an eager kid telling his friends to catch up because they’re at risk of missing out. 
-
-It’s 3 a.m., on March 27, 2017. The figures are going to steal a 100 kg coin the size of a car tire made of the purest gold in the world.
-
-Whatever the leader says works. The two other figures catch up, fall in line, and when they reach the top of the stairs, speed walk towards the end of the S-Bahn platform. The three figures step off the platform, onto the track bed, and over to the service pathway running parallel to the tracks. They didn’t have to worry about any trains passing by and spotting them, because they knew that the S-Bahn wouldn’t start up again until 4:13 a.m.
-
-The path they walk gives them an enviable view of the unattended city, theirs in the way all cities belong to those awake at such an early hour. The Berlin Cathedral looms above them and Monbijoupark, with its winter-battered trees, peers over the S-Bahn tracks. Beneath them is the Spree River, and ahead is the Bode Museum, part of what is known as Museum Island.
-
-It was there, on the second floor of the Bode Museum, that the Big Maple Leaf coin awaited them.
-
-Since its creation, the coin had possessed a curious quality, a weight greater than its mass, and a worth beyond its face value. It had a way of changing lives. The three figures were moments away from learning that themselves. If they succeeded, the coin would certainly make them rich. But it also had the potential to do more: make them infamous, noteworthy, respected, admired for the brazenness of their act. Which was the idea. This was meant to be a provocation, and what was at stake in those early hours of the day wasn’t just repercussions, but reputation.
-
-\*
-
-Ten years earlier, 6000 kilometers away, in Ottawa, designer and engraver Stan Witten was at his desk with a set of graphite pencils drawing three silver maple leaves on an 8.5x11 piece of paper. The veteran Royal Canadian Mint employee was focused on getting the leaves just right. He wanted to ensure the leaves felt alive, as if they would curl up and float off the page. They were for a special project unlike any he had ever worked on for the RCM.
-
-The project, to create a 100 kg coin, twenty inches thick, with a face value of one million dollars, was so unprecedented that when RCM chief technology officer Xianyao Li was told about it, his first thought was, “It’s impossible.”
-
-The idea for the Big Maple Leaf coin formed as the RCM was launching a new series of pocket-sized coins made of 99.999 percent pure gold, often referred to as “five nines pure.” Raw gold is typically muddied with other elements like silver, aluminum, or zirconium, and needs to be processed so that there are less than ten parts per million of other elements*.* The typical standard is four nines. That extra decimal represents hundreds of thousands of dollars of additional value, and a source of technical pride for an organization like the RCM.
-
-But the RCM wanted to signal a little more to the world, to draw attention to the new line of coins. In 2004, the Austrian Mint had created what was at that time the world’s biggest coin: a 31 kg coin made of 99.99 percent pure gold. In doing so, Austria hadn’t issued a direct challenge, but because there is an unofficial rivalry between international mints, they might just as well have. What if the RCM combined one accomplishment with another? What if they created a big, 99.999 percent pure coin? Really big. Big enough to draw attention.
-
-Most coins can be struck with a hydraulic press, but there was no machine large enough, or powerful enough, to strike a coin this size. Li and his colleagues would have to turn to casting, a process not unlike pouring batter into a cake mold. The problem with that was the need to create a custom mold that could produce the needed thickness. It would also have to be a mold strong enough to withstand so much hot molten gold, while flexible enough to let the coin pop out after. Precision also had to be considered. Because the coin was to be sold at 100 kilograms, if it ended up weighing 101 kilograms, that additional gold would be an expensive loss for the RCM. If the coin came out of the cast under 100 kilograms, the team would have to scrap the entire coin and start again. The process could also risk contamination, turning five nine gold into four nines. 
-
-Over the next three months, the team worked through the process. They knew they were working on something unique. Defining. Whenever a coin was cast, the whole plant would gather and provide support. “Everyone wanted to know how successful it would be,” recalls Xianyao Li. “When we succeeded everyone was so happy. When we scrapped one coin because of the weight, everybody found a way to support the team so they don’t feel bad.”
-
-Eventually the casting process succeeded. Witten used hand engraving tools to remove slight defects that emerged during the casting process, enhanced the details of the maple leaves and the image of Queen Elizabeth (designed by Susanna Blunt) on the opposite side. The coin surfaces were primed by hand, pre-polished, and then given a frosted finish.
-
-In May 2007, the Big Maple Leaf coin was revealed to the public and the press at the RCM’s Ottawa offices. Internally, the team celebrated. Special posters were made and signed by all involved (Li has one framed in his office). Team photos were shot. There was also a celebration in the employees’ cafeteria, with coffee and cake, and a chance to stand next to the coin and have a photo taken.
-
-In the days, weeks, and months after, the Big Maple Leaf coin’s creators saw their hard work receive international attention. The Guinness World Records organization officially recognized the coin as the world’s largest. There was high demand for the coin to tour the world.
-
-The creators received personal attention too. Witten saw his name appear widely in external publications and brochures. All of it has been tucked away in a filing cabinet he keeps at home, to look back on when he retires.  
-
-As for Li, he was invited in 2008 to give a presentation at his industry’s most prestigious event, the Mint Directors Conference. He broke through in the mint industry in ways he hadn’t before, becoming a member of the technical committee that oversees the industry.
-
-And the RCM itself? “This built some confidence in the mint that we can overcome a lot of technical challenges,” Li says.
-
-The RCM’s work with the coins wasn’t entirely done, however. The coin had attracted other attention as well. Wealthy companies and individuals reached out to the Mint, inquiring if the coin could be custom made for them. The RCM accepted. In the end, six coins were created. One stayed with the RCM in a vault. One went to Barrick Gold Corporation, a Canadian gold mining outfit. One went to an Austrian investment firm. One went to Queen Elizabeth. The last two went to two individuals in Dubai, one of whom, it is rumoured, uses the coin as a coffee table.
-
-When all the work was done, the team was proud of it as an artistic accomplishment, an engineering accomplishment, and a national accomplishment. “I think coins tell a lot about a country, and showcase the country. What’s important, what they’re proud of, what’s meaningful,” Witten says. Li adds, “That’s our history. The coins do give us things we can pass down for years.” 
-
-They felt they had created something lasting. “Coins are permanent, right? Even one this heavy. They don’t burn or don’t blow away, or get lost,” Witten told me.
-
-“Unless someone steals it,” Li added.
-
-\*
-
-The three thieves arrived at a wall that once belonged to a support structure that connected the Bode Museum to the Pergamon Museum. The bridge itself was long gone, and the structure had lost its purpose, but that morning it would find one again. Scaled, the wall leads to the only second-floor window accessible from the outside of the museum. It was the thieves’ best way in, and they had planned accordingly. Nearby was a ladder they had left behind from a previous visit, six days earlier, when everything had gone wrong.
-
-On March 21, the would-be thieves had climbed that ladder up to the window, to remove bolts from security glass that covered the window and gain access to a locker room for museum employees. Mid-bolt removal, however, the glass had cracked. Worried, they fled. If anyone noticed the damage the next day, security would likely be increased and their only entry point would be closed to them.
-
-The damage was noticed. A repair order was issued, but it wasn’t prioritized, likely because the damage was written off as wear and tear. The thieves had been given another chance. But if they didn’t succeed today, on March 27, the coin was going to be gone. It was scheduled to be moved to the Berlin Kulturforum, across the city. If that happened, their weeks’ worth of planning, stress, and anticipation would be for nothing.
-
-They climbed the ladder and stood in front of the security glass for the second time in a week. No longer worried about causing further damage (what did they have to lose now?), they successfully removed the remaining bolts on the security glass and got the casement window behind it open. They knew they didn’t have to listen for the shriek of an alarm, because they knew the alarm sensor in the window had been faulty since 2013 and was turned off. They knew this the same way they knew the window damage hadn’t drawn concerns, the same way they knew how to do everything they were about to do. Their crew had a fourth member. They had an inside man.
-
-They were in. There was the risk of being caught by one of the guards who patrolled the rooms and halls of the museum, but that morning there was only one guard on duty, and he was patrolling another floor. In order not to set off the motion sensors throughout the museum during their rounds, guards turned them off. 
-
-At that early hour, the thieves’ hurried steps would have pierced the silence and the assumed decorum of museums, echoing off the hardwood floors and into the high ceilings.
-
-They walked out of the “Employees Only” door and left the first of several doorstoppers meant to ease their escape. The path took them past frescos of the god Pan and Renaissance images of Christ, past statues of Prussian military leaders watching their advance and a collection of 18th century French artwork. They passed an assembly of baroque southern German art before finally moving past an image of a man victoriously holding a decapitated head, and arriving in the first of the series of rooms, painted envy green and filled with narrow door frames only one person can fit through at a time, that made up the museum’s numismatic section.
-
-Around them were coins from the Holy Roman Empire all the way to the present. There was ancient and modern currency from Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal. There were quotes about currency from a Nürnberger leaflet from 1652, inscribed on a plaque: “Money rules the world. You noble Miss Money/Everyone courts you/What does it matter: because your love on earth/can do anything.”
-
-Then there was the Big Maple Leaf coin, in all its purity, size, detail, and value. It was right there and now all they had to do was take it.
-
-One of the thieves removed an axe from the backpack they had brought with them. He wrapped his hands around its black rubber handle, and the yellow grip at its base. Then he swung the axe towards the case protecting the coin.
-
-\*
-
-When the Big Maple Leaf coin arrived in the Bode Museum in 2010 it had been on something of a Bad Luck European Tour. This coin was the one purchased by the Austrian investment firm, AvW Invest. The company dissolved around 2010—the head of the company was arrested for fraud—and the coin was sold at an auction for 3.27 million euros to a Spanish precious metals company named Oro Direct Sales. That company, too, got into trouble. Police descended on their offices in 2014 with suspicions of money laundering and illegal trading. The coin, however, narrowly avoided that fate thanks to Boris Fuchsmann, a Ukrainian real estate mogul living in Düsseldorf. A collector of art and luxuries, Fuchsmann had registered for the auction Oro Direct Sales had won while in South Africa for the 2010 World Cup. During the auction, however, he was visiting Kruger National Park and had no cell reception. Afterwards, he reached out to the Spanish company and offered 100,000 euros more for the coin than they had paid. Oro agreed. Not long after, Fuchsmann got a call from the Bode Museum who asked if he could lend the coin for a special exhibit called “Gold Giants.” He agreed. 
-
-The Big Maple Leaf coin proved to be a draw to the museum. The press covered it. A TV film crew filmed the exhibit. Its success was considerable enough that, while the other coins that were lent to the museum for the exhibit were returned, the museum asked Fuchsmann if they could give the Big Maple Leaf coin a more long-term home. The coin became a permanent addition and the museum became its guardian. 
-
-\*
-
-The glass encasement that guarded the coin smashed into pieces so thick, so heavy, that when they fell onto the hardwood floor, they left deep gouges that remain there, like scars, to this day.
-
-With the coin now exposed, the thieves put their hands on it for the first time. Muscles tightening beneath the 100 kg weight, they lifted the giant Maple Leaf coin and lowered it down onto a handle-less wooden trolley.
-
-They had to move. The guard could return to the security room at any moment and reactivate the motion sensors, and then the propped open doors would trigger an alarm.
-
-They hastily pushed the trolley back along the route they had come, its small wheels click-clacking along the floors, leaving the occasional skid mark. Plaster was ripped off the walls as the trolley bumped into them. When the thieves arrived back in the locker room, they lifted the giant coin up towards the window. They left the trolley behind, shoved the coin, and gravity did the rest.
-
-Waiting below was a wheelbarrow. (Unbeknownst to them, the wheelbarrow had been noticed ten days ago by an electrician working on the S-Bahn’s signals, but he assumed his colleagues had left it there). The thieves loaded the coin into the wheelbarrow and pushed it to a spot above Monbijoupark, where a driver was waiting. Their bounty was put into the trunk, then the thieves got into the car and drove off.
-
-In sixteen minutes, they had become millionaires.
-
-After 4 a.m., the guard on duty in the Bode returned to the security room from his rounds. The guard was an eight-year veteran of Museum Island security but had only recently been transferred to the Bode. Tonight was his first time on solo duty since starting there and his first two rounds (one starting, according to logs, at 18:55 and another at 23:00) had been uneventful. He had no reason to think the third would be any different.
-
-Then, on a monitor, he saw something confusing. Several doors on the second floor were open, even though he was certain that he’d closed them earlier. Fear gripped him. Someone was in the museum. How had this happened? He hadn’t heard or seen anything.
-
-The guard radioed Museum Island’s central security for backup. One of his colleagues noticed the scuff marks the thieves’ trolley had left on the hardwood floor. Tracking them eventually led to the scene of the crime where someone, according to reports, exclaimed, “Oh shit, the coin.”
-
-A call went out to Bernhard Weisser, the director of the museum’s numismatic collection, who initially thought he was being pranked. The coin was so big, so awkward to transport, the museum had considered it an unlikely target for a theft. “That was a big mistake,” Weisser would later tell the press.
-
-Another call went out to the Berlin Police, who misunderstood the scope of what had happened. One coin was missing? Considering the museum had thousands of coins and other priceless artworks, that hardly seemed like a major crime. It wasn’t until they arrived at the scene and an officer saw the broken glass case, along with a plaque describing a 100 kg coin, that the police realized it hadn’t been just a piece of ancient pocket change.
-
-The ensuing investigation was made considerably easier by the thieves, whose heist may have been daring and well-planned, but hardly careful. Caution didn’t seem to have been a priority. Along each step of the heist, the thieves had left easy evidence to collect. At the S-Bahn Hackescher station, CCTV cameras had captured that morning’s journey. Where the ladder, axe, trolley, and wheelbarrow had been left served as useful landmarks to identify the thieves’ in-and-out route. Gold fragments had also been left where the coin had been dropped, which outlined their final escape path, as did another security camera which caught the getaway Mercedes driving away from the scene. The thieves had left DNA on several of their tools.
-
-The police, nonetheless, didn’t have any immediate theories as to who the suspects could be. But they would soon find out there was a place in Berlin where it wasn’t much of a secret at all.
-
-\*
-
-Wander streets like Karl-Marx-Strasse and Sonnenallee in the borough of Neukölln, located in southeast Berlin, and you’ll notice signs of what many call a parallel society within Germany. Hookah bars, as well as stores selling Middle Eastern nuts and sweets, all demonstrate the local population: the Arabische Grossfamilien (Arabian extended families) that have made the borough their home.
-
-These families are made up of Kurds from Southeast Turkey who, during the 1980s, fled Turkey for Lebanon, then fled Lebanon for Germany due to the Lebanese Civil War. When the families arrived as refugees, they were subject to what is now considered a failure of politics and a policy of neglect. They were excluded from society. Ignored into its margins. They received welfare, but little opportunity. They weren’t allowed to work or leave Berlin.
-
-Germany’s disinterest encouraged isolation, but the country’s neglect had another effect. While the vast majority of Grossfamilien were law abiding (and this remains true today), a contingent began to seek financial opportunities beyond German law. If Germany wouldn’t shape their futures, these men would shape their own. They turned to drugs, prostitution, extortion and theft to make money and, over time, robust criminal organizations, referred to as clans, were formed.
-
-As a clan member named Yehya E. relays [in the book](https://www.christian-stahl.com/books_in-den-gangs-von-neukoelln.html) *In the Gangs of Neukölln* by journalist Christian Stahl, “It’s about being a man, and being a man is very important … It’s the face you wear. One with which you can walk around on the street. You can’t let yourself be seen anywhere when you’re not a man … So, you carry the dream of being a big mafia boss in your heart … to be a hero for a moment.”
-
-Becoming that hero is made possible because of accessible hierarchies, where there are no fixed positions. What elevates you is what you do. Youth make themselves upwardly mobile in the clans by building a resumé of assaults, petty theft, and drugs.
-
-And some graduate to more audacious crimes; like the Big Maple Leaf theft. Seeking respect and recognition, the thieves made no secret of their plans, which is why, eventually, the police were contacted by clan informants, and told three names.
-
-Ahmed, Wayci and Wissam Remmo.
-
-The police knew the Remmo clan, and the three men, well. The Remmos are one adversary among the small battles in an ongoing war between the clans and police. When luxury cars double park in Neukölln and an officer tries to give a ticket, they are quickly surrounded by clan members yelling “Get out of here, this is our territory, fucking cop.” When officers are leaving work, they are followed home, or asked on their way out the door how their children are doing in school by clan members—who name the children, and the school.
-
-Patriarch Issa Remmo arrived in Germany in 1995 and has thirteen children and fifteen siblings. He has always vehemently denied any criminal activity, insisting he is nothing more than a real estate investor and restaurateur. He has posed for photo shoots in crisp dress shirts, pouring coffee in a standard suburban backyard, promoting the image of himself as unassuming entrepreneur. Nonetheless, his family—especially his children—continually find themselves in court.
-
-\*
-
-With the information they obtained from undercover sources, the Berlin Police got to work. They began monitoring the communications of numerous members of the Remmo clan. Police suspected talk of the museum robbery was being restricted to encrypted message services. But the police did get an investigative foothold when they became aware of a twenty-year-old man named Denis W.
-
-Denis W. had started working at the Bode Museum only twenty-six days before the theft. More significantly, he was known to be a school friend of one of the suspects, Ahmed Remmo. A week after the theft, he had also drawn attention to himself through a sudden financial windfall. He had invested thousands of dollars in a local bakery, he had been luxury car shopping, and he was seen wearing a new 11,000-euro necklace. The police had found the inside man.
-
-A police officer remembered Denis W. from three weeks before the theft. He had pulled him over for filling up at a gas station, then driving off without paying, all while using a fake license plate in case cameras caught the act. The officer at the time had noticed Bode Museum floor plans in the back seat, as well as screwdrivers and nylon gloves in the trunk. Later, it would also be discovered that Denis W. had photos of the museum that corresponded with the thieves’ escape route.
-
-A bigger breakthrough on the case came when a raid was executed on July 12, 2017. Among the targets were the Big Maple Leaf coin suspects, and more evidence was found. Police found an app on Wissam Remmo’s cell phone for calculating gold prices. His search history unearthed queries for equipment that could melt gold, along with news updates on the heist. His camera roll included screenshots of Google Map directions that appeared to indicate the thieves’ getaway route. In his apartment, they found gloves with glass fragments that matched the museum window the thieves had entered through.
-
-Police found a piece of paper listing current gold values with Ahmed Remmo’s fingerprints on it in a kitchen spice rack. Between all the suspects, the police found clothes—a rare Armani jacket seen in the CCTV footage, gloves, shoes—that had small gold particles on them, which police hoped would match the coin. 
-
-All of it was damning evidence, though at risk of being deemed circumstantial. But it was enough for the police to arrest the suspects the day of the raid, pursue an indictment, and set the trial process into motion.
-
-\*
-
-The police were eager to involve the state as soon as possible. 
-
-The state attorney’s office was now part of a three-prong attack underway against the clans, and here was a significant chance to gain ground in the battle. But convictions against clan members are rare: the criminal organizations’ wealth allows them to intimidate witnesses to recant their testimony, as well as afford the city’s best defense lawyers, eager to chip away at any perceived vulnerabilities in the prosecution’s case.
-
-Even a pinch of doubt could mean the panel of judges (there are no juries in German courts) refusing to convict. If there was a successful conviction, the impact on the clans could be minor. Time in prison can be as comfortable for clan members as life on the outside. And jail time was often perceived to be a means of proving oneself. (“Prison makes men,” is a common expression among the clans). Clans often use members who are under twenty-one to commit more overt crimes so that they will be tried in more lenient youth courts.
-
-But a successful outcome for the clans wouldn’t necessarily spare the parties involved from anger. On July 17, 2019, patriarch Issa Remmo’s son was cleared of murder. Remmo began yelling in the court room at the prosecutor. “I know you, and everyone who works with you … I am a clean person. I have respect for the court, for the police. I have respect for this country, but absolutely none for you.” Outside the courthouse, he continued in front of the cameras of Spiegel TV. Addressing informants, he said, “I know you … As god is my witness, I will fuck your sisters.”
-
-The trial for the coin heist began in January 2019. The suspects covered their faces with magazines to protect themselves from the press, and none of their family or friends were in attendance. They sat still and silent in the courtroom as the charges were read, only speaking to confirm their names and professions. (They told the judges they were students and couriers).
-
-Over the course of several court dates scattered over months, the details of what happened the night of the Big Maple Leaf coin theft were laid out. Museum employees explained the security gaps that had led to the window alarm being inoperable. The guard on duty that night was questioned about his movements. He shared how haunted he was by those who refused to believe he hadn’t heard or seen anything that night, and shared the anxiety he has suffered since. Police investigators testified about searching the crime scene and their investigation of the Remmos that led to the arrests. Experts were brought in to connect suspects to the thefts and the evidence. An ex-girlfriend of Ahmed Remmo, who had told investigators about him hiding tools and bragging about being a millionaire, was called to the stand. (She retracted her comments once there). Ernst Pernicka, an archaeometrist, provided critical evidence linking the gold particles found on the thieves’ clothes to the giant coin.  
-
-On February 20, 2020, all parties gathered to hear what verdict had been reached. 
-
-After acknowledging the theft at the heart of the case was “the coup of a lifetime,” judge Dorothee Prüfer passed down the court’s decision.
-
-Denis W. received three years and four months of prison time. He was fined 100,000 euros, his presumed cut for being the inside man.
-
-Wissam and Ahmed Remmo were sentenced to four years and five months (priors for assault and breaking and entering led to longer sentences). They were fined 3.3 million euros, the estimated value of the coin at the time.
-
-Wayci Remmo was released due to a lack of evidence tying him to the crime.
-
-The three men’s defense lawyers attempted to appeal the verdict, which was denied in July 2021. It likely didn’t help that Wissam Remmo became a suspect— and was eventually arrested—for another spectacular crime in 2019: the robbery of the Green Vault, a museum in Dresden. The haul? Royal jewelry some estimate to be worth 113 million euros or more.
-
-\*
-
-One question remains: What happened to the Big Maple Leaf coin?
-
-It was never recovered and nobody believes it still exists intact. It was impossible to sell as is, so it was likely broken apart or melted. Its presumed fate evokes another quote that had been on display in the Bode Museum that night it was stolen, not far from where the Big Maple Leaf Coin stood. The author bemoans what he considers the worst fates that can befall a society. There’s war, plague, and famine. He then adds debasement—the destruction of a currency’s value. It’s likely no single piece of currency has been so stripped of so much value. And yet, another value remains. One that now lingers, like fine gold dust, on all those who came in touch with it.
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-Tag: ["🎭", "🎵", "🇺🇸", "⛺️", "🏜️"]
-Date: 2023-02-08
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-02-08
-Link: https://www.curbed.com/2023/02/burning-man-nevada-lawsuit-geothermal-energy.html?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=One%20Great%20Story%20-%20February%207%2C%202023&utm_term=Subscription%20List%20-%20One%20Great%20Story
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-^button-TheBigMOOPatBurningManNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# The Big MOOP at Burning Man
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/a60/e47/f2eb181fd27bc4eab0faa6210b758eb015-burning-man.rhorizontal.w700.jpg)
-
-Photo: BLM Photo/Alamy Stock Photo
-
-According to Burning Man’s 2023 festival [guide](https://burningman.org/event/preparation/leaving-no-trace/), “leaving no trace” is perhaps the most important of the massive psychedelic party city’s [Ten Principles](https://burningman.org/about/10-principles/). Following the event, which is constructed and dismantled each year over the span of two weeks in Black Rock, Nevada, participants sweep the four-square-mile area of desert, removing glowsticks, fuel spills, and burn scars — or what Burners call MOOP, Matter Out of Place. “Burners are environmentalists,” the guide states. “It’s just our nature.”
-
-But recently, MOOP of a different sort threatens the playa: a proposed geothermal exploration project about ten miles from the dry lake bed where tens of thousands of techno-utopianists and Silicon Valley executives in booty shorts gather each summer. Late last year the Reno-based renewable-energy group Ormat received approval from the Bureau of Land Management for a plan that would [drill up to 19](https://eplanning.blm.gov/public_projects/2016744/200502175/20069049/250075231/Gerlach%20FEA%20DIP%20Letter%2020221021.pdf) “exploratory” holes in desert controlled by the agency, harnessing the Earth’s heat and perhaps eventually developing [two green power plants](https://www.blm.gov/press-release/bureau-land-management-accepting-pre-scoping-comments-geothermal-project-near-gerlach).
-
-In January, the Burning Man Project along with local residents and two environmental groups [filed a lawsuit](https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/3:2023cv00013/160242) in Nevada District Court against the U.S. Department of Interior, the Bureau of Land Management, the agency’s Black Rock field office, and individual officials at BLM and the Secretary of Interior. In the complaint, opponents argue the drill sites and access roads Ormat proposed would impact a series of adjacent hot springs, disrupt the arid ecosystem, and prevent residents from enjoying their pristine desert home. In documents filed with the court, Burning Man argued its responsible stewardship of the land and centrality to the region’s economic life, pointing out the geothermal project would “threaten the viability” of its various initiatives in the state — initiatives that have made it among the largest operators in the immediate area and spawned hundreds of acres of year-round sites dedicated to preserving the culture of the Burn. “We know this region, it’s our home base,” said Burning Man’s director of government affairs in a statement. “Our interest goes beyond the large-scale event we bring here. We’re deeply invested in the community and in creating long-term opportunities for economic development.” .
-
-The festival began in 1986 with a small crowd watching as an eight-foot effigy (the “man” of Burning Man) was set ablaze on a San Francisco beach; today it’s a cultural institution not unlike Disney, if Disney Adults were into ethical non-monogamy and psilocybin. There are [offshoot Burning Man festivals](https://www.businessinsider.com/burning-man-international-offshoot-festivals-midburn-afrikaburn-photos-2019-8) in Africa and Asia, regional “leadership summits” for Burners, a journal in which attendees ruminate on the festival’s “[diaspora](https://journal.burningman.org/2021/10/philosophical-center/tenprinciples/burning-mans-cultural-diaspora/)” and a massive economy of [RV vendors](https://www.blackrockrvrentals.com/) and [private-jet charters](https://www.cnbc.com/2014/08/22/-business-behind-burning-man.html) expressly affiliated with the Nevada event. In Black Rock City, no money exchanges hands and the tenets of radical self-reliance and decommodification reign supreme. A “gifting economy” encourages participants to bring supplies — sunscreen, egg sandwiches, back rubs — which are presented to and traded among revelers. But Burning Man the organization, which has expanded to become a de facto manager of the region as much as the producer of a yearly eight-day rave, exerts significant cash investment and political muscle to further its interests.
-
-The energy project that Burning Man opposes is part of a nationwide effort to build renewable power plants on federally owned land; last year, the Biden administration set goals to reach carbon-free electricity [generation by 2035](https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/22/fact-sheet-president-biden-sets-2030-greenhouse-gas-pollution-reduction-target-aimed-at-creating-good-paying-union-jobs-and-securing-u-s-leadership-on-clean-energy-technologies/), and a congressional mandate requires the Bureau of Land Management to permit 25 gigawatts of alternative energy production on public lands over the next two years. Over [23,000 acres of land](https://www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/renewable-energy/active-renewable-projects) in western states like Utah and New Mexico have been approved for use by renewable-energy companies as of late last year. In this case, the 29 acres Ormat is set to lease happen to be a mile north of Gerlach, Nevada, the gateway through which many of the 80,000 visitors to Burning Man pass through on their way to the annual event.
-
-“People travel to Gerlach to experience the solitude of the vast open spaces and undeveloped vistas present in the Black Rock Desert,” according to the complaint, “as well as to attend numerous events and to pursue a variety of recreation experiences in the undeveloped desert.” The exploratory project — with the drilling, noise, and traffic involved — would be “wholly inconsistent with BMP’s \[Burning Man Project’s\] and others’ use and enjoyment of the area.” In response, Ormat’s lawyers have argued their project is consistent with the law and would “offset some of the copious amounts of fossil fuels the Burning Man Project annually emits in the Black Rock Desert,” a jab at the festival’s broader impact on the region — which, despite its Ten Principles, [leaves a fairly sizable trace](https://www.rgj.com/story/opinion/voices/2019/04/18/burning-man-embrace-environmental-protection-black-rock-desert/3501500002/) that the organization says it’s [working to improve](https://sfstandard.com/arts-culture/what-is-burning-man-culture-community-ceo-marian-goodell/). (Ormat didn’t respond to a request for comment on the suit; BLM noted the agency doesn’t comment on pending litigation.)
-
-Conservation groups and local communities have vehemently [opposed plans](https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/community-tensions-over-resource-plan-spur-blm-to-hold-more-public-meetings) similar to Ormat’s for years. Wind, solar, and geothermal projects are land-intensive to varying degrees, bringing large-scale industrial processes to remote and often sparsely populated areas. [(According to the Department of Energy](https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-faqs), geothermal projects tend to have a smaller footprint than their peers.) Still, as the sector booms, legal disputes about its impacts are booming alongside them. In the wealthy vacation town of Nantucket, Massachusetts, a retired stock trader and a former member of Donald Trump’s transition team are [part of an effort](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/04/21/right-whales-biden/) opposing a local wind-turbine project. Last year, the Center for Biological Diversity and the Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Tribe successfully sued the BLM [over another of Ormat’s projects](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/05/us/nevada-toad-endangered.html), halting the construction of two Nevada plants when they demonstrated construction would impact the habitat of an endangered toad. The claims can be challenging to parse. And particularly in parts of the West where wilderness tourism and picturesque landscapes have a major economic impact, commercial interests and environmental stewardship can be deeply intertwined. When almost no one wants a renewable-energy project in their backyard, meaningful opposition depends on how convincing of a legal argument an interested party can make. And how much power players have to see through what are often long and expensive lawsuits.
-
-In its nearly four decades of existence, Burning Man’s ’90s-era gathering of situationist-inspired artists has professionalized to become a “[dusty version of Davos”](https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v36/n14/emily-witt/diary) where Paris Hilton partied and Google’s founders [went to find a new CEO](https://www.nbcnews.com/better/careers/what-google-found-burning-man-ceo-art-flow-n723856). The introduction of ticket sales in the early years of the festival required the formation of an LLC — an LLC that organizers intended to dissolve and re-form every year until they realized the practice was “not viewed favorably by the financial community” and made it difficult to run credit cards or rent office space. Burning Man has come to make an enormous amount of money on ticket sales, which it then funnels back into operations which include salaries for full-time employees and millions in yearly fees to municipalities and BLM. In 2020, it [took in $44 million](https://www.rgj.com/story/life/arts/burning-man/2020/01/09/burning-man-money-t-tax-documents-black-rock-city-budget/2827709001/) from the festival alone. The implications of all that cash were responsible in part for its most consequential restructuring: In 2011, organizers [formed the Burning Man Project](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/28/business/growing-pains-for-burning-man-festival.html), which would oversee the organization’s various property-holding entities and provide a structure to expand its reach. “We’re scaling to meet the growing demand for tools and resources to reproduce the Burning Man experience outside of Black Rock City” [said one of the festival’s co-founders](https://journal.burningman.org/2014/03/news/global-news/burning-man-transitions-to-non-profit-organization/) at the time. Today, the nonprofit oversees four subsidiaries, including Burners Without Borders, a global aid organization, and reports its total assets are around $25 million, [according to most recent tax filings.](https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/452638273) 
-
-As Burning Man has expanded its mission, the autonomous temporary city has infiltrated the full-time town of Gerlach in decidedly permanent ways. A year-round field office employs 20 full-time staff (a not-insignificant portion of the workforce in a town of around 100) and the organization has purchased hundreds of acres of land holdings in the area. It also [owns more than half](https://journal.burningman.org/2022/08/news/official-announcements/building-a-permanent-city/) the commercial property in Gerlach through a series of subsidies, consolidating its year-round position as a local stakeholder. The organization holds a significant enough role in the area that, in 2018, Reno’s mayor, herself a Burner, [invited representatives of the organization to the U.S. Conference of Mayors,](https://journal.burningman.org/2018/02/news/global-news/putting-the-city-in-black-rock-city-at-the-u-s-conference-of-mayors/) where Burners spoke alongside Karen Pence and Nancy Pelosi.
-
-But Burning Man’s relationship to the government isn’t always cozy, particularly when  cash-strapped municipalities look to the organization to extract money for infrastructure they say Burning Man has used. Last year, county officials in the area surrounding Black Rock City [discussed adding fees](https://sfist.com/2022/05/05/nevada-county-may-add-an-impact-fee-onto-burning-man-tickets-prices-to-keep-their-roads-maintained/) to the festival’s tickets to help maintain a section of rural road, and recently Gerlach raised [the price of the water](https://www.rgj.com/story/life/arts/burning-man/2020/01/15/burning-man-2020-gerlach-nevada/2838189001/) it sells to the nonprofit, arguing it would help offset the cost of a new water system the town bought. In the latter instance, Burning Man compilied but registered complaints: Responsibility for high-quality water in the area, a festival representative told the town, should not be the organization’s “burden alone.”
-
-Burning Man also pays millions of dollars each year to the Bureau of Land Management, which controls the dry lake bed that Burners transform into a metropolis each year, reimbursing the agency for security services and special permits — in 2016, the agency hired a special [“Burning Man project manager”](https://www.rgj.com/story/life/arts/burning-man/2016/01/21/blm-hiring-burning-man-project-manager-must-good-paperwork/79070606/) just to handle the event. The relationship has also been tense at times.
-
-Between 2016 and 2020,  , Burning Man filed a lawsuit and [six appeals](https://www.rgj.com/story/life/arts/burning-man/2020/04/29/burning-man-sues-blm-prevent-release-financial-records/3050608001/) arguing the agency chronically overcharged the festival and used the revenue as a piggy bank. Case in point: In 2016, [a number of top BLM agents were reassigned](https://www.rgj.com/story/life/arts/burning-man/2016/07/08/burning-man-demands-27m-blm/86491286/) after requesting the festival spend $1.2 million on a VIP area with flushing toilets and ice cream for agency higher-ups. A separate lawsuit [in 2020](https://www.rgj.com/story/life/arts/burning-man/2020/04/29/burning-man-sues-blm-prevent-release-financial-records/3050608001/) sought to bar the BLM from handing over Burning Man’s financial records to a county official.
-
-Through 2019, as Burning Man planned for a 2020 festival that would never come to pass, BLM prepared an environmental report based on organizers’ requests to expand the event from 80,000 attendees to 100,000. Among other things, the agency recommended random drug screenings, concrete barriers set around the festival’s boundaries, and dumpsters to collect trash. The Burners rebelled. Burning Man [hired the powerful Washington, D.C.](https://www.rgj.com/story/life/arts/burning-man/2019/06/26/burning-man-hires-lobbying-firm-ex-donald-trump-campaigner-deal-blm-holland-knight-permit-black-rock/1572601001/), legal and lobbying firm Holland & Knight to combat the BLM. The firm’s head of regulation and Scott Mason, who worked on Donald Trump’s presidential campaign, were listed on the account. At a raucous public hearing related to the new regulations, festival attendees slammed the agency: “We don’t need you, we really don’t,” said one, [according to the Reno *Gazette-Journal*](https://www.heraldmailmedia.com/story/life/arts/burning-man/2019/04/09/burning-man-blm-meeting-full-eyerolls-frustrations/3408505002/). (At the following year’s festival, there were no trash cans, screenings, [or barriers around the site](https://journal.burningman.org/2019/06/news/brc-news/the-final-environmental-impact-statement/) — an agreement eventually reached by the festival and the agency.)
-
-In recent decades, Burning Man has primarily wielded its influence to target policies related to its festival operations: steep fees reimbursed to BLM or the county for police services, for instance, in the organization’s yearly autonomous zone. With the most recent lawsuit against Ormat, though, Burning Man is positioning itself as a year-round steward of the acres of desert surrounding the dry lake bed in which it sets up camp for eight days every year. The project would impact land that is “important to BMP’s future plans and will also boost the local economy through tourism revenue,” the organization writes.
-
-The renewable-energy projects mandated by the federal government will need to happen somewhere — the question is what constitutes reasonable opposition to the siting, and whose version of environmental stewardship will prevail. It’s true that the Ormat project might disrupt the lives of the 100 or so people who live in the area full time, and the people who visit the Black Rock Desert during the other 11 months of the year. “Ormat’s Exploration Project will lay the foundation for turning a unique, visually pristine ecosystem of environmental, historical, and cultural significance into an industrial zone, and permanently alter the landscape,” the complainants write. But if Burning Man prevails, that future may fall to other pristine communities, which may not have the resources to make the argument that their land is uniquely significant because a global technofuturist community has made it their yearly tourism pilgrimage and spiritual home.
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-The Big MOOP at Burning Man
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diff --git a/00.03 News/The Blood Feud Brewing Inside Nom Wah Tea Parlor.md b/00.03 News/The Blood Feud Brewing Inside Nom Wah Tea Parlor.md
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-Tag: ["🤵🏻", "🇺🇸", "🗽", "🇨🇳", "🍵", "🥢", "🥊"]
-Date: 2023-05-04
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-05-04
-Link: https://www.grubstreet.com/2023/05/nom-wah-tea-parlor-nyc-lawsuit.html
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-&emsp;
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-# The Blood Feud Brewing Inside Nom Wah Tea Parlor
-
-## A family fight threatens the iconic Doyers Street restaurant.
-
-[![Portrait of Chris Crowley](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/6b2/8c8/ae07db3f99f3672c066a78c17da2ea9570-ChrisCrowleyFINAL.2x.rsquare.w168.jpg)](https://www.grubstreet.com/author/chris-crowley/)
-
-By , senior writer at Grub Street who covers the people who work and eat in New York City’s restaurants
-
-Vincent Tang (front left) and Wilson Tang (front right) outside of Nom Wah Tea Parlor, the restaurant currently in the middle of a heated legal dispute. Photo: Alex Lau
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/834/f1c/b978bb530f1053b8aece74d5b8e49ba196-nom-wah-lede.rvertical.w570.jpg)
-
-In the winter of 2015, Vincent Tang took a job at the family business, Chinatown’s century-old [Nom Wah Tea Parlor](https://nomwah.com/), which has long served as an anchor along Doyers Street. Just 25 at the time, Vincent had no restaurant experience, so he started by learning the ins and outs: opening and closing the store, working as a cashier. Vincent’s cousin Wilson was the co-owner, and his father, Fred Tang, was both a 50 percent profit shareholder and the landlord. At the time, Wilson had big plans for Nom Wah, and he needed someone he could trust with the dim sum destination’s day-to-day business. The arrival of his cousin felt like the best possible solution. To celebrate Vincent’s hiring, the two went to a Brooklyn Nets game at Barclays Center, where Wilson had season tickets. In time, the mood soured. “It wasn’t until he came on that I was like, *Oh, man, this is not the right guy to take on management roles*,” Wilson says now. “But how can you fire your cousin, right?”
-
-Tension between the family members grew over the ensuing years until, on January 31, 2022, Fred declined to renew the restaurant’s lease. The following month, Fred and Vincent also allegedly demanded that Wilson return the Nom Wah trademark — which he’d filed under his own name — to the Nom Wah corporation. Then in July, Vincent allegedly accused Wilson of taking money from the restaurant and sued him, stating in his complaint that he “cannot continue to operate with a co-owner” who has engaged in a “years-long pattern of diverting money and opportunities away from” the business to himself. The father and son also claim that Wilson’s expansion plans have “diluted” the brand name, and that he failed to provide sufficient prior notice to Fred before opening new locations. (Vincent did not respond to repeated requests for comment; calls made to a number listed for Fred went unreturned.)
-
-Wilson remains the public face of Nom Wah — and over the past decade has helped to vastly improve the fortunes of the once-struggling restaurant — but he says he has been avoiding the original Doyers Street location since last May. At the same time, the restaurant has seemingly suffered. Customer reviews of the food, which have always been mixed, are trending downward, with one Yelp user saying “the business owners ran it down the drain,” and others claiming they were cursed out over tips. At the same time, revenue from online orders has collapsed, from $302,941 in 2018 to $74,110.55 in 2022 to a projection of just $35,000 this year.
-
-Despite criticism that the restaurant’s recent surge of popularity has turned it into a tourist trap, Nom Wah has frequently been held up as one of the neighborhood’s most successful and visible businesses. Now, it appears any reconciliation between the co-owners is impossible, and the sides have begun to seriously discuss how they might split it up. “I treated him almost as a father — he was actually better than my father,” Wilson says of Fred, who first gave him the opportunity to take over Nom Wah. But now? “I think he’s just a conniving bastard.”
-
-Opened in 1920, Nom Wah has been one of Chinatown’s most famous restaurants for decades. According to this magazine*,* it was “venerable” — and the neighborhood’s restaurant “most frequented by Western patrons” (read: white people) — as far back as 1971. But its reputation had faltered by the ’90s. A former employee, who grew up a couple blocks outside Chinatown, says that in the 2000s the place was more a social club than a restaurant. Others say the food was awful. It was a dying landmark.
-
-Wilson took over in 2010, after Nom Wah’s then-owner, Wally Tang (whom Wilson calls his “village uncle”), sold the Doyers Street building to his friend Fred. At the time, no one wanted the restaurant besides Wilson. He renovated the space and offered dim sum into the evening. At the same time, Wilson saw the branding potential for Nom Wah and the value of its history as an iconic location.
-
-Nom Wah’s shine was immediately restored and then some, with crowds soon packing onto Doyers Street while waiting for a table. Wilson [opened](https://philly.eater.com/2015/3/12/8201433/photos-nom-wah-tea-parlor-dim-sum-opening-philadelphia#all-photos) a new location in Philadelphia, and in 2015, *Vogue* hosted a Met Gala pre-party at the original restaurant. Streamlined fast-casual locations, plus licensing deals in and around Shenzhen, China, followed. Wilson also became a prominent ambassador for Manhattan har gow, driving [a Porsche with a NOMWAH license plate](https://hypebeast.com/2021/7/wilson-tang-nom-wah-tea-parlor-1996-porsche-911-targa-993-drivers). “He made good on the opportunity,” notes Eddie Chan, co-owner of another neighborhood hot spot, [Uncle Lou](https://www.unclelounyc.com/).
-
-Wilson and Fred had an arrangement that was, as Wilson puts it, “Chinatown gangster.” While Wilson ran the restaurant and assumed risk, he split the profits 50-50 with Fred, whom he alleges would only accept cash. After Fred’s draw, along with older kitchen employees who insisted on being paid in cash, there wasn’t a lot of cash left over to pay for other things. After a sales-tax audit from the state in 2018, Fred proposed a change to Nom Wah’s profit-sharing, asking to memorialize the relationship and put Vincent on the paperwork. Wilson agreed, figuring this would guarantee an easy lease renewal.
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-Wilson was hard on Vincent and would become frustrated when he couldn’t perform tasks without instruction. (“It’s not rocket science,” says Wilson.) At one point, Barbara Leung — a friend of both cousins who is now Nom Wah’s head of operations and marketing — asked Wilson to ease up: “I said, ‘I think you’re too hard on the kid. I don’t think that works for him.” As Leung saw it, Wilson wanted to be a mentor to Vincent and guide him. From Vincent’s standpoint, Leung says, “It’s like, ‘Listen, you’re not my dad. You’re not my brother. I don’t need your kudos or anything.’”
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-The growing resentment between the two cousins came to a head on February 12, 2021. It was the first night of Lunar New Year and the return of 25 percent indoor dining in New York City after a two-month pandemic ban. Vincent was managing, and the night did not run smoothly. In an email recounting the service, Wilson wrote that restarting indoor dining while simultaneously taking in the existing online orders had overwhelmed the staff, and that Vincent’s purported inability to follow COVID protocols — allowing too many delivery drivers inside, not taking people’s temperatures or information for contact tracing — risked heavy fines. Effective immediately, Vincent was to be relieved from his job as a shift manager and general manager, a decision to which he agreed. He continued with non-management duties (trash pickup, plumbing) and remained a 50 percent profit shareholder.
-
-“If he wasn’t family, we would’ve fired him years ago,” Wilson says. “I think through the years, I kind of — not bullied him, but I was hard on him because he’s my blood and he’s been given all this opportunity, and he can’t figure it out.” In the months after Vincent’s role change, Wilson says that there wasn’t any friction between him and his uncle. “If he’s upset, you wouldn’t even know it,” Wilson explains. Looking back, though, he believes that pushing Vincent to the side exacerbated later issues.
-
-In the summer of 2021, it was time to renew Nom Wah’s lease: Fred allegedly kept pushing it off, and as the year wore on, Vincent began to question Wilson’s use of business funds. “He said to me once, ‘Yo, you expensed breakfast, lunch, and dinner today,’” Wilson recalls. “So what? What business of that is yours? Go fuck yourself.” According to Wilson, giving Fred his distribution in cash meant he had to take his owner’s draw this way.
-
-Wilson alleges that in early 2022, Vincent changed the locks on the restaurant office and safe, altered access to the company bank account, and removed Wilson from the surveillance system’s app. In July, Vincent filed his legal complaint, accusing his cousin of “transfers totaling approximately $490,000” from a Nom Wah financial account to himself and using the business to pay for his Porsche lease, Soho House membership fees, and mortgage. “The reality is, a lot of my expenses are marketing,” Wilson says. “Even the Porsche is marketing for me. And for me, it’s like, hey, this is how I get new business.”
-
-Wilson is also alleged to have paid himself and his wife exorbitant salaries; the complaint characterizes Wilson as an entrepreneur who “capitalized on his uncle’s decision to purchase the Nom Wah Tea Parlor space,” while Wilson’s lawyers argue that “Vincent has conducted an illegal scheme to take over the company and the restaurant.” They say the complaint’s accusations are inflated or ridiculous.
-
-What’s clear is that in whatever ways Wilson has been successful at bringing Nom Wah back, and building the brand, it has changed the calculus: No one else may have wanted the restaurant in 2010, but now the two sides are fighting to decide who will keep it. After 15 months of back-and-forth, they have still not reached a resolution on the lease or the fate of the original restaurant. Vincent runs it, while Wilson and his team operate out of the basement at the “fast-casual” Nom Wah in Nolita. On May 11, the Southern District of New York is scheduled to hold a pretrial conference in the case of *Tang* v. *Tang*; one proposal that’s on the table in the meantime would see Vincent and Fred take ownership of the first restaurant while Wilson retains the expansions. Wilson says his legal fees currently amount to more than $160,000.
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-One recent Saturday, everything at the Doyers Street restaurant appeared normal. Some friends in town from New Jersey and Virginia, as well as a young couple discussing “the anti-Chinese riots of the 1870s,” were among the dozens of people waiting. Nearby, a tour guide opined on Wilson’s takeover: “He’s a very savvy social-media guy.” Then, invoking ancient, pre-TikTok history, he added, “the place blew up on Facebook and Instagram.”
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-The wait for a seat was shorter than expected, only a half-hour. Inside, dishes were clattering in the sink, friends chattering, small round plates and steamer baskets piling up. A Sharon Van Etten song was playing on the speakers, and a framed photo of Wilson hung on the wall, looking out over the dining room.
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-Wilson says he is no longer concerned with the work he’s put into the restaurant and that he just wants to move on. “This is shackling me,” he says. “I’m beyond it.”
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-The Blood Feud Brewing Inside Nom Wah Tea Parlor
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-# The Brilliant Inventor Who Made Two of History’s Biggest Mistakes
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-![A photo illustration collage showing Thomas Midgley Jr.’s face, an old-fashioned car, a gas pump and a model of a molecule.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/03/19/magazine/19world/19world-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
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-Credit...Photo illustration by Cristiana Couceiro
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-
-It was said that Thomas Midgley Jr. had the finest lawn in America. Golf-club chairmen from across the Midwest would visit his estate on the outskirts of Columbus, Ohio, purely to admire the grounds; the Scott Seed Company eventually put an image of Midgley’s lawn on its letterhead. Midgley cultivated his acres of grass with the same compulsive innovation that characterized his entire career. He installed a wind gauge on the roof that would sound an alarm in his bedroom, alerting him whenever the lawn risked being desiccated by a breeze. Fifty years before the arrival of smart-home devices, Midgley wired up the rotary telephone in his bedroom so that a few spins of the dial would operate the sprinklers.
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-In the fall of 1940, at age 51, Midgley contracted polio, and the dashing, charismatic inventor soon found himself in a wheelchair, paralyzed from the waist down. At first he took on his disability with the same ingenuity that he applied to maintaining his legendary lawn, analyzing the problem and devising a novel solution to it — in this case, a mechanized harness with pulleys attached to his bed, allowing him to clamber into his wheelchair each morning without assistance. At the time, the contraption seemed emblematic of everything Midgley had stood for in his career as an inventor: determined, innovative thinking that took on a seemingly intractable challenge and somehow found a way around it.
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-Or at least it seemed like that until the morning of Nov. 2, 1944, when [Midgley was found dead in his bedroom.](https://www.nytimes.com/1944/11/03/archives/thos-midgleydies-noted-chemist-55-inventor-of-ethyl-gasoline-is.html) The public was told he had been accidentally strangled to death by his own invention. Privately, his death was ruled a suicide. Either way, the machine he designed had become the instrument of his death.
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-Midgley was laid to rest as a brilliant American maverick of the first order. Newspapers ran eulogies recounting the heroic inventions he brought into the world, breakthroughs that advanced two of the most important technological revolutions of the age: automobiles and refrigeration. “The world has lost a truly great citizen in Mr. Midgley’s death,” Orville Wright declared. “I have been proud to call him friend.” But the dark story line of Midgley’s demise — the inventor killed by his own invention! — would take an even darker turn in the decades that followed. While The Times praised him as “one of the nation’s outstanding chemists” in its obituary, today Midgley is best known for the terrible consequences of that chemistry, thanks to the stretch of his career from 1922 to 1928, during which he managed to invent leaded gasoline and also develop the first commercial use of the chlorofluorocarbons that would create a hole in the ozone layer.
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-Each of these innovations offered a brilliant solution to an urgent technological problem of the era: making automobiles more efficient, producing a safer refrigerant. But each turned out to have deadly secondary effects on a global scale. Indeed, there may be no other single person in history who did as much damage to human health and the planet, all with the best of intentions as an inventor.
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-What should we make of the disquieting career of Thomas Midgley Jr.? There are material reasons for revisiting his story now, beyond the one accidental rhyme of history: the centennial of leaded gasoline’s first appearance on the market in 1923. That might seem like the distant past, but the truth is we are still living with the consequences of Midgley’s innovations. This year, the United Nations released an encouraging study reporting that the ozone layer was indeed on track to fully recover from the damage caused by Midgley’s chlorofluorocarbons — but not for another 40 years.
-
-The arc of Midgley’s life points to a debate that has intensified in recent years, which can be boiled down to this: As we make decisions today, how much should we worry about consequences that might take decades or centuries to emerge? Will seemingly harmless [G.M.O.s](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/20/magazine/gmos.html) (genetically modified organisms) bring about secondary effects that become visible only to future generations? Will early [research into nanoscale materials](https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/nanotechnology) ultimately allow terrorists to unleash killer nanobots in urban centers?
-
-Midgley’s innovations — particularly the chlorofluorocarbons — seemed like brilliant ideas at the time, but 50 years taught us otherwise. Pondering Midgley and his legacy forces us to wrestle with the core questions at the heart of “longtermism,” as the debate over long-term thinking has come to be called: What is the right time horizon for anticipating potential threats? Does focusing on speculative futures distract us from the undeniable needs of the present moment? And Midgley’s story poses a crucial question for a culture, like ours, dominated by market-driven invention: How do we best bring new things into the world when we recognize, by definition, that their long-term consequences are unknowable?
-
-**Invention was in Midgley’s blood.** His father was a lifelong tinkerer who made meaningful contributions to the early design of automobile tires. In the 1860s, his maternal grandfather, James Emerson, patented a number of improvements to circular saws and other tools. As a teenager growing up in Columbus, Midgley showed early promise in deploying novel chemical compounds for practical ends, using an extract from the bark of an elm tree as a substitute for human saliva while throwing spitballs on the baseball field. A high school chemistry class inaugurated what would prove to be a lifelong obsession with the periodic table, which then was rapidly being expanded thanks to early-20th-century discoveries in physics and chemistry. For most of his professional career, he carried a copy of the table in his pocket. The spatial arrangement of the elements on the page would help inspire his two most significant ideas.
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-After graduating from Cornell in 1911 with a degree in mechanical engineering, Midgley moved to Dayton, Ohio — arguably the leading innovation hub in the country at the time. History generally remembers Dayton for the Wright brothers, who sketched out their plans for the Kitty Hawk flight there, but the original attraction that drew inventors to the city was an unlikely one: the cash register, which for the first time enabled store owners to automate the record of transactions — and prevent employee theft. By the time Midgley joined the National Cash Register company in 1911, it had become a powerhouse, selling hundreds of thousands of machines around the world. It was there that Midgley first began hearing stories about [Charles Kettering,](https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/kettering-charles) who devised NCR’s mechanized system for clerks to run credit checks on customers directly from the sales floor, along with the first cash register to run on electric power.
-
-Firms like NCR had begun experimenting with a new organizational unit, the research lab, in the spirit of the polymathic “muckers” whom Thomas Edison had assembled at his plant in Menlo Park, N.J. A few years after joining NCR, Kettering turned his attention to the emerging technology of the automobile, forming his own independent research lab known as Delco, short for Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company, in 1909. There he concocted a device that proved crucial in transforming automobiles from a hobbyist’s pursuit to a mainstream technology: the electric ignition system. (Before Kettering’s breakthrough, automobiles had to be started with an unwieldy — and sometimes dangerous — hand crank, which required significant physical force to operate.) By 1916, Delco had been acquired by the corporation that would become General Motors, where Kettering would go on to work for the rest of his career.
-
-Shortly after the acquisition, Midgley applied for a job in Kettering’s lab and was hired immediately. He was 27; Kettering was 40. After finishing a minor project that commenced before his arrival, Midgley walked into Kettering’s office one day and asked, “What do you want me to do next, Boss?” Kettering wrote after Midgley’s death. “That simple question and the answer to it turned out to be the beginning of a great adventure in the life of a most versatile man.”
-
-The technical riddle Kettering tasked Midgley with solving was one of the few remaining impasses keeping the automobile from mass adoption: engine knock.
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-As the name implies, for the automobile passenger, engine knock was not just a sound but a bodily sensation. “Driving up a hill made valves rattle, cylinder heads knock, the gearbox vibrate and the engine suddenly lose power,” Sharon Bertsch McGrayne writes in her excellent history of modern chemistry, “Prometheans in the Lab.” The problem was made all the more mysterious by the fact that no one had any idea what was causing it. (“We don’t even know what makes an automobile run,” Kettering admitted at one point.) In a sense, the question that Kettering and Midgley set out to solve was figuring out whether knock was an inevitable secondary effect of a gas-powered engine, or whether it could be engineered out of the system.
-
-To investigate the phenomenon, Midgley devised a miniature camera, optimized for high-speed images. The footage he eventually shot revealed that fuel inside the cylinders was igniting too abruptly, creating a surge of pressure. The unpleasant vibrations passengers were feeling reflected the fundamental fact that energy was being wasted: rattling the bones of the car’s occupants instead of driving the pistons.
-
-Image
-
-![A black-and-white photograph of a Diamond gas station in Madison, Wis., in 1935. Two men are servicing cars and various billboards surround the station, one promoting Ethyl.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/03/19/magazine/19mag-world/19mag-world-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Starting in 1923, leaded gasoline — marketed under the brand name Ethyl — helped eliminate engine knock, fueling the rise of 20th-century car culture and exposing billions of people worldwide to dangerous levels of lead.Credit...Wisconsin Historical Society, via Getty Images
-
-The footage at least gave the problem some specificity: How do you make the fuel combust more efficiently? In the early days, Midgley was groping in the dark; his training was as a mechanical engineer, after all, not as a chemist. One of his first lines of inquiry came from a bizarre suggestion from Kettering — that perhaps the color red could somehow improve the fuel’s combustion. Kettering had long been impressed by the way that leaves of the trailing arbutus plant could turn red even when covered by a layer of snow, somehow capturing the energy of the sun’s rays more effectively than other plants. Perhaps adding a red dye to the fuel would solve the problem of knock, Kettering suggested. So Midgley used iodine to dye the fuel red, and it did seem to have some mild antiknock properties. Ultimately he realized that it was the iodine itself, not its color, that was the active agent in subduing the knock. It wasn’t a solution per se, but it suggested something important nonetheless: that the ultimate solution would come from chemistry, not from engineering.
-
-The search for that solution would ultimately last five years. Kettering later said that Midgley and his team tested 33,000 different compounds. For most of that period, they meandered in a random walk through the periodic table, adding elements to the fuel to see if they did anything to mitigate engine knock. “Most of them had no more effect than spitting in the Great Lakes,” Midgley recalled years later.
-
-The first material advance came via a newspaper article that Kettering stumbled across, reporting the discovery of a new “universal solvent” in the form of the compound selenium oxychloride. When added to the fuel, the compound produced mixed results: Knock was reduced considerably, but the new fuel eroded spark plugs almost on contact. Midgley kept searching, systematically plowing through a new version of the periodic table that had recently been introduced, identifying promising clusters of elements, effectively teaching himself industrial chemistry on the fly. He soon discovered that the further you moved toward the heavy metals clustered together on the table, the more the engine knock dissipated. Soon the random walk through the elements became a beeline to what was, at the time, the heaviest metal of them all: lead.
-
-In December 1921, Midgley’s team in Dayton concocted enough of the compound tetraethyl lead to do a test run with a kerosene-powered engine suffering from a serious case of engine knock. A single teaspoon of tetraethyl lead silenced the knock completely. Further tests revealed that you could subdue engine knock with a shockingly small supplement of lead; they ultimately settled on a lead-to-gasoline ratio of 1-to-1,300. The effects on engine performance were profound. Automobiles running on leaded gasoline could take on steep inclines without hesitation; drivers could accelerate to overtake a slower vehicle on a two-lane road without worrying about their engine being seized with knock while in the wrong lane.
-
-Kettering branded the new fuel Ethyl, and in February 1923 it was first offered for sale at a gas station in downtown Dayton. By 1924, General Motors, the DuPont Corporation and Standard Oil had started a joint venture called the Ethyl Corporation to produce the gasoline at scale, with Kettering and Midgley appointed as executives. Henry Ford’s assembly-line production of the original Model T in 1908 is usually credited as the point of origin for the American love affair with the automobile, but the introduction of high-octane Ethyl gasoline was instrumental as well. Over the course of the 1920s, the number of registered vehicles in the United States tripled. By the end of the decade, Americans owned close to 80 percent of all the automobiles in the world, increasingly powered by the miraculous new fuel that Thomas Midgley concocted in his lab.
-
-**A few years after the triumph of Ethyl,** Kettering and Midgley turned to another revolutionary technology, soon to be as ubiquitous in American culture as the automobile: electric refrigeration. Generating heat through artificial means had a long and illustrious history, from the mastery of fire to the steam engine to the electric stove. But no one had approached the problem of keeping things cold with technological solutions until the late 1800s. For most of the 19th century, if you wanted to refrigerate something, you bought ice that had been carved out of a frozen lake in a northern latitude during the winter and shipped to some warmer part of the world. (Ice was a major export item for American commerce during that period, with frozen lake ice from New England shipped as far as Brazil and India.) But by the end of the century, scientists and entrepreneurs began to experiment with artificial cold. [Willis Carrier designed the first air-conditioning system](https://www.williscarrier.com/weathermakers/1876-1902/) for a printing house in Brooklyn in 1902; the first electric-powered home refrigerators appeared a decade later. In 1918, two years after Midgley started working for Kettering, General Motors acquired a home-refrigerator start-up and gave it a brand name that lives on to this day: Frigidaire.
-
-But as with the automobile in the engine-knock era, the new consumer technology of refrigeration was being held back by what was effectively a problem of chemistry. Creating artificial cold required some kind of gas to be used as a refrigerant, but all the available compounds in use were prone to catastrophic failure. During the 1893 [World’s Fair in Chicago, an industrial-scale ice-manufacturing plant exploded,](https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-flashback-worlds-fair-1893-fire-columbian-exposition-0729-20180718-story.html) killing 16 people, when the ammonia it was using as a refrigerant ignited. Another popular refrigerant, methyl chloride, had been implicated in dozens of deaths around the country, the victims of accidental leaks. Frigidaire’s products relied on sulfur dioxide, a toxic gas that could cause nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and damage to the lungs.
-
-With newspaper headlines denouncing the “death gas ice boxes” and a growing number of legislators exploring the idea of banning home refrigerators outright, Kettering turned to Midgley to come up with a solution. One day in 1928, as Midgley later recalled, “I was in the laboratory and called Kettering in Detroit about something of minor importance. After we’d finished this discussion, he said: ‘Midge, the refrigeration industry needs a new refrigerant if they ever expect to get anywhere.’” Kettering announced that he was dispatching a Frigidaire engineer to visit Midge in the lab the next day to brief him on the challenge.
-
-Once again, Midgley turned to his nonstandard periodic table, this time using a technique he had come to call the “fox hunt,” which proved to be far more efficient than the random walk he employed in the engine-knock investigation. He began with the observation that most elements that remained gaseous at low temperatures — a key for refrigeration — were located on the right side of the table, including elements like sulfur and chlorine that were already in use. That first step narrowed the search considerably. Midgley then eliminated a number of neighboring elements out of hand for either being too volatile or having a suboptimal boiling point.
-
-Then he found the one element not yet being used in commercial refrigerants: fluorine. Midgley knew that fluorine on its own was highly toxic — its primary industrial use was as an insecticide — but he hoped to combine the gas with some other element to make it safer. Within a matter of hours, Midgley and his team hit upon the idea of mixing fluorine with chlorine and carbon, developing a class of compound that would come to be called chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs for short. Subsequent tests revealed — as [Kettering would put it years later in his eulogy for Midgley](http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/midgley-thomas.pdf) — that their compound was “highly stable, noninflammable and altogether without harmful effects on man or animals.” Shortly after, General Motors entered into a partnership with DuPont to manufacture the compound at scale. By 1932 they had registered a new trademark for the miracle gas: Freon.
-
-> ## We live under the gathering storm of modern history’s most momentous unintended consequence: carbon-based climate change.
-
-Freon arrived just in the nick of time for the refrigeration industry. In July 1929, a methyl-chloride leak of [“ice machine gas” in Chicago killed 15 people](https://www.nytimes.com/1929/07/02/archives/ice-machine-gas-kills-15-in-chicago-leaks-in-refrigeration-plants.html), raising even more concerns about the safety of existing refrigerants. Ever the showman, Midgley performed an act worthy of a vaudeville magician onstage at the national meeting of the American Chemical Society in 1930, inhaling a cloud of the gas and then exhaling to blow out a candle — thus demonstrating Freon’s nontoxicity and its nonflammability. Frigidaire leaned hard into the safety angle in the advertising for its new Freon-powered refrigerator line, announcing that the “Pursuit of Health and Safety Led to the Discovery of Freon.” By 1935, eight million refrigerators using Freon had been sold, and Willis Carrier had employed the gas to create a new home air-conditioning unit called the “atmospheric cabinet.” Artificial cold was well on its way to becoming a central part of the American dream.
-
-Soon, Midgley’s miracle gas would find a new use in consumer goods — one that ultimately became even more dangerous to the environment than its use as a refrigerant. In 1941, two chemists at the Department of Agriculture, one of whom formerly worked for DuPont, invented a device to disperse insecticide in a fine mist, using a variation of Midgley’s original concoction called Freon-12 as the aerosol propellant. After malaria deaths contributed to the fall of the Philippines in 1942, the U.S. military ramped up production of “bug bombs” to protect troops from insect-borne diseases, ultimately giving birth to an entire aerosol industry, which used Freon to disperse everything from DDT to hair spray. The new utility seemed, at the time, to be yet another example of “better living through chemistry,” as DuPont’s corporate slogan put it. “A double delight is dichlorodifluoromethane, with its thirteen consonants and ten vowels,” The Times wrote. “It brings death to disease-carrying insects and provides cool comfort to man when July and August suns bake city pavements. This wonder gas is popularly known as Freon 12.”
-
-**Two innovations — Ethyl and Freon,** conjured by one man presiding over a single laboratory during a span of roughly 10 years. Combined, the two products generated billions of dollars in revenue for the companies that manufactured them and provided countless ordinary consumers with new technology that improved the quality of their lives. In the case of Freon, the gas enabled another technology (refrigeration) that offered meaningful improvements to consumers in the form of food safety. And yet each product, in the end, turned out to be dangerous on an almost unimaginable scale.
-
-The history of any major technological or industrial advance is inevitably shadowed by a less predictable history of unintended consequences and secondary effects — what economists sometimes call “externalities.” Sometimes those consequences are innocuous ones, or even beneficial. Gutenberg invents the printing press, and literacy rates rise, which causes a significant part of the reading public to require spectacles for the first time, which creates a surge of investment in lens-making across Europe, which leads to the invention of the telescope and the microscope. Oftentimes the secondary effects seem to belong to an entirely different sphere of society. When Willis Carrier hit upon the idea of air-conditioning, the technology was primarily intended for industrial use: ensuring cool, dry air for factories that required low-humidity environments. But once air-conditioning entered the home — thanks in part to Freon’s radical leap forward in safety — it touched off one of the largest migrations in the history of the United States, enabling the rise of metropolitan areas like Phoenix and Las Vegas that barely existed when Carrier first started tinkering with the idea in the early 1900s.
-
-Sometimes the unintended consequence comes about when consumers use an invention in a surprising way. Edison famously thought his phonograph, which he sometimes called “the talking machine,” would primarily be used to take dictation, allowing the masses to send albums of recorded letters through the postal system; that is, he thought he was disrupting *mail*, not music. But then later innovators, like the Pathé brothers in France and Emile Berliner in the United States, discovered a much larger audience willing to pay for musical recordings made on descendants of Edison’s original invention. In other cases, the original innovation comes into the world disguised as a plaything, smuggling in some captivating new idea in the service of fun that spawns a host of imitators in more upscale fields, the way the animatronic dolls of the mid-1700s inspired Jacquard to invent the first “programmable” loom and Charles Babbage to invent the first machine that fit the modern definition of a computer, setting the stage for the revolution in programmable technology that would transform the 21st century in countless ways.
-
-We live under the gathering storm of modern history’s most momentous unintended consequence, one that Midgley and Kettering also had a hand in: carbon-based climate change. Imagine the vast sweep of inventors whose ideas started the Industrial Revolution, all the entrepreneurs and scientists and hobbyists who had a hand in bringing it about. Line up a thousand of them and ask them all what they had been hoping to do with their work. Not one would say that their intent had been to deposit enough carbon in the atmosphere to create a greenhouse effect that trapped heat at the surface of the planet. And yet here we are.
-
-Ethyl and Freon belonged to the same general class of secondary effect: innovations whose unintended consequences stem from some kind of waste byproduct that they emit. But the potential health threats of Ethyl were visible in the 1920s, unlike, say, the long-term effects of atmospheric carbon buildup in the early days of the Industrial Revolution. The dark truth about Ethyl is that everyone involved in its creation had seen incontrovertible evidence that tetraethyl lead was shockingly harmful to humans. Midgley himself experienced firsthand the dangers of lead poisoning, thanks to his work in Dayton developing Ethyl in the lab. In early 1923, Midgley cited health reasons in declining an invitation to a gathering of the American Chemical Society, where he was supposed to receive an honor for his latest discovery. “After about a year’s work in organic lead,” he wrote to the organization, “I find that my lungs have been affected and that it is necessary to drop all work and get a large supply of fresh air.” In a jaunty note to a friend at the time, Midgley wrote: “The cure for said ailment is not only extremely simple but quite delightful. It means to pack up, climb a train and search for a suitable golf course in the state named Florida.”
-
-Image
-
-Freon, invented in 1928 as a refrigerant, helped turn Frigidaire into a household name. Decades later, scientists realized that Freon and other chlorofluorocarbons were creating a dangerous hole in the ozone layer.Credit...Archive Photos/Getty Images
-
-Midgley did in fact recover from his bout with lead poisoning, but other early participants in the Ethyl business were not so lucky. Days after the first mass-production site for tetraethyl lead opened at DuPont’s Deepwater facility in New Jersey, Midgley and Kettering found themselves responsible for one of the most horrifying chapters in the history of industrial-age atrocities. On the eastern banks of the Delaware River, not far from DuPont’s headquarters in Wilmington, the Deepwater facility already had a long history of industrial accidents, including a series of deadly explosions in its original operational role of manufacturing gunpowder. But as soon as it began producing Ethyl at scale, the factory turned into a madhouse. “Eight workers in the DuPont tetraethyl gas plant at Deep Water, near Penns Grove, N.J., have died in delirium from tetraethyl lead poisoning in 18 months and 300 others have been stricken,” The Times would later write in an investigative report. “One of the early symptoms is a hallucination of winged insects. The victim pauses, perhaps while at work or in a rational conversation, gazes intently at space and snatches at something not there.” Eventually, the victims would descend into violent, self-destructive insanity. One worker threw himself off a ferry in a suicide attempt; another jumped from a hospital window. Many had to be placed in straitjackets or strapped to their beds as they convulsed in abject terror. Before work was halted at the plant, the hallucinations of swarming insects became so widespread that the five-story building where Ethyl was produced was called the [“house of butterflies.”](https://www.pittmed.health.pitt.edu/story/houses-butterflies)
-
-Perhaps the most damning evidence against Midgley and Kettering lies in the fact that both men were well aware that at least one potential alternative to tetraethyl lead existed: ethanol, which had many of the same antiknock properties as lead. But as Jamie Lincoln Kitman notes in “The Secret History of Lead”: “GM couldn’t dictate an infrastructure that could supply ethanol in the volumes that might be required. Equally troubling, any idiot with a still could make it at home, and in those days, many did.” On the face of it, ethyl alcohol would have seemed the far safer option, given what was known about lead as a poison and the unfolding tragedies at Deepwater and other plants. But you couldn’t *patent* alcohol.
-
-In May 1925, the surgeon general formed a committee to investigate the health hazards of Ethyl, and a public hearing was held. Kettering and other industry figures spoke, squaring off against a cadre of physicians and scholars. The following January, the committee officially found that there was no conclusive evidence of risk to the general public in the use of leaded gasoline. Within weeks, the factories were back online, and within a decade, Ethyl was included in 90 percent of all gasoline sold in America.
-
-The first real clue of leaded gasoline’s true environmental impact came out of one of the 20th century’s most fabled accidental discoveries. In the late 1940s, the geochemist [Clair Patterson embarked on an ambitious project with colleagues at the University of Chicago](https://mag.uchicago.edu/science-medicine/immeasurable#) to establish a more accurate account of Earth’s true age, which at that point was generally considered to be just over three billion years. Patterson’s approach analyzed the small amounts of uranium contained in the mineral zircon. Zircon in its initial state is free of lead, but uranium produces lead at a steady rate as it decays. Patterson assumed that measuring the ratios of various lead isotopes in a given sample of zircon would give him a precise age for the zircon, an important first step in his quest to calculate the true age of Earth itself. But Patterson quickly found that the measurements were almost impossible to make — because there was far too much ambient lead in the atmosphere to get an accurate reading.
-
-Eventually, after a move to the California Institute of Technology several years later, Patterson built an elaborate “clean room,” where he was able to make enough uncontaminated measurements to prove that Earth was a billion years older than previously thought. But his battle with lead contamination in the lab also sent him on a parallel journey, to document the enormous quantities of lead that had settled over every corner of the planet in the modern era. Analyzing ice-core samples from Greenland, he found that lead concentration had increased fourfold over the first two centuries of industrialization. The short-term trends were even more alarming: In the 35 years that had passed since Ethyl gasoline became the standard, lead concentrations in polar ice cores had risen by 350 percent. Other investigators, like the Philadelphia doctor Herbert Needleman, published studies in the 1970s suggesting that even [low levels of lead exposure could cause significant cognitive defects in young childre](https://www.apa.org/topics/environment-population/lead-exposure-child-development)n, including lowered I.Q. scores and behavioral disorders.
-
-Patterson and Needleman were pilloried for their findings by the automobile and lead industries, but as the scientific evidence began to pile up, a consensus finally emerged that leaded gasoline had turned out to be one of the most harmful pollutants of the 20th century, one that proved to be especially concentrated in urban areas. Globally, the phaseout of leaded gasoline that began in the 1970s is estimated to have saved 1.2 million lives a year. As [Achim Steiner of the United Nations noted](https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/10/393292-phase-out-leaded-petrol-brings-huge-health-and-cost-benefits-un-backed-study), “The elimination of leaded petrol is an immense achievement on par with the global elimination of major deadly diseases.”
-
-**The realization that** CFCs were harming the environment began the same way the understanding of lead’s impact began: with a new technology for measurement, namely a contraption known as an electron-capture detector. Invented in the late 1950s by James Lovelock — a British scientist who would gain fame more than a decade later by formulating the “Gaia hypothesis” — this device could measure minute concentrations of gases in the atmosphere with far more precision than had yet been possible. In some of his early observations with the device, Lovelock discovered a surprisingly large quantity of CFCs, with more of them circulating in the atmosphere above the Northern Hemisphere than above the Southern.
-
-Lovelock’s findings piqued the interest of the chemists Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina, who made two alarming discoveries in the mid-1970s: first, the fact that CFCs had no natural “sinks” on Earth where the chemical could be dissolved, which meant that all CFCs emitted through human activity would eventually settle in the upper atmosphere; and second, the fact that at those high altitudes, the intense ultraviolet light from the sun would cause them to finally break down, releasing chlorine that did substantial damage to the ozone layer. Shortly after Rowland and Molina published their work, evidence emerged that ozone levels were depleted in the stratosphere above the South Pole; a daring high-altitude flight overseen by the atmospheric chemist Susan Solomon eventually proved that the “hole” in the ozone layer had been caused by the human-created CFCs that Thomas Midgley concocted in his lab more than 50 years earlier.
-
-As with the fight over leaded gasoline, the industries involved in CFC production resisted efforts to reduce the presence of the gas in the atmosphere, but by the late 1980s, the evidence of potential harm had grown undeniable. (Unlike in the current debate over global warming, no mainstream political constituency emerged to challenge this consensus, other than the industry players who had a financial stake in continued CFC production.) In September 1987, representatives of 24 nations signed the [Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer,](https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/10/science/the-montreal-protocol-a-little-treaty-that-could.html) establishing a timetable for the world to phase out production and consumption of CFCs, almost 60 years after Kettering told Midgley to figure out a solution to the refrigerant problem. It took a small team just a few days in a lab to address Kettering’s problem, but it took a global collaboration of scientists, corporations and politicians to repair the damage that their creation inadvertently unleashed on the world.
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-Based on Rowland’s original research in the 1970s, the National Academy of Sciences estimated that continued CFC production at the same rate would destroy 50 percent of the ozone layer by 2050. About a decade ago, an international team of climate scientists created a computer model to simulate what would have happened if the Montreal Protocol had not been put into effect. The results were even more disturbing than previously forecast: By 2065, nearly two-thirds of the ozone layer would have disappeared. In mid-latitude cities like Washington and Paris, just five minutes of exposure to the sun would have been enough to give you sunburn. Skin-cancer rates would have skyrocketed. A 2021 study by scientists at Lancaster University looked at the impact that continued CFC production would have had on plant life. The additional UV radiation would have greatly diminished the absorption of carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, creating an additional 0.8 degrees Celsius of global warming, on top of the increased temperature caused by fossil-fuel use.
-
-In his 2020 book on existential risk, “The Precipice,” the Oxford philosopher Toby Ord tells the story of a concern, initially raised by the physicist Edward Teller in the months leading up to the first detonation of a nuclear device, that the fission reaction in the bomb might also ignite a fusion reaction in the surrounding nitrogen in Earth’s atmosphere, thus “engulfing the Earth in flame … and \[destroying\] not just humanity, but all complex life on Earth.” Teller’s concerns touched off a vigorous debate among the Manhattan Project scientists about the likelihood of an unintended atmospheric chain reaction. Ultimately, they decided that the world-engulfing firestorm was not likely to happen, and the Trinity Test went ahead as planned at 5:29 a.m. local time on the morning of July 16, 1945. Teller’s fears proved to be unfounded, and in the hundreds of nuclear detonations since, no apocalyptic atmospheric chain reactions have been unleashed. “Physicists with a greater understanding of nuclear fusion and with computers to aid their calculations have confirmed that it is indeed impossible,” Ord writes. “And yet, there *had* been a kind of risk.”
-
-Ord dates the genesis of what he calls the Precipice — the age of existential risk — to that July morning in 1945. But you could make the argument that a better origin point might well be that afternoon in 1928, when Thomas Midgley Jr. and his team fox-hunted their way across the periodic table to the development of chlorofluorocarbons. Teller, after all, was wrong about his imagined chain-reaction apocalypse. But CFCs actually did produce a chain reaction in the atmosphere, one that left unabated might well have transformed life on Earth as we know it. Whether Freon was “altogether without harmful effects on man or animals,” as Kettering once claimed, depended on the time scale you used. On the scale of years and decades, it most likely saved many lives: keeping food from spoiling, allowing vaccines to be stored and transported safely, reducing malaria deaths. On the scale of a century, though, it posed a significant threat to humanity itself.
-
-Indeed, it is reasonable to see CFCs as a forerunner of the kind of threat we will most likely face in the coming decades, as it becomes increasingly possible for individuals or small groups to create new scientific advances — through chemistry or biotechnology or materials science — setting off unintended consequences that reverberate on a global scale. The dominant models of technological apocalypse in the 20th century were variations on the Manhattan Project: industrial-scale, government-controlled weapons of mass destruction, designed from the outset to kill in large numbers. But in the 21st century, the existential threats may well come from innovators working in Midgley’s mode, creating new dangers through the seemingly innocuous act of addressing consumer needs, only this time using CRISPR, or nanobots, or some new breakthrough no one has thought of yet.
-
-**All of which** makes it essential to ask the question: Was it possible for Midgley (and Kettering) to have swerved away from the precipice and not have unleashed such destructive forces into the world? And have we built new defenses since then that are sufficient to prevent some 21st-century Midgley from inflicting equivalent damage on the planet, or worse? The answers to those questions turn out to be very different, depending on whether the innovation in question is Ethyl or Freon. Leaded gasoline, which in the end did far more harm to human health than CFCs, was actually a more manageable and preventable class of threat. What should keep us up at night is the modern-day equivalent of CFCs.
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-In the end, leaded gasoline was a mistake of epic proportions, but it was also a preventable mistake. The rise of Ethyl was an old story: a private company’s reaping profits from a new innovation while socializing the costs of its unintended consequences and overriding the objections at the time through sheer commercial might. It was well established that lead was a health hazard; that the manufacture of Ethyl itself could have devastating effects on the human body and brain; that automobiles running on Ethyl were emitting some trace of lead into the atmosphere. The only question was whether those trace amounts could cause health problems on their own.
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-> ## The question of leaded gasoline’s health risks to the general public was a known unknown. The health risk posed by Freon was a more mercurial beast: an unknown unknown.
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-Since the surgeon general’s hearing in 1926, we have invented a vast array of tools and institutions to explore precisely these kinds of questions before a new compound goes on the market. We have produced remarkably sophisticated systems to model and anticipate the long-term consequences of chemical compounds on both the environment and individual health. We have devised analytic and statistical tools — like randomized controlled trials — that can detect subtle causal connections between a potential pollutant or toxic chemical and adverse health outcomes. We have created institutions, like the Environmental Protection Agency, that try to keep 21st-century Ethyls out of the marketplace. We have laws like the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 that are supposed to ensure that new compounds undergo testing and risk assessment before they can be brought to market. Despite their limitations, all of these things — the regulatory institutions, the risk-management tools — should be understood as innovations in their own right, ones that are rarely celebrated the way consumer breakthroughs like Ethyl or Freon are. There are no ad campaigns promising “better living through deliberation and oversight,” even though that is precisely what better laws and institutions can bring us.
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-The story of Freon offers a more troubling lesson, though. Scientists had observed by the late 19th century that there seemed to be a puzzling cutoff in the spectrum of radiation hitting Earth’s surface, and soon they suspected that ozone gas was somehow responsible for that “missing” radiation. The British meteorologist G.M.B. Dobson undertook the first large-scale measurements of the ozone layer in 1926, just a few years before Kettering and Midgley started exploring the problem of stable refrigerants. Dobson’s investigations took decades to evolve into a comprehensive understanding. (Dobson did all his work from ground-level observations. No human had even visited the upper atmosphere before the Swiss scientist and balloonist Auguste Piccard and his assistant ascended to 52,000 feet in a sealed gondola in 1931.) The full scientific understanding of the ozone layer itself wouldn’t emerge until the 1970s. Unlike with Ethyl, where there was a clear adverse relationship on the table between lead and human health, no one even considered that there might be a link between what was happening in the coils of your kitchen fridge and what was happening 100,000 feet above the South Pole. CFCs began inflicting their harm almost immediately after Freon hit the market, but the science capable of understanding the subtle atmospheric chain reactions behind that harm was still 40 years in the future.
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-Is it possible that we are doing something today whose long-term unintended consequences will not be *understandable to science* until 2063? That there are far fewer blank spots on the map of understanding is unquestionable. But the blank spots that remain are the ones capturing all the attention. We have already made some daring bets at the edges of our understanding. While building particle accelerators like the Large Hadron Collider, scientists seriously debated the possibility that activating the accelerator would trigger the creation of tiny black holes that would engulf the entire planet in seconds. It didn’t happen, and there was substantial evidence that it would not happen before they flipped the switch. But still.
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-As the scenario planners put it, the question of leaded gasoline’s health risks to the general public was a *known unknown*. We knew there was a legitimate question that needed answering, but big industry just steamrollered over the whole investigation for almost half a century. The health risk posed by Freon was a more mercurial beast: an *unknown unknown*. There was no way of answering the question — are CFCs bad for the health of the planet? — in 1928, and no real hint that it was even a question worth asking. Have we gotten better at imagining those unimaginable threats? It seems possible, maybe even likely, that we have, thanks to a loose network of developments: science fiction, scenario planning, environmental movements and, recently, the so-called longtermists, among them Toby Ord. But blank spots on the map of understanding are blank spots. It’s hard to see past them.
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-This is where the time-horizon question becomes essential. The longtermists get a lot of grief for focusing on distant sci-fi futures — and ignoring our present-day suffering — but from a certain angle, you can interpret the Midgley story as rebuttal to those critics. Saturating our inner cities with toxic levels of ambient lead for more than half a century was a terrible idea, and if we had been thinking about that decades-long time horizon back in 1923, we might have been able to make another choice — perhaps embracing ethanol instead of Ethyl. And the results of that longtermism would have had a clear progressive bias. The positive impact on low-income, marginalized communities would have been far greater than the impact on affluent entrepreneurs tending to their lawns in the suburbs. If you gave a present-day environmental activist a time machine and granted them one change to the 20th century, it’s hard to imagine a more consequential intervention than shutting down Thomas Midgley’s lab in 1920.
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-But the Freon story suggests a different argument. There was no use expanding our time horizon in evaluating the potential impact of CFCs, because we simply didn’t have the conceptual tools to do those calculations. Given the acceleration of technology since Midgley’s day, it’s a waste of resources to try to imagine where we will be 50 years from now, much less 100. The future is simply too unpredictable, or it involves variables that are not yet visible to us. You can have the best of intentions, running your long-term scenarios, trying to imagine all the unintended secondary effects. But on some level, you’ve doomed yourself to chasing ghosts.
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-**The acceleration of** technology casts another ominous shadow on Midgley’s legacy. Much has been made of his status as a [“one-man environmental disaster,”](https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23431290-800-inventor-hero-was-a-oneman-environmental-disaster/) as The New Scientist has called him. But in actuality, his ideas needed an enormous support system — industrial corporations, the United States military — to amplify them into world-changing forces. Kettering and Midgley were operating in a world governed by linear processes. You had to do a lot of work to produce your innovation at scale, if you were lucky enough to invent something worth scaling. But much of the industrial science now exploring the boundaries of those blank spots — synthetic biology, nanotech, gene editing — involves a different kind of technology: things that make copies of themselves. Today the cutting-edge science of fighting malaria is not aerosol spray cans; it’s “gene drive” technology that uses [CRISPR to alter the genetics of mosquitoes](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/08/magazine/gene-drive-mosquitoes.html), allowing human-engineered gene sequences to spread through the population — either reducing the insects’ ability to spread malaria or driving them into extinction. The giant industrial plants of Midgley’s age are giving way to nanofactories and biotech labs where the new breakthroughs are not so much manufactured as they are grown. A recent essay in The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists estimated that there are probably more than 100 people now with the [skills and technology to single-handedly reconstruct an organism like the smallpox virus,](https://thebulletin.org/2022/11/how-a-deliberate-pandemic-could-crush-societies-and-what-to-do-about-it/) Variola major, perhaps the greatest killer in human history.
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-It is telling that the two moments when we stood on the very edge of Toby Ord’s “precipice” in the 20th century involved chain reactions: the fusion reaction set off by the Trinity Test and the chain reaction set off by CFCs in the ozone layer. But self-replicating organisms (or technologies) pose a different order of risk — exponential risk, not linear — whether they are viruses engineered by gain-of-function research to be more lethal, venturing into the wild through a lab leak or a deliberate act of terrorism, or a runaway nanofactory producing microscopic machines for some admirable purpose that escapes the control of its creator.
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-In his 2015 book, “A Dangerous Master: How to Keep Technology From Slipping Beyond Our Control,” Wendell Wallach talks about the class of unsettling near-term technologies that generally fit under the umbrella of “playing God”: cloning, gene editing, “curing” death, creating synthetic life-forms. There is something unnervingly godlike in the sheer scale of the impact that Thomas Midgley Jr. had on our environment, but the truth is that his innovations required immense infrastructure, all those Ethyl and Freon factories and gas stations and aerosol cans, to actually bring about that long-term destruction. But today, in an age of artificial replicators, it is much easier to imagine a next-generation Midgley playing God in the lab — with good or evil intent — and dispatching his creations with that most ancient of commands: *Go forth, and multiply.*
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----
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-**Steven Johnson** is the author, most recently, of “Extra Life: A Short History of Living Longer.” He also writes the newsletter Adjacent Possible. **Cristiana Couceiro** is an illustrator and a designer in Portugal. She is known for her retro-inspired collages.
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-# The Case of the Fake Sherlock
-
-## Richard Walter was hailed as a genius criminal profiler. How did he get away with his fraud for so long?
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/09a/b0f/e98ca2813150af49316e2b32ce08314913-Richard-Walter.rvertical.w570.jpg)
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-Illustration: Adam Maida.
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-**Coquille,** on the Oregon coast, is a two-stoplight town where mist rolls off the Pacific and many of the 4,000 residents work in lumber and fishing. On the night of June 28, 2000, a 15-year-old named Leah Freeman left a friend’s house and set off on her own. She was seen walking past McKay’s Market, the credit union, and the high school, but she never made it home. At a gas station, a county worker found one of Leah’s sneakers.
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-The local paper published Leah’s school photo: big smile, mouthful of braces. Police and a donor put together a $10,000 reward for information leading to her safe return. K-9 units swept the school grounds, and police set up roadblocks and interviewed motorists. On its sign, the Myrtle Lane Motel posted a description of Leah. A month later, the message was replaced with Job 1:22: “The Lord gives. The Lord takes.” A search party had found Leah’s body at the bottom of an embankment, severely decomposed. “We prayed for her to return,” the motel manager told a reporter. “And now we can pray for whoever did this to be caught.”
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-But the killer was not caught. The police had initially treated Leah as a runaway before mounting a search, and when the FBI and state police finally arrived, investigators were too far behind. They never recovered. As months turned into years, Coquille police dwelled on one suspect whose story never quite made sense to them: Nick McGuffin, Leah’s 18-year-old boyfriend. Friends had seen them argue. Police said he switched cars the night she vanished and flunked a polygraph. The hunch was there, but the physical evidence wasn’t.
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-In January 2010, a new team of detectives and a prosecutor flew to Philadelphia to pursue a last-ditch option: to present the case to a league of elite investigators called the Vidocq Society, which met once a month to listen to the facts of cold cases and sometimes venture instant insights. The group’s co-founder, Richard Walter, was billed as one of America’s preeminent criminal profilers, an investigative wizard who could examine a few clues and conjure a portrait of a murderer.
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-Walter was tall and gaunt with a hard-to-place, vaguely English accent. He favored Kools and Chardonnay, and he was never photographed in anything but a dark suit, a tiny smile often curling at the corner of his mouth. His public profile was about to explode. A publisher was finalizing a book about the [Vidocq Society](https://www.vidocq.org/), *The Murder Room,* which detailed Walter’s casework on four continents and claimed that at [Scotland Yard](https://nymag.com/tags/scotland-yard/) he was known as “the living Sherlock Holmes.”
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-In Philadelphia, members of the Coquille team presented Leah Freeman’s murder to the Vidocq Society. Later, at a private dinner, Walter dangled before them a tantalizing profile that suggested the killer was indeed McGuffin, the boyfriend they had suspected all along. Soon, Walter traveled to Coquille and examined crime scenes with the police chief, trailed by a camera crew from ABC’s *20/20*.
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-Building on the momentum of Walter’s visit, the authorities arrested McGuffin and charged him with killing Leah. As he awaited trial, he watched the *20/20* episode about his case from the Coos County jail. There on TV was Walter, a man he had never met, all but accusing him of murder. “It’s sweet revenge,” Walter said with a grin. “And I take great personal satisfaction in hearing handcuffs click.” McGuffin was convicted and sentenced to a decade in prison. In the years to come, he would often sit in his cell and wonder: Who *was* that thin man smoking on the screen?
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-Richard Walter is many things and little that he claims. Since at least 1982, he has touted phony credentials and a bogus work history. He claims to have helped solve murder cases that, in reality, he had limited or no involvement with — and even one murder that may not have occurred at all. These lies did not prevent him from serving as an expert witness in trials across the country. His specialty was providing criminal profiles that neatly implicated defendants, imputing motives to them that could support harsher charges and win over juries. Convictions in at least three murder cases in which he testified have since been overturned. In 2003, a federal judge declared him a “charlatan.”
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-Walter refused several requests for an interview. “You have earned one’s distrust that merits severing any contact with you in the future,” he wrote me, veering into strange pronoun usage. “Under no circumstances would himself cooperate in your suspicious activities.”
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-Many of his misdeeds were a matter of record before he ever stepped foot in Coquille. And yet Walter continued to operate with impunity, charging as much as $1,000 a day as a consultant. America’s fragmented criminal-justice system allowed him to commit perjury in one state and move on to the next. Journalists laundered his reputation in TV shows and books. Parents desperate for closure in the unsolved murder of a son or daughter clamored for his aid. Then there was Walter’s own pathology. He so fully inhabited the role of celebrated criminal profiler he appeared to forget he was pulling a con at all.
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-Richard Walter in 1992. Photo: Zuma Press
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-**In Richard Walter’s** telling, he was fated for a grim life studying criminals. But schoolmates who grew up with him in the rolling orchard country of 1950s Washington State remember an outgoing, popular kid who liked the piano and led the prayer band at a Seventh Day Adventist boarding school. In September 1963, at the age of 20, he married a former classmate and briefly took a job at a funeral home. (“He didn’t want to work with any old, stinky bodies,” his brother recalled in an interview.) After ten months, his wife filed for divorce, citing “mental cruelty.” What happened over the next several years is unclear. When asked in a recent deposition where he lived and worked during that period, Walter said, “I don’t remember.”
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-Walter resurfaces in the public record in 1975, when he graduated from Michigan State University with bachelor’s and master’s degrees in psychology. He got an entry-level position as a lab assistant in the Los Angeles County Medical Examiner’s Office. He was 33 and making roughly $3 an hour washing test tubes. He considered a doctoral program but instead took a job in 1978 as a staff psychologist at a place where he’d be able to see patients without any further qualifications: Marquette Branch Prison on Michigan’s Upper Peninsula.
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-Walter’s rapport with prisoners was poor — he often conducted interviews through a closed steel door — and he could be petty. An inmate sued Walter after he refused to pass along a dictionary sent by his mother. Two psychiatric experts and a federal judge questioned his ability to diagnose mental disorders and render basic mental-health services. Eventually, Walter’s duties largely involved conducting intake interviews with inmates. “What I call meatball stuff,” says John Hand, who also worked in the state prison system as a psychologist. “Talk to them for a little while, make sure they’re not totally crazy.”
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-Away from the prison, though, Walter presented his job as giving him unique insights into the criminal mind. He became a regular at conferences hosted by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, which was rising in stature on the strength of specialties like hair microscopy, bullet-lead analysis, and criminal profiling.
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-Profiling was especially hot. The FBI’s Behavioral Science Unit was going from fringe to mainstream: The profilers there had consulted on fewer than 200 cases in all of the 1970s, but by the middle of the next decade, they were providing hundreds of assists per year. The unit began attracting big personalities. “Where there are stars, there are wannabe stars,” says Park Dietz, a forensic psychiatrist who has worked with the BSU. “Those with big egos will often gravitate to those centers of narcissistic glory.”
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-In 1982, Walter became a full member of the AAFS, a powerful credential. That year, for the first time, he would try on his invented persona in a courtroom.
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-Walter on a 2009 episode of A&E’s *Forensic Factor: The Unexpected Perpetrator* discussing a double homicide in Wisconsin. Photo: A&E
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-**Robie Drake was** wearing military fatigues and carrying rifles and hunting knives when he left his home in the Buffalo suburbs. It was just before midnight on December 5, 1981, and the 17-year-old headed to an area of North Tonawanda filled with abandoned vehicles. He took aim at a 1969 Chevy Nova and fired 19 rounds into the passenger-side window. From inside the car, he heard groaning. The location was also a lover’s lane, and his bullets had struck Stephen Rosenthal, 18, and Amy Smith, 16. Drake then stabbed Rosenthal in the back. Two police officers on a routine patrol spotted Drake stuffing Smith’s body into the trunk of the Nova.
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-The case appeared open and shut. But the prosecutor, Peter Broderick, saw weaknesses. Drake insisted it had all been a mistake, and his reasons were just plausible enough to imagine holdouts on a jury. The scene had been dark. Drake said he’d shot the car for target practice, thinking it was empty, and panicked when he heard Rosenthal and stabbed him to make the noise stop. However unlikely that sounded, Broderick lacked a clear motive, and intent would be the sole issue separating a murder conviction from a lesser charge of manslaughter. “All I needed was some reasonable explanation for why this thing happened,” Broderick later said.
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-Broderick suspected Drake’s motive was sexual, and he hired Lowell Levine, a forensic odontologist, to testify that faint marks on Smith’s body were signs of postmortem biting, which was possible evidence of a sex crime. Levine suggested that to firm up that angle, the prosecutor should bring in another expert — someone he’d recently met at an AAFS conference. Two weeks later, Broderick drove to the airport and picked up Richard Walter.
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-On the stand at Drake’s trial, Walter related an impressive — and fictional — résumé. He falsely claimed that at the L.A. County Medical Examiner’s Office, he had reviewed more than 5,000 murder cases. Walter also said he was an adjunct lecturer at Northern Michigan University (he had spoken there informally, possibly just once), wrote criminology papers (he had never published), and had served as an expert witness at hundreds of trials (he’d testified in two known cases — about a simple chain-of-evidence question and in a civil suit against a car company).
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-Walter told the jury that Drake had committed a particular type of “lust murder” because he was driven by “piquerism,” an obscure sadistic impulse to derive sexual pleasure from penetrating people with bullets, knives, and teeth. Drake’s attorney told the court that he could not find any expert who had ever heard of piquerism, but the judge denied his request for more time to find a rebuttal psychologist. Drake was convicted of second-degree murder. Back in Michigan, Walter sent Broderick an invoice. For securing two consecutive terms of 20 years to life, his fee was $300.
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-The trial was the end of Robie Drake’s freedom and the beginning of Walter’s new career. He continued testifying in occasional murder trials and inflating his qualifications. By 1987, when he took the stand in *State of Ohio* v. *Richard Haynes*, he held himself out as a superstar in his field, telling the prosecutor that he was one of just ten or so criminal profilers trusted by the FBI.
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-Walter lectured widely, giving speeches like “Lust, Arson and Rape: A Factorial Approach” and “Anger Biting: The Hidden Impulse.” Audiences loved his entertaining, wry style. “His story, as many of Richard’s, has to be heard from his own mouth,” wrote an amused attendee after Walter’s presentation at a 1989 conference hosted by the Association of Police Surgeons of Great Britain. “It would lose all by repetition by another.”
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-Walter was about to get a new venue for his theatrics. According to one version of events, it was around this time, at an AAFS convention, that Walter met Frank Bender, an eclectic Philadelphia artist who had begun a sideline in forensic sculpture, reconstructing busts from decomposed bodies. Bender was plugged into the local law-enforcement scene, and he introduced Walter to Bill Fleisher, a Customs agent. At a diner, the three talked about cases until the sun set. Standing on the sidewalk in the cold, they had the idea to organize a bigger confab — a group of law-enforcement professionals who would meet regularly and talk murder over lunch.
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-“What,” Bender asked, “are we going to call our club?”
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-A Vidocq Society luncheon as seen on a 1992 *48 Hours* episode called “Hard Evidence — Mystery on the Menu.” Walter is at right. Photo: CBS NEWS ARCHIVES/48 HOURS, “HARD EVIDENCE—MYSTERY ON THE MENU,” 1992
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-**The namesake of** the Vidocq Society — which Walter, Bender, and Fleisher established in Philadelphia in 1990 — is Eugène-François Vidocq, a 19th-century French criminal turned detective who is considered the father of modern criminology. Some of the club’s early members had impressive jobs as Customs agents, IRS investigators, and U.S. marshals, but there were also advocates of dubious fields like polygraphy and statement analysis. Few had extensive experience with homicide. That didn’t matter much at first, as the group spent its initial meetings — usually held at Philadelphia restaurants or social clubs — discussing historical cases like the Cleveland “Torso Murders” of the 1930s. But soon the members began taking on more recent unsolved murders in which they might have a shot at catching a killer.
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-Criminal profiling was becoming a pop-culture sensation, thanks in large part to the 1991 blockbuster [*The Silence of the Lambs*](https://nymag.com/tags/silence-of-the-lambs/)*,* which made $272 million and swept the Academy Awards. “It was a very exciting time,” says Jana Monroe, an FBI profiler who helped Jodie Foster prepare for her role in the film. “But the FBI didn’t like all the media attention.” The Vidocq Society moved into the vacuum, quickly notching write-ups in the Philadelphia *Inquirer* and the New York *Times*.
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-Reporters relished describing the three co-founders: Walter was the chain-smoking genius; Bender was the artist, conspicuous among the suits in T-shirt and jeans; Fleisher was the teddy-bear G-man, prone to tearing up during presentations. Hollywood began calling, as did network TV.
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-CBS’s *48 Hours* came to a Philadelphia dining hall to watch the Vidocq Society consider the case of Zoia Assur, a 27-year-old who was found dead in the woods of Ocean County, New Jersey. Her fiancé, an ophthalmologist named Ken Andronico, suspected her death was not a suicide but murder, and a friend of Andronico’s had approached the organization for help. Fleisher presented the facts and concluded, in a thick Philly accent, “Now, our case begins.”
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-CBS correspondent Richard Schlesinger raced around the room to solicit theories. “Murder or suicide?” he asked club members as they tucked into plates of chicken Marsala. “Murder!” they blurted through full mouths. “We haven’t even gotten to dessert yet!” Schlesinger cried with delight. Walter told the camera that Andronico might have been the killer. “He’s playing that high-risk game of ‘Catch me if you can,’” he said with a smile.
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-Andronico — who had been more than a thousand miles away in Florida at the time of Assur’s death — watched the *48 Hours* episode from his apartment with his mouth agape. Patients began canceling their appointments, and his medical practice was upended for years. He was never charged with a crime. (Retired Ocean County detective James Churchill dismisses the theory and the Vidocq Society’s involvement. “They never looked at the file, they never had any statements, they never had any medical records,” Churchill says. “I thought it was just preposterous.”)
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-Others were not so lucky. At the Vidocq Society’s April 1992 meeting, a Philadelphia homicide detective named Bob Snyder walked to a podium, opened a thick file, and presented the cold-case murder of Deborah Wilson, an undergraduate at Drexel University who had been killed after working into the night at a computer lab. Waiters served lunch as members viewed photos of the bloody crime scene and her foamy saliva, which indicated strangulation. Afterward, Walter offered an insight: Wilson’s sneakers had been removed, indicating that the killer had a foot fetish.
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-When police later searched the home of David Dickson, a security guard on duty the night of the murder, they found a collection of women’s sneakers and foot-fetish pornography. The press called him “Dr. Scholl,” and Dickson was charged with murder. In court, his attorney protested that the alleged motive was absurd. “This man is a sneaker sniffer, not a murderer!” he cried. But the prosecutor was Roger King, a powerhouse who claimed to have put more men on death row than anyone else in the history of his office. One jury deadlocked, but King won the retrial. Dickson was sentenced to life in prison.
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-The Vidocq Society pinned a medal on Snyder, and the club celebrated cracking a major case. But Walter was the real winner. His theory had led to the arrest and conviction. He would cite the case in media interviews for decades.
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-King died in 2016. Five years later, the Philadelphia *Inquirer* published a major investigation into his tactics, finding that he had routinely manipulated witnesses, withheld exculpatory evidence, and employed jailhouse snitches whose credibility he knew was suspect — including one, John Hall, who testified against Dickson. Hall’s wife had helped him fabricate testimony by sending newspaper clippings to him in jail. “Nothing he said was true,” she told the *Inquirer*. At least seven of King’s murder convictions have been overturned.
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-Dickson’s could be next. In the fall, his attorney filed a petition with the court arguing that King withheld or twisted information critical to Walter’s foot-fetish theory, including the possibility that the victim’s sneakers may not have been taken from the scene after all.
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-**The Richard Walter** story is not the case of an impostor who goes undetected, one misstep away from being discovered and exposed. Lots of people saw signs; few had incentive to do anything about it. Throughout the 1990s, he continued to work in the Michigan correction system as a psychologist, and word eventually got around about his profiling sideline. Some found the arrangement comical. “If he’s got an international reputation, why is he working in a prison for $10,000 a year?” Hand, his contemporary, says with a laugh.
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-Many others saw through Walter’s act. Retired FBI agent Gregg McCrary recalls that the Behavioral Science Unit once invited Walter to Quantico to ask him questions about inmate behavior. “The narcissism, I think, was obvious. He really thought he knew a lot,” McCrary says. The agents learned little, and he was not invited back. “Richard Walter is largely a poseur,” McCrary says. “What I say about Richard is he’s an expert at being an expert, at playing one and convincing people that he is.”
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-Walter’s victims struggled to get anyone to pay attention, even when they caught him in obvious lies. In 1995, Robie Drake still had decades to go on his sentence. From his maximum-security prison in upstate New York, he’d been digging into Walter’s résumé on an antiquated computer terminal. He had married a nurse 24 years his senior named Marlene, and she helped, requesting documents and contacting Walter’s former employers. They found the various ways in which Walter had perjured himself, but when Drake appealed, a court denied his motion without a hearing.
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-Marlene then sent the American Academy of Forensic Sciences a 13-page dossier of Walter’s inflations and outright falsehoods. Officials at the organization acknowledged in internal memos that Walter had padded his résumé, but they decided to reveal as little as possible about their internal deliberations. “We do have to worry about public appearances,” Don Harper Mills, a pathologist who was chairman of the ethics committee, wrote to his colleagues. In a February 1996 letter to Marlene, Mills delivered his verdict in a single paragraph. “Most of the issues do not involve the Academy’s Code of Ethics,” he wrote. “The Committee has concluded unanimously that there was no misrepresentation and therefore no Code violation.”
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-One reason Walter kept skating by is that defendants like Drake existed in an ethical twilight. He was a guilty man robbed of due process. An expert witness had lied, and he had perhaps spent more of his life in prison than was warranted because of it, but he had killed two teenagers. What was Walter’s perjury next to that?
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-Walter was also galvanized by support from an unimpeachable group: victims’ families. He spoke before the Parents of Murdered Children, a nonprofit that offers grief counseling and helps families lobby parole panels against early releases, and later joined the board. At the group’s annual conference, he granted private audiences to devastated parents. After years or decades of frustration with police and prosecutors, they appreciated Walter’s shared sense of anger, like when he said that some murder suspects should be handled with “seven cents’ worth of lead.”
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-Walter knew how to give delicious, cinematic quotes, and he cultivated his eccentricities for journalists and producers. He boasted of subsisting on cigarettes and cheeseburgers. He said that when the time was right, he would “lie down to quite pleasant dreams” using sodium pentothal. He once yelled at a suspect, “I’ll chew your dick down so far you won’t have enough left to fuck roadkill.”
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-The effect was irresistible. In *A Question of Guilt,* a Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys crossover novel published in 1996, the iconic teen detectives run into one another at a meeting of the Vidocq Society. Filmmakers courted Walter and his co-founders for years, taking them to dine at Le Bec-Fin. Walter told the Binghamton *Press & Sun-Bulletin* that a producer wanted Kevin Spacey to play him in a movie. In 1997, Danny DeVito’s Jersey Films purchased the Vidocq creators’ story rights in a deal worth as much as $1.3 million. (No film was ever made, Fleisher says, and the founders received a fraction of that amount.)
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-Money doesn’t seem to be what drove Walter. While his lifestyle had some flourishes — he slept in an antique Chinese bed and played Tchaikovsky on a 1926 Chickering grand piano — he mostly lived frugally. He drank bottom-shelf wine and drove a succession of Crown Victorias into the ground.
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-The relish with which he played the role of a genius profiler points to another, stronger motivation: ego. “He totally cannot be in a social setting where he is not the center of attention,” says a longtime Vidocq Society member. At meetings, Walter tended to speak last, rendering his judgment to a roomful of nodding heads. “He’s been hyped so much by the leadership in the organization,” says the member. “Nobody challenges him.” (A spokesperson for the organization disputes this.)
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-It’s difficult to look at Walter’s body of work — real or claimed — and not notice some preoccupations. Of the more than 100 papers and presentations listed on his résumé, roughly a quarter pertain to homosexuality or sex crimes. A representative example, “Homosexual Panic and Murder,” is a case study based on interviews he conducted with an inmate who had murdered a man and then cut off one of his testicles.
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-“The homosexual: not really a man,” Walter testified once in a murder case. “He is a discount person; therefore, if I need to be great, if I need to satisfy my ego, if I need to satisfy my needs for power, if I need to surmount, if I need to have a demonstration of my power, well, what better way to do it?”
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-In September 2002, two police officers from Hockley County, Texas, flew to Philadelphia for the society’s help in solving a cold case. According to a 2003 account in *Harper’s,* during a private meeting after the luncheon, Walter in lurid detail pronounced the Texas murder a case of “homosexual panic” — one man suddenly killing another after a tryst. He and Frank Bender invited the detectives out to dinner, where Walter became increasingly intoxicated, according to the magazine. “They’re making a movie about us,” Walter said, toasting with his Chardonnay. “Frank’s the pervert and I’m the guy with the big dick!”
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-Walter continued to press his theory. “It seemed like it didn’t matter what the case was, he just thought it was some kind of sexual deviancy or homosexuality, which I disagreed with,” says one of the Texas officers, Rick Wooton. No arrest has been made in the case. Walter, he says, was no help.
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-Robie Drake is escorted into court in 2010. Photo: Niagara Gazette
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-**In September 2000,** Walter retired from the Michigan Department of Corrections at 57 and moved to Montrose, a town in Pennsylvania with a population of 1,300. “Everyone was falling all over him because of his reputation,” says Betty Smith, the former curator of the local historical society. Walter tells neighbors that he came to testify in a murder trial, fell in love with the town, and decided to stay. But two attorneys involved in the case say they don’t recall ever meeting him.
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-Walter took on more freelance work. When he arrived in small towns around America, his presence was front-page news. In at least seven separate cold cases, Walter spoke to local reporters and delivered his catchphrase — a warning to the killer that his arrest was imminent: “Don’t buy any green bananas.” Walter’s work did not lead to arrests in five of those cases. In a sixth, his favored suspect, a Catholic priest, committed suicide, and Walter gleefully claimed credit for his death.
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-Meanwhile, from his prison cell upstate, Robie Drake persisted in appealing his conviction. In January 2003, he finally got a win. Referring to Walter and his piquerism theory, a federal judge wrote that “the witness was a charlatan” and that “his testimony was, medically speaking, nonsense.” In a deposition that July, Walter was evasive as Drake’s attorney pressed him on the tasks he performed at the L.A. County Medical Examiner’s Office.
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-“What were you doing?” the attorney asked.
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-“Good question,” Walter replied.
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-“It’s the only question.”
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-By 2009, the Second Circuit decided it had seen enough: Walter had perjured himself with the prosecution’s knowledge. The judges ordered a new trial. Prosecutors used a technique for analyzing bullet trajectory to argue that Drake had been closer to the Chevy Nova than initially thought, suggesting he must have known people were inside. In 2010, a jury convicted Drake again. He had exposed Walter as a fraud, but for his troubles the judge extended his original 40-year sentence by an extra decade.
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-Throughout his career, Walter had benefited from the fractured nature of the American legal system. Especially in the years before digitized records, a public defender in one place suspicious of Walter would have trouble tracking him across jurisdictions. The Second Circuit’s ruling was harder to run from. Luckily for Walter, a reputation reset was on the way.
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-Several years earlier, the author Michael Capuzzo, who had written a best seller on shark attacks, had scored a blockbuster $800,000 advance for a book about the Vidocq Society. *Publisher’s Weekly* described it as “a true tale about a mysterious group of skilled detectives who use their skills to solve only the most despicable of crimes, led by a figure who seems to be a contemporary Sherlock Holmes.”
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-Later, another author, Ted Botha, sold a proposal for a book about Frank Bender and his forensic sculptures. He worried about Capuzzo’s three-year head start. And yet, as he reported, he never came across anyone who had spoken to Capuzzo. “I was quite amazed,” Botha says. “This guy’s gotten a wack-load of money, and there doesn’t seem to be anything happening.” Botha interviewed Walter but got a sense that something was amiss. He confined Walter to a handful of pages when he published his book, *The Girl With the Crooked Nose,* in 2008.
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-Capuzzo’s volume, *The Murder Room,* was published two years later. It was an instant hit and would go on to sell roughly 100,000 copies, despite purple prose that described Walter as “the angel of vengeance” and “the ferryman poling parents of murdered children through blood tides of woe.”
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-The book repeated and expanded on dozens of falsehoods in Walter’s résumé. In the Michigan prison system, he wrote, Walter could shut off hot water and put inmates on a diet of “prison loaf,” with three meals a day blended and baked into a tasteless brick. “You will learn to control yourself or I will control you,” he allegedly told them. But a prison spokesman disputes that a psychologist could leverage showers and meals in that way. “Maybe in *Shawshank* or something,” he says. “But not in real life.”
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-Walter also claims in the book that Michigan State hired him as an adjunct professor and that he collaborated with the university police to investigate gay twin brothers who fondled football fans without their consent outside Spartan Stadium. But a Michigan State spokesman denies that Walter has ever been employed by the school.
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-The book repeats Walter’s claim to have solved the notorious 1986 murder of Anita Cobby, a former beauty queen who was gang-raped and nearly beheaded in Australia. Detective Ian Kennedy, who led the investigation, tells me he has never heard of Walter. Other supposed feats are stranger still. Capuzzo details the murder of Paul Bernard Allain, whose boss, Antoine LeHavre, brings the case to the Vidocq Society. In a twist, Walter accuses LeHavre of killing Allain himself, the result of a homosexual affair gone awry. But Allain and LeHavre do not seem to appear in any legal or public-record databases. Capuzzo may have changed the names; he or Walter may have made up the whole story.
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-Bender and Fleisher grumbled to the *Inquirer* that Capuzzo had taken too much creative license. “There are parts of that book I know are not true,” Bender said. (He died in July 2011. Fleisher didn’t respond to requests for an interview.) But Walter joined Capuzzo on a nationwide book tour. “It’s fun to play detective,” said NPR host Dave Davies as he described the Vidocq Society on *Fresh Air*. “But they aren’t playing.”
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-Walter was in his glory. “There’s a price to pay,” he told listeners of his macabre life’s work. “I’m willing to pay it.”
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-Capuzzo did not respond to requests for comment. He has not written another book, and today he publishes a Substack promoting vaccine conspiracy theories. During a recent podcast appearance, he said that several years ago, he heard a voice in his head say, “I am here. Tell my story.”
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-Nick McGuffin during the final moments of his trial in 2011. Photo: BENJAMIN BRAYFIELD/THE WORLD
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-**By the time** *The Murder Room* reinvigorated the myth of Richard Walter, a decade had passed since Leah Freeman’s murder. In Coquille, the candlelight vigils had grown smaller. Pink JUSTICE FOR LEAH hoodies spent longer intervals in the closet. Leah’s father died; her mother, Cory Courtright, regularly posted about the case on the message board Websleuths and interacted with amateur gumshoes, desperate for a break in the case. Nick McGuffin, now 28, had tried to move on. He’d had a daughter, graduated from culinary school, and become the head banquet chef at a casino in Coos Bay.
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-Coos County had a new district attorney named Paul Frasier, and he helped Coquille hire its next police chief, Mark Dannels, who committed to reopening the case. Dannels took down the old evidence boxes and assembled a cold-case team. Soon, they were flying to Philadelphia and huddling with Walter. Separately, an ABC producer had an idea: Wouldn’t it be gripping television to follow the Vidocq Society in the field? A team from *20/20* shadowed Walter in Coquille as he assisted the investigation of Leah Freeman’s murder, and the network built an episode around him and *The Murder Room.*
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-The killer, Walter told the camera, was “that muscle-flexing, Teutonic kind of braggart who thinks he’s John Wayne, who wants to be a bigger man than what he is.” He encouraged the police to focus on McGuffin. There was no new physical evidence, but Walter rearranged puzzle pieces that didn’t quite fit and crafted his own theory: McGuffin was a jealous boyfriend who hit Leah in the face and dumped her body in the woods.
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-Cops played tough for *20/20* producers as they tailed McGuffin around town, hoping to provoke him. “In my opinion, he needs to be poked at a little bit,” one officer said. Correspondent Jim Avila, who had reported from Beirut and the Gaza Strip, chased McGuffin’s car, asking him why he wouldn’t talk.
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-On August 24, 2010, police arrested McGuffin near his home. “Why do they think you did it?” an ABC producer asked as he was handcuffed in his chef’s jacket. “Because they have nothing else to go on and I’m the boyfriend,” McGuffin said.
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-Just what contribution Walter made to the case is now the subject of intense legal scrutiny. Paul Frasier, the district attorney, has insisted in a series of memos that he was suspicious of Walter, learned about the Robie Drake case, and resolved not to rely on him. Yet Walter’s fingerprints were all over Frasier’s eventual case at trial. In his closing argument, Frasier parroted Walter’s entire theory. And Mark Stanoch, who produced the *20/20* segment, worried that the coverage tainted the jury pool. “When you show up in a town of a couple thousand people with cameras, that dynamic can overwhelm the evidence,” he says.
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-In July 2011, a jury found McGuffin not guilty of murder but — by a vote of 10-2 — guilty of first-degree manslaughter. He was sent to Snake River Correctional Institution, in eastern Oregon, a notorious facility for violent inmates. He cooked in a prison kitchen and worked on a fire-fighting crew, cutting fire breaks in 16-hour shifts for $6 a day.
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-In 2014, Janis Puracal, an Oregon attorney who was starting a branch of the Innocence Project, learned about McGuffin and agreed to represent him. She looked at the time window in which he was said to have murdered Leah and disposed of her body. “It just didn’t make sense,” she says. Walter’s role, she surmised, had been to invent for police and prosecutors a compelling narrative to make up for a lack of evidence. “They don’t have a story for Nick,” she says. “Walter comes in with ‘the story.’”
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-Puracal hired a DNA expert to reexamine the state crime lab’s report. The expert discovered that analysts had found male DNA on Leah’s sneaker that did not belong to McGuffin. The information had never been shared with the defense. “I was over the moon,” Puracal said. “And then I was pissed.” She found more exculpatory evidence: an eyewitness withdrawing cash from a bank who bolstered McGuffin’s alibi but whose account (along with a time-stamped ATM receipt) the state had failed to disclose. In November 2019, a circuit-court judge vacated his conviction and ordered a new trial. Frasier moved to dismiss the charges instead. A few hours later, McGuffin walked into the prison kitchen and told his supervisor that he wouldn’t make his next shift.
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-ABC aired a follow-up *20/20* episode celebrating McGuffin’s release and examining all the missteps in the case — except its own. When I called Avila, who is now retired, he defended the original report’s accuracy but said he deplored the true-crime genre as “one of the lowest forms of journalism.”
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-“My friend, 35 years in network television has destroyed my idealism,” he added. “We should all be working for ProPublica. But we’re not. Does that make us bad people? I couldn’t get a job at *Frontline*. I tried! I couldn’t get a job at *60 Minutes*.” Avila said the background sheet his producers prepared had no red flags about Walter. Perhaps no one thought to look him up on Wikipedia as they prepared to air the episode that fall. If they had, they would have seen several paragraphs under the heading “The Drake Case.”
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-McGuffin is now suing Walter, the Vidocq Society, and Oregon law enforcement, alleging that the state fabricated evidence, coerced witnesses, and withheld exculpatory information. This past June, Walter connected to a Zoom deposition from a Comfort Inn in Scranton, looking tired. He was recovering from cancer and surgery. One of McGuffin’s attorneys, Andrew Lauersdorf, grilled the profiler about his claim that he worked on cases with Scotland Yard. Walter could not recall the name of any inspectors he’d worked with there and appeared not to know that Scotland Yard and the Metropolitan Police are, in fact, the same organization. When asked where Scotland Yard was located, the man who claimed to have visited the agency’s offices up to 30 times said he didn’t know and then offered “downtown London.”
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-For much of the deposition, Walter spat venom at his oldest friends and allies. He resigned from the Vidocq Society in 2015, saying he no longer trusted certain members. He had quit the board of Parents of Murdered Children because, he said, someone there was embezzling money. (Bev Warnock, the current executive director, says, “I can tell you that is a false allegation.”) Michael Capuzzo was “not the most brilliant chronicler I’ve ever met.” Colleagues at the AAFS were “shallow, quite frankly.” Eight hours of testimony revealed an increasingly isolated man.
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-A few months after the deposition, I met McGuffin in Puracal’s conference room in Portland. He was still powerfully built from a decade at the weight pile, but his short hair was flecked with gray. COVID brought another lockdown soon after his release; then his mother was diagnosed with cancer and his father died. McGuffin had gotten a job as a chef at a golf course, earning less than before his arrest. He’d received death threats against himself and his daughter. “My life,” he said, “is like a puzzle with the wrong pieces.”
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-For two hours, McGuffin was composed. Then I asked if I could read from Walter’s deposition, in which the profiler struggled to recall McGuffin. He’d finally given up and said, “Whatever his name is.”
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-McGuffin’s cheeks flushed. “Wow,” he said. “It’s like I’m a nobody.” His face contorted hideously. His body began to tremble, and he excused himself from the room.
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-McGuffin had imagined all the ways Walter plotted to ruin his life. He’d thought about it while hacking through the Oregon forest with 80 pounds of gear, while slicing onions in a prison kitchen, and while driving through the night after his shift at the golf course to see his teenage daughter. He’d entertained every permutation but the most devastating: that Walter didn’t think about him at all.
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-**There was another** man whom Walter could not recall during his deposition. “The — I forgot his name,” Walter said. “But anyway, the bad guy.”
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-Today, the bad guy, Robie Drake, 58, lives in a trailer park in Dutchess County with Marlene. A court tossed out Drake’s second conviction because of “irrelevant and prejudicial” bite-mark evidence. In 2014, facing a third trial, Drake pleaded to reduced charges and was released. After my emails and calls went unanswered, I staked out Drake’s home in the fall, and he finally appeared in an old pickup. “It’s been hard,” he said, when I asked about life after prison. His eyes were wide and wary. He promised to consider a formal interview, but never spoke to me again.
-
-The Vidocq Society still meets regularly, its promise so alluring that even old marks are back for more. In October, prosecutors from Ocean County, New Jersey, traveled to Philadelphia to present a cold case. This is the same office that had deemed the Vidocq Society’s investigation into Zoia Assur’s death “preposterous.”
-
-Walter is still active. In October, he spoke at the North Carolina Homicide Investigators conference. As recently as 2019, he was available for work as a profiler. That year, Joey Laughlin, the sheriff of Fayette County, Indiana, was reinvestigating the 1986 disappearance of Denise Pflum and hired Walter for $3,000. “If I were the perp,” Walter told a newspaper after arriving in the state, “I wouldn’t buy any green bananas.”
-
-Laughlin had two main suspects, and he played interrogation tapes for Walter. Shortly after the second one began, Laughlin’s chief deputy nudged him: Walter was dozing off. When he woke up, he was sure the suspect from the first tape was the murderer.
-
-Pflum’s parents were thrilled with Walter’s involvement and didn’t mind the napping episode. “Old people tend to nod off,” David Pflum says. He wasn’t aware that Walter had recently called Laughlin with a new theory about Denise’s killer.
-
-“I’ve been thinking,” Walter said. “I think it’s the dad.” He mentioned that to do any more profiling work, he’d need another fee.
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-“I think we’re good,” Laughlin said.
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-Denise Pflum’s disappearance remains the great mystery of the town. “Maybe I’m more cynical now,” Laughlin told me. “There’s not this great person who’s waiting in the wings to come save the day.”
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-In December, I drove to Walter’s large, well-kept six-bedroom house in Montrose, Pennsylvania. An aging Mercury Grand Marquis sat in the garage, and on his front porch, an American flag was draped across a deck chair. There was no answer when I knocked. I dialed his landline. “I don’t trust you, I don’t like you, and I will never cooperate with you,” he said from inside the house. “You’re wasting your time.”
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-I had wondered why Walter hadn’t pursued the anonymity of a city, but Montrose has many appeals. Walter is beloved here. He’s known for his homemade gingersnap cookies, and the bartender at the County Seat, a dive across from the courthouse, relishes hearing about his true-crime escapades. On a barstool in Montrose, he can fully inhabit the character he created without fear of fact check.
-
-The next morning, as a blizzard descended, I made another attempt at his house, ringing the bell and banging on the door. At that very moment, a few hundred miles away in Philadelphia, Walter’s attorneys were filing a new motion in the McGuffin suit. They wanted to quash Janis Puracal’s request for internal documents from the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. As a support, they cited memos written by Paul Frasier, the prosecutor in the Leah Freeman case, saying he had not relied on Walter’s theories after learning about the Drake case and realizing he couldn’t be trusted.
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-It was a stunning turn. Richard Walter’s best legal defense required finally acknowledging the obvious: that anyone with an internet connection should know he is a fraud.
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-The Case of the Fake Sherlock
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-Link: https://www.altaonline.com/dispatches/a44004490/robert-oppenheimer-artificial-intelligence-atomic-bomb-jennet-conant/
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-# The Cautionary Tale of J. Robert Oppenheimer
-
-**W**hen Christopher Nolan’s blockbuster biopic of the theoretical physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, the so-called father of the atomic bomb, [drops in theaters on July 21](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYPbbksJxIg), moviegoers might be forgiven for wondering, Why now? What relevance could a three-hour drama chronicling the travails and inner torment of the scientist who led the Manhattan Project—the race to develop the first nuclear weapon before the Germans during World War II—possibly have for today’s 5G generation, which greets each new technological advance with wide-eyed excitement and optimism?
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-But the film, which focuses on the moral dilemma facing Oppenheimer and his young collaborators as they prepare to unleash the deadliest device ever created by mankind, aware that the world will never be the same in the wake of their invention, eerily mirrors the present moment, as many of us anxiously watch the artificial intelligence doomsday clock countdown. Surely as terrifying as anything in Nolan’s war epic is the *New York Times*’ [recent account](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/31/technology/sam-altman-open-ai-chatgpt.html) of OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, sipping sweet wine as he calmly contemplates a radically altered future; boasting that he sees the U.S. effort to build the bomb as “a project on the scale” of his GPT-4, the awesomely powerful AI system that approaches human-level performance; and adding that it was “the level of ambition we aspire to.”
-
-If Altman, whose company created the chatbot [ChatGPT](https://www.sciencefocus.com/future-technology/gpt-3/), is troubled by any ethical qualms about his unprecedented artificial intelligence models and their potential impact on our lives and society, he is not losing any sleep over it. He sees too much promise in machine learning to be overly worried about the pitfalls. Large language models, the types of neural network on which ChatGPT is built, enable everything from digital assistants like Siri and Alexa to self-driving cars and computer-generated tweets and term papers. The 37-year-old AI guru thinks it’s all good—transformative change. He is busy creating tools that empower humanity and cannot worry about all their applications and outcomes and whether there might be what he calls “a downside.”
-
-Just this March, in an interview for the podcast *On with Kara Swisher*, Altman seemed to channel his hero Oppenheimer, asserting that OpenAI had to move forward to exploit this revolutionary technology and that “it requires, in our belief, this continual deployment in the world.” As with the discovery of nuclear fission, AI has too much momentum and cannot be stopped. The net gain outweighs the dangers. In other words, the market wants what the market wants. Microsoft is gung ho on the AI boom and has invested $13 billion in Altman’s technology of the future, which means tools like robot soldiers and facial recognition–based surveillance systems might be rolled out at record speed.
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-We have seen such arrogance before, when Oppenheimer quoted from the Hindu scripture the Bhagavad Gita in the shadow of the monstrous mushroom cloud created by the [Trinity test explosion](https://www.afnwc.af.mil/About-Us/History/Trinity-Nuclear-Test/#:~:text=Department%20of%20Energy-,The%20world's%20first%20nuclear%20explosion%20occurred%20on%20July%2016%2C%201945,the%20test%20was%20%22Trinity.%22) in the Jornada Del Muerto Desert, in New Mexico on July 16, 1945: “Now I have become Death, destroyer of worlds.” No man in history had ever been charged with developing such a powerful scientific weapon, an apparent affront to morality and sanity, that posed a grave threat to civilization yet at the same time proceeded with all due speed on the basis that it was virtually unavoidable. The official line was that it was a military necessity: the United States could not allow the enemy to achieve such a decisive weapon first. The bottom line is that the weapon was devised to be used, it cost upwards of $2 billion, and President Harry Truman and his top advisers had an assortment of strategic reasons—hello, Soviet Union—for deploying it.
-
-Back in the spring of 1945, a prominent group of scientists on the [Manhattan Project](https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/history/manhattan-project/) had voiced their concerns about the postwar implications of atomic energy and the grave social and political problems that might result. Among the most outspoken were the Danish Nobel laureate Niels Bohr, the Hungarian émigré physicist Leo Szilard, and the German émigré chemist and Nobel winner James Franck. Their mounting fears culminated in the [Franck Report](https://sgp.fas.org/eprint/franck.html), a petition by a group from the project’s Chicago laboratory arguing that releasing this “indiscriminate destruction upon mankind” would be a mistake, sacrificing public support around the world and precipitating a catastrophic arms race.
-
-The Manhattan Project scientists also urged policymakers to carefully consider the questions of what the United States should do if Germany was defeated before the bomb was ready, which seemed likely; whether it should be used against Japan; and, if so, under what circumstances. “The way in which nuclear weapons…are first revealed to the world,” they noted, “appears to be of great, perhaps fateful importance.” They proposed performing a technical demonstration and then giving Japan an ultimatum. The writers of the Franck Report wanted to explore what kind of international control of atomic energy and weapons would be feasible and desirable and how a strict inspection policy could be implemented. The shock waves of the Trinity explosion would be felt all over the world, especially in the Soviet Union. The scientists foresaw that the nuclear bomb could not remain a secret weapon at the exclusive disposal of the United States and that it inexorably followed that rogue nations and dictators would use the bomb to achieve their own territorial ambitions, even at the risk of triggering Armageddon.
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-Fast-forward to the spring of 2023, when more than 1,000 tech experts and leaders, such as Tesla chief [Elon Musk](https://www.altaonline.com/dispatches/a40151589/elon-musk-spacex-starbase/), Apple cofounder Steve Wozniak, and entrepreneur and 2020 presidential candidate Andrew Yang, sounded the alarm on the unbridled development of AI technology in a signed letter warning that the AI systems present “profound risks to society and humanity.” AI developers, they continued, are “locked in an out-of-control race to develop and deploy ever more powerful digital minds that no one—not even their creators—can understand, predict, or reliably control.”
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-The open letter called for a temporary halt to all AI research at labs around the globe until the risks can be better assessed and policymakers can create the appropriate guardrails. There needs to be an immediate “pause for at least 6 months,” it stated, on the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4, which has led to the rapid development and release of imperfect tools that make mistakes, fabricate information unexpectedly (a phenomenon AI researchers have aptly dubbed “hallucination”), and can be used to spread disinformation and further the grotesque distortion of the internet. “This pause,” the signatories wrote, should be used to “jointly develop and implement a set of shared safety protocols for advanced AI design and development that are rigorously audited and overseen by independent outside experts,” and they urged policymakers to roll out “robust AI governance systems.” How the letter’s authors hope to enforce compliance and prevent these tools from falling into the hands of authoritarian governments remains unclear.
-
-Geoffrey Hinton, a pioneering computer scientist who has been called the godfather of AI, did not sign the letter but in May announced that he was leaving Google in order to freely [express his concerns](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/01/technology/ai-google-chatbot-engineer-quits-hinton.html) about the global AI race. He is worried that the reckless pace of advances in machine superintelligence could pose a serious threat to humanity. Until recently, Hinton thought that it was going to be two to five decades before we had general-purpose AI—with its wide range of possible uses, both intended and unintended—but the trailblazing work of Google and OpenAI means the ability of AI systems to learn and solve any task with something approaching human cognition looms directly ahead, and in some ways they are already eclipsing the capabilities of the human brain. “Look at how it was five years ago and how it is now,” Hinton said of AI technology. “Take the difference and propagate it forwards. That’s scary.”
-
-[READ *ALTA'*S REVIEW OF 'OPPENHEIMER'](https://www.altaonline.com/culture/movies-tv-shows/a44603626/christopher-nolan-oppenheimer-movie-review-lisa-kennedy/)
-
-Until this year, when people asked Hinton how he could work on technology that was potentially dangerous, he would always paraphrase Oppenheimer to the effect that “when you see something that is technically sweet, you go ahead and do it.” He is not sanguine enough about the future iterations of AI to say that anymore.
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-Now, as during the Manhattan Project, there are those who argue against any moratorium on development for fear of the United States losing its competitive edge. Ex–Google CEO Eric Schmidt, who has expressed concerns about the possible misuse of AI, does not support a hiatus for the simple reason that it would “benefit China.” Schmidt is in favor of voluntary regulation, which he has described somewhat lackadaisically as “letting the industry try to get its act together.” Yet he concedes that the dangers inherent in AI itself may pose a larger threat than any global power struggle. “I think the concerns could be understated.… Things could be worse than people are saying,” he told the *[Australian Financial Review](https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/china-will-win-ai-race-if-research-paused-ex-google-chief-20230405-p5cy7v)* in April. “You have a scenario here where you have these large language models that, as they get bigger, have emergent behavior we don’t understand.”
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-If Nolan is true to form, audiences may find the personal dimension of *Oppenheimer* even more chilling than the IMAX-enhanced depiction of hair-raising explosions. The director has said that he is not interested in the mechanics of the bomb; rather, what fascinates him is the paradoxical and tragic nature of the man himself. Specifically, the movie will examine the toll inventing a weapon of mass destruction takes on an otherwise peaceable, dreamy, poetry-quoting blackboard theoretician, whose only previous brush with conflict was the occasional demonstration on UC Berkeley’s leafy campus.
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-One of the things that would haunt Oppenheimer was his decision, as head of the scientific panel chosen to advise on the use of the bomb, to argue that there was no practical alternative to military use of the weapon. He wrote to Secretary of War Henry Stimson in June 1945 that he did not feel it was the panel’s place to tell the government what to do with the invention: “It is clear that we, as scientific men, have no proprietary rights \[and\]…no claim to special competence in solving the political, social, and military problems which are presented by the advent of atomic power.”
-
-Even at the time, Oppenheimer was already in the minority: most of the project scientists argued vehemently that they knew more about the bomb, and had given more thought to its potential dangers, than anyone else. But when Leo Szilard tried to circulate a petition rallying the scientists to present their views to the government, Oppenheimer forbade him to distribute it at Los Alamos.
-
-   ![on august 6, 1945, the united states detonated the little boy atomic bomb over hiroshima, japan](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/images/hiroshima-japan-atomic-bomb-646f9db55ac96.jpg?resize=480:*)
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-On August 6, 1945, the United States detonated the Little Boy atomic bomb over Hiroshima, Japan.
-
-Universal History Archive
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-After the two atomic attacks on Japan—first Hiroshima on August 6 and then, just three days later, Nagasaki on August 9—the horror of the mass killings, and of the unanticipated and deadly effects of radiation poisoning, forcefully hit Oppenheimer. In the days and weeks that followed, the brilliant scientific leader who had been drawn to the bomb project by ego and ambition, and who had skillfully helmed the secret military laboratory at Los Alamos in service of his country, was undone by the weight of responsibility for what he had wrought on the world. Within a month of the bombings, Oppenheimer [regretted his stand](https://www.newsweek.com/hiroshima-smouldered-our-atom-bomb-scientists-suffered-remorse-360125) on the role of scientists. He reversed his position and began frantically trying to use his influence and celebrity as the “father” of the A-bomb to convince the Truman administration of the urgent need for international control of nuclear power and weapons.
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-The film will almost certainly include the famous, or infamous, scene when Oppenheimer, by then a nervous wreck, burst into the Oval Office and dramatically announced, “Mr. President, I feel I have blood on my hands.” Truman was furious. “I told him,” the president said later, “the blood was on my hands—to let me worry about that.” Afterward, Truman, who was struggling with his own misgivings about dropping the bombs and what it would mean for his legacy, would denounce Oppenheimer as that “cry-baby scientist.”
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-In the grip of his postwar zealotry, Oppenheimer became an outspoken opponent of nuclear proliferation. He was convinced no good could come of the race for the hydrogen bomb. Just months after the Soviet Union’s successful test of an atomic bomb in 1949, he joined other eminent scientists in lobbying against the development of the H-bomb. In an attempt to alert the world, he helped draft a report that went so far as to describe Edward Teller’s “Super” bomb as a “weapon of genocide”—essentially, a threat to the future of the human race—and urged the nation not to proceed with a crash effort to develop bigger, ever more destructive thermonuclear warheads. In an effort to silence him, Teller and his faction of bigger-is-better physicists, together with officials in the U.S. Air Force who were eyeing huge defense contracts, cast aspersions on Oppenheimer’s character and patriotism and dug up old allegations about his ties to communism. In 1954, the Atomic Energy Commission, after a kangaroo court hearing, found him to be a loyal citizen but stripped him of his security clearance.
-
-Last December, almost 70 years later, the U.S. Department of Energy [restored Oppenheimer’s clearance](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/us-restores-j-robert-oppenheimers-security-clearance-after-68-years-180981329/), admitting that the trial had been “flawed” and that the verdict had less to do with genuine national security concerns than with his failure to support the country’s hydrogen bomb program. The reprieve came too late for the physicist, whose reputation had been destroyed, his public life as a scientist-statesman over. He died in 1967, relatively young, aged 62, still an outcast.
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-Altman and today’s other lofty tech leaders would do well to note the terrible swiftness of Oppenheimer’s fall from grace—from hero to villain in less than a decade. And how quick the government was to dispense with Oppenheimer’s advice once it had taken possession of his invention. The internet still remains unregulated in this country, but the European Union is considering labeling ChatGPT “high risk.” Italy has already banned OpenAI’s service. Perhaps revealing a bit of nervousness that he has gotten ahead of himself, Altman responded to the open letter about temporarily halting the development of AI by taking to Twitter to gush about the demand that his company release a “great alignment dataset,” calling it “one thing coming up in the debate about the pause letter I really agree with.”
-
-Nolan’s *Oppenheimer* epic will inevitably be a cautionary tale. The story of the nuclear weapons project illustrates, in the starkest terms, what happens when new science is developed too quickly, without any moral calculus, and how it can lead to devastating consequences that could not have been imagined at the outset.•
-
-[Jennet Conant](https://www.altaonline.com/author/268863/Jennet-Conant/) Jennet Conant is the granddaughter of James B Conant, a former president of Harvard University and a key scientific adviser on the Manhattan Project who oversaw the development of the atomic bomb and its deployment against Japan and, along with Oppenheimer, later led the opposition to the development of the hydrogen bomb.
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-# The Crimes Behind the Seafood You Eat
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-Americans know little about how their seafood is sourced.
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-Much of it comes from a vast fleet of Chinese ships.
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-On board, human-rights abuses are rampant.
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-China has invested heavily in an armada of far-flung fishing vessels, in part to extend its global influence. This maritime expansion has come at grave human cost.
-
-October 9, 2023 ![](https://downloads.newyorker.com/projects/2023/231009-urbina-squid/02/spots_urbina_01.png)
-
-*Daniel Aritonang graduated* from high school in May, 2018, hoping to find a job. Short and lithe, he lived in the coastal village of Batu Lungun, Indonesia, where his father owned an auto shop. Aritonang spent his free time rebuilding engines in the shop, occasionally sneaking away to drag-race his blue Yamaha motorcycle on the village’s back roads. He had worked hard in school but was a bit of a class clown, always pranking the girls. “He was full of laughter and smiles,” his high-school math teacher, Leni Apriyunita, said. His mother brought homemade bread to his teachers’ houses, trying to help him get good grades and secure work; his father’s shop was failing, and the family needed money. But, when Aritonang finished high school, youth unemployment was above sixteen per cent. He considered joining the police academy, and applied for positions at nearby plastics and textile factories, but never got an offer, disappointing his parents. He wrote on Instagram, “I know I failed, but I keep trying to make them happy.” His childhood friend Hengki Anhar was also scrambling to find work. “They asked for my skills,” he said recently, of potential employers. “But, to be honest, I don’t have any.”
-
-![TK Alt](https://downloads.newyorker.com/projects/2023/231009-urbina-squid/02/photo_1.jpg)
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-Aritonang at an airport in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on his way to the Zhen Fa 7.Photograph by Ferdi Arnando
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-At the time, many villagers who had taken jobs as deckhands on foreign fishing ships were returning with enough money to buy motorcycles and houses. Anhar suggested that he and Aritonang go to sea, too, and Aritonang agreed, saying, “As long as we’re together.” He intended to use the money to fix up his parents’ house or maybe to start a business. Firmandes Nugraha, another friend, worried that Aritonang was not cut out for hard labor. “We took a running test, and he was too easily exhausted,” he said. But Aritonang wouldn’t be dissuaded. A year later, in July, he and Anhar travelled to the port city of Tegal, and applied for work through a manning agency called PT Bahtera Agung Samudra. (The agency seems not to have a license to operate, according to government records, and did not respond to requests for comment.) They handed over their passports, copies of their birth certificates, and bank documents. At eighteen, Aritonang was still young enough that the agency required him to provide a letter of parental consent. He posted a picture of himself and other recruits, writing, “Just a bunch of common folk who hope for a successful and bright future.”
-
-For the next two months, Aritonang and Anhar waited in Tegal for a ship assignment. Aritonang asked Nugraha to borrow money for them, saying that the pair were struggling to buy food. Nugraha urged him to come home: “You don’t even know how to swim.” Aritonang refused. “There’s no other choice,” he wrote, in a text. Finally, on September 2, 2019, Aritonang and Anhar were flown to Busan, South Korea, to board what they thought would be a Korean ship. But when they got to the port they were told to climb aboard a Chinese vessel—a rusty, white-and-red-keeled squid ship called the Zhen Fa 7.
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-Satellite data from Global Fishing Watch show about a thousand ships from China’s distant-water fishing fleet on September 2, 2019.
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-In the past few decades, partly in an effort to project its influence abroad, China has dramatically expanded its distant-water fishing fleet. Chinese firms now own or operate terminals in ninety-five foreign ports. China estimates that it has twenty-seven hundred distant-water fishing ships, though this figure does not include vessels in contested waters; public records and satellite imaging suggest that the fleet may be closer to sixty-five hundred ships. (The U.S. and the E.U., by contrast, have fewer than three hundred distant-water fishing vessels each.) Some ships that appear to be fishing vessels press territorial claims in contested waters, including in the South China Sea and around Taiwan. “This may look like a fishing fleet, but, in certain places, it’s also serving military purposes,” Ian Ralby, who runs I.R. Consilium, a maritime-security firm, told me. China’s preëminence at sea has come at a cost. The country is largely unresponsive to international laws, and its fleet is the worst perpetrator of illegal fishing in the world, helping drive species to the brink of extinction. Its ships are also rife with labor trafficking, debt bondage, violence, criminal neglect, and death. “The human-rights abuses on these ships are happening on an industrial and global scale,” Steve Trent, the C.E.O. of the Environmental Justice Foundation, said.
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-It took a little more than three months for the Zhen Fa 7 to cross the ocean and anchor near the Galápagos Islands. A squid ship is a bustling, bright, messy place. The scene on deck looks like a mechanic’s garage where an oil change has gone terribly wrong. Scores of fishing lines extend into the water, each bearing specialized hooks operated by automated reels. When they pull a squid on board, it squirts warm, viscous ink, which coats the walls and floors. Deep-sea squid have high levels of ammonia, which they use for buoyancy, and a smell hangs in the air. The hardest labor generally happens at night, from 5 *P.M.* until 7 *A.M.* Hundreds of bowling-ball-size light bulbs hang on racks on both sides of the vessel, enticing the squid up from the depths. The blinding glow of the bulbs, visible more than a hundred miles away, makes the surrounding blackness feel otherworldly. “Our minds got tested,” Anhar said.
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-The lights on boats entice squid up from the depths.Ed Ou, for the Outlaw Ocean Project
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-The captain’s quarters were on the uppermost deck; the Chinese officers slept on the level below him, and the Chinese deckhands under that. The Indonesian workers occupied the bowels of the ship. Aritonang and Anhar lived in cramped cabins with bunk beds. Clotheslines of drying socks and towels lined the walls, and beer bottles littered the floor. The Indonesians were paid about three thousand dollars a year, plus a twenty-dollar bonus for every ton of squid caught. Once a week, a list of each man’s catch was posted in the mess hall to encourage the crew to work harder. Sometimes the officers patted the Indonesian deckhands on their heads, as though they were children. When angry, they insulted or struck them. The foreman slapped and punched workers for mistakes. “It’s like we don’t have any dignity,” Anhar said.
-
-The ship was rarely near enough to land to get cell reception, and, in any case, most deckhands didn’t have phones that would work abroad. Chinese crew members were occasionally allowed to use a satellite phone on the ship’s bridge. But when Aritonang and other Indonesians asked to call home the captain refused. After a couple of weeks on board, a deckhand named Rahman Finando got up the nerve to ask whether he could go home. The captain said no. A few days later, another deckhand, Mangihut Mejawati, found a group of Chinese officers and deckhands beating Finando, to punish him for asking to leave. “They beat his whole body and stepped on him,” Mejawati said. The other deckhands yelled for them to stop, and several jumped into the fray. Eventually, the violence ended, but the deckhands remained trapped on the ship. Mejawati told me, “It’s like we’re in a cage.”
-
-![TK Alt](https://downloads.newyorker.com/projects/2023/231009-urbina-squid/02/spots_urbina_02.png)
-
-*Almost a hundred years* before Columbus, China dominated the seas. In the fifteenth century, China’s emperor dispatched a fleet of “treasure ships” that included warships, transports for cavalry horses, and merchant vessels carrying silk and porcelain to voyage around the Indian Ocean. They were some of the largest wooden ships ever built, with innovations like balanced rudders and bulwarked compartments that predated European technology by centuries. The armada’s size was not surpassed until the navies of the First World War. But during the Ming dynasty political instability led China to turn inward. By the mid-sixteenth century, sailing on a multi-masted ship had become a crime. In docking its fleet, China lost its global preëminence. As Louise Levathes, the author of “[When China Ruled the Seas](https://www.amazon.com/When-China-Ruled-Seas-1405-1433/dp/0195112075),” told me, “The period of China’s greatest outward expansion was followed by the period of its greatest isolation.”
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-For most of the twentieth century, distant-water fishing—much of which takes place on the high seas—was dominated by the Soviet Union, Japan, and Spain. But the collapse of the U.S.S.R., coupled with expanding environmental and labor regulations, caused these fleets to shrink. Since the sixties, though, there have been advances in refrigeration, satellite technology, engine efficiency, and radar. Vessels can now stay at sea for more than two years without returning to land. As a result, global seafood consumption has risen fivefold.
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-Squid fishing, or jigging, in particular, has grown with American appetites. Until the early seventies, Americans consumed squid in tiny amounts, mostly at niche restaurants on the coasts. But as overfishing depleted fish stocks the federal government encouraged fishermen to shift their focus to squid, whose stocks were still robust. In 1974, a business-school student named Paul Kalikstein published a master’s thesis asserting that Americans would prefer squid if it were breaded and fried. Promoters suggested calling it “calamari,” the Italian word, which made it sound more like a gourmet dish. (“Squid” is thought to be a sailors’ variant of “squirt,” a reference to squid ink.) By the nineties, chain restaurants across the Midwest were serving squid. Today, Americans eat a hundred thousand tons a year.
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-China launched its first distant-water fishing fleet in 1985, when a state-owned company called the China National Fisheries Corporation dispatched thirteen trawlers to the coast of Guinea-Bissau. China had been fishing its own coastal waters aggressively. Since the sixties, its seafood biomass has dropped by ninety per cent. Zhang Yanxi, the general manager of the company, argued that joining “the ranks of the world’s offshore fisheries powers” would make the country money, create jobs, feed its population, and safeguard its maritime rights. The government held a grand farewell ceremony for the launch of the first ships, with more than a thousand attendees, including Communist Party élites. A promotional video described the crew as “two hundred and twenty-three brave pioneers cutting through the waves.”
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-Since then, China has invested heavily in its fleet. The country now catches more than five billion pounds of seafood a year through distant-water fishing, the biggest portion of it squid. China’s seafood industry, which is estimated to be worth more than thirty-five billion dollars, accounts for a fifth of the international trade, and has helped create fifteen million jobs. The Chinese state owns much of the industry—including some twenty per cent of its squid ships—and oversees the rest through the Overseas Fisheries Association. Today, the nation consumes more than a third of the world’s fish.
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-China’s fleet has also expanded the government’s international influence. The country has built scores of ports as part of its Belt and Road Initiative, a global infrastructure program that has, at times, made it the largest financier of development in South America, sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asia. These ports allow it to shirk taxes and avoid meddling inspectors. The investments also buy its government influence. In 2007, China loaned Sri Lanka more than three hundred million dollars to pay for the construction of a port. (A Chinese state-owned company built it.) In 2017, Sri Lanka, on the verge of defaulting on the loan, was forced to strike a deal granting China control over the port and its environs for ninety-nine years.
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-Military analysts believe that China uses its fleet for surveillance. In 2017, the country passed a law requiring private citizens and businesses to support Chinese intelligence efforts. Ports employ a digital logistics platform called *Logink*, which tracks the movement of ships and goods in the surrounding area—including, possibly, American military cargo. Michael Wessel, a member of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, told me, “This is really dangerous information for the U.S. to be handing over.” (The Chinese Communist Party has dismissed these concerns, saying, “It is no secret that the U.S. has become increasingly paranoid about anything related to China.”)
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-China also pushes its fleet into contested waters. “China likely believes that, in time, the presence of its distant-water fleet will convert into some degree of sovereign control over those waters,” Ralby, the maritime-security specialist, told me. Some of its ships are disguised as fishing vessels but actually form what experts call a “maritime militia.” According to research collected by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, the Chinese government pays the owners of some of these ships forty-five hundred dollars a day to remain in contested areas for most of the year. Satellite data show that, last year, several dozen ships illegally fished in Taiwanese waters and that there were two hundred ships in disputed portions of the South China Sea. The ships help execute what a recent Congressional Research Service study called “ ‘gray zone’ operations that use coercion short of war.” They escort Chinese oil-and-gas survey vessels, deliver supplies, and obstruct foreign ships.
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-Sometimes these vessels are called into action. In December, 2018, the Filipino government began to repair a runway and build a beaching ramp on Thitu Island, a piece of land claimed by both the Philippines and China. More than ninety Chinese ships amassed along its coast, delaying the construction. In 2019, a Chinese vessel rammed and sank a Filipino boat anchored at Reed Bank, a disputed region in the South China Sea that is rich in oil reserves. Zhou Bo, a retired Chinese senior colonel, recently warned that these sorts of clashes could spark a war between the U.S. and China. (The Chinese government declined to comment on these matters. But Mao Ning, a spokesperson for its Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has previously defended her country’s right to uphold “China’s territorial sovereignty and maritime order.”) Greg Poling, a senior fellow at C.S.I.S., noted that taking ownership of contested waters is part of the same project as assuming control of Taiwan. “The goal with these fishing ships is to reclaim ‘lost territory’ and restore China’s former glory,” he said.
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-*China’s distant-water fleet* is opaque. The country divulges little information about its vessels, and some stay at sea for more than a year at a time, making them difficult to inspect. I spent the past four years, backed by a team of investigators working for a journalism nonprofit I run called the Outlaw Ocean Project, visiting the fleet’s ships in their largest fishing grounds: near the Galápagos Islands; near the Falkland Islands; off the coast of the Gambia; and in the Sea of Japan, near the Korean Peninsula. When permitted, I boarded vessels to talk to the crew or pulled alongside them to interview officers by radio. In many instances, the Chinese ships got spooked, pulled up their gear, and fled. When this happened, I trailed them in a skiff to get close enough to throw aboard plastic bottles weighed down with rice, containing a pen, cigarettes, hard candy, and interview questions. On several occasions, deckhands wrote replies, providing phone numbers for family back home, and then threw the bottles back into the water. The reporting included interviews with their family members, and with two dozen additional crew members.
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-James Glancy, for the Outlaw Ocean Project
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-China bolsters its fleet with more than seven billion dollars a year in subsidies, as well as with logistical, security, and intelligence support. For instance, it sends vessels updates on the size and location of the world’s major squid colonies, allowing the ships to coördinate their fishing. In 2022, I watched about two hundred and sixty ships jigging a patch of sea west of the Galápagos. The armada suddenly raised anchor and, in near simultaneity, moved a hundred miles to the southeast. Ted Schmitt, the director of Skylight, a maritime-monitoring program, told me that this is unusual: “Fishing vessels from most other countries wouldn’t work together on this scale.” In July of that year, I pulled alongside the Zhe Pu Yuan 98, a squid ship that doubles as a floating hospital to treat deckhands without bringing them to shore. “When workers are sick, they will come to our ship,” the captain told me, by radio. The boat typically carried a doctor and maintained an operating room, a machine for running blood tests, and videoconferencing capabilities for consulting with doctors back in China. Its predecessor had treated more than three hundred people in the previous five years.
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-In February, 2022, I went with the conservation group Sea Shepherd and a documentary filmmaker named Ed Ou, who also translated on the trip, to the high seas near the Falkland Islands, and boarded a Chinese squid jigger there. The captain gave permission for me and a couple of my team members to roam freely as long as I didn’t name his vessel. He remained on the bridge but had an officer shadow me wherever I went. The mood on the ship felt like that of a watery purgatory. The crew was made up of thirty-one men; their teeth were yellowed from chain-smoking, their skin sallow, their hands torn and spongy from sharp gear and perpetual wetness. The scene recalled an observation of the Scythian philosopher Anacharsis, who divided people into three categories: the living, the dead, and those at sea.
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-When squid latched on to a line, an automated reel flipped them onto a metal rack. Deckhands then tossed them into plastic baskets for sorting. The baskets often overflowed, and the floor filled shin-deep with squid. The squid became translucent in their final moments, sometimes hissing or coughing. (Their stink and stain are virtually impossible to wash from clothes. Sometimes crew members tie their dirty garments into a rope, up to twenty feet long, and drag it for hours in the water behind the ship.) Below deck, crew members weighed, sorted, and packed the squid for freezing. They prepared bait by carving squid up, separating the tongues from inside the beaks. In the galley, the cook noted that his ship had no fresh fruits or vegetables and asked whether we might be able to donate some from our ship.
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-We spoke to two Chinese deckhands who were wearing bright-orange life vests. Neither wanted his name used, for fear of retaliation. One man was twenty-­eight, the other eighteen. It was their first time at sea, and they had signed two-year contracts. They earned about ten thousand dollars a year, but, for every day taken off work because of sickness or injury, they were docked two days’ pay. The older deckhand recounted watching a fishing weight injure another crew member’s arm. At one point, the officer following us was called away. The older deckhand then said that many of the crew were being held there against their will. “It’s like being isolated from the world and far from modern life,” he said. “Many of us had our documents taken. They won’t give them back. Can we ask you to help us?” He added, “It’s impossible to be happy, because we work many hours every day. We don’t want to be here, but we are forced to stay.” He estimated that eighty per cent of the other men would leave if they were allowed.
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-Ed Ou, for the Outlaw Ocean Project
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-Looking nervous, the younger deckhand waved us into a dark hallway. He began typing on his cell phone. “I can’t disclose too much right now given I still need to work on the vessel, if I give too much information it might potentially create issues on board,” he wrote. He gave me a phone number for his family and asked me to contact them. “Can you get us to the embassy in Argentina?” he asked. Just then, my minder rounded the corner, and the deckhand walked away. Minutes later, my team members and I were ushered off the ship.
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-When I returned to shore, I contacted his family. “My heart really aches,” his older sister, a math teacher in Fujian, said, after hearing of her brother’s situation. Her family had disagreed with his decision to go to sea, but he was persistent. She hadn’t known that he was being held captive, and felt helpless to free him. “He’s really too young,” she said. “And now there is nothing we can do, because he’s so far away.”
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-*In June, 2020*, the Zhen Fa 7 travelled to a pocket of ocean between the Galápagos and mainland Ecuador. The ship was owned by Rongcheng Wangdao Deep-Sea Aquatic Products, a midsize company based in Shandong. On board, Aritonang had slowly got used to his new life. The captain found out that he had mechanical experience and moved him to the engine room, where the work was slightly less taxing. For meals, the cook prepared pots of rice mixed with bits of fish. The Indonesians were each issued two boxes of instant noodles a week. If they wanted any other food—or coffee, alcohol, or cigarettes—the cost could be deducted from their salaries. Crew photos show deckhands posing with their catch and gathering for beers to celebrate.
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-![Aritonang and a fellow deckhand.](https://downloads.newyorker.com/projects/2023/231009-urbina-squid/02/photo_2.jpg)
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-Aritonang and a fellow deckhand.Photographs by Ferdi Arnando
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-One of Aritonang’s friends on board was named Heri Kusmanto. “When we boarded the ship in the first weeks, Heri was a lively person,” Mejawati said. “He chatted, sang, and joked with all of us.” Kusmanto’s job was to carry hundred-pound baskets of squid down to the refrigerated hold. He sometimes made mistakes, and that earned him beatings. “He did not dare fight back,” a deckhand named Fikran told me. “He would just stay quiet and stand still.” The ship’s cook often struck Kusmanto, so he avoided him by eating plain white rice in the kitchen when the cook wasn’t around. Kusmanto soon got sick. He lost his appetite and stopped speaking, communicating mostly through gestures. “He was like a toddler,” Mejawati said. Then Kusmanto’s legs and feet swelled and started to ache.
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-Kusmanto seemed to be suffering from beriberi, a disease caused by a deficiency of Vitamin B1, or thiamine. Its name derives from a Sinhalese word, *beri*, meaning “weak” or “I cannot.” It is often caused by a diet consisting mainly of white rice, instant noodles, or wheat flour. Symptoms include tingling, burning, numbness, difficulty breathing, lethargy, chest pain, dizziness, confusion, and severe swelling. Like scurvy, beriberi was common among nineteenth-century sailors. It also has a history in prisons, asylums, and migrant camps. If untreated, it can be fatal.
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-Beriberi is becoming prevalent on Chinese vessels in part because ships stay so long at sea, a trend facilitated by transshipment, which allows vessels to offload their catch to refrigerated carriers without returning to shore. Chinese ships typically stock rice and instant noodles for extended trips, because they are cheap and slow to spoil. But the body requires more B1 when carbohydrates are consumed in large amounts and during periods of intense exertion. Ship cooks also mix rice or noodles with raw or fermented fish, and supplement meals with coffee and tea, all of which are high in thiaminase, which destroys B1, exacerbating the issue.
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-Beriberi is often an indication of conditions of captivity, because it is avoidable and easily reversed. Some countries (though not China) mandate that rice and flour be supplemented with B1. The illness can also be treated with vitamins, and when B1 is administered intravenously patients typically recover within twenty-four hours. But few Chinese ships seem to carry B1 supplements. In many cases, captains refuse to bring sick crew members to shore, likely because the process would entail losing time and incurring labor costs. Swells can make it dangerous for large ships to get close to each other in order to transfer crew members. One video I reviewed shows a man being put inside a fishing net and sent hundreds of feet along a zip line, several stories above the open ocean, to get on another ship. My team and I found two dozen cases of workers on Chinese vessels between 2013 and 2021 who suffered from symptoms associated with beriberi; at least fifteen died. Victor Weedn, a forensic pathologist in Washington, D.C., told me that allowing workers to die from beriberi would, in the U.S., constitute criminal neglect. “Slow-motion murder is still murder,” he said.
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-Source: Jiebriel83 / YouTube
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-The contract typically used by Kusmanto’s manning agency stipulated heavy financial penalties for workers and their families if they quit prematurely. It also allowed the company to take workers’ identity papers, including their passports, during the recruitment process, and to keep the documents if they failed to pay a fine for leaving early—provisions that violate laws in the U.S. and Indonesia. Still, as Kusmanto’s condition worsened, his Indonesian crewmates asked whether he could go home. The captain refused. (Rongcheng Wangdao denied wrongdoing. The captains of Chinese ships in this piece could not be identified for comment. A spokesman for the manning agency blamed Kusmanto for his illness, writing, “When on the ship, he didn’t want to take a shower, he didn’t want to eat, and he only ate instant noodles.”)
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-The ship may have been fishing illegally at the time, possibly complicating Kusmanto’s situation.
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-“Short of catching them in the act, this is as close as you can get to firm evidence,” Michael J. Fitzpatrick, the U.S. Ambassador to Ecuador, told me. (Rongcheng Wangdao’s vessels have been known to fish in unauthorized areas; one of the Zhen Fa 7’s sister ships was fined for unlawfully entering Peruvian waters in 2017, and another was found illicitly fishing off the coast of North Korea. The company declined to comment on this matter.) Transferring Kusmanto to another vessel would have required disclosing the Zhen Fa 7’s location, which might have been incriminating.
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-By early August, Kusmanto had become disoriented. Other deckhands demanded that he be given medical attention. Eventually, the captain relented, and transferred him to another ship, which carried him to port in Lima. He was taken to a hospital, where he recovered; afterward, he was flown home. (Kusmanto could not be reached for comment.) Meanwhile, the rest of the crew, which had by then been at sea for a year, felt a growing sense of isolation. “They had initially told us that we would be sailing for eight months, and then they would land the ship,” Anhar said. “The fact was we never landed anywhere.”
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-*China does more* illegal fishing than any other country, according to the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. Operating on the high seas is expensive, and there is virtually no law-enforcement presence—which encourages fishing in forbidden regions and using prohibited techniques to gain a competitive advantage. Aggressive fishing comes at an environmental cost. A third of the world’s stocks are overfished. Squid stocks, once robust, have declined dramatically. More than thirty countries, including China, have banned shark finning, but the practice persists. Chinese ships often catch hammerhead, oceanic whitetip, and blue sharks so that their fins can be used in shark-fin soup. In 2017, Ecuadorian authorities discovered at least six thousand illegally caught sharks on board a single reefer. Other marine species are being decimated, too. Vessels fishing for totoaba, a large fish whose swim bladder is highly prized in Chinese medicine, use nets that inadvertently entangle and drown vaquita porpoises, which live only in Mexico’s Sea of Cortez. Researchers estimate that, as a result, there are now only some ten vaquitas left in existence. China has the world’s largest fleet of bottom trawlers, which drag nets across the seafloor, levelling coral reefs. Marine sediment stores large amounts of carbon, and, according to a recent study in *Nature*, bottom trawlers release almost a billion and a half tons of carbon dioxide each year—as much as that released by the entire aviation industry. China’s illicit fishing practices also rob poorer countries of their own resources. Off the coast of West Africa, where China maintains a fleet of hundreds of ships, illegal fishing has been estimated to cost the region more than nine billion dollars a year.
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-The world’s largest concentration of illegal fishing ships may be a fleet of Chinese squidders in North Korean waters. In 2017, in response to North Korea’s nuclear- and ballistic-missile tests, the United Nations Security Council, with apparent backing from China, imposed sanctions intended to deprive Kim Jong Un’s government of foreign currency, in part by blocking it from selling fishing rights, a major source of income. But, according to the U.N., Pyongyang has continued to earn foreign currency—a hundred and twenty million dollars in 2018 alone—by granting illicit rights, predominantly to Chinese fishermen. An advertisement on the Chinese Web site Zhihu offers permits issued by the North Korean military for “no risk high yield” fishing with no catch limits: “Looking forward to a win-win cooperation.” China seems unable or unwilling to enforce sanctions on its ally.
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-Chinese boats have contributed to a decline in the region’s squid stock; catches are down by roughly seventy per cent since 2003. Local fishermen have been unable to compete. “We will be ruined,” Haesoo Kim, the leader of an association of South Korean fishermen on Ulleung Island, which I visited in May, 2019, said. North Korean fishing captains have been forced to head farther from shore, where their ships get caught in storms or succumb to engine failure, and crew members face starvation, freezing temperatures, and drowning. Roughly a hundred small North Korean fishing boats wash up on Japanese shores annually, some of them carrying the corpses of fishermen. Chinese boats in these waters are also known for ramming patrol vessels. In 2016, Chinese fishermen rammed and sank a South Korean cutter in the Yellow Sea. In another incident, the South Korean Coast Guard opened fire on more than two dozen Chinese ships that rushed at its vessels.
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-In 2019, I went with a South Korean squid ship to the sea border between North Korea and South Korea. It didn’t take us long to find a convoy of Chinese squidders headed into North Korean waters. We fell in alongside them and launched a drone to capture their identification numbers. One of the Chinese captains blared his horn and flashed his lights—warning signs in maritime protocol. Since we were in South Korean waters and at a legal distance, our captain stayed his course. The Chinese captain then abruptly cut toward us, on a collision trajectory. Our captain veered away when the Chinese vessel was only thirty feet off.
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-The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs told me that “China has consistently and conscientiously enforced the resolutions of the Security Council relating to North Korea,” and added that the country has “consistently punished” illegal fishing. But the Ministry neither admitted nor denied that China sends boats into North Korean waters. In 2020, the nonprofit Global Fishing Watch used satellite data to reveal that hundreds of Chinese squid ships were routinely fishing in North Korean waters. By 2022, China had cut down this illegal armada by seventy-five per cent from its peak. Still, in unregulated waters, the hours worked by the fleet have increased, and the size of its catch has only grown.
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-*Shortly after* New Year’s Day, 2021, the Zhen Fa 7 rounded the tip of South America and stopped briefly in Chilean waters, close enough to shore to get cell-phone reception. Aritonang went to the bridge and, through pantomime and broken English, asked one of the officers whether he could borrow his phone. The officer indicated that it would cost him, rubbing his forefinger and thumb together. Aritonang ran below deck, sold some of his cigarettes and snacks to other deckhands, borrowed whatever money he could, and came back with the equivalent of about thirteen dollars, which bought him five minutes. He dialled his parents’ house, and his mother answered, excited to hear his voice. He told her that he would be home by May and asked to speak to his father. “He’s resting,” she told him. In fact, he had died of a heart attack several days earlier, but Aritonang’s mother didn’t want to upset her son while he was at sea. She later told their pastor that she was looking forward to Aritonang’s return. “He wants to build a house for us,” she said.
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-Soon afterward, the ship dropped anchor in the Blue Hole, an area near the Falkland Islands, where ongoing territorial disputes between the U.K. and Argentina provide a gap in maritime enforcement that ships can exploit. Aritonang grew homesick, staying in his room and eating mostly instant noodles. “He seemed to become sad and tired,” Fikran said. That January, Aritonang fell ill with beriberi. The whites of his eyes turned yellow, and his legs became swollen. “Daniel was in pretty bad shape,” Anhar told me. The captain refused to get him medical attention. “There was still a lot of squid,” Anhar said. “We were in the middle of an operation.” In February, the crew unloaded their catch onto a reefer that carried it to Mauritius. But, for reasons that remain unclear, the captain refused to send Aritonang to shore as well.
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-Eventually, Aritonang could no longer walk. The Indonesian crew went to the bridge again and confronted the captain, threatening to strike if he didn’t get Aritonang medical help. “We were all against the captain,” Anhar said. Finally, the captain acquiesced, and, on March 2nd, transferred Aritonang to a fuel tanker, the Marlin, which agreed to carry him to Montevideo, Uruguay. The Marlin’s crew brought him to a service area off the coast, where a skiff picked him up and took him to the port. A maritime agency representing Rongcheng Wangdao in Uruguay called a local hospital, and ambulance workers took him there.
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-Jesica Reyes, who is thirty-six, is one of the few interpreters of Indonesian in Montevideo. She taught herself the language while working at an Internet café that was popular among Indonesian crews; they called her Mbak, meaning “Miss” or “big sister.” From 2013 to 2021, fishing ships, most of them Chinese, disembarked a dead body in Montevideo roughly every month and a half. Over a recent dinner, Reyes told me about hundreds of deckhands in need whom she had assisted. She described one deckhand who died from a tooth infection because his captain wouldn’t bring him to shore. She told me of another ailing deckhand whose agency neglected to take him to a hospital, keeping him in a hotel room while his condition deteriorated; he eventually died.
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-On March, 7, 2021, Reyes was asked by the maritime agency to go to the emergency room to help doctors communicate with Aritonang; she was told that he had a stomach ache. When he arrived at the hospital, however, his whole body was swollen, and she could see bruises around his eyes and neck. He whispered to her that he had been tied by the neck. (Other deckhands later told me that they hadn’t seen this happen, and were unsure when he sustained the injuries.) Reyes called the maritime agency and said, “If this is a stomach ache . . . You’re not looking at this young man. He is all messed up!” She took photographs of his condition, before doctors asked her to stop, because she was alarmed.
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-In the emergency room, physicians administered intravenous fluids. Aritonang, crying and shaking, asked Reyes, “Where are my friends?” He whispered, “I’m scared.” Aritonang was pronounced dead the following morning. “I was angry,” Reyes told me. The deckhands I reached were furious. Mejawati said, “We really hope that, if it’s possible, the captain and all the supervisors can be captured, charged, or jailed.” Anhar, Aritonang’s best friend, found out about his death only after disembarking from the Zhen Fa 7 in Singapore, that May. “We were devastated,” he said, of the crew members. When we reached him, he was still carrying a suitcase full of Aritonang’s clothes that he’d promised to take home for him.
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-*Fishing is one* of the world’s deadliest jobs—a recent study estimates that more than a hundred thousand workers die every year—and Chinese ships are among the most brutal. Recruiters often target desperate men in inland China and in poor countries. “If you are in debt, your family has shunned you, you don’t want to be looked down on, turn off your phone and stay far away from land,” an online advertisement in China reads. Some recruits are lured with promises of lucrative contracts, according to court documents and investigations by Chinese news outlets, only to discover that they incur a series of fees—sometimes amounting to more than a month’s wages—to cover expenses such as travel, job training, crew certifications, and protective workwear. Often, workers pay these fees by taking out loans from the manning agencies, creating a form of debt bondage. Companies confiscate passports and extract fines for leaving jobs, further trapping workers. And even those who are willing to risk penalties are sometimes in essence held captive on ships.
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-Source: Dalian Hongxu Food Co. / TikTok
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-For a 2022 report, the Environmental Justice Foundation interviewed more than a hundred Indonesian crew members and found that roughly ninety-seven per cent had their documents confiscated or experienced debt bondage. Occasionally, workers in these conditions manage to alert authorities. In 2014, twenty-eight African workers disembarked from a Chinese squidder called the Jia De 1, which was anchored in Montevideo, and several complained of beatings on board and showed shackle marks on their ankles. Fifteen crew members were hospitalized. (The company that owned the ship did not respond to requests for comment.) In 2020, several Indonesian deckhands reportedly complained about severe beatings at sea and the presence of a man’s body in one of the ship’s freezers. An autopsy revealed that the man had sustained bruises, scarring, and a spinal injury. Indonesian authorities sentenced several manning-agency executives to more than a year in prison for labor trafficking. (The company did not respond to requests for comment.)
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-In China, these labor abuses are an open secret. A diary kept by one Chinese deckhand offers an unusually detailed glimpse into this world. In May, 2013, the deckhand paid a two-hundred-dollar recruitment fee to a manning agency, which dispatched him to a ship called the Jin Han Yu 4879. The crew were told that their first ten days or so on board would be a trial period, after which they could leave, but the ship stayed at sea for a hundred and two days. “You are slaves to work anytime and anywhere,” the deckhand wrote in his diary. Officers were served meat at mealtimes, he said, but deckhands got only bones. “The bell rings, you must be up, whether it is day, night, early morning, no matter how strong the wind, how heavy the rain, there are no Sundays and holidays.” (The company that owns the ship did not respond to requests for comment.)
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-The broader public in China was forced to reckon with the conditions on ships when the crew of a squid jigger called the Lu Rong Yu 2682 mutinied, in 2011. The captain, Li Chengquan, was a “big, tall, and bad-tempered man” who, according to a deckhand, gave a black eye to a worker who angered him. Rumors began circulating that the seven-thousand-dollar annual salary that they had been promised was not guaranteed. Instead, they would earn about four cents per pound of squid caught—which would amount to far less. Nine crew members took the captain hostage. In the next five weeks, the ship’s crew devolved into warring factions. Men disappeared at night, a crew member was tied up and tossed overboard, and someone sabotaged a valve on the ship, which started letting water in. The crew eventually managed to restore the ship’s communications system and transmit a distress signal, drawing two Chinese fishing vessels to their aid. Only eleven of the original thirty-three men made it back to shore. The lead mutineer and the ship’s captain were sentenced to death by the Chinese government. (The company that owns the ship did not respond to requests for comment.)
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-Labor trafficking has also been documented on American, South Korean, and Thai boats. But China’s fleet is arguably the worst offender, and it has done little to curb violations. Between 2018 and 2022, my team found, China gave more than seventeen million dollars in subsidies to companies where at least fifty ships seem to have engaged in fishing crimes or had deaths or injuries on board—some of which were likely the result of unsafe labor conditions. (The government declined to comment on this matter, but Wang Wenbin, a spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, recently said that the fleet operates “in accordance with laws and regulations,” and accused the U.S. of politicizing “issues that are about fisheries in the name of environmental protection and human rights.”)
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-In the past few years, China has made a number of reforms, but they seem aimed more at quelling dissent than at holding companies accountable. In 2017, after a Filipino worker died in a knife fight with some of his Chinese crewmates, the Chinese government created a Communist Party branch in Chimbote, Peru—the first for fishing workers—intended to bolster their “spiritual sustenance.” Local police in some Chinese cities have begun using satellite video links to connect to the bridges of some Chinese vessels. In 2020, when Chinese crew members on a ship near Peru went on strike, the company contacted the local police, who explained to the workers that they could come ashore in Peru and fly back to China, but they would have to pay for the plane tickets. “Wouldn’t it feel like losing out if you resigned now?” a police officer asked. The men returned to work.
-
-![TK Alt](https://downloads.newyorker.com/projects/2023/231009-urbina-squid/02/spots_urbina_08.png)
-
-*As I reported* on these ships, stories of violence and captivity surfaced even when I wasn’t looking for them. This year, I received a video from 2020 in which two Filipino crew members said that they were ill but were being prevented from leaving their ship. “Please rescue us,” one pleaded. “We are already sick here. The captain won’t send us to the hospital.” Three deckhands died that summer; at least one of their bodies was thrown overboard. (The manning agency that placed these workers on the ship, PT Puncak Jaya Samudra, did not respond to requests for comment. Nor did the company that owns the ship.) On a trip to Jakarta, Indonesia, in 2020, I met a half-dozen young men who told me that, in 2019, a young deckhand named Fadhil died on their ship because the officers had refused to bring him to shore. “He was begging to return home, but he was not allowed,” Ramadhan Sugandhi, a deckhand, said. (The ship-owning company did not respond to requests for comment, nor did his manning agency, PT Shafar Abadi Indonesia.) This past June, a bottle washed ashore near Maldonado, Uruguay, containing what appeared to be a message from a distressed Chinese deckhand. “Hello, I am a crew member of the ship Lu Qing Yuan Yu 765, and I was locked up by the company,” it read. “When you see this paper, please help me call the police! S.O.S. S.O.S.” (The owner of the ship, Qingdao Songhai Fishery, said that the claims were fabricated by crew members.)
-
-Source: Choi Yen D Chen / Facebook
-
-Reyes, the Indonesian translator, put me in touch with Rafly Maulana Sadad, an Indonesian who, while working on the Lu Rong Yuan Yu 978 two years ago, fell down a flight of stairs and broke his back. He immediately went back to work pulling nets, then fainted, and woke up in bed. The captain refused to take him to shore, and he spent the next five months on the ship, his condition worsening. Sadad’s friends helped him eat and bathe, but he was disoriented and often lay in a pool of his own urine. “I was having difficulty speaking,” Sadad told me last year. “I felt like I’d had a stroke or something. I couldn’t really understand anything.” In August, 2021, the captain dropped Sadad off in Montevideo, and he spent nine days in the hospital, before being flown home. (Requests for comment from Rongcheng Rongyuan, which owns the ship Sadad worked on, and PT Abadi Mandiri International, his manning agency, went unanswered.) Sadad spoke to me from Indonesia, where he could walk only with crutches. “It was a very bitter life experience,” he said.
-
-Like the boats that supply them, Chinese processing plants rely on forced labor. For the past thirty years, the North Korean government has required citizens to work in factories in Russia and China, and to put ninety per cent of their earnings—amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars—into accounts controlled by the state. Laborers are often subjected to heavy monitoring and strictly limited in their movements. U.N. sanctions ban such uses of North Korean workers, but, according to Chinese government estimates, last year as many as eighty thousand North Korean workers were living in one city in northeastern China alone. According to a report by the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, at least four hundred and fifty of them were working in seafood plants. The Chinese government has largely scrubbed references to these workers from the Internet. But, using the search term “North Korean beauties,” my team and I found several videos on Douyin, the Chinese version of TikTok, that appear to show female seafood-plant workers, most posted by gawking male employees. One Chinese commenter observed that the women “have a strong sense of national identity and are self-disciplined!” Another argued, however, that the workers have no choice but to obey orders, or “their family members will suffer.”
-
-In the past decade, China has also overseen a crackdown on Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities in Xinjiang, a region in northwestern China, setting up mass detention centers and forcing detainees to work in cotton fields, on tomato farms, and in polysilicon factories. More recently, in an effort to disrupt Uyghur communities and find cheap labor for major industries, the government has relocated millions of Uyghurs to work for companies across the country. Workers are often supervised by security guards, in dorms surrounded by barbed wire. By searching company newsletters, annual reports, and state-media stories, my team and I found that, in the past five years, thousands of Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities have been sent to work in seafood-processing plants. Some are subjected to “patriotic education”; in a 2021 article, local Party officials said that members of minority groups working at one seafood plant were a “typical big family” and were learning to deepen their “education of ethnic unity.” Laura Murphy, a professor at Sheffield Hallam University, in the U.K., told me, “This is all part of the project to erase Uyghur culture, identities, religion, and, most certainly, their politics. The goal is the complete transformation of the entire community.” (Chinese officials did not respond to multiple requests for comment on Uyghur and North Korean forced labor in the nation’s seafood-processing industry.)
-
-The U.S. has strict laws forbidding the importation of goods produced with North Korean or Uyghur labor. The use of such workers in other industries—for example, in solar-panel manufacturing—has been documented in recent years, and the U.S. has confiscated a billion dollars’ worth of imported products as a result. We found, however, that companies employing Uyghurs and North Koreans have recently exported at least forty-seven thousand tons of seafood, including some seventeen per cent of all squid sent to the U.S. Shipments went to dozens of American importers, including ones that supply military bases and public-school cafeterias. “These revelations pose a very serious problem for the entire seafood industry,” Martina Vandenberg, the founder and president of the Human Trafficking Legal Center, told me.
-
-China does not welcome reporting on this industry. In 2022, I spent two weeks on board the Modoc, a former U.S. Navy boat that the nonprofit Earthrace Conservation uses as a patrol vessel, visiting Chinese squid ships off the coast of South America. As we were sailing back to a Galápagos port, an Ecuadorian Navy ship approached us, and an officer said that our permit to reënter Ecuadorian waters had been revoked. “If you do not turn around now, we will board and arrest you,” he said. He told us to sail to another country. We didn’t have enough food and water for the journey. After two days of negotiations, we were briefly allowed into the port, where armed Ecuadorian officers boarded; they claimed that the ship’s permits had been filed improperly and that our ship had deviated slightly in its approved course while exiting national waters. Such violations typically result in nothing more than a written citation. But, according to Ambassador Fitzpatrick, the explanation was a bit more complicated. He said that the Chinese government had contacted several Ecuadorian lawmakers to raise concerns about the presence of what they depicted as a quasi-military vessel engaging in covert operations. When I spoke with Juan Carlos Holguín, the Ecuadorian Foreign Minister at the time, he denied that China was involved. But Fitzpatrick told me that Quito treads carefully when it comes to China, in part because Ecuador is deeply in debt to the country. “China did not like the Modoc,” he said. “But mostly it did not want more media coverage on its squid fleet.”
-
-![TK Alt](https://downloads.newyorker.com/projects/2023/231009-urbina-squid/02/spots_urbina_09.png)
-
-*The day of Aritonang’s death*, Reyes filed a report with the Uruguayan Coast Guard, and showed officers her photographs. “They seemed pretty uninterested,” she said. The following day, a local coroner conducted an autopsy. “A situation of physical abuse emerged,” the report reads. I sent it to Weedn, the forensic pathologist, who told me that the body showed signs of violence and that untreated beriberi seems to have been the cause of death. Nicolas Potrie, who runs the Indonesian consulate in Montevideo, remembered getting a call from Mirta Morales, the prosecutor who investigated Aritonang’s case. “We need to continue trying to figure out what happened. These marks—everybody saw them,” Potrie recalled her saying. (A representative for Rongcheng Wangdao said that the company had found no evidence of misconduct on the ship: “There was nothing regarding your alleged appalling incidents about abuse, violation, insults to one’s character, physical violence or withheld salaries.” The company said that it had handed the matter over to the China Overseas Fisheries Association. Questions submitted to the association went unanswered.)
-
-Potrie pressed for further inquiry, but none seemed forthcoming. Morales declined to share any information about the case with me. In March of 2022, I visited Aldo Braida, the president of the Chamber of Foreign Fishing Agents, which represents companies working with foreign vessels in Uruguay, at his office in Montevideo. He dismissed the accounts of mistreatment on Chinese ships that dock in the port as “fake news,” claiming, “There are a lot of lies around this.” He told me that, if crew members whose bodies were disembarked in Montevideo had suffered physical abuse, Uruguayan authorities would discover it, and that, when you put men in close quarters, fights were likely to break out. “We live in a violent society,” he said.
-
-Uruguay has little incentive to scrutinize China further, because the country brings lucrative business to the region. In 2018, for example, a Chinese company that had bought a nearly seventy-acre plot of land west of Montevideo presented a plan to build a more than two-hundred-million-dollar “megaport.” Local media reported that the port would be a free-trade zone and include half-mile-long docks, a shipyard, a fuelling station, and seafood storage and processing facilities. The Uruguayan government had been pursuing such Chinese investment for years. The President at the time, Tabaré Vázquez, attempted to sidestep the constitution, which requires a two-thirds vote by both chambers of the General Assembly, and authorize construction of the port by executive order. “There’s so much money on the table that politicians start bending the law to grab at it,” Milko Schvartzman, a marine researcher based in Argentina, told me. But, following resistance from the public and from opposition parties, the plan was called off.
-
-The seafood industry is difficult to police. A large portion of fish consumed in the U.S. is caught or processed by Chinese companies. Several laws exist to prevent the U.S. from importing products tainted by forced labor, including that which is involved in the production of conflict diamonds and sweatshop goods. But China is not forthcoming with details about its ships and processing plants. At one point, on a Chinese ship, a deckhand showed me stacks of frozen catch in white bags. He explained that they leave the ship names off the bags so that they can be easily transferred between vessels. This practice allows seafood companies to hide their ties to ships with criminal histories. On the bridge of another ship, a Chinese captain opened his logbook, which is supposed to document his catch. The first two pages had notations; the rest were blank. “No one keeps those,” he said. Company officials could reverse engineer the information later. Kenneth Kennedy, a former manager of the anti-forced-labor program at Immigration and Customs Enforcement, said that the U.S. government should block seafood imports from China until American companies can demonstrate that their supply chains are free of abuse. “The U.S. is awash with criminally tainted seafood,” he said.
-
-These companies included retail chains such as Costco, Kroger, H Mart, and Safeway.
-
-They also included food-service distributors like Sysco and Performance Food Group, each servicing hundreds of thousands of restaurants and cafeterias at colleges, hotels, hospitals, and government buildings. (These companies did not respond to requests for comment.)
-
-It’s likely that some of the squid Aritonang died catching ended up on an American plate.
-
-To document the gaps in the system, we followed the supply chain to show where squid tainted by worker abuse might end up.
-
-First, we tracked the Zhen Fa 7 by satellite, from 2018 to 2022.
-
-During that time, it transferred its catch to seven refrigerated reefers.
-
-We then tracked the journey of one reefer, the Lu Rong Yuan Yu Yun 177, to China’s Shidao port.
-
-It is especially difficult to document where the catch goes once it gets to port. Arduous in-person tracking is sometimes the only way to follow its movements.
-
-We hired private investigators in China to track a shipment of squid from the Lu Rong Yuan Yu Yun 177. They hid in their car at the port, filming at a distance as workers unloaded the squid and then packed it into trucks.
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-They followed the trucks out of the port.
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-The trucks eventually arrived at a seafood facility owned by a company called Rongcheng Xinhui Aquatic Products.
-
-We also reviewed the ownership details of the other reefers that transshipped with the Zhen Fa 7 and found that its squid likely ended up at five additional processing plants in China.
-
-Two of these plants, owned by Chishan Group, have employed at least a hundred and seventy workers transferred from Xinjiang, according to local news reports and corporate newsletters on the company’s Web site. (A representative from Rongcheng Haibo, one of the plants, said that the company “has never employed any Xinjiang workers.” A representative from Shandong Haidu, the other plant, said, “There is no use of illegal workers from Xinjiang or other countries, and we recently passed human-rights audits.” Chishan Group did not respond to requests for comment.)
-
-The plants connected to the Zhen Fa 7 then sent large quantities of their seafood to at least sixty-two American importers.
-
-On April 22nd, Aritonang’s body was flown from Montevideo to Jakarta, then driven, in a wooden casket with a Jesus figurine on top, to his family home in Batu Lungun. Villagers lined the road to pay their respects; Aritonang’s mother wailed and fainted upon seeing the casket.
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-Source: Desta Motor 143 / YouTube
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-A funeral was soon held, and Aritonang was buried a few feet from his father, in a cemetery plot not far from his church. His grave marker consisted of two slats of wood joined to make a cross. That night, an official from Aritonang’s manning agency visited the family at their home to discuss what locals call a “peace agreement.” Anhar said that the family ended up accepting a settlement of some two hundred million rupiah, or roughly thirteen thousand dollars. Family members were reluctant to talk about the events on the ship. Aritonang’s brother Beben said that he didn’t want his family to get in trouble and that talking about the case might cause problems for his mother. “We, Daniel’s family, have made peace with the ship people and have let him go,” he said.
-
-Last year, thirteen months after Aritonang’s death, I spoke again to his family by video chat. His mother, Regina Sihombing, sat on a leopard-print rug in her living room with her son Leonardo. The room had no furniture and no place to sit other than the floor. The house had undergone repairs with money from the settlement, according to the village chief; in the end, it seems, Aritonang had managed to fix up his parents’ home after all. When the conversation turned to him, his mother began to weep. “You can see how I am now,” she said. Leonardo told her, “Don’t be sad. It was his time.” ♦
-
-*This piece was produced with contributions from Joe Galvin, Maya Martin, Susan Ryan, Austin Brush, and Daniel Murphy.*
-
-### More on China's Seafood Industry
-
-Watch “[Squid Fleet](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-documentary/squid-fleet-takes-you-into-the-opaque-world-of-chinese-fishing),” a film that offers a close look at the gruelling work of squid fishing.
-
-Illustrations: Cleon Peterson. Map Icons: Francesco Muzzi. Photos: the Outlaw Ocean Project.
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-# The Curious Case of Ketron Island
-
-![Cinnamon Janzer (she/her)](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Janzer_headshot_1-copy.jpg?ssl=1)
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-Cinnamon Janzer (she/her)
-
-Cinnamon Janzer is a Minneapolis-based freelance journalist and copywriter. Her work is dedicated to covering lesser-told stories from across middle America, specializing in analytical, “second-day” reporting. She regularly publishes with a number of outlets including Al Jazeera, The Guardian, National Geographic, Conde Nast Traveler, Food & Wine, Next City, The Minnesota Reformer, and more. Cinnamon speaks English and Spanish.
-
-Bob Barrett was *not* going to Vietnam. 
-
-Instead, like the thousands of other Americans who objected to the war but couldn’t avoid the draft, he went to jail. During the 13 months and 9 days served of his 18-month sentence on Washington State’s McNeil Island, he gazed across Puget Sound at orca pods meandering between two nearby islands, Anderson and Ketron.
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-After his release, the one-time Berkeley student remained in his home state and, years later, began working as a bus driver for Tacoma’s Pierce County Transit, spending layovers between bus trips walking the railroad tracks on the edge of the small coastal town of Steilacoom and looking out over the water at the same islands he had peered at from prison, this time from the other side.
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-Bob was intrigued by Ketron Island and the one house he could see peeking out from the trees along its jagged cliffs. But when he asked his passengers about it, no one seemed to know anything about the island just a half a mile from shore. So, one hot summer day in 1992, decades after his curiosity was first piqued, he decided to see for himself, jumping in the chilly Sound for a swim. Forty-five minutes later he was on Ketron’s shores, surrounded by piles of greige driftwood stacked on the island’s rocky sands and purple foxglove that peeked out from the rugged ground underneath a canopy of firs, cedars, and poplars.
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-A couple of introductions and many thousands of dollars later, Bob, now a 79-year-old gray-haired vegan who could easily pass for a decade younger, and his wife Kathy became owners of a house on the island. By the following spring, they and their daughters were living on Ketron full time.
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-The Barretts were part of a wave of settlement of Ketron in the 1990s, a changing of the guard from one generation of islanders to the next. Each of the 20 or so inhabitants who call Ketron home today moved there for their own reasons and in their own way, although, unlike Bob, mostly by watercraft. Yet, their raisons d’être are as unique as they are similar. They were drawn to the seclusion of the private island that’s nothing like the tropical paradises evoked by notions of private islands in the collective American imagination.
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-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/083122_SundayLongRead_KetronIsland_JovelleTamayo_008.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&ssl=1)
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-A view of Ketron Island, Wash., on Wednesday, Aug. 31, 2022. *Jovelle Tamayo for Sunday Long Read*
-
-The roughly [230-acre island extends 1.4 miles across](https://www.piercecountywa.gov/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Item/847?fileID=1053) and is encircled by three miles of shoreline made largely inaccessible by steep, wooded cliffs. Its skies are alive with bald eagles, kingfishers, and cormorants while its shores are home to harbor seals and its flora feeds deer and raccoons. Public ferry service that’s become intermittent at best through the years renders Ketron secluded despite its proximity to the mainland.
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-As a result, unlike other private islands, Ketron has spoken to rugged individualists with a knack for doing things their own way rather than affluent financiers looking to surround themselves with luscious solitude. It’s hard to know if there are any other islands truly like it — Bob, a conscientious objector, has lived for years cheek by jowl with Ron, an intelligence-gathering fiend who excitedly launched a military career in Vietnam. Ketron’s future is unclear, as aging residents like the Barretts spend an increasing amount of time at their apartment on the mainland and homes slowly turn over to new generations whose intents and ambitions will reshape the island anew. Ketron could see something of a modern renaissance as it becomes home to a new coterie of deeply-connected-yet-entirely-disparate residents whose desire for a life unlike any other will lead to ingenious spins on semi-communal living that the rest of us could never envision. It could also dissolve into a tiny home enclave that’s only sparsely inhabited on holidays and the occasional long weekend. 
-
-Regardless of what the next incarnation of Ketron will look like, over recent decades it has been a practically sovereign, home-rule oasis of islanders’ own making. Ketron’s seclusion has presented its residents with an array of challenges, like preventing fires during the dry summer months, but also with unique opportunities, like operating their own company to manage the island’s water—both an administrative hassle and a rare security as [water systems privatize](https://prospect.org/environment/privatizing-our-public-water-supply/) across the rest of the county.  
-
-But one person’s under-the-radar sanctuary is often another’s chance for lawless malfeasance. The same laissez faire lifestyle that draws those who prefer the freedom of the fringes of society also speaks to schemers with dollar signs in their eyes and few inhibitions about how to attain them.
-
-#### An Island of Broken Dreams
-
-Ketron Island — part of the [Steilacoom people’s territory](https://www.historylink.org/file/20675) until the [first wagons lumbered across the Oregon Trail](https://www.historylink.org/file/5053#:~:text=After%20more%20hard%20traveling%20and,wagon%20road%20was%20soon%20established.) in the early 1850s — was named for William Kittson, an employee of a Canadian fur trading business. The spelling of his name was botched by cartographers and, from a mistake arose modern-day Ketron Island.
-
-Modern activity on the island was scant until J.C. Morris, a prolific Alaskan developer in search of a beachfront retirement home, purchased it in 1946. By 1956, Morris had both a sprawling 5,310-square-foot, mid-century modern gem of a home in the [style of Frank Lloyd Wright](https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/business/article27091348.html) and a multi-million dollar plan to develop the island into a province of 400 suburban-style homes.
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-Advertising low property taxes and fuel and construction costs, a pamphlet touting the community Morris envisioned offered a “lifelong package of pleasure, relaxation, recreation, and privacy.” His vision included a shopping center, churches, schools, a library, horse riding trails, a golf practice course, and numerous other amenities.
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-Sandy Ballinger saw Morris’s vision up close. In the late ‘60s, she, her husband, and their 5-week-old daughter Pam came to Ketron in search of a weekend cabin. “They had all these lots. Everything was planned. There was Morris Boulevard,” — still the island’s main road — “and a marina. Downstairs from the marina there was a clubhouse.” There was a little store and a gas pump too, garbage and fire trucks, and a ferry that would come bearing newspapers.  Two of Sandy’s favorite memories from the early days were walking all the way around the island in about an hour and a half during low tide and cutting down fresh Christmas trees from the uninhabited lots.
-
-But beyond the earliest stages, little of Morris’s dream materialized, beginning what led Pam, now a [University of Michigan history professor](https://lsa.umich.edu/history/people/faculty/pballing.html), to dub Ketron her “[island of broken dreams](https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/ketron-my-island-of-broken-dreams/)” decades later. 
-
-When J.C. Morris [died in 1967](http://alaskaobits.org/obituaries/view.php/J-C-Morris/id/1072), his son Donald took over his dad’s business affairs, but didn’t seem to share his father’s interest in the island. Over the course of the following decade, the younger Morris’s island ventures went belly up and Gary Lundgren, an investor also from Alaska, became the de facto owner of the vast majority of island property. As Lundgren family lore has it, this was thanks to an original investment in the elder Morris’s vision by Lundgren’s father back in their Alaska days.
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-By 1980, Lundgren had established [Ketron Island Enterprises, Inc.](https://opengovus.com/washington-corporation/601118849) to manage his new assets and assumed control of, among other things, the [island’s sewer and water systems](https://caselaw.findlaw.com/wa-court-of-appeals/1409336.html). But unlike J.C. Morris, Lundgren was mostly detached from the island. Eventually, after years of neglect, the sewer system sprung a leak and sewage began spilling into the Sound. In [late 1988](https://www.leagle.com/decision/19991919971p2d94811883), Lundgren informed the state’s Department of Ecology of the leak and the agency soon condemned the facility.
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-Faced with a no longer functioning sewer system, the residents of Ketron Island adopted costly individual septic systems. In order to properly place the tanks among the island’s clay-filled soils and other geological barriers, many residents had to acquire additional parcels in order to outfit their existing homes. With this sweeping change, the last vestiges of J.C. Morris’s aspirations for the island were gone. Because of geography, geology, and resources, the 14 or so homes on the island at that time represent something of a natural cap on the number of dwellings that can exist on it today.
-
-#### An Island of Misfit Toys
-
-Left to their own devices in the vacuum of Lundgren’s absence, the small community began to coalesce into a beau monde of nature-loving individualists, and the heyday of Ketron began.
-
-Tiffs between neighbors cropped up here and there, but by and large a sense of camaraderie took hold. During the holidays, there were island-wide candy making parties and Christmas caroling extravaganzas along Ketron’s gravel roads. 
-
-“If it was someone’s birthday, they’d call at the last minute and say, ‘Come have cake and ice cream!’,” Kathy recalls. “I would get home from work and a neighbor would invite us to a party and you’d come down in your pj’s. That’s just how we did things.” 
-
-Progressive dinners, each course served at a different house throughout the evening, were common. Islanders checked on each other after winter storms passed. One day in the ‘90s, Hollywood-style trailers appeared on the island, complete with a vast catering setup. Lee Jeans had decided to film [a 1995 commercial](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJ0JLl9mJlI) on Ketron and the ferry that serves it. “Here’s this remote place that you think no one in the world knows about and here comes this Hollywood commercial,” Bob recalls. “It kind of brought everyone together.” The production crews gave islanders $100 for every car they could bring down to fill the ferry.The inconspicuous setting that spoke to Lee Jeans is also what drew Scott Maddox and his wife to Ketron’s shores in 2001. A resourceful and skilled engineer who grew up helping out around his parents’ boat repair shop in Steilacoom, Scott has, over time, developed blue-collar handyman skills and a deep-running work ethic to match. On an island accessible only by private boat or a public ferry with dwindling service, “you learn pretty fast that you have to pitch in to get along. Nobody is out here on their own. No one is exempt from needing a stick of butter, a gallon of gas, or a ride across to the other side,” he says. 
-
-“It has always been sink or swim out here. You have to have some sense of survivability or some skill to apply in order to survive and flourish.”
-
-It’s the raw survival requirements of a life shrouded in remote nature that endeared my father-in-law, John Stewart, and his then-wife, Jane, to the island around the same time as the Maddoxes. A voracious reader, John has devoured almost all of Louis L’Amour’s more than 100 books and 250 short stories, bewitched by the tales of cowboys and Indians set among the American frontier. His libertarian-bleeding-into-conservative sensibilities, fed by L’Amour’s prose, were activated by life on Ketron. He has always loved the challenge of learning something new, and opportunities for doing so abound on the island. His self-educational efforts were limited to books and other traditional published materials until the internet came along and brought him YouTube, a resource he has turned to for everything from discovering new music to unearthing questionable “facts.” 
-
-Surrounded by family members and close friends of a more progressive persuasion, John is notorious for being not just set in his ideological ways, but endlessly optimistic that he can help others see the light. Yet he prizes commonalities over differences, an overarching sensibility that also characterized Ketron, which is how John and Bob came to be such great friends.
-
-“We explored our political dynamics. I tried to convince him to be something he wasn’t and he tried to defend \[his position\]. He always had facts and people he cited. I didn’t particularly believe the people he cited,” Bob says of the far-from-factual conservative “thinkers” on which many of John’s arguments tend to rest. Reliable sourcing, especially on the internet, has never been John’s strong suit. But none of their philosophical differences got in the way of what united them. 
-
-“I honestly felt like if there was a revolution in this country and we were on the island, John and I would be on the same side no matter what, that he would have my back and I would have his… even if our political philosophies were diametrically opposed,” Bob says. For him, talking politics is “just words. What we did together was what we did together,” and that was taking in the breathtaking natural beauty around them. “John and I really became close when we started kayaking and going out on the water,” Bob explains. “We’ve spent a lot of time without a lot of words, just watching awesome sunsets and the wildlife.”
-
-While a revolution hasn’t tested Bob’s theory yet, an insidious invasion has. And, as predicted, Bob and John were squarely on the same side.
-
-Around the same time the Lee Jeans cameras were rolling, two new residents came to the island peddling a grand vision that rivaled Morris’s. Charles Fain, Chuck for short, and his girlfriend, Catherine Cooley, painted a picture of a real estate investment and development scheme that would transform Ketron into an upscale community dripping in fine amenities — a golf course, a destination hotel, expanded ferry service. Naturally, Fain’s plan would require a functioning sewer system, so he bought the rights to the defunct sewer system from Lungren and got to work.
-
-Even while crews began remodeling the clubhouse and gutting the swimming pool, Bob and others weren’t convinced. “With my prison background, I sensed it right away because a lot of guys in prison, that’s just how they talk. They almost believe \[in their own schemes\] themselves,” Bob says. 
-
-Between 1994 and 1998, while hawking their grand chimera of a remastered Ketron, the duo was busy taking advantage of residents who had homes on the island but weren’t living there full time. Willing sellers were referred to the couple’s escrow company, but after signing the closing documents, sellers were told that the company didn’t have the necessary funding and that the sales had been withdrawn. What the sellers didn’t know, though, was that Fain and Cooley used the signed closing documents to fraudulently transfer the titles of 13 properties to their businesses’ names. Meanwhile, next to nothing of the vision they sold materialized.
-
-Fain and Cooley pleaded innocent when they were indicted by a federal grand jury in early 2001 on 23 counts of conspiracy, mail fraud, and bank fraud that investigators estimate cost Ketronians roughly $2 million. That summer, the two-week bench trial resulted in guilty convictions for both on 11 of the 23 counts and, by December, Fain and Cooley had been sentenced to 10 years and 7.5 years in prison respectively alongside an order to pay $1.3 million in restitution. 
-
-The threat to the island’s imprecise way of life posed by Fain caused the islanders to galvanize in a novel way. They realized that the utilities they relied on couldn’t remain vulnerable to the fickle interests of outsiders, so they organized. The homeowners of the time paid what they could, most chipping in around $5,000. For around $20,000 total, the majority of the island’s residents assumed ownership of the road and water systems, establishing Ketron Island Water Incorporated, KIWI for short, to house them with one dollar of investment translating to one share in the company. 
-
-“Here are a bunch of desperate homeowners. All they know is they need water and the roads,” explains Ron Sheckler, a 69-year-old ex-Army guy with a lingering penchant for intelligence gathering and Ketron resident since 2000. “This was an unprecedented act of solidarity on the part of the individuals on the island.” 
-
-Unlike Bob, Ron went running full speed into the Vietnam War. “It was the ‘60s. Half my buddies had burned their draft cards and they were pitiful. All they could do was afford to live at home in their parents’ basement and complain about shit. And the other half, they were on the GI Bill. They partied every weekend, girls were coming and going. I said, that’s the life for me,” Ron recalls.
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/083122_SundayLongRead_KetronIsland_JovelleTamayo_040.jpg?resize=683%2C1024&ssl=1)
-
-Ron Sheckler with his animals on his property on Ketron Island, Wash., on Wednesday, Aug. 31, 2022. *Jovelle Tamayo for Sunday Long Read*
-
-He started out in the 82nd Airborne Division before being shuttled into the Special Forces where he served as an engineer responsible for “explosive, demolitions, field fortifications, and the analysis of industrial infrastructure for offensive targeting” with a specialty in “the analysis and disruption of critical infrastructure in conflict areas,” he says. “A long, long time before the movie *Rambo* came out, I was a Green Beret who could fly a helicopter. Then *Rambo* came out and everyone thought it was rather funny and started calling me Ronbo.” 
-
-(Ron has no perceptible affection for the nickname.)
-
-He lives alone on Ketron, after his wife “decided that her retirement was more oriented to shopping and spas, not homesteading,” he says, but he has the company of a jolly and ever-so-slightly overweight chocolate lab who patrols the makeshift barriers (an echo of his Army days) on the road in front of his home. 
-
-His knowledge of the island is another vestige of his service. He first moved to the island in the wake of the KIWI drama and busied himself with gathering intel on his new home. 
-
-It’s Ron’s position that “there’s no sensible structure that would include roads and water together,” yet they’re a package deal under the umbrella of KIWI, an organization that the islanders were now faced with actually administering. 
-
-Like any enterprise, KIWI has officers charged with carrying out its functions: ensuring that the company is registered and up to date with the secretary of state ([it’s currently delinquent](https://www.sos.wa.gov/corps/business.aspx?ubi=601930825)), taking water samples, filing annual reports, and overseeing the maintenance of the aging system. Because no one is particularly interested in assuming the burden of leading KIWI, people who don’t show up to meetings are often elected to be the next year’s president. 
-
-In the years since its creation, KIWI has prompted many disagreements. The original intention was to ensure that only property owners could have KIWI shares, but compliance efforts were few and far between. Over time, “we kind of lost control of the shares and how they were distributed,” says KIWI’s current [registered agent](https://ccfs.sos.wa.gov/#/BusinessSearch/BusinessInformation), Bob. Today shares are still generally concentrated among owners, but many are scattered to the wind after changing hands in various ways. Sandy, whose family went against the suburban grain with a weekend cabin on Ketron in the ‘60s, suspects she might have some left over from her family’s time there that expired in the early 2010s. 
-
-#### An Island of Contradictions
-
-Peter Brigham moved to Ketron in 2012 and felt right at home. Fresh off a stint in Brazil, where his wife, Daniella, got her JD, the couple and their Rottweiler puppy Segundo settled into their new, cliffside home. Ketron reminded Peter — a 50-year-old day trader who retired at 49, a feat that serves in part as a thumbing of his nose to anyone who looks down on those with humble beginnings — of his childhood in the rural American South.
-
-“What really locked it in for me was the view. My house has an absolutely jaw-on-your-chest, 170-degree panoramic view… It has dominated my experience of this property and the island,” he says, unveiling the oozing esteem he has for the orcas that swim through Ketron’s waters, the eagles that cast shadows over his porch as they soar above, and the sea lions on its shores who roar like drunken sailors. 
-
-“It gets me out of my own head and makes me realize how small I am. And once you realize you’re insignificant and small, your actions have significantly less future burden on you and your anxiety lessens because you see that my place in the world is, well, just not that important,” he expounds. What started as an adventurous experience of living on what he described as a deserted island soon gave way to the realities of living in such a remote place. As he puts it, it’s a five-hour trip to the closest Starbucks.
-
-The ferry service to Ketron — the only way the island can be accessed without the help of a private watercraft — has dwindled since the early ‘80s. Ketron enjoyed nine daily trips until 1981, when Pierce County slashed service to just two trips a day. Service to Ketron has been more or less in flux since then. Most recently, the landing dock on Ketron has been broken for months, necessitating a generator to power it in order to match the tides. Special service runs with shorter turnaround times designed to make accessing resources on the mainland easier have come and gone. Direct trips to Steilacoom have been swapped for an hour-long route that stops at Anderson Island. 
-
-Today, Ketron residents who want to leave have to reserve a spot on one of the ferry’s [three daily trips](https://www.piercecountywa.gov/2200/Ferry-Schedule) spread between 5:45 a.m. and 8:15 p.m. 
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/083122_SundayLongRead_KetronIsland_JovelleTamayo_036.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&ssl=1)
-
-A Pierce County ferry passes Tiffany Lundgren’s beachfront property on Ketron Island, Wash., on Wednesday, Aug. 31, 2022. *Jovelle Tamayo for Sunday Long Read*
-
-“Pierce County absolutely does not give one wet shit what happens on this rock,” Peter has come to believe. “I moved here from Brazil, a place known for being an absolute bureaucratic nightmare where the government hoovers up everything and does nothing. You know what? The bullshit government in Brazil that I had to deal with, even in this tiny cow town that nobody can find on a map and nobody’s ever heard of, was better than here.”
-
-In 2015, around a particularly dry Fourth of July, a fellow resident [set his home on fire](https://www.kiro7.com/news/detectives-say-man-set-his-own-home-fire-fireworks/28692549/) with fireworks. “We called 911 and asked if they could send a firetruck. Do you know what the county said? ‘No, we’ll pick you up from the dock if the whole island catches fire,’” Peter recalls. “What did we do? We said ‘fine, we don’t need you.’ We put that house fire out and kept it from getting up in the canopy.”
-
-Albeit in the face of lackluster government services, collective affairs have come to be the exception rather than the rule on Ketron. “Over the past 10 years, there’s been a marked change. We don’t clear the roads together anymore,” Peter says. The “family feel” that Scott Maddox remembers has waned. 
-
-As new owners come to Ketron, they tend to skew younger than the largely retirement-age communities of the past. “The biggest dividing line is age. The older you are, the better off you are going to be on Ketron. When I moved here, the average age was almost dead. But those old people, their bodies were falling apart but they knew exactly what to do. I watched Bob Barrett, age 72, climb up on top of a 40-foot standpipe,” Peter says. “Who has what it takes to be out here? It’s people who have lived in the country. It’s people who are older. It’s people who work with their hands.”
-
-This is the enigma of Ketron Island, an eternal push and pull between what is and what could be; what people come in search for—what they dream of—and what is. What makes it insufferable is also what makes it magnetic. The draw of a Walden Pond just across the Sound speaks to a yearning lodged deep in the American psyche.
-
-“They want to be out here where they’re free. But that’s the paradox of freedom. You’re free at the same time that I’m free at the same time that all these other yahoos are free. And your freedom is going to impinge on mine and mine is going to impinge on yours,” Peter says. “But you cannot buy geographical access to freedom. That’s one of the fallacies of living out here.”
-
-What Ketron is for Peter, though, is a desirable place that’s small enough that one person with above average means can dominate it. “Ketron needs a benevolent fascist dictator,” he says, “because democracy doesn’t work out here. It doesn’t work at all.”
-
-That person has been J.C. Morris. That person, in some way, has been Gary Lundgren. That person has been Chuck Fain and his romantic sidekick. That next person, who might just be the benevolent dictator that Peter thinks Ketron needs, comes in the form of Lundgren’s daughter — if she can overcome the QAnon sectarians and a more recent islander, a lawyer ready to use the law to her advantage, that stand in her way.
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/083122_SundayLongRead_KetronIsland_JovelleTamayo_032.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&ssl=1)
-
-Tiffany Lundgren poses for a portrait on her beachfront property on Ketron Island, Wash., on Wednesday, Aug. 31, 2022. *Jovelle Tamayo for Sunday Long Read*
-
-Young Tiffany Lundgren spent many summer days on Ketron Island in the late ‘70s and early ‘80s before her parents split. Her dad remained a majority landowner of the over 90 parcels that still remain in his and Tiffany’s name ever since, but the Lundgrens’ physical presence on the island was sparse until a recent tragedy involving Lundgren property required her attention.
-
-While her father might have some unsavory qualities that got him [banned from continuing his investing work with most U.S. firms](https://www.finra.org/sites/default/files/NAC-FPI150009-Lundgren-021816_0.pdf), islanders speak kindly of Tiffany. Known as “T Two” alongside another unrelated Tiffany on the island during her childhood, today she’s an effusive optimist with a contagious reverence for submitting to the grand plans of the universe.  She’s a fetching blonde whose youthful appearance and bubbly demeanor belies her middle age. Everything happens for a reason in Tiffany’s world, including the event that would bring her back to Ketron’s shores, an affair that started on the tarmac of the Seattle-Tacoma airport 40 miles to the north.
-
-On a warm and clear August day in 2018, [Richard Russell](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/12/richard-russell-quiet-well-liked-seattle-airport-worker-who-stole-a-plane), a 28-year old Alaska Airlines groundworker without a pilot’s license, made his way into the cockpit of an empty Horizon Air Q400 turboprop passenger plane around 7:30 p.m. Russell’s typical duties entailed loading baggage onto short haul flights and occasionally towing planes, but on that day he took to the air with knowledge he’d [gleaned from video games](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/12/us/richard-russell-q400-flight-simulator.html).
-
-After an [unauthorized takeoff](https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/beebo-russell-seattle-plane-theft-true-story-1187023/), Russell circled the skies for a little over an hour, taking in views of Mount Rainier and the nearby Olympics, [describing them as beautiful](https://www.geekwire.com/about-geekwire/) in conversation with air traffic controllers trying to persuade him to come back down. As he circled the skies with F-15 fighter jets trailing behind, Russell apologized to loved ones. “I would like to apologize to each and every one of them,” Russell said before crashing the plane on Ketron some two hours after he stepped foot into the cockpit. 
-
-A fire lit up the south side of the island where the 76-seat plane hit. This time the government did respond and, with the [help of islanders like Ron](https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/ketron-island-resident-recognized-for-his-actions-after-deadly-plane-crash/281-605236973), put the blaze out. After a [prolonged negotiation](https://www.koaa.com/news/2018/10/01/stolen-plane-crash-debris-remains-on-ketron-island/) with Alaska Airlines, which owns Horizon, over the cleanup of the debris that was only recently resolved, today a clearing in the trees that has grown into a meadow, a few pieces of metal lodged into thick and scaly bark, and a small memorial composed of a framed photo of Russell are all that remain of the crash. That and Tiffany’s more permanent presence on Ketron. Her return began with managing the cleanup and legal fallout from the crash on her property and, over the weeks and months that followed, blossomed into a reconnection with the island of her childhood. While her parents didn’t spend much time on Ketron, it still held the fondness of a childhood home.
-
-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/083122_SundayLongRead_KetronIsland_JovelleTamayo_014.jpg?resize=683%2C1024&ssl=1)
-
-A memorial for Richard Russell, who in 2018 stole and crashed a plane on Ketron Island, Wash., on Wednesday, Aug. 31, 2022. *Jovelle Tamayo for Sunday Long Read*
-
-The memorial made by Russell’s family has had to shrink over the years thanks to an unexpected obsession with the crash. Convinced that Russell flew in a Q-shaped formation and fueled by Gary Lundgren’s [business and legal entanglements with Donald Trump](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-demands-75-million-from-panama-condo-owners/) and coincidences like the Bombardier plane’s Q400 title, QAnon fanatics have sunk their conspiracy-peddling teeth [into the event](https://heavy.com/news/2018/08/richard-russell-conspiracy-theories/) with their signature imbecilic fervor. 
-
-“We’re all still trying to battle the weirdos that come on \[to the island\] because of the crash. That’s been the hardest thing for me,” Tiffany says. Just last summer, alone save for her two small dogs while collecting firewood near the crash site, she came across two men who had scaled the cliffs from a boat below. “They wanted to see the crash and they started coming towards me,” she recalls. “It scared the hell out of me because they were like, ‘Are you Tiffany Lundgren?’”
-
-Drones flying over the site have also become a painfully common occurrence. “I’ve had to put up cameras everywhere,” she says. The cameras have had to come with no trespassing signs, too. But they don’t apply to residents, Tiffany says, just frenzied plane crash enthusiasts.
-
-#### An Island of Uncertainty
-
-Tiffany has more than strangers from the internet to contend with. In recent years a lawyer has made a home on the island, a turn of events that originally delighted Ron. “I thought this was a great development for the community which had been just a group of ramshackle individuals fumbling along,” he says. “It turned out very soon that she was not there to play that role.”
-
-Instead, the lawyer made quick enemies with a number of residents, from Ron, over shares of the water company, to my father-in-law John, who loathed what he saw as her unfair wielding of the law to impinge on her less legally sophisticated neighbors. One of her most recent [legal tiffs](https://linxonline.co.pierce.wa.us/linxweb/Case/CivilCase.cfm?cause_num=20-2-06634-1) has been a quiet title battle with Tiffany over a parcel of adjacent land. After a years-long legal back-and-forth during which many of the island’s residents testified in Tiffany’s favor, Tiffany emerged victorious earlier this year. “I didn’t fight that battle for me. I fought it because she has threatened and tormented every person on the island,” Tiffany explains. The lawyer, who declined to comment on this story, is appealing. 
-
-Even with judicial hassles raging in the background, Tiffany is undeterred from breathing new life into the island, the same new life she found when she came back to the island after the plane crash. “I realize that I was brought back here for a reason,” she says. Personally, being back on the island has given her a chance to work through heartbreaking memories from Ketron, including the final moments of her parents’ marriage. More broadly speaking, her return, complete with her family’s resources, has brought a counterbalance to the push of the lawyer’s previously unmatched presence on Ketron.
-
-Today Tiffany spends most weekends on Ketron in a metallic Airstream perched atop the same cement foundation that once supported a small cement plant that Morris erected to manufacture his grand vision. She’s taken to inviting her neighbors to sunset movie nights, complete with popcorn machines, down on the beach — it’s the same place where islanders used to have bonfires during Ketron’s social apogee a few decades back; the place where Bob and John bonded over their love of nature more than they fractured over political dissimilarities.
-
-Peter sees a risk of things heading in a different direction. Not only is climate change eroding the island, the changing tides of time are doing their work. Ketron isn’t immune to the [rancid polarization](https://www.brown.edu/news/2020-01-21/polarization) and increasingly [digitized](https://www.brookings.edu/research/digitalization-and-the-american-workforce/) [way](https://reports.weforum.org/digital-transformation/understanding-the-impact-of-digitalization-on-society/) [of life](https://www.un.org/en/un75/impact-digital-technologies) of the mainland. Unlike previous generations, people today are less equipped to live out the remote lifestyles they romanticize. “They don’t want to have to rely on their neighbors. They don’t trust their neighbors. They don’t necessarily like them. They don’t see what they have in common with their neighbors,” Peter says. “They don’t see that we’re all in the same boat, we’re all on the same island, we all need to get along.”
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-![](https://i0.wp.com/sundaylongread.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/083122_SundayLongRead_KetronIsland_JovelleTamayo_010-2.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&ssl=1)
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-Madrona trees on Ketron. *Jovelle Tamayo for Sunday Long Read*
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-As we collectively spend more time on [knowledge work than manual labor](https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2016/10/06/1-changes-in-the-american-workplace/), the skills it takes to live life on Ketron are dissolving. “\[People\] come out here and they can’t figure out how to do anything. They don’t know how to run a chainsaw. They don’t know where the four-wheel drive lever is in the bottom of their truck. They don’t know how to rebuild a car. They can’t push a lawn mower for three hours,” Peter explains. “The knowledge of how to fix \[the water system\] resides with about four guys. It used to reside with five and one of them died. Eventually the others are going to die too, and then nobody can fix it.”
-
-The person who died was John, my father-in-law. 
-
-He had a heart attack in a parking lot while running errands for work and with him went an incarnate part of Ketron. 
-
-At his funeral on a cool day on the mainland in early November when the pastor opened up the podium to the guests, Bob Barrett strode effortlessly to the pulpit in front of John’s sparse pine casket. It was draped in a red and umber wool blanket underneath hand-selected flowers — simple and sublime, just the way John would have wanted it. Bob delivered a heartfelt speech laced with unrehearsed memories of his late friend and the time they spent together on the water.
-
-Conventional wisdom may hold that innovation comes from forward-focused global centers like Silicon Valley. But it’s actually places like Ketron, the fringes of society rather than the center of it, where true ingenuity is born — the kind that doesn’t seek accolades, acknowledgement, or profit; the kind that solves real problems for practicality’s sake rather than retrofits a product with a manufactured need. This kind of necessary creativity comes from remote places that lack the formality and structure that otherwise force novel concepts into acceptable forms. With John gone and neighbors like Bob, Kathy, Ron, and others only increasing in age, the future of Ketron Island is uncertain. What’s to come can only be known and made by the people who take their place. 
-
-One thing is for sure, though: “They just don’t make any small islands with properties on it that are obtainable anymore,” Ron says. “In that regard, Ketron is kind of frozen in time.”
-
-*This story was made possible by the support of **Sunday Long Read subscribers** and publishing partner **Ruth Ann Harnisch**. All photos by **Jovelle Tamayo for The Sunday Long Read.** Edited by **Peter Bailey-Wells**. Designed by **Anagha Srikanth**.*
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-# The Damning Details That Led JPMorgan Chase to Settle With Epstein’s Victims
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/0c9/c92/e6de322f4601e89cc6d6c528f9b61b682b-chase-epstein.rsquare.w700.jpg)
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-Photo: Yuki Iwamura/Bloomberg via Getty Images
-
-Money created Jeffrey Epstein. From his 1990s friendship with Victoria’s Secret billionaire [Les Wexner](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/06/inside-jeffrey-epsteins-decades-long-relationship-with-his-biggest-client) to his relationships with top financiers like Jes Staley and Leon Black, he used his proximity to endless amounts of it to create and run his monstrous child-sex-trafficking operation for decades. The cash let him travel indiscriminately through the echelons of cultural power, doing work for Noam Chomsky, the head of the CIA, and the general counsel of Goldman Sachs, according to published accounts of his [calendar](https://www.wsj.com/articles/jeffrey-epstein-calendar-cia-director-goldman-sachs-noam-chomsky-c9f6a3ff). Critical to all this was Epstein’s close ties to Wall Street, which he maintained at two of the world’s most powerful banks: JPMorgan Chase and then, when that ended, Deutsche Bank. For the past seven months, a group of anonymous victims has been suing those banks for propping up Epstein and allegedly ignoring red flags because he brought so many prestigious, wealthy clients along with him. On Monday morning, JPMorgan Chase announced it had settled with Epstein’s victims over its alleged role in banking his child-sex-trafficking operation. It is likely the most significant settlement yet — but it’s unlikely to be the end of [Wall Street’s reckoning with Epstein](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/04/wall-streets-jeffrey-epstein-reckoning-is-coming.html).
-
-The settlement came as things were starting to look conspicuously bad for the bank, with evidence increasingly pointing toward JPMorgan’s knowing full well it was doing business with a monster. On Monday, just hours after the bank settled with the Jane Does, U.S. Virgin Islands prosecutors made public some of the bank’s internal communications about Epstein. “Discovery confirms that JPMorgan knowingly, recklessly, and unlawfully provided and pulled the levers through which Epstein’s recruiters and victims were paid and was indispensable to the operation and concealment of Epstein’s trafficking,” the prosecutors wrote in a new filing on Monday. “JPMorgan had real-time information on Epstein’s payments that the government did not and had specific legal duties to report this information to law-enforcement authorities, which it intentionally decided not to do.”
-
-The details are damning. Going back to 2007, a lawyer for the bank connected a money transfer from Epstein to a child whom he had at one point called his “Yugoslavian sex slave.” In 2008, prior to Epstein’s first conviction, one of his bankers wrote in an internal email, “We need to have the felony he pleads guilty to. So march. No one wants him.” (This appears to be a projection of what the bank would tell him: march, as in, go take a walk. Instead, the bank kept him as a client for another five years). Also that year, Catherine Keating, who is now CEO of Bank of New York Mellon Wealth Management, didn’t want to retain Epstein after his conviction. Other internal documents call him “known child sleaze” and say that “no one on today’s call was in favor of having retained \[Epstein\] as a client.” The bank’s head of enforcement investigated “whether or not Jeffrey Epstein was continuing to be involved in criminal activity, namely human trafficking,” and told top executives — including Staley (former CEO of JPMorgan Chase’s powerful wealth-management arm), Mary Erdoes (his successor), and Keating — that “this is not an honorable person in any way. He should not be a client.”
-
-It looks as though the settlement is a way for the bank to stem an avalanche of otherwise bad news. Also on Monday, Manhattan federal judge Jed Rakoff certified the class status of the Jane Does, meaning they can proceed with their class-action lawsuit on behalf of dozens, if not more than 100, victims. Jamie Dimon, JPMorgan Chase’s long-time CEO, was just deposed in May. Related litigation pitted Staley against the bank, and he [reportedly](https://www.wsj.com/articles/jamie-dimon-says-he-never-discussed-jeffrey-epsteins-accounts-at-jpmorgan-jes-staley-says-dimon-did-b11f0da5?mod=hp_lead_pos1) claims he had conversations with Dimon about keeping Epstein on as a client. (The bank [denies](https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/31/jpmorgan-dimon-epstein-staley.html) this). A filing made by the Jane Does late on Friday accused JPMorgan of “producing documents at an inexplicably slow rate,” which had apparently stunted some of the fact-finding during the deposition process, and sought to reopen it.
-
-For now, details of the settlement are private. (Bloomberg reported it would be as high as [$290 million](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-12/jpmorgan-set-to-pay-290-million-to-settle-epstein-victims-suit?srnd=premium). Ultimately, it has to be approved by the court). Still, for the victims, this is a giant amount of money. Just last month, Deutsche Bank settled with them for $75 million, and the JPMorgan deal was probably significantly higher since Epstein had been a Chase client for more than 15 years. “The settlements that have been reached are both life changing and historic for the survivors,” said Sigrid McCawley, co-counsel for the victims. David Boies, another co-counsel for the victims, paraphrased a line from the 1973 comedy *The Sting*: “I feel like Johnny Hooker — [it’s not enough, but it’s close](https://youtu.be/EmDQiL3UNj4?t=139).”
-
-As with everything related to Epstein, the public interest is huge. There is still a void in our understanding of how he was able to coerce, rape, and traffic so many underage girls for so long and with such impunity. Often, settlements signal the endpoint of the public’s understanding of an alleged crime, an agreement to end discovery, subpoenas, depositions, and all other manners of fact-finding. In this case, though, it’s unlikely to be the end of what we know. The settlement has no effect on the U.S. Virgin Islands case, and a spokesman for the Attorney General there said the office “will continue to proceed with its enforcement action to ensure full accountability for JPMorgan’s violations of law and prevent the bank from assisting and profiting from human trafficking in the future.” Nor does it stop the civil litigation between the bank and Staley, who had courted and befriended Epstein. Staley denies doing anything wrong, but the paper trail between them isn’t typical banker talk. “That was fun. Say hi to Snow White,” Staley once emailed to Epstein in 2010. The banker visited Epstein’s island, went to visit him in London, and was apparently a close friend. Epstein lobbied for Staley to become CEO of Barclays, one of the U.K.’s biggest banks. (His relationship with Epstein is why Staley was ultimately ousted from the bank in 2021, and Barclays is now considering [clawing back](https://www.reuters.com/business/barclays-calls-allegations-against-former-ceo-staley-serious-new-2023-03-27/) some compensation as more information has come to light).
-
-When JPMorgan announced its settlement, the bank acknowledged its regrets in dealing with Epstein but stopped just shy of admitting responsibility. “We all now understand that Epstein’s behavior was monstrous, and we believe this settlement is in the best interest of all parties, especially the survivors, who suffered unimaginable abuse at the hands of this man,” a JPMorgan spokeswoman said in a statement. “Any association with him was a mistake, and we regret it. We would never have continued to do business with him if we believed he was using our bank in any way to help commit heinous crimes.” The evidence released in other cases throws that last statement into question. Whether the bank will admit responsibility further down the line remains to be seen.
-
-Why JPMorgan Chase Settled With Epstein’s Victims
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-# The Defiance of Salman Rushdie
-
-When [Salman Rushdie](https://www.newyorker.com/tag/salman-rushdie) turned seventy-five, last summer, he had every reason to believe that he had outlasted the threat of assassination. A long time ago, on Valentine’s Day, 1989, Iran’s Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, declared Rushdie’s novel “The Satanic Verses” blasphemous and issued a fatwa ordering the execution of its author and “all those involved in its publication.” Rushdie, a resident of London, spent the next decade [in a fugitive existence](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/09/17/the-disappeared), under constant police protection. But after settling in New York, in 2000, he lived freely, insistently unguarded. He refused to be terrorized.
-
-There were times, though, when the lingering threat made itself apparent, and not merely on the lunatic reaches of the Internet. In 2012, during the annual autumn gathering of world leaders at the United Nations, I joined a small meeting of reporters with Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the President of Iran, and I asked him if the multimillion-dollar bounty that an Iranian foundation had placed on Rushdie’s head had been rescinded. Ahmadinejad smiled with a glint of malice. “Salman Rushdie, where is he now?” he said. “There is no news of him. Is he in the United States? If he is in the U.S., you shouldn’t broadcast that, for his own safety.”
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-Within a year, Ahmadinejad was out of office and out of favor with the mullahs. Rushdie went on living as a free man. The years passed. He wrote book after book, taught, lectured, travelled, met with readers, married, divorced, and became a fixture in the city that was his adopted home. If he ever felt the need for some vestige of anonymity, he wore a baseball cap.
-
-Recalling his first few months in New York, Rushdie told me, “People were scared to be around me. I thought, The only way I can stop that is to behave as if I’m not scared. I have to show them there’s nothing to be scared about.” One night, he went out to dinner with Andrew Wylie, his agent and friend, at Nick & Toni’s, an extravagantly conspicuous restaurant in East Hampton. The painter Eric Fischl stopped by their table and said, “Shouldn’t we all be afraid and leave the restaurant?”
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-“Well, I’m having dinner,” Rushdie replied. “You can do what you like.”
-
-Fischl hadn’t meant to offend, but sometimes there was a tone of derision in press accounts of Rushdie’s “indefatigable presence on the New York night-life scene,” as Laura M. Holson put it in the *Times*. Some people thought he should have adopted a more austere posture toward his predicament. Would Solzhenitsyn have gone onstage with Bono or danced the night away at Moomba?
-
-Listen: Salman Rushdie speaks with David Remnick on The New Yorker Radio Hour.
-
-For Rushdie, keeping a low profile would be capitulation. He was a social being and would live as he pleased. He even tried to render the fatwa ridiculous. Six years ago, he played himself in an episode of “Curb Your Enthusiasm” in which Larry David provokes threats from Iran for mocking the Ayatollah while promoting his upcoming production “Fatwa! The Musical.” David is terrified, but Rushdie’s character assures him that life under an edict of execution, though it can be “scary,” also makes a man alluring to women. “It’s not exactly you, it’s the fatwa wrapped around you, like sexy pixie dust!” he says.
-
-With every public gesture, it appeared, Rushdie was determined to show that he would not merely survive but flourish, at his desk and on the town. “There was no such thing as absolute security,” he wrote in his third-person memoir, “[Joseph Anton](https://www.amazon.com/Joseph-Anton-Memoir-Salman-Rushdie/dp/0812982606/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3NJZLAB9MP5PN&keywords=joseph+anton&qid=1675699553&s=books&sprefix=joseph+anton%2Cstripbooks%2C138&sr=1-1),” published in 2012. “There were only varying degrees of insecurity. He would have to learn to live with that.” He well understood that his demise would not require the coördinated efforts of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps or Hezbollah; a cracked loner could easily do the job. “But I had come to feel that it was a very long time ago, and that the world moves on,” he told me.
-
-In September, 2021, Rushdie married the poet and novelist Rachel Eliza Griffiths, whom he’d met six years earlier, at a *PEN* event. It was his fifth marriage, and a happy one. They spent the pandemic together productively. By last July, Rushdie had made his final corrections on a new novel, titled “[Victory City](https://www.amazon.com/Victory-City-Novel-Salman-Rushdie/dp/0593243390/ref=sr_1_1?crid=24WPTND8HE2X1&keywords=Victory+City&qid=1675699589&s=books&sprefix=victory+city%2Cstripbooks%2C124&sr=1-1).”
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-One of the sparks for the novel was a trip decades ago to the town of Hampi, in South India, the site of the ruins of the medieval Vijayanagara empire. “Victory City,” which is presented as a recovered medieval Sanskrit epic, is the story of a young girl named Pampa Kampana, who, after witnessing the death of her mother, acquires divine powers and conjures into existence a glorious metropolis called Bisnaga, in which women resist patriarchal rule and religious tolerance prevails, at least for a while. The novel, firmly in the tradition of the wonder tale, draws on Rushdie’s readings in Hindu mythology and in the history of South Asia.
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-“The first kings of Vijayanagara announced, quite seriously, that they were descended from the moon,” Rushdie said. “So when these kings, Harihara and Bukka, announce that they’re members of the lunar dynasty, they’re basically associating themselves with those great heroes. It’s like saying, ‘I’ve descended from the same family as Achilles.’ Or Agamemnon. And so I thought, Well, if you could say that, I can say anything.”
-
-Above all, the book is buoyed by the character of Pampa Kampana, who, Rushdie says, “just showed up in my head” and gave him his story, his sense of direction. The pleasure for Rushdie in writing the novel was in “world building” and, at the same time, writing about a character building that world: “It’s me doing it, but it’s also her doing it.” The pleasure is infectious. “Victory City” is an immensely enjoyable novel. It is also an affirmation. At the end, with the great city in ruins, what is left is not the storyteller but her words:
-
-> *I, Pampa Kampana, am the author of this book.  
-> I have lived to see an empire rise and fall.  
-> How are they remembered now, these kings, these queens?  
-> They exist now only in words . . .  
-> I myself am nothing now. All that remains is this city of words.  
-> Words are the only victors.*
-
-It is hard not to read this as a credo of sorts. Over the years, Rushdie’s friends have marvelled at his ability to write amid the fury unleashed on him. [Martin Amis](https://www.newyorker.com/tag/martin-amis) has said that, if he were in his shoes, “I would, by now, be a tearful and tranquilized three-hundred-pounder, with no eyelashes or nostril hairs.” And yet “Victory City” is Rushdie’s sixteenth book since the fatwa.
-
-He was pleased with the finished manuscript and was getting encouragement from friends who had read it. (“I think ‘Victory City’ will be one of his books that will last,” the novelist Hari Kunzru told me.) During the pandemic, Rushdie had also completed a play about Helen of Troy, and he was already toying with an idea for another novel. He’d reread Thomas Mann’s “[The Magic Mountain](https://www.amazon.com/Magic-Mountain-Everymans-Library/dp/1400044219/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1675699775&sr=1-1)” and Franz Kafka’s “[The Castle](https://www.amazon.com/Castle-Franz-Kafka/dp/0805211063/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1732FC5ADBAT1&keywords=The+Castle+kafka&qid=1675699800&s=books&sprefix=the+castle+kafk%2Cstripbooks%2C88&sr=1-1),” novels that deploy a naturalistic language to evoke strange, hermetic worlds—an alpine sanatorium, a remote provincial bureaucracy. Rushdie thought about using a similar approach to create a peculiar imaginary college as his setting. He started keeping notes. In the meantime, he looked forward to a peaceful summer and, come winter, a publicity tour to promote “Victory City.”
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27204)
-
-“We bought the place sight unseen and then were informed it came with at least nine endangered species.”
-
-Cartoon by Edward Koren
-
-On August 11th, Rushdie arrived for a speaking engagement at the Chautauqua Institution, situated on an idyllic property bordering a lake in southwestern New York State. There, for nine weeks every summer, a prosperous crowd intent on self-improvement and fresh air comes to attend lectures, courses, screenings, performances, and readings. Chautauqua has been a going concern since 1874. Franklin Roosevelt delivered his “I hate war” speech there, in 1936. Over the years, Rushdie has occasionally suffered from nightmares, and a couple of nights before the trip he dreamed of someone, “like a gladiator,” attacking him with “a sharp object.” But no midnight portent was going to keep him home. Chautauqua was a wholesome venue, with cookouts, magic shows, and Sunday school. One donor described it to me as “the safest place on earth.”
-
-Rushdie had agreed to appear onstage with his friend Henry Reese. Eighteen years ago, Rushdie helped Reese raise funds to create City of Asylum, a program in Pittsburgh that supports authors who have been driven into exile. On the morning of August 12th, Rushdie had breakfast with Reese and some donors on the porch of the Athenaeum Hotel, a Victorian pile near the lake. At the table, he told jokes and stories, admitting that he sometimes ordered books from Amazon even if he felt a little guilty about it. With mock pride, he bragged about his speed as a signer of books, though he had to concede that Amy Tan was quicker: “But she has an advantage, because her name is so short.”
-
-A crowd of more than a thousand was gathering at the amphitheatre. It was shorts-and-polo-shirt weather, sunny and clear. On the way into the venue, Reese introduced Rushdie to his ninety-three-year-old mother, and then they headed for the greenroom to spend time organizing their talk. The plan was to discuss the cultural hybridity of the imagination in contemporary literature, show some slides and describe City of Asylum, and, finally, open things up for questions.
-
-At 10:45 *A.M.*, Rushdie and Reese took their places onstage, settling into yellow armchairs. Off to the side, Sony Ton-Aime, a poet and the director of the literary-arts program at Chautauqua, stepped to a lectern to introduce the talk. At 10:47, there was a commotion. A young man ran down the aisle and climbed onto the stage. He was dressed all in black and armed with a knife.
-
-Rushdie grew up in Bombay in a hillside villa with a view of the Arabian Sea. The family was Muslim, but secular. They were wealthy, though less so over time. Salman’s father, Anis Ahmed Rushdie, was a textile manufacturer who, according to his son, had the business acumen of a “four-year-old child.” But, for all his flaws, Rushdie’s father read to him from the “great wonder tales of the East,” including the stories of Scheherazade in the “Thousand and One Nights,” the Sanskrit animal fables of the Panchatantra, and the exploits of Amir Hamza, an uncle of the Prophet Muhammad. Salman became obsessed with stories; they were his most valued inheritance. He spent countless hours at his local bookstore, Reader’s Paradise. In time, he devoured the two vast Sanskrit epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata; the Greek and Roman myths; and the adventures of Bertie Wooster and Jeeves.
-
-Nothing was sacred to young Rushdie, not even the stories with religious origins, but on some level he believed them all. He was particularly enraptured by the polytheistic storytelling traditions in which the gods behave badly, weirdly, hilariously. He was taken by a Hindu tale, the Samudra Manthan, in which gods and demons churn the Milky Way so that the stars release *amrita*, the nectar of immortality. He would look up at the night sky and imagine the nectar falling toward him. “Maybe if I opened my mouth,” he said to himself, “a drop might fall in and then I would be immortal, too.”
-
-Later, Rushdie learned from the oral traditions as well. On a trip to Kerala, in South India, he listened to professional storytellers spin tales at outdoor gatherings where large crowds paid a few rupees and sat on the ground to listen for hours. What especially interested Rushdie was the style of these fabulists: circuitous, digressive, improvisational. “They’ve got three or four narrative balls in the air at any given moment, and they just juggle them,” he said. That, too, fed his imagination and, eventually, his sense of the novel’s possibilities.
-
-At the age of thirteen, Rushdie was sent off to Rugby, a centuries-old British boarding school. There were three mistakes a boarder could make in those days, as he came to see it: be foreign, be clever, and be bad at games. He was all three. He was decidedly happier as a university student. At King’s College, Cambridge, he met several times with E. M. Forster, the author of “[Howards End](https://www.amazon.com/Howards-End-Warbler-Classics-Annotated/dp/1954525893/ref=sr_1_5?crid=KAP1JSIOS9WB&keywords=E.+M.+Forster+howards+end&qid=1675700299&s=books&sprefix=e.+m.+forster+howards+end%2Cstripbooks%2C94&sr=1-5)” and “[A Passage to India](https://www.amazon.com/Passage-India-Warbler-Classics-Annotated/dp/1954525915/ref=sr_1_3?crid=1NL2XMZSC91QU&keywords=A+Passage+to+India&qid=1675700323&s=books&sprefix=a+passage+to+india%2Cstripbooks%2C75&sr=1-3).” “He was very encouraging when he heard that I wanted to be a writer,” Rushdie told me. “And he said something which I treasured, which is that he felt that the great novel of India would be written by somebody from India with a Western education.
-
-“I hugely admire ‘A Passage to India,’ because it was an anti-colonial book at a time when it was not at all fashionable to be anti-colonial,” he went on. “What I kind of rebelled against was Forsterian English, which is very cool and meticulous. I thought, If there’s one thing that India is not, it’s not cool. It’s hot and noisy and crowded and excessive. How do you find a language that’s like that?”
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-As an undergraduate, Rushdie studied history, taking particular interest in the history of India, the United States, and Islam. Along the way, he read about the “Satanic verses,” an episode in which the Prophet Muhammad (“one of the great geniuses of world history,” Rushdie wrote years later) is said to have been deceived by Satan and made a proclamation venerating three goddesses; he soon reversed himself after the Archangel Gabriel revealed this deception, and the verses were expunged from the sacred record. The story raised many questions. The verses about the three goddesses had, it was said, initially been popular in Mecca, so why were they discredited? Was it to do with their subjects being female? Had Muhammad somehow flirted with polytheism, making the “revelation” false and satanic? “I thought, Good story,” Rushdie said. “I found out later how good.” He filed it away for later use.
-
-After graduating from Cambridge, Rushdie moved to London and set to work as a writer. He wrote novels and stories, along with glowing reviews of his future work which, as he later noted, “offered a fleeting, onanistic comfort, usually followed by a pang of shame.” There was a great deal of typing, finishing, and then stashing away the results. One novel, “The Antagonist,” was heavily influenced by Thomas Pynchon and featured a secondary character named Saleem Sinai, who was born at midnight August 14-15, 1947, the moment of Indian independence. (More for the file.) Another misfire, “Madame Rama,” took aim at Indira Gandhi, who had imposed emergency rule in India. “[Grimus](https://www.amazon.com/Grimus-Novel-Modern-Library-Paperbacks/dp/0812969995/ref=sr_1_1?crid=ARWH8KK71LG3&keywords=Grimus&qid=1675700407&s=books&sprefix=grims%2Cstripbooks%2C96&sr=1-1)” (1975), Rushdie’s first published novel, was a sci-fi fantasy based on a twelfth-century Sufi narrative poem called “The Conference of the Birds.” It attracted a few admirers, Ursula K. Le Guin among them, but had tepid reviews and paltry sales.
-
-To underwrite this ever-lengthening apprenticeship, Rushdie, like [F. Scott Fitzgerald](https://www.newyorker.com/tag/f-scott-fitzgerald), Joseph Heller, and Don DeLillo, worked in advertising, notably at the firm Ogilvy & Mather. He wrote copy extolling the virtues of the *Daily Mirror*, Scotch Magic Tape, and Aero chocolate bars. He found the work easy. He has always been partial to puns, alliteration, limericks, wordplay of all kinds. In fact, as he approached his thirtieth birthday, his best-known achievement in letters was his campaign on behalf of Aero, “the bubbliest milk chocolate you can buy.” He indelibly described the aerated candy bar as “Adorabubble,” “Delectabubble,” “Irresistabubble,” and, when placed in store windows, “Availabubble here.”
-
-But advertising was hardly his life’s ambition, and Rushdie now embarked on an “all or nothing” project. He went to India for an extended trip, a reimmersion in the subcontinent, with endless bus rides and countless conversations. It revived something in him; as he put it, “a world came flooding back.” Here was the hot and noisy Bombay English that he’d been looking for. In 1981, when Rushdie was thirty-three, he published “[Midnight’s Children](https://www.amazon.com/Midnights-Children-Modern-Library-Novels/dp/0812976533/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3TMKBP3RW60GG&keywords=Midnight%E2%80%99s+Children&qid=1675700639&s=books&sprefix=midnights+children%2Cstripbooks%2C137&sr=1-1),” an autobiographical-national epic of Bombay and the rise of post-colonial India. The opening of the novel is a remarkable instance of a unique voice announcing itself:
-
-> I was born in the city of Bombay . . . once upon a time. No, that won’t do, there’s no getting away from the date: I was born in Doctor Narlikar’s Nursing Home on August 15th, 1947. And the time? The time matters, too. Well then: at night. No, it’s important to be more . . . On the stroke of midnight, as a matter of fact. Clockhands joined palms in respectful greeting as I came. Oh, spell it out, spell it out: at the precise instant of India’s arrival at independence, I tumbled forth into the world. There were gasps. And, outside the window, fireworks and crowds. . . . I, Saleem Sinai, later variously called Snotnose, Stainface, Baldy, Sniffer, Buddha and even Piece-of-the-Moon, had become heavily embroiled in Fate.
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-Perhaps the most distinct echo is from Saul Bellow’s “[The Adventures of Augie March](https://www.amazon.com/Adventures-Augie-March-Penguin-Classics/dp/0143039571/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2L8PC5JBUUBD9&keywords=The+Adventures+of+Augie+March&qid=1675700663&s=books&sprefix=the+adventures+of+augie+march%2Cstripbooks%2C95&sr=1-1)”: “I am an American, Chicago born—Chicago, that somber city—and go at things as I have taught myself, freestyle, and will make the record in my own way. . . .” When Rushdie shifted from the third-person narrator of his earlier drafts to the first-person address of the protagonist, Saleem Sinai, the novel took off. Rushdie was suddenly back “in the world that made me.” Forster had been onto something. In an English of his own devising, Rushdie had written a great Indian novel, a prismatic work with all the noise, abundance, multilingual complexity, wit, and, ultimately, political disappointment of the country he set out to describe. As he told me, “Bombay is a city built very largely on reclaimed land—reclaimed from the sea. And I thought of the book as being kind of an act of reclamation.”
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-“Midnight’s Children” is a novel of overwhelming muchness, of magic and mythologies. Saleem learns that a thousand other children were born at the same moment as he was, and that these thousand and one storytellers make up a vast subcontinental Scheherazade. Saleem is telepathically attuned to the cacophony of an infinitely varied post-colonial nation, with all its fissures and conflicts. “I was a radio receiver and could turn the volume down or up,” he tells us. “I could select individual voices; I could even, by an effort of will, switch off my newly discovered ear.”
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-The novel was quickly recognized as a classic. “We have an epic in our laps,” John Leonard wrote in the *Times*. “The obvious comparisons are to Günter Grass in ‘The Tin Drum’ and to Gabriel Garcia Márquez in ‘One Hundred Years of Solitude.’ I am happy to oblige the obvious.” “Midnight’s Children” won the Booker Prize in 1981, and, many years later, “the Booker of Bookers,” the best of the best. One of the few middling reviews Rushdie received was from his father. His reading of the novel was, at best, dismissive; he could not have been pleased by the depiction of the protagonist’s father, who, like him, had a drinking problem. “When you have a baby on your lap, sometimes it wets you, but you forgive it,” he told Rushdie. It was only years later, when he was dying, that he came clean: “I was angry because every word you wrote was true.”
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-Shortly after the publication of “Midnight’s Children,” Bill Buford, an American who had reinvented the literary quarterly *Granta* while studying at Cambridge, invited Rushdie to give a reading at a space above a hairdresser’s. “I didn’t know who was going to show up,” Rushdie recalled. “The room was packed, absolutely bursting at the seams, and a large percentage were Indian readers. I was unbelievably moved. A rather well-dressed middle-aged lady in a fancy sari stood up at the end of the reading, in this sort of Q. & A. bit, and she said, ‘I want to thank you, Mr. Rushdie, because you have told *my* story.’ It still almost makes me cry.”
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-“Midnight’s Children” and its equally extravagant successor, “[Shame](https://www.amazon.com/Shame-Novel-Salman-Rushdie/dp/0812976703/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2OZ21IT4LMQCG&keywords=shame+rushdie&qid=1675700709&s=books&sprefix=shame+rushdie%2Cstripbooks%2C83&sr=1-1),” which is set in a country that is “not quite” Pakistan, managed to infuriate the leaders of India and Pakistan—Indira Gandhi sued Rushdie and his publisher, Jonathan Cape, for defamation; “Shame” was banned in Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq’s Pakistan—but politics was hardly the only reason that his example was so liberating. Rushdie takes from Milan Kundera the idea that the history of the modern novel came from two distinct eighteenth-century streams, the realism of Samuel Richardson’s “Clarissa” and the strangeness and irrealism of Laurence Sterne’s “Tristram Shandy”; Rushdie gravitated to the latter, more fantastical, less populated tradition. His youthful readings had been followed by later excursions into [Franz Kafka](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/01/16/the-diaries-of-franz-kafka-party-animal), James Joyce, Italo Calvino, Isaac Bashevis Singer, and Mikhail Bulgakov, all of whom drew on folktales, allegory, and local mythologies to produce their “antic, ludic, comic, eccentric” texts.
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-In turn, younger writers found inspiration in “Midnight’s Children,” especially those who came from backgrounds shaped by colonialism and migration. One such was Zadie Smith, who published her first novel, “[White Teeth](https://www.amazon.com/White-Teeth-Novel-Zadie-Smith/dp/0375703861/ref=sr_1_1?crid=11PQWOUQSO48M&keywords=White+Teeth&qid=1675700861&s=books&sprefix=white+teeth%2Cstripbooks%2C110&sr=1-1),” in 2000, when she was twenty-four. “By the time I came of age, it was already canonical,” Smith told me. “If I’m honest, I was a bit resistant to it as a monument—it felt very intimidating. But then, aged about eighteen, I finally read it, and I think the first twenty pages had as much influence on me as any book could. Bottled energy! That’s the best way I can put it. And I recognized the energy. ‘The empire writes back’ is what we used to say of Rushdie, and I was also a distant child of that empire, and had grown up around people with Rushdie-level energy and storytelling prowess. . . . I hate that cliché of ‘He kicked open the door so we could walk through it,’ but in Salman’s case it’s the truth.”
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-At the time, Rushdie had no idea that he would exert such an influence. “I was just thinking, I hope a few people read this weird book,” he said. “This book with almost no white people in it and written in such strange English.”
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-I first met Rushdie, fleetingly, in New York, at a 1986 convocation of *PEN* International. I was reporting on the gathering for the Washington *Post* and Rushdie was possibly the youngest luminary in a vast assemblage of writers from forty-five countries. Like a rookie at the all-star game, Rushdie enjoyed watching the veterans do their thing: Günter Grass throwing Teutonic thunderbolts at Saul Bellow; E. L. Doctorow lashing out at [Norman Mailer](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/12/26/the-making-of-norman-mailer), the president of *PEN* American Center, for inviting George Shultz, Ronald Reagan’s Secretary of State, to speak; Grace Paley hurling high heat at Mailer for his failure to invite more women. One afternoon, Rushdie was outside on Central Park South, taking a break from the conference, when he ran into a photographer from *Time*, who asked him to hop into a horse carriage for a picture. Rushdie found himself sitting beside Czesław Miłosz and Susan Sontag. For once, Rushdie said, he was “tongue-tied.”
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-But the *PEN* convention was a diversion, as was a side project called “The Jaguar Smile,” a piece of reporting on the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua. Rushdie was wrestling with the manuscript of “The Satanic Verses.” The prose was no less vibrant and hallucinatory than that of “Midnight’s Children” or “Shame,” but the tale was mainly set in London. “There was a point in my life when I could have written a version of ‘Midnight’s Children’ every few years,” he said. “It would’ve sold, you know. But I always want to find a thing to do that I haven’t done.”
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-“[The Satanic Verses](https://www.amazon.com/Satanic-Verses-Novel-Salman-Rushdie-ebook/dp/B004KABDMA/ref=sr_1_1?crid=6VHJFHJKPER0&keywords=The+Satanic+Verses&qid=1675700916&s=books&sprefix=the+satanic+verses%2Cstripbooks%2C104&sr=1-1)” was published in September, 1988. Rushdie knew that, just as he had angered Indira Gandhi and General Zia-ul-Haq, he might offend some Muslim clerics with his treatment of Islamic history and various religious tropes. The Prophet is portrayed as imperfect yet earnest, courageous in the face of persecution. In any case, the novel is hardly dominated by religion. It is in large measure about identity in the modern world of migration. Rushdie thought of “The Satanic Verses” as a “love-song to our mongrel selves,” a celebration of “hybridity, impurity, intermingling, the transformation that comes of new and unexpected combinations of human beings, cultures, ideas, politics, movies, songs.” In a tone more comic than polemical, it was at once a social novel, a novel of British Asians, and a phantasmagorical retelling of the grand narrative of Islam.
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-If there was going to be a fuss, Rushdie figured, it would pass soon enough. “It would be absurd to think that a book can cause riots,” he told the Indian reporter Shrabani Basu before publication. Three years earlier, some British and American Muslims had protested peacefully against “My Beautiful Laundrette,” with its irreverent screenplay by the British Pakistani writer Hanif Kureishi, but that ran its course quickly. What’s more, in an era of racist “Paki-bashing,” Rushdie was admired in London for speaking out about bigotry. In 1982, in a broadcast on Channel 4, he said, “British thought, British society, has never been cleansed of the filth of imperialism. It’s still there, breeding lice and vermin, waiting for unscrupulous people to exploit it for their own ends.”
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-In India, though, ahead of a national election, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi’s government banned “The Satanic Verses.” It was not immediately clear that the censorious fury would spread. In the U.K., the novel made the shortlist for the Booker Prize. (The winner was Peter Carey’s “[Oscar and Lucinda](https://www.amazon.com/Oscar-Lucinda-tie-Vintage-International-ebook/dp/B004KABELU/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2IJ2F8SCFGE9W&keywords=Oscar+and+Lucinda&qid=1675700956&s=books&sprefix=oscar+and+lucinda%2Cstripbooks%2C97&sr=1-1).”) “The Satanic Verses” was even reviewed in the Iranian press. Attempts by religious authorities in Saudi Arabia to arouse anger about the book and have it banned throughout the world had at first only limited success, even in Arab countries. But soon the dam gave way. There were deadly riots in Kashmir and Islamabad; marches and book burnings in Bolton, Bradford, London, and Oldham; bomb threats against the publisher, Viking Penguin, in New York.
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-In Tehran, Ayatollah Khomeini was ailing and in crisis. After eight years of war with Iraq and hundreds of thousands of casualties, he had been forced to drink from the “poisoned chalice,” as he put it, and accept a ceasefire with Saddam Hussein. The popularity of the revolutionary regime had declined. Khomeini’s son admitted that his father [never read “The Satanic Verses,”](https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/ayatollah-khomeini-never-read-salman-rushdies-book) but the mullahs around him saw an opportunity to reassert the Ayatollah’s authority at home and to expand it abroad, even beyond the reach of his Shia followers. Khomeini issued the fatwa calling for Rushdie’s execution. As Kenan Malik writes in “[From Fatwa to Jihad](https://www.amazon.com/Fatwa-Jihad-Rushdie-Affair-Aftermath/dp/193555400X/ref=sr_1_1?crid=15195X2J06HL2&keywords=From+Fatwa+to+Jihad&qid=1675701427&s=books&sprefix=from+fatwa+to+jihad%2Cstripbooks%2C94&sr=1-1),” the edict “was a sign of weakness rather than of strength,” a matter more of politics than of theology.
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-A reporter from the BBC called Rushdie at home and said, “How does it feel to know that you have just been sentenced to death by the Ayatollah Khomeini?”
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-Rushdie thought, *I’m a dead man. That’s it. One day. Two days.* For the rest of his life, he would no longer be merely a storyteller; he would be a story, a controversy, an affair.
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-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a23829)
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-“Is it too matchy-matchy?”
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-Cartoon by Sofia Warren
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-After speaking with a few more reporters, Rushdie went to a memorial service for his close friend Bruce Chatwin. Many of his friends were there. Some expressed concern, others tried consolation via wisecrack. “Next week we’ll be back here for you!” Paul Theroux said. In those early days, Theroux recalled in a letter to Rushdie, he thought the fatwa was “a very bad joke, a bit like Papa Doc Duvalier putting a voodoo curse on Graham Greene for writing ‘The Comedians.’ ” After the service, Martin Amis picked up a newspaper that carried the headline “*EXECUTE RUSHDIE ORDERS THE AYATOLLAH*.” Rushdie, Amis thought, had now “vanished into the front page.”
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-For the next decade, Rushdie lived underground, guarded by officers of the Special Branch, a unit of London’s Metropolitan Police. The headlines and the threats were unceasing. People behaved well. People behaved disgracefully. There were friends of great constancy—Buford, Amis, James Fenton, Ian McEwan, Nigella Lawson, Christopher Hitchens, many more—and yet some regarded the fatwa as a problem Rushdie had brought on himself. Prince Charles made his antipathy clear at a dinner party that Amis attended: What should you expect if you insult people’s deepest convictions? John le Carré instructed Rushdie to withdraw his book “until a calmer time has come.” Roald Dahl branded him a “dangerous opportunist” who “knew exactly what he was doing and cannot plead otherwise.” The singer-songwriter Cat Stevens, who had a hit with “Peace Train” and converted to Islam, said, “The Quran makes it clear—if someone defames the Prophet, then he must die.” Germaine Greer, George Steiner, and Auberon Waugh all expressed their disapproval. So did Jimmy Carter, the British Foreign Secretary, and the Archbishop of Canterbury.
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-Among his detractors, an image hardened of a Rushdie who was dismissive of Muslim sensitivities and, above all, ungrateful for the expensive protection the government was providing him. The historian Hugh Trevor-Roper remarked, “I would not shed a tear if some British Muslims, deploring his manners, should waylay him in a dark street and seek to improve them. If that should cause him thereafter to control his pen, society would benefit, and literature would not suffer.”
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-The horror was that, thanks to Khomeini’s cruel edict, so many people did suffer. In separate incidents, Hitoshi Igarashi, the novel’s Japanese translator, and Ettore Capriolo, its Italian translator, were stabbed, Igarashi fatally; the book’s Norwegian publisher, William Nygaard, was fortunate to survive being shot multiple times. Bookshops from London to Berkeley were firebombed. Meanwhile, the Swedish Academy, the organization in Stockholm that awards the annual Nobel Prize in Literature, declined to issue a statement in support of Rushdie. This was a silence that went unbroken for decades.
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-Rushdie was in ten kinds of misery. His marriage to the novelist Marianne Wiggins fell apart. He was consumed by worry for the safety of his young son, Zafar. Initially, he maintained a language of bravado—“Frankly, I wish I had written a more critical book,” he told a reporter the day that the fatwa was announced—but he was living, he wrote, “in a waking nightmare.” “The Satanic Verses” was a sympathetic book about the plight of the deracinated, the very same young people he now saw on the evening news burning him in effigy. His antagonists were not merely offended; they insisted on a right not to be offended. As he told me, “This paradox is part of the story of my life.”
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-It was part of a still larger paradox. “The Satanic Verses” was published at a time when liberty was ascendant: by late 1989, the Berlin Wall had fallen; in the Soviet Union, the authority of the Communist Party was imploding. And yet the Rushdie affair prefigured other historical trends: struggles over multiculturalism and the boundaries of free speech; the rise of radical Islam and the reaction to it.
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-For some young writers, the work proved intensely generative. The playwright and novelist Ayad Akhtar, who is now the president of *PEN* America, grew up in a Muslim community in Milwaukee. He told me he remembers how friends and loved ones were gravely offended by “The Satanic Verses”; at the same time, the novel changed his life. “It was one of those experiences where I couldn’t believe what I was reading, both the beauty of it and, as a believing Muslim, I grappled with the shock of its extraordinary irreverence,” he said. “By the time I got to the end of that book, I was a different person. I suppose it was like being a young believing Irish Catholic in the twenties and encountering ‘A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.’ ”
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-Amid the convulsions of the late nineteen-eighties, though, the book was vilified by people who knew it only through caricature and vitriol. A novelist who had set out to write about the complexities of South Asians in London was now, in mosques around the city and around the world, described as a figure of traitorous evil. Rushdie, out of a desire to calm the waters, met with a group of local Muslim leaders and signed a declaration affirming his faith in Islam. It was, he reasoned, true in a way: although he did not believe in supernaturalism or the orthodoxies of the creed, he had regard for the culture and civilization of Islam. He now attested that he did not agree with any statement made by any character in the novel that cast aspersions on Islam or the Prophet Muhammad, and that he would suspend the publication of the paperback edition “while any risk of further offense exists.”
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-Ayatollah Khomeini had died by this time, and his successor, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, was unmoved. His response was that the fatwa would remain in place even if Rushdie “repents and becomes the most pious man of his time.” A newspaper in Tehran advised Rushdie to “prepare for death.”
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-He was humiliated. It had been a mistake, he decided, to try to appease those who wanted his head. He would not make it again. As he put it in “Joseph Anton”:
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-> He needed to understand that there were people who would never love him. No matter how carefully he explained his work or clarified his intentions in creating it, they would not love him. The unreasoning mind, driven by the doubt-free absolutes of faith, could not be convinced by reason. Those who had demonized him would never say, “Oh, look, he’s not a demon after all.” . . . He needed, now, to be clear of what he was fighting for. Freedom of speech, freedom of the imagination, freedom from fear, and the beautiful, ancient art of which he was privileged to be a practitioner. Also skepticism, irreverence, doubt, satire, comedy, and unholy glee. He would never again flinch from the defense of these things.
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-Since 1989, Rushdie has had to shut out not only the threats to his person but the constant dissections of his character, in the press and beyond. “There was a moment when there was a ‘me’ floating around that had been invented to show what a bad person I was,” he said. “ ‘Evil.’ ‘Arrogant.’ ‘Terrible writer.’ ‘Nobody would’ve read him if there hadn’t been an attack against his book.’ Et cetera. I’ve had to fight back against that false self. My mother used to say that her way of dealing with unhappiness was to forget it. She said, ‘Some people have a memory. I have a forget-ory.’ ”
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-Rushdie went on, “I just thought, There are various ways in which this event can destroy me as an artist.” He could refrain from writing altogether. He could write “revenge books” that would make him a creature of circumstances. Or he could write “scared books,” novels that “shy away from things, because you worry about how people will react to them.” But he didn’t want the fatwa to become a determining event in his literary trajectory: “If somebody arrives from another planet who has never heard of anything that happened to me, and just has the books on the shelf and reads them chronologically, I don’t think that alien would think, Something terrible happened to this writer in 1989. The books go on their own journey. And that was really an act of will.”
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-Some people in Rushdie’s circle and beyond are convinced that, in the intervening decades, self-censorship, a fear of giving offense, has too often become the order of the day. His friend Hanif Kureishi has said, “Nobody would have the balls today to write ‘The Satanic Verses,’ let alone publish it.”
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-At the height of the fatwa, Rushdie set out to make good on a promise to his son, Zafar, and complete a book of stories, tales that he told the boy in his bath. That book, which appeared in 1990, is “[Haroun and the Sea of Stories](https://www.amazon.com/Haroun-Sea-Stories-Salman-Rushdie/dp/0140157379/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Haroun+and+the+Sea+of+Stories&qid=1675701668&s=books&sr=1-1).” (Haroun is Zafar’s middle name.) It concerns a twelve-year-old boy’s attempt to restore his father’s gift for storytelling. “Luck has a way of running out without the slightest warning,” Rushdie writes, and so it has been with Rashid, the Shah of Blah, a storyteller. His wife leaves him; he loses his gift. When he opens his mouth, he can say only “Ark, ark, ark.” His nemesis is the Cultmaster, a tyrant from the land of Chup, who opposes “stories and fancies and dreams,” and imposes Silence Laws on his subjects; some of his devotees “work themselves up into great frenzies and sew their lips together with stout twine.” In the end, the son is a savior, and stories triumph over tyranny. “My father has definitely not given up,” Haroun concludes. “You can’t cut off his Story Water supply.” And so, in the midst of a nightmare, Rushdie wrote one of his most enjoyable books, and an allegory of the necessity and the resilience of art.
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-Among the stories Rushdie was determined to tell was the story of his life. This required a factual approach, and when he published that memoir, “Joseph Anton,” a decade ago, he intended to be self-scrutinizing, tougher on himself than on anybody else. That is not invariably the case. He is harsh about publishers who, while standing fully behind Rushdie and his novel, felt it necessary to make compromises along the way (notably, delaying paperback publication) to protect the lives of their staffs. Some of the passages about his second, third, and fourth wives—Marianne Wiggins, Elizabeth West, and Padma Lakshmi—are unkind, even vindictive. He is, in general, not known for restraint in his public utterances, and his responses to personal and literary chastisements are sometimes ill-tempered. In some ways, “Joseph Anton” reminded me of Solzhenitsyn’s memoir “The Oak and the Calf,” not because the two writers share similar personalities or politics but because both, while showing extraordinary courage, remain human, sometimes heroic and sometimes petulant.
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-At the end of “Joseph Anton”—the title is his fatwa-era code name, the first names of two favorite writers, Conrad and Chekhov—there is a movement into the light, a resolution. His “little battle,” he wrote in the final pages, “was coming to an end.” With a sense of joy, he embarks on a new novel:
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-> This in the end was who he was, a teller of tales, a creator of shapes, a maker of things that were not. It would be wise to withdraw from the world of commentary and polemic and rededicate himself to what he loved most, the art that had claimed his heart, mind and spirit ever since he was a young man, and to live again in the universe of once upon a time, of *kan ma kan*, it was so and it was not so, and to make the journey to the truth upon the waters of make-believe.
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-Rushdie moved to New York and tried to put the turmoil behind him.
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-On the night of August 11th, a twenty-four-year-old man named Hadi Matar slept under the stars on the grounds of the Chautauqua Institution. His parents, Hassan Matar and Silvana Fardos, came from Yaroun, Lebanon, a village just north of the Israeli border, and immigrated to California, where Hadi was born. In 2004, they divorced. Hassan Matar returned to Lebanon; Silvana Fardos, her son, and her twin daughters eventually moved to New Jersey. In recent years, the family has lived in a two-story house in Fairview, a suburb across the Hudson River from Manhattan.
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-In 2018, Matar went to Lebanon to visit his father. At least initially, the journey was not a success. “The first hour he gets there he called me, he wanted to come back,” Fardos told a reporter for the *Daily Mail*. “He stayed for approximately twenty-eight days, but the trip did not go well with his father, he felt very alone.”
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-When he returned to New Jersey, Matar became a more devout Muslim. He was also withdrawn and distant; he took to criticizing his mother for failing to provide a proper religious upbringing. “I was expecting him to come back motivated, to complete school, to get his degree and a job,” Fardos said. Instead, she said, Matar stashed himself away in the basement, where he stayed up all night, reading and playing video games, and slept during the day. He held a job at a nearby Marshall’s, the discount department store, but quit after a couple of months. Many weeks would go by without his saying a word to his mother or his sisters.
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-Matar did occasionally venture out of the house. He joined the State of Fitness Boxing Club, a gym in North Bergen, a couple of miles away, and took evening classes: jump rope, speed bag, heavy bag, sparring. He impressed no one with his skills. The owner, a firefighter named Desmond Boyle, takes pride in drawing out the people who come to his gym. He had no luck with Matar. “The only way to describe him was that every time you saw him it seemed like the worst day of his life,” Boyle told me. “There was always this look on him that his dog had just died, a look of sadness and dread every day. After he was here for a while, I tried to reach out to him, and he barely whispered back.” He kept his distance from everyone else in the class. As Boyle put it, Matar was “the definition of a lone wolf.” In early August, Matar sent an e-mail to the gym dropping his membership. On the header, next to his name, was the image of the current Supreme Leader of Iran.
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-Matar read about Rushdie’s upcoming event at Chautauqua on Twitter. On August 11th, he took a bus to Buffalo and then hired a Lyft to bring him to the grounds. He bought a ticket for Rushdie’s appearance and killed time. “I was hanging around pretty much,” he said in a brief interview in the New York *Post*. “Not doing anything in particular, just walking around.”
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-In Zadie Smith’s “White Teeth,” a radicalized young man named Millat joins a group called *KEVIN* (Keepers of the Eternal and Victorious Islamic Nation) and, along with some like-minded friends, heads for a demonstration against an offending novel and its author: “ ‘You read it?’ asked Ranil, as they whizzed past Finsbury Park. There was a general pause. Millat said, ‘I haven’t exackly read it exackly—but I know all about that shit, yeah?’ To be more precise, Millat hadn’t read it.” Neither had Matar. He had looked at only a couple of pages of “The Satanic Verses,” but he had watched videos of Rushdie on YouTube. “I don’t like him very much,” he told the *Post*. “He’s someone who attacked Islam, he attacked their beliefs, the belief systems.” He pronounced the author “disingenuous.”
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-Rushdie was accustomed to events like the one at Chautauqua. He had done countless readings, panels, and lectures, even revelled in them. His partner onstage, Henry Reese, had not. To settle his nerves, Reese took a deep breath and gazed out at the crowd. It was calming, all the friendly, expectant faces. Then there was noise—quick steps, a huffing and puffing, an exertion. Reese turned to the noise, to Rushdie. A black-clad man was all over the writer. At first, Reese said, “I thought it was a prank, some really bad-taste imitation attack, something like the Will Smith slap.” Then he saw blood on Rushdie’s neck, blood flecked on the backdrop with Chautauqua signage. “It then became clear there was a knife there, but at first it seemed like just hitting. For a second, I froze. Then I went after the guy. Instinctively. I ran over and tackled him at the back and held him by his legs.” Matar had stabbed Rushdie about a dozen times. Now he turned on Reese and stabbed him, too, opening a gash above his eye.
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-A doctor who had had breakfast with Rushdie that morning was sitting on the aisle in the second row. He got out of his seat, charged up the stairs, and headed for the melee. Later, the doctor, who asked me not to use his name, said he was sure that Reese, by tackling Matar, had helped save the writer’s life. A New York state trooper put Matar in handcuffs and led him off the stage.
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-Rushdie was on his back, still conscious, bleeding from stab wounds to the right side of his neck and face, his left hand, and his abdomen just under his rib cage. By now, a firefighter was at Rushdie’s side, along with four doctors—an anesthesiologist, a radiologist, an internist, and an obstetrician. Two of the doctors held Rushdie’s legs up to return blood flow to the body. The fireman had one hand on the right side of Rushdie’s neck to stanch the bleeding and another hand near his eye. The fireman told Rushdie, “Don’t blink your eye, we are trying to stop the bleeding. Keep it closed.” Rushdie was responsive. “O.K. I agree,” he said. “I understand.”
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-Rushdie’s left hand was bleeding badly. Using a pair of scissors, one of the doctors cut the sleeve off his jacket and tried to stanch the wound with a clean handkerchief. Within seconds, the handkerchief was saturated, the blood coming out “like holy hell,” the doctor recalled. Someone handed him a bunch of paper towels. “I squeezed the tissues as hard as I possibly could.”
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-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a26551)
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-“I’m going to exaggerate the size of the fish.”
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-Cartoon by Frank Cotham
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-“What’s going on with my left hand?” Rushdie said. “It hurts so much!” There was a spreading pool of blood near his left hip.
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-E.M.T.s arrived, hooked Rushdie up to an I.V., and eased him onto a stretcher. They wheeled him out of the amphitheatre and got him on a helicopter, which transferred him to a Level 2 trauma center, Hamot, part of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, in Erie, Pennsylvania.
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-Rushdie had travelled alone to Chautauqua. Back in New York, his wife, Rachel Eliza Griffiths, got a call at around midday telling her that her husband had been attacked and was in surgery. She raced to arrange a flight to Erie and get to the hospital. When she arrived, he was still in the operating room.
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-In Chautauqua, people walked around the grounds in a daze. As one of the doctors who had run onto the stage to help Rushdie told me, “Chautauqua was the one place where I felt completely at ease. For a second, it was like a dream. And then it wasn’t. It made no sense, then it made all the sense in the world.”
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-Rushdie was hospitalized for six weeks. In the months since his release, he has mostly stayed home save for trips to doctors, sometimes two or three a day. He’d lived without security for more than two decades. Now he’s had to rethink that.
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-Just before Christmas, on a cold and rainy morning, I arrived at the midtown office of Andrew Wylie, Rushdie’s literary agent, where we’d arranged to meet. After a while, I heard the door to the agency open. Rushdie, in an accent that bears traces of all his cities—Bombay, London, New York—was greeting agents and assistants, people he had not seen in many months. The sight of him making his way down the hall was startling: He has lost more than forty pounds since the stabbing. The right lens of his eyeglasses is blacked over. The attack left him blind in that eye, and he now usually reads with an iPad so that he can adjust the light and the size of the type. There is scar tissue on the right side of his face. He speaks as fluently as ever, but his lower lip droops on one side. The ulnar nerve in his left hand was badly damaged.
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-Rushdie took off his coat and settled into a chair across from his agent’s desk. I asked how his spirits were.
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-“Well, you know, I’ve been better,” he said dryly. “But, considering what happened, I’m not so bad. As you can see, the big injuries are healed, essentially. I have feeling in my thumb and index finger and in the bottom half of the palm. I’m doing a lot of hand therapy, and I’m told that I’m doing very well.”
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-“Can you type?”
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-“Not very well, because of the lack of feeling in the fingertips of these fingers.”
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-What about writing?
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-“I just write more slowly. But I’m getting there.”
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-Sleeping has not always been easy. “There have been nightmares—not exactly the incident, but just frightening. Those seem to be diminishing. I’m fine. I’m able to get up and walk around. When I say I’m fine, I mean, there’s bits of my body that need constant checkups. It was a colossal attack.”
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-More than once, Rushdie looked around the office and smiled. “It’s great to be back,” he said. “It’s someplace which is not a hospital, which is mostly where I’ve been to. And to be in this agency is—I’ve been coming here for decades, and it’s a very familiar space to me. And to be able to come here to talk about literature, talk about books, to talk about this novel, ‘Victory City,’ to be able to talk about the thing that most matters to me . . .”
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-At this meeting and in subsequent conversations, I sensed conflicting instincts in Rushdie when he replied to questions about his health: there was the instinct to move on—to talk about literary matters, his book, anything but the decades-long fatwa and now the attack—and the instinct to be absolutely frank. “There is such a thing as P.T.S.D., you know,” he said after a while. “I’ve found it very, very difficult to write. I sit down to write, and nothing happens. I write, but it’s a combination of blankness and junk, stuff that I write and that I delete the next day. I’m not out of that forest yet, really.”
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-He added, “I’ve simply never allowed myself to use the phrase ‘writer’s block.’ Everybody has a moment when there’s nothing in your head. And you think, Oh, well, there’s never going to be anything. One of the things about being seventy-five and having written twenty-one books is that you know that, if you keep at it, something will come.”
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-Had that happened in the past months?
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-Rushdie frowned. “Not really. I mean, I’ve tried, but not really.” He was only lately “just beginning to feel the return of the juices.”
-
-How to go on living after thinking you had emerged from years of threat, denunciation, and mortal danger? And now how to recover from an attack that came within millimetres of killing you, and try to live, somehow, as if it could never recur?
-
-He seemed grateful for a therapist he had seen since before the attack, a therapist “who has a lot of *work* to do. He knows me and he’s very helpful, and I just talk things through.”
-
-The talk was plainly in the service of a long-standing resolution. “I’ve always tried very hard not to adopt the role of a victim,” he said. “Then you’re just sitting there saying, Somebody stuck a knife in me! Poor me. . . . Which I do sometimes think.” He laughed. “It *hurts*. But what I don’t think is: That’s what I want people reading the book to think. I want them to be captured by the tale, to be carried away.”
-
-Many years ago, he recalled, there were people who seemed to grow tired of his persistent existence. “People didn’t like it. Because I should have died. Now that I’ve *almost* died, everybody loves me. . . . That was my mistake, back then. Not only did I live but I tried to live well. Bad mistake. Get fifteen stab wounds, much better.”
-
-As he lay in the hospital, Rushdie received countless texts and e-mails sending love, wishing for his recovery. “I was in utter shock,” Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, the Nigerian novelist, told me. “I just didn’t believe he was still in any real danger. For two days, I kept vigil, sending texts to friends all over the world, searching the Internet to make sure he was still alive.” There was a reading in his honor on the steps of the New York Public Library.
-
-For some writers, the shock brought certain issues into hard focus. “The attack on Salman clarified a lot of things for me,” Ayad Akhtar told me. “I know I have a much brighter line that I draw for myself between the potential harms of speech and the freedom of the imagination. They are incommensurate and shouldn’t be placed in the same paragraph.”
-
-Rushdie was stirred by the tributes that his near-death inspired. “It’s very nice that everybody was so moved by this, you know?” he said. “I had never thought about how people would react if I was assassinated, or almost assassinated.”
-
-And yet, he said, “I’m lucky. What I really want to say is that my main overwhelming feeling is gratitude.” He was grateful to those who showed their support. He was grateful to the doctors, the E.M.T. workers, and the fireman in Chautauqua who stanched his wounds, and he was grateful to the surgeons in Erie. “At some point, I’d like to go back up there and say thank you.” He was also grateful to his two grown sons, Zafar and Milan, who live in London, and to Griffiths. “She kind of took over at a point when I was helpless.” She dealt with the doctors, the police, and the investigators, and with transport from Pennsylvania to New York. “She just took over everything, as well as having the emotional burden of my almost being killed.”
-
-Did he think it had been a mistake to let his guard down since moving to New York? “Well, I’m asking myself that question, and I don’t know the answer to it,” he said. “I did have more than twenty years of life. So, is that a mistake? Also, I wrote a lot of books. ‘The Satanic Verses’ was my fifth published book—my fourth published novel—and this is my twenty-first. So, three-quarters of my life as a writer has happened since the fatwa. In a way, you can’t regret your life.”
-
-Whom does he blame for the attack?
-
-“I blame *him*,” he said.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27244)
-
-Cartoon by Tommy Siegel
-
-Anyone else? Was he let down by security at Chautauqua?
-
-“I’ve tried very hard over these years to avoid recrimination and bitterness,” he said. “I just think it’s not a good look. One of the ways I’ve dealt with this whole thing is to look forward and not backwards. What happens tomorrow is more important than what happened yesterday.”
-
-The publication of “Victory City,” he made plain, was his focus. He’s interested to see how the novel will be received. Will it be viewed through the prism of the stabbing? He recalled the “sympathy wave” that came with “The Satanic Verses,” how sales shot up with the fatwa. It happened again after he was stabbed nearly to death last summer.
-
-He is eager, always, to talk about the new novel’s grounding in Indian history and mythology, how the process of writing accelerated, just as it had with “Midnight’s Children,” once he found the voice of his main character; how the book can be read as an allegory about the abuse of power and the curse of sectarianism—the twin curses of India under its current Prime Minister, the Hindu supremacist [Narendra Modi](https://www.newyorker.com/tag/narendra-modi). But, once more, Rushdie knows, his new novel will have to compete for attention with the ugliness of real life. “I’m hoping that to some degree it might change the subject. I’ve always thought that my books are more interesting than my life,” he said. “Unfortunately, the world appears to disagree.”
-
-Hadi Matar is being held in the Chautauqua County Jail, in the village of Mayville. He’s been charged with attempted murder in the second degree, which could bring twenty-five years in prison; he’s also been charged with assault in the second degree, for the attack on Henry Reese, which could bring an additional seven. The trial is unlikely to take place until next year.
-
-“It’s a relatively simple event when you think about it,” Jason Schmidt, the Chautauqua County district attorney, told me. “We know this was a preplanned, unprovoked attack by an individual who had no prior interaction with the criminal-justice system.” The prosecutor’s job is no doubt made easier by the fact that there were hundreds of witnesses to the crime.
-
-Matar is being represented by Nathaniel Barone, a public defender. At a court hearing not long after the stabbing, Barone accompanied Matar, who wore handcuffs, a face mask, and prison garb with broad black and white stripes. Matar’s hair and beard were closely cropped. He said very little save for his plea of not guilty. Barone, wearing a suit and tie, stood by his client. He seems unillusioned. When I suggested that he had a near-impossible case, he did not dispute it: “Almost to a person they are saying, ‘What is this guy’s defense? Everyone saw him do it!’ ” Barone said he has hundreds of expert witnesses on file, and he will be consulting some of them on matters of psychology and radicalization. He also indicated that he might challenge the admissibility of Matar’s interview with the New York *Post*, saying (without supplying any evidence) that it was possibly obtained under false pretenses. (The *Post* said that its journalist had identified himself and that “Mr. Matar absolutely understood that he was speaking to a reporter.”)
-
-It is unknown if Matar was acting under anyone’s tutelage or instructions, but the Iranian state media has repeatedly expressed its approval of his attempt to kill Rushdie. Just last month, Hossein Salami, the head of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard, said Matar had acted “bravely” and warned that the staff of the French satirical magazine *Charlie Hebdo*, which had been attacked by Muslim extremists in 2015, should consider “the fate” of Rushdie if it continues to mock Ayatollah Khamenei.
-
-As for Matar’s mother and her remarks to the press about his behavior and their fraught relationship, Barone sighed and said, “Obviously, it’s always concerning when you see a description from the mother about your client which can be interpreted in a negative way.” He did not contest her remarks.
-
-Barone has met with Matar on his cellblock and has found him coöperative. “I’ve had absolutely no problems with Mr. Matar,” he said. “He has been cordial and respectful, openly discussing things with me. He is a very sincere young man. It would be like meeting any young man. There’s nothing that sets him apart.”
-
-Matar is in a “private area” of the cellblock. He spends much of his time reading the Quran and other material. “I’m getting to know him, but it’s not easy,” Barone said. “The reality of sitting in jail, incarcerated—it’s easy to have no hope. It’s easy to think things aren’t going to work out for you. But I tell clients you have to have hope.” He assured me that Matar “isn’t taking this lightly. Some people just don’t give a damn about things.”
-
-Does he show any remorse?
-
-Barone replied that he could not say “at this point.”
-
-Rushdie told me that he thought of Matar as an “idiot.” He paused and, aware that it wasn’t much of an observation, said, “I don’t know what I think of him, because I don’t know him.” One had a faint sense of a writer grappling with a character—and a human being grappling with a nemesis—who remains frustratingly vaporous. “All I’ve seen is his idiotic interview in the New York *Post*. Which only an idiot would do. I know that the trial is still a long way away. It might not happen until late next year. I guess I’ll find out some more about him then.”
-
-Rushdie has spent these past months healing. He’s watched his share of “crap television.” He couldn’t find anything or anyone to like in “The White Lotus” (“Awful!”) or [the Netflix documentary on Meghan and Harry](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/meghan-and-harrys-netflix-fairy-tale) (“The banality of it!”). The World Cup was an extended pleasure, though. He was thrilled by the advance of the Moroccans and the preternatural performances of France’s Kylian Mbappé and Argentina’s Lionel Messi, and he was moved by the support shown by players for the protests in Iran, which he hopes could be a “tipping point” for the regime in Tehran.
-
-There will, of course, be no book tour for “Victory City.” But so long as his health is good and security is squared away he is hoping to go to London for the opening of “Helen,” his play about Helen of Troy. “I’m going to tell you really truthfully, I’m not thinking about the long term,” he said. “I’m thinking about little step by little step. I just think, Bop till you drop.”
-
-When we picked up the subject a couple of weeks later, in a conversation over Zoom, he said, “I’ve got nothing else to do. I would like to have a second skill, but I don’t. I always envied writers like Günter Grass, who had a second career as a visual artist. I thought how nice it must be to spend a day wrestling with words, and then get up and walk down the street to your art studio and become something completely else. I don’t have that. So, all I can do is this. As long as there’s a story that I think is worth giving my time to, then I will. When I have a book in my head, it’s as if the rest of the world is in its correct shape.”
-
-It’s “depressing” when he’s struggling at his desk, he admits. He wonders if the stories will come. But he’s still there, putting in the time.
-
-Rushdie looked around his desk, gestured to the books that line the walls of his study. “I feel everything’s O.K. when I’m sitting here, and I have something to think about,” he said. “Because that takes over from the outside world. Of course, the interior world is connected to the exterior world, but, when you are in the act of making, it takes over from everything else.”
-
-For now, he has set aside the idea for a novel inspired by Kafka and Mann, and is thinking through a kind of sequel to “Joseph Anton.” At first, he was irritated by the idea, “because it felt almost like it was being forced on me—the attack demanded that I should write about the attack.” In recent weeks, though, the idea has taken hold. Rushdie’s books tend to be *IMAX*\-scale, large-cast productions, but in order to write about the attack in Chautauqua, an event that took place in a matter of seconds, he envisions something more “microscopic.”
-
-And the voice would be different. The slightly distanced, third-person voice that “Joseph Anton” employed seems wrong for the task. “This doesn’t feel third-person-ish to me,” Rushdie said. “I think when somebody sticks a knife into you, that’s a first-person story. That’s an ‘I’ story.” ♦
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-```button
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-# The Devastating New History of the January 6th Insurrection
-
-*The New Yorker is publishing the full report of the House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack, in partnership with Celadon Books. The edition contains a foreword by the magazine’s editor, David Remnick, which you’ll find below, and an epilogue by Representative Jamie Raskin, a member of the committee. [Order the full report](https://store.newyorker.com/products/january-6th-report)*.
-
-In the weeks while the House select committee to investigate the insurrection at the Capitol was finishing its report, Donald Trump, the focus of its inquiry, betrayed no sense of alarm or self-awareness. At his country-club exile in Palm Beach, Trump ignored the failures of his favored candidates in the midterm elections and announced that he was running again for President. He dined cheerfully and unapologetically with a spiralling Kanye West and a young neo-fascist named Nick Fuentes. He mocked the government’s insistence that he turn over all the classified documents that he’d hoarded as personal property. Finally, he declared that he had a “major announcement,” only to unveil the latest in a lifetime of grifts. In the old days, it was Trump University, Trump Steaks, Trump Ice. This time, he was hawking “limited edition” digital trading cards at ninety-nine dollars apiece, illustrated portraits of himself as an astronaut, a sheriff, a superhero. The pitch began with the usual hokum: “Hello everyone, this is Donald Trump, hopefully your favorite President of all time, better than Lincoln, better than Washington.”
-
-In his career as a New York real-estate shyster and tabloid denizen, then as the forty-fifth President of the United States, Trump has been the most transparent of public figures. He does little to conceal his most distinctive characteristics: his racism, misogyny, dishonesty, narcissism, incompetence, cruelty, instability, and corruption. And yet what has kept Trump afloat for so long, what has helped him evade ruin and prosecution, is perhaps his most salient quality: he is shameless. That is the never-apologize-never-explain core of him. Trump is hardly the first dishonest President, the first incurious President, the first liar. But he is the most shameless. His contrition is impossible to conceive. He is insensible to disgrace.
-
-On December 19, 2022, the committee spelled out a devastating set of accusations against Trump: obstruction of an official proceeding; conspiracy to defraud the nation; conspiracy to make false statements; and, most grave of all, inciting, assisting, aiding, or comforting an insurrection. For the first time in the history of the United States, Congress referred a former President to the Department of Justice for criminal prosecution. The criminal referrals have no formal authority, though they could play some role in pushing Jack Smith, the special counsel appointed by Attorney General Merrick Garland, to issue indictments. The report certainly adds immeasurably to the wealth of evidence describing Trump’s actions and intentions. One telling example: The committee learned that Hope Hicks, the epitome of a loyal adviser, told Trump more than once in the days leading up to the protest to urge the demonstrators to keep things peaceful. “I suggested it several times Monday and Tuesday and he refused,” she wrote in a text to another adviser. When Hicks questioned Trump’s behavior concerning the insurrection and the consequences for his legacy, he made his priorities clear: “Nobody will care about my legacy if I lose. So, that won’t matter. The only thing that matters is winning.”
-
-Trump has been similarly dismissive of the committee’s work, going on the radio to tell Dan Bongino, the host of “The Dan Bongino Show,” that he had been the victim of a “kangaroo court.” On Truth Social, his social-media platform, he appealed to the loyalty of his supporters: “Republicans and Patriots all over the land must stand strong and united against the Thugs and Scoundrels of the Unselect Committee…. These folks don’t get it that when they come after me, the people who love freedom rally around me. It strengthens me. What doesn’t kill me makes me stronger.”
-
-Experience makes it plain that Trump will just keep going on like this, deflecting, denying, lashing out at his accusers, even if it means that he will end his days howling in a bare and echoing room. It matters little that the report shows that even members of his innermost circle, from his Attorney General to his daughter, know the depths of his vainglorious delusions. He will not repent. He will not change. But the importance of the committee’s report has far less to do with the spectacle of Trump’s unravelling. Its importance resides in the establishment of a historical record, the depth of its evidence, the story it tells of a deliberate, coördinated assault on American democracy that could easily have ended with the kidnapping or assassination of senior elected officials, the emboldenment of extremist groups and militias, and, above all, a stolen election, a coup.
-
-The committee was not alone in its investigation. Many journalists contributed to the steady accretion of facts. But, with the power of subpoena, the committee was able to uncover countless new illuminating details. One example: In mid-December, 2020, the Supreme Court threw out a lawsuit filed by the State of Texas that would have challenged the counting of millions of ballots. Trump, of course, supported the suit. He was furious when it, like dozens of similar suits, was dismissed. According to Cassidy Hutchinson, who worked directly for Mark Meadows, the White House chief of staff, Trump was “raging” about the decision: “He had said something to the effect of, ‘I don’t want people to know we lost, Mark. This is embarrassing. Figure it out. We need to figure it out. I don’t want people to know that we lost.’”
-
-In large measure, this report is the story of how Trump, humiliated by his loss to Joe Biden, conspired to obstruct Congress, defraud the country he was pledged to serve, and incite an insurrection to keep himself in power.
-
-The origins of the committee and its work are plain: On January 6, 2021, thousands marched on the Capitol in support of Trump and his conspiratorial and wholly fabricated charge that the Presidential election the previous November had been stolen from him. Demonstrators breached police barricades, broke through windows and doors, and ran through the halls of Congress threatening to exact vengeance on the Vice-President, the Speaker of the House, and other officeholders. Seven people died as a result of the insurrection. About a hundred and fourteen law-enforcement officers were injured.
-
-Half a year later, the House of Representatives voted to establish a panel charged with investigating every aspect of the insurrection—including the role of the former President. An earlier attempt in the Senate to convene an investigative panel had met with firm resistance from the Minority Leader, Mitch McConnell, who called it an “extraneous” project; despite support from six Republican senators, it failed to get the sixty votes required. It was left to the Democratic leadership in the House to form a committee. The vote, held on June 30, 2021, was largely along party lines, but the U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol officially came into existence.
-
-Speaker Nancy Pelosi then asked the Republicans to name G.O.P. members to join the panel. The House Minority Leader, Kevin McCarthy, responded by proposing some of the most prominent election deniers in his caucus, including Jim Jordan, of Ohio, who had attended “Stop the Steal” demonstrations and was sure to behave as an ardent obstructionist. Pelosi, who had named Liz Cheney, of Wyoming, to the panel, rejected two of McCarthy’s five recommendations, saying, “The unprecedented nature of January 6th demands this unprecedented decision.” After conferring with Trump, McCarthy refused to provide alternatives, and abruptly withdrew all of his proposals, gambling that doing so would derail or discredit the initiative. Pelosi, in turn, asked a second Republican who had, with Cheney, voted to impeach the President on a vote held on January 13th—Adam Kinzinger, of Illinois—to serve on the committee. Both Cheney and Kinzinger accepted.
-
-Cheney, a firm conservative and the daughter of former Vice-President Dick Cheney, had made her judgment of Trump well known. “The President of the United States summoned this mob, assembled the mob, and lit the flame of this attack,” she said not long after the insurrection. “Everything that followed was his doing.” She knew that by opposing Trump and joining Kinzinger and the Democrats on the committee she was almost sure to lose her seat in Congress. She didn’t care, she said later, declaring her work on the panel, on which she served as vice-chair, the “most important” of her career. The G.O.P. leadership was unimpressed with this declaration of principle. In February, 2022, the Republican National Committee censured both Cheney and Kinzinger.
-
-In deciding how to proceed with its investigation, the committee’s chairman, Bennie G. Thompson, of Mississippi, along with Liz Cheney and the seven other members, looked to a range of similarly high-profile investigative panels of the past, including the so-called Kefauver Committee, which investigated organized crime, in 1950-51; the President’s Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, known as the Warren Commission, in 1963-64; the Senate Watergate hearings, in 1973; the Iran-Contra hearings, in 1987; and, particularly, the 9/11 Commission, in 2002-04. The committee hired staff investigators who had worked in the Department of Justice and in law enforcement, and they conducted more than a thousand interviews. Teams were color-coded and tasked with making “deep dives” into various aspects of January 6th. The division of labor included a “blue team,” which examined the preparation for and the reaction to events by law enforcement; a “green team,” which examined the financial backing for the plot; a “purple team,” which conducted an analysis of the extremist groups involved in the storming of the Capitol; a “red team,” which studied the rally on the Ellipse and the Stop the Steal movement; and a “gold team,” which looked specifically at Trump’s role in the insurrection.
-
-Committee members also insisted on inquiring into whether Trump planned to use emergency powers to overturn the vote, call out the National Guard, and invoke the Insurrection Act. Was Trump’s inaction during the rioting on Capitol Hill merely a matter of miserable leadership, or was it a deliberate strategy of fomenting chaos in order to stay in the White House? “That dereliction of duty causes us real concern,” Thompson said. In this way, an inquiry into a specific episode broadened to encompass a topic of still greater significance: Had the President sought to undermine and circumvent the American system of electoral democracy?
-
-The political urgency of the committee’s work was geared to the calendar. Members had initially hoped to complete and publish a report before the 2022 midterm elections. But that proved impossible, such was the volume of evidence. Still, the committee members knew they could not go on indefinitely. The Republicans were likely to win back a majority in the House, in November, and McCarthy, who was the most likely to succeed Nancy Pelosi as Speaker, would almost certainly choose not to reauthorize the committee, effectively shutting it down; it was also quite possible, they knew, that McCarthy and the Republicans might generate “counter” hearings as an act of retribution.
-
-As the committee began its work, it was soon clear that the Republican leadership in the House had made a tactical error in refusing to appoint any members to the panel. Even Republicans less vociferous than Jordan would have had the power to slow down the investigations, debate points with Democratic members, and appoint less aggressive staff members. Instead, the committee, with its seven Democrats and two anti-Trump Republicans, worked in relative harmony, taking full advantage of a sense of common purpose and the capacities of a congressional committee.
-
-Still, they faced predictable obstacles. Not only did many Trump loyalists refuse to testify; much of the American public was, after so many previous investigations, impeachments, scandals, and news alerts, weary of hearing about the unending saga of Donald Trump. Who would pay attention? What more was there to learn? In a polarized America, who was left to be persuaded? Committee members such as Jamie Raskin, of Maryland, insisted that the real purpose of the investigation was to establish the truth. What prosecutors and the electorate make of those facts is beyond the committee’s authority.
-
-The committee members determined that they could not go about the hearings in the old way, with day after day of interminable questioning of witnesses. Instead, they needed to produce discrete, well-produced, briskly paced multimedia “episodes” designed to highlight various aspects of the insurrection: its origins, its funding, the behavior of the President, the level of involvement by white nationalists, militias, and other menacing groups. The members agreed that, in an age of peak TV, they needed to present a kind of series, one that was dramatic, accessible, accurate, evidence-rich, and convincing. Ideally, they would provide a narrative that did not merely preach to the converted but reached the millions of Americans who were indifferent to or confused by the unending stream of noise, indirection, hysteria, lying, and chaos that had characterized the hyperpolarized era. The committee also recognized that only a minority would watch the full hearings, much less read every word of a long narrative report months later. They needed to produce the hearings in a way that could also be transmitted effectively in bits on social media and go viral. They needed memorable moments and characters. In the words of one staffer, “We needed to bring things to life.”
-
-To help with that effort, the committee hired an adviser, the British-born television producer James Goldston, who had been a foreign correspondent for the BBC in Northern Ireland and Kosovo. Goldston had also covered the impeachment of Bill Clinton. In 2004, he moved to New York and went to work at ABC, where he ran “Good Morning America” and “Nightline”; between 2014 and 2021, he served as president of ABC News. The committee decided to videotape its depositions, and Goldston was among those who helped to select brief and particularly vivid moments from those long interviews, the way a journalist uses quotations or scenes to enliven a piece of narrative prose. The committee’s presentations also employed everything from surveillance video to police radio traffic to the e-mails and tweets of government officials, right-wing media personalities, militia leaders, and the insurrectionists on Capitol Hill.
-
-“We live in an era where, no matter how important the subject, it’s competing for attention,” Goldston told a reporter for TheWrap. “People are distracted, people have got a lot going on. And so, the hope was, by bringing these new techniques to this format, that we could engage people in a way that perhaps they wouldn’t otherwise have been.” The second prime-time hearing brought in nearly eighteen million viewers, an audience comparable to NBC’s “Sunday Night Football.” The Republican House leadership was predictably unimpressed with the committee’s commitment to narrative, prompting Kevin McCarthy to say that the Democrats had hired Goldston to “choreograph their Jan. 6 political theater.”
-
-The committee’s published report does not have a single authorial voice. Rather, it is a collaborative effort written mainly by a team of investigators and staffers, with input from members of the committee. And, while it lacks a mediating, consistent voice, it is a startlingly rich narrative, thick with details of malevolent intent, political conspiracy, sickening violence, and human folly. There is no question that historians will feast on these pages; what the Department of Justice does with this evidence remains to be seen.
-
-At times, there’s comedy embedded in this tragic narrative. A figure such as Eric Herschmann, a Trump adviser, holds the stage long enough to recount telling the Trump lawyer John Eastman that his plan to overturn the election is “completely crazy”: “Are you out of your effing mind?” And: “Get a great effing criminal defense lawyer. You’re gonna need it.” Viewers of Herschmann’s deliciously profane taped testimony were transfixed by at least two artifacts on the wall behind him: a baseball bat with the word “Justice” written on it and a print of “Wild Thing,” Rob Pruitt’s image of a panda, which also makes an appearance in the erotic thriller “Fifty Shades of Grey.”
-
-Anyone who watched the hearings and who now reads this report will dwell at times on the outsized figures who emerge, either in their own testimony or as described by others: the neo-fascistic campaign strategist and onetime White House aide Steve Bannon; the blandly ambitious Mark Meadows, the chief of staff in the final year of the Trump Administration; and, of course, the oft-inebriated Rudy Giuliani, the onetime New York City mayor and Trump’s personal lawyer.
-
-Time and again, senior figures in the drama refused to testify, hiding behind claims of executive privilege. The report includes many comical instances of would-be witnesses claiming their Fifth Amendment rights and refusing to answer questions as benign as where they went to college. And so it was often the junior staffers in the Administration, with far less to spend on legal fees and with their futures at risk, who stepped forward to describe what they had seen and heard. The most memorable such episode came on June 28th, when Cassidy Hutchinson, the earnest young aide to Meadows, testified live before the committee. Hutchinson had already been deposed four times, for a total of more than twenty hours. Liz Cheney, as the vice-chair, began the session by announcing that Hutchinson had received an ominous phone call from someone in Trump’s circle saying, “He wants me to let you know he’s thinking about you. He knows you’re loyal. And you’re going to do the right thing when you go in for your deposition.” Cheney bluntly referred to this as tantamount to witness tampering. When the report and its accompanying materials were finally released, we learned that Hutchinson told the committee that a former Trump White House lawyer named Stefan Passantino, who represented her early in the process, had instructed her to feign a faulty memory and “focus on protecting the President.” She said Passantino made it plain that he would help find her “a really good job in Trump world” so long as she protected “the family.” Hutchinson also testified that an aide to Meadows, Ben Williamson, had passed along a message from Meadows that he “knows that you’ll do the right thing tomorrow and that you’re going to protect him and the boss.”
-
-But Hutchinson, who had been a loyal staffer in the Trump White House, privy to countless conversations in and around the offices of the President and the chief of staff, would not be intimidated. She found new counsel and thwarted the thuggish attempts to gain her silence, delivering some of the most damning testimony of the investigation. She described conversations, some secondhand, that made it plain that Trump knew full well that he had lost the election but would stop at nothing to keep power. Because of her preternatural calm before the microphone, the uninflected, more-in-sadness-than-in-anger tone of her delivery, Hutchinson was often compared to John Dean, the White House counsel under Richard Nixon, who emerged from the Watergate hearings as the most memorable and decisive witness.
-
-But the nature of Hutchinson’s testimony, in keeping with the era, was distinctly more lurid than Dean’s. She recalled how Trump hurled his lunch against the wall, splattering ketchup everywhere, when he learned that Attorney General William Barr had publicly declared that there was, in fact, no evidence of election fraud. On other occasions, she said, the President pulled out “the tablecloth to let all the contents of the table go onto the floor and likely break or go everywhere.” She recounted the names of the many Trumpists—including Meadows, Giuliani, Matt Gaetz, and Louie Gohmert—who had requested that Trump grant them pardons in connection with the Capitol attack. She said that, three days before the insurrection, the White House counsel, Pat Cipollone, told Trump that, if he carried out his plan to march to the Capitol with the crowds, “we’re going to get charged with every crime imaginable.” Hutchinson testified that on January 6th Cipollone told Meadows, “They’re literally calling for the Vice President to be effing hung.” As she recalled, “Mark had responded something to the effect of ‘You heard him, Pat. He thinks Mike deserves it. He doesn’t think they’re doing anything wrong.’ ”
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-Finally, Hutchinson made it clear just how much Trump had wanted to join the insurrectionists on Capitol Hill. Trump was so incensed with his Secret Service detail for refusing to take him there, she testified, that he lunged at the agent driving his car and struggled for the wheel. The report corroborates Hutchinson’s testimony, saying that the “vast majority” of its law-enforcement sources described a “furious interaction” between the President and his security contingent in his S.U.V. The sources said that Trump was “furious,” “insistent,” “profane,” and “heated.” The committee concluded that Trump had hoped to lead the effort to overturn the election either from inside the House chamber or from a stage outside the building.
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-Hutchinson was equally forthright about Trump’s disregard for public safety. Despite being told that many of the supporters who came out to see him speak on January 6th were armed, she said, Trump insisted that the Secret Service remove the “mags”—the metal detectors. He was not terribly concerned that someone might be killed or injured, so long as it wasn’t him. “I don’t fucking care that they have weapons,” he said, according to Hutchinson. “They’re not here to hurt me.”
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-The insurrection at the Capitol was of such grave consequence for liberal democracy and the rule of law that commentators have struggled ever since to find some historical precedent to provide context and understanding to a nation in a state of continuing crisis. Some thought immediately of the sack of the Capitol, in 1814, though the perpetrators then were foreign, soldiers of the British crown. Others have pointed to contested Presidential elections of the past—1824, 1876, 1960, 2000—but those ballots were certified, peacefully and lawfully, by Congress. None of the losers sought to foment an uprising or create a national insurgency. Compare Trump’s self-absorption and rage with Al Gore’s graceful acceptance of the Supreme Court’s decision handing the election to George W. Bush: “Tonight, for the sake of our unity as a people and the strength of our democracy, I offer my concession.”
-
-Still, there have been efforts to overturn the constitutional order, notably in the “secession winter” of 1860-61, when seven slaveholding states, having warned that they would never accept the election of Abraham Lincoln, declared themselves in opposition to the United States itself. As Lincoln prepared for his inauguration, to be held in March, he received a series of warnings that an army raised in Virginia might invade Washington, D.C. So prevalent were the rumors of a Confederate conspiracy that Congress assembled a committee to “inquire whether a secret organization hostile to the government of the United States exists in the District of Columbia.” Lincoln was particularly concerned about a potential plot to undermine the counting of electors, an event scheduled for February. In the end, John Breckinridge, James Buchanan’s Vice-President and a loser in the 1860 Presidential race, obeyed the law. Although Breckinridge was sympathetic to the secessionist cause, he presided with “Roman fidelity” at the certification vote, according to Representative Henry Dawes, of Massachusetts, “and the nation was saved.” But only temporarily. On April 12, 1861, the South Carolina militia opened fire on the Union garrison at Fort Sumter and the Civil War began.
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-A civil war, in the nineteenth-century understanding of the term, is not at hand. But what makes the events of January 6, 2021, so alarming is that they were inspired and incited by the President of the United States, Donald Trump, who remains popular among so many Republicans and a contender to return to the White House.
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-The events of January 6th were the culmination of a long campaign that Trump and members of his circle have led against the legitimacy of American elections. The campaign’s most powerful weapon was the undermining of truth itself, the insidious deployment of conspiracy theories and “alternative facts.”
-
-Trump first announced his emergence from the worlds of New York real estate and reality-show television by declaring that Barack Obama, the first Black President, had been born in Kenya, not Hawaii, and was, therefore, ineligible to hold office. After joining the 2016 Presidential race, Trump continued to traffic in casual accusations and unfounded conspiracy theories: Ted Cruz’s father was an associate of Lee Harvey Oswald. Antonin Scalia might have been murdered. Obama and Joe Biden might have staged the killing of Osama bin Laden with a body double. Trump welcomed the endorsement of the professional conspiracy theorist Alex Jones, who had earlier claimed that Hillary Clinton had “personally murdered and chopped up and raped” children, and that the mass murder at Sandy Hook had been “staged.” The most consequential conspiracy theory of Trump’s political career, however, charged that American elections were rigged.
-
-In 2016, Trump, once he had a hold on the Republican Party nomination, began the process of undermining confidence in the entire electoral system. The reporter Jonathan Lemire, in his book, “The Big Lie,” recalls attending a rally, in Columbus, Ohio, at which Trump told his followers, weeks before the nominating Convention, “I’m afraid the election is going to be rigged, I have to be honest.” On Fox News, talking with Sean Hannity, Trump again expressed his doubts: “I hope the Republicans are watching closely, or it’s going to be taken away from us.” Trump began to warn that he was not necessarily prepared to accede to the election results. At one of the Presidential debates, the moderator, Chris Wallace, asked Trump if he would make a commitment to accept the outcome, no matter what. Trump refused: “I will look at it at the time. What I’ve seen is so bad.”
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-Clinton won the popular vote by a margin of more than two per cent, but, because she fell well short in the Electoral College, there was no compulsion on Trump’s part to consider extralegal action. But four years later, as Trump lagged behind Joe Biden in the polls, he revived the theme. “MILLIONS OF MAIL-IN BALLOTS WILL BE PRINTED BY FOREIGN COUNTRIES, AND OTHERS,” he tweeted. “IT WILL BE THE SCANDAL OF OUR TIMES!” Once more, Trump refused to promise a peaceful transfer of power. A month and a half before the election, he said, “Get rid of the ballots and you’ll have a very peaceful—there won’t be a transfer, frankly. There will be a continuation.”
-
-This kind of rhetoric was of grave concern to Democrats, including Speaker Pelosi, who privately told confidants, “He’s going to try to steal it.” And, not long after the voting ended, the tweets from Trump began:
-
-> Last night I was leading, often solidly, in many key States, in almost all instances Democrat run & controlled. Then, one by one, they started to magically disappear as surprise ballot dumps were counted. VERY STRANGE, and the pollsters got it completely & historically wrong!
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-> They are finding Biden votes all over the place—in Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Michigan. So bad for our Country!
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-On November 7th, the Associated Press, Fox News, and, soon, all the other major news outlets called Pennsylvania, and the election, for Biden. The battleground states—Pennsylvania, Michigan, Georgia, Arizona, and Wisconsin—all went Biden’s way, and, in the end, he won 306 electoral votes to Trump’s 232. In his victory speech, the President-elect said, “It’s time to put away the harsh rhetoric. To lower the temperature.”
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-This was a vain hope. As the Trump White House emptied, a motley assemblage of satraps and third-raters—Giuliani; a former federal prosecutor, Sidney Powell; the MyPillow C.E.O., Mike Lindell; the former law professor and Federalist Society leader John Eastman—stayed behind to encourage Trump in his most conspiratorial fantasies and schemes. In their effort to challenge election results in various states, Trump’s lawyers filed sixty-two federal and state lawsuits. They lost sixty-one of those suits, winning only on an inconsequential technical matter in Pennsylvania. By mid-December, even Mitch McConnell began referring to “President-elect Joe Biden.” When Trump called to berate him for conceding the ballot, McConnell, for once, stood up to him. “The Electoral College has spoken,” he said. “You lost the election.”
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-The only option Trump had left was to challenge the certification of the vote. With Eastman in the lead, his team concocted a plan that called on Vice-President Pence to declare that voting in seven states was still in dispute and to eliminate those electors. If the remaining forty-three states put forward their electors, Trump would win the election, 232–222. As part of that plan—what Chairman Thompson called, from the first day of the hearings, “an attempted coup”—Trump pressured government and election officials to coöperate. Former Deputy Attorney General Richard Donoghue testified that Trump did not conceal his intent, telling Donoghue, “What I’m asking you to do is just say it was corrupt and leave the rest to me and the Republican congressmen.” Once Trump unleashed his campaign of intimidation against local election officials, the death threats against those officials came from all directions. Ruby Freeman, an election worker in Georgia, testified, “There is nowhere I feel safe. Nowhere. Do you know how it feels to have the President of the United States target you?”
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-Another version of the plan had Pence calling for a ten-day-long recess and sending the slates back to the so-called “disputed” states. Eastman himself conceded that this plan would be rejected unanimously by the Supreme Court. Even so, the White House could surely be retained if Trump could convince Pence to “do the right thing.”
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-On the night of January 5th, the President met with Pence at the White House and tried to pressure him into adopting the scheme that Eastman had devised. For years, Pence had been the most loyal of deputies, never daring to challenge the falsehoods or the cruelties of his master. Trump, after all, had rescued him from political oblivion. But Pence would not go along with the plot. His job on January 6th, he told the President, was ceremonial. He was only there “to open envelopes.”
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-Trump was outraged. “You’ve betrayed us,” he told Pence. “I made you. You were nothing.”
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-The committee’s report is not a work of scholarship removed from its era. It was compiled by politicians and staff members and published at a moment of continuing peril and uncertainty. And the committee was formed in the contrails of the terrifying episode it was charged with investigating.
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-Although an abundance of new details has surfaced, the contours of what happened have never been in doubt. The events on January 6, 2021, began with a well-planned rally on the Ellipse, the fifty-two-acre park south of the White House. Trump had tweeted in advance, “Be there, will be wild!” Katrina Pierson, a spokeswoman for Trump’s 2016 campaign and one of the organizers of the rally, had texted another organizer saying that Trump “likes the crazies,” and wanted Alex Jones to be among the speakers. Jones did not speak, but Trump himself supplied the inflammatory rhetoric. In the seventy-minute-long speech he gave on the Ellipse, he told his followers they would “save our democracy” by rejecting “a fake election,” and warned them that “if you don’t fight like hell, you’re not going to have a country anymore.” He taunted his Vice-President: “Mike Pence, I hope you're going to stand up for the good of our Constitution and for the good of our country. And if you’re not, I’m going to be very disappointed in you.” He set a tone of combativeness, defiance, and eternal resistance. And he put the life of his own Vice-President in jeopardy. As Chairman Thompson put it at one hearing, “Donald Trump turned the mob on him.”
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-Even though senior officials around Trump had told him that it was long past time to step aside—William Barr informed congressional investigators that he told Trump that reports of voting fraud were “bullshit”—Trump refused to listen. (“I thought, boy, if he really believes this stuff, he has, you know, lost contact with, he’s become detached from reality,” Barr recalled.) Trump was unrelenting. “We will never give up,” he told the crowd on the Ellipse. “We will never concede. It doesn’t happen. You don’t concede when there’s theft involved. Our country has had enough. We will not take it anymore.” After listening to the President’s repeated calls to fight, and to march to the Capitol building—“you’ll never take back our country with weakness”—thousands of his followers, some of them armed, some of them carrying Confederate symbols, some deploying flagpoles as spears, headed toward Capitol Hill.
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-As the march began, at around 1 *p.m.*, Representative Paul Gosar, of Arizona, and Senator Ted Cruz, of Texas, both conservative Republicans, rose in Congress to object to the counting of the electoral ballots from Arizona. But Pence had already told Trump he would not go along with his plot, and there was no sign that Gosar, Cruz, and Trump’s loyalists in Congress had the numbers to succeed. McConnell, at that time the Senate Majority Leader, said, “Voters, the courts, and the states have all spoken—they’ve all spoken. If we overrule them all, it would damage our republic forever.”
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-By 2 *p.m.*, demonstrators began to overrun the Capitol Police, sometimes using improvised weapons. Caroline Edwards, of the Capitol Police, testified to the committee that there was “carnage” in the halls: “I was slipping in people’s blood.” The insurrectionists kept coming, breaking through windows and doors, assaulting police officers, and, once inside, they went hunting for the Vice-President, the Speaker of the House, and other officials who refused to participate in the President’s scheme to overturn the election. At around 2:20 *p.m.*, the Senate, and then the House, went into emergency recess, as Capitol Police officers rushed members of both chambers to safety. The two Democratic congressional leaders, Nancy Pelosi and Charles Schumer, fearing for their lives and the lives of their colleagues, were reduced to sequestering in a safe location. In the final session of the committee’s investigation, we saw footage of Pelosi, enraged yet composed, deploying her cell phone to get someone to come to the aid of the legislative branch.
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-Trump watched these events on television at the White House with scant sense of alarm. He refused to send additional police or troops to quell the violence. At 2:24 *p.m.*, he tweeted, “Mike Pence didn’t have the courage to do what should have been done to protect our Country and our Constitution.” By 3 *p.m.*, insurrectionists, some of them in cosplay battle gear, had swarmed into the Senate chamber. Trump’s passivity was not passivity at all. As Adam Kinzinger put it, “President Trump did not fail to act. He chose not to act.” Liz Cheney was no less blunt. “He refused to defend our nation and our Constitution,” she said during the hearings. “I say this to my Republican colleagues who are defending the indefensible, there will come a day when Donald Trump is gone. But your dishonor will remain.”
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-For Trump, the choice was simple. The insurrectionists were his people, his shock troops, there to do his bidding. Nothing about the spectacle seemed to disturb him: not the gallows erected outside the building, not the savage beatings, not threats to Pence and Pelosi, not graffiti like “Murder the Media,” not the chants of “1776! 1776!” And so he ignored calls to action even from his own party. At 3:11 *p.m.*, Mike Gallagher, a Republican from Wisconsin, tweeted, “We are witnessing absolute banana republic crap in the United States Capitol right now. @realdonaldtrump you need to call this off.” Trump would not tell his supporters to go home until the early evening, when the damage had been done.
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-And though Trump and the insurrectionists failed to halt the certification of the ballot, they did get substantial support: a hundred and forty-seven Republicans in Congress voted to overturn the election results. At 3:42 *a.m.* on January 7th, Vice-President Pence, speaking to a joint session of Congress, certified the election of Joe Biden as the forty-sixth President of the United States. When, however, the midterms were held, two years later, dozens of Republican candidates continued to claim that his election was fraudulent. Those few Republicans, like Liz Cheney, who took a stand against Trump were swept out of office.
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-January 6th was a phenomenon rooted both in the degraded era of Trump and in the radicalization of a major political party during the past generation. The very power of these developments explains why many people may approach this congressional report with a sense of fatigue, even denial. Part of Trump’s dark achievement has been to bludgeon the political attention of the country into submission.
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-When a nation has been subjected to that degree of cynicism—what is politely called “divisiveness”—it can lose its ability to experience outrage. As a result, the prospect of engaging with this congressional inquiry into Trump’s attempt to delegitimatize the machinery of electoral democracy is sometimes a challenge to the spirit. That is both understandable and a public danger. And yet a citizenry that can no longer bring itself to pay attention to such an investigation or to absorb its astonishing findings risks moving even farther toward a disturbing “new normal”: a post-truth, post-democratic America.
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-A republic is predicated on faith—not religious faith but a faith in the fundamental legitimacy of its political institutions and the decisions they issue. To concede the legitimacy of statutes, rulings, and election returns is not necessarily to favor them. It’s simply to participate in the basic system that gives them form and force; citizens can, through democratic machinery, seek to defeat or contest candidates they deplore, initiatives that offend them, court opinions they consider misguided. By contrast, the campaign that culminated in the Capitol attack of January 6th was, fatefully, against democracy itself. It sought to instill profound mistrust in the process of voting—the mechanism through which, even in highly imperfect democracies, accountability is ultimately secured.
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-The committee and its work were far from apolitical, and yet to dismiss the report as *merely* political would be a perilous act of resignation and defeatism. The questions that hovered over the inquiry from the start—what more is there to learn? who is really listening?—persisted and loomed over the midterm elections. When the hearings began, the polling outfit FiveThirtyEight reported that Trump’s approval rating was 41.9 per cent; when the hearings ended, it was 40.4 per cent, a minuscule dip. As Susan B. Glasser, of *The New Yorker*, wrote, “All that damning evidence, and the polls were basically unchanged. The straight line in the former President’s approval rating is the literal representation of the crisis in American democracy. There is an essentially immovable forty per cent of the country whose loyalty to Donald Trump cannot be shaken by anything.” And yet the Republicans failed in their promise to produce a “red wave” in the midterms. The Democrats maintained their slender hold on the Senate and lost far fewer seats in the House than was expected. And while the reasons behind the Republican failure were many, ranging from the imperilment of abortion rights to the dismal quality of so many of the Party’s candidates, it was clear that one of the principal reasons was a deep concern about the future of democracy.
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-The most urgent thing to learn is whether a two-and-a-half-century-old republic will resist future efforts to undercut its foundations—to steal, through concerted deception, the essential legitimacy of its constitutional order. The contents of the report insist that complacency is not an option. The report also insists on accountability, though that will ultimately be the responsibility of the Department of Justice and the American public. The report has provided the evidence, the truth. Now it remains to be seen if it will be acted upon.
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-The violation of January 6th was ultimately so brazen that many of Trump’s own loyalists could not, in the end, bring themselves to defend him. Even some on the radical right have come to recognize the insurrection’s implications for the future. Jason van Tatenhove was once the media spokesman for the militia group known as the Oath Keepers, which played a crucial role in the uprising. He left the group well before January 6th, but he remained well connected enough to know that the Oath Keepers were eager to take part in an “armed revolution.” Testifying before the committee, he expressed his sense of betrayal by Donald Trump, and a growing sense of alarm: “If a President that’s willing to try to instill and encourage, to whip up, a civil war among his followers uses lies and deceit and snake oil, regardless of the human impact, what else is he going to do?”
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-Trump is running again for President. Perhaps his decline is irreversible. But it would be foolish to count on that. Should he win back the White House, he will come to office with no sense of restraint. He will inevitably be an even more radical, more resentful, more chaotic, more authoritarian version of his earlier self. And he would hardly be an isolated figure in the capital. Following the results of the midterm elections, Congress is now populated with dozens of election deniers and many more who still dare not defy Trump. The stakes could not be higher. If you are reaching for optimism—and despair is not an option—the existence and the depth of the committee’s project represents a kind of hope. It represents an insistence on truth and democratic principle. In the words of the man who tried and failed to overturn a Presidential election, you don’t concede when there’s theft involved. ♦
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-```button
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-# The Disease of More
-
--   Published
-    
-    6/8/2023
-    
--   By
-    
-    Kevin Van Valkenburg
-    
-
-When Pat Riley was coaching the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1980s, he came up with a term to explain why all dynasties eventually fall. Typically, they aren’t toppled from the outside. Most implode from within. He called it the Disease of More.
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-Athletes, by nature, are addicted to achievement. It’s part of what separates them from mortals. If they win one championship, they’re briefly satisfied, but the feeling soon fades and they are desperate for more. If they earn a million dollars, they’re ecstatic, but before long, it seems insufficient. They are convinced they need more. More of everything, more commercials, more followers on social media, more houses, more influence, even more romantic partners. The same forces that inspire you to work hard to get everything you ever wanted eventually consume you. Your wants simply mushroom. Millionaires long to be billionaires. Billionaires long to be kings.
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-Golf is currently afflicted with the Disease of More.
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-It has infected everything — the players, the executives, and even some of the media that covers it. (We’re not innocent here.) And while you can admire the ambition of someone who sees millions in their bank account and stews over the fact that it’s not yet billions, this particular strain of the Disease of More seems so contagious, there is a real chance it ends up consuming the sport’s entire essence.  
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-I was thinking this week, after the news broke that the PGA Tour was going to partner with the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia, about the reasons I fell in love with the game of golf.
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-They had a lot to do with Phil Mickelson if I’m being honest.
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-There was something magnetic about his rapscallion charm on a golf course. I had a begrudging respect for Tiger Woods, but I found it hard to root for perfection. It took me years to warm up to him. I was drawn, instead, to someone who seemed more human, more vulnerable. Mickelson could be a swashbuckling fool, sure, but he was my fool.
-
-![](https://cdn.sanity.io/images/96if0dtl/dev/addc7b19fd17788f2cd2903755da530e1a326eec-3000x2107.jpg?w=880&fit=max&auto=format)
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-![](https://cdn.sanity.io/images/96if0dtl/dev/addc7b19fd17788f2cd2903755da530e1a326eec-3000x2107.jpg?fit=max&auto=format)
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-On the golf course where I learned the game, there was a hole that I loved, a sharp dogleg left that was framed by rugged pine trees. The green was driveable — if you were willing to court disaster. It was a blind shot. Short was dead but so was long. You had no idea if you’d pulled off the shot until you reached the green. To hit an iron to the corner of the dogleg was the sensible play, it was only a wedge from there, but I couldn't resist trying to cut the corner, teeing the ball high and launching a drive up over the trees. I did it because that’s what Phil would do, chase the adrenaline rush. No feeling on a golf course has ever matched the rush of rounding the corner, squinting to see if my ball had landed on the green or bounded into the woods.
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-I don’t think I’ve ever rooted harder for someone than I did for Mickelson during the final round of the 2004 Masters. I jumped off my couch after each back nine birdie, desperately trying to will him to victory through the pixels of my television screen. The neighbors of my Baltimore row house were livid, pounding our shared walls to implore me to quiet down, but for a few hours, I didn’t care how impolite I was. I was invested in Mickelson’s journey, having suffered through all the disappointments, and this was the payoff.
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-I never once gave a single shit how much money Mickelson won that day.
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-Or any day, for that matter. It was the thrill of the chase that mattered.
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-I understand why Mickelson cared about the money. The value he brought to the game — the loyalty of people like me — allowed the PGA Tour and the majors to reap billions of dollars over the course of his career. By his estimate (and I think he was correct) people like him and Tiger offered the PGA Tour more value than they were receiving in return. Endorsement money was nice, but why shouldn’t Mickelson get an extra piece of the pie when people were clearly tuning in to see him play, not Kirk Triplett or Briny Baird?
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-Phil Mickelson wanted more. And he probably deserved more. Those frustrations set in motion seismic changes within the sport, but now we have reached a moment where the PGA Tour is trying to become the first American sport that is no longer tethered to reality.
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-The Disease of More has essentially removed fans from that equation. We no longer matter. Someone else is eager to foot a massive bill, and they would prefer you do not ask questions as to why.
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-Should we care?
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-It makes for an interesting thought exercise.
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-In every other sport, compensation has to be tied to revenue. Revenue has to be driven by interest, whether it’s measured in eyeballs tuning in, or tickets purchased. The Baltimore Ravens, for example, could sign Lamar Jackson to a $260 million contract this spring, the largest in NFL history, because a huge pile of money is generated by the interest in his abilities. If the interest in Jackson — or in similarly-talented players like Patrick Mahomes — suddenly waned, NFL players would eventually need to reflect that. Jackson might want more money, but the basic economic principles of profits and losses being tethered to each other would make it impossible.
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-Golf, though, is not the NFL. It is a niche sport, and it always has been. There was a time when Tiger nearly dragged it into the mainstream, and you could argue he deserved $200 million in guaranteed money, but that time has come and gone. He is not limping through that door any time soon. A lot of people in golf want to be paid like Lamar Jackson, but their skills (based on profits and losses) did not warrant similar compensation, and this was a frustrating reality to accept, so they have simply chosen not to accept it. The Saudis were happy to step in and satiate that economic insecurity.
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-What the last few weeks have revealed about golf is that, at the highest level, virtually everyone is a bullshit artist who has been duplicitous enough to say whatever the moment called for in order to justify their position. None of this, it turns out, has ever had anything to do with the 9/11 families, human rights concerns, LGBTQ rights, growing the game, shotgun starts, golf in Australia or disrupting the PGA Tour’s monopoly.
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-It was about power and money. Everyone at the top wanted more.
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-I still think there is a good chance this deal doesn’t go through, that it was hastily scrambled together by people desperate to save face. The Department of Justice, by all indications, will want to closely scrutinize everything. And there are a number of players — ones who showed glimpses of principle over the last year only to be blindsided by their commissioner — who are furious.
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-Whatever it is that PGA Tour executives and the Saudis are attempting to build, it has nothing to do with the people who love and watch the sport. It’s a passthrough that helps money and influence get redistributed. The golf is now completely secondary.
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-They’re going to hope you’ll support it, the way you always have, but let this week serve as a reminder that you don’t have to. Here is the brutal truth about the PGA Tour: Its greatest value has always been providing context for the majors. I grew aware of Phil Mickelson because he was a character on a weekly television show called the PGA Tour, but I only *cared* about him because of the majors. You can still watch and enjoy the majors without giving a second thought to the phony Sturm und Drang of the FedExCup. The majors may not be pure, but they still represent something more than a soulless cash grab.
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-The Saudis can buy up almost everything, and almost anyone, as long as the world runs on oil. But the reasons you love the game don’t have to go up for sale.
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-Find yourself a dogleg with a blind green, tee it high and swing boldly. Sip a cold beer and see how much of the afternoon sunshine you can possibly inhale.  
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-The people squabbling over giant piles of money, because they can never be comfortable as long as someone else has more, will still be there if you ever want to return.  
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-*Kevin Van Valkenburg is the Editorial Director at No Laying Up.*
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-*kvv@nolayingup.com*
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-TimeStamp: 2023-02-26
-Link: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/02/27/the-dystopian-underworld-of-south-africas-illegal-gold-mines?utm_source=nl&utm_brand=tny&utm_mailing=TNY_Magazine_022123&utm_campaign=aud-dev&utm_medium=email&bxid=5be9e55a3f92a40469fae383&cndid=32244289&hasha=be99506b1a9cd1f2a88f814997b8821a&hashb=a3b2dca3a498bf0a5d5f42d4205904877f4c5144&hashc=9fb17f26396e6704ed7b4d6a010f38f41cbd03bf0d85802d00c7b49aefebd89c&esrc=newsletters-form-sig&utm_term=TNY_Magazine
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-# The Dystopian Underworld of South Africa’s Illegal Gold Mines
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-A few years ago, a mining company was considering reopening an old mine shaft in Welkom, a city in South Africa’s interior. Welkom was once the center of the world’s richest goldfields. There were close to fifty shafts in an area roughly the size of Brooklyn, but most of these mines had been shut down in the past three decades. Large deposits of gold remained, though the ore was of poor grade and situated at great depths, making it prohibitively expensive to mine on an industrial scale. The shafts in Welkom were among the deepest that had ever been sunk, plunging vertically for a mile or more and opening, at different levels, onto cavernous horizontal passages that narrowed toward the gold reefs: a labyrinthine network of tunnels far beneath the city.
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-Most of the surface infrastructure for this particular mine had been dismantled several years prior, but there was still a hole in the ground—a concrete cylinder roughly seven thousand feet deep. To assess the mine’s condition, a team of specialists lowered a camera down the shaft with a winding machine designed for rescue missions. The footage shows a darkened tunnel, some thirty feet in diameter, with an internal frame of large steel girders. The camera descends at five feet per second. At around eight hundred feet, moving figures appear in the distance, travelling downward at almost the same speed. It is two men sliding down the girders. They have neither helmets nor ropes, and their forearms are protected by sawed-off gum boots. The camera continues its descent, leaving the men in darkness. Twisted around the horizontal beams below them—at sixteen hundred feet, at twenty-six hundred feet—are corpses: the remains of men who have fallen, or perhaps been thrown, to their deaths. The bottom third of the shaft is badly damaged, preventing the camera from going farther. If there are other bodies, they may never be found.
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-As Welkom’s mining industry collapsed, in the nineteen-nineties, a dystopian criminal economy emerged in its place, with thousands of men entering the abandoned tunnels and using rudimentary tools to dig for the leftover ore. With few overhead costs or safety standards, these outlaw miners, in some cases, could strike it rich. Many others remained in poverty, or died underground. The miners became known as *zama-zamas*, a Zulu term that loosely translates to “take a chance.” Most were immigrants from neighboring countries—Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Lesotho—that once sent millions of mine workers to South Africa, and whose economies were heavily dependent on mining wages. “You started seeing these new men in the townships,” Pitso Tsibolane, a man who grew up in Welkom, explained to me. “They’re not dressed like locals, don’t talk like locals—they’re just there. And then they vanish, and you know they’re back underground.”
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-Owing to the difficulty of entering the mines, *zama-zamas* often stayed underground for months, their existence illuminated by headlamps. Down below, temperatures can exceed a hundred degrees, with suffocating humidity. Rockfalls are common, and rescuers have encountered bodies crushed by boulders the size of cars. “I think they all go through hell,” a doctor in Welkom, who has treated dozens of *zama-zamas*, told me. The men he saw had turned gray for lack of sunlight, their bodies were emaciated, and most of them had tuberculosis from inhaling dust in the unventilated tunnels. They were blinded for hours upon returning to the surface.
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-I recently met a *zama-zama* named Simon who once lived underground for two years. Born in a rural area of Zimbabwe, he arrived in Welkom in 2010. He started digging for gold at the surface, which was dusted with ore from the industry’s heyday. There was gold beside the railway tracks that had once transported rock from the mines, gold among the foundations of torn-down processing plants, gold in the beds of ephemeral streams. But Simon was earning only around thirty-five dollars a day. He aspired to build a house and open a business. To get more gold, he would need to go underground.
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-In no other country in the world does illegal mining take place inside such colossal industrial shafts. In the past twenty years, *zama-zamas* have spread across South Africa’s gold-mining areas, becoming a national crisis. Analysts have estimated that illegal mining accounts for around a tenth of South Africa’s annual gold production, though mining companies, wary of alarming investors, tend to downplay the extent of the criminal trade. The operations underground are controlled by powerful syndicates, which then launder the gold into legal supply chains. The properties that have made gold useful as a store of value—notably the ease with which it can be melted down into new forms—also make it difficult to trace. A wedding band, a cell-phone circuit board, and an investment coin may all contain gold that was mined by *zama-zamas*.
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-Welkom, once an economic engine of the apartheid state, emerged as an early—and especially dire—hot spot for illegal mining. Since 2007, officials in the Free State province, where Welkom is situated, have recovered the bodies of more than seven hundred *zama-zamas*—but not all deaths are reported to the authorities, and many bodies remain belowground. “We call it the *zama* graveyard,” a forensic officer said in a 2017 news interview, following an underground explosion that killed more than forty people. In decommissioned mines, the ventilation systems no longer function, and harmful gases accumulate. At certain concentrations of methane, a mine becomes a bomb that can be detonated by the merest spark; even rocks knocking against each other can set off a blast. In Johannesburg, about a hundred and fifty miles northeast of Welkom, there are fears that illegal miners may cause gas pipelines to explode, including those beneath Africa’s largest soccer stadium.
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-But perhaps the biggest dangers stem from the syndicates that have seized control of the illicit gold economy. Organized crime is rampant in South Africa—“an existential threat,” according to a recent analysis from the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime—and gold-mining gangs are especially notorious. Armed militias war over turf, both at the surface and underground, carrying out raids and executions. Officials have discovered groups of corpses that have been bludgeoned with hammers or had their throats slit.
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-In Welkom, getting underground became impossible without paying protection fees to the criminal groups in charge. By 2015, just nine shafts were still operating, in spots where there was ore of sufficient grade to justify the expense of hauling it out. Some syndicates took advantage of these shafts, bribing employees to let the *zama-zamas* ride “the cage”—the transport elevator—and then walk to areas where mining had ceased. There were also dozens of abandoned shafts, including separate ventilation channels and ducts for subsurface cables. “Companies have difficulty plugging all the holes,” a 2009 report on illegal mining noted. Each of these provided openings for *zama-zamas*. The miners climbed down ladders made of sticks and conveyor-belt rubber, which deteriorated over time and sometimes snapped. Or they were lowered into the darkness by teams of men, or behind vehicles that reversed slowly for a mile or farther, the ropes feeding over makeshift pulleys above the shaft. Sometimes the ropes would break, or a patrol would arrive, causing the men at the surface to let go. There were stories of syndicates deceiving miners, promising them a ride in the cage, only to force them to climb down the girders. Men who refused were thrown over the edge, with some victims taking around twenty seconds to hit the bottom.
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-In 2015, Simon entered the mines by paying a thousand dollars to a local syndicate boss, known as David One Eye, who allowed him to walk into the tunnels via an inclined shaft just south of Welkom. One Eye, a former *zama-zama* himself, had risen from obscurity to become one of the most fearsome figures in the region. He was powerfully built from lifting weights, and he had lost his left eye in a shooting.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27459)
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-“You’re leaving already? But it’s your apartment.”
-
-Cartoon by Drew Panckeri
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-The syndicate would charge Simon more than twice as much to exit the mines. He remained underground for almost a year, subsisting on food provided by One Eye’s runners. He came away with too little money, so he went into the mines again, paying the same syndicate to lower him with a rope. He became accustomed to life underground: the heat, the dust, the darkness. He planned to remain there until he was no longer poor, but in the end he came out because he was starving.
-
-*Zama-zamas* are a nightmarish late chapter in an industry that, more than any other, has shaped South Africa’s history. Surface-level gold deposits were discovered in the area that became Johannesburg, sparking a gold rush in 1886. Twelve years later, the new South African mines were providing a quarter of the world’s gold. (To date, the country has produced more than forty per cent of all the gold ever mined.)
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-The reefs that outcropped in Johannesburg extend deep underground, making up part of the Witwatersrand basin, a geological formation that stretches in an arc two hundred and fifty miles long. Extracting this gold required tremendous inputs of labor and capital. The Chamber of Mines once likened the basin to “a fat 1,200-page dictionary lying at an angle. The gold bearing reef would be thinner than a single page, and the amount of gold contained therein would hardly cover a couple of commas.” Complicating matters further, this page had been “twisted and torn” by geological forces, leaving fragments “thrust between other leaves of the book.”
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-In the nineteen-thirties, mining companies began prospecting in a different province—a sparsely populated area that would later be called the Free State. After the Second World War, one borehole produced a sample “so astonishing that financial editors refused to believe the press release,” the historian Jade Davenport wrote, in “Digging Deep: A History of Mining in South Africa.” The yield was more than five hundred times richer than a usual profitable return, propelling the international gold-shares market “into complete dementia.” Land values in the nearest village increased more than two-hundredfold within a week.
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-But these new goldfields needed to be developed from scratch. There was no electricity or potable water. Vast maize fields spread across the grasslands. In 1947, a mining house called the Anglo American Corporation received permission to establish a new town, to be called Welkom—“welcome” in Afrikaans. The company’s founder, Ernest Oppenheimer, who was the richest man in South Africa, tasked a British planner named William Backhouse with designing the settlement. Inspired by housing developments in England, Backhouse envisaged a garden city with satellite towns and ample greenbelts. There would be wide boulevards and circles to direct the flow of traffic. At the outset, Oppenheimer’s son wrote, the region was “depressing in the extreme”: flat and featureless, choked by frequent dust storms, with a single acacia tree, which was later designated a local monument. Eventually, the city was planted with more than a million trees.
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-Across South Africa, white mine workers were perpetually in demand, owing to laws that limited Black people to menial and labor-intensive jobs. To attract white workers and skilled technicians away from the Witwatersrand, the Anglo American Corporation built subsidized houses in Welkom, along with lavish recreational facilities such as cricket fields and a horse-riding club. By 1950, Welkom was growing at an average rate of two families per day. “Welkom is going to be the showplace of South Africa!” the national finance minister declared on an official visit.
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-The economic logic of the mines also demanded an inexhaustible supply of cheap Black labor. Restricted from unionizing until the late nineteen-seventies, Black mine workers performed gruelling and dangerous tasks, such as wielding heavy drills in cramped spaces and shovelling rock; tens of thousands died in accidents, and many more contracted lung diseases. To prevent competition among companies, which would have driven up wages, the Chamber of Mines operated as a central recruiting agency for Black workers from across Southern Africa; between 1910 and 1960, according to one estimate, five million mine workers travelled between South Africa and Mozambique alone. Expanding the labor pool helped the mining industry depress Black wages, which remained almost static for more than five decades. By 1969, the pay gap between white and Black workers had reached twenty to one.
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-In Welkom, a separate township was built for Black residents, set apart from the city by an industrial area and two mine dumps. One of the city planners’ main goals, according to a history of Welkom from the nineteen-sixties, was to “prevent the outskirts of the town being marred by Bantu squatters.” Named Thabong, or “Place of Joy,” the township lay in the path of the dust from the mines. Segregated mining towns, which dated back to the nineteenth century, laid a foundation for South Africa’s apartheid system, which was formally introduced the year after Welkom was founded. Every evening, a siren sounded at seven o’clock, announcing a curfew for Black people, who faced arrest if they stayed too late in the white part of town.
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-Oppenheimer had imagined Welkom as “a town of permanence and beauty.” The cornerstone of the civic center, an imposing set of buildings laid out in the shape of a horseshoe, was a twenty-four-inch slab of gold-bearing reef. The council chambers were furnished in walnut, with crystal chandeliers imported from Vienna. There was a banquet hall and one of South Africa’s finest theatres. In 1971, just three years after the complex was unveiled, a guidebook to South African architecture described the design as “perhaps too ambitious for a town which will, in all probability, have a limited life.”
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-The crash came in 1989. The price of gold had fallen by nearly two-thirds from its peak, inflation was rising, and investors were wary of instability during South Africa’s transition to democracy. (Nelson Mandela was freed the following year.) The rise of powerful unions, in the final years of apartheid, meant that it was no longer possible for the industry to pay Black workers “slave wages,” as the former chairman of one large mining company told me. The Free State goldfields eventually laid off more than a hundred and fifty thousand mine workers, or eighty per cent of the workforce. The region was almost wholly reliant on mining, and Welkom’s economy was especially undiversified. The town’s sprawling urban design was also expensive to maintain, leading to a “death spiral,” Lochner Marais, a professor of developmental studies at the University of the Free State, told me.
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-I first visited Welkom in late 2021. As I drove into the city, Google Maps announced that I had arrived, but around me it was dark. Then my headlights picked out a suburban home, followed by another. The entire neighborhood was without electricity. South Africa is in the midst of an energy crisis and experiences frequent scheduled power outages, but that was not the cause of this blackout. Rather, it was symptomatic of chronic local dysfunction, in a municipality ranked South Africa’s second worst in a 2021 report on financial sustainability.
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-Welkom is surrounded by enormous flat-topped mine dumps that rise from the plains like mesas. The roads have been devoured by potholes. Several years ago, *zama-zamas* began breaking open wastewater pipes to process gold ore, which requires large volumes of water. They also attacked sewage plants, extracting gold from the sludge itself. Now untreated sewage flows in the streets. In addition, *zama-zamas* stripped copper cables from around town and within the mines. Cable theft became so rampant that Welkom experienced power failures several times per week.
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-As the gold-mining companies scaled back in South Africa, they left behind wasted landscapes and extensive subterranean workings, including railway lines and locomotives, intact winders and cages, and thousands of miles of copper cable. Many companies had devised protocols for withdrawing from depleted mines, but these were seldom followed; likewise, government regulations around mine closures were weakly enforced. “It’s as if they just locked the door—‘Now we’re done,’ ” a mine security officer said of the companies. Shafts were often sold many times over, the constant changing of hands allowing companies to evade responsibility for rehabilitation. By the early two-thousands, according to authorities, South Africa had a large number of “derelict and ownerless” gold mines across the country, creating opportunities for illegal mining. Mining researchers in South Africa sometimes joke that the story of gold mining runs from AA to ZZ—from multinationals like Anglo American to *zama-zamas*.
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-Authorities first became aware of the burgeoning illegal-mining industry in the nineties. A fire broke out in one of Welkom’s operational shafts, and a rescue team was called to extinguish it. The team discovered several dead bodies—the suspected victims of carbon-monoxide inhalation. The managers of the mine were not missing any workers, and the dead men were carrying no identification. They had been mining illegally in a disused area. “We weren’t aware something like this could happen,” a member of the rescue team recalled. A few years later, in 1999, police arrested twenty-eight *zama-zamas* in a nearby section of the tunnels. The men, laid-off mine workers, knew their way around like spelunkers in a cave network. An investigator involved in the arrest described them to me as “the forefathers of underground illegal mining in South Africa.”
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-Even before there were *zama-zamas*, South Africa had a thriving black market for gold. In 1996, a security manager at one of the country’s biggest mining houses prepared a report about gold theft, which he described as “the least reported and talked about criminal activity in South Africa.” Back then, workers often pilfered gold from processing plants. One cleaner smuggled out gold-bearing material in a bucket of water; painters on the roof of a facility removed gold through the air vents. An employee was caught with gold inside his tobacco pipe; he didn’t smoke, but had been using this method to steal for twenty years. Others used slingshots to shoot gold over security fences or flushed gold, wrapped in condoms, down the toilet, which they retrieved from nearby sewage plants. One official was observed, several times, leaving a facility with potted plants from his office; a security officer sampled the soil, which was rich in gold concentrate.
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-In Welkom, the main destination for stolen gold was in Thabong, at a dormitory known as G Hostel. During apartheid, hostels housed migrant workers as a way of preventing them from settling permanently in cities; these hostels have since become notorious for crime and violence. G Hostel had multiple entrances and was difficult to surveil. It functioned as an illicit smelting house, where teams of men would crush and wash the gold, then process it into ingots. Following the rise of *zama-zamas*, G Hostel developed into one of the largest gold-smuggling centers in the country. Eventually, around twenty-five hundred people were crammed into the compound, many of them undocumented immigrants. Police frequently conducted raids; in 1998, officers recovered more than ten metric tons of gold-bearing material. One dealer had been selling an average of a hundred ounces of gold per day.
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-During a raid in the early two-thousands, police arrested a *zama-zama* from Mozambique who gave his name as David Khombi. He was wearing a white vest, tattered cutoff jeans, and flip-flops. Khombi lived at the compound, where he supplemented his income by cutting hair, mending shoes, and tailoring Mozambican garments. Not long after the arrest, he was released and went underground, where he earned a small fortune, a former member of his inner circle told me. According to an expert on the illegal gold trade in the Free State, by 2008 Khombi had “started building his empire.”
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-In South Africa, gold smuggling is loosely organized into a pyramid structure. At the bottom are the miners, who sell to local buyers, who sell to regional buyers, who sell to national buyers; at the top are international gold dealers. The margins at each level are typically low—unlike many other illicit products, the market price of gold is public—and turning a profit requires substantial investments of capital, Marcena Hunter, an analyst who studies illicit gold flows, told me. To move upward, Khombi focussed his attention on a different commodity: food.
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-Sustaining thousands of *zama-zamas* underground is a complex and lucrative exercise in logistics. At first, many illegal miners in the Free State purchased food from legal mine workers, who sold their rations at inflated prices. But as the mines laid people off, and the number of *zama-zamas* grew, the syndicates began providing food directly. A new economy developed—one that could be even more profitable than gold. Men underground had little bargaining power, and markups on food usually ranged from five hundred to a thousand per cent. A loaf of bread that cost less than ten rand at the surface sold for a hundred rand down below. Fixed prices were set for peanuts, tinned fish, powdered milk, Morvite (a high-energy sorghum porridge originally developed for feeding mine workers), and biltong, a South African jerky.
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-*Zama-zamas* could also purchase such items as cigarettes, marijuana, washing powder, toothpaste, batteries, and headlamps. They paid with the cash they made from selling gold; when they were flush, some miners celebrated with buckets of KFC, which were available underground for upward of a thousand rand. Around a decade ago, one KFC in Welkom was supplying so much food to gold syndicates that customers started avoiding it: orders took forever, items on the menu ran out, and meals were often undercooked. Police contacted the owner, who agreed to notify them whenever large orders came in. On one occasion, officers observed a truck picking up eighty buckets of chicken.
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-Khombi began paying men to shop at wholesalers, package the goods in layers of cardboard and bubble wrap, and then drop the fortified parcels down the shafts. (They often used ventilation channels, the powerful updrafts slowing the rate at which the supplies fell.) As his earnings increased, Khombi began buying gold from *zama-zamas*, profiting doubly from their labor. He built a large house in Thabong, where he developed a reputation for sharing his wealth—“like a philanthropist,” one community activist told me. During his rise to prominence, he also made enemies. He was later shot in the face, but survived, and became known as David One Eye.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27405)
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-“And so Lucas and all his friends simply chose to ignore the metaverse, and in the end it went away . . .”
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-Cartoon by Hartley Lin
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-One afternoon, I met a former *zama-zama* whom I’ll refer to as Jonathan. He spent a year in the tunnels around 2013. “We were thousands underground,” he recalled. The men worked bare-chested because of the heat, and they slept on makeshift bunks. Khombi controlled the supply of food, and there were deliveries of beer and meat—“everything,” Jonathan said. For nearly three months, Jonathan was dependent on a group of more experienced miners, who guided him through the tunnels and shared their supplies. Finding and extracting gold required considerable expertise, and some *zama-zamas* were able to read the rock like mineralogists. But there were also other jobs underground, and Jonathan found work as a welder, producing small mills, known as *pendukas*, for crushing ore. The other miners paid him in gold.
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-Access to the tunnels was controlled, increasingly, by armed gangs from Lesotho, to whom Khombi paid protection fees. Known as the Marashea, or “Russians,” these gangs traced their origins to mining compounds on the Witwatersrand, where Basotho laborers banded together in the nineteen-forties. (Their name was inspired by the Russian Army, whose members were “understood to have been fierce and successful fighters,” the historian Gary Kynoch wrote, in “We Are Fighting the World: A History of the Marashea Gangs in South Africa, 1947–1999.”) The Marashea dressed in gum boots, balaclavas, and traditional woollen blankets, worn clasped beneath the chin. Following the rise of illegal mining, they muscled in on the shafts. They carried weapons—assault rifles, Uzis, shotguns—and fought viciously over abandoned mines. Accordion players affiliated with the gangs wrote songs taunting their enemies, like drill rappers with nineteenth-century instruments.
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-Working with factions of the Marashea, Khombi seized control of large areas of the Free State goldfields. He structured his illicit business almost like a mine, with separate divisions for food, gold, and security. As his wealth grew, he and his wife acquired extravagant tastes. They built a second home in Thabong, so ornate that it drew comparisons to a compound built by Jacob Zuma, South Africa’s notoriously corrupt former President. On Instagram, Khombi posted photographs of himself wearing Italian suits and flexing his biceps in tight-fitting tees. (One caption: “Everyone talks about mother’s love but no one talks about a father’s sacrifice.”) He bought a fleet of cars, including a customized Range Rover worth an estimated quarter-million dollars, and opened a pair of night clubs in Thabong, rising above a sea of metal shacks. His wife, who was from an extremely poor family, began dressing in Gucci and Balenciaga, and often flew to Johannesburg for shopping trips.
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-In the nineteen-fifties, according to Welkom records, there were white women who “made a point of flying regularly to Johannesburg for a day’s shopping.” Their husbands, who worked in the mines, were “absolutely fearless, accepting hazard and risk, with a terrific driving force to earn the maximum possible amount of money.” The structure of the company town guaranteed that, for its white residents, there was plenty of money in circulation. Khombi rose to the top of a new hierarchy, one that enriched a different set of bosses but was similarly based on Black labor.
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-Today, a row of grand banks stands mostly shuttered, a putt-putt course has been taken over by drug dealers, and the public gardens are strewn with trash and stripped cables. This past November, a clock tower outside the civic center, considered one of Welkom’s landmarks, displayed a different incorrect time on each of its three faces, with a faded banner for an event in 2018. The commercial district has retreated into the Goldfields Mall, which was built in the nineteen-eighties; it has a giant statue of a rhinoceros out front. (In December, they gave the statue a Christmas hat.)
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-I met a former police reservist there one morning. He asked to be identified as Charles. For around nine years, he was on Khombi’s payroll, selling him gold confiscated from rival dealers, protecting him, and escorting *zama-zamas* to the mines. Charles used the money to buy a new car and pay lobola, a bride-price customary in many Southern African cultures.
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-Corruption is a corrosive force in South Africa. In Welkom, which has not received a clean financial audit since 2000, tens of millions of dollars in government funds have gone missing. Even in this context, Khombi’s influence was legendary. Charles estimated that seventy per cent of the local police force had been in the kingpin’s pocket; I took this to be an exaggeration, until a senior detective who works on illegal-mining cases corroborated the figure, laughing bitterly.
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-But Khombi, like any capable mafia don, was also propping up core services of the city. He repaired dirt roads in Thabong and donated supplies to local schools. In 2015, the national electricity utility threatened to cut off power to Welkom and its surrounding towns unless the municipality began paying off an outstanding bill of around thirty million dollars. Rumors circulated that Khombi had made a cash payment to avert the power cuts.
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-Corruption was just as pervasive in the operational mines. Smuggling in *zama-zamas* could cost as much as forty-five hundred dollars per person, according to the illegal-gold-mining expert. The process could require bribing up to seven employees at once, from security guards to cage operators; this meant that mine employees could earn many times their regular salaries through bribery. Some were caught with bread loaves strapped to their bellies and batteries hidden inside their lunchboxes, which they planned to sell to *zama-zamas*. They also served as couriers, ferrying gold and cash.
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-Mine workers who couldn’t be paid off were targeted by the syndicates. In 2017, a Welkom mine manager known for his tough stance against *zama-zamas* was murdered. Two months later, a mine security officer was shot thirteen times on his way to work. The following year, an administrator was stabbed ten times at home while his wife and children were in another room, and the wife of a plant manager was kidnapped for a ransom of one bar of gold.
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-Today, after a series of acquisitions and mergers, a single company, Harmony, owns the mines around Welkom. Harmony specializes in exploiting marginal deposits at so-called mature mines, which has allowed it to prosper during the twilight years of South Africa’s gold industry. According to a company presentation that I obtained, Harmony has spent roughly a hundred million dollars on security measures between 2012 and 2019, including outfitting its mines with biometric authentication systems. They have also demolished several dozen disused shafts. Company records show that more than sixteen thousand *zama-zamas* have been arrested since 2007; in addition, more than two thousand employees and contractors have been arrested under suspicion of taking bribes or facilitating illegal mining. But these arrests were mostly at the bottom of the illegal-mining hierarchy, and had little lasting impact.
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-One day, I met a team of security officers who patrolled some of the mines beneath Welkom; several of them had worked in Afghanistan and Iraq, and told me that the mines were more dangerous. The officers recounted coming across explosives the size of soccer balls, stuffed with bolts and other shrapnel. In shoot-outs, bullets ricocheted off the mine walls. “It’s tunnel warfare,” a member of the team said.
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-But in town, especially among poorer residents, there was a sense that this violence was peripheral to a trade that sustained a large number of people. Money from *zama-zamas* spilled over into the general economy, from food wholesalers to car dealerships. “The economy of Welkom is through *zama-zamas*,” Charles, the former police reservist, told me. “Now Welkom is poor because of one man.” A few years ago, Khombi began ordering brazen hits on his rivals, becoming the focal point of a wider clampdown on illegal mining. “He took it too far,” Charles said. “He ruined it for everyone.”
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-The first known murder linked to Khombi was that of Eric Vilakazi, another syndicate leader who had been delivering food underground. In 2016, Vilakazi was shot dead in front of his home while holding his young child in his arms. (The child survived.) Afterward, Khombi visited Vilakazi’s family to share his condolences and to offer financial support for the funeral. “If he killed you, he’ll go see the wife the next day,” the former member of Khombi’s inner circle, who accompanied him on the visit, told me. An aspiring kingpin named Nico Rasethuntsha attempted to take over the area where Vilakazi had been operating, but a few months later he, too, was assassinated.
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-In December, 2017, Thapelo Talla, an associate of Khombi’s who had tried to break away, was gunned down outside a party for Khombi’s wedding anniversary. The following month, a syndicate boss known as Majozi disappeared, along with a policeman who had worked with him; Majozi’s wife was found dead at their home, and his burned-out BMW was found near an abandoned hostel. (Informants said afterward that Majozi and the policeman were tossed down a shaft by Khombi’s henchmen.) Later, a gold smuggler named Charles Sithole was murdered after receiving death threats from Khombi, and a pastor in Thabong who had sold a house to Khombi, and was requesting the full payment, was shot and killed.
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-The incident that led to Khombi’s undoing took place in 2017, at a cemetery outside Welkom. Like the towns around it, the cemetery was running to ruin—a metal sign over the entrance, along with some headstones, had been stolen. The graves had been racially segregated during apartheid, and headstones of white people remained clustered at one end. Khombi suspected one of his lieutenants of stealing money and gave orders for him to be shot in the cemetery. The body was discovered the next morning, lying beside an abandoned vehicle.
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-One of Khombi’s men, who was at the cemetery that night, was also working as an informant for the police, and Khombi was eventually charged with murder. (The first investigating officer assigned to the case was found guilty of lying under oath to protect him.) Khombi was held at a local jail, where wardens delivered KFC to his cell. “They were treating him like a king,” the expert on the illegal gold trade told me. A man who was charged alongside Khombi was thought to have been poisoned—an effort, officials believe, to prevent him from testifying—and had to be brought to court in a wheelchair.
-
-The trial began in late 2019. Khombi, who had been released on bail, showed up in designer suits every day. He presented himself as a businessman with philanthropic interests, alleging that he was a victim of a conspiracy. The judge was unpersuaded. “The entire murder has the hallmark of a hit,” he declared, sentencing Khombi to life in prison. Khombi’s legal team is petitioning the courts to overturn this decision, but he also faces other charges: for the 2017 murder of Talla, and for identity fraud. (Police discovered two South African I.D.s in his home, with different names, both featuring his photograph.)
-
-I returned to Welkom to attend the trials for both cases. Last September, driving from Johannesburg along the arc of the Witwatersrand basin, I passed through a series of blighted mining towns, now home to armies of *zama-zamas*. It was the windy season, and clouds of dust blew from the mine dumps. The waste from South African gold mines is rich in uranium, and in the nineteen-forties the U.S. and British governments initiated a top-secret program to reprocess the material for the development of nuclear weapons. But a large number of dumps remain, with dangerously high levels of radioactivity. In Welkom, the dust blows into houses and schools. Some residential areas have radioactivity readings comparable to those of Chernobyl.
-
-The magistrate’s court is in the city center—a modernist building with arresting red metal finishes where thousands of *zama-zamas* have been prosecuted. In the halls, there are posters that read “*STOP ILLEGAL MINING,*” with images of gold in its different forms, from ore concentrate to refined bars. Outside the courtroom, on the first day of Khombi’s trial for identity fraud, a garrulous man wearing a kufi hat with a red feather introduced himself to me as Khombi’s half brother, although I later found out that he was a more distant relative. Without my asking, he said of Khombi, “He worked with gold, I won’t deny it. But he wasn’t a killer.” The problem, he told me, was the gangs from Lesotho: “He had to work with them.” Khombi had become rich from the gold trade, and also arrogant, he added. “But the cops were in his circle. Who’s the real mafia here?”
-
-Inside, Khombi was in shackles, laughing with the wardens. He wore a black sweatshirt pulled tight over his muscles, and his voice boomed across the courtroom. He had already begun serving his murder sentence, and in prison he was organizing prayer meetings for the inmates. (Khombi is a member of an Apostolic church.) Before the trial could begin, his defense lawyer secured a postponement, and Khombi was escorted back to the cells.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a26209)
-
-“Let’s say I’ve been practicing therapy without a license. How much time would I be looking at?”
-
-Cartoon by Chelsea Carr
-
-I was able to speak to Khombi two months later, at the trial for Talla’s murder. Our conversations took place as he was led in and out of the courtroom, with his wardens repeatedly shooing me away. When I introduced myself, Khombi greeted me like a politician and gave me a warm handshake, as if he had been expecting me. He denied being a gold dealer, but said that he knew many people involved in the trade. “From what I have observed,” he said, “it involves a lot of people—police, judges, magistrates, security. It’s too dangerous to talk about.” He also told me, smiling, that he had paid close to a million dollars for the municipal electricity bill, and made separate payments for water. “I’m not what all these people say about me,” he said. “I don’t sit and plot to kill people.”
-
-One day in Welkom, I got lunch with Khombi’s legal adviser, a smooth-talking former attorney named Fusi Macheka, who was disbarred in 2011. Macheka is a lay pastor, and he blessed our food when it arrived. He told me that he had known Khombi since around 2007, claiming to have successfully defended him in an illegal-gold-dealing case at the time. “Ultimately he became my man,” Macheka said. “He calls me brother.”
-
-While we were talking, a man with heavily scarred forearms arrived and sat down without greeting me. Macheka introduced him as Khombi’s lieutenant. “He’s a shock absorber for him,” Macheka explained. The lieutenant, who gave his name as Sekonyela, was wearing a yellow golf shirt that identified him as the chairman of the Stingy Men Association of Free State, which he was reluctant to elaborate on. He had known Khombi for close to three decades, working his way up from being Khombi’s gardener to being his right-hand man. Through the years, he said, Khombi had paid for his wedding, including lobola and a honeymoon to Cape Town, and had given him multiple cars and motorbikes.
-
-A few days later, Sekonyela arrived on one of those bikes, a Yamaha with a top speed of around a hundred and thirty miles per hour, to accompany Macheka and me on a tour of Khombi’s properties. We began at Khombi’s newest home, purchased from the pastor who was murdered. It featured the only residential swimming pool in Thabong, Sekonyela said. A former chief interpreter of the Welkom magistrate’s court happened to be passing by, and he informed me, misleadingly, that Khombi was “never ever in court for one murder.” He added that Khombi had donated soccer balls and kits for two youth teams he managed. “He was for the people,” the interpreter said.
-
-Many people in the township shared stories of Khombi’s generosity and lamented his absence. “He wanted people’s stomachs to be full,” one community leader said. I heard about Khombi paying for children to go to school and providing cattle to slaughter at funerals. Multiple officials I spoke with believe that Khombi remains active in the illicit gold trade, organizing deals from inside prison, but I got the sense that his power had waned. Weeds flourished outside his properties, and his night clubs were often closed. Khombi’s incarceration had left room for other syndicates to grow, but nobody had inherited his mantle as Thabong’s benefactor. Macheka wanted me to appreciate his client’s importance in the community, but he was evasive when I asked if Khombi had been involved in gold smuggling. “I can’t say that with certainty,” Macheka replied. “According to my instructions, he was a hard worker.” Macheka also mentioned that Khombi had given him two cars. “He knew about this secret of giving,” Macheka had said, a few days earlier. “In terms of my Biblical understanding, you give one cent, you get a hundredfold. Maybe that was his secret.”
-
-Khombi’s murder conviction coincided with a joint operation, by various police agencies and a private-security firm contracted by Harmony, to bring illegal mining in the Free State under control. The project is called Knock Out, and its logo is a clenched fist. To circumvent the corruption in Welkom, fifty police officers were brought in from the city of Bloemfontein, a hundred miles away. The operation has recorded more than five thousand arrests; among those taken into custody were seventy-seven mine employees, forty-eight security officers, and four members of the military. Investigators opened cases against more than a dozen police officers. Some cops, in the face of increased scrutiny, preëmptively quit the force.
-
-Central to the operation was cutting off food supplies for *zama-zamas* underground. Investigators raided locations where food was being packed. In parallel, some of the operational mines instituted food bans for employees, and Harmony closed off more entrances to the tunnels. At first, contractors capped old shafts with slabs of concrete, but *zama-zamas* dug underneath and broke these open, so the contractors began filling the shafts with rubble, sealing them completely. The company spent two years on one shaft, pumping in seemingly endless volumes of concrete; investigators later discovered that, inside the tunnels, *zama-zamas* had been removing the slurry before it could set. On another occasion, a syndicate sent three excavators to reopen a shaft. Security officers who intervened were shot at and almost run over by one of the machines. (The driver was later convicted of attempted murder.) To regain control of the site, officials sent in helicopters and erected a perimeter of sandbags—“like an army camp,” one member of the operation told me.
-
-Sealing vertical shafts restricts access from the surface, but it does not close the entire tunnel network, and thousands of *zama-zamas* remained below Welkom, their food supplies dwindling. Many still owed money to the syndicates that had put them underground. They didn’t want to exit. How else were they going to pay? Jonathan, the former *zama-zama*, estimated that hundreds had died of starvation, including several of his friends. “The saddest part of it, the most painful, is that you can’t bury them,” he said.
-
-Burials are of supreme importance in many Southern African cultures. In the past, when *zama-zamas* died underground, their bodies would typically be carried, shrouded in plastic, to the nearest functioning shaft and left for mine employees to discover. Affixed to the corpses were labels with a contact number and a name. The bodies were repatriated to neighboring countries or buried in the Free State. But now so many men were dying that it was impossible to collect them all. Simon, the *zama-zama* from Zimbabwe, told me that during 2017 and 2018 more than a hundred men died on just two levels of the mine he was living in. Using blankets as stretchers, he and some other *zama-zamas* had carried out at least eight bodies, one at a time; each journey had lasted around twelve hours. “The first time I see a dead body, I’m scared,” he recalled. As conditions worsened underground—at one point, Simon went fourteen days without food—he stopped caring, and would sit on the bodies to rest.
-
-Operation Knock Out forced *zama-zamas* to go elsewhere in search of gold. Many left for Orkney, a mining town eighty miles north. One weekend in 2021, according to the South African Police Service, more than five hundred *zama-zamas* exited the tunnels in Orkney after their food and water supplies were cut off; days later, hundreds of men attempted to force their way back inside, culminating in a shoot-out with officials that left six dead. When I visited, a security officer took me to an abandoned shaft nearby that had been capped with concrete but blown open by *zama-zamas*. Ropes were strung over the mouth of the hole, which was more than a mile deep. The shaft was no longer ventilated, and gusts of hot vapor blew up from the tunnels. Marashean snipers were observing us from a mine dump; that night, more *zama-zamas* would lower themselves over the shaft’s edge.
-
-In Welkom, the drop in illegal mining dealt yet another blow to an already ravaged economy. “Most of our illegal miners are our businesspeople,” Rose Nkhasi, the president of the Free State Goldfields Chamber of Business at the time, told me. I met her in a boardroom with framed portraits of her predecessors, almost all of whom were white men. Nkhasi, who is Black, acknowledged the violence and corruption associated with gold smuggling, but she was frank about its role in sustaining Welkom. She singled out Khombi—“He’s huge in the township, like the biggest mafia”—for his economic impact. “He employs a lot of people,” she said. “You can feel his money.”
-
-Nkhasi owns a property with a car wash, a mechanical workshop, and a restaurant. In earlier years, she told me, *zama-zamas* would bring their cars in for repairs and order food, paying with two-hundred-rand bills—the largest denomination in South Africa—and declining change. Police vehicles cruised by to collect payments from Khombi’s henchmen. Nkhasi also has an independent town-planning practice, where syndicate leaders often brought her rezoning applications to build rental units. “They are the ones developing this town,” Nkhasi told me.
-
-Investigators believe that there are still around two hundred illegal miners underground, roaming the passages beneath Welkom; they are adamant that, eventually, many more will return. The problems are deeply embedded. South Africa, once the world’s largest gold producer by far, now ranks a distant tenth. The country is still home to some of the richest gold deposits in the world, and there are many companies that would be interested in digging for them. But there is an increasingly strained relationship between the state and the mining sector, with ever-shifting policies—including a requirement that a large number of shares go to historically disadvantaged South Africans—and the spectre of corruption acting as deterrents to investment. Margins on gold mines are thin, and increasing security costs, combined with gold losses to *zama-zamas*, can “eliminate most of the profits,” the former mining chairman told me. “Nobody wants to go into the casino.” The gold-mining industry has come to symbolize the dispossession and exploitation that have shaped South Africa, today the country with the highest income inequality in the world.
-
-One evening, before sunset, I drove out to an old shaft on the southern edge of Welkom. Sunk in the early nineteen-fifties, it once led to one of South Africa’s richest mines, producing thousands of tons of ore per day. The shaft was filled a few years ago, and all that remains is a low mound in the middle of a grassy field. Nearby, at a venue called Diggers Inn, where Khombi held his wedding, an end-of-year celebration was kicking off for the graduates of Welkom High School. A crowd had gathered to cheer for the teen-agers, many of whom had hired chauffeured cars. Not two thousand feet away, at the opposite end of the shaft, some men were at work with picks and shovels, scraping gold from the earth. ♦
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+---
+
+Tag: ["📈", "🇺🇸", "🗞️"]
+Date: 2024-07-07
+DocType: "WebClipping"
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp: 2024-07-07
+Link: https://strangersguide.com/articles/the-eagle-never-sleeps/
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+
+---
+
+Parent:: [[@News|News]]
+Read:: 🟥
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-TheEagleNeverSleepsNSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# The Eagle Never Sleeps
+
+![](https://strangersguide.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/LEAD_-mom-and-dad-in-old-office-burned-in-1974-1.jpg)
+
+Tom Gish (foreground) and Pat, back left, in the old Eagle offices not long before the fire. Photo by Tom Bethell.
+
+The fire started in a disused apartment in the back of the old stone building sometime after midnight, in Whitesburg, Kentucky, August 1, 1974. By the time the town’s all-volunteer firefighting crew extinguished the last of the flames at 2am it had torn through three rooms and destroyed most of everything. Although it was the Letcher County seat, Whitesburg was small and the fire truck’s siren loud and so most of the thousand or so residents probably knew that something in town was ablaze. It was only when the sun came up that they’d discover it was the offices of their newspaper *The Mountain Eagle* which had burned. 
+
+*The Eagle* building was at 120 West Main Street in a bend of the North Fork Kentucky River and in the center of things as far as life in Whitesburg was concerned. Enter the storefront and there was a reception area on the right where you could renew your subscription for $3 a year for Letcher County residents or $5 for those living outside of the county. On the left were a few other desks with typewriters on top that had seen better days, most of them covered in splashes of whiteout. You could barely see the editor Tom Gish’s desk at all, so stacked was it with papers. *The Eagle’s* staff thought of the office as “barely controlled chaos” but despite this, Tom and his wife Pat managed to publish the newspaper on time each Thursday and had done so for just shy of 20 years.
+
+The night of the fire the Gishes were at a meeting three hours away in Lexington and they didn’t find out about it until mid-morning the following day when their daughter called. By the time Tom and Pat got there it was a smoldering pile of charred paper and ash, the walls black with soot, and the heavy, acrid smell of smoke. It may not have destroyed the entire building but it was no longer habitable. The worst damage, they noticed, had been caused by the fire hoses.
+
+Tom and Pat salvaged what they could. Most of the stuff could be replaced, but the biggest tragedy, they thought, was the boxes of historic photographs of Appalachia that had been destroyed, together with a collection of books and articles on eastern Kentucky. They were irreplaceable. A couple of days later Pat found a pile of charred envelopes just inside the back door to the apartment, off a little alleyway, and noticed they were stained red and orange and that they smelled like kerosene. A windowpane in the door had been smashed. As she dialed the number of the state fire marshal, Tom turned to the handful of staff who had gathered in the room behind them, and with tears in his eyes said: “Who could have done this to us?” Then Tom promised them they wouldn’t miss an issue; *The Mountain Eagle* would come out the following week. “Even if we have to use just one typewriter.”
+
+In those moments standing in the gutted building, when Tom and Pat first suspected arson, they had no idea just what was around the corner; no clue that what happened that night was the culmination of a bitter battle between press freedom and a corrupt establishment. Tom and Pat were used to telling stories, but this one — the story of retribution on them and their newspaper for doing its job — was to be the most compelling of all; bigger and more outrageous than anything they’d ever relayed in the pages of *The Mountain Eagle*. It was a story that would resonate far into the future, too; a future in which local newspapers, so crucial to a healthy, functioning democracy, were being decimated, and newsrooms gutted.
+
+The same year *The Eagle* burned, Tom and Pat would stand on stage at the University of Arizona to collect the Zenger Award for freedom of the press. The previous year, Katharine Graham of *The Washington Post* had won for her coverage of the ‘Pentagon papers’ – the top secret study of US political and military involvement in Vietnam. The year after, it would be the turn of Seymour Hersh of *The New York Time*s for his coverage of the Watergate affair, the burglary that resulted in President Nixon’s resignation. Sandwiched between these two journalistic titans was eastern Kentucky’s humble *Mountain Eagle*: a local paper dedicated to truth telling, whatever the cost.
+
+## …
+
+Tom and Pat met in a Spanish class at the University of Kentucky in the mid-1940s. Tom, who was born just up the road from Whitesburg in the SECO coal camp where his father worked, had embarked on an engineering degree with the aim of becoming a mining engineer like his dad; Pat was studying journalism and she talked Tom into reporting for *The Kentucky Kernel*, the student newspaper she edited. Soon, he’d switched majors to join her, deciding he’d rather become a journalist instead. Tom was a year older than Pat, and when he graduated he landed a job working for United Press in Frankfort covering labor relations. After she left college, Pat was hired as a general assignment reporter at the *Lexington Leader*. Tom always wanted to return to Whitesburg someday, and after his boss told him that a promotion would see him transferred to either Ohio or England, he looked for ways to stay in Kentucky. In 1956 the owners of *The Mountain Eagle* and *Hazard Herald* newspapers wanted to sell up, and Tom’s father persuaded them that Pat and Tom might make the perfect new proprietors. The couple seized the opportunity, choosing to take over *The Eagle*.
+
+![](https://strangersguide.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/4th_-TP-by-PatArnow-scaled.jpg)
+
+Tom and Pat Gish outside the Eagle office in the mid- 1990s. Photo by Pat Arnow.
+
+Whitesburg was the archetypal American small town, straight out of a Rockwell painting. Its small Main Street featured two hardware stores and post office, with *The Eagle* at the west end of the street across from a funeral home run by a part-time Baptist preacher. It was a busy little town, nestled in a valley dominated by Pine Mountain to the north, its rugged peaks and evergreen forests contrasting with the abandoned coal mines scarring its slopes. On Saturdays, miners and their families frequented one of two drugstores with their soda fountains, the handful of restaurants, and the 10-cent store. But its idyllic setting, nestled along the river, belied a depressed economy. Like many other community newspapers, *The Eagle* was funded largely by revenue generated from printing stationery for other clients. In truth, before Tom and Pat came along there wasn’t much actual reporting being done at all — its stock-in-trade was obituaries, wedding announcements, and lengthy reports of Rotary Club and 4H meetings.
+
+The Gishes agreed to take over *The Eagle* when Pat was pregnant with their third child, Ben and living in Frankfort with the children until Tom found them a place to live in Whitesburg. They were determined to publish real journalism, and they got their chance a few months later when Whitesburg found itself under water. A month after their first issue hit the newsstands, the North Fork of the Kentucky River burst its banks and the biggest flood of the century swamped the town. Water levels rose so fast that townsfolk had to evacuate without their belongings. There were few staff back then; until Pat joined him, Tom wrote the stories himself — reported them and copy edited them, before sending the paper off to be printed. It wasn’t just Whitesburg that was impacted by the deluge. Southwest Virginia and northeastern Tennessee had also borne the brunt of catastrophic flooding. In southeastern Kentucky, the headwaters of the Big Sandy, Kentucky and Cumberland Rivers, swollen by heavy rain and snowmelt, flooded the counties they meandered through. The Red Cross proclaimed parts of Kentucky a disaster area — parts that included Corbin, Jackson and Whitesburg. In nearby Hazard, Kentucky, floodwaters swept more than 50 houses away. Ironically, the *Hazard Herald*, the paper Tom and Pat had been offered but which they’d declined to buy in favor of *The Eagle*, was destroyed. There was no gas for cooking, locals suffered food shortages, mudslides took out roads, homes were ruined, people died, and ninety percent of the coal mines in four counties closed. That industry — the region’s economic lifeblood — would never really recover.
+
+![](https://strangersguide.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/3rd_-Gishfam-c1967-scaled.jpg)
+
+The Gish family in 1967. L-R: Pat Gish, Kitty, Ben, Sarah, Ann, Tom, and Ray. Photo by Tom Bethell.
+
+Tom and Pat were determined to make their newspaper a success and raise their kids in Whitesburg; they had an overwhelming commitment to the place and its people. Tom was a slim man who smoked five packs of cigarettes a day; Pat had short, wavy dark hair and wore round, black-framed glasses and, as one employee had it, possessed “more energy than God ever gave any woman.” Both had an astute sense of humor and the newspaper office was often filled with laughter. The Gishes lived on School Hill, near the high school, in a wooden two story house with steep steps that climbed up to the front door; big enough for Tom, Pat, and their five children, not to mention the numerous guests Tom and Pat regularly entertained. Rare was the night they didn’t have a dinner guest and reporters from far afield would often show up to volunteer or cover news events, crashing at Tom and Pat’s when they were done for the day. When they weren’t at school, the Gish children, Ben, Ray, Katherine (known as Kitty,) Sarah and Ann, would help out in the newspaper mailroom, or, when they got a little older, typesetting the news. If it got late and they got tired, they’d curl up on cardboard pallets on the floor of the office. By the time they reached the age of 16, each of the Gish children could publish a newspaper by themselves if they wanted to.
+
+Coal is at the heart of this story. Coal and money. Tom and Pat took over *The Eagle* at a time when the economy of the Appalachians was in free fall. People were near starvation and it was one of Tom’s old schoolmates, Harry Caudill, who had brought national attention to the dire problem. Caudill was a powerful presence; a local lawyer who had served in Kentucky’s House of Representatives, prone to quoting Shakespeare and Dickens on the courthouse floor and in the legislature. In his book, *Night Comes to the Cumberlands*, published in 1963, he describes the history of coal and its impact on Appalachia. Following the outbreak of WWII, the Allies had placed huge orders for American coal. Hotels across the Cumberland Plateau which had stood empty during The Depression, were now filled with coal brokers and their agents. Local miners, who had inherited family tracts and camp houses, watched their values rise. Caudill wrote that they were suddenly able to mortgage that inheritance and go into business, “turning paupers into princes.” But only for some. Caudill painted a vivid picture of the disparity it caused: while hundreds dashed around flashing their new-found wealth “in the most irresponsible and profitless manner,” schoolhouses, meanwhile, were heated by pot bellied stoves that couldn’t compete with the Appalachian winters; water was drawn from wells “shockingly close to stinking, fly-blown privies.” And while some coal miners enjoyed the spoils of the boom, schoolteachers, doctors and nurses had to live on meager salaries. Eventually there was an inevitable exodus of the very people the plateau needed. What’s more, automation in the mines meant thousands of idle miners, too, joined the flight out of the mountains. The “Continuous Miner,” a massive machine that cut and loaded coal in one uninterrupted operation and resembled a huge orange monster with devastating teeth, together with belt systems and shuttle cars, rendered a lot of human labor redundant.
+
+The industry they left behind was rife with unscrupulous practices. Operators paid miners for “short weights” — rigging the scale so a car of coal showed a load way under what it actually measured. Housing for mineworkers was cheap, built alongside highways and on hillsides from unseasoned low-grade lumber, causing their walls and floors to buckle and sag as the unrelenting Appalachian weather took its toll. Meanwhile the booming industry began to tap seams of coal in previously untouched areas, far from existing roads. These new rural roads were carved out of the shale, unstable clay and crumbling limestone in order to transport coal down the mountainsides, and as those roads inevitably deteriorated too, Caudill wrote that the dust the coal trucks kicked up changed the color of trees and fields, making its way into homes. Loose rock and soil congested drainage systems; roads flooded; and pavements cracked as the drenched earth froze and expanded in winter.
+
+There’s a chapter in Caudill’s book called “The Rape of the Appalachians.” It tells the story of strip mining, a branch of the industry that was about to invade the Cumberlands on a vast scale. With strip mining, the soil above is scraped off and the coal scooped out, leaving a hellish landscape. Many of those coal seams contained huge quantities of sulfur; when that gets wet it produces sulfuric acid which “bleeds into the creeks, killing vegetation and destroying fish, frogs and other stream-dwellers.” Caudill’s book was a devastating indictment of the industry, one which soon came to the attention of Homer Bigart, a Pulitzer Prize-winning *New York Times* reporter. Back then, if you were a journalist from an American newspaper or TV network and wanted to see what was happening in the Appalachians, Tom, Pat and *The Mountain Eagle* were the obligatory pit stop. And so when Bigart visited the Cumberlands, Tom and Pat gave him a tour of the area, introduced him to people they knew were essential in telling his story, and showed him their own reporting on the collapse of the region’s economy, its health and housing problems and issues of food insecurity. “He went away and wrote the story and it was spread across the front page of *The* *New York Times*,” Tom said. “And the story goes that John F Kennedy, who would read *The Times* in bed on Sunday mornings, saw Bigart’s story about Kentucky, called an emergency cabinet meeting that Sunday afternoon, and set up a program of emergency relief for impoverished mountain families and jobless coal miners.”
+
+In his *Times* piece, Bigart described the devastating consequences of the automation of the mining industry. “Replaced by machines,” he wrote, “the miners can find no work.” He described how one man even pretended to be blind by putting snuff in his eyes in order to become eligible for welfare; that once he’d fooled the welfare board, his wife did the same — with equal success. His ruse was only exposed when he brought his daughter in to claim a third check. Bigart described “dirty-faced children \[who\] haul water from the creek, which is fouled with garbage and discarded mattresses.” Letcher County’s public health officer even told Bigart that he’d seen children “pot-bellied and anemic … eat dirt out of chimneys.” Following Kennedy’s assassination, his successor Lyndon Johnson told America during his State of the Union Speech in 1964 that he would prosecute a “war on poverty.”
+
+*The Mountain Eagle’s* reporting on what was happening caused some in the area — particularly the mining companies — to assume the Gishes were “anti coal.” But Tom, Pat and their family were in Whitesburg *because* of coal. Tom’s father, Ben, had worked as a miner for the Southeast Coal Company before becoming a mine superintendent. He’d invented a device that made modern mining possible: a roof bolt which could shore up otherwise fragile shafts in order for miners to extract coal, metal ore or stone, free from fear of the roof collapsing in on them. Tom’s father’s invention had made mining safer for humans, not machines. By now, Tom and Pat were shocked at how coal operators — and those in government — had created a kind of local tyranny and they were aghast at the tragedy unfolding in their quiet little corner of Kentucky. That concern, which they articulated in their coverage and editorials in *The Eagle*, together with reporting on black lung disease and strip mining, inevitably rubbed those at the top of the mining pyramid the wrong way. When Pat first attended a school board meeting in Whitesburg she was told the forum was closed. Tom informed them that the state’s Open Meetings Law gave the press access to public meetings, and while the board eventually conceded, their concession apparently didn’t extend to giving Pat a chair to sit in, even when she was pregnant with their second child.
+
+Because of the massive interest in stories about the War on Poverty, a general hostility to the media hung like coal smoke over the Appalachians. Reporters, Ben Gish recalls, “were more concerned with showing pictures of abject poverty instead of showing the homes of the coal company owners.” And some locals objected to that.
+
+ In September, 1967, a Canadian filmmaker called Hugh O’Connor visited eastern Kentucky to conduct interviews for a documentary he was working on that had been commissioned by the United States Department of Commerce. Unaware of the hostility to outsiders, particularly members of the media, O’Connor and his crew spotted a miner sitting on his porch, still covered in coal dust, and the man agreed to let them film him. But while their cameras were rolling, his landlord, a man named Hobart Ison, who objected to them being on his property, ordered the filmmakers to leave. They packed up their gear but as they were walking toward their car, Ison pulled out his revolver and began firing. One of the bullets hit O’Connor in the chest and he died on the spot. Later, Ison would plead guilty to involuntary manslaughter but he’d serve just a year in prison. This was the climate the Gishes operated in as the new decade dawned.
+
+The staff of *The Mountain Eagle* weren’t immune to abuse. In 1971, reporter Phil Primack went to cover a protest — a group of five women were attempting to get a strip mine shut down in Knott County. Primack recalls three men present that day — him, a man who ran an anti-strip mining pressure group, and one other — were beaten up “by a bunch of drunk, pissed off hard hats who thought they were protesting their livelihood. They weren’t going to beat up the women so they beat up the men there instead.”
+
+In the summer of 1970, Tom suffered a major heart attack and two years later underwent open heart surgery. It failed to slow him down though, and back at *The Eagle* office, he and Pat worked a brutal schedule. On press day, Tom, who now sported a big reddish beard, was at his desk late into the night, sleeping on a cot in the office so he could be up again at the crack of dawn, back to work. Pat had taken a job at the housing corporation so she could bring home a steady paycheck, but after she left the office each day she’d head straight to *The Eagle*, working into the night alongside Tom to make sure the paper, the circulation of which now hovered around 7,000, came out on time. Tom and Pat had gotten wind of the fact that coal companies planned to double the weight limits on their coal trucks at a time when mountain roads were already falling apart. What’s more, those companies had managed to persuade the local legislature to agree to change the weight limits without telling the public, figuring they’d get away with it as long as the Gishes didn’t find out. But those coal companies were oblivious to Tom and Pat’s dogged commitment to the First Amendment. Jim Branscome, who started reporting for *The Eagle* in 1971, said the couple weren’t revolutionaries but “they were people prepared to fight for the elemental principles of journalism.” And right now they were ready to go to battle.
+
+At one coal company meeting at the Letcher County Courthouse which was ostensibly “public” although everyone there was sympathetic to the coal companies’ plans, a coal truck owner stood up and announced that if the Gishes disclosed details of the “arrangement” in which officials had agreed to overlook the overweight trucks, they would “burn their building down.” Nobody apparently noticed a reporter for the Louisville Courier Journal sitting quietly at the back of the room, taking notes. After Tom heard what had happened he wrote in the next issue of *The Eagle* how disgusted he was that a threat like that could be made without challenge — not to mention the fact that the local judge was at that meeting, albeit in his capacity as someone with a financial interest in a local coal business. Tom called on the judge to “repudiate those who made the public threat to burn down *The Mountain Eagle*.”
+
+There was another issue the newspaper had sunk its teeth into. And this one upset the local police department. Not long after *The Eagle* revealed the secret agreement between county officials and the coal industry, it took issue with what it felt was unnecessary police harassment of Whitesburg’s youth. It was 1974. By now Tom and Pat’s son Ben was in high school and he remembers he and his friends would hang out on a bridge over the North Fork Kentucky River near the center of town, something young people had done for generations. There, Ben and his pals would listen to “Bluebird” by Paul McCartney’s post-Beatles band Wings over and over on an eight track stereo. One night, the police picked them all up for disorderly conduct, insisting the bridge was a hive of drug activity, despite never making a single drug-related arrest. “Have you heard that song?” Ben would say. “It’s a ballad.” At city council meetings, concerned parents brought up the various threats they said the police had made to their kids. “And so dad wrote an editorial saying if the city really wanted to keep kids out of town at night they could put up a drawbridge and dig a moat,” Ben said. 
+
+Tom didn’t stop at one Op-Ed; all summer *The Eagle* ran news stories and editorials condemning the police treatment of young people in the county. In return, the police ensured Ben and four of his friends showed up in juvenile court. The judge threatened to send Ben and his friends to juvenile camp, but the case was later dismissed. On April 1, 1974, Whitesburg enacted a curfew requiring parents to keep their children off the streets after midnight — and which stipulated that the parents themselves could be arrested and charged with a criminal offense if they didn’t. Ben recalls that every time he’d drive through town, one officer in particular, a man by the name of Johnny Caudill, would pull him over, accusing him of speeding, which Ben says he never did.
+
+Nobody was exempt from criticism if Tom and Pat thought they deserved it. Mining companies, the school board, police, local officials. All were fair game. Tom said over time they realized that if the newspaper was going to project any kind of opinion it was bound to offend somebody, and as a result it would lose advertising. If that happened, so be it. “Never think you’ve won any permanent friends ‘cos you have not,” he said. The Letcher County establishment, led by the coal industry, saw The Eagle and the Gishes as a threat to their power. And they retaliated by boycotting the newspaper and attempting — unsuccessfully — to strip it of its status as the county’s official paper of record.
+
+## …
+
+When Sarah Gish called her dad to tell him that *The Mountain Eagle* office had been all-but destroyed in a fire, Tom thought it must have been a wiring issue: it was an old building, after all, and these things sometimes happened. By now Jim Branscome had left the paper and was living in Tennessee. When he heard, he drove straight to Whitesburg and found Tom sitting on his front porch. By then Tom suspected foul play. A typewriter stood on a small table in front of him and, determined not to miss an issue, he was already hammering out a front page. On the left hand side of the masthead was the familiar sketch of an eagle, its wings outstretched. Prior to the fire, underneath that the masthead had read: IT SCREAMS! in all caps. But Tom had altered it for the next issue. Now it read: IT STILL SCREAMS!
+
+A few days after *The Eagle* burned, Kentucky State Police arson investigators turned up in Whitesburg to inspect the newspaper office. Tom thought they only came because of the support he and Pat had got in the immediate aftermath from the other major dailies in Kentucky who had leaned heavily on the authorities to investigate. Even then, he said there was a lot of looking and talking — which went on for a few months, after which not very much happened. Tom was disappointed, but unsurprised, that not one member of the city council expressed concern or sympathy for what had happened. At first the arson investigators said they could find nothing conclusive.
+
+“Then the big frame-up started,” Ben said. “Whitesburg police said someone had seen me and some friends running from the back of the building that night; that me and a couple of buddies had been in the back office smoking pot.” In fact, Ben said, he had been “buzzed out (his) mind” that night — but nowhere near *The Mountain Eagle* office. “A month earlier a girl I’d been seeing was killed in a wreck when a truck crashed through barrels where a bypass was being built and t-boned the car she was in, killing her and her brother. The night of the fire I’d bought a six pack of beer and had gone to her grave to drink it. I had no alibi. I went home by myself and got to sleep pretty quick.” The state police made Ben take a lie detector test — which he passed.
+
+Two months after the fire, suspicion had fallen on 25-year-old Whitesburg city police officer Johnny Caudill — the cop who had targeted Ben earlier in the year, and had no relation to Tom and Pat’s friend Harry Caudill. As one former reporter said, Caudill was an incredibly common name in the area. “If you count people with the last name Smith, Craft, Caudill and Collins, you’d have about half the county.” Someone who lived near *The Eagle* office had spotted three men that night and recognized them, but they hadn’t come forward straight away. A state police officer, already suspicious of Johnny Caudill, was able to get one of those young men, Benny Bentley, to confess. Bentley, then a freshman at Eastern Kentucky University in Richmond studying law enforcement, happened to be a former classmate of Ben Gish; the pair had known each other since kindergarten. Caudill, Bentley told the officer, had paid him and another other young man, Roger Stewart, $50 each to pour kerosene into *The Eagle* office that night and set it alight, assuring them there was no need to worry about any repercussions. “We won’t let anybody touch you,” he said. 
+
+Reverend Ray Collins, who owned the funeral home opposite *The Eagle*, once told his congregation that Jesus would approve of what Tom and Pat and Harry Caudill were trying to do, educating people about what was happening in the Appalachian mountains of eastern Kentucky. After the fire he offered an empty building he owned across from the hospital as a temporary refuge for the newspaper. Tom was determined not to let emotions get in the way of unbiased coverage of Caudill’s trial. They’d cover it in detail; and they’d play it straight. Harry Caudill, who would represent one of the young men hired to set the building on fire, told Tom there was no doubt that “coal money” had paid for the arson attack.
+
+A year on from the fire, in August, 1975, Johnny Caudill finally appeared before a jury at the Letcher County Courthouse, a three story concrete, steel and glass building built a decade before that stood proudly on Main Street in downtown Whitesburg. He was accused of “procuring the willful and malicious burning” of *The Mountain Eagle* offices. Caudill was, the jury heard, encouraged to torch the building due to *The Eagle’s* criticism of his police department and its treatment of the town’s teenagers, including Tom and Pat’s son, Ben. Four months earlier Benny Bentley and Roger Stewart had pleaded guilty to reduced charges and were each fined $300. Now they were telling the court about Caudill’s involvement; about the cash he’d paid them and how he had masterminded the entire thing. Bentley and Stewart’s testimony sealed Caudill’s fate, and the jury recommended a sentence of a year in the state reformatory. But the punishment that Judge F. Byrd Hogg would ultimately mete out turned out to be shockingly lenient. Hogg, who himself happened to own several coal mines, gave Caudill a one year suspended sentence and instructed him to report once a month to his probation officer. In other words, Caudill was free. Tom wasn’t surprised and he headlined his next editorial: “Open Season on *The Eagle*,” noting that Caudill had got away with arson.
+
+No one knows for sure if any coal companies were complicit in the arson plot. Reporter Phil Primack said that at the very least their animosity created an enabling environment for Caudill to do what he did. “I remember one day waking up to see the entire length of Main Street plastered with stickers in support of the coal industry. It had happened overnight. The two exceptions were *The Mountain Eagle* office and Harry Caudill’s office. And you take that as a message.”
+
+Jim Branscome said surprisingly little changed in the aftermath of the fire and trial. “Tom always carried a simmering residue of outrage; Pat a little less so, but it was there. There were always threats to his life, his children, the paper, from coal interests, going back decades. I think he was probably surprised this one was instigated by a policeman.”
+
+For the year he was on probation, Johnny Caudill left Whitesburg. When he returned, he ran a used car dealership and each week he’d place an ad for his company in the pages of *The* *Eagle*. For a long time, Ben said the pair wouldn’t acknowledge each other. Eventually, as time passed, they’d nod: a simple gesture, but it was a recognition of their shared existence. It wasn’t friendly, but it wasn’t hostile either. With time, some of the pain had healed. 
+
+Today, Benny Bentley volunteers for Whitesburg’s fire department.
+
+## …
+
+I first met Tom, Pat and Ben in 2004, around the 30th anniversary of the fire that could easily have destroyed their business and any desire to stick around in Whitesburg. It was midday when I drove through eastern Kentucky, past houses and barns nestled in hollows between mountains. There were trucks parked up, piled high with logs. I could hear the rumble of coal trucks as I motored past a diner serving “breakfast anytime steaks” and a little flea market selling fruit and vegetables, while each station I tuned my car radio to offered equally generous doses of religion. Although officially retired — Tom and Pat had handed the reins of the paper over to Ben — they each still had an office in the newspaper building. We sat in the living room of their modest home in the valley, Pine Mountain almost entirely filling the window frame. In an adjacent room, a seven foot tall painting, proudly displayed on the wall, was of an open hand with an eagle above it and flames overhead — a reminder, Pat told me, of the resilience of *The Mountain Eagle*.
+
+The year before I met them, Tom and Pat were honored with a lifetime achievement award from the Society of Professional Journalists. At the ceremony, the SPJ’s then-president Al Cross said Tom and Pat had lived “a life consumed — and sometimes put at risk — by the journalism they have practiced for 45 years,” and that “their careers could make a great book or even a motion picture.” Tom was typically modest when talking about the numerous accolades he and Pat had received over the years. “They’ve tried to put us outta business, threaten us, intimidate us,” he told me. “And we got a fair amount of attention from other media people who are concerned about freedom of speech.” But none of that really mattered to them. It was all about the reporting; speaking truth to power.
+
+![](https://strangersguide.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2nd_-GishAward-2005-scaled.jpg)
+
+In 2005, the Institute for Rural Journalism and Community Issues at the University of Kentucky launched the inaugural Gish Award. Its first recipients were Tom and Pat Gish, “for courage, tenacity and integrity in rural journalism.” Last year it was Uvalde Leader-News Publisher Craig Garnett for the newspaper’s reporting on the Robb Elementary School shooting in Uvalde, Texas.
+
+Ben Gish began working for *The Eagle* in the 1980s after he graduated from college. He planned to — in his words — “just hang out there” until he found a job and got married. But Tom told me back in 2004 that working for the paper soon consumed him. Ben’s siblings never followed him into the newspaper trade. His sister Katherine is still a doctor in Kentucky; Sarah, a now-retired kindergarten teacher, and Ann, who died in 2020, was a social worker in Virginia, while brother Ray worked for Greenpeace for a decade before leaving to become a bartender — and now bar owner — in Brooklyn.
+
+Tom died in 2008, just a few years after we met. In the obituary he penned, Phil Primack wrote: “Newspapers do face serious financial and other challenges today, but Tom Gish faced them every week for half a century and prevailed and published until the end. His *Eagle*, now edited by his son Ben … a hopeful sign in dark times that newspapers still matter and can — must — survive.” Pat died eight years later. Jim Branscome wrote of Pat that her life was a profile in courage, endurance, and dogged hard work “all driven by a deeply principled commitment to the idea that there is nowhere a free people unless there is a free press.”
+
+## …
+
+Today, Whitesburg is far from the bustling place it once was. The legalization of alcohol sales in the mid-2000s has meant more restaurants and bars, so the town is busier at weekends, but the coal industry is decimated and the streets all but empty during the week. Pine Mountain casts its shadow both literally and figuratively over the town. As *The Mountain Eagle* itself noted: “If all the coal mined in Letcher County since 1900 were loaded onto 100-ton rail cars, the coal train would reach from Whitesburg to Los Angeles more than 22 times.” Today it’s a different story. “Now, the mineable coal — and the money that came with it — is almost gone.”
+
+![](https://strangersguide.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/1st_-Pat-1968-with-daughter-Kitty-scaled.jpg)
+
+Pat Gish at typewriter, with their daughter Kitty in 1968. Six years before the fire. Photo by Tom Bethell.
+
+Jim Branscome told me that in the early days of Tom and Pat’s tenure, *The Eagle* called attention to the problems of strip mining and black lung disease; in the ‘60s it was hunger and nutrition; today, with Ben in the editor’s chair, it’s poverty and flooding and the loss of jobs.” While the issues it reports on have changed, *The Eagle* still screams. 
+
+## …
+
+##### January, 2022
+
+With the deadline fast approaching, eight more candidates filed their paperwork to run for election in Letcher County. Among the numerous positions, for county clerk, coroner, magistrates, constables, conservation and education boards, were the candidates for mayor. Throwing their hats in the ring were Tiffany Craft, Patty Jo Wood, and a name familiar to most in Whitesburg: Johnny Caudill.
+
+Tell the news. Inform the community. Play it straight. That’s what Tom and Pat always did. 
+
+“Johnny Caudill has become the third person to file for Mayor of Whitesburg,” *The Eagle* reported. “Caudill was convicted in 1975 of arson, for his role in a fire that destroyed *The Mountain Eagle* offices on August 1, 1974.”
+
+Caudill quietly withdrew his candidacy.
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
+
+---
+`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
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-# The Evolutionary Reasons We Are Drawn to Horror Movies and Haunted Houses
-
-Chain saws roar, and [spine-chilling screams](https://www.tiktok.com/@only_joya/video/7158124264971832619) echo from behind a dense wall of trees. You know you're at a scary attraction in the woods of Denmark called Dystopia Haunted House, yet everything sounds so real. As you walk into the house, you become disoriented in a dark maze filled with strange objects and broken furniture; when you turn a corner, you're confronted by bizarre scenes with evil clowns and terrifying monsters reaching out for you. Then you hear the chain saw revving up, and a masked man bursts through the wall. You scream and start running.
-
-This might sound like the kind of place nobody would ever want to be in, but every year millions of people pay to visit haunts just like Dystopia. They crowd in during Halloween, to be sure, but show up in every other season, too. This paradox of horror's appeal—that people want to have disturbing and upsetting experiences—has long perplexed scholars. We devour tales of psychopathic killers on true crime podcasts, watch movies about horrible monsters, play games filled with ghosts and zombies, and read books that describe apocalyptic worlds packed with our worst fears.
-
-This paradox is now being resolved by research on the science of scary play and morbid curiosity. Our desire to experience fear, it seems, is [rooted deep in our evolutionary past](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/on-the-nature-of-fear/) and can still benefit us today. Scary play, it turns out, can help us overcome fears and face new challenges—those that surface in our own lives and others that arise in the increasingly disturbing world we all live in.
-
-The phenomenon of scary play surprised Charles Darwin. In [*The Descent of Man,*](https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Descent_of_Man/NaPu24dY4iAC?hl=en&gbpv=0) he wrote that he had heard about captive monkeys that, despite their fear of snakes, kept lifting the lid of a box containing the reptiles to peek inside. Intrigued, Darwin turned the story into an experiment: He put a bag with a snake inside it in a cage full of monkeys at the London Zoological Gardens. A monkey would cautiously walk up to the bag, slowly open it, and peer down inside before shrieking and racing away. After seeing one monkey do this, another monkey would carefully walk over to the bag to take a peek, then scream and run. Then another would do the same thing, then another.
-
-The monkeys were “satiating their horror,” as Darwin put it. Morbid fascination with danger is widespread in the animal kingdom—it's called predator inspection. The inspection occurs when an animal looks at or even approaches a predator rather than simply fleeing. This [behavior occurs across a range of animals](https://www.jstor.org/stable/23735625), from guppies to gazelles.
-
-At first blush, getting close to danger seems like a bad idea. Why would natural selection have instilled in animals a curiosity about the very things they should be avoiding? But there is an evolutionary logic to these actions. Morbid curiosity is a powerful way for animals to gain information about the most dangerous things in their environment. It also gives them an opportunity to practice dealing with scary experiences.
-
-![Three people dressed as horror creature with white painted faces and darkened eyes, shown behind a wire fence.](https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BB021FAD-0F2A-4B4D-AC5567C5C8CEF095_medium.jpg?cacheID=D4D53EC9-3B72-4BB4-A223BE81840C7860)
-
-Customers at Dystopia are threatened by ghouls that could break past a thin wire barrier at any moment. Credit: Henriette Klausen
-
-When you consider that many prey animals live close to their predators, the benefits of morbidly curious behavior such as predator inspection become clear. For example, it's not uncommon for a gazelle to cross paths with a cheetah on the savanna. It might seem like a gazelle should always run when it sees a cheetah. Fleeing, however, is physiologically expensive; if a gazelle ran every time it saw a cheetah, it would exhaust precious calories and lose out on opportunities for other activities that are important to its survival and reproduction.
-
-Consider the perspective of the predator, too. It may seem like a cheetah should chase after a gazelle anytime it sees one. But for a cheetah, it's not easy to just grab a bite; hunting is an energetically costly exercise that doesn't always end in success. As long as the cheetah isn't starving, it should chase a prey animal only when the chances of capturing it are reasonably high.
-
-If it's best for gazelles to run only when the cheetah is hunting, then they benefit if they can identify when a cheetah is hungry. And the only way for a gazelle to learn about cheetahs is by closely observing them when it's relatively safe to do so. For example, if the surrounding grass is short and a cheetah is easily visible, a gazelle feels safer and is more likely to linger a while and watch the cheetah, especially if the gazelle is among a larger group. The age of the gazelle matters, too; adolescents and young adults—those fast enough to escape and without much previous exposure to predators—[are the most likely to inspect cheetahs](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/bf00164184). The trade-off makes sense: these gazelles don't know much about dangerous cats yet, so they have a lot to gain from investigating them. Relative safety and inexperience are two of the most powerful moderators of predator inspection in animals—and of morbid curiosity in humans.
-
-Today people inspect predators through stories and movies. Depictions of predators are found in stories passed along through [oral traditions around the world](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michelle-Sugiyama/publication/261705774_Lions_and_Tigers_and_Bears_Predators_as_a_Folklore_Universal/links/004635351513dd4e8a000000/Lions-and-Tigers-and-Bears-Predators-as-a-Folklore-Universal.pdf). Leopards, tigers and wolves are frequent antagonists in regional folklore. We also tell stories and see films about monstrous fictional predators such as ferocious werewolves, mighty dragons, clever vampires and bloodthirsty ogres.
-
-Indulging in stories about threats is a frighteningly effective and valuable strategy. Such tales let us learn about potential predators or menacing situations that other people have encountered without having to face them ourselves. The exaggerated perils of fictional monsters create strong emotional and behavioral responses, familiarizing us with these reactions for when we have to deal with more down-to-earth dangers.
-
-Children are often the intended audience for scary oral stories because these stories can help them learn about risks early in their lives. Think about the key lines of *Little Red Riding Hood:*
-
-“Grandmother, what big eyes you have!”  
-“All the better to see with, my child.”  
-“Grandmother, what big teeth you have got!”  
-“All the better to eat you up with.”
-
-The tale teaches a young audience, in a safe and entertaining way, what wolves look like and what certain parts of a wolf do. The story takes place in the woods, where wolves are typically found. It's scary, but told in a secure space, it delivers a valuable lesson.
-
-![A person dressed in an intimidating outfit wearing a gas mask and holding a gun.](https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/32E81583-9BF6-4813-8FD29A8D151A7F0A_medium.jpg?cacheID=241883D7-9DDD-4D5A-8CC8A84FB0A5DEAA)
-
-A menacing figure looms out of the darkness at Dystopia. Credit: Jacob Papsø
-
-Our fascination with things that can harm or kill us is not limited to predators. We also can be morbidly drawn to tales of large-scale frightening situations such as volcanic eruptions, pandemics, dangerous storms and a large variety of apocalyptic events. This is where the magic of a scary story really shines: it's the only way to learn about and rehearse responses to dangers we have yet to face.
-
-Most people were feeling pretty uncertain about the future in 2020. COVID had thrust the world into a global pandemic. Governments were restricting movement, businesses were closing, and the way of living that many were used to was screeching to a halt.
-
-But some of us had seen something like it before. Less than a decade earlier meningoencephalitic virus 1, or MEV-1, was wreaking havoc. It spread with terrifying speed and without requiring close contact in subways, elevators and outdoor public spaces. Society's response to MEV-1 foreshadowed what would happen in 2020 with COVID: travel stopped, businesses closed, and people started stockpiling supplies. Some of them began touting dubious miracle cures.
-
-If you don't remember the worldwide devastation of MEV-1, you must not have seen the movie *Contagion*, a 2011 thriller starring Matt Damon, Kate Winslet and Laurence Fishburne. Watching it might have benefited you when COVID spread across the planet. In a study that one of us (Scrivner) conducted in the early months of the pandemic, those who had seen at least one pandemic-themed movie [reported feeling much more prepared](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492010/) for the societal surprises that COVID had in store. The stockpiling of supplies, business closures, travel bans and miracle cures were all things fans of *Contagion* had seen before; they had already played with the idea of a global pandemic before the real thing happened.
-
-Learning to [regain composure and adapt in the face of surprise](https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/393866) and uncertainty seems to be a key evolutionary function of play. Engaging in play that simulates threatening situations helps juvenile mammals such as tiger cubs and wolf pups practice quickly regaining stable movement and emotional composure. Humans do this as well. Call to mind a backyard party where young children squeal with fear and delight as they are chased by a fun-loving parent who threatens, with arms outstretched in monster pose, “I'm gonna get you!” It's all just fun and games, but it's also a chance for the kids to try to maintain their motor control under stress so they don't tumble to the ground, making themselves vulnerable to a predator—or a tickle attack from the parent.
-
-Researchers who study human fun and games have argued that [the decline of thrilling, unstructured play](https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ985541.pdf) over the past few decades has contributed to a rise in childhood anxiety over that same time period. School and park playgrounds used to be arenas for this kind of play, but an increased emphasis on playground safety has removed opportunities for it. Don't get us wrong: safety is a good thing. Many playgrounds of the past were dangerous, with ladders climbing upward of 20 feet to rusty slides with no rails. But making playgrounds *too* safe and sterile can have unintended consequences, including depriving children of opportunities to learn about themselves and their abilities to manage challenging and scary situations. Kids need to be able to exercise some independence, which often involves a bit of risky play.
-
-Many scientists who study play have proposed that adventurous play can help [build resilience](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10567-020-00338-w) and [reduce fear](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/147470491100900212) in children. In line with this research, organizations such as [LetGrow](https://letgrow.org/about-us/) have created programs for schools and parents to foster independence, curiosity and exploration in children. Their solution is simple: let kids engage in more challenging, unstructured play so they can learn how to handle fear, anxiety and danger without it being too overwhelming.
-
-Even virtual scary experiences provide many of these same benefits. The Games for Emotional and Mental Health Lab created a horror biofeedback game called *MindLight* that has been shown to reduce anxiety in children. The game centers on a child named Arty who finds himself at his grandmother's house. When he goes inside, he sees that it has been enveloped in darkness and taken over by evil, shadowy creatures that can resemble everything from blobs to catlike predators. Arty must save his grandmother from the darkness and bring light back to her house. He has nothing to defend himself with except a light attached to his hat—his “mindlight.” Players controlling Arty must use the mindlight to expose and defeat the creatures.
-
-But there's a catch: as a player becomes more stressed (as measured by an electroencephalogram), their mindlight dims. The player must stay calm in the face of fear by practicing techniques such as replacement of stress-producing thoughts or muscle relaxation, borrowed from cognitive-behavioral therapy. As they regain their composure, their mindlight grows in power, and they are able to defeat the monsters with it. This combination of therapeutic techniques and positive reinforcement (kids defeat the monsters and conquer their fear) makes *MindLight* [a potent antianxiety tool](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0747563216303296). Randomized clinical trials with children have shown the game to be [as effective at reducing several anxiety symptoms as traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy](https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10826-020-01728-y.pdf), a widely used anxiety treatment.
-
-Scary play can help adults navigate fear and anxiety, too. Scrivner [tested this idea](https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2022-90782-001) with visitors to Dystopia Haunted House. Haunted house goers could take personality surveys before they entered and answer questions about their experience when they exited. After about 45 minutes of being chased by zombies, monsters and a pig-man with a chain saw, the visitors ran out of the haunted house and into some members of the research team, who then asked them how they felt. A huge portion said they had learned something about themselves and believed they had some personal growth during the haunt. In particular, they reported learning the boundaries of what they can handle and how to manage their fear.
-
-Other research from the Recreational Fear Lab in Aarhus, Denmark, has shown that [people actively regulate their fear](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304422X18301517) and arousal levels when engaging in scary play. This means that engaging with a frightening simulation can serve as [practice for controlling arousal](https://psyarxiv.com/7uh6f/) and may be generalizable to other, real-world stressful situations, helping people bolster their overall resilience.
-
-In one study that supports this idea, real soldiers played a modified version of the zombie-apocalypse horror game *Left 4 Dead* that incorporated player arousal levels. In the game, zombies pop out of nowhere, chasing players and clawing them to the ground, generating visceral fear even in experienced video game players. In the study, some players were given visual and auditory signals when their arousal increased: a red texture partially obscured the player's view, and they heard a heartbeat that got louder and faster as their stress increased. Later, during a live simulation of an ambush, soldiers who played the video game and received biofeedback had lower levels of cortisol (a stress biomarker) than those who did not play. Strikingly, these people also [were better at giving first aid to a wounded soldier](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0036169&type=printable) during that simulation.
-
-![A person dressed up as a horror creature with a disturbing smile shown peering between the planks of a wood fence.](https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/641D2677-3D78-48EC-92CF414421A3EFBA_medium.jpg?cacheID=09F82101-1670-4D39-9AF45EAE87103282)
-
-People who confront monstrous predators in a relatively safe space, such as a haunted house, can learn to manage anxiety felt during distressing real-life situations. Credit: Andrés Rein Baldursson
-
-These rehearsals for stress may be especially effective when people do them in groups. Collectively experiencing a dangerous situation ties people together. There are many anecdotal examples of this in history, from post-9/11 America, to military platoons, to the high levels of cooperation and assistance that often occur in the aftermath of natural disasters. There are also experimental studies showing that danger and fear can be powerful positive social forces. For example, engaging in rituals such as [fire walking can physiologically synchronize people with one another](https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1016955108) and [promote](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797612472910) mutually beneficial behavior.
-
-We don't need exposure to real danger to reap these cooperative benefits, however. Collectively simulating upsetting or dangerous situations through scary play could confer similar benefits without the physical risk. In the health-care industry, [simulations are often used to teach medical skills](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33273877/) by creating situations that are intense. [In public health](https://centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/tabletop-exercises/event-201-pandemic-tabletop-exercise), simulations have been used to teach people ways to cooperate and coordinate in pandemic preparedness and response.
-
-In other species, [learning about risks is often a social endeavor](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347284710554). Stickleback fish investigating predators often do so with others. One stickleback will begin approaching, then wait to see whether another will approach a little closer. Then the first stickleback will go a little further, taking its turn being the one nearest the predator. The results of studies into this behavior even suggest that sticklebacks from regions with higher predation risk are more cooperative than those from places with lower risk.
-
-In humans, morbid curiosity seems to be associated with cooperation and risk management. For example, in many societies people tell stories about dangers in their environments, whether those are natural disasters such as fires, earthquakes and floods or threats of war, theft or exploitation from nearby groups. The Ik people of Uganda, whom one of us (Aktipis) has studied as part of the Human Generosity Project, have a collective and emotionally compelling way of engaging with concerns about raids from other groups. They enact entire plays with music, dancing and drama where they reexperience both the tragedy and the triumph of helping one another during such difficult times. Such stories and dramatic enactments can bring shared attention to these kinds of challenges, and we know that [shared attention is one mechanism that can help people cooperate and solve coordination dilemmas](https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-07532-000).
-
-A failure of group imagination, in contrast, can lead to vulnerability. Some researchers have suggested that [zombie-apocalypse fiction can lead to more creative solutions during unexpected and risky events by](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David-Buchanan-7/publication/340390898_The_Dark_Side_of_Group_Behavior_Zombie_Apocalypse_Lessons/links/5fafb251a6fdcc9ae050e888/The-Dark-Side-of-Group-Behavior-Zombie-Apocalypse-Lessons.pdf) helping people become more imaginative. With [CONPLAN 8888](https://www.stratcom.mil/portals/8/Documents/FOIA/CONPLAN_8888-11.pdf), a fictional training scenario, the U.S. military used a hypothetical zombie apocalypse to make learning about disaster management more fun for officers. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention did something similar with a comic they produced called [*Preparedness 101: Zombie Pandemic*](https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/6023). Organizations have recognized that couching fears in imaginative play is productive. Right now our research team is developing a set of scary group games to help people manage shared risks and fears.
-
-What can we learn from the human propensity for scary play? First, don't be afraid to get out there and explore your world, even if it sometimes provokes a little fear. Second, make sure that your morbid curiosity is educating you about risks in a way that is beneficial to you. In other words, don't get stuck doomscrolling upsetting news on the Internet; it's a morbid-curiosity trap that, like candy, keeps you consuming but does nothing to satisfy your need for nourishment.
-
-Instead of doomscrolling, take on one or two topics you want to know more about and do a deeper dive that leaves you feeling satisfied that you've assessed the risk and empowered yourself to do something about it. Be intentional about gathering more information through your own experience or by talking with others who are knowledgeable on the subject.
-
-You can also tell or listen to scary stories with others and use them as a jumping-off point for thinking about real risks we face. Watch a movie about an apocalypse, go to a haunted house, get in costume to go on a “zombie crawl,” or have a fun night at home chatting with your friends about how you'd survive the end of the world. And finally, invite creativity and play into spaces where the gravity of a situation might otherwise be overwhelming. Make up horror stories or dress up as something frightening and have a laugh about how silly it all is. In other words, embrace the Halloween season with abandon—and then bring that same energy to the challenges of the times we're living in now.
-
-This article was originally published with the title "Why We Need Scary Play" in Scientific American: Science News, Expert Analysis, Health Research , , 72-79 ()
-
-doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1123-72
-
-### ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)
-
-![author-avatar](https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/28AA75CD-A3EF-4809-8F014A54BB5BE561_small.jpg?h=65&w=65)
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-**Athena Aktipis** is an associate professor of psychology and a cooperation scientist at Arizona State University. Her forthcoming book is *A Field Guide to the Apocalypse: A Mostly Serious Guide to Surviving Our Wild Times* (Workman, 2024). Credit: Nick Higgins
-
-**Coltan Scrivner** is a behavioral scientist at the Recreational Fear Lab at Aarhus University in Denmark and in the psychology department at Arizona State University. His forthcoming book is *Dark Minds, Soft Hearts: The Science Behind Our Fascination with the Dark Side of Life* (Penguin, 2024).
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-Link: https://www.narratively.com/p/the-first-guy-to-break-the-internet
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-# The First Guy to Break the Internet
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_5760,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d2c2d8-8a0a-46f1-9591-d0c1e86e1789_2580x1042.jpeg)
-
-*Header illustration by* **Yunuen Bonaparte** | *Story* *edited by* **Brendan Spiegel**
-
-March 5, 2012. The staff of the San Diego nonprofit Invisible Children had been working around the clock for the past several months. Now, the exhausted and exhilarated crew gathered round Director of Communications Noelle West’s desk as she typed “YouTube” into her browser and pressed “make public” on the 29-minute-long video that, according to the video’s narrator, would “change the course of human history forever.” At midday Pacific time, *Kony 2012* went live. A beat. A sigh. The view count hardly budged. Everyone returned to their seats. 
-
-That night, Jason Russell, the video’s protagonist and Invisible Children’s then-33-year-old co-founder, was in Los Angeles alongside his wife, Danica, and 5-year-old son (and *Kony 2012* co-star*)*, Gavin, leveraging the modest Hollywood connections he’d made to drum up excitement around the video. He premiered *Kony 2012* at the talent firm Creative Artists Agency, with an event hosted by Jason Bateman and family friend Kristen Bell. Around 200 people were in attendance. After the screening finished, Jason checked his phone. Things were going well so far. With help from a nationwide network of high school students the Invisible Children team had spent months cultivating, the video had climbed to 200,000 views. By midnight, it had reached 500,000, which was their goal for the entire year. 
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c4101b8-0b36-4dab-99d6-f577ba21b9ea_2580x1441.png)
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-Jason Russell’s son Gavin in a scene from Kony 2012, in which Jason explains to Gavin who Joseph Kony is and what he has done to children in Uganda. (Image from Kony 2012)
-
-Then, Jason awoke in the middle of the night to a flurry of texts, all saying some variety of the same thing: 
-
-“*Jason, Oprah has tweeted the video*.”
-
-One tweet from the Queen of All Media set the video on a stratospheric trajectory. Jason began receiving messages from late-night TV hosts requesting to interview him, and from celebrities like Justin Timberlake who wanted to show their support. It was a tsunami of accolades and Jason was quickly overwhelmed. To this day, many of those messages remain unopened.
-
-The next morning, Jason drove from Los Angeles to Invisible Children’s office where dozens of strangers were milling about, filling the parking garages on either side of the fifth-story office, all wanting to meet Jason and his team — either to help out or to pitch business ideas of their own. 
-
-When Jason entered the conference room in front of the main office space, not a single head turned to face him. Siloed in their cubicles, each member of staff was incessantly pressing refresh on YouTube, gazing at their screens in a trance as the view count climbed by the millions: 
-
-Two million. *Refresh*. Three million. *Refresh.* Four million. It didn’t stop.
-
-Kim Kardashian was tweeting about it, Rihanna was tweeting about it. Justin Bieber was tweeting about it. Then, the office’s internet crashed.
-
-“Can anyone help me?” Jason asked. No one even looked up. 
-
-Jason grabbed Alex Collins, the artist relations manager, by the arm. “Help me,” he said. 
-
-“Can’t. Working,” Alex replied before returning to his seat. 
-
-Jason left the office and returned 15 minutes later with a wheelbarrow filled with bottles of Champagne, pushing it into the conference room. No one noticed. “Everyone in here!” he yelled. No one budged. They were glued to their computers, trying frantically to keep up with the video’s wild spread. “We are so fucking busy,” Jason heard someone say, while alone in the conference room with his wheelbarrow. 
-
-The entire world felt open to him. Because of him, a new generation of internet-raised digital natives would know revolution, true community, peace. Because of him, the most wanted international warlord would be brought to justice. Because of him, evil would be destroyed, and love and goodness would forever prevail. 
-
-All this, and not a single member of his staff would give him a simple gesture of acknowledgement. 
-
-Jason left the conference room and banged on a table: “We. Are. Celebrating.”
-
-Finally, the staff obeyed their leader — for a few moments. For 15 minutes, they popped Champagne and spiritlessly celebrated. “That was the only time we had any kind of celebration,” Jason says. 
-
-That video — *Kony 2012* — is an artifact of unprecedented viral success, reaching 100 million views in only six short days. At the time, it was the most viral video in YouTube history. And it is difficult to overstate how unlikely it was for this particular video to take that crown. YouTube had already proven the ability to reach Super Bowl-size audiences via web video, but the other most viral videos of that year were all either catchy pop hits like Carly Rae Jepsen’s “Call Me Maybe,” cultural sensations like Psy’s “Gangnam Style” or political sendups such as “Barack Obama vs Mitt Romney. Epic Rap Battles of History.” 
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f63c31-ee5c-4169-b838-bc071c6890d1_2580x1439.png)
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-In the Kony 2012 video, a graphic shows the hierarchy of the Ugandan guerilla group the Lord’s Resistance Army, with Joseph Kony at the top. (Image from Kony 2012)
-
-*Kony 2012*, effectively a social advocacy video, was a viral anomaly. The campaign centered around Joseph Kony, leader of Ugandan guerilla group the Lord’s Resistance Army and, according to the video, the most evil man you’d never heard of. The viewer was directly challenged: Keep watching for the next 29 minutes, make Kony famous, change the world. It proposed an irresistibly simple and slick call to action, gamifying a pre-organized strategy: Share the video with friends; tweet it to celebrities and government officials; take to the streets. If all goes to plan, a groundswell of grassroots activism will compel the U.S. government to intervene, sending out troops to capture Kony.
-
-The Arab Spring — a pro-democracy uprising across several countries, triggered by viral footage of a young Tunisian man who set himself ablaze — had recently fueled a narrative about the democratic power of social media. Arriving in its wake, *Kony 2012* spoke the language of techno-optimism. It was a time when there was an ambient faith that digital democracy practices and social networking technologies could inspire mass mobilization against centralized, oppressive hierarchies. The internet could inspire a global manhunt. Viewers could help catch the real-life villain, defeat the evil. All you had to do was share the video.
-
-In the days that followed *Kony 2012*’s release, millions of Westerners previously numbed to charity footage of suffering Africans were suddenly inspired to take action, not only sharing the video, but also purchasing $30 kits filled with posters of Kony that they intended to spread around the streets. 
-
-Then, just as quickly, it all fell apart.
-
-The internet was unable to follow through on its promise to materialize the utopia we thought it capable of. Millions of people threw those same posters into landfills, laughing off their brief fervor like an adult looking back on a bad haircut. In less than one week, Jason Russell went from complete anonymity to worldwide celebrity to canceled villain to laughingstock, his very public “naked meltdown” mercilessly mocked across the web. *Kony 2012* did not forever alter the course of human history. Instead, it has become a digital relic of deep hubris. Those who recall this frenzy remember it mostly as a tragic joke. *Kony 2012* has become the stuff of shitposts and ironic halloween costumes at millennial-themed house parties. 
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad9a89b9-d51f-49e8-90ee-3c3bf266900c_2580x1935.jpeg)
-
-The Invisible Children team’s Kony 2012 branding design ideas. (Photo courtesy of Jason Russell)
-
-*Kony 2012* may not have delivered the revolution — nor, notably, its promise to capture Kony. But it did, perhaps, presage the way in which democratic discourse takes shape online today, nudging a cultural shift away from tech optimism toward skepticism, and creating a more discerning, media literate class of online users. It also, very much unwittingly, kick-started conversations around two issues that now dominate our discourse: cancel culture, and the rise of disinformation. It served as an early look at the psychological consequences of flash viral fame, and it inspired the mainstreaming of the term “white savior,” which was used by Nigerian-American writer Teju Cole to describe Jason Russell and the phenomenon of *Kony 2012*. “The banality of evil transmutes into the banality of sentimentality,” Cole wrote in one of his series of viral tweets criticizing the video. 
-
-“White Savior. I think it’ll be the name of my movie — and book,” Jason tells me 11 years later, hair slicked back, smiling. “I even bought the whitesavior.me website domain. It wasn’t very much, only $15.”
-
-Jason meets with me across multiple locations in Los Angeles, showing up at various bars and cafes in a red Corvette. He is charming and deeply sincere, warm and empathetic. He carries himself with total openness, as though he has nothing to hide. He is self-deprecating when he feels corroborated with; defensive and self-congratulatory when he feels challenged. Despite everything that happened, he still feels that creating *Kony 2012* was his destiny.
-
-“Had I not become a ‘white savior,’ that would have been shocking,” he says. “I was trained to make a difference, make an impact, go for your dreams, help people. How far can you blame a person when the environment, the culture, the community, the nation, the religion, groomed them to be a very specific way?”
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d1fe87c-6ef7-4fce-95fa-b2514d8c207e_1198x276.gif)
-
-Jason Russell was born in San Diego in the fall of 1978. He attended a Christian kindergarten before studying at Anza Elementary, where he was under the tutelage of Mr. Dorfi, a sentimentalist who cared deeply about his students and the injustices in the world. He left a deep impact on young Jason. “He was everything you wanted a teacher to be. He was very emotional, he cared so much about us. And he was \[full of conviction\] when he told us about the Civil Rights Movement and about slavery,” Jason says.
-
-His parents are Paul and Sheryl Russell, the founders of the Christian Youth Theater, the largest national youth program of its kind in the United States. By the age of 12, Jason says he “wouldn’t be surprised if I had 10,000 hours” of musical theater experience. He had been the Tin Man and Mr. Toad, but at 13, he landed his dream role: Peter Pan. In Peter, he saw his desires, and he saw himself. He, like Peter, was a storyteller who longed for eternal youth and the ability to take flight. On stage, he got his wish. Underneath his green tights and shirt, he wore a flying contraption, allowing him to perform backflips midair. He flew through a window. He flew past the fireplace. He flew into the audience.
-
-“Peter Pan is just such a poignant story to me,” Jason says. “I think it’s all about the wisdom of youth, and it’s about the ultimate protection of children. Peter Pan runs and lives in an orphanage, protecting babies that fell out of their carriage the day they were born.”
-
-But Jason’s real life was far from a fairy tale. Backstage, he was being sexually assaulted. Jason says his predator was the person responsible for putting him into his harness, allowing him closer access to Jason’s body. 
-
-“It happened for a long time, definitely about two years, between the ages of 14 and 15. I think it stopped at 16,” Jason tells me.
-
-Jason was one of many victims of alleged grooming and sexual assault at Christian Youth Theater. In July 2020, alongside Jason, dozens of former students came forward with allegations of sexual abuse, racism and homophobia. The unnamed plaintiffs alleged that numerous adult instructors had given boys as young as 8 alcohol, before touching them inappropriately on multiple occasions. CYT, it was ascertained in court, created an environment where predatory behavior went unchecked. Paul and Sheryl, the students alleged, turned a blind eye to it, even encouraging their instructors to attend sleepovers and trips with the children. 
-
-“You were your parents’ invisible child,” Jason’s therapist told him after the fallout. “No wonder you wanted to protect invisible children.” Though he’s no longer close with his parents, Jason is careful not to place the blame on them, referring to them as “good people” who simply made bad decisions.
-
-“It’s interesting that the special about Michael Jackson was called *Leaving Neverland*,” Jason says, “ and I very much resonated with it. When it came out I was like, ‘That is my story. Yeah, that is my story.’”
-
-In his first year of college, Jason made a short film about Peter Pan in Neverland, before spending the summer with evangelical Christian youth organization Teen Mania (which has since shut down). Each year, the organization held enormous conferences in cities across the U.S., packing out stadiums with thousands of teenagers there to sign up for missionary trips. Jason, who wore blond dreadlocks at the time (“I was breaking all the rules”), attended one such conference, before spending a summer week training in Texas.
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed933bda-9589-4496-919a-6b3bf493a695_1935x2580.jpeg)
-
-Laren Poole, left, next to Bobby Bailey, and Jason Russell, right, with a local man who helped them build a crane for production during their trip to Uganda. (Photo courtesy of Jason Russell)
-
-Jason traveled to Kenya with Teen Mania in the summer of 2000, performing 30-minute productions alongside 150 others, dancing around in costumes and offering up the word of the gospel. At the end of each production, they’d tell the villagers to raise their hands if they wanted to be saved — before heading back to their hotel in an air-conditioned minivan. In the U.S., criticism around the organization’s militaristic symbolism and training regimes grew. Teen Mania’s website battlecry.com, for instance, was decorated with a blood-red logo, battle flags and text that encouraged teenagers to “join the frontline.” 
-
-Gradually, while taking those air-conditioned minivan rides and reading about the criticism of Teen Mania online, Jason realized he wanted to approach this all differently. He was compelled to return with a camera, intent to embed himself in the lives of the villagers rather than feign help from a distance. He wanted to show the Western world what life was like  
-“out there,” through his lens. 
-
-In the summer of 2002, while working at a theater camp, Jason told his friend and campmate Bobby Bailey that next spring, he was “going back to Africa with a camera.” Bobby was adamant on joining him. Jason, however, was actually growing sick of Bobby, and was determined not to spend another several weeks with him. He held fast: “Or maybe you could not,” he said to Bobby. As lifelong students of Christianity, Jason and Bobby had spent much of that summer arguing back-and-forth over the issue of whether life was predetermined or whether one entered it with a free will. Jason was in the free will camp, while Bobby, a Calvinist, was in the former. They argued every day, past lights out, reaching the point of exhaustion and frustration. Neither was capable of changing the other’s mind. This disturbed Jason, a raconteur.
-
-“It’s kind of ironic that I now have this tattoo,” Jason says, pulling up his plaid sleeve to reveal his inner wrist, veins spread across it like mud cracks, the word “timshel” in typewriter font imprinted on top of them — a reference to John Steinbeck’s *East of Eden*, Jason’s favorite novel. “I think the big takeaway of it is whether or not we as beings are capable of free will, and ‘timshel’ \[means\] ‘thou mayest’ \[in Hebrew\], as in, you have the choice of whether or not to overcome sin.” 
-
-By Christmastime, Jason had decided on his location, a rather unorthodox choice: war-torn Sudan. But he hadn’t found anyone else brave enough to join him and was facing the prospect of traveling there alone. He returned to Bobby, begging and pleading with him. “You’re a jerk, you know that?” he said to Jason, before relenting
-
-Together, they tried to recruit Laren Poole, a then-lifeguard they were becoming close friends with, who had his own ambitions of directing blockbuster action movies. Laren, who was also on the side of Calvinism, said he would need “a sign.” Jason and Bobby took this literally. The following day, they broke into his unlocked car, played classic rock group Switchfoot at full blast — effectively snake-charming music for a Christian millennial — and held up a sign that read “GO OUT” in pink spray paint, outside of his house. It was an evangelical John Cusack move that drew tears from Laren’s eyes. “I’m going, I’m going, I’m going,” he said, on the phone to Jason and Bobby. “I don’t care if I die,” he wrote later that night in his journal.
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffdb05598-8582-4846-a689-06a2309892a2_2580x1927.jpeg)
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-The Invisible Children core team with Oprah Winfrey. Left to right, Tom Shadyac, Bobby Bailey, Oprah Winfrey, Laren Poole and Jason Russell. (Photo courtesy of Jason Russell)
-
-Soon after, Jason wrote to none other than Oprah Winfrey, telling her about his trip to Africa. He signed off, thanking her. In Oprah, he saw himself. “As soon as I first saw her on TV I remember just being drawn to her light and her essence and power. So, I would make personal videos from me to her, and I knew how to message it to her. I knew how to speak her language.” 
-
-When Jason appeared on *The Oprah Winfrey Show* years later, she thanked him for the videos.
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F146eb952-c757-4083-ac0b-08b78befc618_1198x276.gif)
-
-When the three unaccompanied recent college graduates arrived in Sudan that following spring — just as the genocide in the western region had reached its height — Jason says they were the only white people there, “except for a guy named Jeff. It was so dangerous.” Their cameras, he says, gave them “a sense of empowerment — but not even just empowerment — of responsibility.”
-
-While they originally intended to document the humanitarian crisis in Sudan, when they arrived, there was scarcely any activity to shoot. A local woman they met on the road redirected them to Gulu, in the northern region of Uganda, telling them that was where they’d find their story. When they arrived they found children sleeping on the streets, children who told the white men with cameras about Joseph Kony and his Lord’s Resistance Army. 
-
-Kony had come to prominence in the 1980s as the leader of the L.R.A., a military force that supposedly existed to combat Yoweri Museveni, the reigning president of Uganda who took control of the country after he led his own child soldier-assisted rebellions in 1986. In the decades since, Kony has abducted tens of thousands of people — mostly children — inducting them into the L.R.A and displacing them from their homes. 
-
-The children told Jason, Bobby and Laren stories about the rebel army mutilating the faces of their friends and raping them in front of their schoolmates; of the torture techniques that would leave them begging for death.
-
-Jason became particularly attached to one of these children — 11-year-old Jacob — as he recited the story of his brother’s abduction by the L.R.A. Jacob had aspirations of becoming a lawyer. He spoke lucidly and emotionally about the impact of Kony on his region.
-
-“We are going to do everything we can to stop them,” Jason told Jacob, a promise that is central to *The Rough Cut*, Invisible Children’s first film, and to *Kony 2012*.
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-When Jason arrived back in San Diego, he rented out an office downtown and began to edit the footage from Sudan and Gulu. The partitive images didn’t initially seem to resemble a story or amount to a whole. Then, came Jason’s epiphany: What if the viewer was the story? What if viewers’ lives could change based on the movie they’d just watched? What if they didn’t passively consume the piece of media, but were instead active participants who were ultimately called and roused to action? 
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-In *The Rough Cut*, Jason, Bobby and Laren centered their own naïvety, playing into their frat-boy personas, as they featured footage of themselves setting snakes on fire (*Jackass* was popular at the time).
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-“There’s a rule in storytelling: Your hero can never think of themselves as better than anyone else,” Jason says. “We were telling an honest story. And we were saying, ‘We don’t know what we’re doing. We came here to find a story.’ And, oh my God, did we find a story.”
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-Jason concedes that he was more interested in winning an Oscar than becoming the director of a nonprofit. They sent *The Rough Cut* to Sundance, but were rejected. “If we got into Sundance, there would have been no Invisible Children,” Jason says. While Bobby went back to school and Laren began to work, Jason, who was fueled by resentment, made his own Sundance instead. Only, rather than a film festival, it was a nonprofit.
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-Invisible Children’s strategy was unique. Creative storytelling was at the center of its mission, and around 43 percent of its budget was spent on “awareness programs,” including media production. Humanitarian aid was posited as a means of mutual self-empowerment, of belonging to an impassioned collective. “I feel like that posture contributed to a lot of people wanting to feel involved,” Jason says.
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-Spreadability was baked into the team’s strategy from the start, though they originally relied on pre-digital tools to disseminate their message. They created posters for distribution across college campuses, sticking them on students’ doors along with three copies of *Rough Cut*, and instructions to “take it,” “watch it,” “return it.”
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-Jason was trying to target a specific demographic: white, middle class and popular. “We wanted to go after those types because then it would trickle down,” Jason says. 
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-Prior to *Kony 2012*, Invisible Children made nine films which they presented across 15,000 screenings to a direct audience of five million. Varsity soccer players cried during screenings. Teachers and students alike said that the films changed their lives. The idea that *Kony 2012* *suddenly* went viral obscures the years of grassroots work that preceded it. “We kind of ran Invisible Children like the military,” Jason says. It was a full-scale operation that instilled in its followers an urgent sense of life-or-death stakes. An us-against-them scenario.
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-In those years, Jason was rapidly spreading himself thin while traveling to screenings across the country. He needed to expand his team so he could stay in the office and strategize while others screened his films on the road. The way to do that, he figured, was to recruit ambassadors for the Invisible Children brand: young students willing to work for free and compete for the chance to spread the word of Invisible Children throughout the States. “Once you made it in, it was like a bootcamp for activism,” Jason says. He referred to the Invisible Children ambassadors as “roadies.” 
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-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a0a8b2d-6285-41d9-a4c1-a5ae18210c6e_2580x1935.jpeg)
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-Jason and active LRA soldiers in the LRA camp in Gulu, Uganda. (Photo courtesy of Jason Russell)
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-Invisible Children rented out a house in a residential area of San Diego for roadie recruitment and training. There, around 40 to 60 roadies at a time would learn in greater depth about the history of the L.R.A., as well as bookkeeping, managing spreadsheets and navigating Salesforce. Then, they’d split up into state-based teams of around five to six, accompanied by a student from Uganda, and travel around the country, showcasing the films and spreading the word about Kony.
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-“One of the things they had us do that I’ll never forget was watch a video called *Last Moments with Milo*,” Saul Malone, a writer who worked as a roadie around the time of *Kony 2012*’s release, tells me at a cafe in Los Angeles. The six-minute video featured a man’s final moments with his dog — on a walk, a bike ride, a car ride — before putting him down. “Yeah, it was pretty sad,” Saul says. Three weeks later, after intensive training, Invisible Children screened the video once more, aiming to demonstrate the impact of highly emotional content, the kind that was baked into each of their films. “Watching the video just that one time was tough, but this time, everyone broke down crying,” Saul recalls. “I sat there and I wept.”
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-The sleeping situation — which Jason says wasn’t dissimilar to their setup in Gulu — “was probably not legal,” Justin Peterson, a doctor who also worked as a roadie at the time of *Kony 2012*, tells me. (Both Saul and Justin are now in their early 30s.) Justin slept in a room the size of a typical suburban teenager’s bedroom with around 24 other young men, their beds stacked on top of one another in military fashion. “One or two people didn’t have beds so they’d have to find somewhere random to sleep,” Justin says. “I think one of them slept in a closet.” 
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-Meanwhile, as more staff came on board, the sense of urgency to capture Kony increased in the Invisible Children office. Inside, it was like a boiler room, the workers buzzy and sweating with excited and agitated energy. They brought their sleeping bags into work and spent nights editing footage, strategizing, campaigning until sunrise, occasionally sleeping beneath their desks, or on a co-worker’s couch. 
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-“Here’s the thing about people that worked at Invisible Children. Nobody liked to talk shit behind people’s backs. Nobody liked to gossip,” Kevin Trout, a California native and one of *Kony 2012*’s lead editors, recalls. The majority of people gladly worked there for free, or for a salary that hardly paid the rent. Many of them were recovering evangelicals, almost all white millennials in their 20s. They had been taught to serve others as children, but after graduating college and becoming disillusioned with their childhood faith, found that there was no one to serve or save. Jason, like Captain Hook in *Peter Pan*, felt the ticking of the crocodile clock each second Kony was still at large. And he made everyone else feel that urgency, too.
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-Jason and Jacob during a trip to Gulu, Uganda. (Photo courtesy of Jason Russell)
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-Jason was a magnetizing figure. Still to this day, he carries himself with the conviction of a child who believes he has magical powers. He narrates his own life to me like an oracular storyteller. While there’s now a sense of pathos to his dogged earnestness and wide-eyed passion, when he was the captain of Invisible Children’s ship, he inspired deep reverence from just about everyone under his command. “It’s his charisma, his deep need to do good for the world,” says Andrew Collins, the brother of Alex Collins, the former artist relations manager. “When I went to visit the office, he was so excited to introduce me. I wanted to do anything I could to live there 24/7.”
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-In 2010, Congress passed a counter-L.R.A. program bill, signed into law by Barack Obama, which meant that the State Department would spend some $1.2 million a month for two helicopters to surveil the greater Ugandan area and aid in the capture of Kony. For Jason and others devoted to stopping Kony, it was a start, but far from enough.
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-While working in D.C., trying to keep the heat on senators and members of Congress, Michael Poffenberger of L.R.A research and advocacy program Resolve, phoned Jason after a somewhat unsuccessful afternoon. “If Kony was famous, then we’d get more meetings,” he said. 
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-“I remember it hitting me like a lightning bolt,” Jason recalls. “Make. Kony. Famous.” He began skipping and running down the office hallway before taking a book on Andy Warhol from the shelf and making his creative team study the concept of fame: what it is and how celebrities leverage it in order to influence others.
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-The $30 Kony 2012 package containing a t-shirt, bracelet, badges, flyers and stickers. (Image from Kony 2012)
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-In their early designs, the Invisible Children team photoshopped Angelina Jolie in a meeting with Joseph Kony; women with mutilated faces on the covers of *Vogue*. Then, they developed an action kit: a $30 package containing a T-shirt, bracelet, badges and flyers to spread across the recipient’s neighborhood. “We treated the work that we were doing as though we were working at Nike or Apple, a brand. We knew we were competing for eyes, hearts and minds,” Jason says. “We were using that same kind of integrity and intensity to beat the drum about this story. We weren’t afraid to spend resources to do that in order to gain more people. It was incredibly radical for a nonprofit to do the kinds of things that we were doing.” While it may not have been quite as groundbreaking as he makes out — he was taking a leaf out of Bono’s book when it came to combining humanitarianism with corporate brand culture — Jason was uniquely talented when it came to branding a humanitarian crisis.
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-As for the video itself, Jason wanted to “do something that had never been done before”: directly address the internet viewer, making them feel both culpable and empowered, before daring them to keep watching. 
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-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99c25eb6-5e62-49b0-8d3a-595e94976309_2580x1935.jpeg)
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-Invisible Children staff members Kimmy Vandivort, Jedidiah Jenkins and Ben Keesey working at the office in downtown San Diego right before the Kony 2012 campaign was launched. (Photo courtesy of Jason Russell)
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-Kevin Trout had been brought in to digitize the footage from Gulu. “Man, there was some dark stuff, dude,” Kevin tells me on a Zoom call. Every day, he’d have to pore over clips of children crying out in emotional agony, recounting stories of their family members’ violent kidnappings by the L.R.A. He spent months with the recordings, coming to know the footage more intimately than anyone else, going home each night numbed.
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-Kevin, alongside a team of five others, edited meticulously. They had a seven-second rule in which they asked themselves, “Do these seven seconds keep you engaged? Do they lead perfectly to the next seven seconds?” They cut and cut until they had a video just under 30 minutes in length. The arrangement of the video was cinematic in scope with short frame times. 
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-The roadies were shown *Kony 2012* a week before hitting the road to promote it and around a fortnight before its public release. “I kind of had mixed feelings, to be honest,” Justin, the roadie, says. “I felt like, compared to their other films, I thought this was very much a kind of flashy call to arms sort of video.”
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-Part of the punch of *Kony 2012* is its simplicity, the positioning of partial fact. A more detailed and rigorous video may have mentioned the South Sudanese peace talks, which occurred between 2006 and 2008 and led to the removal of the L.R.A from northern Uganda (as well as the slipshod U.S.-enabled military strike in 2008 that effectively terminated those peaceful negotiations and resuscitated the war). It may have detailed the complicated relationship between President Museveni and Kony — it may even have positioned Museveni as its primary target rather than Kony. “If you survey any Ugandans right now … and you ask them a basic question, ‘Who actually caused more destruction and deaths between the Uganda military and the L.R.A.? I don’t need to give you the answer,” Ugandan-American writer Milton Allimadi tells me. “The child soldiers originated with Museveni himself. He had child soldier bodyguards.” 
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-Sangita Shresthova, a director of research at the University of Southern California, who led a research project on Invisible Children from 2009 to 2014, noticed a number of tensions within the organization, all of which eventually surfaced around the time of the *Kony 2012* campaign. The main one, she says, was the tension between wanting to tell an easily digestible version versus the complex story of the L.R.A. that needed to be told. “We saw the shortcomings of their approach, because once it was made visible in the way that it was, it was subjected to critique that they weren’t prepared for, and should have been,” Sangita says.
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-To this day, it’s a criticism that Jason still rejects. “To the people who say I oversimplified the situation, I say ‘thank you’ because simplicity is the highest form of sophistication. It’s actually very sophisticated. That movie is layered and sophisticated and thought through of how to get you to keep watching.”
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-When *Kony 2012* went viral, Jason was swept up in a simple kind of joy. He felt the world on his side — for a brief moment. Many of the world’s biggest celebrities — Angelina Jolie, Lady Gaga, George Clooney — were urgently telling the public not to sleep on the video. The public donated hundreds of thousands of dollars within the first 24 hours of it going live. *Kony 2012* was suddenly the world’s number one topic of discussion.
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-“As everything does on the internet, after three days, things swing the other way,” Jason says. “That’s typically when you start to see the backlash.” 
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-Jason stopped sleeping on that third day, as the pendulum firmly swung away from him. 
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-“We realized quickly we were getting a lot of the same criticisms over and over, so we split up to try and conquer each one,” says Krista Morgan, one of Invisible Children’s writers. Key among those criticisms — in addition to  the video’s oversimplification — were charges of neocolonialism and the disempowerment and occlusion of African voices. Around the time of the video’s release, Ethiopian writer and activist Solome Lemma wrote in a now-deleted blog post that she was disturbed by “the disempowering and reductive narrative” on display in *Kony 2012.* “\[It\] paints the people as victims, lacking agency, voice, will, or power. It calls upon an external cadre of American students to liberate them by removing the bad guy who is causing their suffering,” she added. 
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-Other commentators took issue with the video’s call-to-action for military intervention, and the naïvety of the potentially destructive consequences of such a strategy. “Any sensitive, long-term or balanced observer of events in the region will explain that Kony continues to survive and draw strength because of the militarized nature of the region,” wrote activist and author Matt Meyer.
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-By this point, the roadies had been traveling across the States for three weeks, and were now receiving an increasing sense of animosity with each stop. The attacks became more personal: High schoolers ripped their posters apart right in front of them. The roadies said some of them were sleeping 20 minutes a night while driving upward of 14 hours a day. They still had seven weeks left on the road.
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-High school students and supporters at “MOVE: DC,” an Invisible Children event that over 10,000 attended in November 2012. (Photo courtesy of Jason Russell)
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-In the office, the staff had only one P.R. person to rely on, an intern. “We had to have responses, not only to Joe Shmoe asking on the internet, but also reputable sources,” Krista says. “We weren’t prepared. It was a really tiring time. And it just got harder and harder. The criticisms got worse and more.” 
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-Jason tried to field some of those criticisms on a press trip to New York, where he sat down for around 17 interviews. When he got to the terminal at the San Diego airport on March 8 to catch a red-eye to New York, *Kony 2012* was playing on the TVs across the terminal. “Tell Gavin we say hi,” two girls said to him on the escalator, laughing. The woman sitting next to Jason on the plane told him she didn’t like his film, and turned away from him for the duration of the flight. 
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-Jason arrived in New York at 3 a.m. When he got to his hotel, his transport for the *Today* show was already there waiting for him. Jason was still living his dream. The world knew about Kony, the world knew about Jacob. At 7 a.m. — when the *Today* show went live — that dream began to slowly dissipate. The tone of those interviewing him had done a complete 180 from the first few glowing days. “This isn’t how it works,” Ann Curry told him, hinting at the video’s oversimplification. From there, he took a car to his interview with *People* magazine, then *The New York Times*, then Reuters, then a few more news shows. When Jason returned to his hotel late into the evening, the heartbeat in his ear was so loud it prevented him from sleeping. 
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-The next day, he met with Sunshine Sachs — a P.R. firm that specializes in helping celebrities through major public crises. But *Kony 2012* was too big; insurmountable. Jason says they told him that they’d never encountered anything like it; there was no way they could spin the story to help him regain control of his own narrative. 
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-It wasn’t until later that day that Jason’s typically high spirits began to diminish. Ennervated, devitalized, he turned on a computer for the first time in days and read an article about himself on a popular website. “This guy is clearly gay,” he remembers a caption beneath an uncomplimentary photo of him read — repeating a suspicion that followed Jason throughout the campaign, due to his perceived campness and theatricality. For the first time, Jason realized that *Kony 2012* had become a bad joke. He felt burdened with the weight of himself, a dove-gray gloom surrounding him. For the first time in his life, he felt truly, all-encompassingly depressed. The train had left the station, and now, unloosed from the tracks, it was pummeling on his body with mud-slacked wheels.
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-Jason returned to the Invisible Children office a week later. He hadn’t slept for several days. He brought a pile of paper plates with him to the conference room and began writing out screeds on good and evil, passing the plates around to the staff. He was at the center of the universe, the diviner of morality and mortality. With the questions from his interviews still reeling in his head, he felt he had to have the answers for what was to come next; that he was responsible for the fate of humanity, every living creature. The paper plates were his best shot at saving the world.
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-Jacob tells his story during a high school rally organized by Invisible Children. (Image from Kony 2012)
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-“He was our captain, and it’s hard to watch the captain of your ship completely disintegrate,” Krista, who had known Jason almost for his entire life, says. His younger sister, Janie, has been her best friend since she was 4 years old. She had never known Jason to be unwell. “He was always very off-the-wall, ‘dream big’, ‘dream impossible things,’ but never ill. It was shocking to see how fast that happened.”
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-“I’m debating whether to go here or not,” Jason says with a sigh, looking at me and making sure I’m looking back with humanity; seeing him as someone who possesses sanity and humility rather than theistic delusions of grandeur. “OK, why not?” I respond.
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-“So, there’s something that happens to me and my brain,” he says. “I think it’s because I’m bipolar,” a diagnosis he received shortly after the video’s release. “I figured out what it’s called — the name is unitary consciousness, and it’s when everything in the world that you can see and touch and feel and hear, syncs up,” he says, forming a globe with his palms. “It syncs up.”
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-Jason says he experienced unitary consciousness for the first time on a trip to Palm Springs with his family shortly after the paper plates incident. Around the hotel pool, families were taking photos of Jason and his children. They retreated to their hotel room — the only place they felt a semblance of safety — and closed the windows and curtains as though they were hiding out in a bunker. They ventured outside less than a handful of times during that trip. On one such occasion, they went to a screening of *The Lorax* together before eating dinner at a burger joint. “The Kony guy’s right there!” a waiter said while pulling his line manager’s shirt. 
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-“Now, what I’m about to describe, it’s probably impossible to believe. It’s like, say you have headphones on, and say you’re listening to any random song — you push shuffle and then you look toward the door and the song goes ‘the door opens,’ and then you look out the window and there’s a red car and it’s like ‘Little Red Corvette’ and you’re like — ”
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-I stop him to ask about the red Corvette he drove here in. “Yes.” he says, understanding what I’m asking him. He tells me he bought it after finding a toy model of Lightning McQueen, the red car from the Pixar movie *Cars*, on his bed. It was a sign. It was unitary consciousness. 
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-“Anyway, I was tripping out because our family was trying to be a unit, and I’m saying, ‘We need to plug in with each other. Let’s have dinner, plug in and feel each other.’” As he said this, he recalls, Homer Simpson repeated the same thing on the TV. He glanced over, and saw the Simpsons falling from a plane, trying to “plug in” and extract power from one another and cushion the fall. 
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-At this moment, Jason felt like he was holding an umbilical cord to the divine. He was Alice tumbling down the rabbit hole, Peter Pan flying straight through to morning from the second star to the right, Lucy crawling through the wardrobe. 
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-“My mentor says I don’t need to share this with anyone because it’ll only make me seem more crazy,” he says. “I can definitely see it being a paragraph where it’s like, ‘He think he’s God.’” It’s one of several times Jason references this article, worried that he can see his own story forming in my mind.
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-“Oh, and by the way, I met God, and she’s Black,” Jason adds.
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-Jason and locals during one of his trips to Gulu, Uganda. (Image from Kony 2012)
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-Jason, to be sure, does not consider himself God. In his view, he’s closer to a prophet, a divine mystic; someone who spends their life trying to communicate what exactly God is, channeling her love like a river. 
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-He reads me a centuries-old poem by the mystic poet Hafiz from his phone. 
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-“*Running/Through the streets/Screaming*,” he reads, enunciating each word as though they have the power to split the world apart. “*Pulling out my hair/Tearing off my clothes/Tying everything I own/To a stick/And setting it on/Fire*.” 
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-He looks up at me to make sure I register the connection. 
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-“*What else can Hafiz do tonight/To celebrate the madness/The joy/Of seeing God/Everywhere!”*
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-He puts his phone away, blood rushes to his cheeks, he appears flushed with some kind of divine aliveness — it doesn’t last. He looks at his feet on the ground.
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-“That is my life. I ran through the streets, I tore off my clothes. I played with fire and I saw God everywhere,” he says. “But then you come out of it, and you’ve done damage. There’s like actual collateral damage.” Even divinity, it seems, has dire consequences.
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-“I wish I could tap into the consciousness all the time every day, but it’s just not possible,” he adds. “It doesn’t last forever, but it can return. And I think if it does return, it’s my job to make sure it’s under a very tight leash.”
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-Ten days after the video’s release, Jason tells me he had a divine encounter with the Holy Spirit. While a pastor read Psalm 46 (“The God of Jacob is our refuge”), he fell to his knees and began to cry on the church floor. He felt a spirit move through him. “God, how are you doing this?” he asked. 
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-Jason experienced auditory hallucinations for the first and only time in his life three days later. This is the first time he’s told this part of the story.
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-“Those that have tried for world peace have had to pass this test,” the voice said. “You can be Gandhi, Mother Teresa, Nelson Mandela.” 
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-“OK, whatever it takes,” Jason said to the voice. In that second, he felt a heavy sensation in his head which soon spread to the rest of his body. He became weightless, gravity escaping him. He felt like a marionette, strings pulled by some unknown force. Time sped up. Time slowed down. Timshel left his body. Fate became him. He took to the streets, wearing only underwear and a bathrobe, which he soon removed. He pounded his fists on the hot pavement. He shouted. He cursed. A passerby caught him on camera, selling the footage to TMZ for $30,000, according to Jason.
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-Back in the Invisible Children offices, the communications department had been restlessly checking articles and online criticisms of *Kony 2012* for the past week and a half. On the morning of March 16, they saw a headline indicating that Jason had been masturbating in the street (a TMZ exaggeration — Jason is naked in the video, but is not masturbating). “Look at this,” Krista told a fellow staff writer, believing it was cheap gossip, clickbait. Together, they read the TMZ article, scrolling down to find the footage of Jason on the streets at the bottom of the page. “This I’ll never forget,” Krista says. “My fellow writer fell to her knees, fell to the ground. Legs collapsed. It was absolutely unreal.” 
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-Jason on a television set for an interview during his press tour for Kony 2012. (Photo courtesy of Jason Russell)
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-Krista then gathered all 10 of the interns together, flocking them into her office. “We didn’t want them to see it, as if we could keep it from them forever.” From her office, she texted Jason’s sister. “Tell me this is not happening,” she said. “Not in the way they’re saying it is,” Janie responded. 
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-As the Invisible Children G-Chat was exploding with messages from confused, exasperated staff, Ben Keesey, the CEO — who was hired by Jason and fellow founders Laren and Bobby — immediately called an all-hands-on meeting. He told them everything he knew: Jason had fallen ill, he had taken to the streets, a passerby captured him on camera, he had been hospitalized. After confirming the news, almost everybody in the office began to cry. They experienced utter devastation. They understood immediately that their several months’ worth of work had now been for nothing. “It was heartbreaking, nauseating,” Krista says.
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-For 36 hours, Invisible Children went dark. “Not because we weren’t going to deal with the aftermath, but because we had to protect our own selves, else we would all become Jason,” Krista says. Everyone went home. Krista slept for 14 hours. When she woke, she believed she was still dreaming.
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-When the staff returned to the office, Tiffany Keesey, the CEO’s wife and HR manager, had yoga professionals and therapists come in while everyone else was making a list of words to block from the Invisible Children social media accounts. The most common word — and one that most of the staff had never come across before — was “fap.” “Apparently it’s the sound of masturbation,” Krista says. “We were drowning in ‘fap.’” 
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-Despite sold-out screenings across the nation, there was talk of bringing the roadies home. “Things were bad in the office, but I can’t even imagine what the roadies were going through,” Krista says.
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-Saul and his team were right outside of Chicago when they heard the news. They pulled into a McDonald’s parking lot when they received an email from the Invisible Children’s offices: “Standby, you’re about to receive a call from your regional manager.”
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-Jess — the person responsible for overseeing the Midwest team — called shortly. “We thought, ‘Oh shit, we’re going to have to spend the next several weeks talking about this, not about the programs or how to write letters to senators or the Invisible Children finances, *this,*’” Saul says. The team sat down in the parking lot and briefly scattered to have some time in private. Saul called his dad. “I think it’s all over,” he told him. Instead, the team came back together, and stayed on the road. They made it through those scheduled screenings, but it was a major comedown. “It wasn’t the following several weeks that were the toughest,” Saul says. “It was the summer after we got off the road, when I was alone.” 
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-On April 20th, “Cover The Night” — an initiative that was supposed to mobilize the crowds swayed by *Kony 2012* away from their screens and onto the streets, where they’d paste posters of Kony all over buildings, lampposts and shop windows — inspired a paltry turnout. The few posters that were spread were quickly swept up by street cleaners come morning. 
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-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5992fe98-97e4-444c-bd18-faa5e60c513e_1935x2580.jpeg)
-
-During the recording for Kony 2012, an Invisible Children team member puts up a wall poster to visualize the “Cover The Night” action planned to take place on April 20th. (Photo courtesy of Jason Russell)
-
-Jason was ultimately hospitalized for several weeks. A statement by his family at the time said the diagnosis was a “brief reactive psychosis, an acute state brought on by extreme exhaustion, stress and dehydration.”
-
-In December 2012 — nine months after the video’s release — the Invisible Children staff lit a bonfire in the office parking lot. The leadership had been talking about a tradition among rescued L.R.A. soldiers, how, when they returned home, they’d burn the clothes they’d been abducted in. They suggested trying something similar. Leadership had everyone write down something they had been struggling with. They threw their pieces of paper into the fire, and thought about healing.
-
-“I will always be grateful to Invisible Children. … Hard as it was sometimes, \[it\] kind of shaped me into who I am today, and I’m always gonna be grateful for that,” Saul says. It’s a shared sentiment among everyone I spoke to (though, out of the dozens of former staff and roadies I reached out to, most didn’t reply). “It’s PTSD,” Jason explains. “Most people don’t want to talk.” 
-
-In late 2014, Invisible Children underwent a significant restructuring and downsizing. Lisa Dougan, who had worked with the company across the *Kony 2012* campaign, replaced Ben Keesey as CEO. In 2015, they prepared to shut down. “We worked with our Central African staff and local partners to prepare for a closure,” Lisa says. The funding spigot had been turned off, not only for Invisible Children, but she also “witnessed almost every other international organization supporting L.R.A.-affected communities shut down their operations due to lack of funding,” Lisa tells me. “In D.R.C., the number of international organizations working in L.R.A.-affected areas dropped from 19 to 2, one of which was Invisible Children.” 
-
-With L.R.A. violence still ongoing at that time, Invisible Children decided instead to remain open, installing a transition team that was led by Lisa, who mapped out a strategy to help sustain Invisible Children’s work in Central Africa. Between 2015 and 2016, they obtained a number of grants that would permit them to maintain a smaller-scale operation. In 2017, they secured a five-year partnership with the U.S. Agency for International Development, allowing them to significantly expand their program. 
-
-“As a woman of color now leading Invisible Children, I am thankful for the public conversations triggered by the *Kony 2012* campaign about white saviorism and about whose perspectives are centered in storytelling,” Lisa says. “And thanks largely to the work of BIPOC women activists and organizers, these conversations and demands for concrete action to address white saviorism and other forms of structural white supremacy have advanced so much further over the last 10 years.”
-
-Creative storytelling continues to play an integral role in Invisible Children’s strategy, “but we use it quite differently now and in a way that I believe further embodies our values,” Lisa says. “Since 2013, we have been producing films *by, with and for* central Africans rather than for a U.S. or international audience.” 
-
-Jason stayed on with Invisible Children until December 2014. A month after departing, he founded a new creative agency, Broomstick Engine, which, in its eight years of operation, has strategized and launched campaigns for the likes of Toms Shoes and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Jason no longer has any involvement with Invisible Children. “My job now is to basically make white savior movies for organizations,” he tells me. 
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F168421d8-a7d7-44ac-b2b5-b621355382d6_2580x1720.jpeg)
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-Peacebuilding training led by Invisible Children with a local volunteer Peace Committee in northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo. (Photo courtesy Invisible Children)
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-In 2017, Jason released his Kickstarter-funded book *A Little Radical: The ABC’s Of Activism*, co-authored with wife Danica. It’s a children’s book breaking down the fundamentals of humanitarian advocacy, featuring photos of their own children. Today, he works on a freelance basis, collaborating with numerous clients on script production, post-production and animation. He still appears to be friends with many people in Hollywood; this year, he watched the Oscars (his favorite event of the year) with singer-songwriter Lorde. He does yoga. While he used to work all through the night, today he sticks to a stricter routine, going to bed no later than 10:30 p.m. 
-
-He still thinks about Joseph Kony and the children of Uganda. “Every day I find it hard to believe Kony has not been captured,” Jason tells me — though for now, his sights are set somewhere else, toward gun reform in America.
-
-He sits up in his seat and begins something like a pitch. “So, my idea is controversial. My idea is too big to imagine, but I still want to try it because I think it has to be so disruptive and so strong that people can’t dismiss it.”
-
-Step one: Make a viral video. “But I’m not in it, it will be a child talking to the screen: ‘Please help, we need you.’” 
-
-Step two: Meet up in spaces across America that have been subject to mass shootings: concerts, movie theaters, schools, churches, synagogues.
-
-Step three: Pick a route and march from your chosen building to the freeway, and spread out. If a car tries to get past, you will be blocked, or you’ll have to run us over with your car, “which hopefully no one will do.” 
-
-Jason already has a name for the campaign: Do Nothing. 
-
-“You thought that the pandemic made you do nothing? No. How about you can’t get on the freeway? Then you’ll do nothing. Will we have routes for ambulances? Probably. Will we have a physical barricade \[preventing cars from getting on and off\]? Probably. Will Lady Gaga do a concert on the 405? Absolutely. It’s going to be historic, it’s going to feel like the French Revolution.”
-
-This all sounds familiar, I tell him. He smiles at me when I say part of me worries for him. Where does creativity end and madness begin? Where does God stop and mania start? If they exist on the same thread, then it’s a tightrope Jason will have to tread carefully.
-
-Just over a decade after attempting to alter the course of human history, Jason Russell is still determined to shape humanity’s story. Only, now that he’s in his mid-40s, on the other side of a major breakdown, the fire in his eyes has dulled to a calm flame — he’s no longer willing to lose sleep over it. This may not be the story of a boy who saved the world, but rather the story of a boy who was forced to grow up. 
-
-***Emma Madden** is a journalist primarily based in Brighton, England. They have written for the New York Times, GQ, The Guardian, among others.*
-
-***Brendan Spiegel** is the Editorial Director and Co-Founder of Narratively.*
-
-***Yunuen Bonaparte*** *is Narratively’s Photo Editor.*
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-Date: 2023-02-07
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-02-07
-Link: https://www.thecut.com/2023/02/the-fleishman-is-in-trouble-effect.html?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=One%20Great%20Story%20-%20February%206%2C%202023&utm_term=Subscription%20List%20-%20One%20Great%20Story
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-&emsp;
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-# The Fleishman Effect
-
-In a city of Rachels and Libbys, the FX show has some New York moms worried they’re the ones in trouble.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/eb4/927/788767d7c5eb2f9874597fe6690ea505cd-scream-trouble.rsquare.w700.jpg)
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-Photo-Illustration: by the Cut
-
-There’s a game a friend of mine likes to play in her affluent Brooklyn neighborhood: When she’s walking down Henry Street, she looks up at the multimillion-dollar brownstones and imagines the lives of the people inside. In her version, most of them went to Harvard and made life choices better than hers, which have rewarded them with original pocket doors and Gaggenau appliances. But then she remembers: *They still have to lug a stroller up the front stairs every time they come home. They still have to bring their laundry to the basement where there are probably mice.* “It’s so crazy [how rich you have to be](https://www.thecut.com/2022/04/repladies-fake-luxury-bags.html) in New York to live comfortably, just *comfortably*,” she tells me, slightly out of breath, while she runs to a meeting. “There’s this very subtle heartbreak that perhaps people made better life choices than you and their houses are bigger and they are happier.”
-
-The crazy thing is that this friend, at 45, has not only an apartment in the city but a [weekend house](https://www.thecut.com/2020/04/what-coronavirus-reveals-about-wealth-among-friends.html) outside it—one that she bought with earnings from her successful career and enjoys with her partner and kids. She is happy, yet she is undeniably worn out from trying to stay that way in a city where exorbitant wealth—two-nannies-and-a-chauffeur wealth, spring-break-in-St.-Barts wealth—is everywhere. “If you find yourself in your 40s still living in New York, still hustling, still striving, there’s a part of you that is completely beat down and a little bit unwell,” she says. There’s no appropriate audience for this privileged angst beyond a therapist’s office, which is why she’s never talked about it before.
-
-Then came [*Fleishman Is in Trouble*](https://www.thecut.com/2022/12/fleishman-is-in-trouble-taffy-brodesser-akner-lizzy-caplan-interview.html), the TV series and book by Taffy Brodesser-Akner, which now, more than a month after its on-air finale, is still the subject of rumination for a certain set of New York women—the ones who didn’t need a narrator to explain that the 92nd Street Y is as much community center as status symbol (just try getting into its [$40,700-a-year](https://www.92ny.org/nursery-school/tuition-application) pre-K). Many of them read the book years ago and watched the show because it was there and why not—only to find themselves turned as upside down as the opening sequence, a dizzying view of the city flipped on its head. For them, watching Claire Danes (who plays Rachel, a high-earning talent agent desperate to be accepted by Manhattan’s private-school set) mentally break under the pressures of her career, marriage, motherhood, and childhood trauma and Lizzy Caplan (who plays Libby, a magazine writer who hasn’t written in two years and moved to [suburban New Jersey](https://www.thecut.com/2023/01/fleishman-is-in-trouble-suburban-identity-crisis.html) with her family) long for the possibilities of her youth and search for the pieces of herself she can still recognize, has set off an internal alarm that sounds a lot like the voice-over in the show: *Is all this really worth it? Am I spending these years, maybe the best years, focused on the right things? When does it get easier?* Or as Libby put it, “*How did I get here?”* 
-
-My friend, whom I’m not naming because nobody wants her midlife crisis publicized in a magazine (in fact, all names here have been changed), is one of more than a dozen women I’ve spoken with recently who have found themselves talking about the themes of *Fleishman*—which on its surface is about divorce but is really about aging, ambition, class, and identity—in group chats and out for drinks and at playground playdates. Long after people have shut up about the second season of *The White Lotus*, *Fleishman* persists among this specific group of women who are both well off and strung out. Late last month, the New York *Times* columnist Ross Douthat wrote that Rachel, in comparison with her ex-husband, Toby, “is much more in tune with the deeper and darker ethos of meritocracy: the abiding insecurity that comes with being trained for constant competition and then raised to a position where you’re incredibly privileged and yet your social milieu makes you feel like you’re running and running just to stay in place.”
-
-“The Rachel character gave us permission to feel bad for ourselves for a minute,” says my friend, after laying out for the second time that she expects no sympathy. (Most other women I spoke with said the same.) “I think that women like me are thoughtful and mindful enough to know life is not so bad, we don’t ever want to complain, but Rachel just let us feel sad that we feel like we are going to lose it a lot of the time.”
-
-There are certain scenes from the show that come up more than others: When Rachel screams at a yoga retreat, releasing years of pent-up rage and exhaustion and frustration. When Libby finds Rachel on a bench, in the throes of her mental breakdown, and realizes that the person she had villainized was really just another mom buckling under the enormous pressures placed on women. (Multiple women paraphrase this line in our conversations: “Rachel knew the truth, which was that the culture was so condescending to stay-at-home mothers that we allowed them the fiction that being a mother was the hardest job in the world. Well, it wasn’t. Having an actual job and being a mother is the hardest job in the world.”) When Rachel marches off to work after a traumatic childbirth because it’s the only way she knows how to reclaim herself. When Libby attends a suburban barbecue and looks around in horror, unwilling to accept that this is her life now. (“It’s like we’ve died and these houses are our headstones,” she tells her husband, who is perfectly happy there.) When Libby is passed over for the ambitious assignments at the men’s magazine where she worked, which went to her male colleagues over and over and over again. When she realizes pointedly, “You are right now as young as you will ever be again.”
-
-Watching *Fleishman* was like holding up a mirror to the life they bought into years ago, when they came here to pursue their big dreams, and finally seeing the reality of what that looks like now. Laura, a 46-year-old mom of two in Manhattan who sends her kids to one of the city’s most prestigious private schools, says the show made her think about the choices she’s made not just for herself but for her kids. At their school, “unless you’re a parent who’s a banker with a capital *B* or a lawyer with a capital *L,* it’s like you don’t exist,” she says. The go-to bat mitzvah gift of the moment is a Cartier bracelet, for which moms are expected to pitch in for a group present. “When I heard, I almost dropped dead,” she says, admitting that now in the middle of a divorce, the extra expenses are out of her budget. “There’s pressure to give, though, and it’s huge, and then there’s this whole thought process of *We signed them up for this, so we have to go along with it. They didn’t choose this life,* we *chose it.* I was naïve when I put them on this treadmill, and now we can’t get off of it. Part of me is now like, *Am I doing a disservice keeping my kids here?”*
-
-Kayla, 41, recognized the particular way in which those in Rachel’s orbit talk about money—which is not to talk about what things cost–of course not, how tacky–but *things*. People Kayla knows will have, she says,  “these long protracted conversations about architects, or remodels, or luxury vacations. They want to show that they have fuck-you money.” She keeps thinking about a scene in *Fleishman* when Toby, a 41-year-old hepatologist making almost $300,000 a year who finds himself justifying his job to a group of middle-aged hedge-fund bros, asks, “When is it ever good enough?” “When he said that, I was like, *Yes, I completely relate to that,*” she tells me. “It’s a total syndrome of this *Fleishman* class of people in the city. When literally is it good enough, and what is the end game? I genuinely don’t know the answer. Is it a NetJets membership? Multiple homes outside the city? All your kids in the best schools known to man? And you’re, like, a huge career success and a doyenne to society?”
-
-Since the show, she’s found herself making dinner plans with friends from other parts of her life and is reexamining her own relationship to work. Watching Rachel invest so much of herself in her career, seemingly at any cost, “I did find that to be legitimately ugly, even if I’ve been guilty of it,” she says. “In a certain sense, all of us who are in that high-pressure city environment, and it is absolutely an environment of nothing is ever good enough, work becomes so important. I’ve felt so defined by achievement and feeling like *What is the next rung on this ladder?* Watching that dramatized, you’re like, *This is disgusting. You have more than enough.*”
-
-In *Fleishman,* Toby resents it when he finds himself signing his kids up for summer camp in Rachel’s absense—or, as Libby narrates it, “doing exactly what Rachel would have done,” i.e., “throwing money at the problem.” “Money is the fix for anything here,” says Paige, 40, who cringes as she tells me about the consultant she and her husband hired to help their 5-year-old get into a private kindergarten next year. “I’m like, *Are we crazy? Am I doing this?* We are two decent human beings, we are on boards, we are community leaders, and we are hiring someone to draft and edit our thank-you letters and to tell us to hold the door open on school tours? It’s just like, *In what world is this normal?* IN WHAT WORLD?” They’ve also hired a tutor and enrolled their child in Russian math—a trend now among preschool parents who’ve heard that the old Soviet method might give their children a leg up.
-
-She brings up the scene in which Libby revisits the haunts of her youth in the West Village. It resonated with her, she says, because she sometimes misses the version of who she was when she first moved to the city and didn’t care so much about what other people were doing. “When Libby is walking past her old building and smoking, it was like she was looking back at a fictional character that used to exist and I get that. I have my own fictional version of myself, where I was just fun and fabulous and doing things, and you know, *in it*—not anchored down by my children and husband and work.” Sometimes she thinks about leaving New York, that maybe that would be better for her family and her sanity. But that’s a sad thought, too. It’s the place she’s always wanted to be.
-
-If anyone’s feeling the *Fleishman* effect more than the women in Manhattan and Brooklyn anxiously holding on to whatever rung of the success ladder they’ve managed to grasp, it is perhaps those who left the city during the pandemic and are still figuring out who they are if they’re not New Yorkers. Watching Libby languish in suburbia was, for some, more difficult than witnessing Rachel’s nervous breakdown. (One woman I spoke with admits that even in Rachel’s worst moments, she envied her: “A piece of me was like, *Well, she’s kicking ass, and I want to be kicking ass,*” she told me.) Maryann, 39, moved out of the city a few years ago and says she connected with Libby more than she wished she did. She keeps thinking about Libby, who in the show reminisces about being young and having so many choices–and then you wake up one day and your life feels mapped out for you. “She said that, and I felt like I’d been punched in the stomach,” says Maryann.
-
-“I really related to this idea that this one dream that you’ve had for so long, that job and that dream doesn’t really exist for you anymore. And what do you do when the thing you thought you always wanted isn’t a possibility anymore?” she continues. She recently found herself thinking about that question in Target, which was even more depressing. “You know how Karl Lagerfeld was like, ‘You’re in sweatpants, you failed’? That’s kind of how I feel about Target. To me, it’s this ever-present reminder that I am in the suburbs, I am not going to leave, I am not moving back to Brooklyn, and my life there is over.”
-
-Beth, also 39 and in the suburbs, finds herself constantly asking her husband, “How do we get back to the city?” The math feels impossible. Even with a combined household income of $500,000, the New York life she wants for her family feels out of reach. “My dream life would be to live in Brooklyn and send my daughter to Saint Ann’s, but the reality of my life is I live in the suburbs and haven’t taken a day off in two years. I get up at 6 a.m., and I work until she wakes up, then I do breakfast and get her ready, then the nanny comes, I work all day, I relieve the nanny, and then get back on my computer and work until midnight after my daughter goes to sleep. I do that every day,” she says. “And it’s still not enough.” She understood Rachel’s relentless pursuit of earning more—“*Make more money, be more successful.* I see myself in that, 100 percent,” she says—but also Libby’s turmoil about not finding herself where she thought she’d be by now. When Libby is asked what she’s writing about these days, Toby answers for her. “She’s not at the magazine anymore,” he says. “Yeah,” replies Libby. “I’m not anywhere anymore.”
-
-Since leaving New York, Beth has found herself in tears at least once a week. She makes $300,000 a year—more than she’s ever earned in her life—but she’s running out of minutes in the day to squeeze out more dollars. “How do I make the $700,000 that I’m going to need to send her to private school or do the renovation in the attic so I can turn it into the master suite so I can have a tub and so I can have one thing I enjoy in my life?” she says. Her takeaway from the show: “Both avenues are shit. You can stay in New York and climb, climb, climb and never get where you need to go and give yourself a nervous breakdown, or you can move to the suburbs and be like, *Who the fuck are these pod people?* Neither seems great. Is the secret to it all that we have to just choose a lane and embrace it?”
-
-She’d been avoiding joining the local mom text chains, or what she describes as “my worst nightmare.” But *Fleishman* was a wakeup call. “I am now like, *Oh fuck, I better embrace this.* I probably need to stop telling people I’m moving back to New York, and not give up on that dream necessarily but also not shit on the suburbs. I probably don’t need to be the asshole Libby is … I probably need to look at these people and be like, *You’re human. I should definitely not judge you and look up your house value and look up what your husband does in comparison to what most of you used to do.*” She sighs. “I should probably join the text chain.”
-
-Watching *Fleishman* myself, I couldn’t help but think how the show aired at a moment of peak exhaustion for women—even privileged women, who have it so much better than most. The story takes place in 2016, but it finds us roughly seven years later, battered from parenting and working in a pandemic. Rachel and Libby are the manifestation of different struggles women face and impossible expectations, but a core similarity is that they are fucking tired.
-
-So it shouldn’t be surprising that a narrative about women who feel stuck is sticking. It has also served as motivation for some to get unstuck. Ami, 38, tells me she watched the show with her ex-boyfriend, and it solidified for her that ending things was the right choice (“It was such a raw look at marriage and what it can be and is,” she says. “I want to find a partner that I see as a complete equal, as unrealistic as that might be.”) Sophia, in her 50s and divorced, watched *Fleishman* and signed up for stand-up-comedy classes. “I felt like in my married life, I ignored myself for a lot of time … I totally understood Libby in that way, and it hit me. When we reach a certain age or lifestyle, we might feel like, *Oh, this is it*. Or maybe it’s just safety and security. But then you wonder about your potential and *What if I never tried?*”
-
-The show ends without tidy answers, just a reminder that time is ticking. *You are right now as young as you will ever be again.* And then, like electric shocks to the heart, *And now … and now … and now*.
-
-“I felt like I was choking every time Libby said, ‘And now,’” I tell my friend, the one who likes to create brownstone fictions. We both laugh, then stop laughing, because it is funny but also true. We’ve both bought into life in the city; we are both raising our families here; we are both working here, still, somehow, all these years after we first arrived. Like so many other New York women, we saw ourselves in Libby and in Rachel and were startled by the view.
-
-“Did *Fleishman* make you want to change anything about your life?” I finally ask her.
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-“Yeah,” she says. “It got me thinking it’s time for me to get therapy.”
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-The *Fleishman* Effect
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-Date: 2023-07-17
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-Link: https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/07/07/the-forgotten-sovereigns-of-the-colorado-river-00096002
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-# The Forgotten Sovereigns of the Colorado River
-
-Daryl Vigil, the longtime water administrator of the Jicarilla Apache Nation, is a wry, soft-spoken former casino manager thrust into the arcane world of high-stakes water law. | Photos by Patrick Cavan Brown for POLITICO
-
-*Rowan Moore Gerety is a reporter and audio producer in Phoenix and the author of* Go Tell the Crocodiles: Chasing Prosperity in Mozambique.
-
-**DULCE, N.M. —** If it weren’t for the Colorado River, Albuquerque wouldn’t exist — at least, not as a city of half a million. Which is interesting, because the city itself is nowhere near the river: The Colorado and its tributaries flow on the opposite side of the Continental Divide from New Mexico’s largest city. The thing that joins the city to its water — the thing that allows Albuquerque to exist, it’s no exaggeration to say — is the Azotea Tunnel.
-
-From a trio of small dams along Colorado tributaries — the tunnel openings are about as wide as a one-car garage — the Azotea Tunnel snakes beneath the mountains and high desert steppe of the Jicarilla Apache Nation in northwestern New Mexico, carrying water that will emerge 26 miles later and flow down a concrete sluice into a tributary of the Chama River. From there, the Chama carries water that would have ended up in the Pacific Ocean toward a city and a river system that drains ultimately into the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean beyond.
-
-The American West is thick with similar geography-defying infrastructure; it’s how we’ve managed to spread the flow of a single river system to 40 million people across seven states and 350,000 square miles — more than half again as big as the original watershed. Los Angeles, Salt Lake City and Denver, too, all lie outside the Colorado River basin. Las Vegas and Phoenix, though within it, still rely on a vast assemblage of canals, pipelines and reservoirs to move and store water, a network of concrete and steel that took 100 years and untold billions of dollars to build. Still more nodes of this network divert water for agriculture, accounting for some two-thirds of the Colorado’s flow.
-
-I came to this lightly traveled corner of New Mexico at the invitation of Daryl Vigil, the longtime water administrator of the Jicarilla Apache Nation. In a milieu dominated by lawyers, engineers, politicians and hydrologists, Vigil is a wry, soft-spoken former casino manager who peppers his speech with emphatic *wows* and *come ons*, as if to ask: *Is this as outrageous to you as it seems to me?* A self-described “hospitality guy” thrust into the arcane world of high-stakes water law, Vigil has turned his perch leading a two-person office for a tiny tribe into a formidable force for advocacy around tribal water rights on one of the country’s largest and most vital rivers. And to Vigil, nothing symbolizes the second-class status of Indian tribes in this century-old battle like the Azotea tunnel.
-
-Like so much of the federal infrastructure that channels the Colorado, the tunnel is, as Vigil likes to put it, “an investment in moving water *out* of Indian country.” If not for the tunnel, much of the water that supplied Albuquerque’s boom would have flowed instead down the Navajo River, a major tributary of the Colorado just over the ridge from Dulce, providing fresh water for the tribe’s homes and livestock, and sustaining the delicate ecosystem that cocoons the reservation’s only perennial water source. As it is, the Navajo River’s flow is one third of what it once was, Vigil says, and in dry years, the river gets low enough to threaten the tribe’s municipal water supply and tribal members living outside of Dulce rely on hauled water and wells that run dry in times of drought.
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-“Ask most people in Albuquerque, they don’t know they get water from the Colorado River,” Vigil told me. But, he added, referring to Navajo and Jicarilla Apache lands northwest of the city, “If you had any place else within a state where they knew that 70,000 or 80,000 of your constituents had to drive to water hauling stations every day, I bet you that stuff would be built already.”
-
-One reason such infrastructure has not been built to benefit the tribes is the legal framework that dates to the 1922 agreement about how the waters of the Colorado would be shared. The Western boosters who signed the Interstate Compact on the Colorado River divvied up what they estimated — with far too much confidence, it turns out — to be 18 million acre-feet of water flowing from the 1,450-mile river. (To picture an acre-foot, imagine a football field covered a foot deep in water.) Three million acre-feet would make it across the border to Mexico, the pact determined, with the remaining 15 million acre-feet split between the states of the Upper Basin (Wyoming, Utah, Colorado) and the Lower Basin (New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California). The only mention of tribal water rights came in a single sentence: “Nothing in this compact shall be construed as affecting the obligations of the United States of America to Indian tribes.”
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-These “obligations” derive from treaties that often included vague language allowing for the creation and protection of a tribal homeland, but seldom any direct mention of water, and from the so-called reserved rights doctrine, which holds that tribes retain any rights not specifically given up in a treaty.
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-While there is broad agreement that the rights of the 30 tribes in the region represent roughly 25 percent of the Colorado’s flow, in practical terms, the tribes have never had the forum in which to enforce them: State and federal authorities are not required to negotiate directly with the tribes, and tribes have no vehicle outside the courts to compel them to. Water rights cases are notoriously slow and complex: The most famous case involving tribal water rights on the Colorado, *Arizona v. California*, was filed in 1952 and decided in 1963. The pitfalls of this legal ambiguity were on full display in late June when the Supreme Court ruled against the Navajo Nation, the largest tribe in the Colorado River basin, which had sued the government 20 years ago to force it to provide a plan to provide water to the 17 million-acre reservation.
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-Writing for the majority, Justice Brett Kavanaugh held that the federal government had no obligation under the 1868 treaty that formed the reservation to “take affirmative steps” to secure the tribe’s water supply — either by doing a study of the tribe’s water needs or by building infrastructure to allow it to use more water from the Colorado. In his dissent, Justice Neil Gorsuch held that the tribe’s request was more modest: Everyone agrees that the federal government holds some water rights “in trust” for the tribe, but “no one has ever assessed what water rights the Navajo possess.” He compared the tribe’s ordeal in the courts to the indignity of waiting at the DMV: “The Navajo have waited patiently for someone, anyone, to help them, only to be told (repeatedly) that they have been standing in the wrong line and must try another.” The verdict’s ramifications will take years to sort out. More broadly, though, it illustrates what a convoluted system we’ve built, attempting to read between the lines of a 150-year-old agreement rather that contend with the reality that we’ve siphoned off most of the water that flows through the tribe’s ancestral homeland.
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-In the two decades it took for that case to wind through the courts, the tribe’s quandary over how to assert its rights on the Colorado reached a crisis point as the megadrought brought the river down to about 12 million acre-feet a year — some 20 percent below historical flows. The basic challenge remains that there’s not enough water for the Colorado River to keep supporting nearly 40 million people living as they do.
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-As demand for the river’s flow increasingly outstrips supply, what makes up the difference is a mix of cuts and involuntary charity on the part of the more than two dozen tribes: A portion of the water belongs to them and their roughly 400,000 tribal members, but they have neither the infrastructure to use it themselves, nor a way to sell it to other users downstream. In other words, someone else is using it for free.
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-In his 14 years as tribal water administrator, Vigil has focused increasingly not just on the interests of the Jicarilla Apache Nation, but on the leverage the tribes have in shaping the future of the river as a whole. Through a series of advocacy groups including one he co-founded, the Tribes and Water Initiative, Vigil has become a leading voice in debates over how the historical harms done to tribes who rely on the river should inform its governance. His argument is largely a moral one, and it’s not one that powerful interests are known to listen to. But Vigil’s unusual background and approach have helped him become a savvy relationship builder across the basin.
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-“For me, it’s about bringing the humanization of Indigenous people to the forefront of people’s minds and to their understanding,” he said. “Most people don’t have any clue who we are.”
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-**O**fficially, Vigil, 61, retired from his position with tribal government almost a year ago, but he hasn’t stopped working, or found a replacement. Vigil (pronounced VEE-hill — “It’s a Spanish name. They had to call us something,” he explained with a chuckle) has a mop of salt and pepper hair, a wide, lean face and eyebrows that slope down toward his temples, giving him an inviting look of surprise. The day I visited in December, he looked exhausted. He led me into the water administration office, tucked into a back corner of the sprawling brick building that houses much of the tribal government. Bookshelves groaned with binders labeled in all-caps with the names of vendors and projects in progress. Maps of the reservation covered the wall behind his desk. He’d been on the road every week for a month, and most recently had come down with the flu at the annual meeting of the Colorado River Water Users Association, the biggest annual gathering for the river’s brain trust.
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-In conversations about water rights, Vigil tends to talk on a longer time scale, which makes sense once you understand that the waters of the Colorado feature prominently in the creation stories of many of the region’s tribes. Slumping into his desk, Vigil explained the reservation doesn’t actually sit within the original Jicarilla Apache homeland. His own family came from the White Clan, the tribe’s westernmost band, rooted in the Chama River valley — where Albuquerque’s water now flows. Beyond that, hundreds of bands lived on a homeland extending south to Abiquiu, east to the Oklahoma Panhandle and north as far as Colorado Springs. “We had our own little ‘Trail of Tears,’” he said. “They marched us down to the Mescaleros” — the homeland of the Mescalero Apache in southern New Mexico — “and tribal leaders marched us all the way back. We got really lucky — our reservation was established by presidential order in 1887.”
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-By the first decade of the 20th century, war, disease and hunger driven by the United States’ westward expansion reduced what had been a constellation of hundreds of bands living as hunter gatherers to a population of under 700 tribal members surviving largely on federal food rations on the marginal rangeland of the Jicarilla Apache’s new reservation. “From hundreds and hundreds of bands to less than maybe 700 people! I mean, come on.” Vigil walked over to a map on the wall and traced his finger along the reservation’s southern end, where white settlers who refused to cede their land when the reservation was formed had carved a notch out of what was supposed to be a rectangle. “We adopted constitutional government so we could continue to live with government rations,” he said.
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-The reservation altered the tribe’s way of life, but its boundaries did give members something: ostensible rights to water from the Navajo River that flowed through it. The government calculated the tribe’s share of that water using something called “Practically Irrigable Acreage.” But the Jicarilla Apache reservation is nearly devoid of arable land; in practice, using irrigable acreage as a metric meant their share of the river’s flow was cut, and much of the water that by rights should have been theirs was ultimately pumped to Albuquerque.
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-Vigil paused and took a breath. “So” — he said finally. “We’re not farmers; They tried to make us into farmers. That culture was the end of us being who we were.”
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-At the time the Jicarilla Apache government formed in the 1930s, Vigil explained, most of the tribe’s members still lived in remote areas of the reservation, their interactions with white society confined largely to the trips they made to town to stock up on rations. Dulce itself was still a glorified logging camp, with a trading post, a boarding school where Indian students were meant to be “civilized” and a railroad stop to bring timber down out of the mountains. A Jicarilla Apache bureaucracy — with departments and technical staff to interface with local businesses and state officials, was still decades away.
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-It was only in the 1960s, after the Bureau of Indian Affairs built a wastewater treatment plant, that tribal members moved to town in significant numbers, and then, as the organs of government took more definite shape, that the Jicarilla Apache pursued their water rights in court. The tribe finally settled its outstanding water claims with the federal government in 1992, after decades of litigation. But the agreement came with an important caveat: Most of the water they were entitled to wouldn’t actually reach the reservation. The combination of the Azotea tunnel’s diversions and a drying climate meant the Navajo River was already at a third of its historic flow. The tribe’s water would have to come from another Colorado tributary, and it could only be delivered to two reservoirs downstream.
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-That same year, as the settlement talks were drawing to a close, the tribe’s lawyer got word that there was a meeting of the Colorado River Water Users Association set to be held at the airport in Phoenix on a day when a small group of tribal leaders from around the basin was visiting the city on other business.
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-“We were headed in that direction,” then-Tribal Chair Levi Pesata recalled, “so we just thought we’ll try and go there and get in that meeting somehow — and we weren’t invited.” It was an awkward encounter. “I don’t know up until that time, if they had had any contact with the Colorado River tribes,” Pesata explained. “We went in there and told them who we were, and what we wanted to know.”
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-Soon afterward, Pesata was part of the group that formed the Ten Tribes Partnership, bringing together the tribes with settled rights to Colorado River water to advocate jointly. “At the time, the Utes, the Navajos and the Colorado River Indian Tribes — we all got together and started pushing,” Pesata recalled. “And slowly the makeup of that association \[CRWUA\] started shifting.”
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-No one reflects the shifting makeup of the group as much as Vigil. He had spent more than a decade of mostly successful years running his family’s small hotel, restaurant and conference center in Dulce. He arranged a sale to bring that business under tribal management and stayed on as general manager until he was ousted after a change in tribal government. “If you know Indian Country, there’s a period of blackballing if they get rid of you, the leadership does, and eventually you can cycle back in,” Vigil said. He’d planned to make a clean break with tribal government, but in 2007, tempted by the prospect of a stable paycheck and benefits, Vigil found himself applying to be the tribe’s new water administrator. “I knew just enough about water to answer the questions that were relevant to the interview,” Vigil said: “The accidental water guy.”
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-**V**igil’s new role coincided with a realization across the basin that climate change was driving not just lingering drought but the gradual transformation of the region — a dry place getting much drier. Water users had long benefited from the fact that even if the river was over-allocated on paper — essentially, there were outstanding IOUs for more water than the river held — there was still more water flowing down through the lower basin each year than people had use for. It was only in 2005 that the Interior Department began to develop, for the first time, operational guidelines to manage the river under conditions of “water shortage,” which the Bureau of Reclamation (part of the Department of the Interior that oversees federal water infrastructure in the West) defined as any time there was less than 7.5 million acre-feet available for Arizona, Nevada and California. By 2009, climate projections convinced federal officials of the need to do a basinwide study of supply and demand.
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-As he called around to offices at the Bureau of Reclamation in his first months as water administrator, Vigil began to see just how marginalized tribes were in the day-to-day management of the river. “‘So, the interim guidelines we operate on, tribes are not involved in that?’ No. ‘Were they invited to be involved?’ No.” Now, the federal government was trying to plan for the need to cut water allocations across the basin without the involvement of the tribes that — at least nominally — controlled a quarter of the river’s flow.
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-Harnessing his inner hospitality guy as he joined the Colorado River conference circuit, Vigil made a point of pulling up a chair at unfamiliar tables. In 2012, some 20 years after Levi Pesata’s incursion at the airport, Vigil, as chair of the Ten Tribes Partnership, became a board member and treasurer of CRWUA.
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-His new role gave him a bigger platform. “They got to hear Daryl Vigil at every opportunity talk about how the government wasn’t fulfilling their trust responsibility. And they *listened*,” he said. In the end, Vigil helped secure what amounted to a disclaimer appended to the report, noting that a majority of tribes along the river have unresolved (and likely more senior) claims and that “the demand for this water will be a factor impacting basin-wide water availability.” Like the disclaimer in the original compact, it was a mere sliver of an opening for tribal advocacy, but an opening nonetheless. After the basinwide demand study was completed, officials in the Obama administration made a counterproposal: What about a dedicated study of tribal demand?
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-The resulting report confirmed much of what tribes had complained about for decades: unfinished infrastructure projects that had been promised long ago as part of federal settlements, onerous restrictions on where and how tribes could put their water to use, and some 500,000 acre-feet a year that flowed down the river without compensation. Historically, tribes pursued settlements independently. “If you know one tribe, you know one tribe,” goes an axiom Vigil and others often repeat in relation to tribal water rights. But the tribal water study also underscored the consequences of their common history: There’s a difference between having a legal right to water and having a foothold in the federal apparatus that actually manages the river.
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-In 2019, nearly two decades into the megadrought affecting the Southwest, the seven Colorado River states adopted a drought contingency plan overseen by the Bureau of Reclamation to manage the changing hydrology on the river. In the years since, users in the lower basin and Mexico have had their water allotments cut by close to 1 million acre-feet, a more than 10 percent reduction.
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-Earlier this year, as the seven basin states scrambled to come up with a compromise to cut their 2023 allocations by a further 2 million acre-feet, Amelia Flores was working with partners in the state and federal government toward another milestone. Flores is chair of the Colorado River Indian Tribes, whose lands straddle the river on the California-Arizona border. For more than 20 years, CRIT’s leaders had been pushing for legislation that would allow the tribes to lease some of their water to users outside the reservation. With senior rights to more than 700,000 acre-feet a year, CRIT is one of the largest rights holders in the basin, providing water both to commercial farmers who lease tribal land — this part of the Southwest grows the bulk of the country’s winter vegetables — and to blunt the impact of shortages across in the system. Since 2016, through agreements with the federal Bureau of Reclamation, CRIT has fallowed enough farmland to leave 200,000 acre-feet of water in Lake Mead, preventing the reservoir’s levels from dropping even faster toward the critical “dead pool” level where power cannot be generated.
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-On Jan. 5, President Joe Biden [signed legislation](https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/3308/text) freeing the tribe to lease its water to users outside the reservation for the first time. But even as the tribe pushed that bill over the line, it wasn’t party to negotiations among the states about the shape of future cuts. As the tribe’s longtime attorney, Margaret Vick, explained recently in a joint phone interview with Flores, allowing tribal participation in those talks wouldn’t require an act of Congress. “What that would require is a phone call,” Vick said.
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-When the Bureau of Reclamation’s Feb. 1 deadline arrived without a deal, news outlets around the country reported on the proposal that came closest to consensus: Every state but California signed onto an arrangement that would leave the Golden State, which receives some 4.4 million acre-feet, by far the largest share of Colorado River water, to absorb the bulk of the cuts. To Flores’ surprise, the deal also called for CRIT to give up 45,000 acre-feet without compensation. Asked whether she’d had any prior notice from Arizona or its counterparts, Flores was blunt: “None, zero.” For the Colorado River Indian Tribes, the river is both the center of a sacred homeland and the backbone of government services: Agriculture represents about 80 percent of the tribal government’s revenue. Uncompensated water cuts could affect everything from health care to college scholarships for tribal members.
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-“Still to this day we don’t believe states really understand the dynamics of tribal water rights,” Flores said. “We need to be at the table.”
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-This dynamic is felt most acutely in Arizona, home to 22 tribes with claims to Colorado River water. When I asked Tom Buschatzke, director of the state’s water resources department, about negotiations with tribes, he touted a state program established in 2004 to buy farmland and leave it fallow in order to create a pool of Colorado River water rights the government could assign to future tribal settlements. Unfortunately, he explained, two decades on, most of that theoretical pool of water has literally evaporated with the changing hydrology of the river.
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-“That makes it difficult to push forward with settlements,” Buschatzke said. “I’m not going to offer a tribe something that would only be there 5 percent of the time.” There is, of course, a more reliable pool to draw from — the water that already flushes the toilets and irrigates the golf courses of Arizona’s cities and towns — but what Arizona politician is going to propose giving tribes that water?
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-“Wow,” Vigil says. “There’s an opportunity to start thinking about how we feed ourselves, where we feed ourselves and all those kind of things, and that’s one of the things that’s missing.”
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-About 70 percent of the basin’s water is allocated to agriculture, mostly to feed cattle. “And there is no structured place that I know of where those conversations are being had. Seventy percent of the water is \[for\] agriculture!” he repeated. “How are we not talking about that?”
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-While indigenous people have held a variety of top posts at Interior Department agencies going back 20 years or more, Biden’s appointment of Deb Haaland, the first Native American secretary of the Interior, signaled a commitment to Native points of view in the upper echelons of power at the White House. It did not take long for tribes to be disappointed. In late 2021, Vigil coordinated an effort that saw the leaders of 20 tribal nations sign a letter to Haaland, outlining a list of shared demands of federal officials, including a framework for leasing privileges similar to those won by CRIT. Haaland held a listening session with the signatories the following spring, one of “more than a dozen meetings” an Interior Department spokesperson highlighted of the government’s commitment to “robust consultation” with tribes. But to Vigil, it was part of a familiar pattern: Federal agencies seem always willing to talk but never to respond to specific demands.
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-This past February, federal officials announced the states had missed a second deadline to make further cuts, totaling 2 million to 4 million acre-feet, and that the Bureau of Reclamation would have to make the decision instead. In April, the Biden administration sketched out its plan to meet that target, setting aside distinctions between “senior” and “junior” rights holders, and asking California, Arizona and Nevada to reduce Colorado River water usage across the board by an additional 25 percent.
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-To avoid the bruising politics of choosing California alfalfa over Arizona subdivisions, the administration’s proposal put cities and towns with water rights dating to the 1960s on the same footing as irrigation districts with claims dating back to the 19th century. Settled tribal rights, too, would have to flow from the same bucket. But the threat of federal officials unilaterally imposing reductions on the states for the first time in history was finally enough to compel broader agreement. With the help of a wet winter and $1.2 billion in federal funds, Arizona, California and Nevada have agreed to cuts of roughly 13 percent across the lower basin, enough to stave off the immediate crisis. The plan is expected to gain final federal approval, but it will not materially change the role of tribes in future negotiations.
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-When I asked Vigil if he felt he’d seen any significant inflection points in tribal participation in the river’s governance after 15 years of advocacy, there was a long pause. Finally, he said, “You know the reason why that’s a tough question? Because nothing has really changed. We don’t have a formal place in the policymaking process. … And until that happens, that means our sovereignty is not being fully recognized.”
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-**T**he water treatment plant that supplies the town of Dulce sits at the top of a hill northwest of town, a windowless concrete building beside a baby-blue water tower. For the past five years, the plant has been run on a contract with the Canadian company H2O Innovation, with the notion that they will hire and train their replacements from within the Jicarilla Apache Nation. “They’re trying to get us some employees up here to see who wants to learn it, who has a knack for it,” the project manager, Jesse Froggé, told me when I visited in December, referring to the tribal government. Two tribal members had already joined the wastewater team; water treatment can be a 24/7 job. “We had issues through monsoon season. When you got a lot of rain and runoff into the river, the characteristics change, the chemical demands change. You gotta stay on top of it.”
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-Rain is not the worst of what could happen to the Navajo River. Levels could drop so far the tribe would not be able to divert water, or it could be fouled after a wildfire, with ashy runoff contaminated by flame retardant, as happened last year to a New Mexico town. In 2015, an accidental breach of a tailings dam at a gold mine sent 3 million gallons of water laden with heavy metals into the Animas River, another nearby Colorado River tributary, turning the river orange and rendering it unsafe for humans and animals for a week afterward.
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-The existing water supply for the reservation faces a number of critical issues. In the summer, the plant’s aging filters pump about 600,000 gallons a day to supply the town of Dulce, a number that suggests huge water loss through leaks and broken connections. But the town’s metering system is so antiquated it’s not possible to see how much water is actually being used and where. Some of the oldest water lines are made of lead or asbestos-reinforced concrete. The tribe is working to secure funding for updates through the Indian Health Service and the Bureau of Indian Affairs, both part of the Department of the Interior. “But it’s going to take a while,” Froggé said.
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-Running a water treatment plant, of course, is not all the tribe does. The Jicarilla Apache Nation operates its own police force, jail and courts system, its own school district, electric utility and departments for the administration of housing, public works, and sanitation. It operates separate casino, labor, fish and game, and oil and gas regulators, behavioral health programs, a mortgage lender and a supermarket. Reading this litany of tribal responsibility, it’s tempting to ask why the tribe wouldn’t simply let go. Many rural communities contract with sheriff’s offices and state departments of transportation, so why not cede part of the burden of government to the poobahs in Santa Fe? But to relinquish even a part of those responsibilities would be to relinquish sovereignty. And to relinquish sovereignty would be to relinquish the thing that tribes have been fighting so hard to hold on to for the past several hundred years.
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-The argument that tribes aren’t up to the task of representing their own interests is as old as empire — it wasn’t until after World War II, for example, that tribes were allowed to hire their own attorneys and sue the federal government for breach of trust responsibilities. Surely, there are already stakeholders in the basin who think that if the Jicarilla can’t maintain their own water systems, they shouldn’t expect a role in steering the future of the Colorado River. The building permits, the utility lines, the gambling regulations, all these are the price of admission for basin tribes to control their own destiny, and they’re determined to do it, even, as Vigil often says, “operating from a deficit.”
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-The project of Vigil’s that seems to make him most optimistic is a deal recently signed between the Jicarilla Apache Nation, the state of New Mexico and the Nature Conservancy to redirect the water that the tribe had sold, for 30 years, to the San Juan Generating Station, near the reservoirs where the tribe’s Colorado River water is delivered. When the power plant closed and the water began to flow downriver into Arizona, Vigil said, “I spent two years pressing the New Mexico state engineer: If this is New Mexico water, let’s find a way to use it.”
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-New Mexico planned to store the water in a pool meant to buffer against shortages that could affect municipal users or the state’s obligations under endangered species law, but by law, the state only offered a price determined by two market studies it commissioned. Since the tribe’s only other possible buyer had permanently closed, the price was well under $100 an acre-foot. For comparison, Arizona and Southern California farmers recently proposed voluntary cuts in their usage in exchange for [$1,500](https://apnews.com/article/science-arizona-lakes-california-b85a466248bd8ac8552636a892a8b690) an acre-foot. For the tribe, this was a nonstarter. The Nature Conservancy, eager to support conservation measures in the state, agreed to provide enough funding to bring the price to as much as $190 dollars an acre-foot and see the deal through.
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-It was the first time in history, Vigil told me proudly, that a state and a tribe had negotiated water business in the Colorado Basin on a sovereign-to-sovereign basis.
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-# The Forgotten Story of the American Troops Who Got Caught Up in the Russian Civil War
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-![American infantry camp in Siberia](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/zkLfbD1ltc0rUJM6X-LV0IoKKbw=/1000x750/filters:no_upscale()/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer/bd/43/bd43202e-cffe-48b1-b83b-18d2b5d57adb/gettyimages-464428811_web.jpg)
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-An American infantry camp in Siberia, Russia, December 1918 Heritage Images / Contributor
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-It was 45 degrees below zero, and Lieutenant Harry Mead’s platoon was much too far from home. Just outside the Russian village of Ust Padenga, 500 miles north of Moscow, the American soldiers crouched inside two blockhouses and trenches cut into permafrost. It was before dawn on January 19, 1919.
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-Through their field glasses, lookouts gazed south into the darkness. Beyond the platoon’s position, flares and rockets flashed, and shadowy figures moved through tiny villages—Bolshevik soldiers from Russia’s Red Army, hoping to push the American invaders 200 miles north, all the way back to the frozen White Sea.
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-The first artillery shell flew at the Americans at dawn. Mead, 29, of Detroit, awoke, dressed, and ran to his 47-man platoon’s forward position. Shells fell for an hour, then stopped. Soldiers from the Bolshevik Red Army, clad in winter-white uniforms, rose up from the snow and ravines on three sides. They advanced, firing automatic rifles and muskets at the outnumbered Americans.
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-“I at once realized that our position was hopeless,” Mead recalled, as quoted in James Carl Nelson’s forthcoming book, [The Polar Bear Expedition: The Heroes of America’s Forgotten Invasion of Russia](https://amzn.to/2DZq49E). “We were sweeping the enemy line with machine gun and rifle fire. As soon as one wave of the enemy was halted on one flank another was pressing in on us from the other side.”
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-[![Preview thumbnail for 'The Polar Bear Expedition: The Heroes of America's Forgotten Invasion of Russia, 1918-1919](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/o9aZb3y9dFS_0NL9_T13ilgBQKg=/fit-in/300x0/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/amazon/amazon_image_9db25fd5126ebab9114ffc7d5b981edc7b4ea364.jpg "The Polar Bear Expedition: The Heroes of America's Forgotten Invasion of Russia, 1918-1919")](https://www.amazon.com/dp/0062852779?tag=smithsonianco-20&linkCode=ogi&th=1&psc=1)
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-As the Red Army neared, with bayonets fixed on their guns, Mead and his soldiers retreated. They ran through the village, from house to house, “each new dash leaving more of our comrades lying in the cold and snow, never to be seen again,” Mead said. At last, Mead made it to the next village, filled with American soldiers. Of Mead’s 47-man platoon, 25 died that day, and another 15 were injured.
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-For the 13,000 American troops serving in remote parts of Russia 100 years ago, the attack on Mead’s men was the worst day in one of the United States’ least-remembered military conflicts. When 1919 dawned, the U.S. forces had been in Russia for months. World War I was not yet over for the 5,000 members of the 339th U.S. Army regiment of the American Expeditionary Force deployed near the port city of Archangel, just below the Arctic Circle, nor for the 8,000 troops from the 27th and 31st regiments, who were stationed in the Pacific Ocean port of Vladivostok, 4,000 miles to the east.
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-They had become bit players caught up in the complex international intrigue of the Russian Civil War. Russia had begun World War I as an ally of England and France. But the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, led by Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky, installed a communist government in Moscow and St. Petersburg that pulled Russia out of the conflict and into peace with Germany. By fall 1918, Lenin’s year-old government controlled only a part of central European Russia. Forces calling themselves the White Russians, a loose coalition of liberals, social democrats and loyalists to the assassinated czar, were fighting the Communists from the north, south, east and west.
-
-Two months after the November 11, 1918, armistice that officially ended the war for the rest of Europe, as one million Americans in France were preparing to sail home, the U.S. troops in Russia found that their ill-defined missions had transformed into something even more obscure. Historians still debate why President Woodrow Wilson really sent troops to Russia, but they tend to agree that the two missions, burdened by Wilson’s ambiguous goals, ended in failures that foreshadowed U.S. foreign interventions in the century to come.
-
-When Wilson sent the troops to Russia in July 1918, World War I still looked dire for the Allies. With the Russian Empire no longer engaged in the continental struggle, Germany had moved dozens of divisions to France to try to strike a final blow and end the war, and the spring 1918 German offensive had advanced to within artillery range of Paris.
-
-Desperate to reopen an Eastern Front, Britain and France pressured Wilson to send troops to join Allied expeditions in northern Russia and far eastern Russia, and in July 1918, Wilson agreed to send 13,000 troops. The Allied Powers hoped that the White Russians might rejoin the war if they defeated the Reds.
-
-To justify the small intervention, Wilson issued a [carefully worded, diplomatically vague memo](http://pbma.grobbel.org/aide_memoire.htm). First, the U.S. troops would guard giant Allied arms caches sent to Archangel and Vladivostok before Russia had left the war. Second, they would support the 70,000-man [Czechoslovak Legion](https://www.radio.cz/en/section/czechs/the-czechoslovak-legions-myth-reality-gold-and-glory), former prisoners of war who had joined the Allied cause and were fighting the Bolsheviks in Siberia. Third, though the memo said the U.S. would avoid “intervention in \[Russia’s\] internal affairs,” it also said the U.S. troops would aid Russians with their own “self-government or self-defense.” That was diplomacy-speak for aiding the White Russians in the civil war.
-
-“This was a movement basically against the Bolshevik forces,” says Doran Cart, senior curator at the [National World War I Museum and Memorial](https://www.theworldwar.org/) in Kansas City. “\[But\] we couldn’t really go in and say, ‘This is for fighting the Bolsheviks.’ That would seem like we were against our previous ally in the war.”
-
-![Allied soldiers and sailors in Vladivostok, Russia, September 1918](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/-J7hjUDKAPBAdCtZ1WR2jQTlfpo=/fit-in/1072x0/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer/7b/92/7b925074-dd1d-4a0c-9874-402965399349/gettyimages-464424971_web.jpg)
-
-Allied soldiers and sailors in Vladivostok, Russia, September 1918 Heritage Images / Contributor
-
-Wilson’s stated aims were so ambiguous that the two U.S. expeditions to Russia ended up carrying out very different missions. While the troops in north Russia became embroiled in the Russian Civil War, the soldiers in Siberia engaged in an ever-shifting series of standoffs and skirmishes, including many with their supposed allies.
-
-The U.S. soldiers in northern Russia, the U.S. Army’s 339th regiment, were chosen for the deployment because they were mostly from Michigan, so military commanders figured they could handle the war zone’s extreme cold. Their training in England included a lesson from Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton on surviving below-zero conditions. Landing in Archangel, just below the Arctic Circle, in September 1918, they nicknamed themselves the Polar Bear Expedition.
-
-Under British command, many of the Polar Bears didn’t stay in Archangel to guard the Allied arms cache at all. The British goal was to reach the Russian city of Kotlas, a railroad crossing where, they hoped, they might use the railway to connect with the Czechoslovak Legion in the east. So British officer Lieutenant General Frederick Poole deployed the Polar Bears in long arcs up to 200 miles south of Archangel, along a strategic railroad and the Dvina and Vaga rivers.
-
-But they never got to Kotlas. Instead, the Allied troops’ overextended deployment led to frequent face-to-face combat with the Bolshevik army, led by Leon Trotsky and growing in strength. One company of Americans, along with Canadian and Scottish troops, fought a bloody battle with Bolshevik forces on November 11, 1918 -- Armistice Day in France.
-
-“Events moved so fast in 1918, they made the mission moot,” says Nelson, author of The Polar Bear Expedition*.* “They kept these guys in isolated, naked positions well into 1919. The biggest complaint you heard from the soldiers was, ‘No one can tell us why we’re here,’ especially after the Armistice.” The Bolshevik Revolution had “dismayed” most Americans, Russia scholar Warren B. Walsh wrote in 1947, “mostly because we thought that the Bolsheviks were German agents or, at least, were playing our enemy’s game.” But with Germany’s defeat, many Americans -- including many Polar Bears -- questioned why U.S. troops were still at war.
-
-While the Polar Bears played a reluctant role in the Russian Civil War, the U.S. commander in Siberia, General William Graves, did his best to keep his troops out of it. In August 1918, before Graves left the U.S., Secretary of War Newton Baker met the general to personally hand him Wilson’s memo about the mission. “Watch your step; you will be walking on eggs loaded with dynamite,” Baker warned Graves. He was right.
-
-Graves and the AEF Siberia landed in Vladivostok that month with, as Graves later wrote, “no information as to the military, political, social, economic, or financial situation in Russia.” The Czechs, not the Bolsheviks, controlled most of Siberia, including the Trans-Siberian Railway. Graves deployed his troops to guard parts of the railway and the coal mines that powered it -- the lifeline for the Czechs and White Russians fighting the Red Army.
-
-But Russia’s quickly shifting politics complicated Graves’ mission. In November 1918, an authoritarian White Russian admiral, Alexander Kolchak, overthrew a provisional government in Siberia that the Czechs had supported. With that, and the war in Europe over, the Czechs stopped fighting the Red Army, wanting instead to return to their newly independent homeland. Now Graves was left to maintain a delicate balance: keep the Trans-Siberian Railway open to ferry secret military aid to Kolchak, without outright joining the Russian Civil War.
-
-![Alexander Kolchak](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/-E-5DL-klwOiKe8PvaotWEcHlu8=/fit-in/1072x0/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer/83/fa/83fa6a87-dbfb-4c85-b550-68e406f238b9/kolchak_decorating_troops.jpg)
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-Alexander Kolchak decorates his troops [Wikicommons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_movement#/media/File:Kolchak_decorating_troops.jpg)
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-Opposition to the Russia deployments grew at home. “What is the policy of our nation toward Russia?” asked Senator Hiram Johnson, a progressive Republican from California, in a speech on December 12, 1918. “I do not know our policy, and I know no other man who knows our policy.” Johnson, a reluctant supporter of America’s entry into World War I, joined with anti-war progressive [Senator Robert La Follette](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/fake-news-and-fervent-nationalism-got-senator-robert-la-follette-tarred-traitor-his-anti-war-views-180965317/) to build opposition to the Russia missions.
-
-The Bolsheviks’ January 1919 offensive against American troops in north Russia -- which began with the deadly attack on Mead’s platoon -- attracted attention in newspapers across the nation. For seven days, the Polar Bears, outnumbered eight to one, retreated north under fire from several villages along the Vaga River. On February 9, a *Chicago Tribune* political cartoon depicted a giant Russian bear, blood dripping from its mouth, confronting a much smaller soldier holding the U.S. flag. “At Its Mercy,” the caption read.
-
-On February 14, Johnson’s resolution challenging the U.S. deployment in north Russia failed by one vote in the Senate, with Vice President Thomas Marshall breaking a tie to defeat it. Days later, Secretary of War Baker announced that the Polar Bears would sail home “at the earliest possible moment that weather in the spring will permit” -- once the frozen White Sea thawed and Archangel’s port reopened. Though Bolshevik attacks continued through May, the last Polar Bears left Archangel on June 15, 1919. Their nine-month campaign had cost them 235 men. “When the last battalion set sail from Archangel, not a soldier knew, no, not even vaguely, why he had fought or why he was going now, and why his comrades were left behind -- so many of them beneath the wooden crosses,” wrote Lieutenant John Cudahy of the 339th regiment in his book *Archangel.*
-
-But Wilson decided to keep U.S. troops in Siberia, to use the Trans-Siberian Railway to arm the White Russians and because he feared that Japan, a fellow Allied nation that had flooded eastern Siberia with 72,000 troops, wanted to take over the region and the railroad. Graves and his soldiers persevered, but they found that America’s erstwhile allies in Siberia posed the greatest danger.
-
-Sticking to Wilson’s stated (though disingenuous) goal of non-intervention in the Russian Civil War, Graves resisted pressure from other Allies—Britain, France, Japan, and the White Russians—to arrest and fight Bolsheviks in Siberia. Wilson and Baker backed him up, but the Japanese didn’t want the U.S. troops there, and with Graves not taking their side, neither did the White Russians.
-
-Across Siberia, Kolchak’s forces launched a reign of terror, including executions and torture. Especially brutal were Kolchak’s commanders in the far east, Cossack generals Grigori Semenov and Ivan Kalmikov. Their troops, “under the protection of Japanese troops, were roaming the country like wild animals, killing and robbing the people,” Graves wrote in his memoir. “If questions were asked about these brutal murders, the reply was that the people murdered were Bolsheviks and this explanation, apparently, satisfied the world.” Semenov, who took to harassing Americans along the Trans-Siberian Railway, commanded armored trains with names such as The Merciless, The Destroyer, and The Terrible.
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-![Our Soldiers in Siberia!](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/a1S3Kmg28JnKJ9NSHcF9cZR4TlU=/fit-in/1072x0/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer/ce/f1/cef1bf8b-3d02-41e7-964f-2e09d43bbfe9/50224v.jpg)
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-Americans on the home front were asked to buy war stamps to support the forces in Siberia Library of Congress
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-Just when the Americans and the White Russian bandits seemed on the verge of open warfare, the Bolsheviks began to win the Russian Civil War. In January 1920, near defeat, Kolchak asked the Czech Legion for protection. Appalled at his crimes, the Czechs instead turned Kolchak over to the Red Army in exchange for safe passage home, and a Bolshevik firing squad executed him in February. In January 1920, the Wilson administration ordered U.S. troops out of Siberia, citing “unstable civil authority and frequent local military interference” with the railway. Graves completed the withdrawal on April 1, 1920, having lost 189 men.
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-Veterans of the U.S. interventions in Russia wrote angry memoirs after coming home. One Polar Bear, Lieutenant Harry Costello, titled his book, *Why Did We Go To Russia?* Graves, in his memoir, defended himself against charges he should’ve aggressively fought Bolsheviks in Siberia and reminded readers of White Russian atrocities. In 1929, some former soldiers of the 339th regiment returned to North Russia to recover the remains of 86 comrades. Forty-five of them are now buried in White Chapel Cemetery near Detroit, surrounding a white statue of a fierce polar bear.
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-Historians tend to see Wilson’s decision to send troops to Russia as one of his worst wartime decisions, and a foreshadowing of other poorly planned American interventions in foreign countries in the century since. “It didn’t really achieve anything—it was ill-conceived,” says Nelson of the Polar Bear Expedition. “The lessons were there that could’ve been applied in Vietnam and could’ve been applied in Iraq.”
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-Jonathan Casey, director of archives at the World War I Museum, agrees. “We didn’t have clear goals in mind politically or militarily,” he says. “We think we have an interest to protect, but it’s not really our interest to protect, or at least to make a huge effort at it. Maybe there are lessons we should’ve learned.”
-
-**A Note to our Readers**  
-Smithsonian magazine participates in affiliate link advertising programs. If you purchase an item through these links, we receive a commission.
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-Date: 2023-04-18
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-TimeStamp: 2023-04-18
-Link: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/04/6-key-things-to-watch-for-in-the-dominion-vs-fox-news-trial.html
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-&emsp;
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-# The Fox News Trial Starts Tomorrow. Fox Is Already Losing.
-
-## No wonder Murdoch is scrambling to settle.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/a60/241/e2adb1f45a20969a38d7fd096434375e66-murdoch.rsquare.w700.jpg)
-
-Photo: Jean Catuffe/GC Images
-
-As a rule, it is generally not a great idea for lawyers to antagonize the presiding judge in the days leading up to a major trial. So Fox News’ lawyers could not have been feeling particularly good last week when, during the homestretch of pretrial hearings in [the defamation case](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/03/fox-news-looks-likely-to-lose-dominion-voting-systems-case.html) brought by Dominion Voting Systems, Delaware judge Eric M. Davis told them that they had a “credibility problem.” This is how a judge tells lawyers that he does not trust them, and for a party to high-profile litigation, the credibility of the lawyers in the courtroom is an essential asset — hard to acquire, closely guarded, and easily lost — that can subtly but crucially affect the proceedings.
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-This was an undoubtedly dramatic last-minute turn of events, but Fox has been on the ropes for weeks now in the run-up to the [Tuesday start](https://twitter.com/JayShams/status/1647754265270599686) of the trial, which finds the network in a conspicuously weak position as it begins its defense against Dominion in what is expected to be a roughly six-week-long proceeding. The trial was supposed to begin Monday, but on Sunday evening the [judge delayed the start of the case](https://www.wsj.com/articles/fox-news-dominion-prepare-for-battle-in-1-6-billion-defamation-trial-fad2e9a6?mod=hp_lead_pos3) amid reports of a last minute push by Fox to settle — though at the moment, it remains to be seen whether that will happen. The election-technology company is looking for $1.6 billion in damages as a result of 20 episodes of alleged defamation that largely occurred during a monthlong period from mid-November to mid-December 2020 during segments in which crank lawyers [Rudy Giuliani](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/06/rudy-giuliani-insists-hes-not-a-drunk-again.html) and [Sidney Powell](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/11/report-trump-lawyer-sidney-powell-even-crazy-than-you-think.html) claimed that Dominion was part of an elaborate — and entirely fictional — conspiracy to steal the 2020 presidential election from Donald Trump. The segments mostly aired on shows hosted by [Lou Dobbs](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/02/fox-business-cancels-lou-dobbs.html), Maria Bartiromo, and Jeanine Pirro, on both Fox News and Fox Business.
-
-Of course, no one knows how the case is going to turn out if the settlement talks fail. But watching it with a lawyer’s eye means being aware of the key signals that have already been sent — what do the judge’s comments and pretrial rulings suggest? — as well as which courtroom dynamics to study closely as the case progresses. Here are the most important things to know and watch as the Fox-Dominion trial unfolds:
-
-The trial begins Tuesday, but after [two years](https://www.npr.org/2021/03/26/981515184/dominion-voting-systems-files-1-6-billion-defamation-lawsuit-against-fox-news) of litigation, Fox News’ lawyers had revealed for the first time in the case that Rupert Murdoch, the chair of parent company Fox Corporation, [also officially holds](https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/11/fox-libel-rupert-murdoch-00091587) a position at Fox News as “executive chair.” This may seem like a small and perhaps inconsequential point — Fox News’ lawyers called the title an “honorific” — but it is not. The reason is that Fox’s lawyers have fought hard throughout the litigation to insist there is a clear distinction — both legally and factually in their day-to-day operations — between Fox News and Fox Corporation. Both are defendants in the case, but Fox Corporation has deeper pockets and [a large portfolio](https://www.foxcorporation.com/about-us/) of media properties in addition to the network. As it happens, though, Murdoch himself provides an even more direct and formal link between the governance of the parent and the subsidiary than we all previously knew.
-
-Judge Davis, a former [corporate litigator](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/13/business/media/fox-dominon-judge-davis.html) himself, was understandably angry with Fox’s lawyers, who, like their adversaries working on behalf of Dominion, will be spending the weeks ahead in trial asking the judge to make countless evidentiary and procedural rulings in their favor — about what evidence the jurors should be allowed to hear, what sorts of arguments the lawyers can make in front of them, and what legal instructions will guide their final decision. “My problem,” Davis reportedly said after learning about Murdoch’s dual role, “is that it has been represented to me more than once that he is not an officer” at Fox News. Things managed to get worse the next day, when [Davis announced](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/12/business/media/fox-dominion-trial-sanctioned.html) that he would appoint an outside lawyer to determine whether Fox had tried to mislead Dominion and the court; he [left open](https://deadline.com/2023/04/fox-dominion-defamation-trial-1235321771/) the possibility that he would tell the jury that Fox had tried to withhold unhelpful information during the case. “I need people to tell me the truth,” he [told Fox’s lawyers](https://www.npr.org/2023/04/12/1169489219/fox-attorneys-under-investigation-for-lying-in-court-on-brink-of-blockbuster-tri), which is not exactly an encouraging sign of things to come when the case is nominally about whether the media outlet is populated and run by a bunch of liars.
-
-In recent months, the lawsuit generated an avalanche of news coverage after the parties filed lengthy motions for “[summary judgment](https://casetext.com/rule/delaware-court-rules/delaware-civil-rules-governing-the-court-of-common-pleas/judgment/rule-56-summary-judgment),” in which they each asked Davis to rule in their favor based on what they claimed were undisputed facts gathered in the course of discovery. Dominion’s papers [included a trove](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/03/all-the-texts-fox-news-didnt-want-you-to-read.html) of internal communications that seemed to show many Fox executives and on-air personalities casting doubt on the false claims about Dominion in real time, but many of those communications also raised eyebrows among media and political observers thanks to a bunch of juicy tidbits that had less to do with Dominion’s actual case than the apparent [internal dysfunction](https://www.nbcnews.com/news/former-fox-news-producer-abby-grossberg-calls-network-big-corporate-ma-rcna77146) and more broadly [endemic dishonesty](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/08/business/media/tucker-carlson-trump.html) among major figures at the network.
-
-Davis ruled on the competing motions a couple weeks ago, and the result for Fox [was truly abysmal](https://courts.delaware.gov/Opinions/Download.aspx?id=345820). Dominion largely ran the table — at least as much as reasonably could have been expected under the circumstances — and the ruling substantially narrowed the scope of the trial and, more to the point, what Dominion needs to establish in the coming weeks in order to prevail.
-
-Davis concluded, for instance, that all of the statements at issue about Dominion — the suggestions that the company had an algorithm that allowed it to change votes, for instance, or that it had been founded in Venezuela to rig elections for Hugo Chávez — were, in fact, indisputably false. In yet another ominous sign, he underscored the point in italicized, all-caps, and bold text: “*The evidence developed in this civil proceeding*,” he wrote, “*demonstrates that \[it\] is* **CRYSTAL** *clear that none of the Statements \[at issue\] relating to Dominion about the 2020 election are true.*”
-
-The judge also ruled that Fox News in particular had “published” the statements through its broadcasts, but at the time he did not know about Murdoch’s formal role at the network. He concluded that the jury would need to resolve whether Fox Corporation itself had played a role in broadcasting the statements, particularly given evidence presented by Dominion indicating that Murdoch and his son Lachlan, who is the CEO of Fox Corporation, had weighed in on the network’s editorial direction during the relevant period.
-
-Fox Corporation’s exposure on this point remains outstanding for trial, but Davis implied last week that he might have ruled differently in the course of the case if he had known that Murdoch also held a title as an officer of Fox News in addition to Fox Corporation.
-
-Most notably, the judge blew right through a series of claims by Fox that its broadcasts might be protected by an assortment of legal privileges that have been recognized to varying degrees in prior defamation cases — privileges that were widely seen as among Fox’s best lines of legal defense. Davis rejected the availability of a “neutral report privilege,” which permits media organizations to report on “newsworthy” allegations even if they are false, by concluding that Fox News had failed to “conduct good-faith, disinterested reporting” on the false claims. He precluded a defense under the “fair report privilege,” which allows media outlets to report on claims made by third parties in the course of official legal proceedings, because none of the statements at issue actually concerned a pending legal case. (Most of the statements had in fact been made before any of [the many failed lawsuits](https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-courts-election-idUSKBN2AF1G1) filed on behalf of Trump.) And he held that Fox was not entitled to protection from a “privilege for opinion” since all of the allegedly defamatory statements were statements of *fact*, either in part or in whole.
-
-That leaves just two discrete — but difficult — elements of the case for Dominion to establish in the weeks ahead.
-
-First, did either or both companies act with “actual malice”? This will require Dominion to show by clear and convincing evidence that the people responsible for broadcasting the statements either knew that they were false or acted with “reckless disregard” as to the falsity of the claims.
-
-In approaching this question to date, Dominion has tended toward a scattershot approach. It has lumped together corporate officers and editorial employees with varying levels of authority and control across Fox News and Fox Corporation, often treating their roles and responsibilities interchangeably. It has excerpted snippets of deposition testimony and documents that sound bad in isolation while presenting little if any surrounding context — a necessary accommodation, perhaps, to the constraints of legal writing but one that will be unavailable at trial. And it has generally elided exactly who knew what and when in relation to the exact timing of the relevant broadcasts and their specific substance.
-
-Under Supreme Court precedent, however, actual malice must be “brought home” to the people with responsibility for the allegedly defamatory publication. In other words, the plaintiff needs to identify the specific people responsible for publication of the relevant statements and establish that one or more of *those people* acted with actual malice. As a result, it is safe to assume that Fox’s lawyers will try to hold Dominion’s lawyers to a much more rigorous analytic framework — with a more precise focus on exactly who was doing what at specific points of time in relation to the relevant broadcasts, their specific content, and the nature of the relevant employees’ and officers’ editorial roles. Whether the jury will care remains to be seen, but this will also be about building a potential record for appeal in the event that Fox suffers a significant loss at trial.
-
-The second major outstanding question at this trial is whether Dominion is entitled to some meaningful amount of financial damages — both in the way of compensatory damages for economic harm that the company suffered as well as potential punitive damages. Dominion is seeking nearly $1 billion for “the ultimate destruction of its enterprise value,” but the public information provided by Dominion in support of its extraordinary damages claim has been modest, and as Davis noted in his ruling, the issue is both hotly disputed and “intensely factual.” Fox has argued, for instance, that it is “simply unrealistic that a company that was generating as little as $10.6 million in annual EBITDA before the 2020 election could have skyrocketed to $1 billion in enterprise value in the few short years that followed.”
-
-On this point in particular, we can expect a so-called “battle of the experts,” in which each side offers very different versions of what actually happened to Dominion’s financial condition as a result of Fox’s broadcasts. Both Dominion and Fox have prepared experts on damages and the related question of causation — whether and to what extent any economic harm to Dominion can be traced to Fox’s alleged misconduct (as opposed to other factors like, say, [Trump’s crazy tweets](https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2020/11/12/fact-check-trump-tweets-dominion-deleted-votes/)). It is not clear whether all of the designated experts would testify at trial, but whoever takes the stand will be among the most important witnesses in the case, even though they will not have [the boldface names](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/03/all-the-texts-fox-news-didnt-want-you-to-read.html) that have attracted media attention in recent months. The lawyers will have invested considerable time both to preparing their own experts and to constructing lines of cross-examination for the other side’s experts on the most minute points with literally hundreds of millions of dollars at stake.
-
-There are several important courtroom dynamics worth keeping an eye on in the days and weeks ahead that will give the smart observer a sense of where things are headed. The most obvious is what the parties choose to highlight and develop in their opening statements. Now that the case has been considerably narrowed, the lawyers should be able to provide tighter and clearer road maps to the evidence that they now believe is most pertinent to what is left of the case. It will be the first time we see the lawyers engage at length on the newly refashioned legal terrain for the case.
-
-The idea of a trial theme may seem hazy, but lawyers devote immense effort to constructing master narratives in the hopes that they will guide the jury through the ins and outs of the case. Dominion has had a clear through-line throughout the proceeding: that many of Fox’s executives, on-air personalities, and editorial staff defamed Dominion in order to indulge their right-wing audience and boost their bottom line and that they did so to the considerable detriment of the country’s democratic process.
-
-Until recently, Fox had leaned heavily on the idea that it was simply engaged in a form of traditional (and protected) news-gathering in the course of a complex and high-profile national issue. But now that the judge has gutted much of that defense, it will be interesting to see what, if anything, Fox’s lawyers come up with to replace it. The opening statement should be a good early answer to this key question: Have Fox’s lawyers developed a competing theme in the network’s defense?
-
-Fox’s lawyers also have to be worried about the judge’s frustration with them in recent weeks, and it is far from clear that the pain is over. If more [new evidence](https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2023-04-12/fox-news-voter-fraud-discovery-misconduct-dominion-giuliani-tape) emerges at trial that Fox should have disclosed, the judge is not likely to go easy on them.
-
-And, of course, the results of the inquiry into the belated disclosure of Murdoch’s dual status at Fox News and Fox Corporation remain outstanding with the possibility that more problematic revelations could surface that may both further anger the judge and lead him to tell the jury about it. That alone could be very bad for Fox: The underlying issue concerns the most prominent and important person in the corporate hierarchy, it reeks of the sort of legal gamesmanship that jurors can easily understand, and it also happens to be entirely consistent with Dominion’s theory of its case — that the network and its executives think they can do whatever they want with little to no regard for relevant legal and ethical constraints or, for that matter, the well-being of our country.
-
-A trial will test both the accuracy and the limits of that broader proposition in a setting that Fox’s executives, hosts, and staff do not control. It is no doubt a deeply uncomfortable position for a media outlet that is used to telling other people what to believe. This time, a jury would get the last word.
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-6 Key Things to Watch for in the Dominion vs. Fox News Trial
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-Date: 2023-05-07
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-# The Fugitive Princesses of Dubai
-
-Far out on the Arabian Sea one night in February, 2018, Sheikha Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum, the fugitive daughter of Dubai’s ruling emir, marvelled at the stars. The voyage had been rough. Since setting out by dinghy and Jet Ski a few days before, she had been swamped by powerful waves, soaking the belongings she’d stowed in her backpack; after clambering aboard the yacht she’d secured for her escape, she’d spent days racked with nausea as it pitched on the swell. But tonight the sea was calmer, and she felt the stirring of an unfamiliar sensation. She was free.
-
-Latifa was thirty-two and petite, with a loose ponytail and intense dark eyes. Beside her was her friend Tiina Jauhiainen, a Finnish martial-arts instructor who had helped prepare for her escape. The night was cool, and the women were huddled in hoodies, but Latifa urged her friend to sleep on deck with her. Jauhiainen was tired, and promised they could do it another time: from now on, there would be plenty of chances to see the stars.
-
-For more than half her life, Latifa had been devising plans to flee her father, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the leader of Dubai and the Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates. Sheikh Mohammed is an ally of Western governments, celebrated for transforming Dubai into a modern power. Publicly, he has placed gender equality at the heart of his plan to propel the U.A.E. to the top of the world economic order, vowing to “remove all the hurdles that women face.” But for his daughter Dubai was “an open air prison,” where disobedience was brutally punished.
-
-In her teens, Latifa had been ferociously beaten for defying her father. As an adult, she was forbidden to leave Dubai and kept under the constant surveillance of guards. Escape presented a challenge of “unfathomable immensity,” Latifa knew. “It will be the best or last thing I do,” she wrote. “I have never known true freedom. For me, it’s something worth dying for.” (I have drawn details of Latifa’s experience from hundreds of letters, e-mails, texts, and audio messages that she sent to friends in the course of a decade.)
-
-Latifa had kept her plan secret for years as she laid the groundwork: training in extreme sports, obtaining a fake passport, and smuggling cash to a network of conspirators. By the time she revealed the scheme to Jauhiainen, she had already hired a yachtsman to collect her off the coast and convey her to India or Sri Lanka, from where she hoped to fly to the United States and claim asylum. She just needed help getting to the rendezvous point, sixteen miles offshore, in international waters.
-
-Jauhiainen is a sturdy, forthright woman, with high cheekbones and ice-blue eyes. She had grown close to Latifa while giving her capoeira lessons on the palace grounds, and wanted to help her see the world. “I was so excited,” she told me. “Finally, we will be able to do this together.” She’d promised to accompany Latifa all the way to freedom.
-
-Before they set off, Latifa sneaked over to Jauhiainen’s apartment, which had become a storehouse for the scuba equipment, satellite communicators, and boat parts the two women had amassed, and sat down in front of a video recorder. Dressed in a loose blue T-shirt, she recorded almost forty minutes of testimony, to be released in the event of her capture. Her father, she said, was a “major criminal,” responsible for torturing and imprisoning numerous women who disobeyed him. Her older sister had languished in captivity under sedation following her own attempt to get out, eighteen years earlier, she said, and her aunt had been killed for disobedience. Latifa was running away to claim a life “where I don’t have to be silenced,” where she could wake up in the morning and think, “I can do whatever I want today, I can go wherever I want, I have all the choices in the world.” (Attorneys for Sheikh Mohammed denied any wrongdoing on his part, but declined to respond to detailed questions.)
-
-Aboard the yacht, Latifa texted a friend, “I really feel so free now. Walking target yes but totally free.” A week into the voyage, though, the captain spotted another ship apparently tailing them, and a small plane circling overhead. The runaways were about thirty miles off the coast of India, and the yacht was running low on fuel. The captain feared that Latifa had been located. “They will kill her,” he texted a friend on March 3rd.
-
-The next day, another plane flew over. By nightfall, all was calm, but Latifa had become unreachably silent, Jauhiainen said. At around 10 *p.m.*, the two women descended to their cabin, and Latifa brushed her teeth in the cramped bathroom. As she emerged, the air exploded with a series of blasts. Boots pounded on the deck overhead. “They’ve found me,” Latifa said. The friends shut themselves in the bathroom and sent a string of S.O.S. messages. Soon, smoke was pouring in through the air vents and light fixtures. As they struggled for breath, Latifa said that she was sorry, and Jauhiainen hugged her. Then they stumbled from the room.
-
-The darkness was sliced in all directions by the laser sights of assault rifles. Masked men seized the women and forced them up to the deck, where the captain and his crew lay bound and beaten. The floor was pooled with blood. Latifa’s hands were tied behind her back and she was thrown down, but she resisted: kicking, screaming, and clinging to the gunwales. As the men dragged her away, Jauhiainen heard her cry out, “Shoot me here! Don’t take me back.” Then the princess vanished overboard.
-
-The Zabeel Palace, Sheikh Mohammed’s royal seat, is a white-columned citadel set in palm-fringed grounds with elaborate fountains and roaming peacocks. When it was built, in the mid-sixties, it stood on bare sand, alone in the desert. Now it divides the futuristic whirl of downtown Dubai from the souks of the old town—balanced, as its occupants are, between modernity and the past. When Sheikh Mohammed receives guests, he likes to remind them how the skyline sprang from the sand. “All this was nothing in 2000,” he told a film crew in 2007, gesturing at the city with a conjurer’s sweep of the arm. “But look now.”
-
-When Sheikh Mohammed was born, in 1949, his birthright was a tiny coastal port, one of seven desert sheikhdoms under the control of the British Empire. His family ruled from a clay-and-coral compound where they slept on the roof in summer, sprinkling themselves with water to stay cool. Sheikh Mohammed’s memoir, “My Story,” emphasizes a childhood steeped in Bedouin tradition. By the age of eight, he was hunting in the desert with dogs and falcons. An early photograph shows a tiny, jug-eared boy, stroking a huge hunting bird perched on his wrist. The memoir describes his mother as a figure of mythic virtue—“with a queenly bearing that enchanted all around her”—but also as a strong woman, who could shoot “better than many men” and rode horses “as if she had been born to be in the saddle.” Her name was Latifa.
-
-At around the age of ten, Mohammed accompanied his father, Sheikh Rashid, on a trip to London. Landing at Heathrow, he gazed at the teeming airport—a “symbol of the powerful economy that drove it”—and felt a presentiment: “We, in Dubai, had the potential to become a global city.” Later, at Downing Street, he watched his father argue that Dubai should build an international airport of its own.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27092)
-
-“Your landlord sent me. I’m the cheap guy who won’t solve the problem.”
-
-Cartoon by Sofia Warren
-
-The British announced their withdrawal from the Gulf in 1968, and the newly formed U.A.E. became a major exporter of oil. Sheikh Mohammed returned from military training in England to take a leading role in his father’s government. Half a century later, he is hailed as a modernizing genius who transformed Dubai into a thriving center of commerce, with an airport that long ago replaced Heathrow as the busiest international hub in the world.
-
-When Sheikh Rashid died, in 1990, custom dictated that his eldest son, the mild-mannered Sheikh Maktoum, take over as ruler, but no one doubted who was really running the country. It was Sheikh Mohammed who devised the open-skies initiative that welcomed global travellers and who launched the Emirates airline. He introduced a customs-free policy that turned Dubai into one of the world’s busiest shipping centers, and a network of zero-tax zones that lured international banks and businesses; he made Dubai the first place in the Gulf where foreigners could own property. In the resulting real-estate boom, he flaunted Dubai’s riches with a series of imposing landmarks, including the Burj Al Arab, frequently billed as the world’s most luxurious hotel, and the Burj Khalifa, the world’s tallest building. Grander still were several archipelagoes of artificial islands, including two in the shape of palm trees and another representing a map of the world, all so vast that they can be seen from space.
-
-Sheikh Mohammed officially took the throne after his brother’s death, in 2006. At home, he cultivated the image of a traditional Arab leader, styling himself as a devoted family man, a prolific author of Nabati poetry, and a champion endurance horseman. Abroad, he assiduously courted the West.
-
-After the September 11th attacks, the U.A.E. became a crucial strategic partner in the war on terror. Dubai cracked down on terror financing through its banks and became America’s largest naval port of call outside the U.S. Meanwhile, the Emirati government invested tens of billions of dollars in America and Britain, and Sheikh Mohammed amassed a vast global property portfolio. He is one of Britain’s biggest private landholders, with a collection of homes that includes Dalham Hall, a grand neoclassical residence set in thirty-three hundred acres of Suffolk parkland, and a seventy-five-million-pound manor in Surrey. He also owns the world’s largest Thoroughbred-racing operation, through his stable Godolphin, in Newmarket—the basis of a valuable friendship with Queen Elizabeth, who loved horse racing.
-
-As his stature grew, Sheikh Mohammed sought to counter the perception of the U.A.E. as a repressive autocracy. His government passed a law guaranteeing women equal pay for equal work and elevated nine female leaders to cabinet positions. In a message to mark Emirati Women’s Day last year, he called women “the soul and spirit of the country.”
-
-Many experts dismiss these changes as insufficient. “There are women in very prominent positions now, but in reality a lot of that is window dressing,” Neil Quilliam, a fellow in Middle East affairs at the Chatham House think tank, told me. “Women are expected to behave within very tight boundaries, and if they go outside them they are dishonoring the family.” Emirati women continue to live under male guardianship, unable to work or marry without permission. Men can marry multiple women and unilaterally divorce their wives, but women require a court order to dissolve a marriage. Men who murder women can still be pardoned by the victim’s relatives, which allows honor killings to go unpunished, since in such cases victim and perpetrator are often related.
-
-Within Dubai’s ruling family, women inhabit a wrenching dual role: they are exalted as emblems of female advancement while privately obligated to “carry the honor” for the dynasty. Sheikh Mohammed has married at least six women, who have borne him dozens of children. According to Hussein Ibish, a senior resident scholar at the Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington, female disobedience in the Emir’s circle provokes a “politically dangerous” question among subjects: How can you really tell us what to do when you can’t control your own family? The logic of absolute power requires that such rebellions be crushed swiftly and publicly. “That’s performative patriarchy,” Ibish said. “You want to watch me control my family? Here you go.”
-
-Latifa passed the first decade of her life without knowing that she had sisters. Her mother, Houria Lamara, was an Algerian beauty who married Sheikh Mohammed and bore him four children. But Latifa did not grow up with her birth family. She and her younger brother were taken away as babies and presented as gifts to their father’s childless sister.
-
-Life in her aunt’s palace was “horribly suffocating,” Latifa recalled. She was kept with dozens of other children and minded by governesses, who made them memorize the Quran and hardly ever let them out of their rooms. Her aunt rarely visited, and when she did she was cruel. On one occasion, Latifa recalled, she burst into the nursery and beat the children until their bodies were covered with welts. (The government of Dubai declined to comment on this incident.)
-
-“I remember as a kid always being at the window watching people outside,” Latifa wrote. From time to time, photographers showed up and costumed her “like a doll, in jewels, dresses and makeup,” she recalled. They gave her puppies to play with, and took photos that she later learned were sent to her mother. But when the shoot was over the props were taken away and she was sent back to her room. At night, she dreamed of flying a kite so huge it carried her into the sky.
-
-Once a year, Latifa was taken to visit Houria and her other daughters, Shamsa and Maitha, whom she was told were her aunt and cousins. Shamsa, four years older, made a particular impression. She was “full of life and adventure,” Latifa wrote, a “real thrill seeker but also a compassionate person.” When Latifa was about ten, she learned the truth. Shamsa marched into her aunt’s palace and demanded that her younger sister and brother be sent home. “Shamsa was the only one who fought for us and wanted us,” Latifa wrote. “I saw her as a mother figure and best friend.”
-
-The siblings were returned to their mother, and Sheikh Mohammed visited from time to time. A staff member described him as a “doting father,” plying his daughters with hugs and kisses. But the Sheikh was also enraged by challenges to his authority. Latifa told friends that she once saw him punch Shamsa repeatedly in the head for interrupting him. (Sheikh Mohammed’s attorneys deny that he was violent with his daughters.)
-
-As Shamsa matured, she began to chafe against the constraints of royal womanhood. She wanted to drive and travel and study, and hated covering herself with the traditional abaya. “Shamsa was rebellious and so was I,” Latifa wrote. “But Shamsa had a shorter fuse.” Shamsa and her father clashed over his refusal to allow her to go to college. “He didn’t even ask me what I was interested in,” Shamsa wrote to a cousin. She had considered suicide, but now she recovered her resolve. “I want to depend on myself, completely,” she wrote. “The only thing that scares me is imagining myself old and regretting not trying when I was 18.”
-
-In early 2000, soon after sending the letter, Shamsa appeared at Latifa’s bedroom door and told her that she was leaving. “Will you come with me?” she asked.
-
-Latifa was stricken. She was fourteen, and Shamsa was her mainstay. A silence hung between them.
-
-“Never mind,” Shamsa said. She turned and walked away.
-
-“That moment was etched into my memory,” Latifa wrote. “Because had I said yes maybe the outcome would have been different.”
-
-The Longcross Estate is a vast manor set in the Surrey countryside. When Sheikh Mohammed bought the property, he took possession of a swath of landscape that had captivated him as a child. In “My Story,” he recalled driving in England with his father. “Nothing could have prepared me for the beauty of this land,” he wrote. “There were green hills that rolled away like waves on the sea.”
-
-During the summer, when Dubai grew oppressively hot, Sheikh Mohammed would bring a few favored wives and children to England. In 2000, despite Shamsa’s rebelliousness, she was allowed to join the party at Longcross. She loved England—it was her favorite place, she had told Latifa. She also had a soft spot for one of her father’s British guards: a former policeman and Army officer in his early forties named Grant Osborne. Shamsa tried to get close to Osborne, according to a friend she spoke to frequently that summer, but he rebuffed her.
-
-Security at Longcross was tight: the estate was monitored by CCTV cameras and patrolled by guards. But on a night in June, when the house was still, Shamsa crept out through the darkness and climbed into a black Range Rover that had been left unattended. Though she had not been allowed to drive, she managed to start the engine and veer off across the grounds. When she reached the outer wall, she ditched the car and slipped through a gate on foot.
-
-After the abandoned car was discovered, the next morning, Sheikh Mohammed helicoptered in from his equestrian base in Newmarket to lead the hunt. Staff fanned out in cars and on horseback, but all they found was Shamsa’s cell phone, dropped outside the gate. No one at Longcross could offer any clue to her whereabouts—but back in Dubai Latifa heard from her sister. She had secured a new phone, and was staying at a hostel in southeast London, considering her next move.
-
-On June 21st, Shamsa walked into an unassuming office on a backstreet in London’s West End. She was greeted by a man with pale-blue eyes and a soft chin: a lawyer named Paul Simon, whom she had found through the Yellow Pages. She told him that she had fled the royal family of Dubai and wanted to claim asylum. Simon was out of his depth—his firm normally dealt with routine immigration cases, processing work visas and citizenship applications—but he knew enough to advise Shamsa that her claim would almost certainly fail, “in light of the friendly relations” between the U.K. and the U.A.E.
-
-Shamsa met Simon twice more in the following weeks. She was now staying with an Australian friend in Elephant and Castle, a South London neighborhood of tenement blocks and litter-strewn streets. She told him she feared her father would find her and force her to return to Dubai—but Simon said it would be difficult to help her unless she produced her passport, which was in her family’s control.
-
-Shamsa was running out of options. She told Latifa that their father had visited a friend of hers in the Emirates, offering a Rolex in exchange for help tracking her down. Shamsa believed that her friend’s phone had been bugged, but she kept calling anyway. Latifa was appalled, but she reasoned, “She had nobody else to talk to.”
-
-Late that summer, Shamsa reached out to Osborne, the security officer, and begged for his help. This time, he responded warmly, arranging to take her to Cambridge, where he booked a room for two nights at the University Arms, the city’s oldest and grandest hotel. (Osborne said that this account contained “incorrect and false information” but refused to point to specifics.)
-
-On August 19th, Shamsa and Osborne were captured on CCTV exiting the hotel and climbing into a car. She was drunk, and Osborne took the wheel. He drove Shamsa to a nearby bridge, where he pulled over abruptly and got out. It was an ambush. Four Emirati men leaped into the vehicle, and it sped away. Shamsa was driven to her father’s Newmarket estate, where she spent a desolate night in the manor house, Dalham Hall. At first light, she was hustled out of the country, bound for Dubai.
-
-On the first of September, a Surrey woman named Jane-Marie Allen came home from vacation to find a strange message on her answering machine, left by someone who gave a name sounding like “Shansa.” The caller said she had been “returned to Dubai against her will” and asked that her attorney, Paul Simon, be alerted. Allen didn’t know the woman—a wrong number, presumably—but she was clearly in trouble. Allen called the police.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27402)
-
-“He once fell into the garbage disposal and doesn’t like to talk about it.”
-
-Cartoon by Elisabeth McNair
-
-Officers in Surrey talked to Simon and learned about his meetings with Shamsa. When they heard she was a member of Dubai’s royal family, they referred the matter to the local Special Branch, a police unit that handled national security. Officers contacted representatives of the family, who, according to the police log, insisted that they “had no knowledge of the name given or any such incident.” Whether or not the officers believed this falsehood, they reasoned—in consultation with Simon—that Shamsa had access to a phone, and could call the police herself if she needed to. The matter was closed without any crime being recorded. (Simon declined to comment for this article, citing client confidentiality.)
-
-Six months after the abduction, Simon got an e-mail containing a message from Shamsa. “I’m being watched all the time so I’ll get straight to the point. I was caught,” she wrote. “Paul, I know these people, they have all the money, they have all the power, they think they can do anything.” Shamsa was being held on the palace grounds in Dubai, where she said her father’s guards were “trying to terrorise me and break me.” But she had found a way to get messages out, by persuading an attendant to smuggle notes in her hair and deliver them to Latifa and other supporters. In one, Shamsa instructed Simon to involve the British authorities “immediately.”
-
-Simon went back to the police and conveyed Shamsa’s message: she had been removed from the country against her will, in contravention of the U.K.’s laws against kidnapping. (Sheikh Mohammed’s attorneys deny this.) When officers took Simon’s statement, he told them everything he knew—but said that his “lack of competence and expertise” outside the field of immigration law meant he could no longer act on Shamsa’s behalf. His report worked its way sluggishly through the system. It trickled from the Surrey police back through the secretive echelons of Special Branch, before it reached the desk of a senior detective in Cambridgeshire—whose office happened to face the University Arms Hotel, the last place Shamsa was seen.
-
-One morning in February, 2001, Detective Chief Inspector David Beck was settling down with a cup of coffee and the monthly crime statistics when an officer from Special Branch handed him a file. He read it with growing astonishment. A junior officer, dispatched to the hotel, brought him back a copy of the CCTV footage showing Shamsa and Osborne leaving together.
-
-Beck had two daughters about Shamsa’s age, and he told me that he knew the late teens could be a “difficult time” for families. Staring at the surveillance-camera imagery, he wondered, “Are you just trying to make trouble for your father? Or are you serious about this?”
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-Beck contacted Simon, who told him that Shamsa now had a phone; Latifa, who had occasionally been able to send her sister clothes and other items, had smuggled it in. When he dialled the number, he noted in a police memo, Shamsa recounted Osborne’s involvement in her capture and gave the names of three of the men who she said had ambushed her on the bridge. Among them was the head of the Dubai Air Wing, which provided helicopters and pilots for the Sheikh. According to Shamsa, the men drove her to Dalham Hall, and she was forcibly sedated. The next day, they flew her by helicopter to France, where they were met by another longtime employee of her father’s—a British man named David Walsh—and taken by private jet to Dubai. (Walsh declined to comment.)
-
-Further inquiries confirmed more of Shamsa’s story. A customs officer described receiving a call from a helicopter pilot of Sheikh Mohammed’s around midnight on the date of Shamsa’s abduction. He was giving notice of a flight from Dalham Hall to France the following morning. According to another pilot, he’d confided that the trip had to be handled discreetly, because the family “did not want anyone in the U.K. to be involved.”
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-When Beck drove out to Dalham Hall to interview Sheikh Mohammed’s staff, he was met by an attorney who politely told him that no one was prepared to speak with him. “That was the first clue I had that things probably wouldn’t go as smoothly as I would like,” he said. Beck had by then identified a fourth suspect in Shamsa’s abduction: Mohammed Al Shaibani, a sleek, cultivated man who served as the president of the Dubai royal family’s private office in the U.K. Al Shaibani called him not long afterward, cordially offering assistance. When Beck told him that he was a suspect in the investigation, he quickly hung up. (Al Shaibani denies involvement in the abduction and being told he was a suspect.)
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-Behind the scenes, the Sheikh’s office was lobbying the British government over the inquiry. Beck heard from an official at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office named Duncan Norman, who requested a report. The detective was wary—he had always disliked “the world of secret handshakes,” he told me—and conveyed only the broad outlines of the case. Norman wanted more information. In his notes, Beck wrote, “He has since told me that the Foreign Secretary has been asked to be kept informed of any developments.”
-
-Norman, who went on to become a senior diplomat, told me he did not recall Shamsa’s case. Sir William Patey, who was then the head of the Middle East Department at the Foreign Office, also said he had no memory of Shamsa—but he acknowledged that the government was leery of anything that might antagonize Dubai’s ruling family. “The U.A.E. are major trading partners, a strategic ally,” he said. “Mohammed bin Rashid is a big racing buddy of our late departed Queen. They’ve got interests here, we want to encourage investment here, and we’d rather that their family-honor issues were not litigated here.”
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-At the end of the year, news of Beck’s investigation leaked to the *Guardian*. The paper reported that Shamsa had given detectives an account of her abduction over the phone. Soon afterward, Shamsa lost all contact with the outside world and was placed under heavy sedation. “It was a very hard day for me,” Latifa later wrote.
-
-Beck trawled back through his notes as he figured out what to do next. In one memorandum, he had cited another incident that drew the attention of the British government in the year of Shamsa’s disappearance. That April, there had been a separate “kidnap scare” involving Emirati royals in the U.K.
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-Sheikha Bouchra bint Mohammed Al Maktoum made her London début in the spring of 2000. A Moroccan woman of twenty-seven with waist-length auburn hair, she had married Sheikh Maktoum—Mohammed’s brother, who was three decades her senior—when she was still a teen-ager. With greater maturity had come a growing frustration with the limitations of life in Dubai.
-
-Bouchra installed herself and her three young sons in a white stucco mansion block in Belgravia’s Lowndes Square and gave an interview to **hello*! Magazine*, signalling her mission: “I want the women in my country to have the courage to show what they can do.” The interview was splashed across seven pages, with photography of Bouchra reclining on gold upholstery in tight white jeans and patent-leather boots.
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-Bouchra was a painter, and she hired a P.R. man named Nick Hewer to stage a grand exhibition of her work, followed by an auction to raise money for Doctors Without Borders. She told Hewer that she hoped her increased prominence in the West would bolster her husband against the encroachments of his powerful younger brother—“the Beard,” as she called Sheikh Mohammed. “He’s pushing my husband into the shade,” she kept protesting.
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-Bouchra imagined that the exhibition would be thronged by wealthy Emiratis who would pay generously for her paintings. The centerpiece was a jewel-encrusted landscape she called “La Nature,” depicting a mountain stream studded with topazes, aquamarines, and green garnets, beneath diamond stars. But “La Nature” fetched just nine thousand pounds—money that Bouchra had apparently given to her hairdresser’s boyfriend to drive up the bidding. Not one of the Emirati invitees turned up. That, Hewer recalled, was an early sign that Bouchra was in trouble.
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-After the auction, her behavior seemed increasingly untethered. Once, she invited Hewer to her mansion on the Avenue Foch in Paris, emerging in skintight silver overalls to take him to the cabaret Le Lido, with her three young sons in tow. He watched in horror as the table was surrounded by burlesque dancers in rhinestone jockstraps and nipple tassels, while Bouchra’s Emirati security guards averted their eyes. “It was the most inappropriate thing,” Hewer said.
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-Bouchra seemed to be calibrating her behavior to draw attention. When Hewer visited her in private, he found her “very demure, quiet, graceful,” with an unaffected tenderness toward her boys. In public, though, “she made a little bit of a display of herself.”
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-One day in April, Hewer received a panicked call from Bouchra’s younger brother, who had been visiting her in London: “The Sheikha has been kidnapped!” Bouchra was already at Farnborough Airport, on Sheikh Maktoum’s private jet, and Emirati guards had come for her sons. In the background, Hewer said, he could hear “all kinds of ruckus,” as the children’s nanny struggled with the men.
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-The incident led to a standoff at the airport. The nanny called the police to report the boys kidnapped; Scotland Yard tracked them to the runway, and the plane was held. Patrick Nixon, who was then Britain’s Ambassador to the U.A.E., told me he received a call from an Emirati diplomat, demanding that he “get in touch with the police and tell them to clear off.” Nixon refused, suggesting that the diplomat take up his complaint with the Foreign Office. Soon afterward, the plane was allowed to leave. According to one former civil servant, officials at the Foreign Office viewed any such incident as “another family dispute in which the Emiratis are playing fast and loose.” He added that Bouchra’s kidnapping would have been considered “a forty-eight-hour wonder”—a short-term annoyance. After the plane took off, “the woman would have been incommunicado,” so “there wouldn’t be much pressure to do anything.”
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-When the *Daily Telegraph* reported on the standoff the following day, Scotland Yard dismissed it as “a rather big domestic.” A spokesperson said at the time that officers had “quickly established that the children were safe,” and that the whole imbroglio was merely “a misunderstanding among relatives.” Later, though, Nixon heard from sources in the Emirates that Bouchra had been “locked up in a villa in Dubai.” A person with ties to the royal family confirmed this to me: “They made her house prisoner, and they would just keep drugging her with tranquillizers to say that she’s crazy.”
-
-In 2007, the year after her husband died and Sheikh Mohammed took over as ruler, rumors spread through palace circles that Bouchra had died. She was thirty-four. Some said she had slipped away in her sleep. But, in the video that Latifa recorded before her own escape, she accused her father. “Her behavior was too outrageous,” she said. “He felt threatened by her, so he just killed her.” She repeated the claim in several letters to friends. In one, she said Bouchra had been beaten to death by her father’s guards.
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-Sheikh Mohammed’s attorneys deny this, but Latifa’s account was supported by two sources close to the royal family. “They had no mercy,” one said. “They killed her because she was a problem for them. She was a strong woman who would stand for her rights.” A former member of the Sheikh’s personal staff told me, “She was killed off. Here one minute, gone the next.”
-
-Years later, Hewer got a text message from an unfamiliar number in Dubai. One of Bouchra’s sons was getting married, it said, and the wedding present that would mean the most to him was a painting by his mother. Hewer wrote back to ask if his former client was alive. “Mama Bouchra had pass away in 2007,” came the reply, accompanied by a broken heart. “May her beautiful soul rest in peace.” Hewer had held on to “La Nature.” He packed up the painting nobody had wanted and mailed it to the one person who did.
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-In the spring of 2002, almost two years after Shamsa’s abduction, David Beck finally received a statement from Al Shaibani, the president of the Dubai royal family’s U.K. office. In prim English, he confirmed driving to Dalham Hall with the three men Shamsa had named as her kidnappers, but denied that she was in the car. “The journey was uneventful,” he wrote. “I recall some general conversation about falcons.” Soon after they arrived, he said, he had left to pick up a takeout meal, and returned to find that “a lady was present.”
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-Al Shaibani claimed not to know the woman, but wrote that she “appeared confident, cheerful and rather loud. Indeed I formed the view that she had been drinking.” The following morning, he watched her depart by helicopter. If this indeed was Shamsa, he stated, “she was not taken from Dalham Hall against her will.”
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-Beck decided that he needed to interview Shamsa in person, and applied for clearance to travel to Dubai. Officials at the Crown Prosecution Service (C.P.S.) told him that his request would have to pass through the Foreign Office. Several weeks later, he heard that permission had been refused.
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-Sheikha Bouchra’s life style breached the strictures of Sheikh Mohammed’s circle.Photo illustration by Joan Wong; Source photographs from Getty; Shutterstock
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-The news was infuriating, but Beck told me he had half expected it. “Because you’re a rich and powerful person, you can effectively break any law you want in our country,” he said. Ben Gunn, the chief constable of the Cambridgeshire police at the time, told me Beck had gathered “clear evidence” that Shamsa had been “kidnapped off the street,” but the case stalled. “Politics intervened,” he suspected.
-
-The Foreign Office has always insisted that it does not interfere in law enforcement; a spokesperson declined to respond to detailed questions about Shamsa’s case. Officials have refused to produce files related to the investigation, arguing that doing so would “reduce the UK government’s ability to protect and promote UK interests.”
-
-Raj Joshi, who led the C.P.S. division handling international prosecutions at the time of Beck’s request, said that his work was routinely impeded by the Foreign Office. “They would stick their oar in every month or so,” he told me. Though he was not involved in Shamsa’s case, Joshi considered the curtailment of Beck’s investigation “an affront to justice.” He told me, “It’s really galling that we allow economic and other interests to ride roughshod over what is right.”
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-I spoke to Beck by Zoom last October. Long retired, he is living quietly with his wife in a seaside town in Yorkshire. “Powers that were out of my control influenced the course of what happened,” he told me. Yet he had never attempted to speak to two of the suspects Shamsa named: Grant Osborne and David Walsh, both of whom lived in Britain. And he accepted the outcome without protest. “Those sorts of decisions are taken way above my pay grade,” he told me, with a shrug. “You’ve just got to go with it.”
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-In the following years, Britain’s relationship with Dubai grew still closer. Sheikh Mohammed funnelled hundreds of millions of pounds into British horse racing. He appeared often at the Queen’s side at Ascot, joining her in the Royal Box and even travelling to the event in her carriage, at the head of the royal procession.
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-“Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid always had a soft ride because of the Newmarket connection, to put it rather crudely,” Nixon, the former Ambassador, told me. “Money talks,” he added. “He gets whatever he wants.”
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-One Saturday in June, 2001, Detective Chief Inspector Colin Sutton was at home in Surrey when he received a call from the dispatch room. A serious crime had been reported on Sheikh Mohammed’s Longcross Estate: a twenty-year-old sex worker said she had been picked up in London by a chauffeur and driven to the property, where she claimed to have been held captive and repeatedly raped by a member of the Dubai royal family.
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-Sutton set out to investigate, but then he received a second call, from a colleague in Special Branch. The matter had been cleared up “government to government,” Sutton said his colleague told him. “We had this woman who had finally been released after days of being subjected to all sorts of abuse in this house, and we were just sort of told, ‘Don’t worry about it, she’s been paid for her time, and Her Majesty’s favorite sport will carry on in this country,’ ” Sutton told me.
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-Surrey police say that officers were dispatched to Longcross to investigate, accessing the property with the help of Special Branch, but the alleged rapist’s identity could not be confirmed, and no charges were brought. A spokesperson said that the inquiry was thorough, with no evidence of government meddling. But several former senior Foreign Office officials told me that criminal complaints about Gulf royals in the U.K. were often managed out of public view.
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-Three chauffeurs who worked for the Dubai royal family for years told me that they were regularly sent out to pick up sex workers from across London and bring them to Dalham Hall when Sheikh Mohammed and his entourage were in residence. They said that groups of women were collected from London’s Carlton Tower hotel, which is owned by Dubai’s ruler. Some were experienced professionals, but others were young women in their late teens and early twenties who had been recruited by scouts in night clubs, or were making money to fund their studies. The women were not told where they were going, and their phones were taken away before they went inside the house. The drivers couldn’t say exactly what happened there, or who was involved, but when it was finished they were called back to take the women away.
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-One of the drivers is an owlish man in his mid-seventies named Djuro Sinobad, who moved to England from Serbia and worked as a chauffeur at Newmarket for seventeen years, until the end of 2020. He told me that some of the younger women he drove became distressed when they realized what was expected of them. One, he recalled, ran off into the grounds of Dalham Hall half clothed, pursued by a member of Sheikh Mohammed’s staff, who followed her into the bushes and beat her with a stick. “She was in a state of shock,” he told me. “There were marks on her back where he had been hitting her.” Returning to London, he said, she cried all the way.
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-On another occasion, Sinobad said, he brought a group of women back to the Carlton Tower in the early morning. All disembarked but one—“a young, sweet English girl.” When he went to check on her, she, too, was crying, and there was blood on her seat. “She was shivering, like somebody who cries but doesn’t cry loud,” he said. “Like a dog.”
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-Trevor Holtby, a second longtime driver, told me, “Some of the women didn’t like what they were having to do.” But another chauffeur, Godwin Nimrod, said that the women seemed content and well compensated. “The envelopes were fat,” he said. “When they were in the back of the car, you can hear them flipping through the fifties.” A chauffeur at the Carlton Tower told me, “It made me uncomfortable, but no one was forcing them in handcuffs to go into the room.”
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-This pattern was not limited to the U.K. A former bodyguard who travelled with Sheikh Mohammed said that groups of women were brought into the hotel suite where the ruler was sequestered with his entourage almost every night, wherever he stayed. In Dubai, a source close to the royal family recalled seeing Sheikh Mohammed in his private quarters in the Zabeel Palace, reclining with some twenty young women. (Several of the former staffers I spoke to lost their jobs, under conditions that they felt were unfair. Sinobad has filed a wrongful-dismissal suit. Sheikh Mohammed’s attorneys deny that he exploited sex workers.)
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-Yet some considered Sheikh Mohammed’s proclivities moderate by comparison with those of his older brother. When Sheikh Maktoum travelled to the U.K. on his private jet, he brought along underage girls, several of the drivers said. They would be deposited at addresses around Knightsbridge and given spending money. Sinobad and Holtby both told me they had brought girls from these lodgings to Sheikh Maktoum’s residence. Some carried dolls and Teddy bears, they said. Holtby remembers collecting girls who travelled in their nighties.
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-Both men said these jobs made them sick, but they couldn’t afford to quit. When they complained to managers, they were taken off Sheikh Maktoum’s detail, but they still saw young girls come and go. Nimrod said, “All the drivers knew he had these girls, and they were underage.”
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-I met Nimrod and Sinobad at a pub in Knightsbridge on a freezing afternoon in January. Nimrod, a small, bespectacled man, wore a woolly hat against the weather. Sinobad had on a blue cable-knit sweater. The two drivers sipped brandy and shared memories of Sheikh Mohammed, who they said had treated them kindly, sometimes inviting them to eat from his own table once he had finished his meal. “Sheikh Mo is a nice man,” Nimrod said. “He’d say hello. He wouldn’t pass you.”
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-At first, Sinobad agreed. But as Nimrod recounted more of their former employer’s benefactions, he grew flustered. “This is all to cover the nasty part of the character,” Sinobad said. “They are no good, especially with the women and the young girls.” He was pensive for a while. “It’s hard to see them crying in the back of the car,” he said.
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-One night in June, 2002, Latifa took a pair of scissors and cropped her long hair to the scalp. She covered her clothes with an abaya, pulled on a pair of blue-gray Skechers, and packed a bag with cash, water, wire cutters, and a knuckle knife. Then she crept out of her mother’s house and jumped the wall. She was sixteen, and it was the first time she had ever been out alone. Her plan, she later wrote, was to “cross over to Oman without being noticed” and “find a lawyer over there to help my imprisoned sister.”
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-Latifa caught a taxi to an area near the border, where she stopped a passing cyclist and persuaded him to sell her his bicycle. She rode on as the sun rose over the desert, until she reached a fence and cut the wire to squeeze through. When an Army car pulled up beside her, she kept moving, but before she got far men in camouflage gear jumped out and bundled her into the back.
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-Latifa was taken to a police station, where she was met by a “toadish” man who worked for her father. He took her home, where, she recalled, she was beaten until blood poured from her nose. Her mother watched, she wrote: “She was dressed up with a face full of makeup and frosty lilac lipstick as if she was expecting my father to visit.”
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-When the beating was over, Latifa was put back in the car and driven to a desert prison. Inside, she was taken to a cell and told to remove her shoes. Then one guard held her down while another battered the soles of her feet with a heavy wooden cane. “He could not have beaten me harder than he did,” she wrote in a detailed account of her imprisonment. The next torture session lasted five hours and left her unable to walk; she had to drag herself along the floor to drink from a tap next to the toilet. She squeezed her broken feet back into her Skechers, hoping they would act as a cast, and slept with them on. She was awakened by guards dragging her out of bed for more beatings. (The Sheikh’s attorneys deny that he mistreated or imprisoned Latifa.)
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-Latifa was in captivity for thirteen months. She slept on a thin bloodstained mattress, in the same clothes she had worn since her escape. She had no soap or toothbrush. Sometimes the lights were switched off for days, so she had to navigate her cell in the dark. “I was treated worse than any animal,” she wrote.
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-One day, in July, 2003, she was pulled from her cell and put in a waiting vehicle. “I had not moved for one year and one month, so the car felt like I was in a rollercoaster,” she wrote. She was taken home, where, she recalled, her mother greeted her as if nothing had happened. But when Latifa looked in the mirror she was horrified by the sight of her hollow eyes and jutting hip bones. For a week, she showered five times a day, luxuriating in the soap and the fresh towels. Then she blew up. “I was so sad, angry and heartbroken,” she wrote. She screamed over and over that she wanted to see Shamsa. Eventually, she said, she was tranquillized and taken away. After that, she was locked up for two more years.
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-She got out in October, 2005, just before her twentieth birthday—a few months before her father became Dubai’s official ruler. For years, Latifa trusted no one. “I spent a lot of time with animals, with the horses, with the dogs, with cats, with birds,” she recalled in her escape video. She was forbidden to leave Dubai and accompanied everywhere by guards—sometimes the same ones who had caned her in prison. “If I heard a slight sound I would jump up from my sleep, preparing to get dragged and beaten,” she wrote.
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-Shamsa came home from prison three years after Latifa. “She’s only a shell of her former self, with all the will power tortured out of her,” Latifa wrote. Shamsa had attempted suicide three times: slashing her wrists, overdosing, and trying to set fire to her cell. She had been released after staging a hunger strike. Now she was given tranquillizers and antidepressants that left her “like a zombie.” At first, Latifa wrote, Shamsa wasn’t comfortable opening her eyes, because she had lain in the dark for so long. She had to be led around by the hand.
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-The sisters’ reunion was agonizing. Latifa struggled to forgive Shamsa the lapses of judgment that had led to her capture. “I almost died and ruined my life for her and I’m still upset that she was so reckless,” she wrote. “But at the same time she has no-one else who’ll fight for her.”
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-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27602)
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-“If only every summer were autumn, and every autumn spring, and every late spring summer, and every winter only the holiday season, then I think I might finally be happy.”
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-Cartoon by Erika Sjule
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-Latifa decided to make one final bid to save herself and her sister. “I must identify every possible single point of failure and have a plan for every scenario that can go awry,” she wrote. “If I get caught in the act I’m not willing to submit to more years of torture, dehumanization and hopelessness,” she declared. “For me it’s *liberte ou mort*, absolutely nothing, nothing in between.”
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-In November, 2010, Tiina Jauhiainen was working at a martial-arts school in Dubai when she received an e-mail from Latifa, asking for capoeira lessons. Jauhiainen was directed to the Zabeel Club, a private recreation complex beside Sheikh Mohammed’s palace. Latifa arrived accompanied by guards, who swept the club before she entered to make sure no men were present. She struck Jauhiainen as unassuming, wary of eye contact. But once they were alone in the club, an echoing space surrounded by portraits of Sheikh Mohammed and favored children, she threw herself into the training.
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-Latifa wanted to work out punishingly every day, Jauhiainen told me; she seemed determined to become stronger and more agile. At first she was too proud to show exhaustion, but eventually she began to admit when she couldn’t go on, and then the two women would order food and talk.
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-Latifa appeared to be steeped in extraordinary privilege, living from leisure appointment to leisure appointment. “How perfect,” Jauhiainen thought. Yet the princess was enraptured by the quotidian details of her instructor’s life. She liked to ply Jauhiainen with fruits she’d never tried, such as custard apples and star fruit, while asking questions.
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-Jauhiainen grew up on a flower farm in central Finland, in a tiny settlement bounded by more than a hundred lakes. While her parents tended their tulips, the work of caring for her younger siblings fell to her. She left as soon as she could, studying in London before moving to Dubai in 2001. The rootlessness of the place appealed to her, and she lived in a series of furnished high-rise apartments, cherishing the sense that she could “easily pack two bags and walk out” anytime she pleased. Yet ten years later she was still there.
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-The relationship with Latifa soon filled Jauhiainen’s life. She had been working in sales while moonlighting at the martial-arts school, but she agreed to quit her day job so that they could train full time. Then Latifa asked if they could start skydiving together, too. At their first class, Latifa was the only student who jumped solo. After that, Jauhiainen said, she made “jump after jump after jump, like crazy.” Latifa started wingsuit flying, and tumbling out of hot-air balloons. She had taken a similarly fevered approach to scuba training, racking up thousands of dives.
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-“She was my reason for still being in Dubai,” Jauhiainen told me. Still, much of Latifa’s life remained a mystery. “Why all that intensity?” she wondered. Jauhiainen gathered that her friend was allowed to pursue approved hobbies but forbidden to leave Dubai, or to go out unchaperoned. When she questioned these constraints, Latifa deflected her. After a few years, she began to be allowed to meet Latifa alone—but even then she had no idea of the role for which she was being recruited.
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-As Latifa had refined her plans, she had got hold of a book called “Escape from Dubai,” in which a man named Herve Jaubert described how he had fled the Emirates by using scuba gear and a rubber dinghy to reach a getaway boat in international waters. She read it and tracked Jaubert down, sending him an e-mail to ask for help. “I’ve begun my planning for emancipation many years ago,” she wrote, declaring that she was unafraid of water, skilled in extreme sports, and ready to undertake whatever training might be necessary. If he agreed to extract her by sea, she knew that she’d need help reaching the rendezvous. “I’ll organize a lady to chaperone,” she said, assuring him, “It shouldn’t be difficult.”
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-Jaubert was a French American marine engineer and former naval officer in his fifties, who had left Dubai to escape embezzlement charges, which he insisted were false. He claimed to have worked undercover in the French secret service, and he cultivated an air of mystery, augmented by shiny black hair, coarse stubble, and a heavy French accent. At first, he was skeptical about Latifa’s identity, but, in a series of e-mails, she supplied details of her life. Eventually, he agreed to help her, for a price.
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-Latifa and Jaubert corresponded for more than seven years. In that time, by her calculation, she sent him more than five hundred thousand dollars. She was not allowed to have a bank account, so she saved the funds from pocket money, evading her chaperone on shopping trips to pass bundles of cash to Jaubert’s envoys. Sometimes his demands weighed heavily. “I’m really struggling with this and feel like a hamster on a wheel,” she wrote to him in 2014. She promised to send him a jewel worth more than fifty thousand dollars, but told him, “You need to meet me halfway on this because after I give this diamond I have nothing left.” (Jaubert told me any funds he received from Latifa were just to cover his expenses. This was a “human-rights rescue,” he said, so it was important that he not be seen to have profited if they got caught. “She would pay me after,” he reasoned.)
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-Latifa envisaged an array of swashbuckling escape scenarios, by seaplane, combat boat, helicopter, private jet, and underwater scooter. She studied what Jaubert called “spy stuff”: encryption, countersurveillance, escape routes, disguises. She even managed to obtain a fake Irish passport, which she guarded carefully, strapping it under her dry suit when she went diving.
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-One spring, Latifa hoped she might be allowed to travel to England during racing season, and sent Jaubert Google Earth imagery of the Longcross Estate, to look for an extraction point. The grounds appeared impenetrable, so they planned a fake kidnapping, in which Jaubert would snatch Latifa from her bodyguards while she was out shopping. But when the racing party left for England she was told to stay behind.
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-In the end, she and Jaubert agreed to replicate his escape route. Jaubert bought a U.S.-flagged yacht—named Nostromo—as well as Jet Skis and a set of satellite navigators. He identified a rendezvous point sixteen miles off the coast of Oman. Latifa planned to cross the border by underwater scooter, using a scuba rebreather, then take a dinghy to the boat. They would sail to India or Sri Lanka, and Latifa would use her fake passport to fly to the U.S.
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-Latifa agonized over how she could bring Shamsa. “They give her sedatives as well as psychiatric drugs every single day,” she told Jaubert; “her mind is fragile and I don’t trust that she won’t freak out.” Then, without warning, Shamsa made her own move.
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-It had been seventeen years since Shamsa had run away. She was now thirty-six. Evading the scrutiny of her guards, she had obtained another secret cell phone—and, in the spring of 2017, she contacted the Cambridgeshire police. Beck was long retired, so a new detective retrieved Shamsa’s file. But Superintendent Adam Gallop said in a statement that, despite some “new lines of enquiry,” the evidence was insufficient to pursue such a “uniquely challenging and complex case.” Soon after, Shamsa’s rooms were searched, and her phone was confiscated. She was placed in a separate wing of the residence, and her sedatives were increased, Latifa said.
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-Latifa felt that she couldn’t wait any longer for her sister. She explained in her escape video, “The only way I can help myself, I can help her, I can help a lot of people, is to leave.” Latifa asked Jauhiainen to meet her for lunch at a restaurant called Saladicious, a few blocks from the sea. It was quiet and she chose a table in the corner. When they sat down, Latifa told her friend everything that had happened since Shamsa first fled. By the time she finished, both women were in tears. “I felt so much anger towards the people who had done it to her,” Jauhiainen told me. So when Latifa finally briefed her on the plan to escape she replied without hesitation: “I’m ready to go.”
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-One Saturday in February, 2018, Latifa left her mother’s mansion at sunrise and told her driver to take her to meet Jauhiainen at a café on Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Boulevard. While Jauhiainen ordered coffee to go, Latifa went into the bathroom, removed her abaya, and dropped her cell phone in the sanitary bin. Then the two women hurried into a borrowed Audi Q7 and headed for the border.
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-Since agreeing to help free Latifa, Jauhiainen had been meeting with Jaubert in Manila, where he lived, finessing the escape plan and delivering cash to settle his expenses, along with a set of diamond jewelry that she said Latifa planned to sell when she reached America. Jauhiainen travelled to Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the U.S., and Singapore to make preparations and assemble equipment: a dinghy motor, scuba gear, Garmin satellite navigators, and two powerful underwater scooters. But, practicing the subaquatic swim in her mother’s pool, Latifa had felt dangerously dizzy, so Jauhiainen had proposed an alternative plan.
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-In a quiet area close to Oman, the two women pulled over and opened the trunk. They lifted out several large blue bags of *IKEA* flat-pack furniture, and Latifa climbed into the empty spare-tire compartment. Jauhiainen pulled down the cover and piled the bags on top. At the border, twenty minutes on, they passed through a series of checkpoints before guards opened the trunk. Jauhiainen’s heart hammered, until they slammed the lid shut and waved her on.
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-By the time Jauhiainen cleared the border and stopped the car, she expected to find her friend blue-lipped and lifeless. But Latifa leaped out, fizzing with excitement. The two women snapped selfies, grinning in hoodies and reflective shades, as they drove on toward the sea.
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-They met another accomplice, Christian Elombo, in a suburb of Muscat, Oman’s coastal capital. Elombo was Jauhiainen’s own former capoeira instructor, a powerfully built Frenchman in his early forties. He had never met Latifa, but when Jauhiainen had explained her friend’s plight, he thought for “two seconds” before agreeing to help, he told me. “I knew my conscience would not let me think that there’s something that I could have done and I haven’t done.”
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-It had been Elombo’s idea to hide Latifa in the spare-tire compartment of a car, and his Audi that they had used for the escape. His last job was to convey the two women out to Nostromo aboard a rubber dinghy. When they reached the beach, though, fishermen urged him to turn back. A storm was coming, and huge waves were crashing along the shore. The three pressed on, casting the dinghy out into the churn. Elombo took the tiller, while Jauhiainen navigated and sent coördinates to Jaubert. Latifa clung to the sides of the craft as it pitched violently and took on water.
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-The rough seas made for slow progress. When it became clear that the dinghy wouldn’t reach the yacht before dark, Jaubert and another crew member set out by Jet Ski to meet it. The two women were repeatedly thrown into the waves as they struggled to clamber on. Once they were safely astride, Elombo waved goodbye. “See you next time!” he called.
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-Back on shore, Elombo went out for seafood, planning to dispose of the evidence and hide out in Europe. But when he set off to dump the dinghy his car was surrounded by armed police officers. “If you sneeze, they’re gonna shoot you,” he thought. Elombo was taken to the solitary wing of an Omani jail, where he would be held for two months. Soon, officials arrived to interrogate him.
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-Latifa and Jauhiainen reached Nostromo at sunset, too exhausted and nauseated by the journey to celebrate. Still, Latifa wrote a triumphant farewell to her mother and siblings, and soon posted a message on Instagram declaring her freedom: “I have escaped UAE after being trapped for 18 years.”
-
-But Latifa and Jauhiainen quickly began losing faith in their captain. The boat was filthy, Jauhiainen said, and their supplies were riddled with cockroaches. They subsisted on porridge, boiled potatoes, and beans. “His mind was always on money and profit,” Latifa wrote about Jaubert.
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-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27012)
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-Cartoon by Maggie Larson
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-Soon after setting out, Jaubert contacted a lawyer in Florida and asked her to draw up a “settlement agreement,” demanding three hundred million dollars from Sheikh Mohammed on Latifa’s behalf. Because Latifa did not have a bank account, he wrote, the money “should be transferred directly to my account in the Philippines.” He would split it evenly with Latifa and Jauhiainen, he promised. Latifa told Jauhiainen that she had gone along with the plan just to appease Jaubert, knowing that her father would never pay. (Jaubert denied pressuring Latifa; he said that the settlement had been her idea, and that his share was to serve as payment for aiding her escape.)
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-After a week at sea, thirty miles off the coast of India, Nostromo was low on fuel. “I am running out,” Jaubert texted a friend; in a “couple of days” the tank would be empty. (Jaubert told me that he had enough fuel to reach the original destination but feared they would have to change routes. He also insisted that his boat was “immaculate” and that cockroaches are an inevitable part of seafaring.)
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-When they learned that Elombo had been arrested, Latifa seemed to freeze. “It became so tense, so stressful,” Jauhiainen told me. “We were not talking to each other, because it was just, like, nobody’s responding, we have no plan, we’re running out of petrol.”
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-On Jaubert’s recommendation, Latifa reached out to a group called Detained in Dubai, begging for help in publicizing her case. “The time is ticking and they have a target on my head,” she wrote. Two human-rights campaigners at the organization, David Haigh and Radha Stirling, set about verifying Latifa’s identity. Then, one night in early March, Stirling received a string of panicked messages: “Please help. Please please there’s men outside.” When she texted back, she got no reply.
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-Sheikh Mohammed had faced few difficulties in finding his fleeing daughter. Her communications had been intercepted, and at the U.A.E.’s request Interpol had issued Red Notices for her accomplices, accusing them of kidnapping her. When the yacht was located, off the Goa coast, Sheikh Mohammed spoke with the Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, and agreed to extradite a Dubai-based arms dealer in exchange for his daughter’s capture. The Indian government deployed boats, helicopters, and a team of armed commandos to storm Nostromo and carry Latifa away.
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-Lamorna Cove in Cornwall is a tiny nook on the westernmost tip of England, where rough surf breaks along a crescent shore. The area is a destination for summer vacationers, and in the off-season its smattering of granite cottages mostly stand vacant. But on the night of March 4, 2018, the lights of one house shone over the water.
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-Its occupant, David Haigh, was an incongruous figure in rural Cornwall: tall and athletic, in his early forties, with a year-round tan and sculpted blond hair. Haigh had formerly worked for a Gulf-based investment firm, but his employers accused him of fraud and slander, and he’d spent nearly two years in Dubai jails. Though he later testified that he had been beaten, raped, and forced to sign an Arabic document that appeared to be a confession, the conviction hung over him, and he was still fighting a freeze on his assets. Since his release, two years earlier, he had retreated to Lamorna, and from there he had signed up to help Detained in Dubai.
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-On the phone, he and Radha Stirling grappled with Latifa’s messages. “It’s a hostage situation,” Haigh said. “What do we do?” They filed a missing-persons report with Scotland Yard, and notified the Indian Coast Guard that a U.S.-flagged yacht had vanished. But no authority would take up the case, so they reached out to the police and to palace representatives in Dubai. Stirling told me that they hoped to send a message: “We know this has happened, we’re watching, so don’t start executing them all.”
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-Days went by with no news. Then the campaigners received an e-mail from the lawyer in Florida, containing Latifa’s escape video, with instructions to release it. “If you are watching this video, it’s not such a good thing. Either I’m dead or I’m in a very, very, very bad situation,” she said to the camera. “What do I talk about? Do I talk about all the murders? Do I talk about all the abuse I’ve seen?”
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-Haigh’s mouth fell open. “Shit, shit, shit, shit, shit,” he said. “This is a nuclear bomb.” He and Stirling released clips of the video to the media and uploaded it to YouTube.
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-Soon, several newspapers picked up the story of Dubai’s runaway princess. Sheikh Mohammed gave no comment, but the campaigners received word of Jauhiainen and Jaubert. Nostromo had been escorted to the U.A.E., where the pair were interrogated for more than a week. After the video was published, they were released, and made their way to London, where they held a press conference alongside Stirling and Haigh. “I am here speaking about my friend, because we have to get her freed,” Jauhiainen told a room full of journalists. “The international community must take action.”
-
-Haigh’s seafront cottage became a command center for the campaign to free Latifa. The group reported her abduction to the United Nations. Then they contacted the BBC and began making a documentary about the escape. It aired in December, 2018, coinciding with Latifa’s thirty-third birthday. Finally, the Dubai government released a response, saying that Latifa had not tried to escape, but had been kidnapped by Jaubert. “Her Highness Sheikha Latifa is now safe in Dubai,” it said. “She and her family are looking forward to celebrating her birthday today, in privacy and peace.”
-
-In fact, Latifa had passed her birthday in captivity. After disappearing overboard on Nostromo, she had been dragged onto an Indian naval boat, then aboard a helicopter and onto a private jet. She was given tranquillizers twice, she recalled in an account written in detention, but the drugs seemed to produce no effect. When an Emirati lieutenant tried to pull her off the helicopter, she sank her teeth into his arm. Only after a third dose did she feel herself losing consciousness.
-
-“I want them to be embarrassed that it took the navy, several warships, armed commandos, 3 tranquillizer injections and an hour long struggle to put an unarmed pint-sized woman on a jet,” Latifa wrote. She regained consciousness in Dubai. “I remember tears just streaming down my face,” she wrote. “It was the worst feeling in the world. To be back in the hell hole after being so close to freedom.”
-
-Latifa was taken to a desert prison named Al Awir and placed in a cell with blacked-out windows. At first her jailers were callous, but, once her video testimony was released, they began pleading with her to recant. For a while, they served her food on gilded plates. “They are extremely ridiculous,” she wrote.
-
-As the news of her capture spread, Latifa came under increasing pressure to help quash concerns about her safety. After the BBC aired an interview with Jauhiainen, in May, two policewomen arrived with a fresh outfit for her, and took her to the Zabeel Club to meet Sheikh Mohammed. Her eyes were swollen with tears, and her father told her to wash her face. “I hope you can see that you are valuable to us,” she remembered him telling her. He instructed an attendant to take a photograph, but Latifa hung her head. “Why aren’t you smiling?” he asked. When she didn’t reply, she said, her father stalked out, and she was taken back to prison.
-
-Later that month, Latifa was moved to a villa of her own. When she arrived, she noted “the unnaturally high walls and cameras,” and found that all the windows were barred shut. Five policemen patrolled the exterior, and two policewomen were stationed in the house. Inside, she found Caroline Faraj, the editor-in-chief of CNN Arabic. Faraj asked Latifa to pose for a photograph and to appear in a video. “Let the world know you are alive,” she said. Latifa refused, saying that she was being held prisoner. Faraj went on to publish a story which led with a statement from the family that Latifa was being “cared for at home” but made no mention of their own encounter. (CNN maintains that Faraj was told the meeting was off the record.)
-
-For six months, Latifa had no visitors. In September, she staged a twenty-day hunger strike, but it drew no response. Finally, on December 6th, she heard a knock on her bedroom door. It was Princess Haya, Sheikh Mohammed’s youngest wife, laden with gifts. Latifa was pale and looked “vulnerable,” Haya later said. “She opened the door, looked at me, embraced me, and burst into tears.” A week later, Haya reappeared and invited her to lunch the following day. Latifa understood that if she “behaved well” she would be freed.
-
-Haya picked her up the next afternoon and took her to a gated palace. Inside, Latifa was introduced to Mary Robinson, the former U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights and the ex-President of Ireland. Without telling Latifa, Princess Haya, herself a former U.N. Goodwill Ambassador, had invited Robinson to assess her condition.
-
-Haya had brought along her own eleven-year-old daughter, Jalila, and pointed out that she and Latifa shared a love of adventure sports. “It must be the Al Maktoum gene,” she joked. Jalila took Latifa outside, to a kennel full of small dogs, and they petted the animals through the bars while Haya and Robinson watched from a distance.
-
-Over lunch, Jalila was asked what she wanted to be when she grew up, Latifa wrote, but “nobody spoke to me privately or asked me about my situation.” She volunteered that she had always wanted to study medicine but had not been allowed to attend medical school, or to leave the country since she was fourteen. Robinson “seemed uninterested,” Latifa wrote; “she just chimed in and shared her own stories.” After the meal, Latifa was asked to pose for photographs. At first she declined, but, she said, Haya told her, “It’s a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.” She assented, making sure that she didn’t smile, because she “knew it would be used for propaganda.”
-
-Soon afterward, the Emirati government sent the photographs to the U.N., showing Latifa sitting next to Robinson, looking dazed and pale in a dark hoodie, citing them as proof that Latifa was “receiving the necessary care and support.” Robinson told the BBC at the time that Latifa was a “vulnerable” woman, who had become embroiled in a plan involving “a very big demand note for three hundred million dollars.” She said that Latifa was “troubled” and had “made a video that she now regrets.” When Latifa heard of Robinson’s account of the meeting, she was flattened. “Stayed in bed for a day in tears,” she wrote. “Felt so used.” (Years later, Robinson said in an interview that she had been “horribly tricked” into believing that Latifa had bipolar disorder, and hadn’t asked about her circumstances because “I really didn’t want to talk to her and increase the trauma over a nice lunch.”) Haya made gestures at conciliation: she sent over gift baskets—jewelry, clothes, art supplies, books—and she visited again. But Latifa received her frostily, and she stopped coming.
-
-The Lamorna Cove campaigners were outraged by Robinson’s intervention. The tension grew when Haigh accused Jaubert of attempting to sell the jewelry Latifa had entrusted to him. Jaubert and his wife had discussed the sale of the set—comprising nine hundred and fifty round, marquise, and pear-cut diamonds—in a series of e-mails with potential buyers from Craigslist. “I sold the necklace already, I have the ring, the earrings, and the bracelet,” his wife wrote in one.
-
-Haigh and Jauhiainen severed ties with Jaubert, but Stirling took his side. She accused Haigh of “complete slander and harassment.” Jaubert maintains that Latifa gave him the jewelry as part of his payment, and that most of it was stolen by the commandos who stormed Nostromo. He denies selling the items, saying that he listed them on Craigslist only to gauge the extent of his losses.
-
-Haigh and Jauhiainen split into one camp, Stirling and Jaubert into another. In the spring of 2019, with the team splintering, Jauhiainen returned to her parents’ flower farm for a break. Then, late one night, her phone lit up with messages from a new accomplice of Latifa’s. “Hi ms.tiina i hope u respond,” the person wrote. “im scared to help ms.latifa but shes very kind to me.”
-
-The accomplice asked Jauhiainen questions to check her identity before sending her a photograph: a handwritten note from Latifa, with a graphic account of her abduction. Over the next four weeks, Latifa wrote dozens more letters to Jauhiainen and Haigh, chronicling her experience. “I will not allow someone to erase almost half a decade of torture and imprisonment,” she wrote. “They attack me with lies, I will defend myself with truths.”
-
-From the angle of the sunrise, she had worked out the position of the U.K., and sometimes she drew comfort from knowing her supporters were there. She reminisced about asking Jauhiainen to sleep out under the stars with her on board Nostromo. “We should do that in friendlier waters in a nice clean boat,” she wrote.
-
-By April, the campaigners had managed to smuggle a cell phone into the villa. Latifa kept it hidden on her person, and locked herself in the bathroom with the water running to obscure her voice. They exchanged thousands of WhatsApp messages, and Latifa recorded dozens of voice notes documenting her ordeal. She also filmed a series of videos, to be released if they lost contact.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a20927-rd)
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-Cartoon by Ellis Rosen
-
-Their group chat filled with memes, travel plans, and discussions about movies, books, and music. Latifa daydreamed about visiting Hawaii, where she had heard there were four hundred different kinds of mangoes and “fruits that taste like chocolate pudding and vanilla ice cream.” Haigh supplied her with a Netflix log-in. She loved horror films, and once spooked herself badly enough that she had to sleep with the lights on for several nights. When he sent pictures of sunsets over the sea at Lamorna, she was so transfixed that she imagined buying the whole cove.
-
-Haigh battled insomnia, and often sat awake through the small hours exchanging messages with Latifa. “It was all about keeping her mind occupied and giving her hope,” he told me. He bought chicken eggs and hatched them in an incubator, sending her updates on their progress—“like having a Tamagotchi,” he said. She was so delighted that he kept going, ending up with more than forty chickens, ducks, and peacocks, which he promised to keep for her until she was free. Through an intermediary, she sent him a hairless, green-eyed sphynx cat. The cat—named Sheikha, but affectionately known as Alien—became a mascot, a “mini Latifa,” Haigh said.
-
-By now, Latifa was steering the campaign from behind the scenes. She reviewed filings to the U.N., designed logos, and dreamed up increasingly bold strategies. She was, Haigh told me, “bloody bossy.” In June, Latifa seized upon a new hope. When Sheikh Mohammed flew to the U.K. to attend Ascot, he was photographed with the Queen and Prince William—but, for the first time in many years, Princess Haya was not on his arm. Reports began to spread that the ruler’s youngest wife had left him. If Haya was no longer under Sheikh Mohammed’s control, Latifa reasoned, she could confirm that her stepdaughter was being held against her will: “She has seen it with her own eyes.”
-
-By the time her absence was noted at Ascot, Princess Haya had been a fugitive for two months. In April, 2019, after her husband discovered that she was having an affair with her bodyguard, she fled to London, settling with her two children in a neo-Georgian mansion on Kensington Palace Gardens. That July, she launched a legal campaign against Sheikh Mohammed, seeking court protection for herself and her children.
-
-In court, she cited the abuse of Shamsa and Latifa as evidence of the threat the Sheikh posed. Haya said that she had initially believed her husband’s assurances that Latifa had been rescued from an extortion attempt. But, when she became inquisitive after visiting Latifa, he told her to “stop interfering.” The Sheikh began publishing poems containing thinly veiled references to Haya. “My spirit is cured of you, girl,” one verse ran. “When your face appears, no pleasure I feel.” Menacing notes were left around her palace: “We will take your son—your daughter is ours—your life is over.” More than once, she went to bed and found a pistol on her pillow.
-
-In March, one of Sheikh Mohammed’s helicopters landed outside her palace, and the pilot declared he had orders to take her to the Al Awir prison. Her seven-year-old son clung to her leg in terror; if he hadn’t, she believed, she would have been dragged away. Even in London, she remained afraid. The Sheikh had published more threatening poems about her, including one titled “You Lived and Died,” and had told her that she and her children would “never be safe in England.”
-
-The High Court responded by making her children wards of the court, barring their removal from the country, and instigating a fact-finding process to test Haya’s claims. Family proceedings in Britain are generally heard in private, so Haya’s allegations were sealed from public view, but her lawyers now had a pretext to call Shamsa and Latifa to testify in a British court.
-
-Latifa sent a voice message to Haigh and Jauhiainen soon afterward, sounding panicked. “My father wants to see me,” she said. In subsequent messages, she described being taken to Sheikh Mohammed’s office in the desert, where he met her in a drawing room and announced that Shamsa was now free. When he left the room, Shamsa entered. She was hard to recognize, Latifa said: bright and energetic, full of praise for their father and Allah. Shamsa said that Sheikh Mohammed had given her a cell phone and told her she was free to travel—but now all she wanted to do was stay home and worship.
-
-Latifa was flummoxed, but she allowed her older sister to hug her. She described her capture aboard Nostromo and began to cry. Shamsa warned that the room was likely bugged. “Just be careful, be respectful,” she whispered.
-
-But Latifa had lost patience. “You have ten seconds,” she shouted at Shamsa. “Tell me what you want! Because I went to prison so many times for you. I almost died for you.”
-
-Shamsa seemed stricken. “I’m so confused,” she said. “I feel like I want to escape and then I want to stay.”
-
-When Sheikh Mohammed came back in, he told Latifa that she was “precious” and that he “wanted to start a new page.” Three days later, she and Shamsa were again brought before their father. This time, he asked them to confirm to lawyers that they did not want to travel to England to give evidence. Then he left, and in came Mohammed Al Shaibani, who had become the director of the Dubai Ruler’s Court. Latifa said that he spent four hours urging her and Shamsa to rebuff the summons: “Tell them it’s a family matter and we’re solving it within the family.”
-
-Shamsa’s demeanor was dramatically changed since their previous meeting. She sobbed, and told Al Shaibani, “Whatever happens to me, I don’t care, but I will not hurt my sister. So whatever my sister wants I will do.” Latifa, thinking back on the brutality of Shamsa’s confinement, regretted shouting at her. But she told Al Shaibani that she would not coöperate while being held incommunicado. Later, back in her villa, she heard that Shamsa’s phone had been taken away.
-
-Sheikh Mohammed sent a statement to the High Court, saying that he had offered his daughters a choice about whether to testify. “Both Shamsa and Latifa were adamant that they did not want to do this,” he wrote. He denied abducting either woman. “To this day I consider that Latifa’s return to Dubai was a rescue mission.” In support of his case, he filed a statement from their older sister, Maitha, a Tae Kwon Do athlete who was among the first Emirati women to compete in the Olympics. “My sisters Shamsa and Latifa are not imprisoned in Dubai,” she wrote. “Shamsa lives with our mother and me. Latifa lives in her own private residence because that is her choice, which has been accommodated. Shamsa and I regularly spend time with Latifa.”
-
-Back in her villa, Latifa came under renewed pressure to make it appear that she was free. Guards offered to take her out shopping for books, so that she could be photographed. It was an agonizing offer to refuse. “I crave fresh air and sunlight,” she wrote. But she knew that if she coöperated she would risk scuttling Haya’s case.
-
-In February, 2020, Sheikh Mohammed opened the Global Women’s Forum Dubai with a promise that his nation would “lead the world” in “women’s growth and advancement.” Three thousand participants from more than eighty countries assembled to hear speakers including Ivanka Trump, who praised Sheikh Mohammed’s “steadfast commitment” to women’s advancement, and Britain’s former Prime Minister Theresa May, who accepted a fee of a hundred and fifteen thousand pounds to speak about gender equality. “It’s a circus,” Latifa texted Haigh. The government rolled out a new law, enabling women to obtain restraining orders against domestic abusers—though it stopped short of criminalizing marital rape and preserved male guardians’ right to discipline their female charges.
-
-As Dubai’s ruler greeted dignitaries at the forum, his private behavior was under scrutiny in London’s High Court. Jauhiainen had testified during closed hearings about Latifa’s violent abduction. Beck, the police inspector, had described how his investigation into Shamsa’s disappearance was shuttered. “This unresolved incident has remained a mystery and a source of frustration to me for eighteen years,” he said. In the absence of direct testimony from Latifa, the judge had accepted her escape video as witness evidence, noting that her account had a “strong ring of truth about it.” Haya’s statements about the conditions of Latifa’s “jail villa” were also accepted. (Princess Haya declined to comment for this article.)
-
-In March, the court published a detailed finding of fact, noting that Sheikh Mohammed had used the “very substantial powers at his disposal to achieve his particular aims”: kidnapping and imprisoning his daughters, and subjecting Haya to “a campaign of fear and intimidation.” Sheikh Mohammed argued that the findings were one-sided, because his position as a head of state had prevented him from participating in the fact-finding process. The judge dismissed this as “at least disingenuous,” noting that the Sheikh had filed two witness statements.
-
-For Latifa, the judgment was a vindication. And yet she seemed underwhelmed when Haigh delivered the news. “It’s massively good for you,” he told her. “Judge found you and Shamsa were kidnapped.”
-
-“ok,” she replied. “i hope it gets me out . . . lets see.” She seemed distracted, and told him her foot hurt.
-
-It seemed her nerve was cracking. “I’m in a perpetual nightmare,” she wrote. The guards wouldn’t even let her open the window, she said; she felt she was dying a “very slow death” by suffocation. Then she reported that she was being visited by a psychiatrist, who appeared alongside her father’s security officials to pressure her to comply with his wishes.
-
-Sheikh Mohammed had also been trying a gentler appeal. One day, a package had arrived at the villa: a copy of his memoir, inscribed by “your father who always loves you.” Latifa broke down. “Maybe the war is finally over,” she allowed herself to think. Haigh said that Latifa began telling him that she was worried about her father’s health: “He’s an old man, I should look after him.” She fretted that revealing his abuses was a betrayal. “It was like Stockholm syndrome,” Haigh told me.
-
-Latifa said that she had offered a deal to one of her father’s security officials: if she was released, “I will live my life normally and quietly and the campaign will stop.” But a week went by and she got no response. “I honestly feel so tired and hopeless,” she wrote. Eventually, one of her guards told her that she must stay in captivity for another year, and gave her a stopwatch to measure the time.
-
-Latifa was distraught, and terrified of “losing contact and being in the dark.” In June, her phone started to malfunction. She had read about Pegasus, the Israeli hacking tool that allows governments to extract data from a target’s device remotely. “I just panicked,” she wrote. “Was literally shaking.”
-
-Haigh was alarmed. “She really is struggling,” he wrote to a lawyer involved in the case. “I’m increasingly worried she will give up.” Latifa feared the consequences of releasing more evidence about her father’s actions. In mid-July, she texted Haigh that she wanted to move on, “even if I spend rest of my life in dxb.”
-
-“Her bravery was going down, down, down,” Haigh told me. A few days later she sent a more resolute message. “I won’t believe I’m free until I’m on UK soil,” she wrote, on July 21, 2020. But, after that day, he never heard from her again.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27538)
-
-“I hate waking up just to get sucked back into yesterday’s open tabs.”
-
-Cartoon by William Haefeli
-
-For months, Haigh kept writing to Latifa, but received no reply. “Alien and I miss you,” he wrote, early the following year. “We are all trying our hardest and we haven’t given up. I hope one day some how you will see this.”
-
-After the WhatsApp channel went silent, Jauhiainen joined Haigh in Lamorna Cove to figure out what to do with the video evidence Latifa had recorded. “No matter what please remember that I will never give up or surrender,” she had told them the previous year. “So let’s agree you’ll continue to assume I’m alive and being imprisoned against my will.” Yet, in the final months before she lost contact, she had resisted any further publicity.
-
-Haigh was adamant. “They’ve either killed her or she’s drugged up somewhere and suffering,” he said. “We need to do something big and dramatic that would get the world’s attention.” Seven months after losing contact, they sent transcripts of Latifa’s videos to the U.N., and authorized the BBC to air them.
-
-The footage of Latifa, whispering into the camera as she crouched against the bathroom wall, was watched around the world. “I’m a hostage. And this villa has been converted into a jail,” she said. The U.N. called on the U.A.E. to prove that Latifa was alive. The British government finally broke its silence; Boris Johnson, the Prime Minister, and Dominic Raab, the Foreign Secretary, expressed concern about her safety.
-
-The pressure on Sheikh Mohammed intensified in May, 2021, when the High Court published a further finding: Haya’s phone, and those of her lawyers, security guards, and an assistant, had been hacked with Pegasus, and Sheikh Mohammed, “above any other person in the world,” was the likely culprit. Haigh found that his phone had also been hacked, and Latifa’s number appeared on a leaked list of apparent Pegasus targets. (Sheikh Mohammed has denied involvement in any hacks, and the makers of the software dispute the list.) The court ultimately ordered Sheikh Mohammed to pay Haya more than five hundred and fifty million pounds, reputedly the largest divorce settlement in British history, and barred him from seeing their children, finding that he had used his “immense power” to subject Haya to an “exorbitant degree” of abuse.
-
-That year, news broke that the Queen had cancelled Sheikh Mohammed’s invitation to join her in the Royal Box at Ascot. Finally, the political mood seemed to be turning. Haigh and Jauhiainen seized the moment to file an application to the British government to freeze the Sheikh’s U.K. assets and impose travel sanctions over his “cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment” of Latifa.
-
-Then, on May 20th, a British teacher in Dubai named Sioned Taylor posted a picture on Instagram, with the caption “Lovely evening.” It showed three women at a table in a deserted mall. Next to Taylor, hunched forward, blank-faced, and dressed in black, was Latifa.
-
-Haigh’s first impulse was relief. At least, he thought, “she’s alive, and she’s got a little bit of freedom.” Yet this looked like exactly the sort of staged photograph Latifa had always resisted. Jauhiainen knew Taylor: she had been one of a few women approved to spend time with Latifa after her first imprisonment. Latifa’s face in the picture was inscrutable.
-
-The following day, the Lamorna Cove campaigners received the first of a series of letters from Niri Shan, a partner at a global law firm named Taylor Wessing, ordering them to stop advocating for Latifa. Shan said Latifa had informed him that “she now wants to live a normal, private life to the fullest extent possible.” She had been distressed by the publication of her videos, Shan said, and did not want “any further publicity.” Haigh and Jauhiainen were asked to sign an agreement not to speak publicly about Latifa, and to delete the evidence she had shared. Haigh refused to comply, unless the firm could prove that Latifa was not acting under duress. “I know it’s not just her behind these letters,” Haigh told me. “It’s Daddy.” (Shan declined to comment.)
-
-The next day, Sioned Taylor posted another photograph of Latifa, sitting at a waterfront restaurant in Dubai, smiling tightly at the camera. “Lovely food at Bice Mare with Latifa earlier,” she wrote. The following month came a picture of Taylor and Latifa, who was dressed in baggy sweatpants and a crumpled tie-dyed shirt, apparently at the Madrid airport. Shortly after, the law firm Taylor Wessing issued a statement in Latifa’s name. “I recently visited 3 European countries on holiday with my friend. I asked her to post a few photos online to prove to campaigners that I can travel where I want,” it said. “I hope now that I can live my life in peace.”
-
-Around the same time, the campaigners suffered another reversal. They had been aided by a cousin of Latifa’s, Marcus Essabri, who had broken ties with the royal family and was living in the English cathedral city of Gloucester, working as a barber and running a falafel joint. But in August, after signing the agreement offered by Taylor Wessing, he was invited to meet Latifa in Iceland, along with Taylor and Shan. “I had an emotional reunion with my cousin,” he wrote afterward on Twitter. “It was reassuring to see her so happy.”
-
-Jauhiainen was incensed. “So she can just live her quiet life and this never happened?” she said. “Excuse me. This did happen—and I was kidnapped as well.” But she and Haigh agreed that it was untenable to continue advocating for Latifa’s release. “Marcus has met her, we’re getting letters from lawyers saying stop, and she’s popping up around the world—and yet we’re going to carry on a campaign saying free her? It just looks ridiculous,” Haigh told me. “It was clear to me that she had done a deal. She was breaking.” Reluctantly, he and Jauhiainen announced that their campaign was over.
-
-One morning last October, Haigh met me at Cornwall’s Newquay airport and drove me down to Lamorna. At his cottage, he led me to his study, where a small, salt-smeared window overlooked the sea. A bare light bulb shone over shelves of neatly labelled evidence files from the campaign. Alien, the sphynx cat, wound herself around our ankles as we talked.
-
-Haigh logged in to his computer and scrolled through the messages he had saved from Latifa’s secret phone, in files with code names such as “Cinnamon Bun Recipes” and “Custard Donut.” He and Jauhiainen had dedicated more than three years to Latifa’s cause, and he felt furious that Dubai was erasing their work. “They want to reinvent history,” he said. “And they’re doing it.”
-
-The photographs of Latifa seemed to ease any reputational troubles Sheikh Mohammed might have faced. The head of the U.A.E.’s interior ministry was appointed president of Interpol. The Biden Administration approved a multi-billion-dollar arms deal and pushed ahead with a hundred-billion-dollar clean-energy collaboration, declaring the U.A.E. an “essential partner of the United States.” World leaders poured into the Dubai Expo last spring, and the emirate was selected as the host for the *COP*28 climate-change summit.
-
-Last year, the U.N. revealed an unexpected development: Latifa had met one of Mary Robinson’s successors, the former Chilean President Michelle Bachelet, in Paris. “Latifa conveyed to the High Commissioner that she was well & expressed her wish for respect for her privacy,” the U.N. Human Rights account posted on Twitter. A picture was released of Latifa standing beside Bachelet outside a Paris Métro station. Haigh felt relieved, he told me; if Bachelet was involved, then perhaps he could lay Latifa’s case to rest.
-
-But he kept asking himself: if Latifa was truly at liberty, why hadn’t she sent him or Jauhiainen so much as a single text? She had insisted that if they ever lost contact “just be sure I’m imprisoned and waiting.” The cognitive dissonance was exhausting, and Latifa’s absence left “a great hole,” Haigh told me. He missed her late-night companionship, and the sense of purpose he drew from fighting on her side. “It’s like someone’s died,” he said. “And I’m literally sitting at the end of the earth, looking at the sea.”
-
-I met Jauhiainen a month later in a bright café in South London, close to the house where she was staying with a friend. She, too, had been struggling to reorient herself since losing contact with Latifa. She couldn’t go back to Dubai, and Finland was no longer home. “There’s no closure whatsoever,” she told me. Soon after we met, she bought a one-way ticket to Thailand, intending to stay footloose until she figured out what to do next.
-
-In April, I wrote to Latifa, urging her to speak with me. I received a letter from a law firm in London, refusing that request. That same day, a new account appeared on Instagram in the name of Latifa Al Maktoum. “I was recently made aware of media inquiries for a piece which casts doubt on my freedom,” the account posted, alongside a picture of Latifa in Austria, posing outside the Swarovski Crystal Worlds park in a puffer coat and snow boots. “I can understand it from the outside perspective of seeing someone so outspoken fall off the grid and have others speak on her behalf, especially after everything that has happened which appears to make me look like I’m being controlled. I am totally free and living an independent life.”
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-A nurse who served for two years on Shamsa’s team of minders told me that Latifa is living in her own home and drives herself around Dubai, without wearing the abaya. “I think she negotiated something and she’s now managing her own life, within agreeable boundaries,” she said. Those boundaries, she surmised, included “keeping the family business private.” (The nurse, like many others I spoke with, said she had “no idea” what had happened to Shamsa.) She considered Latifa “a brilliant woman,” but suggested that she had brought her troubles upon herself. “In any family, if you break the rules of your culture, it’s not going to be a great experience,” she said.
-
-Yet for years Latifa had refused to contemplate that her campaign could end this way. “There will never be a conclusion where ‘Latifa is happily with her UAE family’ *NEVER*,” she wrote soon after making contact with Haigh and Jauhiainen from her villa. “I want to live, exist and die as a fully emancipated person. My soul will be happy with that. I need that. It’s my destiny and the only conclusion I’ll accept.” ♦
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-# The Global Sperm Count Decline Has Created Big Business
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-## Sperm Fever
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-## The tantalizing business opportunities and disorienting politics of the worldwide decline in man’s most precious bodily fluid.
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-By , a features writer at New York  covering politics, ideas, business, and culture
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-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/9ac/c95/fa809809e372383b01b870ac49b488be44-MAIDA-MALE-FERTILITY-02-FINAL.rvertical.w570.jpg)
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-Illustration: Adam Maida
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-**Some time after** his father, Abraham, strapped him to an altar and attempted to sacrifice him to God, Isaac suffered another misfortune. He and his wife, Rebekah, struggled to have children. “Isaac intreatied the Lord for his wife, because she was barren,” reads the King James Bible. “And the Lord was intreated of him, and Rebekah his wife conceived.”
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-But was she barren? Lately, I’ve been wondering. Rebekah appears to have been significantly younger than Isaac. They didn’t wed until he was 40; their children weren’t born until Isaac was threescore years old. Studies show that advanced paternal age is associated with increased risk of miscarriage and that men contribute to at least a third, and maybe closer to half, of global cases of infertility. Plus stress has been shown to degrade semen quality, and Isaac had had the whole mountaintop brush with filicide. Maybe the Bible is wrong. Maybe the problem was Isaac’s sperm.
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-Six thousand years later, a 25-year-old management consultant named Khaled Kteily spills a tray of scalding Starbucks teas on his lap. It’s 2014, and he’s on a work trip in Oklahoma. When he finally gets to a medical clinic, there’s no burn unit. A few months later, now enrolled at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, his injuries have healed — superficially, at least. A friend is undergoing chemotherapy and freezes his sperm as a precaution, and it gets Kteily fretting about his own fertility. “Imagine I couldn’t be the husband or father that I want to be,” Kteily says. “Imagine I meet someone and have to be like, ‘By the way, you should know: My balls burned off in a freak tea accident, and I can never give you children.’”
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-Kteily makes an appointment to test and freeze his semen at a lab in Cambridge, where the act of watching the clinic’s pornos and depositing his sample feels like a degrading counterpoint to the eventual pursuit of starting a family. “This is one of the most profound things that I’ve ever done,” he says. “But the experience I had was, you know, jerking off in the back of an alleyway. And I became really fixated on just how far apart these two feelings were.”
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-This gives him an idea for a start-up. It’s 2017 now, and the men’s-health unicorns Hims and Roman (now Ro) debut, creating a lucrative, direct-to-consumer pipeline for erectile-dysfunction pills. Kteily thinks, *What if men could order a thoughtfully branded sperm-test kit to their home, sparing them the discomfort of interfacing with the medical system?* If the sperm looked bad, he could sell advice and supplements for improving it. If the sperm looked good, he could charge customers to ice a sample in cryostorage. On one level, he would be competing in the embarrassing penis-stuff arena. In a more meaningful sense, he would be educating clueless Isaacs and lifting the burden from blameless Rebekahs.
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-“If all it takes is for you to masturbate one time to preserve the ability to have kids, why isn’t everyone doing this?” Kteily recalls thinking. “In the future, everyone will freeze their sperm. It’s going to be a rite of passage.” He calls his new company Legacy. His faith in the concept is unshakable. On Legacy’s website, he promotes fake worldwide offices. “I put Toronto, Singapore, Geneva, London, because I’ve always believed that this is going to be a multibillion-dollar global type of company,” he says. But the success of the company is far from assured. Then, in November of that year, he receives his own kind of divine intervention.
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-An academic journal publishes a paper called “Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.” It is written by Hagai Levine of Hebrew University and Shanna Swan of Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, among other veteran epidemiologists. It is the largest-ever study of [sperm counts](https://www.thecut.com/2018/10/why-is-everybody-freaking-out-about-declining-sperm-counts.html), analyzing 185 previous studies of 42,935 men from 1973 to 2011. They find that overall counts have declined by 59 percent and that average concentration has fallen by half, from around 99 million sperm per milliliter to 47 million. Anything below 15 million is regarded as an impediment to reproduction, to say nothing of zero per milliliter, where the trend line seems to be heading.
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-Spermpocalypse headlines proliferate. Kteily orients his start-up pitch around the *Children of Men* scenario of mass sterility and a client base that will get only more anxious about safeguarding its semen. Legacy begins to grow. Kteily incubates his company at the Harvard Innovation Lab, accelerates it at Y Combinator, and wins a TechCrunch battle in Berlin. The pandemic, with its stimulus-flush home shoppers and ambient health anxiety, brings Legacy into start-up adolescence. By the end of 2022, the company has landed contracts with major insurers, tens of millions in funding from blue-chip venture-capital firms, and celebrity backing from Justin Bieber, Orlando Bloom, and the Weeknd. FirstMark’s Rick Heitzmann, on the *Forbes* “Midas List” of golden-touch VCs, leads Legacy’s series-A fundraising round. “It feels like all the megatrends are in that space,” Heitzmann says of the male-fertility market. “Whether it’s the megatrend around declining sperm or the megatrend around people waiting longer to have children.”
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-Kteily boasts that Legacy is now testing and freezing the most semen in the country. And what used to be a lonely obsession has become normal to talk about in polite company. “The average well-read guy has heard about this,” Kteily says. “Maybe he doesn’t know the exact details. But he knows that something is happening with sperm and it’s bad. That didn’t exist five years ago.”
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-Then again, neither did the competition. In the half-decade since the sperm-crisis study was published, a number of *other* at-home sperm-testing kits have hit the market. There is Yo, and Fellow, and Path Fertility. Significantly, there is Dadi — Kteily’s nemesis — which he says once tried to steal Legacy’s name, and which last year was bought by Ro for a reported $100 million. The European kits have also arrived, also with euphemistic names. ExSeed launched in Denmark, Mojo in Britain. Jack Fertility, from the U.K., is set to debut this year. Their founders, too, observed a megatrend and sought to capitalize.
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-Kteily has staked his claim to the Zeitgeist, buying the URL spermking.com and redirecting it to his personal LinkedIn page. He thought about sending the traffic to Legacy’s website but decided against it. “I was like, *But no, I am the sperm king.*”
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-Khaled Kteily, the founder of sperm-test-kit company Legacy, claims he is testing and freezing the most semen in the country. Photo: Noam Galai/Getty Images for TechCrunch
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-**The sperm king** and his rivals are merely the business end of a concern that is working its way through the American psyche with unpredictable results. The interest has been stoked at intervals by Swan, who in 2021 wrote *Count Down,* a book-length expansion on her study. Bearing the arresting subtitle *How Our Modern World Is Threatening Sperm Counts, Altering Male and Female Reproductive Development, and Imperiling the Future of the Human Race,* it attributes the sperm reduction largely to hormone-disrupting pesticides and plastics. In late 2022, she reunited with Levine to publish another, even scarier paper. This one found sperm vanishing not just in Europe and North America but worldwide and at an accelerating rate since 2000.
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-Mainstream awareness of the sperm problem has brought backlash. Some of it is the expected scientific quarreling. Various urologists and fertility specialists accuse Levine and Swan of alarmism and clout chasing; others don’t like their methodology. A group of professors from Harvard, MIT, and elsewhere attacked the research from a different angle, arguing in an academic publication and in Slate that it emboldens men’s-rights groups and white nationalists by fomenting fear of population decrease and ethnic replacement. (“They’re social scientists, not scientists,” Swan says in retort. “They may not understand reproductive epidemiology.”) Incongruously, these critics have found common cause with the likes of Steven Milloy, a climate-change denier and tobacco-industry advocate, and the American Chemistry Council, the chemical industry’s formidable lobbying group. The former has said Swan is “on a crusade” to “scare people” and the latter accuses her of stirring up “chemophobia.”
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-The frothy reception to the sperm research makes sense when you place it in the polarized context of the birth-rate debate. Kteily, whose grandparents are Palestinian, likes to point out that the sperm conversation is inherently political. “The most Orthodox Jews, who live in Jerusalem in particular, literally view it as a moral obligation to have more kids, and part of the reason they do this is to counter-balance Palestinians,” he says. “And what that’s done is take Israel very right wing.” If ultra-Orthodox Israelis maintain their current birth rate of 6.7 children per woman, they will account for a quarter of the country’s population in 2050, roughly doubling their voting power today.
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-Across much of the developed world, birth rates have fallen below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman. Kteily has memorized the stats: Germany, 1.6; South Korea, 0.8; America, 1.7. “People don’t understand what that means,” he says, “which is that in 50 years, South Korea is barely going to exist.” (Estimates give South Korea more like 700 years to go.) Or maybe people do understand what it means. A half-century ago, biologist Paul Ehrlich’s infamous depopulation treatise, *The Population Bomb,* earned him a reputation as a crank and a “doomster.” Now, in the late fossil-fuel era, Malthusian climate pessimism is fairly mainstream; in liberal circles, it is unremarkable to voice environmentalist ambivalence about having children.
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-The promotion of childbearing, meanwhile, has largely become the province of the right, whose biggest recent success in the natalist realm has been the Supreme Court’s decision striking down *Roe* v. *Wade.* In May, students at Cambridge University protested the screening of *Birthgap,* a film about declining birth rates, on feminist grounds. The director found a more appreciative audience on Jordan Peterson’s podcast, where the discussion was titled “The Epidemic That Dare Not Speak Its Name.” The conservative prime minister of Italy, Giorgia Meloni, recently called discussion of natality a “revolutionary act.” Elon Musk, who has nine known children, voices regular concern over the matter.
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-The charged politics of whether the human species should continue to exist is naturally intertwined with the subject of sperm degradation. A progressive who sympathizes with a couple struggling to conceive may shrug her shoulders at talk of a global fertility slump, especially among men. The former sounds heart-wrenching, the latter almost indulgent: *more male status anxiety.* Yet the contours of the sperm-count debate are also unpredictable because the prevailing theory that the crisis was wrought by chemical pollutants makes it harder to write off as a purely right-wing panic. As such, it’s not always obvious who is going to be a sperm hawk and why. The neoagrarian right-wing bodybuilders are tweeting about microplastics; the liberal stalwart Nicholas Kristof warns in the New York *Times* that “something alarming is happening between our legs.”
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-There is an all-American quality to this brand of body paranoia. During the pandemic, Nicki Minaj warned that COVID vaccines were rendering men sterile: “My cousin in Trinidad won’t get the vaccine cuz his friend got it & became impotent. His testicles became swollen. His friend was weeks away from getting married, now the girl called off the wedding.” To my ears, it sounded like a lockdown-era update on General Jack D. Ripper’s *Dr. Strangelove* monologue about the plot to “sap and impurify all of our precious bodily fluids” with fluoridated water. Ripper’s lines were a send-up of the John Birch Society’s fixation on fluoridation, which had previously been opposed by Christian Scientists, before the cause was much later taken up on the left by Ralph Nader.
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-The more one delves into the sperm discourse, the more it seems like a kind of skeleton key to the reordered politics of the moment. The topic tends to attract not typical partisans but dwellers in a murkier, more alienated zone, where suspicion of corporate America meets hyper-masculinity and ecological concerns collide with fad-diet, clean-living orthorexia. If that sounds like the middle of a lunatic Venn diagram that nobody occupies, consider that it’s essentially the niche of Joe Rogan, the world’s most popular podcaster, who naturally did an interview with Swan about plummeting sperm in which they bemoaned the phthalates in our spaghetti sauce and BPF in our water bottles.
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-**Khaled Kteily** grew up in Beirut, attending an English-language prep school before heading to McGill University in Montreal. He’s now 34 and unmarried. He has no children, but he does have 100 vials of his own frozen semen. “I recently decided 2023 is the year I’ve got to take it more seriously,” he says of finding a spouse, as we chat in a café in Williamsburg this spring. “I think I’m actually having a bit of an age crisis. Literally, I’m like, my sperm is declining.” The 100, he admits, is overkill. But he likes to test his own product, compulsively ordering and shipping back kits. (Legacy, now at 40 employees, went remote during the pandemic, and Kteily relocated from Boston to New York.) He is a walking argument for his company: an aspiring but procrastinating father. He’s giving himself until 36 to have kids with live sperm, he says, then will turn to the cryostash.
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-Kteily himself can feel like an unfrozen sample — a charismatic, troublemaking founder from Silicon Valley’s prelapsarian age, before the falls of Holmes, Kalanick, and Neumann. On his iPhone, every single app’s icon has been replaced with Legacy’s little medallion insignia; he’s just memorized which corresponds to what. On courting investment from Orlando Bloom, Kteily says, “I’ve never been less impressed with anyone. It was the shittiest conversation.” Bloom seemed not to care about the larger mission of helping men procreate. “It was like, ‘How much money am I getting?’ ‘You’ll make lots of money.’ He’s like, ‘All right.’”
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-Initially, Legacy’s sperm kit came in a royal-blue box emblazoned with a prep-schoolish coat of arms inspired by Viking mythology and some marketing language about being a “Swiss bank” for your most precious asset. Kteily eventually pivoted to a more discreet, forest-green concept: less *family jewels,* more *family planning.* Legacy now breaks its suite of products into tiers. “For Today” buys you a kit with one at-home sperm test for $375. “For Tomorrow” includes two semen analyses, one STI test, and eight vials with up to five years of cryostorage for $1,195. “Forever” expands the package indefinitely: 12 vials, lifetime cryo, for $5,995. (Cigna, Aetna, and a handful of other insurers will cover a “For Today,” plus at least a year’s worth of storage, depending on the plan.)
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-Legacy shipped a kit to my home. Matryoshka style, the elegant green cube opens onto a cylindrical white foam container, under which is a gel pad, which in turn keeps the “transport media” cool, which is contained in another cylinder, under which is the sample cup and a brochure explaining how to deposit your sample and mail it back to a Legacy lab and storage facility. At that point, the company will tell you if your sperm is problematic, as measured by low marks in volume, concentration, count, motility (movement), or morphology (shape). There is debate about whether motility or morphology is a better predictor of fecundity; some swear by DNA fragmentation analysis, which Legacy offers for an added fee of $195.
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-If Kteily’s early struggle was to convince investors there was a market for his product, now he has to convince consumers that Legacy is the best kit on the market. The company’s rivals are each a little different: Some freeze, some don’t; some are lab-based, some analyze a video you take on your cell phone. But mostly they are competing for the same customer: someone who’d rather not deposit a sample at a clinic. I can relate. I once had my semen tested at the Columbia University Fertility Center in midtown Manhattan. I was prompted with porn on a Windows desktop computer, categorized by genre and housed in the classic little pixelated manila folders. Upon finishing, I passed my cup through a slat in the wall, which carried some peep-show/glory-hole connotations. Unpleasant — but also, at about $200, not as expensive as Kteily would have you believe.
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-As the market has become saturated, the price of Legacy’s test has risen, suggesting a more premium experience. An entry-level test kit used to cost $195, nearly the same price offered by the lower-profile start-up Fellow, which has found a niche partnering with clinics. Legacy recognizes the threat. Once, I Googled Fellow and was presented with a result for Legacy, which billed itself as “A Better Choice Than Fellow.” When I Zoomed with Fellow’s founder and CEO, Will Matthews, who formerly spearheaded *Playboy*’s transition out of nude content, he shared his computer screen with me to show me one of Kteily’s recent LinkedIn posts. In it, Kteily promoted a study showing that at-home kits had been proved as effective as in-person analyses conducted at a clinic. Matthews popped into the comments to tut-tut Kteily: That study was about Fellow’s test, not Legacy’s.\*
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-In his professional life, Kteily happily leans into his sperm-king persona, especially on his “fire” LinkedIn page. But in his personal life, he sometimes keeps his job vague. “You say you run a sperm company, and it’s like the music stops,” he says. “Every guy, almost without fail, needs to make one joke. And the first joke is almost inevitably, like, ‘Oh, so can you guys help me with a sample?’” he says. Given the fertility implications for couples, for the world, this grates on him. “Sperm is funny — until it’s not.”
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-This is true both for men with actual issues procreating and a growing army of culture warriors who view waning counts as part of a full-blown crisis in masculinity. Last year, near the height of his influence at Fox News, Tucker Carlson released a trailer for a 34-minute documentary called *The End of Men.* The aesthetic of the clip was fascist-camp, with footage of muscular guys bathing, chopping lumber, and confidently tanning their genitals. These were, Carlson seemed to be saying, the kind of men men ought to be. Yet when I watched the full film, which was released in October on a Fox streaming service, it was not the polemic against shifting gender norms that I expected. Instead, Carlson meant something more literal by “the end of men.”
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-A still from Tucker Carlson’s documentary *The End of Men*, which features shirtless bodybuilders and guys exposing their testicles to LED lights. Photo: Fox Nation
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-The program opens with black-and-white footage of President John F. Kennedy lamenting the physical fitness of the nation’s youth. “There is nothing I think more unfortunate than to have soft, chubby, fat-looking children,” he says, advocating for young people to “participate fully in a vigorous and adventurous life.” The film cuts to a present-day interview with his nephew [Robert F. Kennedy Jr.](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/robert-f-kennedy-jr-2024-presidential-campaign-democratic-primary.html), who is currently running for president as a Democrat, discussing the drop in testosterone and sperm counts. *The End of Men* turns out to be about physical health more than ideology. It attributes America’s steady demasculinization not just to the modern sedentary lifestyle but to literal environmental estrogens — endocrine-disrupting chemicals affecting male hormonal composition. “Our children are swimming in a toxic soup, and no one seems to care,” Carlson narrates. The program includes sad images of factory-farmed calves; one speaker praises regenerative agriculture. If you ignore the shirtless musclemen drinking tall glasses of raw eggs and pining for a return to a “natural order,” much of what’s in here wouldn’t be out of place in a documentary about Monsanto.
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-One of the program’s recurring characters is a U.K.-based man who goes by the pseudonym Raw Egg Nationalist. He’s a very online member of several overlapping cohorts, including the meat-eating reactionaries known as the Right-Wing Bodybuilders and the so-called bro scientists, who can be found tweeting journal abstracts. Last year, Raw Egg published a manifesto-cookbook called *The Eggs Benedict Option,* its title a play on Rod Dreher’s localist-spiritual tract, *The Benedict Option.* (He is indebted, in style and substance, to Bronze Age Pervert, the alpha poster in this space.) Raw Egg’s outlook, which marries antipathy to Big Ag and Big Pharma with a yearning for bygone virility, is that modern life has become anti-biological. He regularly derides “soy globalism” — an update on the older “soy boy” insult, whereby the real target isn’t so much the vegan weakling but a synthetic, corporatized culture in general. (Anti-vaccine sentiment can be easily shoehorned into this paradigm.)
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-In any case, contemporary sperm politics is such that Raw Egg’s synopsis of Swan’s *Count Down,* published in a Claremont Institute publication called the American Mind, sounds virtually indistinguishable from the version Erin Brockovich wrote for *The Guardian.* “Plastics, electronic equipment, packaging, pesticides, cosmetics, and personal hygiene products all contain chemicals that are known to interfere with the body’s hormonal balance,” Raw Egg wrote. “These chemicals are causing all manner of reproductive defects, ranging from malformed genitals to sperm that can’t swim properly.”
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-*The End of Men* captures an anti-modern strain coursing through what some are calling the new right. Last month, in the *New Statesman,* the right-populist intellectual Sohrab Ahmari dubbed Raw Egg and his ilk the “Unabomber right” for what he sees as their misguided response to valid concerns over the dehumanizing effects of industrialization. (Theodore Kaczynski, who had no children, wrote in his manifesto, “Revolutionaries should have as many children as they can.”) “But where the Unabomber resorted to terrorism to disrupt what he called the ‘power process,’” Ahmari wrote, “today’s rightists mostly dabble in edgy memes and lifestyle escapism: the dream that weightlifting, ‘clean eating’ and the like are how you resist Davos Man.” Somewhat more sympathetically, in *Vanity Fair,* James Pogue described *The End of Men* and its protagonists as reacting against forces that had severed “our connection to our corporeality.”
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-As if by algorithmic decree, the hosts of the *Red Scare* podcast have also weighed in on sperm decline and its Cassandras. As one of them summed up the Carlson program, “All this stuff used to be associated with leftist hippies and is now associated with right-wing nationalists.”
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-Arguably, it’s more mixed up than that. In December, shortly after the most recent spermpocalypse study was published, Carlson invited Kteily to appear on his Fox News show. Kteily hemmed and hawed. On one hand, here was a massive platform hosted by someone worried about sperm. On the other hand, the nature of that platform would make it challenging to talk about his product in a way that wouldn’t alienate potential customers. The transgender market, it turns out, is a critical segment of Legacy’s clientele. As the number of male-to-female gender transitions increases, so does the demand for sperm freezing, as clients want to preserve their chance at conception after a medical procedure. He played out the worst-case scenario. “I say ‘people with sperm,’ and he’d be like, ‘Oh, you mean *men*?’ And then that’d put me in a situation where I bring up trans people and then he goes to town on me and I probably fumble.” Kteily turned down the invitation.
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-Simone and Malcolm Collins, a natalist power couple, at home with their three children. They hope to expand their brood to a total of 13. Photo: Winnie Au
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-**Global semen quality is not** exclusively the concern of opportunistic start-ups and the underground right. [Malcolm and Simone Collins](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/family/life/pronatalists-save-mankind-by-having-babies-silicon-valley/) are perhaps best described as the tech world’s preeminent pronatalist power couple. Malcolm used to work as a venture capitalist in South Korea; Simone was the managing director of Dialog, a social club co-founded by [Peter Thiel](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/peter-thiel-silicon-valley-contrarian-max-chafkin.html). They have three kids, are aiming for seven to 13, and lead numerous initiatives aimed at reversing birth-rate decline.
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-We met in Manhattan for drinks recently, and Malcolm ordered a light beer. Simone, feeding a bottle to their infant daughter, Titan, explained that he was trying to limit alcohol intake on the grounds that too much might impair sperm health. She mentioned a Swan study that found that phthalates in the urine of women in the early stages of pregnancy correlated with reduced “anogenital distance” — the area between the scrotum and anus — in boys they gave birth to. (AGD has been linked to low sperm counts. The *Financial Times,* in a June profile of the octogenarian Swan, primly noted her use of the terms *ass-ball connector, taint, gooch,* and *grundle.*) “The same people who encourage us to fundraise for pro-natalism,” Simone said, “are also encouraging us to fundraise for active research in endocrine disruptors and declining fertility.”
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-Both the Collinses and Raw Egg Nationalist are scheduled to appear at Natal, a pro-procreation conference taking place in Austin this December. But they don’t quite share the politics of *The End of Men* crowd. They consider themselves more socially tolerant, and their preferred solutions are not macho lifestyle hacks but tech-accelerationist moonshots: artificial wombs and in vitro gametogenesis, the turning of various human cells into sperm or eggs. (One notable IVG start-up is Conception, backed by OpenAI co-founder Sam Altman.) Last year, an Insider reporter asked the Collinses what distinguished their objective from that of Gilead, the breeder dystopia of Margaret Atwood’s *The Handmaid’s Tale.* They insist that Gilead is the danger, not the goal; in the novel, mass infertility is wrought partly by pollutants.
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-Pro-growth centrists such as Tyler Cowen and Matt Yglesias — author of the more-people-is-good book *One Billion Americans* — worry about the effect of fertility decline on economic stagnation. Skittish East Asian governments are spending heavily on programs to incentivize childbearing. Yet to many on the left, there remains something discomfiting about the subject. The Collinses have been called “hipster eugenicists,” partly because they did genetic testing on their embryos before conceiving and partly because of the “Great Replacement” connotations. (For what it’s worth, the Collinses are not hipsters but fairly conspicuous exurban squares.) Malcolm argues his liberal critics have it backward. Politically, he says, the left needs to start reproducing more or else *they* will be replaced. “Their fertility rate is so low,” Malcolm says. “This urban monoculture that dominates our political and economic life today is temporary. We believe in cultural pluralism, so we’re out here recruiting.”
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-When I started looking into the start-ups endeavoring to address sperm health, I often heard them described in progressive terms. In the spring, I met a Brooklyn health-tech investor named Leslie Schrock. (She has a stake in Legacy.) Schrock, who has two boys, and who has had three miscarriages, makes a point of focusing on sperm in her latest book, *Fertility Rules.* Far from a manosphere preoccupation, she sees sperm as something we don’t talk about enough, a word that elicits squirms or puerile jokes in a way that talk of ovaries does not. (This taboo may explain why TikTok keeps blocking Legacy from advertising sperm-freezing on its platform, offering shifting explanations for why.) “Nothing’s going to change in women’s health until men take fertility more seriously,” she says, as we chat on the Brooklyn Heights Promenade. In other words, men roam the earth assuming their sperm is healthy, while their female partners are downing prenatal vitamins, cutting out booze, freezing their eggs, and generally trying to optimize their ability to bear children. “Women are acting as treatment surrogates for men in assisted reproduction. They’re getting unnecessary IVF treatments for sure.”
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-Gender parity aside, there is the *Silent Spring* of it all. Recently, the New York *Times* published an op-ed about the unreal proliferation of microplastics — in our clothes, in the Mariana Trench, in our bowel movements, atop Mount Everest. The author argued that the issue had something for everyone: birth-rate concerns for conservatives, ecological ones for liberals. The journalist Anna Sussman, in her review of Swan’s *Count Down* in the *New York Review of Books,* argued such a distinction was false — that the standard right-left labels simply don’t apply to a problem this big. “Women in coastal Bangladesh are reporting higher rates of miscarriage, which has been linked to the increased salinity of their drinking water caused by sea-level rise; children of pesticide applicators are born with higher rates of birth defects,” she wrote. “In such conditions, the prospect of reproductive ‘choice’ becomes moot. Unlike the middle-class American activists choosing childlessness,” in these vulnerable populations “childlessness is choosing them.”
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-**All this agita** presupposes that Spermageddon is actually happening. As long as there has been sperm-decline research, there have been sperm-decline skeptics. Harry Fisch, a urologist and former longtime male-fertility expert at Columbia University, has been railing against suspected Chicken Littles since the 1990s, when an earlier scary-sperm-crisis paper dropped. When we spoke, Fisch volunteered a rather creative rebuttal to the latest research. Perhaps because Swan and Levine studied subjects who were unaware of their fertility status — a supposed strength of the study — oblivious college-aged men were overrepresented. Fisch thought of his sons. What do college-age men do? They drink and smoke weed and do other potentially sperm-degrading activities.
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-Paul Turek, a renowned Beverly Hills urologist (and an adviser to Legacy), says he hasn’t noticed any systemic decline in his practice. But if it is real, it makes evolutionary sense. “If you look at monkeys and chimps who are polyamorous, they have big testicles, bigger than humans, with sperm counts in the one billion sperm per ejaculate” because there’s a war among males for females. In contrast, orangutans and gorillas occupy harems in which one male dominates, and their counts are closer to 20 million per ejaculate. In other words, Turek seems to be saying, sperm is trending downward because men aren’t in fierce competition to spread their seed widely.
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-Turek hypothesizes that there is a divide between clinicians like him and “Ph.D.’s who run statistics” from above. “I think those of us on the ground don’t see it,” he says. “I’m a surgeon. I don’t get alarmed.” When he sees sperm problems, he attributes it to behavioral factors. “Sometimes it’s a hot tub, or obesity, or tobacco,” he says. “Sometimes it’s hormonal; sometimes it’s a flu, fever, COVID. But I would say 90 percent of the time I can figure it out.”
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-In February, the blog Astral Codex Ten, written by the pseudonymous rationalist blogger Scott Alexander, published an exhaustive review of the academic literature around sperm counts. Applying cold, left-brained analysis to the subject matter, he laid out the implications: If the decrease is real, “people will point to the hundreds of studies demonstrating it and prestigious scientists pushing it. Doubters will be compared to global-warming denialists, ignoring science in order to continue their fantasy of consequence-free pollution.” If it isn’t real, it will seem like a “classic panic of fragile masculinity.” He concluded that in retrospect “it will feel obvious that one side was right all along.” At the end of several thousand words, Alexander couldn’t make up his mind which side was right.
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-Perhaps the strongest argument against the doom and gloom is that sperm counts alone are not a good predictor of fertility potential, at least until one gets below a very low threshold. Kteily, who has a vested interest in exactly the opposite narrative, will concede the point. “I don’t think you can confidently say low sperm counts are leading to the birth-rate decline,” he says, ticking off a number of contributing factors. “We’re choosing to lead more individualistic lives; chemicals are affecting our ability to reproduce; it’s more expensive than ever to have children.”
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-Kteily thinks the trend lines are worrisome enough to justify buying a backup plan. Besides, maybe Legacy can one day transcend its current offerings. Sperm is understood as a biomarker for overall health, and the semen in cryostorage might contain valuable data. “Imagine we could tell you, ‘Hey, you smoke. You stop smoking, your sperm motility is going to go up by 10 percent. And we know this because we have 100 people like you,’” Kteily figures. Still, he anticipates the criticism. “Look, the worst angle you can take on us is, like, we’re a for-profit company trying to make science sound worse than it is in order to make money.”
-
-Like the other kits, Legacy has created a convenient diagnostic — an entry point into conception. But should that diagnostic lead one to pursue a form of assisted reproduction, such as intrauterine insemination (placing healthy, “washed” sperm in the uterus around the time of ovulation) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (a form of in-vitro fertilization in which a single spermatozoon is implanted into an egg), one would likely have to test all over again at a clinic. If the situation is not so dire, improvements in diet or lifestyle may do the trick. Legacy offers supplements, but even Kteily calls them “the least exciting thing we do.”
-
-If existential sperm deterioration is uncertain, but a testing kit can’t really help you if it is real, where does that leave Legacy? At first, the leader of the sperm-kit pack, with its earlier and more impressive rounds of fundraising, was arguably Dadi — not Legacy. When Ro, the telehealth giant, bought Dadi last May, it seemed like bad news for Kteily. But when I visited Ro’s website this spring, there were no sperm kits to be found and the equivalent of an UNDER CONSTRUCTION, PARDON OUR DUST sign under the male-fertility tab. By the summer, I learned, it had shelved the product. A Ro spokesperson told me the company had “paused the relaunch” of its male-fertility offerings and was devoting more of its attention to weight-loss drugs. Was this a Ro problem? Or did it spell trouble for the industry?
-
-Recently, Kteily and I met at a natural-wine bar near his West Village apartment. He is all but singing, “Ding-dong! The witch is dead!” “They shut it down,” he says, convinced of his rival’s collapse. “They shut it down.” He didn’t seem too worried about a sperm-kit-pocalypse. Not only could Legacy now consolidate control over the market, but Dadi’s disappearance may just mean he figured something out that Dadi hadn’t.
-
-The core of Legacy’s business, the profit-driver, isn’t supplements, and it isn’t testing. It’s freezing. Initially, the company had trained its marketing on fertility-curious single men, before shifting its emphasis to couples. The advantage of the pivot, Kteily found, was that they were freezing at a higher rate. The disadvantage: Couples trying to conceive were, well, trying to conceive. They tended to ask Legacy to *unfreeze* the samples and prepare them for use, which cost more time and money than he had hoped. “So now you have, like, flurries of emails back and forth to clinics across the country,” Kteily says. He faced a paradox: The more frequently customers used the service, the less money the company made. More useful to him were customers who weren’t necessarily conceiving and instead using Legacy as a kind of insurance policy.
-
-Couples still use the product plenty, but a more unusual coalition generates the meaningful cash. In addition to transgender customers, who bring in about a fifth of the company’s revenue, another 20 percent comes from people with medical conditions or who work “dangerous jobs” — including servicemembers — who freeze sperm as a genetic safety net. Another fifth of the pie comes from vasectomy patients who are preserving semen in case they change their minds, and a reversal fails. (Kteily says this clientele has shot up in the aftermath of *Roe*’s demise, as more men are using vasectomies as birth control.) For all its outward emphasis on sperm calamity, in other words, the company has found itself capitalizing on entirely unrelated aspects of modern life. Despite the egg-drinkers and natalists poring over *Count Down,* Kteily is following the money toward different sperm-anxious constituencies altogether.
-
-Still, it can’t hurt the bottom line when the headlines move men to contemplate their fertility. In February, a team of Harvard-affiliated researchers published a paper, promoted in a news release with the *Onion*\-esque summary: “Study Shows Higher Sperm Counts in Men Who Lift Heavy Objects.” Accompanying the release was a photo of a man in a flannel shirt, holding a yellow hard hat, standing in front of excavators. Studying 377 men who sought fertility treatment at a Boston facility between 2005 and 2019, the team found that the typical office worker had about half the sperm of a guy performing rigorous labor on the job. The study was made possible by funding from the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences — and Legacy.
-
-\**This story has been corrected to reflect that Kteily shared a study promoting the efficacy of an at-home sperm test, but that he did not claim this study was based on Legacy’s test.*
-
-The Global Sperm Count Decline Has Created Big Business
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-# The Great Alcohol Health Flip-Flop Isn’t That Hard to Understand—if You Know Who Was Behind It
-
- ![A spilt glass of red wine.](https://compote.slate.com/images/2bbcd98f-0ecd-45ca-8edc-62a46837f7ab.jpeg?crop=2000%2C2000%2Cx0%2Cy0)
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-Photo illustration by Slate. Photos by Getty Images Plus.
-
-In 1991 an academic debate spilled out of ivory towers and into the popular imagination. That year, Serge Renaud, a celebrated and charismatic alcohol researcher at the French National Institute for Health and Medical Research—who also hailed from a [winemaking family](https://www.princeofpinot.com/article/1306/) in Bordeaux—made a fateful appearance on *60 Minutes*. Asked why the French had lower rates of cardiovascular disease than Americans did, even though people in both countries consumed high-fat diets, Renaud replied, without missing a beat, “The consumption of alcohol.” Renaud suspected that the so-called French paradox could be explained by the red wine at French dinner tables.
-
-The French paradox quickly found a receptive audience. The day after the episode aired, according to an [account](https://valleytable.com/the-french-paradox-at-20/) in the food magazine the Valley Table, all U.S. airlines ran out of red wine. For the next month, red wine sales in the U.S. spiked by 44 percent. When the show was re-aired in 1992, sales spiked again, by 49 percent, and stayed elevated for years. Wine companies quickly adorned their bottles with neck tags extolling the product’s health benefits, which were backed up by the research that Renaud had been relying on when he made his off-the-cuff claim, and the dozens of studies that followed.
-
-By 1995, the [U.S. dietary guidelines](https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/about-dietary-guidelines/previous-editions/1995-dietary-guidelines) had [removed](https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/about-dietary-guidelines/previous-editions/1990-dietary-guidelines-americans) language that alcohol had “no net benefit.” Marion Nestle, professor emerita of nutrition, food studies, and public health at New York University, was involved in drafting those guidelines. “The evidence in the mid-’90s seemed incontrovertible, whether you liked it or not. And boy, none of the people who were concerned about the effects of alcohol on society liked that research. But they couldn’t find anything wrong with it at the time. And so, there it was; it had to be dealt with. And it got into the dietary guidelines.”
-
-The press ran with it. A New York Times front-page headline announced, “[In an About-Face, U.S. Says Alcohol Has Health Benefits](https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/03/us/in-an-about-face-us-says-alcohol-has-health-benefits.html).” The assistant secretary of health said at the time, “In my personal view, wine with meals in moderation is beneficial. There was a significant bias in the past against drinking. To move from antialcohol to health benefits is a big change.”
-
-Physicians were also changing their tunes. One influential alcohol researcher, R. Curtis Ellison—who made a cameo on that infamous *60 Minutes* episode about the French paradox—[wrote](https://www.winespectator.com/articles/heres-to-your-health-7935) in Wine Spectator in 1998, “You should consume alcohol on a regular basis, perhaps daily. Some might even say that it is dangerous to go more than 24 hours without a drink.”
-
-The results live in all of our heads: There’s nothing wrong with a glass of wine with dinner every night, right? After all, years of studies have suggested that small amounts of alcohol can favorably tweak cholesterol levels, keeping arteries clear of gunk and reducing coronary heart disease. Moderate alcohol use has been endorsed by many doctors and public health officials for years. We’ve all seen the Times headlines.
-
-Now, 25 years later, you’re likely feeling a fair bit of whiplash. According to new guidelines released in recent months by the [World Health Organization](https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/04-01-2023-no-level-of-alcohol-consumption-is-safe-for-our-health), the [World Heart Federation](https://world-heart-federation.org/wp-content/uploads/WHF-Policy-Brief-Alcohol.pdf), and the [Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse and Addiction](https://www.ccsa.ca/canadas-guidance-alcohol-and-health-final-report), the safest level of drinking is—brace yourself—not a single drop.
-
-“Mainstream scientific opinion has flipped,” said Tim Stockwell, a professor at the University of Victoria who was on the expert panel that rewrote Canada’s guidance on alcohol and health. Last month, Stockwell and others published a [new major study](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2802963) rounding up nearly 40 years of research in some 5 million patients, concluding that previous research was so conceptually flawed that alcohol’s supposed health benefits were mostly a statistical mirage. [Much different headlines followed.](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/13/well/mind/alcohol-health-effects.html)
-
-If you’re anything like me, you are greeting this most unfun of news with mild dismay but also great confusion. Why was it common knowledge yesterday that alcohol in moderation is good for you, but it’s common knowledge today that no amount of alcohol is OK? A closer look at how alcohol’s so-called cardioprotective effect gripped science and the culture reveals what led to the biggest flip-flop in health and lifestyle advice in recent memory. One entity that was never far away: the alcohol industry.
-
-In 1974, a cardiologist at Kaiser Permanente in California published a provocative finding. Arthur Klatsky reported that among the 464 patients he and his colleagues were studying, heart attacks were highest among those who *abstained* from drinking alcohol. [The paper](https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/0003-4819-81-3-294) was novel in that unlike previous studies, it controlled for several risk factors, including smoking—which is highly correlated with drinking, and can muddle epidemiological conclusions. It suggested that some alcohol was better for heart health than none at all. Scientists had been arguing over alcohol’s potential heart benefits for decades**,** and this finding supercharged the debate in the modern era of evidence-based medicine.
-
-More good news for drinkers followed. In 1977 and 1980, researchers published findings from [a study](https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM197708252970801) of nearly 8,000 men of Japanese descent living in Oahu, Hawaii, that investigated whether adopting a more Westernized lifestyle increased the low rates of coronary heart disease among Japanese people. The moderate drinkers fared better than the rest of the group. Then, in 1986, a major multigenerational study reported that moderate-drinking men in Framingham, Massachusetts, were 40 percent less likely to die of coronary heart disease. Both the [Honolulu Heart Study](https://www.amjmed.com/article/0002-9343(80)90350-2/pdf) and the [Framingham Heart Study](https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-abstract/124/3/481/113354) aligned with Klatsky’s findings. The research wasn’t exactly saying that alcohol was categorically healthy. The association is now called the “J-shaped curve,” because when cardiovascular outcomes are graphically plotted against number of drinks, the resulting curve resembles the letter J: Abstainers have a slightly elevated risk of heart disease, moderate drinkers have the lowest risk, and then the risk returns with a vengeance the more you drink.
-
-![A graph plotting "cardiovascular outcomes" and "drinks," with a J-shaped positive correlation between the two.](https://compote.slate.com/images/baa3be5a-13f2-407f-bd20-e93487d3e58d.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0)
-
-Photo illustration by Slate. Photo by Getty Images Plus.
-
-Since these seminal studies, the J-shaped curve has been documented in [dozens of observational studies](https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d671) totaling more than a million patients. On balance, they suggest that about one drink per day correlates with 14 to 25 percent less cardiovascular disease or death compared with abstaining. Several studies looking at “all-cause mortality” found that moderate drinkers were 14 to 20 percent less likely to die of *anything* than abstainers or heavy drinkers were. And while the initial excitement was about wine, some of the research focused on beer, with many papers not distinguishing between types of drinks. In theory, any type of alcohol should have the same cardioprotective effect.  
-
-Even though these observational studies can’t establish causation, the J-shaped curve is [biologically plausible](https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d636). As early [as 1973](https://www.bmj.com/content/319/7224/1523/related#datasupp), scientists discovered that alcohol [raises](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10591709/) levels of [good cholesterol](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8247033/), and subsequent research showed that it [decreases molecules](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8814972/) that lead to blood clots. In 1994 researchers at Stanford University and the Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Medical Center found that alcohol may even [increase insulin sensitivity](https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/17/2/115/18039/Light-to-Moderate-Alcohol-Intake-Is-Associated), which could account for an [observed reduction](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10857962/) in the risk of diabetes, which is itself a major risk factor for heart attacks.
-
-An idea emerged in the literature that consistent, low levels of alcohol were acting like a vascular solvent, keeping arteries unclogged and preventing health problems down the road. Given this body of epidemiological and biomedical research, it was a reasonable scientific position to take that light drinking was good for some aspects of your health—though actually going so far as to *recommend* it created a dilemma for public health agencies, due to other known downsides.
-
-Alcohol’s potential health benefits so distressed health authorities that, in a stunning bit of bureaucratic overreach, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [suppressed](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895435696003721) the results of the Framingham Heart Study for a full 14 years. “An article which openly invites the encouragement of undertaking drinking with the implication of prevention of coronary heart disease would be scientifically misleading and socially undesirable in view of the major health problem of alcoholism that already exists in the country,” wrote an associate director of the institute.
-
-Then came 1991, Renaud’s *60 Minutes* appearance, and a French paradox that the public couldn’t resist.
-
-Ellison, the alcohol researcher who suggested it was “dangerous” not to drink for a day, went on to essentially recommend that physicians prescribe alcohol to their nondrinking patients. A cottage industry of research popped up to explore whether antioxidant compounds such as resveratrol could account for red wine’s salubrious properties. For a few carefree years, it seemed as if we could tuck into as much foie gras as we wanted so long as we washed it down with a glass of Beaujolais.
-
-At least one researcher had doubts all along. In 1988, before the media circus began and the guidelines flipped, [Gerald Shaper](https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/andrew-gerald-shaper), an epidemiologist in London, put forth what is called the “[sick-quitter hypothesis](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2904004/).” According to Shaper, it was possible that abstainers like those in Klatsky’s study and the Honolulu Heart Study had quit drinking *because* they had already developed a health problem. If abstainers were sicker, then moderate drinkers would look healthier.
-
-To put his idea to the test, he analyzed the data from a [major study](https://www.ucl.ac.uk/epidemiology-health-care/research/primary-care-and-population-health/research/brhs), the British Regional Heart Study, but added a twist. He compared abstainers and moderate drinkers, just as in the original study—then separated them by preexisting cardiovascular disease. That way, he could compare groups of men with similar cardiovascular health profiles. The J-shaped curve vanished. In Shaper’s view, alcohol’s supposed health benefits were an artifact of number crunching. Writing in the Lancet, he [lobbed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2904004/) the academic equivalent of a verbal grenade: “It seems that any analysis which uses non-drinkers or occasional drinkers as a baseline is likely to be misleading.”
-
-Shaper’s ideas were soundly dismissed. “He was rounded up and beaten by his colleagues academically,” Stockwell said.
-
-Then, in the mid-2000s, Kaye Middleton Fillmore, an enterprising scientist at the University of California, San Francisco, decided to revive Shaper’s line of research. She teamed up with Stockwell, then the director of Australia’s National Drug Research Institute. Fillmore and Stockwell pooled the findings of decades’ worth of research, but they excluded studies that lumped together nondrinkers and ex-drinkers so they could avoid the sick-quitter problem. When [they did this](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1047279707000075), once again, the J-shaped curve disappeared.
-
-Like Shaper two decades earlier, Fillmore and her colleagues were dragged through the mud. A [group of leading researchers](https://www.alcoholresearchforum.org/critique-183/) accused them of cherry-picking and faulty analysis. In a forum in which these researchers discussed the work of Fillmore and others, one researcher, Ulrich Keil, commented, “Many scientists, or so-called scientists, have great problems to discern between their emotions and the scientific data.” Meeting notes suggest that several other researchers supported Keil’s statement. Basically, scientists like Fillmore needed to both lighten up and think more rationally—perhaps by pouring themselves a whiskey.
-
-That pro-alcohol attitude eventually yielded to mounting evidence. Fillmore died in 2013, but research from the past 10 years has corroborated her work, as studies using bigger data sets and more-sophisticated statistical methods [keep](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)30134-X/fulltext) [flattening](https://www.thelancet.com/article/S0140-6736(18)31310-2/fulltext) the famed J-shaped curve. Take one [representative study](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/acer.13886), conducted by Sarah Hartz, a professor of psychiatry at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. She sidestepped the sick-quitter problem by using the lightest group of drinkers (once per month) as the reference group. She conducted her study in two large data sets, meaning that it was both statistically powered to detect small differences and possible to control for all sorts of confounding factors. Hartz found hints only of a J-shaped curve; in her study, the people least likely to die of anything weren’t the lightest group of drinkers but those who drank three times per week, for an average of about half a drink a day, which is a decidedly unsatisfying amount of alcohol. The effect was there, but barely. “I love to drink,” Hartz said, “and I worked really hard to not have this result. I stood on my head and did jumping jacks—I did all kinds of statistical acrobatics—to try to see if I could get this not to be what’s happening.”
-
-Meanwhile, it grew increasingly difficult to pin the French paradox on wine alone. Yes, French people drink more red wine, but they also eat more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and olive oil, as well as modest amounts of meat—and in [smaller portions](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/aug/25/health.france). In other words, pretty close to the Mediterranean diet, which, as loads of research has [demonstrated](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33143083/), bolsters cardiovascular health and may account for [low obesity rates](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930055/) in France. It also turns out that, for some reason, the French significantly underreport heart disease on death certificates, according to a [WHO investigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8026046/). Add all this up, and the French people start to seem less paradoxical. And all that research into red wine as an antioxidant superfood? You’d have to drink life-threatening quantities of wine a day to get protective amounts of micronutrients like resveratrol. Even studies that packaged resveratrol into a pill [were duds](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25885871/).
-
-But the bad news about drinking was only getting worse. Just as alcohol’s heart-healthy reputation was taking a hit, evidence was piling up that it was a bigger cause of cancer than previously thought. The WHO had [declared](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6421508/) alcohol a carcinogen as early as 1988, citing “sufficient evidence,” but in the years that followed, this evidence grew more and more alarming. We now know that any amount of alcohol increases the risk of cancer—particularly [breast cancer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22045766/). Drinking also [increases](https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2017.76.1155) the risk of liver, mouth, colon, and other cancers. And it’s not just heavy drinking: Cancer risk increases infinitesimally with each sip, in part because alcohol [is metabolically converted](https://www.nature.com/articles/nrc2191) into acetaldehyde, which damages DNA.
-
-One team of scientists [computed](https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-6576-9) a “cigarette-equivalent of population cancer harm” and found that in terms of lifetime cancer risk, drinking a bottle of wine a week is like, for men, smoking five cigarettes or, for women, 10 cigarettes a week. Almost 4 percent of cancers diagnosed worldwide in 2020 were due to drinking, according to the WHO. In the U.S., that adds up to about 75,000 cancer cases and 19,000 cancer deaths each year. It’s estimated that 15 percent of all breast cancers are due to drinking. And yet, people seem blissfully unaware of this: A [recent study](https://www.aicr.org/assets/docs/pdf/reports/AICR%20Cancer%20Awareness%20Report%202017_jan17%202017.pdf) found that only 39 percent of Americans were aware that alcohol can cause cancer, compared with 93 percent with tobacco. In [another study](https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2023/cancer-alcohol-link-public-awareness), 10 percent of people even believed that alcohol *prevented* cancer.
-
-Jürgen Rehm, a senior scientist at the University of Toronto’s Centre for Addiction and Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, endorses the new stricter drinking guidelines but still believes there’s a J-shaped curve for heart disease. “Now, I think that dip is smaller than I thought 10 to 15 years ago,” he said. But, he argued, public health agencies must look at the totality of the data. Even if the current state of knowledge can’t rule out a theoretical level at which drinking is beneficial to the heart, it’s undeniable that alcohol is associated with many other killers, from car accidents to cancer. “No matter if there is this dip for heart disease, there is a risk for cancer, there is a risk for some other diseases, and those have to be weighed against each other,” Rehm said.
-
-Hartz put it more bluntly: “Your body isn’t just the heart. We shouldn’t give people a known carcinogen to help their cardiovascular health.”
-
-That might seem pretty obvious. But it wasn’t just data that was driving the alcohol recommendations.
-
-The history of Big Alcohol’s involvement in the science is as complex as an aged cabernet and as potent as Everclear. Experts I spoke with pointed to at least three ways the industry has tried to shape the scientific landscape to its liking. First, it employed classic industry subversion techniques, attempting to rig significant studies. Second, it strategically amplified the work of scientists without tainting the literature itself. And third, it deftly exploited a culture war that’s been simmering since Prohibition and that molds the scientific questions being asked in the first place.
-
-Let’s start with a brazen attempt to rig a study. Launched in 2015, the Moderate Alcohol and Cardiovascular Health Trial would have been the first large randomized control trial on moderate alcohol consumption and health. In a [controversial arrangement](https://www.wired.com/story/a-massive-health-study-on-booze-brought-to-you-by-big-alcohol/), five major beverage corporations mostly footed the bill. However, just as the study was recruiting patients, the New York Times [exposed](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/17/health/nih-alcohol-study-liquor-industry.html) that the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism had allowed industry leaders to review the study’s design and vet principal investigators. The study’s lead investigator and NIAAA staff even [assured](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/18/health/nih-alcohol-study.html) an industry group that the trial would show that moderate drinking was safe. Ultimately, the NIH director halted the trial, citing crossed ethical lines that left people “frankly shocked.”
-
-But this kind of heavy-handed effort to bias science hasn’t been the industry’s most used, or most effective, tactic over the years. Instead of rigging studies directly, Big Alcohol can support scientists and promote studies aligned with its interests. Here’s how that works: In the 1960s, the industry launched a concerted effort to bankroll scientists. Major beer companies collaborated with Thomas Turner, a former dean of Johns Hopkins University medical school, to create what’s now called the Foundation for Alcohol Research. Turner’s book, *Forward Together: Industry and Academia*, reveals that the foundation funded more than 500 studies and awarded grants to numerous universities and researchers. Among them was Arthur Klatsky of Kaiser Permanente, who received $1.7 million in research funds in the years following his seminal 1974 study. Funding has made its way from beverage manufacturers to scientists in other ways too. R. Curtis Ellison, the prominent doctor who appeared on *60 Minutes* and made the quip about the dangers of skipping a daily drink, [received](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.12384) unrestricted “educational” donations from the industry for years.
-
-The effects of industry funding, which can come without strings or input on the study design, are always hard to sort out. According to Marion Nestle, the NYU professor who has studied industry influence in nutrition science, “It’s more complicated than bribery.”
-
-In the case of drinking, it is not fair to say that Big Alcohol’s money always results in a slew of outright favorable research, according to a 2015 [](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4441279/)[analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4441279/) by Jim McCambridge, chair in Addictive Behaviours and Public Health at the University of York. In an analysis of 84 studies published between 1983 and 2009, McCambridge and a colleague investigated the influence of disclosed and undisclosed industry funding on the body of knowledge surrounding alcohol’s protective effects against cardiovascular disease. Their findings revealed that, except in the case of stroke, alcohol industry funding did not appear to sway the results. But in a compelling [follow-up study](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8586735/), McCambridge and another colleague uncovered a significant bias in systematic reviews, or roundups of studies, which often guide policy decisions. Their analysis showed that all reviews by authors with ties to the alcohol industry reported health-protective effects of alcohol, while those without such ties were evenly split. So the industry isn’t necessarily buying off researchers to produce bogus science. But it can exert influence more subtly by funding research broadly, and then selectively amplifying sympathetic scientists and favorable findings.
-
-Take the work of Klatsky, who has received industry funding but whom I wouldn’t characterize as an industry shill. He has published unflattering research showing that drinkers had [elevated blood pressure](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/854058/), and he published an [early study](https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/48/8/2284/493642/Alcohol-Consumption-and-the-Risk-of-Breast-Cancer) on alcohol and breast cancer. But it was Klatsky’s work on the cardioprotective effect that got the most attention from beverage companies, who would package up studies like his into talking points for policymakers. The industry didn’t need *all* studies to tilt in its favor—it had only to emphasize the positive ones to paint a skewed picture of the science (one that the American public, which, in the 1980s, was seeing [an explosion in personal health advice](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2190/3H2H-3XJN-3KAY-G9NY?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&), was all too happy to cheers to). The reality is, a small cardiovascular effect is more a biological curiosity than a basis for policy. And yet, because it legitimizes daily drinking, it has played an outsize role in the public debate over alcohol and health.
-
-![A group of four wineglasses, with each holding less wine than the last.](https://compote.slate.com/images/e2d37fe3-7c52-4995-92b2-6d5b90291f7b.jpeg?crop=1560%2C1040%2Cx0%2Cy0)
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-Photo illustration by Slate. Photo by Getty Images Plus.
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-But the industry’s greatest triumph lies not in rigging studies or even selective amplification, but rather in a far more subtle and intriguing long game that has unfolded over decades, dating back to Prohibition. In the early 20th century, the temperance movement was fueled by the conviction that alcohol was a nefarious substance wreaking havoc on society, causing physical, social, and moral damage to all who indulged. This mindset led to sweeping restrictions on alcohol availability, culminating in Prohibition. Though that policy ultimately crumbled under the weight of its own failures, temperance thinking persisted, inspiring a push for broad alcohol regulation throughout the 1930s, [such as](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3350105) strict licensing requirements for bars, bans on the sale of hard liquor, and age restrictions.
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-At the same time, a new perspective emerged that the problem with alcohol lay in alcoholism, a condition afflicting only a small number of people. This perspective suggested that the solution wasn’t to impose broad alcohol regulation—which would, in this view, hardly affect alcoholics—but to offer specialized assistance to the unfortunate few battling the disease. Organizations like Alcoholics Anonymous popped up, simultaneously embracing and perpetuating the fervent focus on a small cohort of people as the issue with drinking.
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-The newly legal alcohol industry realized the strategic advantages of the emerging alcoholism movement to its policy goals, so it quickly maneuvered to ensure that science embraced this viewpoint. Post-Prohibition, when alcohol researchers established the Research Council on Problems of Alcohol to monitor potential issues arising from legalized beer and wine, the industry quickly got involved. Struggling for funding, the council accepted industry support, which in turn influenced the types of research questions the brand-new council could ask. As a result, the group [shifted](http://www.roizen.com/ron/disspref.htm) its research focus *exclusively* to alcoholism, sidelining other issues, like alcohol’s role in crime, poverty, or other broader social issues.
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-Over the next few decades, the alcoholism viewpoint dominated. In 1970 it was enshrined in the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, whose mission is to investigate alcoholism as a disease, not alcohol as a public health problem. The industry didn’t have to keep shelling out money to further this viewpoint—it had baked it into the way the field had evolved. “The senior NIAAA people are not trained in public health. They just view it as an optional element of the science,” McCambridge said. The important thing to the NIAAA is helping people with addiction; the rest of us just needed to, as the industry tag line puts it, “drink responsibly.”
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-The industry triumphed in reframing the debate because it tapped into an even deeper cultural tension than an argument over alcohol’s health risks and benefits. Banning alcohol was part of an ongoing ideological battle between limiting personal freedoms for the sake of public health and championing personal responsibility. This debate echoes across many public health issues (Exhibit A: COVID-19). And scientists are not immune to taking sides. That’s why figures like Shaper, Stockwell, and Fillmore are accused of being finger-wagging nags, while doctors like Ellison are smeared as industry pawns jeopardizing public health for financial gain. Though the alcohol industry does not create these social dynamics, it has played a pivotal role in promoting personal responsibility not just in ads but in scientific institutions. It is a subtle and powerful sort of influence that is perhaps not remarkable but still surprising: that an industry can shape our perceptions so deeply about that glass of wine we might drink with dinner each night.
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-As the scientists who championed the French paradox begin to retire and the industry loses allies within academia, viewpoints like Fillmore’s and Stockwell’s are gaining traction. Yes, it has become challenging to overlook the fact that the French paradox has crumbled, the J-shaped curve has nearly disappeared, and the negative effects of alcohol are, well, pretty bad. But there’s also a cultural shift afoot—alcohol research and possibly policy are once again focusing on the broad effects of alcohol consumption on public health, not just alcoholics. Officials from organizations like the WHO can now advocate for a broader view of alcohol-related harm without facing the same level of scientific resistance. In that sense, what we’re seeing now is less a flip-flop than the demise of industry stalling tactics—and a gradual but real shift in science and culture.
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-OK, but maybe you clicked on this piece because you really do want to know if you should dump your martini down the sink. My read of the literature is that *very* light drinking (think half a drink a day) might slightly reduce the risk of a heart attack in older adults, but even then, the negative effects on overall health outweigh the benefits. The truth is that as little as one drink a day increases the chances you’ll die sooner, and heavier drinking leads to various other health and behavioral issues—making alcohol the [seventh-highest](https://www.thelancet.com/article/S0140-6736(18)31310-2/fulltext) cause of death and disability worldwide. From a public health perspective, reducing per capita alcohol consumption saves lives, full stop.
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-But from the perspective of an individual drinker, it’s less dire. The reason is that the absolute risks we’re talking about are somewhat small. To put these risks in perspective, Hartz, the Washington University researcher, crunched some numbers for me. A middle-aged man’s baseline risk of dying of any cause in the next five years of his life is 2.9 percent. If he upped his drinking from a few drinks a week to a few drinks a day, this risk would rise to 3.6 percent, or an absolute risk increase of 0.7 percentage points. What this means is that if 143 middle-aged men drink once a day, there might be, in the near-term, one additional death, while the remaining 142 men would be unaffected. Or take breast cancer. As the physician Aaron E. Carroll [calculated](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/10/upshot/health-alcohol-cancer-research.html) in a New York Times article, if 1,667 40-year-old women started drinking lightly, an additional woman would develop breast cancer before turning 50, while the remaining 1,666 women would be unaffected. These are risks to take seriously, but they aren’t death sentences. On the flip side, the chance of a heart benefit from light drinking, if it exists, would be pretty small too. And any risks likely vary from person to person: An older man with a history of heart problems conceivably could benefit from very light drinking, whereas a woman at high risk of breast cancer might not. Yes, these numbers might add up to a lot of deaths and disability when we’re talking about the global population, but they aren’t reason for any individual person to panic.
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-Alcohol, especially wine, has basked in the warm glow of what industry insiders call a “health halo.” Consumers not only think it’s relatively harmless (which is true at low levels) but also actively beneficial (which is likely false). The updated guidelines simply mark the fading of this radiant aura, rather than signaling a return to Prohibition. “The main message is *not* that drinking is bad. It’s that drinking isn’t good. Those are two different things,” Hartz said. “Like, cake isn’t good for you. Getting in a car isn’t safe. Life has risks associated with it, and I think drinking is one of them.”
-
--   [Beer](https://slate.com/tag/beer)
--   [History](https://slate.com/tag/history)
--   [Science](https://slate.com/tag/science)
--   [Drink](https://slate.com/tag/drink)
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-Date: 2023-02-26
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-TimeStamp: 2023-02-26
-Link: https://www.eater.com/23601331/din-tai-fung-la-los-angeles-glendale-americana?ref=the-browser
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-# The Great Dumpling Drama of Glendale, California
-
-
-  ![An illustrated, retro arcade game screen shows a dumpling, with hands in mid-play.](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Y8tUtHMIPOx_1qcS0moHA7YoA7U=/0x0:3000x2000/1200x675/filters:focal(1260x760:1740x1240)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72001425/11_Arcade.0.jpg)Pablo Espinosa Gutiérrez
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-Taiwanese chain Din Tai Fung is at the center of an all-out tug-of-war between two of LA’s biggest malls, but the fight says something even bigger about the future of the mall itself
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-by Feb 22, 2023, 9:15am EST
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-[![](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24432556/Recirc_Mall_Food.png)](https://www.eater.com/e/23362491)
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-Perhaps we should start with the dumplings themselves, which are, of course, delicious. Worth the trip. Worth planning the trip around. Particularly the soup dumplings, or xiao long bao, which are — you could argue, and I would — the platonic ideal of the form: silky, broth-filled little clouds that explode inside your mouth upon impact. An all-timer of a dumping.
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-And that, more or less, is the most you will hear about the food made at the wildly popular Taiwanese dumpling chain Din Tai Fung: It’s great, it’s a draw, it’s the reason for everything that follows.
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-The remainder of our story begins and ends and pretty much exclusively takes place in Glendale, California — a city of close to 200,000 that sits just 10 miles north of downtown Los Angeles.
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-Glendale, like other cities within the Greater LA region, is often unfairly provincialized. For example, my 101-year-old grandmother, a native Angeleno, still calls Glendale “Dingledale” and still complains about briefly living there about eight decades ago. These cities are — again, unfairly — given a kind of shorthand: Santa Monica’s got beaches; West Hollywood’s got good nightlife and (relatedly) the gays; Studio City’s got… a studio? So does Burbank. But Glendale: Glendale’s got more Armenians than almost anywhere but Armenia and also, malls.
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- ![](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/gTMjw5-jdgCTIyT26JDNo6yKxPM=/0x0:1000x1000/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x1000):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24440152/Untitled_4_06.png)
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-Specifically, the two huge malls that dominate its downtown: the Glendale Galleria and the Americana at Brand. These malls are neighbors, separated by a single street (Central Avenue) and are even immediately next door to each other in places. And yet, they could not possibly be more different, in terms of… well, everything. Both have Apple Stores. And a Wetzel’s. But really, after Wetzel’s, that’s about it.
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-Since 2013, the sole San Fernando Valley outpost of Din Tai Fung has been located within the Americana at Brand, a glitzy outdoor mall that opened in 2008 and is owned and operated by Caruso, a real estate company named after its founder, CEO, and lone shareholder, Rick Caruso. Perhaps you’ve heard of him? He recently ran to be mayor of Los Angeles, [spent $104 million](https://www.politico.com/news/2022/11/18/rick-caruso-lost-la-mayors-race-00069343) of his estimated $4 billion doing so, and lost by nearly 10 points.
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- ![A wide intersection with two malls on either side and a group of people crossing the street.](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MqfVDjFu4PlXXfLY2InoL330KIE=/0x0:2000x1333/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1333):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24435367/2023_02_07_Galleria_Americana_DTF_020.jpg)
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-Central Avenue divides the two malls, the Galleria on the left, and the Americana on the right.
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-Late last summer, as Caruso’s campaign was gearing up to [spend more on local TV ads](https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-09-16/caruso-ad-buy) than any mayoral candidate in the city’s history, word got out that Din Tai Fung was leaving Caruso’s biggest mall (in square footage), the Americana. Not just leaving. Din Tai Fung was moving across the street. To the much more indoor, much less “cool” mall: the Galleria.
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-This was odd — definitely unexpected — and *great* gossip for a certain type of Angeleno who is aware of both the Americana and the Galleria and the garlic green bean situation at Din Tai Fung. In the 1980s teen rom-com movie version of this, it was like the most attractive, [high-achieving girl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_Anything...) in high school — Din Tai Fung — suddenly dating someone — the Galleria — from a whole different social clique; the [Lloyd Dobler](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pvuv2sn5fDQ) of malls.
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-Part of this image of the Galleria as somehow lower status than the Americana is simply that it’s an older mall, from an older era of mall design and philosophy. When it opened, in 1976, the Galleria’s principal designer, Jon Jerde, was heavily influenced by an essay by the novelist Ray Bradbury, published in *The Los Angeles Times WEST Magazine* and titled “Somewhere to Go.” For another Jerde mall, in San Diego, Bradbury even wrote a manifesto of sorts called “The Aesthetics of Lostness” — a phrase that, as the writer Andrew O’Hagan [recently put it](https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v44/n24/andrew-o-hagan/short-cuts), “still provides the best definition of the ambience of shopping malls, a feeling of comforting distraction and exciting misplacedness akin to foreign travel.”
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- ![](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/C--yn1WH5S-sTpYL-392-Q0KNG0=/0x0:1000x1000/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x1000):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24440154/Untitled_4_02.png)
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-When I consider the aesthetics of lostness, Jerde’s Galleria immediately springs to mind. Specifically, its many-leveled, labyrinthine parking garage where — once, and never again — I forgot to take a photo of where I’d parked my car and ended up walking from floor to floor, pressing my keys and trying to hear it honk for — and I’m not even exaggerating one little bit here — two hours and 50-some-odd minutes.
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-The absolute horror and confusion brought about by the Galleria’s parking structure is also [a running joke](https://twitter.com/americanamemes/status/1287182624335843328) on the [Americana at Brand Memes](https://twitter.com/americanamemes?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor) account, a popular parody Twitter account that [goofs](https://twitter.com/americanamemes/status/1134591711835934720?s=46&t=d3AGQoGlXzS5C_RBxgOxHg) on not just the [Americana](https://twitter.com/americanamemes/status/1133904312029941760?s=46&t=d3AGQoGlXzS5C_RBxgOxHg), but the [Galleria](https://twitter.com/americanamemes/status/1428201380804657155?s=46&t=d3AGQoGlXzS5C_RBxgOxHg) [and other malls throughout Los Angeles](https://twitter.com/americanamemes/status/1131991715194126337?cxt=HHwWgoCmjfWd0rUfAAAA), as well as [countless](https://twitter.com/americanamemes/status/1615799331336093696?cxt=HHwWgIDQycq7vOwsAAAA) [other](https://twitter.com/americanamemes/status/1613242689520275456?cxt=HHwWgMDQ1bjrseMsAAAA) [extremely specific](https://twitter.com/americanamemes/status/1567602210292518917) [details](https://twitter.com/americanamemes/status/1611052545199439873?cxt=HHwWgoDQ8aHwzdssAAAA) about living in LA. It’s the sort of hyperlocal humor that, particularly in LA — which is [not one city but many](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/05/los-angeles-city-state/619042/), and vast, and often lonely — helps bind the place together, reminding us of our common, shared experiences, like losing our car [in a mall parking lot](https://twitter.com/americanamemes/status/1505772185629077505).
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-Last August, moments after [news of the Din Tai Fung move broke](https://la.eater.com/2022/8/4/23292156/am-intel-morning-briefing-news-restaurant-los-angeles-din-tai-fung-americana-glendale-galleria), the man who runs the Americana at Brand Memes Twitter account was out to breakfast with his mother-in-law when his phone began buzzing. Something was up. The buzzing did not stop. Hmm, he thought. This is probably big. This man — let’s just call him Mike — checked his phone. Oh, wow, yes. “This was like when Lebron left Cleveland,” he said, recalling the moment he saw his replies and learned the news. This was months later; we were talking on the phone. I reminded Mike that Lebron left Cleveland *twice*: first for Miami, then Los Angeles — two cities that are quite a bit flashier than Cleveland. Was he saying the Galleria was like those cities?
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-“Right,” Mike told me. “Right. No. You know, I don’t really follow sports.” Also, the Americana is nothing like Cleveland. I mean, it’s got one of those Vegas Bellagio-style fountains that fires off streams of choreographed dancing water. Also: a whimsical steampunk parking lot elevator. And a Cheesecake Factory. And a trolley! The Americana’s aesthetics are decidedly not of lostness. There is no “excited misplacedness,” no sense of the foreign. It’s all quite calming and familiar because it’s more or less Walt Disney’s Main Street, U.S.A., a place that, even if you’ve never been, you know. “So, what city’s like the Galleria?” Mike asked me. I said I wasn’t sure. Milwaukee, maybe?
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-Not long after he learned of the Din Tai Fung move, Mike fired off a tweet: First, a screencap from the show [*Nathan for You*](https://www.cc.com/shows/nathan-for-you), in which host Nathan Fielder presents small business owners with insane-sounding plans for growing their revenue. “The plan?” Mike then wrote. “Move Din Tai Fung from the Americana to the Galleria. So, people can start parking at the Galleria and actually go to the Galleria.”
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-This tracked. It is a [well-known fact](https://twitter.com/americanamemes/status/1216568609545175040?lang=en) that the parking at the Galleria is free, while at the Americana, it is not. Indeed, the time I’d lost my car there, I’d not actually gone into the mall either. Later, Mike tweeted, “Wow! CNN is covering it!” and a screencap of Wolf Blitzer with the photoshopped chyron “Din Tai Fung Leaves The Americana for The Glendale Galleria.”
-
----
-
-**The reasons behind Din Tai Fung** up and leaving the Americana are, from one angle, pretty cut-and-dried. This was a business decision. Din Tai Fung had “needed “more space for equipment upgrades” (their words, echoed by the official line from the Caruso camp: “\[T\]hey inquired about additional space \[which\] … we were unable to accommodate…”). The lease was coming up, and Brookfield Properties — which owns the Galleria — offered Din Tai Fung a location that was much bigger, with higher visibility, just across the street from the Americana’s Cheesecake Factory, smack in the middle of Central Avenue, and right at the main entrance of the Galleria where a Gap used to be. Keith Isselhardt, the Senior Vice President of Leasing at Brookfield who oversaw the deal, told me it was as simple as “one plus one equals three,” that the Galleria was, according to him, a property with “masses of asses,” and that they could put Din Tai Fung right on the corner of “Main and Main.”
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- ![](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/9xOlwhN3Hd1-QOUEWS8H31kLa2Y=/0x0:1000x1000/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:1000x1000):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24440156/Untitled_4_01.png)
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-Richard Kessler, the COO of [a New York-based real estate company](https://benensoncapital.com/) that owns malls and other retail properties throughout America, told me that when a restaurant like Din Tai Fung is in play, the rules change. Most restaurants in most malls are what Kessler would call commodity restaurants. Kessler lives in New York City, so his version of a commodity restaurant is a couple of Italian spots near his house. “The food is okay. And if, on a Sunday night, we want pasta, which we usually do, we’ll go there because it’s right there,” he said. These are incidental places. You go to them because, hey, you were just walking by, and you were hungry, so why not? “But then — then there are restaurants that are so amazing and special and unique that they could be in the basement of a parking garage, and you’d go.” Din Tai Fung was like that, Kessler said. It was a draw. The dream of every mall owner.
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- ![A steamer basket of delicate dumplings sits beside plates of greens, a tower of cucumbers, and a plate of wood-ear mushrooms](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/LKNpvwyKGUVSRRMH9iIkWGYll4c=/0x0:2000x1333/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1333):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24435377/2023_02_07_Galleria_Americana_DTF_039.jpg)
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-Din Tai Fung has its roots in Taipei, and has become famous in the U.S. for its xiao long bao dumplings.
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-The archetypal mall is arranged around the symbiotic concepts of foot traffic and impulse shopping: the idea that people often go to a mall with one primary purchase to make — but on their way, because they’re there and happen to see something else, they make another, and another. Department stores, located at either end of what Kessler called “the spine of the mall,” are the classic example. “The reason they’re there is because people want to go to them, and while they’re getting to them, they’re passing all the other shops.” Foot traffic like this determines nearly everything in malls, but particularly when it comes to lease negotiation. Every business that isn’t itself a draw wants to be near one because of the increased foot traffic, which will, inevitably, lead to increased business.
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-But department stores don’t anchor like they used to, and tracking foot traffic has become a lot more scientific in the smartphone era. Today, Kessler told me that the highest rents in any given mall are usually near the Apple Store, which has the added benefit of being a place folks go not only to buy something but to wait for appointments. And while they wait in an environment hyper-engineered to get them shopping — well, they shop.
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-An eternally crowded restaurant like Din Tai Fung also works as a kind of Apple Store, but for food. People stand around, waiting for their table, waiting for the rest of their party to arrive, and — oh, hey. What’s that? A Sunglass Hut?
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-One of the oddest parts about Din Tai Fung’s current Glendale location within the Americana is that it’s off in one quiet corner of the mall, somewhat isolated from other storefronts. Rather than facing the mall’s spine, its primary entrance faces a wide street — Brand Boulevard — while the back entrance is in a alleyway near the valet parking. There isn’t much opportunity for spillover business.
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-But the other angle to Din Tai Fung leaving that is not so cut-and-dried has to do with what Din Tai Fung represents to the Galleria, and what the Galleria represents to malls, and what malls represent to all of us.
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-Din Tai Fung is a new kind of tenant for the Galleria, where the only other restaurant with a full-service dining room is a Red Robin. While high-end, destination dining within malls is not particularly new (indeed, Isselhardt rattled off the names of half a dozen other fancy restaurant tenants at other mall properties of Brookfield’s), a restaurant like Din Tai Fung in a mall like the Galleria is different, I think, because the Galleria is different — certainly different from the Americana. But also representative of a whole previous era of malls and of an older, more utopian philosophy of what malls might be. And, more to the point, who they might be for.
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-That Ray Bradbury essay that inspired the Galleria’s design is about the novelist’s great hope for shopping malls and how they could solve the ongoing problem of centerlessness in Los Angeles, his hometown. Bradbury wrote that these spaces could act like contained, miniaturized downtowns, [full of plazas](https://scvhistory.com/scvhistory/bradbury.htm) and people. Malls, he wrote, are meant for everyone — everyone needed “somewhere to go,” and malls could be that somewhere. But Bradbury had an ironic blind spot for the guy who wrote *Fahrenheit 451*. Malls are for the public only [up to a line](https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315095202-13/fortress-los-angeles-militarization-urban-space-mike-davis), which is drawn by the mall’s owner. When Rick Caruso was campaigning for mayor, his company [denied protestors permission](https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/politics/2022/08/16/plaintiffs-critical-of-caruso-sue-over-alleged-grove-protest-restrictions) to hold small-scale marches against his candidacy at the company’s highest grossing property, the Grove, another outdoor shopping mall that has, [in some years](https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2013/03/rick-caruso-the-grove-la), pulled in more visitors than even Disneyland. And even when visitors aren’t explicitly excluded, there are subtler ways that malls signal who they are for, simply by what is affordable, or not; by whether the parking is free, or not.
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-There was something undeniably democratic about the Galleria — a mall that, I readily admit, I had spent very little time in until reporting this essay — where there is a Macy’s *and* a Target *and* a Bloomingdale’s *and* a JCPenney. The hodgepodge of shops, some of which weren’t even shops at all, I found strange and delightful: like the escape room above Selfie WRLD and next to the military recruitment center. Or in a space I kept wandering back to, at first for utilitarian reasons (a seat, a drink, a bathroom, a kebab) and later for the simple pleasure of people watching. This zone was my absolute favorite within the Galleria, and it reminded me of a line in Alexandra Lange’s essential history of malls, *Meet Me by the Fountain* — that “people love to be in public with other people” and that this “is the core of the mall’s strength, and the essence of its ongoing utility.”
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-My favorite space? It was the food court — a place of some special historical importance, as it is where the very first Panda Express opened, in 1983. It was also just a crazy hubbub of office workers out on their lunch breaks, families out shopping, packs of teenagers out doing mysterious teenage things. I spent one lunch watching as two young military recruiters egged each other on to approach the various packs of teens and give them their pitch. Great human drama, all of it, just there for my viewing pleasure. And the parking was free.
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-Recently, after many visits to both the Galleria and the Americana, I called up Clara Irazábal, the director of the Urban Studies and Planning Program at the University of Maryland. Irazábal had lived in LA and [written a paper](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13563470701640150) I’d encountered, comparing malls in Hong Kong with those in Los Angeles. Irazábal had also in her long career considered urban spaces in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Trinidad and Tobago, and her native Venezuela, as well as all over the U.S. I wanted to talk to her about how odd it was to find a far more vibrant, lively, city-like scene in the enclosed and unhip food court of the much older mall, and not in the open-air mall across the street that was, after all, meant to look like a fantasy vision of Main Street in small-town America in the early 20th century.
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- ![Tables and chairs are lined up within a colorful indoor food court.](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/c2ARBi6idkyZ2xsLItLRNymeRdA=/0x0:2000x1333/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:2000x1333):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24435388/2023_02_07_Galleria_Americana_DTF_010.jpg)
-
-The current food court at the Glendale Galleria skews multicultural, and was home for the first Panda Express.
-
-I told Irazábal about Din Tai Fung, about how its enclosed dining room, reservation situation, and food prices all stood in such stark contrast to a food court spot like Massis Kabob, which has been in the Galleria since it opened. And I realized, as I was going on about how invigorating it was to see this busy mix of workers and shoppers and families and teens and retirees, this jumbled cross-section of *citizens* in what is so often a lonely and isolating place, that I’d got the Galleria all wrong. It wasn’t this weird, empty wasteland unworthy of an extraordinary dumpling shop. And it wasn’t that no one ever went there. It’s that *I* never went there. Maybe because I’d bought into the idea that malls were dead or dying or just not for me. And maybe the internationally heralded dumpling house moving there wasn’t exactly a get but a threat to the messier, certainly more lowbrow, but absolutely more fun space: the food court.
-
-“It sounds wonderful,” Irazábal said of the court. “A place to appreciate the polity.” Yes. That was it. This was a place for everyone. “It’s sad,” Irazábal continued, “we are getting farther and farther away from these spaces, where we can have casual encounters. That lessens our fear of the other, you know. If we aren’t exposed to people who are different in all sorts of ways, we start fearing them. We fear the unknown, and change, so this new mall, it is very comforting for the people that visit it because they aren’t exposed to anything that they don’t know or expect. There are no surprises, there’s no chance encounter with people who are dissimilar. It feels safe. But, really, it is dangerous.” Dangerous? “Oh, yes,” Irazábal said. “For society. For democracy. Dangerous for us all.”
-
----
-
-[*Ryan Bradley*](http://www.rfbradley.com/) *is a writer in Los Angeles.*  
-[*Pablo Espinosa Gutiérrez*](https://sugacyan.com/work) *is a psychedelic illustrator with a lifelong dream of secretly living in a mall.*  
-*Fact checked by Kelsey Lannin*  
-*Copy edited by Leilah Bernstein*
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-Date: 2023-06-22
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-TimeStamp: 2023-06-22
-Link: https://apnews.com/article/pandemic-fraud-waste-billions-small-business-labor-fb1d9a9eb24857efbe4611344311ae78
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-# The Great Grift: How billions in COVID-19 relief aid was stolen or wasted
-
-WASHINGTON (AP) — Much of the theft was brazen, even simple.
-
-Fraudsters used the Social Security numbers of dead people and federal prisoners to get unemployment checks. Cheaters collected those benefits in multiple states. And federal loan applicants weren’t cross-checked against a Treasury Department database that would have raised red flags about sketchy borrowers.
-
-Criminals and gangs grabbed the money. But so did a U.S. soldier in Georgia, the pastors of a defunct church in Texas, a former state lawmaker in Missouri and a roofing contractor in Montana.
-
-All of it led to the greatest grift in U.S. history, with thieves plundering billions of dollars [in federal COVID-19 relief aid intended to combat the worst pandemic](https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-pandemics-bills-legislation-coronavirus-pandemic-2d5b0ce9771b0ad88c607123b3bad8ee) in a century and to stabilize an economy in free fall.
-
-An Associated Press analysis found that fraudsters potentially stole more than $280 billion in COVID-19 relief funding; another $123 billion was wasted or misspent. Combined, the loss represents 10% of the $4.2 trillion the U.S. government has so far disbursed in COVID relief aid.
-
-That number is certain to grow as investigators dig deeper into thousands of potential schemes.
-
-How could so much be stolen? Investigators and outside experts say the government, in seeking to quickly spend trillions in relief aid, conducted too little oversight during the pandemic’s early stages and instituted too few restrictions on applicants. In short, they say, the grift was just way too easy.
-
-“Here was this sort of endless pot of money that anyone could access,” said [Dan Fruchter](https://www.linkedin.com/in/dan-fruchter-b2640b22/), chief of the fraud and white-collar crime unit at the [U.S. Attorney’s office in the Eastern District of Washington](https://www.justice.gov/usao-edwa). “Folks kind of fooled themselves into thinking that it was a socially acceptable thing to do, even though it wasn’t legal.”
-
-The U.S. government has charged more than 2,230 defendants with pandemic-related fraud crimes and is conducting thousands of investigations.
-
-Most of the looted money was swiped from three large pandemic-relief initiatives launched during the Trump administration and inherited by President Joe Biden. Those programs were designed to help small businesses and unemployed workers survive the economic upheaval caused by the pandemic.
-
-The pilfering was wide but not always as deep as the eye-catching headlines about cases involving many millions of dollars. But all of the theft, big and small, illustrates an epidemic of scams and swindles at a time America was grappling with overrun hospitals, school closures and shuttered businesses. Since the pandemic began in early 2020, [more than 1.13 million people in the U.S. have died from COVID-19](https://apnews.com/hub/coronavirus-pandemic), according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
-Michael Horowitz, [the U.S. Justice Department inspector general](https://oig.justice.gov/) who chairs the federal Pandemic Response Accountability Committee, told Congress the fraud is “clearly in the tens of billions of dollars” and may eventually exceed $100 billion.
-
-Horowitz told the AP he was sticking with that estimate, but won’t be certain about the number until he gets more solid data.
-
-“I’m hesitant to get too far out on how much it is,” he said. “But clearly it’s substantial and the final accounting is still at least a couple of years away.”
-
-Mike Galdo, the U.S. Justice Department’s acting director for COVID-19 Fraud Enforcement, said, “It is an unprecedented amount of fraud.”
-
-Before leaving office, former President Donald Trump approved emergency aid measures totaling $3.2 trillion, according to figures from the [Pandemic Response Accountability Committee](https://www.pandemicoversight.gov/). Biden’s 2021 American Rescue Plan authorized the spending of another $1.9 trillion. About a fifth of the $5.2 trillion has yet to be paid out, according to the committee’s most recent accounting.
-
-Never has so much federal emergency aid been injected into the U.S. economy so quickly. “The largest rescue package in American history,” U.S. Comptroller General Gene Dodaro told Congress.
-
-The enormous scale of that package has obscured multibillion-dollar mistakes.
-
-An $837 billion [IRS](https://apnews.com/article/www.irs.gov) program, for example, succeeded 99% of the time in getting economic stimulus checks to the proper taxpayers, according to the tax agency. Nevertheless, that 1% failure rate translated into nearly $8 billion going to “ineligible individuals,” a Treasury Department inspector general told AP.
-
-An IRS spokesman said the agency does not agree with all the figures cited by the watchdog and noted that, even if correct, the loss represented a tiny fraction of the program’s budget.
-
-The health crisis thrust the [Small Business Administration](https://apnews.com/article/www.sba.gov), an agency that typically gets little attention, into an unprecedented role. In the seven decades before the pandemic struck, for example, the SBA had doled out $67 billion in disaster loans.
-
-When the pandemic struck, the agency was assigned to manage two massive relief efforts — the COVID-19 Economic Injury Disaster Loan and Paycheck Protection programs, which would swell to more than a trillion dollars. SBA’s workforce had to get money out the door, fast, to help struggling businesses and their employees. COVID-19 pushed SBA’s pace from a walk to an Olympic sprint. Between March 2020 and the end of July 2020, the agency granted 3.2 million COVID-19 economic injury disaster loans totaling $169 billion, according to an SBA inspector general’s report, while at the same time implementing the huge new Paycheck Protection Program.
-
-In the haste, guardrails to protect federal money were dropped. Prospective borrowers were allowed to “self-certify” that their loan applications were true. The CARES Act also barred SBA from looking at tax return transcripts that could have weeded out shady or undeserving applicants, a decision eventually reversed at the end of 2020.
-
-“If you open up the bank window and say, give me your application and just promise me you really are who you say you are, you attract a lot of fraudsters and that’s what happened here,” Horowitz said.
-
-The SBA inspector general’s office has estimated fraud in the COVID-19 economic injury disaster loan program at $86 billion and the Paycheck Protection program at $20 billion. The watchdog is expected in coming weeks to release revised loss figures that are likely to be much higher.
-
-In an interview, SBA Inspector General Hannibal “Mike” Ware declined to say what the new fraud estimate for both programs will be.
-
-“It will be a figure that is fair, that is 1,000% defensible by my office, fully backed by our significant criminal investigative activity that is taking place in this space,” Ware said.
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-Ware and his staff are overwhelmed with pandemic-related audits and investigations. The office has a backlog of more than 80,000 actionable leads, close to a 100 years’ worth of work.
-
-“Death by a thousand cuts might be death by 80,000 cuts for them,” Horowitz said of Ware’s workload. “It’s just the magnitude of it, the enormity of it.”
-
-A 2022 study from the University of Texas at Austin found almost five times as many suspicious Paycheck Protection loans as the $20 billion SBA’s inspector general has reported so far. The research, led by finance professor John Griffin, found as much as $117 billion in questionable and possibly fraudulent loans, citing indicators such as non-registered businesses and multiple loans to the same address.
-
-Horowitz, the pandemic watchdog chairman, criticized the government’s failure early on to use the “Do Not Pay” Treasury Department database, designed to keep government money from going to debarred contractors, fugitives, felons or people convicted of tax fraud. Those reviews, he said, could have been done quickly.
-
-“It’s a false narrative that has been set out, that there are only two choices,” Horowitz said. “One choice is, get the money out right away. And that the only other choice was to spend weeks and months trying to figure out who was entitled to it.”
-
-In less than a few days, a week at most, Horowitz said, SBA might have discovered thousands of ineligible applicants.
-
-“24 hours? 48 hours? Would that really have upended the program?” Horowitz said. “I don’t think it would have. And it was data sitting there. It didn’t get checked.”
-
-The Biden administration put in place stricter rules to stem pandemic fraud, including use of the “Do Not Pay” database. Biden also recently proposed a $1.6 billion plan to boost law enforcement efforts to go after pandemic relief fraudsters.
-
-“I think the bottom line is regardless of what the number is, it emanates overwhelmingly from three programs that were designed and originated in 2020 with too many large holes that opened the door to criminal fraud,” Gene Sperling, the White House [American Rescue Plan](https://apnews.com/article/biden-covid-business-health-congress-310542ef5cddc914104960a00ae356e0) coordinator, said in an interview.
-
-“We came into office when the largest amounts of fraud were already out of the barn,” Sperling added.
-
-In a statement, an SBA spokesperson declined to say whether the agency agrees with the figures issued by Ware’s office, saying the federal government has not developed an accepted system for assessing fraud in government programs. Previous analyses have pointed to “potential fraud” or “fraud indicators” in a manner that conveys those numbers as a true fraud estimate when they are not, according to the statement.
-
-Han Nguyen, a spokesman for the SBA, said Monday that “the vast majority of the likely fraud originated in the first nine months of the pandemic programs, under the Trump administration.” For the COVID-19 economic injury disaster loan program, Nguyen said, SBA’s “working estimate” found $28 billion in likely fraud.
-
-The coronavirus pandemic plunged the U.S. economy into a short but devastating recession. Jobless rates soared into double digits and Washington sent hundreds of billions of dollars to states to help the suddenly unemployed.
-
-For crooks, it was like tossing chum into the sea to lure fish. Many of these state unemployment agencies used antiquated computer systems or had too few staff to stop bogus claims from being paid.
-
-00:00
-
-<p>AP correspondent Donna Warder reports on Pandemic Aid Great Grift; the plundering of billions of dollars during the worst pandemic in a century.</p>
-
-“Yes, the states were overwhelmed in terms of demand,” said Brent Parton, acting assistant secretary of the U.S. Labor Department’s Employment and Training Administration. “We had not seen a spike like this ever in a global event like a pandemic. The systems were underfunded. They were not resilient. And I would say, more importantly, were vulnerable to sophisticated attacks by fraudsters.”
-
-Fraud in pandemic unemployment assistance programs stands at $76 billion, according to congressional testimony from Labor Department Inspector General Larry Turner. That’s a conservative estimate. Another $115 billion mistakenly went to people who should not have received the benefits, according to his testimony.
-
-Turner declined AP’s request for an interview.
-
-Turner’s task in identifying all of the pandemic unemployment insurance fraud has been complicated by a lack of cooperation from the federal Bureau of Prisons, according to a September “alert memo” issued by his office. Scam artists used Social Security numbers of federal prisoners to steal millions of dollars in benefits.
-
-His office still doesn’t know exactly how much was swiped that way. The prison bureau had declined to provide current data about federal prisoners. The AP reached out to the bureau several times for comment, starting June 2. Bureau spokesperson Emery Nelson said on Monday the agency had provided in February and March “all the necessary data” to the Pandemic Response Accountability Committee. Turner is a member of the committee.
-
-Ohio State Auditor Keith Faber saw trouble coming when safeguards to ensure the unemployment aid only went to people who legitimately qualified were lowered, making conditions ripe for fraud and waste. The state’s unemployment agency “took controls down because on the one hand, they literally were drinking from a firehose,” Faber said. “They had a year’s worth of claims in a couple of weeks. The second part of the problem was the (federal government) directed them to get the money out the door as quickly as possible and worry less about security. They took that to heart. I think that was a mistake.”
-
-Ohio’s Department of Job and Family Services reported in February $1 billion in fraudulent pandemic unemployment claims and another $4.8 billion in overpayments.
-
-The ubiquitous masks that became a symbol of the COVID-19 pandemic are seen on fewer and fewer faces. Hospitalizations for the virus have steadily declined, according to CDC data, and Biden in April ended the national emergency to respond to the pandemic.
-
-But on politically divided Capitol Hill, lawmakers have not put the pandemic behind them and are engaged in a fierce debate over the success of the relief spending and who’s to blame for the theft.
-
-Too much government money, Republicans argue, breeds fraud, waste and inflation. Democrats have countered that all the financial muscle from Washington saved lives, businesses and jobs.
-
-The GOP-led House Oversight and Accountability Committee is investigating pandemic relief spending. “We must identify where this money went, how much ended up in the hands of fraudsters or ineligible participants, and what should be done to ensure it never happens again,” the panel’s chairman, Rep. James Comer of Kentucky, said in a statement Tuesday.
-
-Republicans and Democrats did, however, find common ground last year on bills to give the federal government more time to catch fraudsters. Biden in August signed legislation to increase the statute of limitations from five to 10 years on crimes involving the two major programs managed by the SBA.
-
-The extra time will help federal prosecutors untangle pandemic fraud cases, which often involve identity theft and crooks overseas. But there’s no guarantee they’ll catch everyone who jumped at the chance for an easy payday. They’re busy, too, with crimes unrelated to pandemic relief funds.
-
-“Do we have enough cases and leads that we could be doing them in 2030? We absolutely could,” said Fruchter, the federal prosecutor in the Eastern District of Washington. “But my experience tells me that likely there will be other priorities that will come up and will need to be addressed. And unfortunately, in our office, we don’t have a dedicated pandemic fraud unit.”
-
-Congress has not yet passed a measure that would give prosecutors the additional five years to go after unemployment fraudsters. That worries Turner, the Labor Department watchdog. Without the extension, he told Congress in a late May report, people who stole the benefits may escape justice.
-
-Sperling, the White House official, said any future crisis that requires government intervention doesn’t have to be a choice between helping people in need and stopping fraudsters.
-
-“The prevention strategy going forward is that in a crisis, you can focus on fast delivery to people in desperate situations without feeling that you can only get that speed by taking down commonsense anti-fraud guardrails,” he said.
-
-\_\_\_
-
-McDermott reported from Providence, Rhode Island.
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-# The Greatest Scam Ever Written
-
-The Walrus / Paul Kim / US Department of Justice / iStock
-
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-Patrice Runner was sixteen years old, in ­Montreal in the 1980s, when he came across a series of advertisements in magazines and newspapers that enchanted him. It was the language of the ads, the spare use of words and the emotionality of simple phrases, that drew him in. Some ads offered new products and gadgets, like microscopes and wristwatches; some ­offered services or guides on weight loss, memory improvement, and speed reading. Others advertised something less tangible and more alluring—the promise of great riches or a future foretold.
-
-“The wisest man I ever knew,” one particularly memorable ad read, “told me something I never forgot: ‘Most people are too busy earning a living to make any money.’” The ad, which began appearing in newspapers across North America in 1973, was written by self-help author Joe Karbo, who vowed to share his secret—no education, capital, luck, talent, youth, or experience required—to fabulous wealth. All he asked was for people to mail in $10 and they’d receive his book and his secret. “What does it require? ­Belief.” The ad was titled “The Lazy Man’s Way to Riches,” and it helped sell nearly 3 million copies of Karbo’s book.
-
-This power of provocative copywriting enthralled Runner, who, in time, turned an adolescent fascination into a career and a multi-million-dollar business. Now fifty-seven, Runner spent most of his life at the helm of several prolific mail-order businesses primarily based out of [Montreal](https://thewalrus.ca/tag/montreal/). Through ads in print media and unsolicited direct mail, he sold self-help guides, weight-loss schemes, and, most infamously, the services of a world-famous psychic named Maria Duval. “If you’ve got a special bottle of bubbly that you’ve been saving for celebrating great news, then now’s the time to open it,” read one nine-page letter that his business mailed to thousands of people. Under a headshot of Duval, it noted she had “more than 40 years of accurate and verifiable predictions.” The letter promised “sweeping changes and improvements in your life” in “exactly 27 days.” The recipients were urged to reply and enclose a cheque or money order for $50 to receive a “mysterious talisman with the power to attract LUCK and MONEY” as well as a “Guide to My New Life” that included winning lottery numbers.
-
-More than a million people in Canada and the United States were captivated enough to mail money in exchange for various psychic services. Some people, though, eventually began to question whether they were truly corresponding with a legendary psychic and felt they had been cheated. In 2020, after being pursued by law enforcement for years, Runner was arrested in Spain and extradited to the US on eighteen counts, including mail fraud, wire fraud, and conspiracy to commit money laundering, for orchestrating one of the biggest mail-order scams in North American history.
-
-In early 2022, I wrote a letter to Runner in prison, asking if he would consider being interviewed. While the so-called Maria Duval letter scheme had attracted extensive media coverage, Runner had never spoken to a reporter. “I got your letter yesterday evening. First I was surprised and then moved by it,” Runner said to me over the phone from a detention centre in Brooklyn, New York. “I was intrigued by the fact that it was handwritten. Was it done on purpose to intrigue me? Because it’s unusual today to receive, especially from a professional, a letter that’s handwritten with no letterhead. . . . You’re a good copywriter.” Over the following year, I interviewed Runner dozens of times—in person at the prison, via email, and over the phone—in the lead-up to his trial.
-
-Runner told me that while he always tested the limits of business, he never crossed a legal line. “Maybe it’s not moral, maybe it’s bullshit,” he once said. “But it doesn’t mean it’s fraud.”
-
-One day in 1977, in Saint-Tropez, a town on the French Riviera, the wife of a local dentist drove off and disappeared. Search parties, police, and helicopters scoured the coast but to no avail. Maria Duval, then an amateur psychic, read about the case in newspaper articles and offered to help. She asked for the missing woman’s birthdate, a recent photo of her, and a map of the area. She placed the photo on top of the map and let a pendulum swing back and forth until it hovered over one area. When that area was searched, the missing woman was found in the exact spot Duval had predicted. The story helped catapult her reputation across Europe and beyond. Lore has it that she helped locate up to nineteen missing persons, predicted election results, and helped people achieve wealth through her stock-market predictions. From Italy to Brazil, tabloids touted her clairvoyant abilities, with one Swedish outlet claiming that “politicians and businessmen stand in her queue to know more about their future.” She also allegedly tracked down a lost dog belonging to French actress Brigitte Bardot.
-
-Rumours swirled that she might be a fabrication, a caricature used to con people into believing.
-
-Over time, two European businessmen recognized the commercial potential of Duval’s superstar reputation. By the early 1990s, Jacques Mailland and Jean-Claude Reuille had become renowned in the mail-order industry in Europe and beyond. Reuille reportedly ran a Swiss company called Infogest, which controlled the worldwide distribution of direct-mail letters that used Duval’s image and fame to sell personalized psychic-services and trinkets with purported magical properties. Mailland was a French copywriter and businessman who allegedly wrote the ad copy of most of the letters, making it appear as if Duval had written it herself. He was also an adviser to Duval and helped propel her to stardom, with some news reports later referring to him as her “personal secretary.” (Mailland reportedly died in a motorcycle accident in 2015; Reuille did not respond to requests for comment but has previously denied having any business relationship with Duval.)
-
-It was in the early 1990s that Runner says he first heard the names Mailland and Reuille—and the name Maria Duval. A few years before, Runner had dropped out of the University of Ottawa to teach himself copywriting and had launched his own mail-order business, based out of Montreal, that sold items including sunglasses and cameras. In June 1994, Runner, who also holds French citizenship, travelled to Europe with his then girlfriend in the hope of meeting Duval and acquiring a licensing contract for North America. He says he found her number in the white pages of a phone booth. Duval, to his delight, invited the couple to her villa in the small village of Callas. Runner’s then girlfriend recalls that Duval conducted a psychic reading on them and knew details about their lives that the woman couldn’t possibly have known, including that she had lost her father at age six. “I was quite skeptical at that time,” Runner’s ex-girlfriend told me. “She really convinced me that she had a sixth sense.”
-
-By the end of that year, Runner says, he inked an agreement with Duval that allowed him to use her likeness for direct-mailing operations in North America. (Runner has never been able to produce that agreement.) Under a company that became Infogest Direct Marketing, he placed print ads across Canada and the US for her psychic services. He says he paid Duval royalties worth about 5 percent of revenues, amounting to several hundred thousand dollars per year. Money began flowing in as he found success writing the letter copy himself. “With writing,” Runner told me, “you can get the attention of someone, and at the end, after a few minutes, the person sends a cheque, to get a product, to an address or company they’ve never heard of.”
-
-![A photo illustration of a stack of three Polaroid pictures. Two photos are visible: A photo of a collage of newspaper headlines, and a photo of Maria Duval.](https://walrus-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/img/Browne_PsychicScam_PaulKim_360-1.jpg)
-
-The Walrus / Paul Kim / US Department of Justice / iStock
-
-He was capitalizing on the surge in the popularity and mass commodification of psychic services in 1990s North America. The Psychic Friends Network, a phone service that used infomercials hosted by singer Dionne Warwick, connected callers to a network of “psychics” working in shifts from home. At its peak, Psychic Friends reportedly made more than $125 million (US) a year. Self-proclaimed psychic Sylvia Browne often appeared on *The Montel Williams Show* and *Larry King Live* and was a fixture on the New York Times Best Sellers list, and tarot card reader Miss Cleo became a TV star and a cultural phenomenon. The Maria Duval letters, though, were an influential progenitor of what ballooned, especially in the US, into a more than $2 billion (US) industry of psychic services.
-
-Runner’s venture exploded. In addition to ads, Infogest Direct Marketing began sending letters to people’s mailboxes that combined copy written by Runner and adaptations of content produced by his European counterparts. They had a common format: typed letters or photocopies of handwritten ones presented as written by Maria Duval herself, requesting payment for astrological readings, fortune telling, or lottery numbers. Some correspondence directed recipients to purchase supposedly supernatural objects, while others urged them to use provided green envelopes to mail personal items—family photographs, palm prints, locks of hair—against a promise that the psychic would use them to conduct personalized rituals. “Once this envelope has been sealed, it may be opened ONLY by me,” read one letter that included Duval’s photocopied signature.
-
-People who responded sometimes received lottery numbers or fortunes in the mail; sometimes they received objects or crystals. But they also received more letters—sometimes over a hundred in just a few months—asking for more money. In the two decades between 1994 and 2014, Runner’s business brought in more than $175 million (US) from nearly a million and a half people across Canada and the US.
-
-Many who responded to the Maria Duval ads and letters, in North America and Europe, fit a general profile: they were generally older and sometimes economically vulnerable. They were believers—in astrology, in psychics, in fortune telling—who longed for transformation, salvation, fortune. In December 1998, a seventeen-year-old girl named Clare Ellis drowned in a river in England. According to the *Evening Chronicle*, a Maria Duval letter was found in her pocket. Ellis’s mother told the newspaper that in the weeks leading up to the death, her daughter had been corresponding with Duval, from whom she had also purchased charms and pendants. Her mother claimed that Ellis’s behaviour had become erratic, which she was convinced was linked to her daughter’s communications with Duval. “These things just shouldn’t be allowed,” the [mother told the media](https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/dump-mystic-messages-bin-1675403). “We even got letters from this woman for months after Clare had died.”
-
-By the early 2000s, countless people around the world were going public about how they felt they had been scammed by receiving a Duval letter. One online forum called Astrocat Postal Scam Warning Page had a message board dedicated to Duval’s letters. “\[I\] am also angry about this fraud she got me for about 240.00,” one person wrote. “\[I\] mailed the products back and never have gotten refunded my money.” Another: “I spent close to 135.00 before I caught on. your \[sic\] lucky if you get anything but more letters requesting more money. . . . I wish we could put her out of business.”
-
-In the US, one eighty-four-year-old woman, who had taken care of her sick husband for over nine years, lost money playing the lottery with numbers gleaned from a Duval letter, according to court documents obtained by The Walrus. One man sought solace in the correspondence after having separated from his wife and being the victim of a hit and run. He mailed several payments, believing that Duval was performing rituals to help him. He included his phone number in his correspondence, but Duval never wrote back and never called.
-
-![An example of a letter purportedly written and signed by psychic Maria Duval.](https://walrus-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/img/Duval-Letter1.jpg)
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-An example of a letter purportedly written and signed by psychic Maria Duval. US Department of Justice
-
-In Canada, law enforcement was taking notice. In October 2004, the police in Windsor, Ontario, issued an alert stating that “numerous Canadian police agencies have been receiving complaints of a mail scam operated by ‘Maria Duval.’” Duval, the alert continued, “claims to know the secret of a mysterious ‘luck-attracting’ force called THE EGRIGOR OF FRIDAY THE 13th.’” In order to receive these powers—to “heal sickness, find romance, bring about huge gambling successes, and fulfill one’s life ambitions”—recipients were urged to send $39 to a Windsor address. The money, the alert noted, was being forwarded on to a receiving company in New York. “Indeed,” it warned, “it is questionable whether ‘Maria Duval’ actually exists.” Over the years, law enforcement agencies and investigative journalists around the world had tried tracking Duval down. Rumours swirled that she might be a fabrication, a caricature used to con people into believing.
-
-Duval remained mysterious and elusive until Belgian investigative reporter Jan Vanlangendonck, working for Radio 1, tracked her down after listeners reported being scammed. In 2007, he became one of the first journalists to interview Duval about the letters. At a hotel in Paris, he confronted her about accusations that she was exploiting vulnerable people. “I am indeed responding to people’s feelings, and my letters are indeed sent in bulk,” she told him. “But what’s wrong with that? What I do is legal.” This was seemingly the last time she said anything publicly for over a decade. Some later speculated that she was unaware of the degree to which business schemes operating under her name had exploded around the world. It’s possible she had looked the other way, or maybe she was the one being taken advantage of. Runner’s ex-girlfriend, who says she was in touch with Duval as recently as 2012, says that Duval seemed pleased with her various business arrangements. Duval has never been charged with a crime in North America. (Maria Duval and her representatives could not be reached despite multiple requests for comment.)
-
-Even though various law enforcement agencies and media were circling the Duval operation, hundreds of thousands of people kept receiving letters and paying for services. “The most lucrative years of the Duval letter business were from 2005 to 2010,” Runner once told me, reaching $23 million (US) in a single year.
-
-When Patrice Runner was around eleven, in the late 1970s, his mother, a writer, began looping him in on the family’s financial struggles, he recalls. Runner’s father had left a few years earlier, sending monthly sums as child support. Thoughts of a career were a long way off, but Runner says he remembers feeling that all he wanted was to “get rich” so he wouldn’t struggle like his mother. He says he once asked a friend, “Do you know a simple way to become a millionaire?” When the friend said he didn’t, Runner replied: “It’s easy. Find a way to only make $1 one million times.” At nineteen, Runner started his first mail-order business, with $80, selling weight-loss booklets and how-to books on a range of topics.
-
-Years later, propelled by the Duval letters, Runner achieved the financial success he had long craved. But the business itself was lean, with only a small number of employees in Montreal, including Mary Thanos as director of operations, Daniel Sousse as customer relationships manager, and Philip Lett as director of marketing. “They were loyal and trustworthy,” Runner told me. “I was really reliant on them.” (Sousse did not respond to multiple requests for comment; The Walrus was unable to reach Thanos and Lett by the time of publication.)
-
-Some employees had proven their loyalty years before, when another of Runner’s mail-order business ventures was shut down by US law enforcement. A man named Ronald Waldman remembers opening the *New York Post* to catch up on sports one morning in 1997 and being struck by a splashy advertisement for Svelt-Patch, a skin patch that purported to melt away body fat. At the time, Waldman happened to be a lawyer with the US Federal Trade Commission, which enforces anti-trust law and upholds consumer protection. As part of the FTC’s Operation Waistline, he had been tasked with investigating companies making dubious weight-loss claims, in an era of questionable oils and supplements and pushy ads by corporations such as Jenny Craig and Weight Watchers. “I knew right away that the \[Svelt-Patch\] claims were so patently egregious on the surface,” Waldman, who’s now retired, told me. He discovered the Svelt-Patch ads were appearing in at least forty-three publications, including *TV Guide*, *Cosmopolitan*, and the *Boston Globe*. He and his colleagues quickly traced the products to Canada, to a Quebec-based company that also did business as United Research Center, Inc. Runner was the company’s president.
-
-The FTC gave the company a chance to provide scientific evidence to back its weight-loss claims. When Runner and the company failed to come back with adequate proof, they were ordered to pay the FTC $375,000 (US) to be used, in part, as redress for people who had bought the patches. “Patrice Runner was a big name that I was conscious of after the investigation,” Waldman told me. “My experience is that people involved in fraud and serious deceptive marketing practices, they rarely find God, if you know what I mean.”
-
-![Many people sent green envelopes to Maria Duval](https://walrus-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/img/Duval-Letter2.png)
-
-Many people were encouraged to mail locks of hair, personal photographs, and palm prints in green envelopes to Maria Duval. Some of these green envelopes were found unopened in a garbage in New York. US Department of Justice
-
-Shortly thereafter, in 2000, Ron Reinhold, a former Health Canada drug inspector who had started his own firm, began investigating shady wellness and health supplements advertised in Canadian newspapers. One of the ads touted a product called Plant Macerat as the holy grail of weight-loss supplements. “I knew it was a scam,” Reinhold told me. “The kind of weight loss they were proclaiming, like losing forty pounds in one month without dieting, that’s just not physically possible.” Reinhold launched an online forum to solicit stories about health scams and information on the ads or who might be behind them. Responses came in from Canada and the US, including tips about where the product was being manufactured. “Like a jigsaw puzzle, you start putting it all together,” Reinhold said.
-
-Journalists at the *Globe and Mail* and at *W5*, Canada’s longest-running investigative television program, told Reinhold they, too, were looking into the ads. The *W5* episode “The Diet Trail” aired in January 2002 and followed host and reporter Wei Chen as she spoke with people who had fallen prey to the ads. *W5* tested the Plant Macerat supplement and determined it wasn’t much more than a diuretic that could lead to dehydration. The reporters traced Plant Macerat to an office building in Montreal occupied by a company called PhytoPharma. *W5* uncovered that Plant Macerat was manufactured in Florida and the ads were handled by a New Jersey company, with funds ending up in an Irish bank. PhytoPharma itself was registered in Panama, but, Chen noted, it could all be traced back to a company in Montreal: Infogest Direct Marketing.
-
-Over the years, Runner and his family moved around the world. He and his then girlfriend and two children moved from Montreal to the mountain resort town of Whistler, British Columbia, where they spent the winter extreme skiing. They went heli-skiing in New Zealand and bungee jumping around the world, a pursuit of what Runner described as “an attraction to extreme sports.” They also moved to Costa Rica and then to a small village in Switzerland, where his children attended an elite international boarding school that cost nearly $100,000 per year in tuition. All the while, as ventures like Svelt-Patch and Plant Macerat were halted, Infogest Direct Marketing was bringing in tens of millions of dollars from people responding to the ads offering psychic services.
-
-In 2014, the company became the subject of a US civil investigation into its Duval letter operation. The US Department of Justice sent a notice of a lawsuit and a temporary restraining order to, among others, Thanos, Lett, and Sousse—as well as Duval herself—to halt the operation as it was “predatory” and “fraudulent.” Runner, however, was not named. He claims that, up until this point, he had been unaware that the envelopes of personal effects that recipients believed they were sending to Duval for personalized psychic readings were, in fact, not being sent to her in France—and they hadn’t been for years. According to court documents, in 2014, a US postal inspector uncovered that the personal letters, locks of hair, palm prints, family photographs, and unopened green envelopes addressed to Duval had been sent to a receiving company in New York and thrown into dumpsters.
-
-Runner continued to move around—to Paris and then, in 2015, to Ibiza, Spain, with a new wife and their children. Runner told me that all the moves to different countries had “nothing to do with the business” but that each was driven by circumstances involving his children—searching for the best schools, the best weather for their favoured activities—and the fact that he could work remotely. The US government believed otherwise, portraying the constant moves as attempts to evade detection and a method to help funnel money into shell companies from what had become his most consistently lucrative business: the Maria Duval letters.
-
-Meanwhile, journalists at CNN had begun digging into the Duval letters after receiving complaints from recipients. These included a Canadian woman named Chrissie Stevens, whose mother, Doreen, who suffered from Alzheimer’s before she died, had mailed thousands of dollars to someone she thought was Duval. “She was shocked, dismayed, and ashamed when she realized her stupidity and the financial damage she’d caused herself,” [Stevens told](https://money.cnn.com/2016/02/24/news/psychic-maria-duval-chapter-one/index.html) CNN in 2016. The journalists managed to track down Duval in person and interviewed her and her son, Antoine Palfroy, at her villa in Callas. Duval had dementia, so Palfroy answered most of the questions. He claimed that his mother never wrote any of the letters as part of the business operations and that she was often hamstrung by the rigidity of the contracts she signed. If she ever defended the letters, it was because she was contractually obligated to do so. “She’s more of a victim than an active agent in all of this,” Palfroy told CNN. “All paths lead to Maria Duval, the name, not the person. Between the name and the person, they’re different things. Maria Duval is my mother . . . physically it’s her, but commercially it’s not.” The journalists also revealed Duval’s real name as Maria Carolina Gamba, born in Milan, Italy, in 1937, and also uncovered contradictions in a number of Duval’s supernatural claims to fame, including a denial from Brigitte Bardot’s representative that Duval had anything to do with finding the actress’s missing dog.
-
-In June 2016, Runner’s employees at Infogest Direct Marketing, including Thanos, Sousse, and Lett, signed a consent decree—an agreement without an admission of guilt or liability—with the US government that barred them from using the US mail system to distribute ads, solicitations, or promotional materials on behalf of any psychics, clairvoyants, or astrologers—or any ads that purport to increase the recipient’s odds of winning a lottery. The consent decree was also signed by Duval herself. Despite all the renewed media attention and scrutiny, though, Runner again avoided being named publicly. Two years later, Thanos and Lett pleaded guilty to fraud charges. Behind the scenes, US officials were homing in on Runner.
-
-By the end of 2018, the US federal government had solidified a case against him, indicting him on eighteen counts. Two years later, in December 2020, after extradition negotiations, Runner was handcuffed in Ibiza and flown from Madrid to New York, to a detention centre in Brooklyn.
-
-The indictment made several claims: for around twenty years, Infogest Direct Marketing ran a direct-mail operation to scam victims who were “elderly and vulnerable”; Runner was the company’s president in charge of employees who ran the daily operations, including tracking the letters and receiving payments; Runner and his associates used shell companies around the world, including one named Destiny Research Center, as well as private mailboxes in a number of US states. From these mailboxes, the correspondence from letter recipients was sent to a “caging service,” a company that receives and handles return mail and payments on behalf of direct-mail companies. Runner’s company used one such caging service, in New York, where employees sorted the incoming mail and removed the payments. The money was then dispersed via wire transfers into accounts controlled by Runner and his associates at banks around the world, including in Switzerland and Liechtenstein.
-
-“It is a crime when you lie to them about their beliefs and take their money.”
-
-Throughout our conversations over the past year, Runner maintained that neither he nor his businesses ever crossed a legal line. Many people, his attitude projected, want to believe in something magical—be it the power of a weight-loss drug or the power of a psychic. And inherent in that belief is a measure of accepted deceit. If that wasn’t the case, Runner insisted, people would have asked for their money back. He once pointed to the fact that the Duval letters offered a lifetime guarantee. (“So, you’ve got absolutely nothing to lose by putting your faith in us,” read one letter from 2013.) “Our customers bought a product, and if they weren’t happy, they got a refund,” Runner told me. According to court documents obtained by The Walrus, Runner’s defence noted that at least 96 percent of the people who sent money to Infogest Direct Marketing did not ask for a refund. “And most of them bought again and again,” he told me.
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-Before the trial, Runner testified that he could not afford to hire a lawyer and was granted a public defender. “I used to live like a rock star,” he once told me. “I was not cautious enough. I thought the mail-order business would be forever.”
-
-*U**nited States of America* *v. Patrice Runner* began on June 5, 2023, at the Eastern District of New York court in Central Islip. Thanos and Lett testified, as did several people who felt they had been scammed by the letters. The jury heard arguments that centred on a few key questions: Was this a case of buyer beware involving a legitimate business? Or was this case instead the definition of fraud that preyed on vulnerable people?
-
-“The details of his scheme might be complicated, but the fraud itself is very simple,” prosecutor John Burke told the jury. “It’s a basic con using a psychic character to reel people in with lies and take their money. . . . \[Runner\] convinced the victims that Maria Duval cared about them and their problems and that she would use her abilities to help them. Then Mr. Runner took as much money as he possibly could from the victims through an endless stream of more lies and more fraud.” Burke went on to list many ways that Runner tried to distance himself from the operation, including by taking his name off company documents, creating offshore companies, and ordering employees to shred documents that contained his own handwriting. The prosecution showed evidence that the letters were printed en masse and that the allegedly spiritual trinkets were in fact mass-produced objects with “Made in China” stickers removed.
-
-At trial, the defence and the prosecution both agreed that Runner and his associates intentionally misled the letter recipients. But Runner’s defence argued that psychic services are inherently misleading and therefore could not be fraud. Runner’s attorney, James Darrow, told the jury that nothing the government presented proved that Runner intended to defraud his customers, nor to harm them. What it proved was that Runner simply ran a business that “promised an experience of astrological products and services.” Darrow underscored the perceived distinction between deception, which is not a crime, and fraud:
-
-> “We pay a magician to experience magic. He is not defrauding us out of our money when he lies about the magic. Deception, yes. Fraud, no. Yes, he intends to deceive us, to trick us, and he intends to take our money, definitely, but he doesn’t intend to defraud us, to harm us by doing that. Or we pay Disney to experience their magic. They’re not defrauding us when they pretend that Mickey is real. Deception, yeah. But fraud, no. Or maybe we pay for WWE tickets or healing crystals or dream catchers or Ouija boards, or maybe we’re one of the millions of Americans who pay for astrology. In all of that, there can be deception, sure. But we’re not harmed by it. Our payment isn’t loss. It’s not injury. Why? Because we got the experience that we paid for; we got that magic show; we got that fake WWE match; we got that healing crystal that probably doesn’t heal; and we got that astrology.
-
-Darrow countered several questions that had come up in the trial. That some “customers,” as he called them, felt cheated because they didn’t receive what they had hoped? “That’s just astrology,” he told the jury, “and sometimes it doesn’t fix life.” That the company targeted older individuals? That’s just “standard marketing,” he said, to find a demographic where the demand for a service lies. And that some correspondence mailed to Duval had been found in the garbage? Darrow compared them to letters that children mail to Santa Claus—the postal service has no obligation to keep those either.
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-The prosecution concluded with a simple argument: “We all have beliefs,” lawyer Charles Dunn told the jury. “You may think my beliefs are crazy. I could have the same opinion about your beliefs. We may think other people are foolish for what they believe. That’s okay. That’s not a crime. What’s not okay is taking advantage of people because of what they believe. What’s not okay is lying to them because you think they’re a fool. And it is criminal, it is a crime when you lie to them about their beliefs and take their money.” Dunn rebuffed the notion that Runner and his business were offering entertainment: “What Patrice Runner offered was fake spirituality. . . . He took advantage of people’s spiritual beliefs, and he lied to them, and he took their money.”
-
-After nearly a week of trial, the jury agreed, [convicting Patrice Runner](https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/u-s-jury-convicts-canadian-for-defrauding-victims-of-millions-in-mass-mailing-psychic-scheme-1.6449221) on eight counts of mail fraud, four counts of wire fraud, conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud, and conspiracy to commit money laundering. He was found not guilty on four counts of mail fraud. He faces a sentence of up to twenty years in prison on each of the fourteen counts.
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-Runner has long considered the possibility that he might spend decades behind bars. While awaiting trial, he had been surrounded by inmates who fervently believed they would be released after trial, only to face the opposite. “I don’t pray to get out of here,” Runner once told me before the trial. “It’s discouraging to see people praying for what they expect to happen, like getting let out of jail, versus what they actually end up getting.”
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-# The Highs, Lows, and Whoas of the 2023 Grammy Awards
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/d40/93e/392dd23fac0c37b3128d680db9956d4714-harry-styles.rhorizontal.w700.jpg)
-
-Photo: Robert Gauthier/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images
-
-The biggest Grammys in recent memory was, as these things go, [the most polarizing](https://www.vulture.com/2023/02/grammys-harry-styles-album-of-the-year.html). Beyoncé expectedly broke the record for most Grammy wins of all time but still couldn’t ride that wave to an Album of the Year trophy. A slew of A-listers was in the house, but left-field picks like Bonnie Raitt and Samara Joy won out in major categories. The tribute performances actually delivered(!), while stars like Harry Styles, shockingly, didn’t. But just like the Academy hyping Beyoncé and AOTY all night, I’m getting ahead of myself. Here are the highs, lows, and whoas of the 2023 ceremony.
-
-**High: A young wave washes up.**  
-The Grammys may have doubled the nominee pool for Best New Artist, but that hasn’t necessarily lifted up new artists down ballot — except for this year, when four of the ten Best New Artist nominees won Grammys in their respective genre categories: Molly Tuttle for Best Bluegrass Album, Samara Joy for Best Jazz Album, Muni Long for Best R&B Performance, and [Wet Leg](https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/wet-leg-david-byrne-interview.html) for Best Alternative Song and Album. On top of that, Latto and DOMi and JD Beck earned nominations outside BNA. Younger acts like Billie Eilish, Lizzo, and Olivia Rodrigo have been some of the biggest Grammys players in recent years, so it’s great to see the Academy carrying on that investment to the next generation.
-
-**Low: But old habits die hard.**  
-Still, in the categories with some of the most exciting nominees, voters fell back on people they knew best. Ozzy Osbourne won Best Metal Performance and Best Rock Album despite competition from breakout hardcore band Turnstile in the former and popular rockers like Idles and Machine Gun Kelly (sorry, it’s true!) in the latter. Meanwhile, in country, Willie Nelson won his 14th and 15th Grammys, for Best Country Solo Performance and Best Country Album, over more contemporary movers like Kelsea Ballerini, Maren Morris, and Zach Bryan. Yes, Ozzy and Willie are great, but every time the Grammys continue to award an artist like them, they miss the chance to get it right with future legends.
-
-**Whoa: Up next on the red carpet, it’s** [***Miss Americana* star Tree Paine**](https://www.thecut.com/2020/02/who-is-tree-paine-meet-taylor-swifts-publicist-in-miss-americana.html)**!**
-
-It’s not every day you see one of the most powerful women in music fixing dresses.
-
-**High: Bad Bunny opens the show with members of the crowd on their feet.**
-
-The easiest way to start at a ten may be to book Bad Bunny as your opening artist. That happened when Benito kicked things off by snaking through the audience to an equally crowded stage with dozens of dancers and a full backing band. [He got nearly everyone on their feet](https://www.vulture.com/2023/02/bad-bunny-grammys-performance-2023.html), from Taylor Swift to Jack Harlow (except for Mary J. Blige — we see you!), dancing to the burst of joy that is “Después de la Playa.” And *now* you know [why everyone’s rushing to his concerts](https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/bad-bunny-yankee-stadium-photos-bronx.html).
-
-**Meh: Trevor Noah gives it 50 percent.**
-
-In his third year of hosting, and his first away from *The Daily Show*, Trevor Noah seemed more comfortable than ever at the Grammys. Yes, Noah did his job: He cracked jokes about the nominees, put in some crowd work, and kept us up to date on how close Beyoncé was to breaking the all-time-wins record. But he didn’t do much beyond that. “I was so inspired by the lyrics of ‘Break My Soul’ that I actually quit my job,” he joked. Is Noah quiet quitting *this* job now too?
-
-**Whoa: Brandi Carlile melts some faces.**  
-I was initially disappointed that the Grammys didn’t book a big rock nominee like Turnstile or Wet Leg to perform, but the Academy can always rely on its mainstay when it counts. After winning awards in American Roots and Country, and even earning a nomination in Pop, [Brandi Carlile](https://www.vulture.com/2021/04/interview-brandi-carlile-memoir-broken-horses.html) found a new way to break Grammys ground this year, netting awards for Best Rock Performance and Song. And if you didn’t believe she belonged in a field alongside Ozzy and the Black Keys, she proceeded to prove you wrong with her performance of “Broken Horses.” Flanked by her longtime twin producers on guitars and not-twins Lucius on backing vocals, Carlile shredded, screamed, and scorched her way through the Grammy-winning track.
-
-**Whoa: Where was Beyoncé?**  
-L.A. traffic strikes again. Beyoncé wasn’t even there to see herself tie the record for most Grammy wins of all time, because she was stuck in a limo on her way to Crypto.com Arena. Her co-winner for Best R&B Song, the-Dream, [accepted on her behalf](https://twitter.com/phil_lewis_/status/1622411729417150466).
-
-**High: Stevie Wonder and Smokey Robinson bring some Motown magic.**  
-It was impossible to not smile during Stevie Wonder and Smokey Robinson’s Motown medley, which honored MusiCares Person of the Year winners Robinson and label founder Berry Gordy. Wonder anchored the performance, still sounding as good as he did six decades ago, while Robinson was just having fun doing what he does best (swaying to “The Tears of a Clown”). Even Chris Stapleton slipped into “Higher Ground” perfectly in a rare instance of a Grammy Moment™ actually working.
-
-**Whoa: Kim Petras is the first transgender winner of Best Pop Duo/Group Performance.**
-
-And you know Sam Smith [told her](https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sam-smith-wrong-not-first-871208/) to say it. (That said, [Petras gave a touching tribute to her late trans collaborator SOPHIE](https://www.vulture.com/2023/02/sam-smith-kim-petras-grammys-win-history.html) while managing to shout out both her gay mother, Madonna, *and* her actual mother.)
-
-**Low: Harry Styles is off to a shaky start.**  
-Harry Styles played five shows in the ten days before the Grammys and, well, we could tell from the moment he opened his mouth. Styles missed some of the first notes during his performance of “As It Was” and couldn’t recover, consistently going for the lower notes on the chorus. To make matters worse, he wedged a confusing, borderline-silly dance routine on a spinning platform midway through the performance.
-
-**Whoa: Quavo’s In Memoriam for Takeoff hits close to home.**
-
-The Grammys gave fans a bit of a warning by announcing that Quavo would be one of the In Memoriam performers, honoring his late nephew and collaborator, Takeoff. But even that couldn’t have prepared viewers for the sight of an empty chair and mic adorned with the late rapper’s chain as Quavo performed the tribute song “Without You” (backed by gospel group Maverick City Music performing “See You Again” in a mashup that surprisingly worked). All of the tributes — which included Kacey Musgraves singing “Coal Miner’s Daughter” for Loretta Lynn as well as Bonnie Raitt, Sheryl Crow, and Mick Fleetwood doing “Songbird” for Christine McVie — were polished and felt, but this one hit another emotional level.
-
-**Low: Well, Sam Smith and Kim Petras warned us.**
-
-Because that performance was something unholy — and not in a good way.
-
-**Whoa: Hip-hop overload.**  
-There was no way the Grammys could wedge more than two dozen rap performances into one segment and satisfy everyone. But this is the Grammys, so they still tried, even if that meant your favorite rapper only got eight bars out of it (who cuts off “The Message”?!). Not that it mattered — the tribute in honor of hip-hop’s 50th anniversary was an exciting, whiplash-inducing trip through rap history featuring the most legends you could crowd onstage in ten minutes. Grandmaster Flash and DJ Jazzy Jeff scratched it up, Missy Elliott and GloRilla got the crowd moving, Busta Rhymes and Black Thought *spit*. Also — shoutout to Fatima Robinson for her high-energy choreography and the Roots for holding things down as the medley’s backing band.
-
-**High: Beyoncé earns her spot in Grammys history.**  
-Yes, I know, you already heard it at least ten times from Trevor Noah and James Corden. But still, wasn’t it touching seeing [Beyoncé break the record for most Grammys won](https://www.vulture.com/2023/02/beyonce-most-grammy-awards-history.html) and getting [*some* Academy recognition](https://www.vulture.com/2023/02/grammys-2023-beyonce-how-many-grammys-ranked.html) for her game-changing career? The speech that followed was a rare moment of vulnerability from Bey, who, on the verge of tears, thanked her late uncle Johnny and the queer community for paving the way for her dance-history tribute, *Renaissance*.
-
-**High: The vocals.**  
-After Stevie Wonder and Chris Stapleton’s run-off in the Motown medley, the night turned into a battle of the voices. Lizzo brought a whole choir for her performance of “About Damn Time” and “Special” with some church-worthy belting, Luke Combs showed off the vocals that got him out of his bar bouncer gig, and Mary J. Blige blew everyone out of the water with a showstopping performance of “Good Morning Gorgeous.” Even Steve Lacy threw a few more runs into “Bad Habit.” The Grammys tend to prize some good-old-fashioned wailing when it comes to awards, and onstage tonight, the performers gave the Academy what it wanted.
-
-**Whoa: Curveballs all around the general categories.**
-
-Nobody was more shocked about those wins than Bonnie Raitt, Lizzo, and Samara Joy. Up against heavy-hitters like Harry Styles, Kendrick Lamar, Adele, and Beyoncé, some true dark horses won Song and Record of the Year. Raitt’s face said it all when her name was read for SOTY for “Just Like That,” the title track from her 18th studio album. And sure, “About Damn Time” was a No. 1, but even Lizzo clearly thought she was in the middle of the pack based on her equally surprised reaction. The trend held through Best New Artist, when breakout jazz singer Samara Joy beat out more recognizable names like Latto, Anitta, and Omar Apollo. Yes, all these wins had explanations: Raitt was the only solo writer up for Song of the Year (she won a Lifetime Achievement Grammy last year), Lizzo is a highly visible pop star who was snubbed in the generals for her last album thanks to a Billie Eilish sweep, and Joy wasn’t even the first jazz musician to win Best New Artist. But after Jon Batiste surprised in Album of the Year in 2022, the post-committee Grammys are sending a clear message: The Academy is more than okay with charting its own path away from the mainstream.
-
-**Low: Album of the Year remains out of reach for Beyoncé.**  
-The last time Beyoncé lost Album of the Year, for *Lemonade* in 2017, [Vulture’s Rembert Browne wrote](https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/what-more-does-beyonc-have-to-do-to-win-album-of-the-year.html) that she would “have to make an album of the decade” to win the top honor. Clearly, that wasn’t even enough after Beyoncé was snubbed in the category for a fourth time for [her earth-shaking seventh album, *Renaissance*](https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/beyonce-renaissance-review.html). Maybe the Academy thought making her the most-awarded artist in Grammys history would be adequate. But is that all lip service if only *one* of those 32 awards was in a general category? I mean, Bonnie Raitt has more general-category wins than Beyoncé does! “There is no such thing as best in music,” a bewildered, slightly uncomfortable Harry Styles said in his acceptance speech for *Harry’s House*. Except sometimes, it’s painfully obvious that there is — and the Academy still doesn’t see it.
-
-**Whoa: God did.**  
-Not even God could help the Academy come back from that Beyoncé snub. Sure, it was fun to see another wild lineup of rap icons sharing a stage (er, street) for that performance, but the most fitting moment to come out of it may have just been DJ Khaled and Jay-Z saying “it breaks my heart.”
-
-The Highs, Lows, and Whoas of the 2023 Grammy Awards
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-Date: 2023-05-22
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-TimeStamp: 2023-05-22
-Link: https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a43684593/guerrero-slave-ship/
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-```button
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-^button-TheHuntfortheInfamousSlaveShipwreckNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# The Hunt for the Atlantic’s Most Infamous Slave Shipwreck
-
-Thirty feet under the choppy blue waves of the Florida Keys, Kramer Wimberley points to the broken, bleached white coral scattered beneath us like bones. Then he slices his hand across his throat, *dead*. Marine life here at Molasses Reef, located five miles southeast of Key Largo, is dying from rising temperatures, pollution, and disease. Without action, the once pristine reef, like the others along the Keys, is in danger of being lost and forgotten.
-
-That’s why Wimberley and eleven other divers are braving the unseasonably cool waters this January morning. A fifty-eight-year-old retired firefighter from New Jersey, Wimberley leads a reef preservation program for a volunteer group of Black scuba divers called Diving with a Purpose, or DWP. As he swims past me, I see that he has the word *the* painted under one flipper, and *man* on the other. His purpose today is to collect data on the sea life that denotes a healthy ecosystem. The striking absence of pencil urchins, trumpet tritons, and other key indicators leaves Wimberley feeling both dejected and determined. “It can get to be depressing to continue to engage in this work,” he later tells me, but someone has to document the condition over time so that we can see how far and how fast we're moving backward.”
-
-![e](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/index1-645be403e6b6f.jpg?crop=0.747xw:1xh;center,top&resize=980:* "e")
-
-Diving With a Purpose co-founder Ken Stewart.
-
-Getty Images
-
-The same can be said for Diving with a Purpose’s primary mission: finding the *Guerrero,* the notorious pirate slave ship that wrecked on a reef somewhere nearby in 1827. Working closely with local marine archaeologists, DWP has been hunting for it since the group formed in 2004. “I am an African American scuba diver who’s working with an organization that has a vested interest in being able to tell the story of Africans who are transported on slave ships,” Wimberley says, “and it’s a story that I believe needs to be told.”
-
-The story of the *Guerrero* is little known but among the most dramatic of the transatlantic slave trade. Captained by the infamous pirate José Gomez, the ship was carrying 561 enslaved Africans to Cuba when *HMS Nimble,* a British anti-slaver patrolling the Keys, opened fire. During the ensuing gunfight and chase, the *Guerrero* slammed into a reef, shearing in two and plunging forty-one terrified Africans to their watery deaths (and leaving the survivors to an uncertain fate). As Brenda Altmeier, the maritime heritage coordinator for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, puts it, “It’s not just a wreck site; it’s a graveyard.”  
-
-But thanks to DWP and its ragtag team of citizen scientists and marine archaeologists, the *Guerrero*’s story is no longer resigned to the past. After nearly two centuries lost at sea, the remains of the ship, and whatever is left of the Africans who died inside it, are lost no more. “Look, I’ll say it,” Corey Malcom, a marine archaeologist in Key West who has been working with DWP, tells me, “we found the *Guerrero.* I’m convinced of it.”
-
-![e](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/1-6446c66b683d6.jpg?resize=980:* "e")
-
-Kramer Wimberley of Diving With a Purpose.
-
-David Kushner
-
-The incredible story of how the ship was lost and found can finally be told in full. It’s a tale of tragedy, determination, and a powerful friendship that brought this all to light: that of DWP cofounders Ken Stewart, a retired Black copy-machine repairman from Nashville, and Brenda Lanzendorf, a white flight attendant turned marine archaeologist at Biscayne National Park in the Florida Keys, the area where the *Guerrero* went down. With an increasingly divided country and a state that recently banned critical race theory, sharing its history is more urgent than ever, Stewart says. “Do we embrace the legacy of the *Guerrero*?” he says, “or do we run away from it?”
-
----
-
-For Stewart, the importance of that legacy, and his search for the pirate slave ship, goes back to one afternoon he spent with his son in 1989. Stewart, forty-five at the time, was looking for a way to bond with his teenage boy, Ken Jr., when he saw a man climbing out of a pool in scuba gear. A Vietnam veteran with a high school education, Stewart had been an all-around athlete for much of his life but, like most Black people he knew, had never considered scuba diving. Still, he thought learning with his son could be their thing.  
-
-![e](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/img-1237-6446ccad65827.jpeg?resize=980:* "e")
-
-On board a Diving With a Purpose dive in Florida.
-
-David Kushner
-
-There was just one problem: Ken Jr. stopped doing it. Stewart, on the other hand, became a “diving fool” after getting certified. “I fell in love with it. It felt like being inside an aquarium.” But, as he was often the only Black person on a dive trip, it also felt depressingly familiar. For safety purposes, the rule is never to dive alone, yet no one wanted to pair with him. “Folks wouldn’t buddy up with me,” he says. “Nobody said it specifically, but I didn’t get nobody. So I let it go. Those are the experiences that I’ve had as a Black man throughout my life.”
-
-He learned that he wasn’t the only Black diver looking for buddies when he joined the National Association of Black Scuba Divers (NABS), a group founded in 1991. He went on to do dozens of dive trips with his newfound extended family. “The bond is being around a folks of color, being around your people,” he says, “and all these people in NABS changed my life.”
-
-During a dive at Biscayne National Park in May 2003, Stewart met the person who would change his life most of all and become his unlikely partner on the hunt for the *Guerrero*: Brenda Lanzendorf. A salty, savvy forty-five-year-old New Hampshire native with sandy blonde hair and an infectious smile, Lanzendorf was the marine archaeologist for Biscayne, the largest national marine park in the country. Alone at the wheel of her Boston Whaler in her national-park khakis, a Benson & Hedges Light dangling from her lips, she would spend her days patrolling the 256 acres of pristine waters and reef, past lumbering manatees and nesting sea turtles. “She was a dynamic lady,” Stewart recalls.  
-
-![1823 ship](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/credit-alamy-t6tfr1-6446ccf80ec5d.jpg?resize=980:* "1823 ship")
-
-An 1823 cross-section diagram of a ship used to carry enslaved people.
-
-Alamy
-
-She too had felt like an outsider of the seas. At age thirty-five, after thirteen years of traveling the reefs of the world as a flight attendant, Lanzendorf pursued her passion by enrolling in an underwater archaeology doctoral program at Brown University, where, as she later told the *Miami New Times*, “I was constantly told there’s no money in archaeology, and there certainly aren’t any female underwater archaeologists.”  
-
-Though both were true, that didn’t stop her from taking her dream job at Biscayne. But, as she admitted to Stewart one afternoon, she was feeling overwhelmed. The park was under a congressional mandate to find and document each of the estimated 100 shipwrecks within the park’s domain. Finding the *Guerrero* was essentially a process of elimination, which meant they had to chronicle the other wrecks until they located the slave ship. “I could use your help,” she told him. Stewart had created a youth diving program for Black kids in Nashville, and he’d already been taking them here on dive trips. “She said she would train us to perform the things that you need to document a wreck,” he recalls.  
-
-![steel engraving from 1881 with great details](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-157479463-6446cd16baa58.jpg?resize=980:* "Black slaves loaded on ship 1881")
-
-An engraving of a scene on a slave ship from 1881.
-
-Grafissimo
-
-And there was one wreck, she explained in a whisper, that she wanted to find most of all: the *Guerrero.* The location of the lost ship had become an alluring mystery after an amateur Key West historian, Gail Swanson, who worked as a cashier at Home Depot, published a deeply researched chronicle called *Slave Ship Guerrero*. An accompanying documentary, *The Guerrero Project,* soon followed. Stewart had never been a history buff and, as he says, “I didn’t know a lot about the African diaspora.” But the story of the *Guerrero* was like none he’d ever heard before.
-
----
-
-It began two centuries earlier, four thousand miles across the ocean in Spain. Though the slave trade had been abolished in 1808, it continued to prosper illegally with the help of pirates. The fiercest among them was Captain Gomez, who helmed an outlaw slave ship he christened “the Warrior,” or, in Spanish, the *Guerrero.* In 1827, he and his crew set sail for Cuba to cash in. Rather than buying human cargo, they stole slaves from other slavers off the coast of Africa and headed for the Caribbean to make their fortune.
-
-At some point, the pirates had stolen a young African man referred to in logs only as “John.” The pirates ordered John to head down the splintery deck into the dark, dank hold below, where he found unimaginable horrors. In the shadows, he saw hundreds of fellow Africans, men and women, shackled together, body upon body, with no room for movement and nowhere to relieve themselves. John heard their cries and pleas; they suffered from disease and dysentery, were ripped from their family and friends. The hold, barely four feet high, felt thick with heat and the stench of human waste. John was lowered into the mass of darkness and left there with the others, naked and chained. How many of the Africans were dead, he did not know. But by the time the ship arrived within 250 miles of Cuba, nearly 150 of them had perished. He was among the 561 who remained.
-
-To avoid British warships, Gomez cut through the Florida Straits. But at noon on December 19, 1827, he spotted the flags of *HMS Nimble,* a former slave ship that was now a Royal Navy schooner, on the horizon. As he raised the sails to flee, the *Nimble*fired two warning shots, then headed toward the *Guerrero* in pursuit. The chase continued through the night, with the ships firing at each other and cutting through the waves as a violent storm set in. Finally, at dusk, the *Nimble*caught up, and Gomez hoisted a lantern to signal his surrender. But it was just a ploy. With the ceasefire at hand, he took the opportunity to raise his sails again and escape—only to feel his ship crash into the shallow reef.  
-
-![e](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/hrnpk1-6446cd487fe5f.jpg?resize=980:* "e")
-
-The slave deck of the *Wildfire*, brought into Key West on April 30, 1860.
-
-Alamy
-
-Hearing the cries of the Africans aboard the sinking *Guerrero,* *Nimble* commander Edward Holland raced his ship to save them—but ended up smashing into the reef himself. With the *Nimble* stranded, its crew could only watch helplessly as the men and women aboard the *Guerrero* struggled to stay afloat. The next morning, the marooned ships got the attention of two nearby wreckers, scavengers of the sea looking to salvage disabled ships. As the wreckers approached, they found the *Guerrero* on its side, the hull filled with water; forty-one Africans, shackled and immobilized, had drowned. John was among those who clung to life, hanging from the ropes as the water swelled around him.  
-
-The two wreckers worked quickly to get John and the rest of the Africans and the Guerrero crew on board. But their rescue proved to be their own demise. That night, Gomez, who had survived the wreck, ordered his crew to attack, and take over the ships from their saviors. On the Nimble, which was still stranded nearby, Holland could only watch helplessly as Gomez and his crew sailed away toward Cuba. They took with them nearly 400 of the surviving Africans, to sell as slaves. One of the wreckers took the 122 others, including John, back to Key West.
-
-After surviving a kidnapping and shackling, a harrowing four-thousand-mile journey, death, disease, a gun battle at sea, a shipwreck, and a near drowning, John might have been thankful to finally set foot on dry land in Florida. But he and his fellow Africans, who were clothed and fed by the locals in Key West, found themselves caught in another battle over their fate. Both the local officials and the British crew considered the Africans their “property.” Eventually, Holland and his crew left the Africans to the Americans, who had other worries to contend with. Word spread that the pirates from the *Guerrero* were coming back to claim the Africans as their own. John watched with trepidation as the local militia prepared for war, outfitting the coast with cannons and putting a round-the-clock team on watch.  
-
-Though the pirates never returned, the Africans were soon in the hands of another white man. According to the law at the time, any Africans taken from slavers became the custody of the U.S. Marshal. When Waters Smith, the U.S. Marshal in St. Augustine, Florida, arrived, he discovered that six of the Africans had died, dozens were suffering from dysentery, and several had gone blind from disease. Fearing for their “greater safety,” as he wrote to the U.S. secretary of treasury, he spent $3,000 of his own money to move them to St. Augustine while the federal government decided on their ultimate fate.
-
-The plight of the *Guerrero* Africans reached the highest levels of the U.S. government, as President John Quincy Adams lobbied Congress to pass an act determining the slaves’ future. In March 1829, Congress was finally moved to action, reimbursing Smith and sending the *Guerrero* Africans to Liberia. But there was one man who could not join them: John. During his time in St. Augustine, he, like the others, had been rented out to plantations for labor. He then caught an undocumented disease, which caused him to be held back.  
-
-![antique illustration copyright has expired on this artwork from my own archives, digitally restoredhms victory is a 104 gun first rate ship of the line of the royal navy](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-1355637381-6446cd6eb3395.jpg?resize=980:* "Old engraved illustration of English warship ''Nelsons Victory'' (HMS Victory)")
-
-An example of a Royal Navy gunship.
-
-mikroman6
-
-One year later, following his recovery, John returned to the town of New Georgia, Liberia, to join the others as a free man. Of the seven hundred African slaves on the *Guerrero,* ninety-one made it home alive. In Africa, they became farmers, built a church and a school, and married former slaves sent back there themselves from the slave ship *Antelope.* Pirate José Gomez, however, was never tried. The 398 *Guerrero* captives he sold in Cuba netted him the equivalent of $4 million today.
-
-The lost wreckage of the *Guerrero* carried the weight of history, Stewart knew, after discovering what had happened. “That is the story of every African who was enslaved,” he says. “You were snatched from your homeland and brought here and you’re deprived of your life.” But learning this also stirred his feelings about why such stories matter. “Young people out here are killing each other at an alarming rate. Why is it? You talk to young people—they can’t even get past their grandmothers. I’m not saying that learning your history would make a difference in everything. But lack of knowledge of who you are or who your people were is part of the problem.”  
-
-Lanzendorf told him she’d figured out how they could be part of the solution. “Ken,” she said, “I know where the *Guerrero*is.” After years of research, she’d determined that it was within the bounds of her park. She had to be highly protective of the coordinates, which she wouldn’t reveal to Stewart in order to keep amateur and professional treasure hunters from pillaging her waters. But the problem was, she couldn’t find and document the wreck on her own. And with no budget for staff, she was stuck on the surface. “I can't dive alone,” she said. She needed scuba buddies: Stewart and his group. “She said, if you guys get trained properly, I will take you to the site and you could be the first ones to document that wreck.”
-
-Though she didn’t say it explicitly, Stewart realized how meaningful it would be for Black divers to do this. Back home in Nashville, he emailed his friends in NABS to join his and Lanzendorf’s search for the pirate slave ship. “Tired of the same old diving?” he wrote. “Let’s dive with a purpose!”
-
----
-
-Looking through the silt on the ocean floor twenty feet undersea in Biscayne National Park, Stewart struggled to make out what he was seeing. Like many people, he’d always imagined shipwrecks to resemble the *Titanic,* but in the warm, churning waters of the Florida Keys, the worms and weather don’t leave much intact. “It looks like a bunch of crap,” Stewart says, “but after a while, your eyes get accustomed, and you’ll start to say, ‘Oh, man, there are all these things down there.’ ”
-
-It was April 2005, and he was on a reconnaissance dive with Lanzendorf and Diving with a Purpose. Erik Denson, a fifty-six-year-old Black NASA engineer at the Kennedy Space Center, knew Stewart from NABS and was among the first to join DWP. For Denson, having a group of Black divers find the *Guerrero* and pass on its story felt profound and important. “We’re one of the big advocates to get that story out there,” he says. “Whether it’s bad, good, or indifferent, it is our history and it needs to be told.”
-
-But the story couldn’t be told overnight. Before Lanzendorf would risk taking the group to the site of the ship, they had to learn the archaeological skills necessary for working on such a historic wreck: from mapping the debris fields to identifying and pinning possible artifacts. Rather than merely having them assist her, she believed in training them so they could train others and expand their volunteer group on their own. “Then I’ll just sit back,” she told Stewart with a raspy laugh.
-
-Despite the differences in their ages and backgrounds, Stewart and Lanzendorf shared a passion for their purpose and became the diving companions each had never had. No one dived better, or longer, than Lanzendorf, Stewart realized. Even with her Benson & Hedges habit, she’d mastered her breathing to stay down long after everyone else was on the boat. “Man, I have never seen anybody stay underneath the water as long as she could,” Stewart says. They fell into a routine with their growing pool of volunteers: diving and charting wrecks by day, then heading to Lanzendorf’s home at night to map the sites on her drafting table over wine and her famous homemade lasagna.
-
-But, as Stewart learned, they weren’t the only ones on the *Guerrero*’s trail. Across the Keys, modern-day treasure hunters, also known as salvagers, were combing the seafloors for shipwrecks. Interest in the *Guerrero* had been growing since the documentary came out, including among the treasure hunters. This ignited the old battle over who gets to the shipwrecks first. On one side: the marine archaeologists, who want to preserve and study wrecks. On the other: the salvagers (the contemporary version of the wreckers). The treasure hunters have millions of dollars and equipment behind them, enabling them to search in ways and places archaeologists simply can’t afford to engineer. So they are seen as a threat, merely out there to cash in. “It’s almost hatred on the part of the archaeologist,” Stewart says, and Lanzendorf made her feelings clear whenever the subject of the treasure hunters came up. “She didn’t like them.”
-
-There was one other person said to be searching for the *Guerrero* whom Lanzendorf shunned more than anyone else, even though, technically, he wasn’t a treasure hunter at all: Corey Malcom. A sixty-year-old archaeologist from Indiana with curly dark hair and black-framed glasses, Malcom had a passion for local history and had recently worked to commemorate a lost African cemetery in Key West. But to Lanzendorf, he was saddled with a legacy that made him a threat.  
-
-Malcom at the time was the director of archaeology at the Mel Fisher Maritime Museum, in Key West, named for the most notorious salvager in Florida’s modern history. The late Mel Fisher looked and acted like the P.T. Barnum of treasure hunters. A gaudy, gold-chained, golden-tanned midwesterner who’d relocated to the Keys, Fisher was a self-made multimillionaire, a former chicken farmer who gained his notoriety in 1971 after finding the Spanish galleon *Nuestra Senora de Atocha,* whose cargo hold would later be valued at $500 million. When the state of Florida claimed title to the *Atocha,* Fisher sued and won—with the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in the treasure hunter’s favor. He then raised the ire of marine archaeologists when he made another greater find: the shipwreck of the English slaver the *Henrietta Marie**.* Though Fisher toured the artifacts at museums around the world, archaeologists never accepted him as anything but a charlatan.
-
-As far as Lanzendorf was concerned, Malcom, who had been running the museum since before Fisher died in 1998, was guilty by association. When he approached her in 2004 about joining forces and searching for the *Guerrero,* she turned him away. She never liked Corey. And though he was never given a reason, Malcom knew why. “It’s because of the Mel Fisher name; they think I’m a treasure hunter,” he tells me. “But why would we put all this energy into looking for broken old pieces of iron and glass? It’s not because we want to sell it; it’s because it has a story to tell and we want to help people understand that important story.”
-
-Stewart didn’t share Lanzendorf’s feelings about salvagers, and he believed that the more people who could help find the *Guerrero,* the better. Since she always hinted that one day the gap could be bridged, he decided to try to do so himself. “I thought I could be an intermediary,” he says. But he learned just how much she distrusted treasure hunters when he brought along, unannounced, a famous salvager in the Keys, Captain Carl “Fizz” Fismer, to help on one of DWP’s dives. “That was my first mistake,” he says. Lanzendorf was furious. “All week long, she was mad at me.” As soon as he watched the treasure hunters at work, however, Stewart understood where she was coming from. “After I saw the way he dives, I said, ‘No, this is crazy,’ ” he recalls, “because they destroy reefs, and they’ll even blow up a reef to get what they want.” No treasure hunter was ever asked back again.
-
-![none](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/93101832-2980003585355194-7672677513427943424-n-1-645a7a6caf2d0.jpg?resize=980:* "none")
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-Brenda Lanzendorf, was a flight attendant turned marine archaeologist at Biscayne National Park.
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-Biscayne National Park
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-But according to Fismer, Lanzendorf was being biased and overprotective of the *Guerrero*’s location. “They were keeping it a big secret,” he tells me, “because they didn’t want the treasure hunters to raid and rob it.” Yet the *Guerrero,* he says, would have been stripped by the wreckers centuries ago. “There’s nothing to raid and rob, because everything was taken that had any value.” As for Lanzendorf: “I really have nothing personal against her, but she hated me just because of what I do. She didn’t like treasure hunters at all and absolutely didn’t want us to have any recognition.”
-
-By 2007, three years after cofounding DWP, Stewart and Lanzendorf believed they were closing in on the site. But in October of that year, Stewart received a shocking call that changed everything. “I have stage-four lung cancer,” Lanzendorf said. Though she was only forty-eight, all those years of smoking had caught up with her.
-
-During their many calls that followed, Stewart says, he “couldn’t bring myself to ask her about the *Guerrero.*” Before long, Lanzendorf lost her ability to speak. The following April, just before DWP’s annual trip to Biscayne, Stewart got an urgent call to come immediately—Lanzendorf was in hospice. She was unresponsive in bed, but when another friend told her that Stewart was there, he says, “she kind of lit up.”
-
-Stewart sat by her bedside through the night, then the next day he had to go meet DWP at the docks. When he arrived, unfortunately, the winds were howling so much that the captain had to call off the trip. “We had never been blown out in all the years,” Stewart says, and he now takes it as a sign. In lieu of diving, the group gathered in the Biscayne Park theater to watch *The Guerrero Project* together. As Stewart saw Lanzendorf onscreen, he thought about how far they’d come. Just as the film ended, his phone rang. “I got a call,” he recalls solemnly. “Brenda had passed.”
-
-Though devastated to lose his friend, Stewart felt even more determined to fulfill her dream of having DWP find the *Guerrero.* But, as Wimberley puts it, “she took the location with her when she died.” Now that she was no longer around, Stewart could do the one thing he never could before when Lanzendorf was alive: He dialed the Mel Fisher Museum and asked for Corey Malcom.
-
----
-
-By the time Stewart reached out to him in 2010, Malcom had already spent seven years conducting his own separate search for the *Guerrero.* “A shipwreck is a time capsule,” he tells me one afternoon from the dusty lab he once occupied at the Mel Fisher Museum. Research spills out from his shelves: court testimony, ship’s logs, newspaper accounts, and government records. “It’s a floating community at sea,” he goes on, “and that community is suddenly lost and dashed to the seafloor in an instant.”
-
-Malcom, however, didn’t believe that the ship was in Biscayne National Park as Lanzendorf had said. With a pair of volunteer retired scuba divers, he narrowed down the *Guerrero*’s location to an unnamed reef in John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park, just south of Biscayne Park. A magnetometer survey revealed anomalies that seemed to match the story: seven iron-ballast blocks, twenty cannonballs, and an anchor that would match the *Nimble*’s. But without support and funding, he needed skilled volunteers to continue his analysis. Stewart told him DWP could provide it: “You’re finding a lot of stuff. And it sure would be nice to kind of help and be a part of that. I promised a whole bunch of people that they’re going to see the *Guerrero*.”
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-![e](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/20220120-084825-jpg-6446cde9bc68c.jpg?resize=980:* "e")
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-A Diving With a Purpose crew of citizen scientists and marine archaeologists.
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-David Kushner
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-Working with Malcom, the Mel Fisher Museum, and Altmeier of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Stewart and the DWP volunteers began diving John Pennekamp for any traces of artifacts–perhaps even shackles. During one trip, in 2012, Stewart was filming the search underwater when he saw Malcom pointing to something in the sand: a broken demijohn bottleneck, just the kind that would be from a wine bottle in the early 1820s.
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-Next, they found a piece of an old white ceramic plate with a blue edge, another item that might have been on a ship from that time. Then they saw the cannonballs. Though it was impossible to know for sure if these were from the *Guerrero,* the matches seemed incredibly on point. “Based on the research that’s been done thus far,” Altmeier says, “these are the things that match most closely to what we know.” Even if Stewart wasn’t certain they’d found the ship, he had a rush of emotions—for this moment, for the Africans, for the story of his people living under the sea. When I ask him how he felt, Stewart falls silent at first from the sheer weight of it. “In terms of what I was thinking and feeling,” he says, “it was historic.”
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-With permission from the state and federal agencies, which govern John Pennekamp, Malcom and DWP brought a handful of the artifacts to the surface: the bottleneck, the lead shot, blue-edged earthenware, metal rigging, copper fasteners, and wooden plank fragments. After undergoing years of analysis, the objects now reside in a display inside the Mel Fisher Museum. “This is where archaeology makes a difference,” Malcom tells me as we stand near the display one morning in January. “Look at this discussion that we’re having in Florida now, where our governor’s putting forward a proposed law that would make critical race theory outlawed, more or less. You can’t make white people feel uncomfortable for the past.”
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-But finding the *Guerrero*“makes the story real,” he says. “It makes it a tangible thing. It is an actual slave ship that exists today. It may be broken into pieces and scattered on the seafloor, but it is no less the *Guerrero.* And that story, those things, make this undeniable. It’s no longer an abstract thing that might offend people. It is a real physical presence that you can’t avoid looking at, you can’t avoid learning from, because it’s there.”
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-Despite Malcom’s determination that they have found the ship, Stewart isn’t celebrating just yet. In order for it to become official, the National Park Service must finish surveying the wrecks in Biscayne National Park to eliminate any possibility of the ship being there. “We need to say definitively, one way or the other, whether the remains of a wreck that would match the description of the *Guerrero* are in the park,” says Joshua Marano, who now holds Lanzendorf’s old post as marine archaeologist for Biscayne National Park. The process should be complete within two years, he estimates. Stewart thinks the delays once again boil down to the old feud between archaeologists and treasure hunters. “They’re dragging their feet,” he tells me, “because if they finish and they don’t find anything pertaining to the *Guerrero,* Corey could say that his site is the *Guerrero*.”
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-The long fight, however, could end as soon as this summer. In July, the DWP will return to Biscayne National Park to help Marano complete the work needed, Stewart hopes, to get the Guerrero site made official once and for all. With Florida Governor DeSantis blocking a new Advanced Placement African-American studies course from being taught in high schools for lacking “educational value,” the history is more urgent than ever.
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-Stewart will not rest until they bring the story of the Guerrero to the surface – for the Africans who were enslaved, for the children of tomorrow, and for his friend, Lanzendorf, whose ashes he keeps on his mantle. “If she was still alive,” he says, “she would be ecstatic with what we've done with the legacy.”
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-![Headshot of David Kushner](https://hips.hearstapps.com/rover/profile_photos/495597a9-6027-4adb-92e5-005f9f0e45ee_1605805470.file?fill=1:1&resize=120:* "Headshot of David Kushner")
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-David Kushner is an award-winning journalist and author. He recently wrote for Esquire about the launch of Viagra, which is being adapted into a movie musical by Spike Lee.
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-Date: 2023-09-01
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-# The Inheritance Case That Could Unravel an Art Dynasty
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-![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/08/27/magazine/27Mag-Collectors-1/27Mag-Collectors-1-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
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-Credit...Photo illustration by Joan Wong
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-The Great Read
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-How a widow’s legal fight against the Wildenstein family of France has threatened their storied collection — and revealed the underbelly of the global art market.
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-Credit...Photo illustration by Joan Wong
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--   Aug. 23, 2023
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-Twenty years ago, a glamorous platinum-blond widow arrived at the Paris law office of Claude Dumont Beghi in tears. Someone was trying to take her horses — her “babies” — away, and she needed a lawyer to stop them.
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-### Listen to This Article
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-She explained that her late husband was a breeder of champion thoroughbreds. The couple was a familiar sight at the racetracks in Chantilly and Paris: Daniel Wildenstein, gray-suited with a cane in the stands, and Sylvia Roth Wildenstein, a former model with a cigarette dangling from her lips. They first met in 1964, while she was walking couture shows in Paris and he was languishing in a marriage of convenience to a woman from another wealthy Jewish family of art collectors. Daniel, 16 years Sylvia’s senior, already had two grown sons when they met, and he didn’t want more children. So over the next 40 years they spent together, Sylvia cared for the horses as if they were the children she never had. When Daniel died of cancer in 2001, he left her a small stable.
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-Then, one morning about a year later, Sylvia’s phone rang. It was her horse trainer calling to say that he had spotted something odd in the local racing paper, Paris Turf: The results of Sylvia’s stable were no longer listed under her name. The French journalist Magali Serre’s 2013 book “Les Wildenstein” recounts the scene in great detail: Sylvia ran to fetch her copy and flipped to the page. Sure enough, the stable of “Madame Wildenstein” had been replaced by “Dayton Limited,” an Irish company owned by her stepsons. That’s when she called Dumont Beghi.
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-To the lawyer’s surprise, Sylvia showed up to their meeting with no proof of ownership for the horses and no information on her late husband’s estate. “She didn’t have any — any — documents at all,” Dumont Beghi says. Sylvia mentioned that she signed some papers shortly after her husband’s death, but she didn’t know what they said, nor did she have copies. “I put that in the corner of my mind,” Dumont Beghi says.
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-Why would a widow draped in diamonds and furs have no records from her wealthy husband’s estate? Dumont Beghi got the feeling there was more going on than a dispute over horses. But she went ahead and gave Sylvia the good news: She could simply decline to transfer the horses to her stepsons. Dumont Beghi sent a letter, halting the transaction.
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-Dumont Beghi recalls an almost instant kinship with Sylvia, who discovered that they were both Scorpios and lived in the same building complex in the posh 16th Arrondissement. After Dumont Beghi saved her horses, Sylvia trusted her completely, and she began to explain to Dumont Beghi the complexity of the situation. Daniel had fallen into a coma for 10 days before he died, and while he was under, his sons, Alec and Guy, showed up at the hospital along with lawyers from Switzerland, the United States and France. She recounted how, a few weeks after the funeral, her driver took her to the family’s 18th-century *hôtel particulier*, which housed an art research center, the Wildenstein Institute. Her stepsons told her she needed to hear something important. They had reviewed their father’s estate and discovered that he died in financial ruin. As his next of kin, Sylvia was about to inherit debts so large they would ruin her too.
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-Image
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-![Sylvia Roth Wildenstein and Daniel Wildenstein in 2001.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/08/27/magazine/27mag-wildenstein-11/27mag-wildenstein-11-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
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-Credit...Chip Hires/Gamma-Rapho, via Getty Images
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-Sylvia was stunned. She had never heard anything about money troubles from her husband. For 40 years, she had lived with chefs and chauffeurs, in at least five homes on three continents. But what did she know? She never signed the checks. Daniel, intellectual and rigid, ran the business, while Sylvia, who was light and cheerful, played the nurturer in the family. She was known to dote on Alec and Guy’s six children, whom she considered her grandkids. She trusted her stepsons completely, so when they told her that she must renounce her inheritance at once or face “catastrophe,” she didn’t blink. “I signed all the papers they presented to me. I signed, signed, signed” — even the ones written in Japanese, she later told Serre. They promised to take care of her financially and even offered to pay her 30,000 euros a month out of their own pockets. Sylvia was grateful.
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-But then, over the next few months, the reality of what she had done set in. Sylvia told Dumont Beghi how movers came to her apartment and took a beloved Pierre Bonnard painting off the wall. Then they came back for the furniture, because, she was told, it belonged to her husband’s business, which was now run by his sons. A letter came notifying her that Daniel’s 69 thoroughbreds were now owned by Guy and Alec’s stable. Her household staff stopped being paid. Soon, her stepsons told her she would have to move from her home on Avenue Montaigne to another apartment. (Alec died in 2008; Guy declined a request for an interview, though a representative answered some questions provided by The Times.)
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-Image
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-Credit...Photo illustration by Joan Wong
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-She stopped receiving invitations to celebrate holidays and birthdays at the family’s ranch in Kenya or their castle in France. Guy shipped back her clothes and belongings from their British Virgin Islands compound, where she had vacationed for years with Daniel and their chef and pastry chef. As Sylvia spoke, two things became increasingly apparent to Dumont Beghi: One, Sylvia had renounced her inheritance. “She had no freedom.” she says, and “no proof. Not a shred of evidence.” No bank account, no income, no independence. It was as if “she died at the same time as her husband,” Dumont Beghi says.
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-The other thing that struck her was that the Wildensteins were more than merely rich.
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-“When she first came to me, I didn’t know anything about the family,” Dumont Beghi told me when I visited her this past winter at her office in Paris. To my left, a bronze bust of a panther stared from a pedestal at eye level. Behind her glass desk hung a print of a leopard prowling in a tree. Dumont Beghi is also the personal attorney for President Ali Bongo Ondimba of Gabon, who is widely considered a strongman, and often describes herself as a lone warrior woman in a jungle of male adversaries. She had never heard of the Wildenstein dynasty of art dealers. In fact, outside elite niches of the art world, few had, which was how Daniel wanted it. Dumont Beghi was about to find out why.
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-Image
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-Credit...Joel Saget/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
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-First, she drew up a list of known assets, which soon zigzagged into a chart of far-flung bank accounts, trusts and shell corporations. Over the course of several years, she would fly around the world to tax havens and free ports, prying open the armored vaults and anonymous accounts that mask many of the high-end transactions in the $68 billion global art market. Multimillion-dollar paintings can anonymously trade hands without, for example, any of the requisite titles or deeds of real estate transactions or the public disclosures required on Wall Street. She would learn that the inscrutability of the trade has made it a leading conduit for sanction-evading oligarchs and other billionaires looking to launder excess capital. The Wildensteins were not just masters of this system — they helped pioneer it.
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-Over 150 years, the family has amassed an art collection estimated to be worth billions by quietly buying up troves of European masterpieces that would be at home in the Louvre or the Vatican, holding their stock for generations and never revealing what they own. When Sylvia realized the magnitude of her stepsons’ deception, she devoted the rest of her life to unraveling the family’s financial machinations, and even left a will asking that Dumont Beghi continue her fight from beyond the grave.
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-Sylvia and her lawyer were never able to win the settlement they thought she deserved while she was alive. From the start, in 2004, a judge rejected Dumont Beghi’s attempt to cancel Sylvia’s renunciation of the inheritance; a few years later, a court rejected a subsequent claim that she was entitled to €450 million worth of art and assets, a figure the judge called “pharaonic.” The representative for Guy notes that, early on, Sylvia was awarded approximately €15 million, based on the value of Daniel’s French estate. “Dumont Beghi continued to litigate for several years, seeking to have certain trusts settled by Daniel Wildenstein included in the estate,” the representative says. “During this protracted litigation, Dumont Beghi made numerous, unsubstantiated allegations, but the court ultimately ruled against her client.”
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-Now, more than a decade after Sylvia’s death, their efforts have landed the Wildensteins before France’s highest court. The evidence she and Dumont Beghi brought forth has persuaded prosecutors that the Wildensteins are a criminal enterprise, responsible for operating, as a prosecutor for the state once put it, “the longest and the most sophisticated tax fraud” in modern French history.
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-Image
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-Credit...Helmut Newton, via Helmut Newton Foundation/Trunk Archive
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-A trial this September will determine if the family and their associates owe a gargantuan tax bill. The last time prosecutors went after the Wildensteins, several years ago, they sought €866 million — €616 million in back taxes and a €250 million fine, as well as jail time for Guy. The consequences could do more than topple the family’s art empire. The case has provided an unusual view of how the ultrawealthy use the art market to evade taxes, and sometimes worse. Agents raiding Wildenstein vaults have turned up artworks long reported as missing, which fueled speculation that the family may have owned Nazi-looted or otherwise stolen art, and spurred a number of other lawsuits against the family in recent years. Financial distortions have saved the family hundreds of millions of dollars, prosecutors allege, but their treatment of Sylvia could cost them far more — and perhaps lead to the unraveling of their dynasty.
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-**In order to** prove that Alec and Guy misled Sylvia about her husband’s estate, Dumont Beghi first needed to know what assets they did report. But because Sylvia had renounced her inheritance, she didn’t even have a right to that information. “Every deed, every bank statement, every inventory item in the estate and every document related to the succession of Daniel Wildenstein is in the hands of Guy and Alec,” Dumont Beghi says, and they did not intend to turn them over.
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-Dumont Beghi’s first step, then, was to ask a court to nullify the agreement Sylvia signed giving up her inheritance. Only then could she access details about Daniel’s estate. Fortunately, she had a compelling precedent to show the judge. Sylvia wasn’t the first wife the Wildensteins had tried to cut off by pleading poverty: Jocelyne Wildenstein, Alec’s first wife, was similarly cut out of the family’s fortune during her 1999 divorce, with Alec claiming he was an unpaid personal assistant to his father. Documents revealed at court in New York — where the couple primarily lived — valued the family’s art collection at about $10 billion. The judge in the case said that Alec’s income statement “insults the intelligence of the court”; he settled for a rumored $3.8 billion — which would be the largest divorce settlement in New York history. (Jocelyne denies that the settlement was $3.8 billion but did concede that it was “huge.”)
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-Dumont Beghi argued that if the family was worth billions then, there was reason to doubt that Daniel, who orchestrated the deal between Alec and Jocelyne, died in ruinous debt just two years later. The French court ordered Guy and Alec to hand over the declaration of Daniel’s estate. It included some properties in France, a few cars, paintings and bank accounts, altogether totaling €42 million. Dumont Beghi didn’t believe that figure was anywhere near the estate’s true value, but still, “It’s not nothing, for someone who died broke.” And it showed, Dumont Beghi concluded, that Sylvia had renounced her inheritance under false pretenses.
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-Dumont Beghi’s next move was to get her hands on Daniel’s medical records. She learned that he spent his final days in an unresponsive, vegetative coma — and yet apparently signed a contract selling his 69 thoroughbreds (including Sylvia’s) to his sons for a bargain price. In 2005, a court granted Sylvia’s request to nullify her renunciation. It was only the beginning of what Dumont Beghi has called her international “treasure hunt” for every stashed masterpiece, undeclared property and offshore account left out of Daniel’s estate.
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-Her next order of business was to locate Sylvia’s beloved Bonnard nude, a gift from Daniel that his sons had removed from her wall. Dumont Beghi knew it was included in a trust that Daniel had set up for his wife in the Bahamas, but when she asked the trustee for information about its contents, management and regulations, she received no response.
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-Dumont Beghi decided to do her own research on Daniel’s collection of Bonnards. She learned from his memoir, “Marchands d’Art,” published two years before his death, that he considered their acquisition “the biggest coup” of his life. When Bonnard died in 1947, he left behind an enormous estate of some 700 paintings and thousands of drawings. Daniel learned that all of it was set to be inherited by three estranged nieces-in-law of the artist, and it gave him an idea. He approached another Bonnard relative who Daniel believed could also lay claim to the estate and told the man he would pay him $1 million to buy his inheritance rights. Then he armed the man with a “battalion” of lawyers to fight on his behalf.
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-After more than a decade in court, Daniel walked away with nearly 500 paintings; the nieces were left with just 25. (Daniel promised them some more to prevent further litigation.) In his memoir, Daniel revealed that he still owned 180 Bonnard paintings — and not just any Bonnards but “the most beautiful. The most magnificent.” He added that the great Bonnards were worth between $5 million and $7 million each. (Today they can sell for twice that.)
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-Dumont Beghi flew to the Bahamas to find out what other paintings by the artist Daniel may have left for Sylvia. She received a court order to open up the trust and found that Daniel had bequeathed no fewer than 19 Bonnards to her client. Though the trust was nominally in the Bahamas, the Bonnards were being held at the Geneva free port, a prisonlike complex of high-security storage facilities that is said to contain more art than the Louvre.
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-Independent of any national jurisdiction, free ports allow traders to ship and store property without paying taxes or customs duties. If a dealer buys a painting in one country, he can ship it to a free port without paying import taxes; then, when he is offered the right price, he can sell it there too, without paying capital gains. It has been estimated that $100 billion worth of art and collectibles are held in the Geneva free port alone, to say nothing of those in Zurich, Luxembourg, Singapore, Monaco, Delaware or Beijing.
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-Dumont Beghi flew to the Geneva free port, which is the size of 22 soccer fields, along with an appraiser to examine the Bonnards in person. Bonnard is “light,” Daniel wrote of his favorite artist, who is known above all for his radiant use of color. But when Dumont Beghi descended two flights down into the gloomy bunker, she found the paintings locked behind an armored door, including Sylvia’s “Pink Nude in the Bath,” its warm glow extinguished in the dark.
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-An acquaintance in the art world explained to Dumont Beghi that hundreds, if not thousands, of Wildenstein works are held in museums, but that the labels often identify their owners simply as “private collection.” So she wrote to the major museums — the Louvre, the Hermitage, the Prado — to ask whether Daniel Wildenstein ever lent or donated works to them. Surprisingly, she says, a few wrote back. The National Gallery in London told her that Daniel lent it valuable paintings by Poussin and Boucher. The Prado had recently bought a Velázquez portrait from Wildenstein & Co Inc. for €23 million.
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-Then Dumont Beghi made perhaps the most important stop of her tour: the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where she stood before a painting she loved, Caravaggio’s late masterpiece “The Lute Player,” labeled on loan from a “private collection.” She searched the New York State Department’s records to see whether Wildenstein & Co. had ever borrowed money using works in its collection as collateral. Dozens of names were listed — Cézanne, David, Degas, Manet, Monet, Matisse, Rembrandt, Picasso and Rodin among them. And then there it was: “The Lute Player,” valued at upward of $100 million.
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-At that point she realized, “The company is titanic.”
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-**“In my family,** we have elevated discretion to the level of muteness,” Daniel wrote in his memoir. “We do not speak. We don’t tell. We don’t talk about *one another*.”
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-This code of omertà has been the governing principle of the Wildenstein art dynasty since its founding five generations ago. A dealer “is not allowed to talk about his stock,” Daniel said. “Why? Because it’s the stuff of dreams. Every art dealer must maintain the illusion of the masterpieces he owns or does not own.” Many believed that his grandfather, the founding patriarch Nathan Wildenstein, for example, owned 10 Vermeers; he actually had just one. No one knows today whether the family still owns it, and that question is meaningful to art history. Experts believe Vermeer made about three dozen paintings in his life, and as many as nine could be missing.
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-A tailor from Alsace, Nathan had no training in art when, in the 1870s, a client asked him to sell some artwork she owned. He “holed himself up in the Louvre” for 10 days, according to Daniel, and came out a believer. He sold the art and used the 1,000 francs he earned to buy two more pictures, by the Rococo artists François Boucher and Maurice-Quentin de La Tour, which he resold. At the time, Nathan could afford 17th- and 18th-century French art because no one else wanted it, so he amassed passé — but to his eye, beautiful — paintings. He began dressing in embroidered waistcoats and top hats to pitch collectors and critics.
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-Soon Nathan was selling his taste to Rothschilds and Rockefellers, in Europe and the United States. While Nathan was grooming his young grandson to enter the family business, he took him to see a silent film about a man who wore a hat that everyone initially mocked; by the end of the movie, the whole town was wearing one. Nathan explained to Daniel that this was their family’s calling: “Find the guy’s hat and wear it before the others.” For Nathan, that hat was French art of the 18th century: Fragonard, Watteau, David. These are now among the most famous names in art history, but at the time they were synonymous with the French Revolution and the aristocrats it overthrew — a period the public wanted to put behind them, especially as they began to embrace the avant-garde era of Impressionism.
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-In 1905, Nathan bought an *hôtel particulier* in the center of Paris to house Wildenstein & Co. He expanded into Renaissance art and Impressionism and, when his son, Georges — Daniel’s father — was old enough to join the business, a bit of Modernism. Nathan bought a space down the street for Georges and his friend Paul Rosenberg to set up a small operation. The pair gave two of its floors to Picasso, whom they agreed, in 1918, to pay a generous salary in exchange for first pick of the artist’s works. Georges installed a red telephone in his office that had two direct lines: one connected to Rosenberg, the other to Picasso’s studio.
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-Image
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-Credit...The New York Times
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-Upon Nathan’s death in 1934, Georges steered the family into an era of unprecedented prosperity by building an infrastructure around his artists’ markets. He organized exhibitions, edited an art journal and published definitive catalogs of works by artists in his inventory — Ingres, Fragonard, Chardin. (Daniel would later do the same with Monet, Manet and Gauguin.) The books were well respected and helped market their artists to museums. They also gave the family final say over authentication questions. Today anyone who thinks he or she owns a Monet that’s not in the Wildenstein book needs a nonprofit co-founded by Guy to sign off on it. (When the [Wildenstein Institute handled the authentications directly, it developed a reputation](https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-13785393) for being unaccommodating.)
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-But Georges’s ruthless instincts also contributed to the “dark aura,” as one dealer put it, that would come to surround the Wildenstein name. Hitler’s personal curator told an Allied intelligence agent in an interrogation after the war that Georges did brisk business with the Nazis after fleeing to Provence, in the unoccupied zone. Once there, he helped the Germans locate important collections in occupied France in exchange for sparing his own. Profits from his newly “aryanized” gallery in Paris were said to be sent to New York, where he had opened a branch. (The representative for Guy denies this.)
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-Other art-dealing dynasties have since sprung up in the Wildenstein mold. They buy up huge quantities of blue-chip art and store it for years, until they effectively corner their own niches of the market and control the prices. The billionaire Nahmad brothers and their sons, based among London, New York and Monaco, reportedly bought more works by Picasso than any other family in the world (except the Picassos) and, for the most part, have locked them up in the Geneva free port for years while they accumulate value. The Mugrabi family of Pop Art dealer-collectors, led by its patriarch, Jose Mugrabi, and his two sons, have done the same with Andy Warhol, stockpiling some 1,000 works by the artist and keeping prices high by bidding his art up at auction, even if they don’t intend to buy. (The Mugrabi family did not respond to a request for comment.)
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-Those who complain that the art market today operates more like the stock market often blame these families, who shifted a value system once driven by connoisseurship to one based on the law of scarcity. (“Monet and Picasso are like Microsoft and Coca-Cola,” David Nahmad once said.) Their dominance derives from the fact that they’re family firms, bolstered by internal secrecy, pride and lifetimes of experience. As the Wildensteins proved, families can be structured like corporations, where the profit principle governs even relationships and succession plans. The few people who seem capable of undoing them are themselves. For the Wildensteins, the weight of the family legacy seems to have cracked the younger generations.
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-Even though Daniel described Georges as a “bad father,” he parented his own children in similarly severe ways. He enforced his father’s business tactics — extreme secrecy, consolidation of wealth in the bloodline — as laws of family life, too. Daniel tried to seclude his two children, Alec and Guy, at home and unmarried, to protect the family from publicity and divorce. They lived as if in another era — the French 18th century — with opulent floral décor, heavy drapes and footmen who stood behind their chairs during meals. As children, Guy and Alec commuted to the Lycée Français de New York by limousine, and they rarely had a play date. Alec was forbidden to play sports and attend university, Guy was prevented from pursuing acting and both were required to learn their father’s trade. Daniel was particularly strict with Alec, his elder son. According to a 1998 Vanity Fair article, he started taking Alec to brothels at age 15 in the hope that he would find prostitutes a satisfying alternative to a wife. When Alec defied his father and married Jocelyne, he did so secretly in Las Vegas with no guests. Eventually, Daniel’s sons and wives and children all lived together in his New York townhouse.
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-Image
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-Credit...John Orris/The New York Times
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-Those who know Daniel have said that he infantilized and humiliated his sons and that they’ve gone on to treat the women in their lives similarly. Guy, Sylvia believed, was jealous of Daniel and took it out on her; Alec blamed Jocelyne for the humiliating headlines generated by their divorce. (The New York Post dubbed her the “Bride of Wildenstein” for her apparently extensive plastic surgeries.) Alec, who wore bold pinstripe suits, was the flashier brother; Guy kept a lower profile but played on the Diables Bleus polo team with aristocratic friends, like the future King Charles III, the godfather of his eldest child. Colleagues remember that the brothers would sit quietly in meetings. Guy married a Swedish model named Kristina Hansson, who has never appeared in a tabloid. In fact, he once boasted that “hardly anyone knows what my wife looks like.” So when Daniel died in 2001, Guy was the clear successor to the family art empire, while Alec took over the horse business.
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-Guy, who is now 77, is the family’s patriarch and president of Wildenstein & Co. But mounting lawsuits and scandals have begun to drag him down. So far he has avoided any serious consequences — a fact some critics attribute to well-positioned friends like former President Nicolas Sarkozy or to the fortune at his disposal for defense counsel. But now that the family is on trial, Guy, it seems, may have taken the legacy of silence too far. The Wildenstein policy to preserve confidentiality at any cost may ultimately expose the family’s secrets.
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-**In 2009,** after a long string of setbacks, Dumont Beghi had a breakthrough. Over the years she had sent Liouba Wildenstein, Alec’s second wife, multiple summonses for information about the family’s assets. Unsurprisingly, she ignored them. But after Alec died of prostate cancer at age 67 in 2008, Liouba, a former model from Russia, found herself in trouble. According to Serre’s book, Alec owed €12 million in back taxes, and his father’s estate was still tied up in litigation with Sylvia. Guy offered to lend Liouba the money to help pay his brother’s debt — all she had to do in return was give him access to a trust Alec had set up for her, supposedly so Guy could reimburse himself later. But after the deal was done, Serre’s book recounts, Guy didn’t pay Liouba the millions he promised. He sent only small, sporadic sums — not enough to pay her tax bill or to live on. Liouba found herself in a situation much like Sylvia’s: cut out from the family, with no money and no recourse. (The representative for Guy says that he did issue the loan.)
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-That’s when Dumont Beghi’s phone rang. Liouba had finally decided to answer her third summons. She told me recently that she felt she had no choice but to take action: “Many women in the family had to fight for their rights,” she said. “The women want to be respected.” Twenty-four hours later, a lawyer would deliver Dumont Beghi dozens of documents that Liouba had found on Alec’s personal computer — contracts and letters about the family’s expansive network of offshore trusts — which would reveal what Dumont Beghi and Sylvia had long believed without being able to definitively prove.
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-Image
-
-Credit...Simon Roberts
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-The documents mapped how the Wildensteins had structured their patrimony, and hidden their wealth, for generations. Daniel’s estate, Dumont Beghi learned, included several hundred artworks — including the 180 Bonnards, hundreds of 16th- and 17th-century French paintings and dozens of works by old masters including Caravaggio, Velázquez and Fra Angelico. Then there was the real estate: multiple homes and buildings across France and the United States, the 58,000-acre ranch in Kenya and the 18-acre Virgin Islands compound. There was a Gulfstream IV jet, a yacht and the thoroughbred stable, which was registered to multiple intermediaries in England and Ireland. The art was held in shell companies and trusts in tax havens, including two previously unknown entities in the Cayman Islands and Guernsey. These were “operational structures specializing in tax evasion,” Dumont Beghi wrote, which also helped the family shield assets from divorce. (The representative for Guy disputes the accuracy of this recounting of the estate.)
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-According to Dumont Beghi, two trusts named Sylvia as a beneficiary, something Sylvia said she was unaware of. Also revealed was a letter from Guy and Alec’s Swiss lawyer seeking to remove Sylvia as beneficiary from one of the trusts. Investigators also discovered $250 million in art that Daniel had apparently ordered airlifted out of the United States while he was in his coma. (The representative for Guy denies that this is true, calling it “illogical.”)
-
-Dumont Beghi rapidly began to issue new summonses and build an appeal for a review. But time was running out. Sylvia had been diagnosed with ovarian cancer, which was spreading. She was running out of resources, too. “I have no more money,” Serre recounted her saying. “This procedure has brought me to my knees.” She had paid more than €10 million in legal fees over the past eight years and had resorted to pawning her jewelry and relying on help from wealthy friends. In her final interview, she said of her stepsons, “They robbed me, and now they are waiting for me to die.”
-
-Dumont Beghi continued on, believing that Sylvia was entitled to a settlement of $300 million. She filed a new criminal complaint against Guy and the heirs of Alec — his two children and Liouba — as well as their business associates, using the new information she had received. To her surprise, this time the government responded. The police raided the Wildenstein Institute and the family’s apartments on a court order to identify any assets that might have been concealed from Sylvia. In the basement, officers discovered vaults filled with hundreds of drawings, paintings and sculptures. Some of the frames were inscribed with swastikas.
-
-Officers seized about 30 lost works by the likes of Degas and Berthe Morisot. Some had been reported [stolen by a Jewish family during the war,](https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-9901E0D61E39F93AA35754C0A9679D8B63.html) and others were reported lost by families who had involved Daniel in the management of their estates. Guy pleaded ignorance: He never inspected that vault. And who could prove otherwise? The family took such pains to protect their inventory that no one knows what they really have, perhaps not even them. (The Wildensteins were cleared in one of the lost-painting suits; Guy has said that the Morisot may have been put there as a result of an oversight.)
-
-Dumont Beghi’s involvement in the Wildenstein affair officially ended on Nov. 8, 2010, when she called Sylvia for the last time to wish her a happy 77th birthday. Five days later, Sylvia died at home in Paris. She was buried in the Wildenstein tomb next to her husband, but Guy had her maiden name, Roth, etched into the marble tombstone. Without a client, Dumont Beghi’s case was closed for good.
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-Image
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-Credit...Bernard Bisson/Sygma, via Getty Images
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-But the lawsuit was far from over for Guy, as the state picked up where Dumont Beghi left off. She had mapped for the government the global system through which the family moved money among nine companies registered in Ireland, four trusts on three islands, a handful of galleries and real estate companies and bank accounts in at least four countries, possibly depriving the French public of hundreds of millions of euros. In addition to the Swiss free port and the Paris vault, they had art in a nuclear bunker in the Catskills, a former fire station in New York and many other far-flung places. “I mean, there are pictures I have never seen that my great-grandfather bought,” [Alec told Vanity Fair in 1998.](https://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/1998/03/wildenstein199803) They were, he said, “in vaults and crazy places, in back of other things.”
-
-**Over the next** decade, the Wildenstein tax case wound its way through the French courts. At the same time, public outrage over tax loopholes for the wealthy was growing, and the government passed what is popularly known as the Wildenstein law to crack down on tax evasion via foreign trusts. Still, the family won two controversial acquittals, [first in 2017](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/arts/design/guy-wildenstein-is-cleared-of-money-laundering-charges.html#:~:text=The%20French%20media%20had%20also,%2C%20Caravaggio%2C%20Poussin%20and%20Watteau) and then again in 2018.
-
-But then, two years ago, France’s attorney general and tax authorities brought concerns about the decision to acquit the [Wildensteins of tax fraud and money laundering to the Court of Cassation,](https://news.artnet.com/art-world/stunning-reversal-frances-highest-court-commands-re-trial-wildenstein-family-dynasty-1935348) France’s highest civil and criminal court. The lead judge in the 2017 case had said that the family displayed a “clear intention” to hide their wealth, but the tribunal let them off because, at the time, foreign trusts fell into a legal gray area. In reopening the case, the Court of Cassation disagreed, saying the lower court “disregarded” the facts.
-
-“It’s really uncommon,” Dumont Beghi says of the upcoming retrial. She believes the path to victory will be much tougher for Guy and his co-defendants this time. Prosecutors will argue that the Wildensteins were, in fact, required to report their foreign trusts at the time of Daniel’s death, and later Alec’s. They also contend that the trustees improperly took orders from the family in violation of the rules of irrevocable trusts, which must be independently managed.
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-The extreme lengths to which the family went to obscure their wealth led French media to dub them “the Impressionists of finance.” But in reality many of their practices are commonplace in high levels of the art trade, which a 2020 U.S. Senate subcommittee called the “largest legal, unregulated market.” Unlike financial institutions, art businesses are not expressly subject to the Bank Secrecy Act, which requires firms to verify customers’ identities, report large cash transactions and flag suspicious activity. A study from the U.S. Department of the Treasury last year cited a figure estimating that [money laundering and other financial crimes in the art market](https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/Treasury_Study_WoA.pdf) may amount to about $3 billion a year. (Britain and the European Union, however, have implemented anti-money-laundering regulations that require stricter due diligence in art transactions there.)
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-According to a report by Art Basel and UBS, [auction houses did about $31 billion in sales last year.](https://theartmarket.artbasel.com/) They say that they know who their clients are, but those may just be the names of art advisers or other intermediaries. And collectors’ insistence on anonymity, long framed as genteel discretion, hasn’t budged. The buyer of the most expensive artwork ever sold at auction, Leonardo da Vinci’s $450.3 million “Salvator Mundi,” registered at Christie’s a day before bidding with a $100 million down payment, identifying himself as one of 5,000 princes in Saudi Arabia. A few weeks later, it was revealed that the [true buyer was Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/07/world/middleeast/saudi-crown-prince-salvator-mundi.html) — who was reportedly displaying the painting on his superyacht — and that a little-known cousin of his bought it as a proxy. It was billed by Christie’s as the “last Leonardo da Vinci painting in private hands,” but it’s only the “last” Leonardo until someone reveals another one, like the Madonna and child the Wildensteins sold in 1999 to an anonymous collector, who is still believed to own it.
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-Image
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-Credit...Paul Slade/Paris Match, via Getty Images
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-For a business that routinely transacts in secrecy jurisdictions, literally in the dark and underground, scarcity can be manufactured, and value is dictated by whatever someone is willing to pay. “A client’s privacy should be an art dealer’s primary concern,” Daniel wrote, calling it a matter of “respect.” But secrecy is also a core competitive advantage in a profession predicated on insider knowledge — a model the Wildensteins themselves relied on. The gallery kept a legendarily detailed directory of where every coveted painting in the world was located using intelligence sometimes gathered by spying on rival dealers — even, one competitor alleged, tapping phones. That system of ultra-insular knowledge and extreme scarcity is why, today, the dealers who bought “Salvator Mundi” for $1,175 at a New Orleans auction house were able to resell it for a reputed $80 million, and then, in the span of five years, see it flipped for $127.5 million to the collector who ultimately sold it to the Saudis for the record-breaking $450 million.
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-Younger dynasties like the Mugrabis and Nahmads have similarly been accused of strategically obscuring ownership of their assets to shield them from divorce or other legal claims. When a Frenchman accused the Nahmads of possessing a Modigliani painting, once estimated to be worth up to $25 million, that Nazis looted from his grandfather, they said it was owned by a company called International Art Center. A couple years later, the Panama Papers revealed that David Nahmad owns International Art Center, a holding company whose assets are stored in Geneva. (A representative for the Nahmad Collection says the case has “no merit.”)
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-“Many of these very wealthy families do sort of act like cartels,” says Christopher A. Marinello, a lawyer who recovers lost art. “We’re still dealing with these Nazi-looted-art cases because the art market hoped they would outlast the heirs.” The Wildensteins, too, he says, have handled “problematic” pictures, though none that he is currently pursuing are in their possession. Whenever he asks the family for information that might aid in his search for stolen pictures, they take a very long time to respond, he says, and are reluctant to provide information. “They’re just looking the other way,” he says. “It’s just this unwillingness to lift a finger and do anything.”
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-**I met Dumont Beghi** once more in New York, where she had come to visit galleries with her son, an artist and designer. At a windy table outside Harry Cipriani’s food hall on the Upper West Side, she told me that she plans to attend every day of the Wildenstein trial this fall. It will finally mark the end of the defining case of her career. “It’s my professional life, it’s my personal life,” she said. “I start something, I finish it. I will go every day. I want to see it through.”
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-Her long entanglement in the case created legal troubles for her too. Guy Wildenstein sued her for defamation in 2016. A few years later, she was convicted of tax fraud and money laundering for depositing $5.1 million she received from Sylvia in an undisclosed HSBC account in New York. She is currently pursuing a partial appeal and has suggested that the $5.1 million was a “customary gift.” (Guy dropped the defamation suit two years ago.)
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-In 2012, Dumont Beghi published a book about her seven years on the case, “L’Affaire Wildenstein.” In the opening lines, she describes it as “a story of two women alone facing the establishment,” run by privileged and powerful men like the Wildensteins — “a universe where women are omitted.” Some have questioned whether Dumont Beghi was really representing her client’s best interests in pursuing the costly, yearslong battle. But regardless of her motives, it’s obvious that the saga has become personal for her. Her eyes welled up when she spoke of Sylvia’s death. “She wanted the world to know that as a woman she wanted to be respected.” She described tax fraud as a crime that disproportionately deprives women. This is what she and Sylvia were fighting for. “It may be hard to understand the depth of our relationship,” she told me.
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-With a potential billion-dollar guillotine hanging over its neck, the house of Wildenstein is in unprecedented peril. Even before this latest legal trouble, its influence waned for years as the market for the historical art it sells declined, and museums are by now fully stocked. As Daniel reached his eighth decade, he started waking up in the mornings asking himself, “How long are we going to last?” The profession his family dominated for most of the 20th century had been overtaken by a new guard of contemporary-art dealers selling status baubles to Wall Street millionaires. These collectors weren’t interested in Rococo or Neoclassical art; they were spending millions on living stars like Damien Hirst, whose market the advertising tycoon Charles Saatchi has dominated since he bought up vast quantities of the artist’s early work. Daniel tried to get in on the frenzy by forming a joint venture with Pace Gallery in 1993. But its contemporary clients generally didn’t convert to Impressionism or old-master collectors, and vice versa. “It was a mistake,” Pace’s founder, Arne Glimcher, told me. “I think we did it because we were so flattered.” Pace bought back its shares plus inventory from Guy in 2011.
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-Image
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-Credit...Photo illustration by Joan Wong
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-Now the family appears to be liquidating some assets. In 2020, Guy and his wife put their Tudor estate in Millbrook, N.Y., which they spent a reported $50 million renovating, on the market for $20 million. Around the same time, their son, David, and his wife, the jewelry heiress Lucrezia Buccellati Wildenstein, listed their Connecticut equestrian compound for $6.9 million. The Virgin Islands property is up for sale, too, for $48 million. In 2016, while facing his initial tax trial in Paris, Guy listed his Sutton Square townhouse in Manhattan — Corcoran blurred the paintings on the walls, naturally — for nearly $40 million, only to finally offer it at a loss in March for $29.5 million. “I see the end of this empire,” the old-masters expert Eric Turquin says. “The organization is too heavy for a market that has shrunk. The market is one-tenth of what it used to be for 18th-century French art.”
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-Some market insiders have noticed that the family seems to be selling off more art lately, too. Though paintings are often sold at auction anonymously, provenance histories can reveal ownership information. In the past two years or so, “they sold a lot of paintings at auction, at Christie’s, not under their own name,” says Robert Simon, one of the old-masters dealers who rediscovered “Salvator Mundi.” “But when they’re cataloged, you can see that they’re shown by Wildenstein in previous shows or were acquired here and there.” He adds, “And then they’ve kind of shed their staff as well.” The mass liquidation of assets suggests that the family could be anticipating a large expenditure, like an overdue tax bill.
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-In 1932, Georges Wildenstein hired the society architect Horace Trumbauer to design the family’s majestic limestone gallery on East 64th Street, with marble floors, gilded wood paneling and lead vaults. “It was the grandest gallery in New York,” Simon says, recalling the heavy drapes the Wildensteins would pull back to reveal paintings to clients. It’s where they sold one of Raphael’s most treasured Madonnas, Caillebotte’s iconic cityscape “Paris Street; Rainy Day” and Cezanne’s largest and most lyrical “Bathers.”
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-Guy’s son, David, who is vice president of Wildenstein & Co., has described the building as “the soul of this company and the soul of this family.” Yet he helped sell it in 2017 for $79.8 million, then the highest price ever paid for a townhouse in New York. The contemporary-art gallery LGDR has since taken occupancy of the space while Wildenstein & Co. has moved into a 15-story commercial building in Midtown, open by appointment only. “It’s like an office,” one dealer told me. “A small office.”
-
----
-
-Source photographs for illustration at the top: Bertrand Rindoff Petroff/Getty Images; Bernard Gourier/Associated Press. Source photographs of Daniel and Alec Wildenstein in 1965: John Orris/The New York Times. Source photographs of Dumont Beghi: Joel Saget/AFP, via Getty Images.
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-Rachel Corbett is a journalist in New York and the author of “You Must Change Your Life: The Story of Rainer Maria Rilke and Auguste Rodin.” Her next book, about criminal profiling, is forthcoming from W.W. Norton.
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-A version of this article appears in print on  , Page 36 of the Sunday Magazine with the headline: The Wildenstein Way. [Order Reprints](https://www.parsintl.com/publication/the-new-york-times/) | [Today’s Paper](https://www.nytimes.com/section/todayspaper) | [Subscribe](https://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp8HYKU.html?campaignId=48JQY)
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-# The Inside Job: A crooked cop, a dead man and an $800,000 estate fraud
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-As teenagers, Robert Konashewych and Candice Dixon made a pact straight out of a rom-com. Growing up in Oakville, he was the handsome older guy from school she’d see behind the cash at Loblaws when her mom dragged her out grocery shopping. She was the cute girl one grade below he’d call for relationship advice. They jokingly promised that, if they were both single at 35, they’d get together. When they ran into each other in 2011 at the Brant House on King West, the dance floor seething dry ice, ­Konashewych mentioned the pact. By then, they were in their late 20s, and it seemed less like a joke and more like a possibility. “Married, right?” he asked her. She shook her head no. “So,” he said, “I still have a chance?” Dixon was statuesque, with long, gleaming brown hair and arched eyebrows. Mike Tyson once told her she had a body built by Ferrari. Konashewych was tall too, and muscular, with short hair and the shadow of a beard. The pair made their way outside, sat on a bench and talked into the night.
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-They started off with marathon phone conversations and slowly got to know each other again. She was an only child, her parents long divorced. He was the shy baby boy of his family, with three older sisters. She’d worked in marketing at MAC Cosmetics. He’d worked security at Woodbine Racetrack. His father, Bob Konashewych Sr., was a long-time Toronto cop, and Robert decided to join the force too. When he struggled to get into the policing program at Sheridan College, his dad made a couple of calls. He graduated in 2008 and took a job as a beat cop at 52 Division, in downtown Toronto. The work was steady and the money was good, more than $100,000 a year.
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-Before long, the couple was travelling together. They went to New York, standing alone in Times Square as they watched Hurricane Sandy make landfall. They flew to Turks and Caicos for the annual Dixon family vacation. Dixon had grown up wealthy. Her father, John, is president of M. J. Dixon Construction, responsible for various libraries, schools, fire stations and shelters across the GTA as well as projects for clients such as Air Canada and the Department of National Defence. She handled marketing for philanthropist and socialite Sylvia Mantella and the Mantella Corporation, a real estate development company. Konashewych couldn’t match her family wealth or her high-flying lifestyle, and she didn’t expect him to. She did, however, expect him to move out of his parents’ house in Oakville. A few months after that night in the club, Konashewych moved into the condo Dixon was renting on King West.
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-***Related:** [Meet the most charming fraudster in GTA real estate](https://torontolife.com/deep-dives/the-most-charming-fraudster-ontario-gta-real-estate/)*
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-She noticed right away that he was bad at managing his money. Konashewych came into the relationship loaded with debt. He’d lived beyond his means for years, clubbing and drinking, travelling and eating out. He spent on penny stocks that fizzled out and watched the savings he did have evaporate in high-risk investment gambles. Still, he didn’t seem overly stressed by his finances. He was used to it: his parents had struggled with money and fought about it endlessly.
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-Dixon’s family was confident and loud. Her father was one of six children—his siblings include renowned fashion designer David Dixon and interior designer and HGTV star Glenn Dixon. Konashewych was a quiet presence at gatherings, drowned out by the dozens of cousins and friends around the table. Just once, Dixon recalls her father expressing doubt about her boyfriend, who seemed too passive and dispassionate for his fiery daughter. “Don’t you get tired of always being the boss?” he asked her. But Dixon liked that the pair shared the same sly sense of humour and taste for adventure. She wanted to get married and have children with him, and he told her that he wanted those things too. She liked that they spent a lot of time together but also retained their independence. Her family thought it was strange that she travelled without him, going to Cabo or the Hamptons with her friends. She loved it. They’d grown up together; she felt like he understood her. She used to joke that her boyfriend listened so well that talking to him was like going to confession. “I just felt like he was my people,” says Dixon, now 39. He seemed like someone she could trust.
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-In 2014, they began to shop for a condo of their own. The following year, they bought a two-bedroom penthouse near Fort York, overlooking the lake. They split the $631,305 evenly, with Dixon making the down payment and Konashewych paying the mortgage every month. They flew to St. Barts, danced together in clubs and were photographed at charity galas like the Power Ball. They talked about starting a business, a razor subscription service for cops called Blue Line. When they fought, it was usually about Konashewych injecting steroids to get jacked; Dixon hated it, and when she found vials stashed in the fridge at home, she threw them away.
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-Sometimes, Konashewych picked up paid-duty gigs at concerts, sporting events or government offices. One of his side jobs was with the Office of the Public Guardian and Trustee, a branch of the Ministry of the Attorney General that most people never hear about—until they need its help. The OPGT is known as the decision-maker of last resort. More formally, it oversees financial, legal and personal care for mentally incapable adults who don’t have family to help them. About half of the agency’s clients collect disability payments from the province. On the first of the month, its office on Bay Street turns into a storefront. Clients arrive to pick up their cheques, and police officers like Konashewych come by to supervise.
-
-![The Inside Job: A crooked cop, a dead man and an $800,000 fraud](https://torontolife.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Screen-Shot-2023-09-15-at-12.42.27-PM-1.jpg)
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-On one such day in 2014, a staff member on the eighth floor leaned over to her colleague, Adellene Balgobin, and told her that there was a cute officer downstairs. She knew how badly Balgobin wanted to meet someone to start a family with. Balgobin was 26 years old, the youngest of four kids in a close-knit family, the kind of soft-hearted person who would coo over pictures of babies. Born in Trinidad and raised in Scarborough and Pickering, Balgobin was guarded, quiet, composed. After graduating from U of T, she’d signed with a temp agency and landed a job at the OPGT. She’d gone from contract to contract, role to role, since then, making her way up the ladder.
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-Balgobin took the elevator downstairs, long dark hair swishing at her waist, and quickly caught Konashewych’s eye. After a little flirting, the pair exchanged numbers. A few weeks later, they went on their first date. There was just one problem: he wasn’t single—and she had no idea. Konashewych ran with a group of cops who drove flashy cars, and he began to take Balgobin out with them, showing off his beautiful new girlfriend. He told his friends that his relationship with Dixon had been toxic from the start, that he stayed with her for the money. With Balgobin, he was in it for the sex. For Balgobin, it was love.
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-***Related:*** [*Inside the twisted mind of a serial romance scammer*](https://torontolife.com/city/the-twisted-mind-of-a-serial-romance-scammer/)
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-It was easy to keep the women apart. They occupied different worlds within Toronto. Dixon attended high-society balls and charity galas. She travelled broadly and often. Balgobin—whom he always contacted using a burner phone or through ­Snapchat—had modest means and ambitions. She lived in a studio apartment near the Rogers Centre and worked with society’s elderly and most vulnerable. She brought snacks to Konashewych’s office down the street on her breaks. She was dutiful, eager to please. Over time, her position at the OPGT, where she oversaw the ongoing care of clients and their financial decisions, would prove surprisingly lucrative.
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-To see Heinz Sommerfeld with his nieces and nephews was to watch him come alive. He had no children of his own. He’d never married; Heinzy, as his mother called him, was quiet that way. Reclusive, even. He’d come to Canada from Germany at age 11 with his mother, stepfather and younger half-brother, Peter Stelter, moving into a home on Gladstone Avenue. Seven years apart, the brothers shared a room until well into their 20s. In all those years, Stelter couldn’t recall his brother bringing home a friend.
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-Sommerfeld was an orderly, fastidious young man. His vinyl collection lined his shelf, and Stelter was under strict orders not to mess with his brother’s things. His keen eye for detail led him to a job as a draftsman for the Ministry of Transportation, where he drew intricate maps and worked for 36 years.
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-After Stelter got married and moved out, Sommerfeld got an apartment of his own and eventually bought a pink brick house on a quiet Mississauga street called Maple Gate Circle, which he shared with his cat. Stelter could find his brother difficult to talk to; it sometimes felt like he was digging for the tiniest details. Stelter’s children—Nicole, Peter, James and Rebecca—helped keep the family close. Despite being aloof, Sommerfeld was a devoted uncle. “My brother came to all my children’s christenings, first communions, confirmations. Any birthday, any holiday we had, my brother was there,” Stelter says. The family hiked at Rattlesnake Point together on Thanksgiving and went to church together, a Pentecostal service they attended once during the week and twice on Sundays.
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-![Heinz Sommerfeld and Peter Stelter with family](https://torontolife.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CROOKED_COP_FINAL09-368x0-c-default.jpg "Sommerfeld Stelter family dinner")
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-Sommerfeld (left) with Stelter (centre) and family
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-In 1995, Stelter’s wife, Gail, got sick, and caring for her became his main preoccupation. When Sommerfeld suffered a severe bout of vertigo and Stelter didn’t reach out, Sommerfeld grew resentful. The brothers’ relationship fractured. Sommerfeld stopped answering the phone and the door. They lived 15 minutes from each other, and Stelter would drive by on his way home, looking for signs of life—the blink of a blind or the flutter of a curtain. When Sommerfeld’s next-door neighbour Donna Patterson invited him to spend Christmas dinner with her family, he declined but ate the leftovers she brought by. “He was content to be alone,” she says.
-
-Sommerfeld had a stubborn streak that ran deep. When he decided, after 20 years of carefully preparing his mother’s taxes, that he no longer wanted to do them, the task fell to Stelter, and Sommerfeld could not be persuaded otherwise. Unbeknownst to Stelter, Sommerfeld was suffering from dementia. He likely could no longer make sense of the rows and columns of numbers. When Stelter stopped by the house in 2004 to tell Sommerfeld that his mother was dying, Sommerfeld refused to visit her. By then, Stelter knew well enough not to ask why. It was the last time he would see his brother alive.
-
-![Heinz Sommerfeld and Peter Stelter's family hike at Rattlesnake Point](https://torontolife.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CROOKED_COP_FINAL10-368x0-c-default.jpg "Sommerfeld and Stelter family hike")
-
-Sommerfeld and family on a hike at Rattlesnake Point
-
-Throughout 2005, Sommerfeld retreated further into himself. When his mother died, he didn’t go to her funeral, partly so that he wouldn’t have to socialize with her friends. He had always loved ambling around Osprey Marsh, a swath of forested parkland a few blocks from his home. But his neighbours noticed that he was growing thinner from hours spent walking the marsh. They wondered if he was declining mentally. Once, he left his car in a nearby parking lot, forgot about it and reported it stolen. Before long, they worried that when he went out for walks, he wouldn’t be able to find his way back.
-
-***Related:** [These three brothers scammed their investors out of $233 million. Then they lived like kings](https://torontolife.com/city/inside-the-international-manhunt-for-josh-cartu/)*
-
-Sommerfeld grew paranoid and agitated. Knots in the tall pine fence separating his backyard from the neighbours’ became holes he was convinced their six-year-old son had drilled to spy on him. He called the police, but by the time they arrived, he’d forgotten why he called. He was sure his neighbours were shooting light beams into his windows, telling them,“I know what you’re doing with the lasers” and calling the police again. Even his beloved cat seemed lost when it wandered next door and, eventually, away.
-
-Finally, in September of 2008, Sommerfeld went after a neighbourhood woman with a hammer. When the police arrived, they took him to Credit Valley Hospital under the Mental Health Act. There, a doctor diagnosed dementia caused by Alzheimer’s and declared Sommerfeld incapable of managing his own affairs. By then, he was 69 years old, hard of hearing, struggling to carry a conversation and unable to remember his phone number or birthday. When asked if he had any family, Sommerfeld said no. An answer born of dementia or estrangement or that stubborn streak, it would prove pivotal to the next decade of Sommerfeld’s life. With no recorded next of kin, Sommerfeld officially became a client of the OPGT the following week. That left his fate—his finances and health-care decisions—in the hands of the state.
-
-The agency sent an investigator to catalogue Sommerfeld’s possessions. The home was sparsely furnished: brown leather couches by the fireplace, empty boxes of cat litter spread out across the basement floor. The investigator sifted through meticulously kept records, the dusty ephemera that make up a life. A German letter Sommerfeld had written as a 16-year-old to his family at the end of his school term. A letter from the Ministry of Transportation congratulating him on a perfect year of attendance in 1988, and another from 1990. A stack of expired passports. What the investigator didn’t find was a will.
-
-The OPGT assigned Sommerfeld a caseworker, and he was transferred to a senior’s residence in Mississauga. The caseworker visited Sommerfeld in his new home, helping to make arrangements to sell his house. Its sale, along with his considerable savings and pension, would fund his care for the rest of his life.
-
-That Sommerfeld didn’t have a will or documented next of kin wasn’t unusual—many OPGT clients don’t. But it is rare for someone with substantial assets, and he had an $834,000 estate. A 2018 audit of the agency found that just six per cent of its clients had assets of more than $100,000. That made Sommerfeld a member of a very small group. His medical care and financial decisions would be entrusted to the most senior client representatives at the agency, each overseeing anywhere from 80 to 100 cases at a time. In January of 2017, a new public servant took over the caseload that included Sommerfeld’s estate: Adellene Balgobin.
-
-Konashewych and Balgobin went to the movies, attended parties with friends, met up at hotels, had sex in his black BMW. She couldn’t get enough of him. When months passed and she’d never seen his apartment, she started asking questions. He confessed that he shared a two-bedroom condo with his ex but claimed that they were no longer romantically involved and were living as roommates. Her friends disapproved. She could be naïve about love. As an undergrad, she’d had a long-distance romance with a family friend who lived in Trinidad. The pair eventually married, but the relationship fell apart because neither would agree to relocate. Balgobin also had a years-long affair with a married colleague at the OPGT. Her friends worried that her new boyfriend, Konashewych, was lying to her, that she’d gotten herself mixed up in another dead-end relationship. They also noticed her beginning to change. She now carried designer handbags and got a part-time job at Saks Fifth Avenue for the staff discount. When Konashewych urged her to get breast implants, she had the surgery. “Hope you like your new boobs,” she wrote in a card for his birthday later that year.
-
----
-
-##### As hard as Robert Konashewych had worked to keep his girlfriends apart, his two worlds were about to collide
-
----
-
-   
-After a year of dating, Balgobin wanted more out of the relationship. She had a framed picture of the two of them together on her desk at work but had never met his friends or family. He would promise to spend time with her and then cancel when something came up. Suspecting that he wasn’t being truthful with her, she turned to social media. It didn’t take long to track down a profile: Candice Dixon. Balgobin finally had a name to pin to her suspicions. And despite her boyfriend’s assurances to the contrary, Dixon and Konashewych appeared to be very much together: Dixon’s Instagram account was full of pictures of the couple at events around town. This time, when Balgobin confronted him, he didn’t deny it. He was with Dixon, he told her, and he wouldn’t leave her. He couldn’t. His acquisitive lifestyle had driven him deep into debt, and he couldn’t afford to live the same kind of life without Dixon. Balgobin was hurt and upset but still in love. She decided to stay with him anyway.
-
-Consumed with thoughts of her boyfriend and their love triangle, she confided in her colleagues about her situation, first over weekly after-work drinks and then at the agency on an almost daily basis. One day, she was leaving him. The next day, she was taking him to Punta Cana for his birthday. She texted one friend, “I’m not doing this anymore. I’m ready to move on with my life.” Their affair would last another three years.
-
-The OPGT has a history of employees exploiting the clients under their care. In 1990, a cache of client gold and jewellery worth $40,000 disappeared from a vault in the OPGT’s Bay Street office. Police couldn’t lay charges because sloppy record-keeping obscured the trail of evidence. By 2004, the agency was handling more than $1 billion in assets for 9,000 clients. An audit by the province found that the OPGT’s fund managers were mismanaging its clients’ money, in one instance making choices so ill-informed that they frittered away nearly all of a client’s $3-million stockholding. In 2007, investigators discovered that an OPGT employee named Preadorshani Biazar had been siphoning money from 52 of her mentally ill, homeless and dead clients over 12 years, forging documents and holding fraudulent debit cards in her clients’ names. She stole a total of $1.23 million, using the funds to pay down the mortgage on her Leaside home, buy a BMW X5, and take vacations to Dubai, Las Vegas, Mont-Tremblant and across Europe with her unemployed husband and their three children. (She pleaded guilty in 2009 and was sentenced to three years in prison.)
-
-Nearly 10 years after that, in 2018, the auditor general released another damning report. The agency still wasn’t safeguarding the interests of its now 12,000 clients. Weak internal controls, especially when it came to tracking clients’ assets, allowed for the possibility that those assets could get lost or misappropriated, the audit found. The agency expected its employees to know how to identify fraudulent ID presented by people claiming to be heirs to estates but never trained them in how to do that. By 2020, a follow-up report found that less than half of the suggestions made in 2018 had been implemented. Faced with a growing client roster of aging Boomers, the OPGT’s needs are increasing, forcing its staff to do more with less and leaving more details overlooked.
-
-Seniors are among society’s most vulnerable populations, and elder abuse rates are on the rise, according to the World Health Organization. Scammers now tailor their schemes to the elderly, who are often isolated and have money in the bank. And their target base is growing: according to Statistics Canada, seniors will make up almost a quarter of Canada’s population by 2031. It’s no surprise, then, that financial abuse is one of the most common kinds of elder mistreatment.
-
-By 2017, Heinz Sommerfeld had been in OPGT care for nearly nine years. He’d long stopped having visitors at the nursing home. As the years passed, the list of his diagnoses grew longer: Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, diabetes and possible signs of schizophrenia. On June 19, at the age of 77, he died in his room, alone.
-
-Sommerfeld’s death set in motion a bureaucratic cascade that occurs each time an OPGT client dies. The staff at the nursing home called Balgobin, the senior client rep responsible for his file, who began wrapping up his accounts: notifying his insurance company, cancelling his pension benefits with Service Canada and arranging his burial with a funeral home. Then, the file was transferred to a colleague in the Trusts Reporting Unit for what’s called the close-out.
-
-Konashewych and Balgobin saw an opportunity: a dead man’s estate, sitting unclaimed. Konashewych could pose as Sommerfeld’s long-time friend, and the money could help him pay off his debt. It could mean the start of something new for them.
-
-But, after Balgobin passed along the Sommerfeld file, her colleague in Trusts found a note in the hundreds of pages of records about a possible half-brother named Peter Stelter. The colleague looked him up in the phone book and called. Stelter hadn’t heard from his brother in years. When he confirmed their relationship, she told him that Sommerfeld had died a week earlier. And because there was no will, he’d inherit a substantial estate. Stelter was stunned. He had assumed his brother would live well into his 80s, as Sommerfeld’s father had. When he asked where his brother’s body was, she told him he’d already been buried.
-
-On June 26, 2017, after learning that her colleague had located Stelter, Balgobin tweaked the plan. She made a note in the agency’s system: she’d received a voicemail, she claimed, from a man who said that he possessed a copy of Sommerfeld’s up-to-date will. He produced the will, which bore the signatures of Sommerfeld and two witnesses named John David William Liminski and Jonathan Steven Aseltine. No one at the OPGT was able to confirm that they were real—the witnesses, names plucked from the sky, didn’t exist.
-
-Later that day, the Trusts representative called Stelter back. She’d been mistaken, she said; there was a will after all—and he wasn’t in it. A man named Robert Konashewych would inherit the entire estate. Stelter was surprised. “A will just doesn’t pop up after an hour,” he says. He’d never heard of Konashewych, so he and his wife hired a lawyer to look into it. When the lawyer reported that the will looked credible, Stelter figured there was nothing left to do. They’d already spent $2,500 and couldn’t afford to pursue the matter further. He didn’t know anything about the last decade of his brother’s life, he told himself. Sommerfeld must have met someone he cared for enough to leave them his life’s savings and his home. “We decided then that, if the lawyer says it’s okay, it must be okay,” he says. “You have to trust someone, right?”
-
-The will wound its way through estate bureaucracy. The next step was for Konashewych to apply for probate, the court-appointed analysis and transfer of estate assets. Because no one could track down the witnesses of Sommerfeld’s will, the courts required an affidavit from the OPGT stating that Sommerfeld’s signature was real. Balgobin signed it. She was, she wrote on the notarized legal document, a senior client representative with the Public Guardian and Trustee who had overseen Sommerfeld’s financial affairs when he was alive. She could verify that the signatures matched the ones on the documents she’d accessed before.
-
-Konashewych began to act as estate trustee for a man he insisted was his friend, all while leaving traces of a friendship that didn’t exist. He signed an affidavit saying that he’d met Sommerfeld back in 2005, when he was 22 and working security at Woodbine Racetrack, and that the next year Sommerfeld, age 66, had given him the will. He’d approved the design of the headstone where Sommerfeld was laid to rest in Meadowvale Cemetery. A Christmas card dated 2008 and signed “Robert” appeared in Sommerfeld’s file.
-
-The couple thought they’d executed the perfect crime: victimless and profitable. But, as hard as Konashewych had worked to keep his girlfriends apart, his two worlds were about to collide.
-
-One October morning, Dixon’s uncle David stumbled into a chance encounter at a Yorkville salon. The receptionist—whose husband worked at the OPGT—was insisting that his niece’s long-time partner, Rob, had another girlfriend. When Dixon heard about this possible affair, she was shocked. She went to the salon herself, dragging Konashewych with her, and confronted the receptionist, who began to share details about her boyfriend that a stranger couldn’t possibly have known. She demanded to know the girlfriend’s name, pushing until the receptionist finally said, “Adellene.” Outside, Konashewych denied everything. Dixon grabbed his phone and typed Adellene into his contacts. The search returned only a photo of an old business card, which he insisted he had obtained for work during one of his shifts at the OPGT. Unconvinced, Dixon hailed a cab and the pair headed for the agency, where they demanded to see Balgobin. As they stood at the front desk, Konashewych texted his mistress. “Don’t come out,” he typed.
-
-![Robert Konashewych with Candice Dixon, his mother and Adellene Balgobin](https://torontolife.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Screen-Shot-2023-09-15-at-12.49.51-PM-1.jpg)
-
-Dixon tried emailing Balgobin at work: “I know you know who I am. Please give me a call.” Balgobin wrote back, saying that she couldn’t help her. Dixon wrote again, explaining what had happened at the salon and asking the other woman for the truth. “Rob and I literally spend insane amounts of time together, and when we aren’t together, we are constantly in communication, so it almost seems next to impossible, but I don’t really know after all this,” she wrote. “I wouldn’t be the first person to be taken for a fool, right?” Balgobin didn’t respond.
-
-Later, Balgobin left a voicemail on Dixon’s cellphone claiming to be a stalker, not a mistress, in an attempt to explain it all away. “I met Rob a long time ago through work. I really liked him. I tried to get him to notice me. I found him online with his family, and I found out he had a girlfriend, and I got more and more jealous. I wanted to date him, and when I saw him on TV, I told people in my office that we were dating, but that was a lie,” she said, the words tumbling out in one long, tearful, high-pitched sentence. “It just became so real. I’m so sorry if I caused you any problems, but I tried to break you up thinking Rob would want to date me and take me away.”
-
-Konashewych and Balgobin began to panic. If Dixon found out about the affair, she might also discover their fraud. To persuade Dixon that the relationship wasn’t real, Konashewych sent cease-and-desist letters from a lawyer to his own mistress and her colleagues, threatening a lawsuit if they didn’t stop telling people that he and Balgobin were dating.
-
-To Dixon, the idea of a stalker obsessed with her boyfriend seemed more plausible than what the receptionist had told her: that her partner was in a full-fledged relationship with someone else. She found herself wandering around in a fog, constantly looking over her shoulder for a face she didn’t recognize. If someone was stalking them, she reasoned, shouldn’t they report it to the police? Konashewych demurred, insisting that it would affect his career, and told her he’d have one of his detective friends stake out the OPGT office to take Balgobin’s picture. Then, at least, Dixon would know whom she was looking for. He produced a photo of one of Balgobin’s colleagues, a South Asian woman around her age, saying it was her. Konashewych continued to pit the women against each other in order to keep them apart and his plans intact. “She’s losing her mind,” he told Balgobin. “She won’t stop until she finds you.” Balgobin began to ask her friends to walk home with her at night, convinced that Dixon had hired an investigator to find her. “I’m being followed, I don’t wanna leave my house,” she texted a friend.
-
-At home, Konashewych and Dixon were fighting about more than a supposed stalker. Dixon was fed up with Konashewych’s lack of ambition and his inability to manage his money. Still, by the summer of 2018, he was shopping for engagement rings with her mother. She was thinking about breaking up.
-
-On a late-July morning in 2018, Konashewych walked into the OPGT office one last time. He brought a friend with him, a security guard who lived in his condo building, because he needed a witness for what he was about to do. After they signed all the paperwork, Konashewych walked out into the summer sun holding a cheque for $637,474.37, all of Sommerfeld’s money that the OPGT held in its coffers.
-
-By October, Konashewych had received Sommerfeld’s entire estate from the OPGT—$788,857, after legal fees and other disbursements. He began paying down his debt—almost $92,000 to a line of credit—and dumped the rest, hundreds of thousands of dollars, into a trading account.
-
-It should have been cause for celebration, but he was wary. His carefully laid plan had run into some bad luck: his victim did have next of kin, and that person had been found. In a final, ­ham-fisted attempt to prove his friendship with Sommerfeld, Konashewych called Stelter. He said he was considering holding a memorial. Would Stelter be interested in participating? “Who are you to my brother?” Stelter asked him. The question hung in the air. Konashewych said he was just fulfilling the wishes of his elderly friend. Stelter knew something wasn’t right and hung up.
-
-In November, Konashewych and Dixon had another fight, and she finally asked him to leave. He moved out of the penthouse and into Balgobin’s studio apartment. One afternoon, Dixon received a letter at the condo from TD Bank addressed to Robert Konashewych, care of the estate of Heinz Sommerfeld. She thought nothing of it, threw it in a drawer and went to St. Barts for the holidays.
-
----
-
-##### Konashewych was barred from their shared condo. Security threatened to call the police if he refused to leave. “I am the police!” he yelled back
-
----
-
-   
-In January, Konashewych called and asked her out to dinner. He missed her and wanted to talk about getting back together. When they met, he asked if any mail had come for him. She showed him the envelope from TD and asked what it was. He had no idea, he said. It must be a banking error. He’d never heard of the man. He made a joke about Heinz ketchup and tucked the envelope in his pocket.
-
-A few weeks later, another piece of mail arrived for Konashewych, this time from a law firm, also addressed to the estate. Dixon opened it. (She says this was an accident. He says it was illegal. Either way, its contents were privileged.) When she saw his mistress’s name, she became incensed. “What is this? Why is Adellene’s name on this?” she texted her ex. “Is this some kind of sick joke? This was the thing you knew nothing about.…You’re doing something illegal.” He responded immediately. “No, the only thing illegal was you opening my mail.”
-
-For so long, Dixon had been telling herself that the affair must have all been some big misunderstanding, wanting to trust the man she’d spent seven years with. “I just kept thinking, *This can’t be real*,” she says. But, in that moment, the truth finally crystallized. She began to scour the condo. She opened one of their storage lockers, rummaging through boxes of Konashewych’s things. Out came tickets to a Las Vegas nightclub bearing Balgobin’s name, a purple dress, a Christmas card Balgobin had signed “your sex slave.” Back in the penthouse, she found Viagra stashed in a garment bag hanging in a closet and an envelope holding an SD card. She slid it into her laptop, and the screen filled with photos. Pictures of strange women posing with her boyfriend, other women surrounded by friends, women in lingerie. There were dozens of photos documenting what looked to be multiple affairs, spanning the years of their relationship. Only one of the pictures was of her. “My life,” she says, “was a lie.”
-
-Dixon emailed a smattering of the pictures to Konashewych with the subject line “really faithful.” He showed up to the condo within the hour. The concierge barred him from entering. Security threatened to call the police if he refused to leave. “I am the police!” he yelled back.
-
-As their separation dragged on, stalled by disagreements over what to do with their condo, the relationship became increasingly hostile. Konashewych left a separation agreement in their mailbox. Dixon posted racist memes on Facebook and Snapchat, taunting Balgobin. In one, she captioned a photo of a South Asian man in a green turban with “Adellene’s St. Paddy’s Look? I can’t help myself.” In another, over a photo of a woman dressed for Caribana with feathers waving from her head, she wrote, “Someone’s Hindu Trini babe” and a crying-laughing emoji. (Asked about this later, Dixon said, “I’m allowed to have feelings.”) Dixon offered to buy him out of their shared condo, and Konashewych refused. He countered with an offer $2,000 higher. “What is $2,000, a Coach purse? Lol, no thanks,” she replied. He accused her of changing the locks. She accused him of changing the password and locking her out of their mortgage account. When Dixon’s elderly mother posted on Facebook, “If you hurt my daughter, I can make death look like an accident,” Konashewych reported it to his boss at 52 Division.
-
-Incandescent with anger, Dixon began to conduct some detective work of her own. She secured Sommerfeld’s estate file through her lawyer and tracked down Stelter through the Facebook profile of his wife, Gail. She also reached out to one of Balgobin’s cousins on Facebook to learn more about her family. In early March, Dixon gave a statement to the police, and they began building a case. ­Detectives requested access to bank and phone records tying Konashewych and Balgobin together. When Konashewych drove his BMW, registered in his mom’s name, home from a shift, detectives followed him back to the new apartment he was renting with Balgobin on Elm Street.
-
-On December 14, 2019, police froze Konashewych’s bank accounts, seizing $684,061 from the investment account opened after he’d received the estate. Detectives on the fraud squad served him notice as he finished his night shift at 52 Division. He was suspended, with pay, pending an investigation. Four days later, Balgobin was called into a meeting and also suspended, with pay, from the OPGT. Balgobin hired a lawyer, who advised her to break up with her boyfriend. Again, she decided to stay with him. In July of 2020, they were finally arrested and formally charged: Konashewych with one count of fraud over $5,000 and Balgobin with the same plus a charge of breach of public trust. (Konashewych declined our requests for an interview; Balgobin didn’t respond.)
-
-This past July, Konashewych and Balgobin stood trial just a few blocks from where they had once spent their lunch breaks together. Their defence teams characterized Dixon as a vengeful ex-girlfriend, a scorned woman who had fabricated a nefarious plot to get even, and reiterated that the will was legitimate. They said that the alleged fraud was a series of simple coincidences, run after run of bad luck. “If I were them, I’d stop going out in the rain,” quipped Crown prosecutor Sam Walker in his closing arguments. It took a jury less than 24 hours to find the couple guilty. Balgobin sank in her chair. Konashewych Sr., in the back row of the gallery clutching his cane, hung his head. Konashewych, his reaction hidden behind a black face mask, stared straight ahead.
-
-Dixon scoffs at the woman-scorned defence. “Revenge would have been sleeping with a friend,” she says. “Revenge wasn’t making up a crime. Because that implicates you; your life also gets swept up in this process.” She has since relocated to Palm Beach, Florida, with her miniature Labs, Ducky and Dawlin. Last year, she went into business with Konashewych’s now estranged sister Cheryl, opening a beauty salon called This Place Blows. “When Rob and I finally separated, and I walked out of court, I said, ‘I never have to talk to his family again,’” she says. “And now I’m in another type of marriage with his sister.” The day after the guilty verdict, she boarded a private jet to see the yacht that her new boyfriend, a developer, had purchased, and then she sailed to the Hamptons. Meanwhile, still on paid leave, Konashewych will celebrate his 40th birthday in October, two days ahead of his sentencing hearing.
-
-On the stand in July, Stelter recalled the last time he’d driven by his brother’s house on Maple Gate. He saw a child on a swing in the backyard and knew for certain that his brother was gone. Stelter, a retired tradesman, told the court that he and Gail, a former teacher, lead a quiet, frugal life off a country road in Haliburton County. They skate with their grandkids in the winter and cast fishing lines into the lake in the fall. For so long, he’d been just scraping by. Now, the $684,000 left of the estate would go to him. It was a windfall of fairy tale proportions and rightfully his, but it didn’t feel that way. The years had slipped by so fast. He’d always assumed that there would be time to make peace with his brother.
-
----
-
-*This story appears in the October 2023 issue of* Toronto Life *magazine*. *To subscribe for just $39.99 a year, **[click here.](https://secure.torontolife.com/W2NASHPT)** To purchase single issues, **[click here.](https://canadianmags.ca/collections/toronto-life-single-issues)***
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-TimeStamp: 2023-01-29
-Link: https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/trump-capital-punishment-brandon-bernard-lisa-montgomery-1234664126/
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-# Trump’s Killing Spree: The Inside Story of His Race to Execute Every Prisoner He Could
-
-I n the final moments of Brandon Bernard’s life, before he was executed by lethal injection at a federal penitentiary in Terre Haute, Indiana, on Dec. 10, 2020, President [Donald Trump](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/donald-trump/) picked up the phone to entertain a final plea for mercy on Bernard’s behalf. The call was not with Bernard’s family or his attorneys. Nor was it with representatives from the Justice Department’s Pardon Attorney office, who had recommended just days earlier that Trump spare Bernard’s life.
-
-Rather, the call was with Jamal Fincher Jones, better known as [Polow da Don](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/polow-da-don-country-radio-wycz-nashville-846164/), a music producer responsible for hits like [Ludacris](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/gunna-ludacris-musicians-on-musicians-1240104/)’ “Pimpin’ All Over the World” and [Nicki Minaj](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/nicki-minajs-queen-radio-controversy-1234591274/)’s “Anaconda.” Jones didn’t know Bernard, but he had publicly endorsed Trump for reelection — and that, Bernard’s advocates had correctly suspected, gave him the best chance of getting the president’s ear. 
-
-Trump took the call, but unfortunately for Bernard, [it was too late](https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/u-s-set-execute-brandon-bernard-who-was-18-time-n1250748). The president had days earlier spoken with the family of the victims in Bernard’s case — a young couple who’d been kidnapped and killed — and promised them the execution would go forward. “I’m sorry,” he told Jones. “I can’t do it.” 
-
-Bernard was already in the execution chamber while Trump and Jones were talking. Earlier that evening, the Supreme Court had rejected his lawyers’ petition to delay the execution, and Trump’s refusal to intervene sealed his fate. Granted a final phone call, Bernard spoke with the attorneys and investigators who’d taken on his case and become his friends, telling them repeatedly that he loved them, before the line went dead. Shortly after 9 p.m. Eastern time, he was injected with Pentobarbital, a drug that cripples the central nervous system, shutting down the lungs and heart. 
-
-“As the drug started taking its effect, he’s looking in our direction, as if he just wanted somebody to help him,” says Chuck Formosa, a defense investigator who’d grown close with Bernard after joining his cause in 2008 and attended the execution. “It was the most fucked-up thing I’ve ever seen, watching them kill my friend.”
-
-## Editor’s picks
-
-## Related
-
-By 9:27 p.m. Bernard was dead. In that moment, he became the ninth of 13 people executed in the final six months of the Trump administration — more federal executions than in the previous 10 administrations combined. Of the 13, six were put to death after Trump lost the election, his Justice Department accelerating the schedule to ensure they would die before the incoming administration could intercede. Before Trump, there had been only three federal executions since 1963; in January 2021, Trump oversaw three executions during a single four-day stretch.
-
-Two years before that stretch, Trump had signed perhaps the lone broadly popular major initiative of his presidency: a bipartisan criminal-justice reform bill. By 2020, however, his political calculus had changed. As he geared up for another election, Trump White House sources say, the president was telling advisers that carrying out [capital punishment](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/capital-punishment/) would insulate him from criticism that he was soft on crime. And in his attorney general, Bill Barr, a longtime death-penalty advocate, he had the perfect accomplice.
-
-The executions, carried out in the name of law and order, [took place at a time of peak lawlessness within](https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/roger-stone-trump-prison-wikileaks-russia-barr-commuted-1027077/) the White House. While his administration killed prisoners at an unprecedented clip, Trump [spent his final months attempting to overturn the 2020 election](https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/trump-premeditated-plan-overturn-election-results-jan-6-hearing-1234610551/), culminating in the Jan. 6 ransacking of the U.S. Capitol. And though Trump did show some mercy on his way out the door, it was largely reserved for political cronies such as Paul Manafort and Roger Stone.
-
-The killing spree ended with Trump’s first term, as President Biden suspended capital punishment on the federal level, but it may only have been a pause. The former president is running again — and opened his 2024 campaign with a speech that promised more executions if he wins: “We’re going to be asking \[for\] everyone who sells drugs, gets caught selling drugs to receive the [death penalty](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/death-penalty/) for their heinous acts,” Trump said in his November campaign announcement. “Because it is the only way.”
-
-**Donald Trump’s enthusiasm** for the death penalty dates back decades. His first real foray into politics was a public call for executions after five teenagers of color were arrested in the brutal rape and assault of a female jogger in New York City in 1989. “Bring back the death penalty. Bring back our police,” screamed a full-page ad Trump had placed in the New York *Daily News* at the time. The Central Park Five, as the young men came to be known, were later exonerated by DNA evidence, after they had served years in prison. But Trump never apologized for the ad.
-
-![](https://www.rollingstone.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Brandon-with-family-July-2015-1.jpg?w=1024)
-
-Brandon Bernard participated in a double murder at age 18. By 40, he was counseling at-risk youth and close with his family (pictured). BERNARD DEFENSE TEAM
-
-By the time he was preparing for his first presidential run, Trump was pitching capital punishment to the American people again. In a May 2015 appearance on *Fox & Friends,* responding to the killing of two police officers in Mississippi, Trump said the death penalty should be “brought back strong.” Once in office, he suggested it as a potential remedy to the nation’s opioid crisis, a tool that could be used against dealers as a deterrent. (“If you shoot one person, they give you the death penalty,” he said. “These people can kill 2,000, 3,000 people, and nothing happens to them.”) 
-
-His public statements on the topic were a nudge to the Justice Department, and Trump’s chief law-enforcement officers took note. In 2018, his first attorney general, Jeff Sessions, began the process of lifting the two-decade, unofficial moratorium on federal executions by issuing a memo that urged federal prosecutors to use existing death-penalty statutes against drug traffickers. But it was Sessions’ successor, Barr, who took the concrete step in July 2019 of ordering the Federal Bureau of Prisons to resume executions. 
-
-Barr wrote proudly of the decision in his book *One Damn Thing After Another: Memoirs of an Attorney General*, published about a year after the Trump presidency ended, devoting a whole chapter — “Bringing Justice to Violent Predators” — to the blitz of federal executions. Not a shocking move from a man who, while George H.W. Bush’s attorney general in the early 1990s, praised the death penalty in a series of official recommendations, claiming that it works as a deterrent, “permanently incapacitate\[s\] extremely violent offenders,” and “serves the important societal goal of just retribution.” (Without a hint of irony, he added, “It reaffirms society’s moral outrage at the wanton destruction of innocent human life.”)
-
-Trump, of course, was not so keen to engage with the subject intellectually. The sum total of his discussions of the death penalty with his top law-enforcement officer, Barr says, was a single, offhand conversation. After an unrelated White House meeting, Barr was preparing to leave the Oval Office when, he says, he gave Trump a “heads-up” that “we would be resuming the death penalty.” Trump — apparently unaware of his own AG’s longstanding philosophy on capital punishment — asked Barr if he personally supported the death penalty and why.
-
-Trump’s lack of interest in the details had grave repercussions for the people whose fates were in his hands. According to multiple sources inside the administration, Trump completely disregarded the advice of the Office of the Pardon Attorney, an administrative body designed to administer impartial pleas for clemency in death-penalty cases and other, lower-level offenses. And Barr says he does not recall discussing any of the 13 inmates who were eventually killed with the president who sent them to the death chamber. 
-
-That means Trump never talked with Barr about Lisa Montgomery, a deeply mentally ill and traumatized person who became the [first woman executed by the federal government since 1953](https://www.thedailybeast.com/trump-will-let-mentally-ill-lisa-montgomery-be-killed-in-a-few-days-biden-would-have-likely-spared-her). Or Wesley Ira Purkey, whose execution was delayed a day by a judge who ruled that his advancing Alzheimer’s disease had left Purkey unaware of why he was being executed. (The Supreme Court reversed that ruling the next day.) Or Daniel Lewis Lee, Dustin Lee Honken, Lezmond Charles Mitchell, Keith Dwayne Nelson, William Emmett LeCroy Jr., Christopher Andre Vialva, Orlando Cordia Hall, Alfred Bourgeois, Corey Johnson, and Dustin John Higgs.
-
-And it means Trump never spoke with Barr about Brandon Bernard.
-
-**Had Trump spoken** with Barr or taken the recommendation of his appointed pardon attorney, here’s what he would have learned about the man he was preparing to put to death.
-
-Bernard was on death row because of his role in the 1999 carjacking and murder of two married youth ministers, Todd and Stacie Bagley. Out driving in Killeen, Texas, the couple stopped at a convenience store, where they were approached by a group of five young men asking for a ride. When the Bagleys agreed to help, the teenagers, who were affiliated with a local gang, robbed them at gunpoint, forced them into the car’s trunk, and drove to a remote part of the nearby Fort Hood military base. According to court documents, Todd, 26, and Stacie, 28, begged for their lives during the seven-hour stretch they were held in captivity. They said “Jesus loves you” in their final moments, urging their kidnappers to embrace a Christian faith, just before they were both shot in the head. Bernard, 18 at the time, was not the gunman, but he lit the car on fire with the Bagleys inside. Todd was already dead when he did so; medical examiners are divided over Stacie’s precise cause of death.
-
-> As the drug started taking its effect, he’s looking in our direction, as if he just wanted somebody to help him. It was the most fucked-up thing I’ve seen, watching them kill my friend.
-
-Because the killings took place on government land, Bernard was tried in federal court. At the center of the case was whether he was a ringleader in the gang or a lackey following orders. Prosecutors pushed the former notion. Meanwhile, Bernard’s court-appointed defense lawyer, according to the attorneys who for years helped him appeal his sentence, failed to make an opening statement. The jury sided with the prosecution, and Bernard was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to death.
-
-More than a decade after Bernard’s 2000 trial, his appellate lawyers uncovered new information about the proceedings. They allege prosecutors withheld critical evidence supporting the idea that, far from a leader directing the murders, Bernard was just a confused teenager following instructions from his place in the gang’s lowest tier. In addition, one prosecutor on Bernard’s case had by 2020 become one of his advocates, arguing in an op-ed that he had not deserved the death penalty and asking that his sentence be commuted. And five of the nine surviving members of the jury who sentenced Bernard to die had publicly called for him to be spared.
-
-Bernard spent more than half of his life in jail, and by 40 had matured greatly from the 18-year-old in central Texas. During his time in prison, he was not cited for a single infraction. He was a prolific reader and writer of letters. He took up crocheting and guitar. And he dedicated himself to counseling at-risk youth.
-
-Rob Owen, Bernard’s attorney for more than 20 years, says that was all consistent with the man he’d watched grow up. “He was not some monster when he was 18,” Owen says. “He made a horrible, terrible decision when he was young, but I saw the same good person in that young man that I saw up until the day they killed him.”
-
-**With weeks left** in Bernard’s life, he and his attorneys met on Nov. 30 via video with representatives from the Office of the Pardon Attorney. One juror from the original trial joined, saying he no longer believed Bernard should be executed. Bernard himself addressed the DOJ officials. “Todd and Stacie are always on my mind,” he said during the meeting. “I ask myself how \[I can\] honor them … I do not deserve to die, and in living, I hope to continue to show this panel, the Bagley family, and the country, through my actions, the many reasons I deserve to live.”
-
-The office’s recommendations to the president are not made public, but days after the meeting, several sources told Bernard’s team that the attorney had recommended Trump commute the death sentence to life in prison. “It gave us hope,” says Stacey Brownstein, who served as an investigator on Bernard’s defense. “It felt for a moment that things were breaking our way.”
-
-In another administration, that might have been enough to save Bernard’s life. But in Trump’s world, it barely registered.
-
-While Bernard’s team was frantically trying to keep its client alive, the outgoing president was preparing to extend clemency to a host of convicted criminals who also happened to be his friends. The list included Paul Manafort, chairman of his 2016 campaign, who was serving a 47-month sentence for eight felony convictions, including multiple counts of tax cheating and bank fraud, as well as for storing assets in an undisclosed foreign bank account. 
-
-Trump was also lining up a full pardon for Roger Stone, the adviser who’d tried to thwart the federal investigation into ties between Trump and Russia. His seven felony convictions included witness tampering and lying to Congress. Trump had already commuted the sentence, but decided only a full pardon would do for a decades-old friend. A full pardon was also in the works for Charles Kushner — father of Trump’s son-in-law Jared — who in 2005 had been sentenced to two years after being convicted of 16 counts of tax evasion. (The case also saw Kushner attempt to blackmail his own brother-in-law, who’d been a cooperating witness against him, with a sex tape.) Kushner was already long done serving his sentence, but Trump deemed an additional pardon necessary. 
-
-Those were the type of connections that earned one clemency under Trump, and Bernard’s team never gave up on trying to forge them. 
-
-In late November, it looked like the team might finally have an in to Trumpworld via Kim Kardashian. They reached her through a string of celebrity and activist connections, and, after she was briefed on his case, she called Bernard. She was moved by his story, and the two became fast friends in the final weeks of his life. 
-
-![](https://www.rollingstone.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GettyImages-1149699031.jpg?w=1024)
-
-Kim Kardashian speaks alongside Donald Trump in the East Room of the White House in 2019 to tout his now criminal-justice reform act. SAUL LOEB/AFP/Getty Images
-
-Kardashian had also been friendly with Trump for years. She met with him in the Oval Office in 2018 to push for clemency for Alice Johnson, a mother of five who’d served 21 years in prison for her involvement with a cocaine-trafficking ring; Trump commuted Johnson’s life sentence a month later. Kardashian also joined Trump at the White House in June 2019 to tout his new criminal-justice reform bill.
-
-But by the time Kardashian had taken up Bernard’s cause, Trump was refusing to speak with her. After Biden was declared the winner of the 2020 election, she tweeted out three blue hearts and a picture of the president-elect celebrating with his VP, Kamala Harris. For Trump, the slight was unforgivable. He told his staff that he didn’t want to hear “a word” from Kardashian about anything, according to sources with knowledge of the matter. Referring to her MAGA-fied then-husband, Kanye West, he added, “They’re gonna have to get Kanye to call me instead.”
-
-With Kardashian on the outs with Trump, Bernard’s team worked every other personal connection it could think of. In late November, Owen and fellow Bernard counsel John Carpenter wrote a letter urging Trump to have mercy on their client. They tapped Ken Starr, the famous anti-Bill Clinton investigator and veteran of Trump’s first impeachment defense team, to hand-deliver it to the president. The letter was laden with appeals to Trump’s ego — and framed sparing Bernard as a way to one-up Biden: “Exercising your awesome power to spare Brandon’s life would be an act of supreme leadership in correcting the excesses of the past (like the Biden-backed 1994 crime bill) and continuing to restore the faith of all Americans, particularly Black people, in the fairness of the criminal justice system.”
-
-Still, the letter had no discernible effect. For weeks, Bernard’s friends and advocates also reached out to members of Trump’s inner circle, including Ivanka, Jared, and White House chief of staff Mark Meadows, to no avail. And so, in Bernard’s final days, Owen and Carpenter turned to another member of Trump’s first impeachment defense team: celebrity lawyer Alan Dershowitz.
-
-The day before Bernard’s scheduled execution, Dershowitz was patched through to the president “pretty quickly,” he says. Over the course of 20 minutes, he enlightened Trump on the details of Bernard’s case and his stellar record while in prison. The president was unmoved, countering that the Bagley parents had described “horrible” details of the crime to him. When Dershowitz emphasized that Bernard did not fire the shots that killed Todd and Stacie, Trump replied, “He was a part of it.” Ultimately, Trump told Dershowitz, the crime was too terrible to forgive.
-
-The night after Trump’s call with Dershowitz, following a last meal of Pizza Hut and a dose of Benadryl to help his claustrophobia, Bernard was led to the execution chamber and strapped into a chair. In his last words, he addressed the families of the victims directly: “I’m sorry. That’s the only words that I can say that completely capture how I feel now and how I felt that day.” 
-
-> These inmates were being exterminated,” says an attorney for Lisa Montgomery. “When you see the government flex its power that way — with the cold, callous machinery of death — it’s truly appalling.
-
-**While the executions went forward,** Trump was engaged in an all-out attack on American democracy. Desperate to cling to power after losing to Joe Biden, he spent the final weeks of 2020 on doomed but damaging attempts to convince judges, lawmakers, voters, and Vice President Mike Pence that they had the authority to nullify the will of the voters and keep him in office. Barr, however, had a different project: After it was clear Trump would be leaving office in January, the attorney general scheduled a string of back-to-back executions, to squeeze in as many as possible before Biden moved into the White House. The final three would happen during a four-day stretch of the administration’s penultimate week, and 52-year-old Lisa Montgomery — the only woman on death row — would be the first to die.
-
-Montgomery’s story is a repository of all the worst this world has to offer. Her crime was unconscionable: In 2004, when Montgomery was 36, she arranged to meet with Bobbie Joe Stennett, a 24-year-old dog breeder who was eight months pregnant. Montgomery had said she wanted to buy a puppy, but instead strangled and stabbed Stennett, and then cut the fetus out of the dead woman’s womb, later attempting to pass the child off as her own.
-
-![](https://www.rollingstone.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/lisa-montgomery.jpg?w=559)
-
-Lisa Montgomery, who suffered decades of sexual assault, beatings, and gang rape before strangling a pregnant woman to death, was executed in January. ATTORNEYS FOR LISA MONTGOMERY
-
-It was a deranged act committed by a woman who’d suffered severe childhood trauma. Before Montgomery’s execution, her half sister, Diane Mattingly, wrote a letter to Trump describing the horrors both had endured growing up. By age 11, Montgomery was being raped on a weekly basis by her stepfather, who also beat her to the point of causing traumatic brain injuries. Later, he would invite his friends over to rape her, and her mother would allow men to sexually assault her daughter, too, in exchange for services such as free plumbing. By 18, Montgomery was married to her stepbrother, who also beat and raped her. She had four children over the next four years before, Mattingly says, her mother pressured her into getting sterilized.
-
-Montgomery was diagnosed with, among other conditions, post-traumatic stress disorder and dissociative disorder. MRIs revealed significant brain damage from the childhood beatings. According to psychiatrist and University of Pennsylvania professor Ruben Gur, the injuries and trauma had left Montgomery with a brain that was “neither structurally nor functionally sound.”
-
-“Lisa Montgomery’s life was filled with torture, terror, failure, and betrayal,” Montgomery’s lawyers wrote in their executive-clemency petition to Trump. “You are faced with the awesome responsibility of deciding whether Lisa Montgomery lives or dies … You alone write the ending to this story — does it end with more pain? Or does it end with hope, mercy, and understanding?”
-
-It’s unclear whether Trump ever read the petition or Mattingly’s letter. On a Wednesday in January 2021, Montgomery’s legal team was preparing for a video meeting with Justice Department attorneys. They had no expectation that the president would grant them leniency, but they were hoping at least to delay the execution, scheduled for Jan. 13, just long enough to give the Biden administration time to stop it.
-
-Then, approximately half an hour before Montgomery’s team was scheduled to log on to the call, one of her attorneys, Kelley Henry, noticed something on her TV, which was tuned to CNN. “There were people scaling the U.S. Capitol,” Henry recalls.
-
-It was Jan. 6. Trump had just spoken outside the White House, telling supporters the election had been rigged and to “fight like hell.” Before he finished speaking, the Capitol was under attack. 
-
-Amy Harwell, another Montgomery-team attorney, recalls frantically telling Henry to shut off CNN so they could prepare for a presentation they hoped would save their client’s life. But while the meeting went ahead as planned, Harwell says it was clear that Montgomery was doomed. “We knew at that moment that there was absolutely no way \[Trump\] was going to pay attention to this now,” Harwell says. “He just killed several people in Washington, D.C. Do we really think he’s going to spare our client?”
-
-Harwell was correct. There would be no delay for Montgomery, nor any mercy for a woman who’d known little of it throughout her life. On the night of Jan. 12, the Supreme Court, a third of which had been appointed by Trump, lifted a last-minute stay of execution. “We’ve lost. They’re coming for you,” Harwell remembers telling her client. To this day, Harwell is not convinced that Montgomery fully understood that she was about to die. 
-
-Inside the chamber, she was asked if she had any last words. Montgomery had only one: “No.”
-
-“These inmates were being exterminated by the Trump administration, which was being assisted by the courts in doing it,” Henry says. “If there’s a word to describe it, I’d say it was lawless. The administration just didn’t care. And when you see the government flex its power that way — with a cold, callous machinery of death that occurred in Lisa’s case — it’s truly appalling.” 
-
-Montgomery died at 1:31 a.m. on Jan. 13. That same afternoon, the House voted to impeach Trump on a count of incitement of insurrection; his critics still maintain he’s guilty of treason.
-
-Within 72 hours of Montgomery’s death, two more inmates — Corey Johnson and Dustin John Higgs — were put to death. Within eight days of her death, Trump would be out of office, but not before issuing a last wave of pardons to the well-connected. Former White House chief strategist Steve Bannon had been charged with defrauding donors out of more than $1 million in a phony scheme to build Trump’s border wall. Hours before leaving office, in one of his final acts as president, Trump granted him a full pardon.
-
-There were still 44 prisoners on federal death row when Trump’s term ended. More would almost certainly be dead if Trump had won a second. The only reason the administration stopped at 13, Barr says, is that they ran out of time. 
-
-Should he be the GOP’s candidate for 2024 and ascend to the White House again, Trump will surely pick up where he left off with federal executions. But even if he’s not victorious, a new wave could begin. Florida’s governor and Trump’s leading rival for the nomination, Ron DeSantis, oversaw two executions during Trump’s time in the White House. Nationwide, as of Jan. 10, states have executed 28 more prisoners since the former president left office.
-
-Even the Biden administration hasn’t ruled out the use of this punishment completely. In January, Attorney General Merrick Garland announced that his office would seek the federal death penalty for [convicted domestic terrorist Sayfullo Saipov](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-64421338), who steered a truck onto a bike path and pedestrian walkway in New York City on Halloween in 2017, killing eight people and injuring 12 more. The decision puts Garland on the rare same page as Trump, who, after Saipov was charged, tweeted with characteristic subtlety, “Should get death penalty!”
-
-It’s a dubious moral hedge from the administration that instituted a formal moratorium on federal executions last July in order to review policy changes that had paved the way for Trump’s 13 executions — including to assess, as Garland put it, “the risk of pain and suffering associated with the use of Pentobarbital.”
-
-That belated review is likely no comfort to Brandon Bernard’s aunt, who was consumed with the same question at his execution. Gripping the arm of Bernard’s friend Chuck Formosa during the lethal injection, Rahsha Williams asked what was happening to her nephew’s body and whether the convulsions they were witnessing were common. “It was all I could do to let her know he was not suffering,” Formosa recalls. “When you actually see it, when you actually witness an execution … I’ll say this: People like to think it’s civilized or that there’s something humane about the way we do it in this country. It is anything but. It’s barbaric.”
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-Date: 2023-05-14
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-TimeStamp: 2023-05-14
-Link: https://www.chicagomag.com/chicago-magazine/may-2023/the-last-gamble-of-tokyo-joe/
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-```button
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-^button-TheLastGambleofTokyoJoeNSave
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-&emsp;
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-# The Last Gamble of Tokyo Joe
-
-Published in partnership with [Epic Magazine](https://epicmagazine.com/)
-
-![](https://www.chicagomag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/K-drop-cap.png)
-
-en Eto left the meeting at Caesar DiVarco’s club on Wabash knowing they were going to kill him. It was midday. The plan was to get up with Johnny Gattuso and Jay Campise that evening, then they’d take him to Vince Solano and they’d all have dinner together. Eto walked back to his black ’76 Torino coupe, illegally parked, and saw he’d gotten a ticket.
-
-He drove around for a while. He had to figure out what to do, or what he could do. Around 3 p.m., he got back home to Bolingbrook. The thing was the life insurance. Mary Lou needed to know where the $100,000 policy was. He also had to give her the pawn slips — tell her to get everything out of hock by the end of next week, February 18, 1983, or she’d lose it all. And the lease for the restaurant in Lyons — Mary Lou needed to make sure it got signed. That way, after he was gone, at least some money would be coming in.
-
-He was going out that night, he told his wife — his last dinner with his friends. She asked if he wanted her to go with him. 
-
-No, he didn’t. “I hope,” he added, “they’ll be happy.”
-
-Eto took a bath. Drying off, the 63-year-old put on a yellow woven dress shirt, dress slacks, his gray, blue, and white tweed sports coat from Morry’s, and his brown Florsheim buckled loafers. It was already dark out. He had to get to Portage Park by 7:30. He slipped on his tan raincoat and gloves and walked out the door. 
-
-Ken Eto sat in his Torino. The temperature had dropped below 30, and the car’s heater wasn’t working. His friends, his good friends, like the ones he’d see tonight, called him Joe. He didn’t know the restaurant they were going to, the one where they’d meet Vince. After nearly half an hour of sitting in the cold, he turned the ignition, reversed into the street, and set off to Chicago.
-
-Driving by the American Legion post where Campise had a regular card game, Eto could see Gattuso already outside, scanning the street. By the time he parked, they were both on the sidewalk, Gattuso and Campise. They took off their right gloves to shake his hand, saying their hellos.
-
-The three of them started walking down the street. Eto asked whose car they were taking.
-
-“Why not yours?” Campise said.
-
-Gattuso squeezed into the back seat of the coupe, settling into the passenger side. Campise rode shotgun, directing Eto where to go. It was a nice little Italian place off Harlem, he said — if he took Narragansett all the way down to where it met Fullerton, then took a right, it was around there. 
-
-Eto looked at Gattuso in the back seat. Gattuso didn’t say much.
-
-As they got closer, Campise told Eto to turn at the alley and keep going back — there was a parking lot close to the restaurant, near an old movie theater. 
-
-“Go park at the other end,” Campise said, gesturing, “so we don’t have to walk far.”
-
-Eto turned the Torino down the alley. There was only one other car in the lot, an empty old two-door beater. He drove to the end of the lot and slipped the coupe into park. Looking out the windshield, beyond a rusted metal guardrail, he saw a dark stand of bare trees and the rear of the Montclare Theatre.
-
-Johnny Gattuso raised the .22 behind Ken Eto’s head and fired. Then he fired again, a ricochet cracking the windshield. Convulsing, Eto slumped over across the front seat. Johnny fired once more into his head. 
-
-Campise and Gattuso scrambled out of the car and into the night.
-
-The trouble had all started about two and a half years earlier, in the summer of 1980. It was a Wednesday. Ken Eto had been sitting in room 127 at the Holiday Inn in Melrose Park, tabulating the week’s numbers-betting slips on his Royal portable, when there’d been a knock at the door. He got up and opened it to a pretty brunette he’d never seen before.
-
-“Oh,” she said, flustered. “You’re not my husband.” 
-
-> Johnny Gattuso raised the .22 behind Ken Eto’s head and fired. Then he fired again, a ricochet cracking the windshield. Convulsing, Eto slumped over across the front seat.
-
-FBI special agent Elaine Corbitt Smith had meant to knock on the door of a room across the hall, the surveillance post from which her fellow federal agents were staking out Eto. After watching him for months through binoculars and telephoto lenses, it was the first time she had been face to face with the man. 
-
-Impassive, Eto closed the door. 
-
-Agent Smith turned and walked to the right room.  The G-men inside snickered as she entered. 
-
-Ken Eto’s power to intimidate might not have been apparent in that brief encounter or to any of the thousands of people passing him each day downtown. Per his FBI file, Eto — “Hair: Black, Straight,” “Complexion: Dark, Sallow,” “Occupation: Gambler” — stood 5-foot-5 and weighed less than 150 pounds. He enjoyed dancing, cooking, and watching baseball. He had some knowledge of Spanish. His specialty as a gourmand was chicken Vesuvio, with peas and buttery wine sauce.
-
-Eto had been married three times and was father to six children; his youngest son, Stevie, was his fishing buddy. As Steve Eto tells it, his dad always preferred children to adults, and fishing to the world of adult doings. But there were other ways Ken Eto was very unlike other fathers. 
-
-For one, other dads weren’t mentioned in the Chicago newspapers constantly — described invariably as gangsters, racketeers, underworld kingpins. “I used to keep a scrapbook of clippings in a little box of things of my father,” Steve recalls. “I remember at some point thinking, Well, my dad is doing something that’s not quite legal.” 
-
-He had seen his dad holding court at a restaurant on Rush Street, receiving envelopes that were jammed with money. “There was one time I asked him, ‘So what do you do for a living?’ ” says Steve. “And he said, ‘It’s none of your fucking business.’ So I didn’t ask him again.”
-
-Growing up half-Japanese in the Chicago suburbs of the ’70s wasn’t easy for Ken Eto’s youngest son. One day, Steve approached his father, seeking advice. Bullies at his predominantly Italian American high school were harassing him. What should he do? 
-
-![](https://www.chicagomag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/eto-1.jpg)
-
-Photograph: RazoomGame Shutterstock
-
-“Next time one of those kids comes up to you,” Steve remembers his father saying, “pull out a weapon.”
-
-Steve wasn’t a violent kid. But he dutifully armed himself; an old-fashioned corkscrew, T-shaped with a wooden handle, would do. And one day at school, one of the usual tormentors walked up to him.
-
-Steve pulled out the corkscrew. “I popped him in the arm with it. And when I pulled it out, it pulled out a chunk of his muscle,” Steve recalls. “He looked at me and he looked at the corkscrew and he ran.”
-
-Later, Steve remembers, the police came to his house. His mother, Judith, called Ken, who talked to the officers on the porch as Steve watched out the window. Suddenly they left. His father came back into the house. There would be no further legal consequences for what had happened. But there was something Steve needed to know.
-
-“If you ever use a weapon on somebody, kill him,” his father said. “ ’Cause if you kill him, I’ll get you off.” Then he added: “If you don’t kill him, you’ll have an enemy for the rest of your life.”
-
-“I knew my dad was *somebody*,” says Steve. “He wasn’t a run-of-the-mill Joe.”
-
-Elaine Smith would have agreed. For much of 1980, Ken Eto had been her obsession. A Chicago native, Smith had started at the FBI just the previous year, when she was 34, surviving the formidable recruitment and training regimen to become one of about 300 female agents in the bureau at the time. She joined her husband, Tom, her high school sweetheart, as a special agent, and from her first day, the former schoolteacher had been hell-bent on joining the Chicago office’s organized crime unit. After only four months as an agent, she succeeded. 
-
-Smith began doing her research on the vast shadow economy of the Chicago underworld. On March 18, 1980, opening a file passed along by a friend, Smith encountered Ken Eto for the first time. FBI No. 276-777-3. Chicago Police Department record 191-799. Known aliases: Joe Montana, Tokyo Joe, and Joe the Jap.
-
-Looking over Eto’s file, marveling at the unlikely prominence of a Japanese American in the Chicago Outfit, Smith saw something profound: “a potential jewel,” in her words, a man she would come to believe to be a sleeper kingpin in the Chicago underworld, and one who had escaped any meaningful consequences for decades.
-
-“He was known to be as high-ranking as one could be in the Chicago Outfit, as high-ranking as a non-Sicilian could be,” says Jeremy Margolis, who served as an assistant U.S. attorney for the Northern District of Illinois from 1973 to 1984. “He was known, he was trusted. He was in the inner circle. And he was the most prolific numbers boss that the Chicago Outfit had.” 
-
-The Outfit owned the night in Chicago. There was no force greedier, nor icier in their greed. While their New York brethren favored flashier, public gunfire, the Outfit preferred to deal death quietly — forced disappearances, the fear and dread of the missing’s loved ones confirmed only weeks, months, years later, when an abandoned car in some godforsaken neighborhood finally got popped open. “Trunk music,” as they called it.
-
-This was the underlying threat that had maintained the power of the Outfit. By the time Smith had zeroed in on the Chicago mob, it was an international enterprise. Swollen with money from the bathtub gin and rum-running of the Prohibition era, trailblazing gangster Johnny “the Fox” Torrio had bequeathed his empire to a well-liked former bookkeeper named Alphonse Capone in 1925. In the postwar era, reigning don Tony “Big Tuna” Accardo professionalized the venture, until the Outfit operated much like a massive corporate conglomerate, dominating a mix of legitimate and illegal businesses stretching from Chicago to California and far beyond. According to one mob historian, at the height of Accardo’s rule, the Outfit was earning an estimated $6 billion a year in global revenue.
-
-“The sole goal of organized crime is to enrich the members. That’s all they care about,” says John J. Binder, author of *Al Capone’s Beer Wars*. And, while not Italian, Ken Eto was one of its biggest moneymakers. Eto’s lofty position in the Chicago underworld was unusual for an outsider, but the syndicate had always been more farsighted than other crime families in promoting gangsters of other ethnicities. 
-
-It was less a mark of tolerance than proof of its ambition. Ever since Capone first employed his squad of “American Boys” — a gang of Midwestern killers who looked more like police officers than Mafia hit men — non-Italians had occupied important positions in the Outfit. But all these men had been white. Ken Eto was not. And he wasn’t some despised underling; he was one of the bosses.
-
-Eto was with the North Side crew, a crown jewel of the Outfit’s Chicago holdings, based out of the Rush Street nightlife strip. “He looked after the mob’s gambling interests, particularly,” says legendary reporter John “Bulldog” Drummond, the former resident “mobologist” at CBS-2. Chief among Eto’s illicit enterprises was bolita, a lottery game similar to the longer-established policy racket and hugely popular within Chicago’s growing Latin American community.
-
-> FBI agent Elaine Smith marveled at the unlikely prominence of a Japanese American in the Chicago Outfit, a man she would come to believe to be a sleeper kingpin.
-
-Drummond, known for surprising gangsters on the street with a cigar clenched in his teeth, first met Eto in the early ’70s as the mobster was being bailed out of police custody by one of his many young girlfriends. “He seemed like a mild-mannered guy, although I don’t think he was,” says Drummond. “He was a good provider for the mob. In other words, he produced money, and that’s the name of the game with those guys.”
-
-While the slight, raspy-voiced Joseph “Caesar” DiVarco served as Eto’s immediate manager on Rush Street, the greater North Side was skippered by Vince Solano. Officially, Solano was president of the Laborers’ International Union of North America Local 1. But unofficially, he was in charge of all Outfit business north of the river, between the lake and the North Branch. A cautious, experienced, and somewhat stiff labor racketeer, he rarely socialized with his soldiers. He had stopped holding the annual North Side Christmas parties, at which he handed out envelopes of cash, for fear of FBI surveillance. 
-
-From his perch on Solano’s North Side, running Rush Street nightclubs like Faces and Bourbon Street, Ken Eto served as the Chicago Outfit’s most adept minority relations specialist — a gambling czar of the highest caliber, able to extract millions of dollars over the years from Chicago’s Puerto Rican, Black, and Chinese American communities. In just the couple of months leading up to Smith knocking on Eto’s door, the total sum of betting in the bolita racket exceeded $3 million.
-
-Such moneymaking acumen in his roughly three decades working for the Outfit had earned Eto his reputation. About once a month or so, he would call up Solano at the union hall, saying it was “the pizza man,” and they’d meet at a nearby IHOP on the Northwest Side for Eto to update him on gambling operations.
-
-But Eto wasn’t just some harmless guy running a profitable enterprise. “He was generally viewed,” says Margolis, the former prosecutor, “to either have had blood on his hands directly or certainly indirectly. He was viewed as a very bad and dangerous man.”
-
-In 1958, the police had questioned him about a gruesome homicide. Santiago “Chavo” Gonzalez was still well dressed when found in a vacant lot, befitting his monied stature in the Puerto Rican community as a bolita operator. He had been disemboweled. Gonzalez’s frantic widow said it must have been about gambling — he’d been badly beaten with a tire iron by some men the year before on Clark Street, and though she had not seen him among the men who’d dragged Chavo out of their home, she was unequivocal that “a Chinese man named Joe” was their boss.
-
-![](https://www.chicagomag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/eto-2.jpg)
-
-Smith in 1973, before she joined the FBI Photograph: Elaine Smith
-
-Delving deeper into Eto’s file, Elaine Smith would soon find there were more homicides attributed to his takeover of the bolita and policy rackets in the 1950s and ’60s, all unsolved. Men dragged from their homes, dumped in vacant lots, their throats slit and bellies slashed. But even more troubling was Smith’s suspicion that Eto must have enjoyed the protection of corrupt Chicago police officials. 
-
-A few days after the hotel door mishap, there was another knock at room 127. Eto had arrived about 10 minutes earlier and was just settling into the count. Walter Micus, his slovenly flunky, got up to open the door. Standing there was a federal agent heaving a battering ram backward, caught in midswing. 
-
-Micus took one look at the swarm of feds, fell to his knees, and vomited all over himself. FBI agents flooded the room. Eto was cuffed face-down on the floor. He remained stonefaced as agents helped him back up to his feet and began searching the room. 
-
-This time, they had a warrant. And there all the slips were, on the table, in front of the Prince of Bolita himself, vassal of the Outfit, the crime syndicate powerful enough to forge history and break cities. Ken Eto, still handcuffed and betraying no emotion, asked if a federal agent could take his glasses out of his front pocket, please, and put them on his face. 
-
-In the leather-bound journal he kept in 1919, now falling apart with age, Mamoru Eto recorded an entry on October 19, at 7:45 p.m., in kanji so old-fashioned it is difficult to read today: “My wife safely delivers. I am truly grateful. … And he is a boy. My joy knows no bounds.”
-
-While Mamoru had been born in a little town on Kyushu, the southwesternmost of Japan’s main islands, his firstborn son, Ken, had entered the world on the outskirts of Stockton, California, at the edge of the San Joaquin Valley. The Golden State may have been the winner’s circle to those who’d stormed west, but for the Japanese who’d crossed an ocean to get there, America’s back garden was only the beginning of their journey.
-
-In old photos of him as a young man, with his shaved head and black eyes, Mamoru Eto blazes with presence. A decorated combat veteran of the Russo-Japanese War, Mamoru claimed descendance from samurai, the caste of warriors who’d been stripped of their swords and powers a decade before his birth. He was already 34 when he’d left for the United States, planning to stay only long enough to study in Massachusetts. When he arrived in San Francisco, he saw migrant workers who had come to America hoping to someday return to their homelands, only to gamble away their earnings each night. 
-
-He’d intended to complete his studies and return to Japan’s Kwansei Gakuin University as a professor armed with an American education. He would coach rugby and teach kendo, the Japanese art of swordsmanship. But Mamoru never made it to Massachusetts; instead, he sent for his wife, Kura, and 2-year-old daughter, Hitoko, to join him in California. Two years later, Ken was born, and the family moved an hour southeast to Livingston, where, acre by acre, from tenancy to small holding, Japanese farmers were gaining a foothold in California agriculture. 
-
-Something had altered Mamoru Eto in California. He had seen it one day in the sky over the fields where he worked as a laborer: a religious vision, an image of God. The severe Christianity he zealously adopted would dominate the rest of his life, and the lives of his young family. 
-
-![](https://www.chicagomag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/eto-4.jpg)
-
-Photograph: FBI
-
-Most of the year, Mamoru would work on the farm, but in the winter, he would leave his family to travel across California, preaching in Japanese to other migrant workers across the state. Kura was left behind to care for the children, surrounded by towns where billboards with messages like “No More Japanese Wanted Here” loomed over the roads. 
-
-When Ken was in the fourth grade, the entire family moved to Pasadena, where Mamoru had secured a job tending gardens. As Ken’s sister Helen recalled years later, her father established the First Japanese Nazarene Church in their living room, preaching incessantly at home. Under the unrelenting strain of Mamoru’s Christian fundamentalism, his wife suffered the most. Kura seemed invariably confined to her bed, prone to deep, dark bouts of depression. 
-
-The Eto patriarch was an abusive martinet who meted out strict punishment. In one instance, he seriously burned Ken’s younger brother by holding his wrist to a heating pad. The oldest son, Ken increasingly chafed at his father’s brutal treatment. His younger brothers looked up to him as a “tough buddhahead,” who stood up to not only their father but also the white children who bullied him for being Japanese.
-
-Even as a young teenager, Ken Eto was not going to put up with anything he didn’t want. Around the lowest point of the Great Depression, with a quarter of America’s workforce unemployed, he ran away from home, drifting across California and up to the Pacific Northwest. He would never return to live with his family again.
-
-More than two years after his arrest by the FBI, Ken Eto had accepted that he was going to prison on the bolita charges. He had taken a stipulated bench trial, putting up no defense but not pleading guilty. Summarily convicted on January 18, 1983, he’d take whatever term the judge gave him in the sentencing hearing coming up February 25. It wouldn’t be much.
-
-As Eto got his financial affairs in order, he got a call at home: It was Joseph “Big Joe” Arnold, DiVarco’s right-hand man. DiVarco wanted to meet. When Eto got to the car dealership on the West Side the next morning, DiVarco explained that the skipper, Vince Solano, was concerned. He hadn’t heard from Eto recently, amid all this business on the federal charges.
-
-Eto said there’d been nothing to report. He didn’t have any games going, no rackets, no bolita. No sportsbook, even with the Super Bowl a week or so away. He knew he was going to prison and was resigned to it. Nonetheless, DiVarco said, Solano wanted to see him. 
-
-The next morning, Eto went to a pay phone and dialed Local 1. *It’s the pizza man*. Solano told him to meet at the usual spot around lunchtime. 
-
-When Eto arrived at IHOP, he saw that the boss was already there, alone outside. Eto joined him, and Solano started walking away from the restaurant. He was hunched over, his face cast down at the sidewalk. “I thought I told you to take a trial,” he said. 
-
-Eto didn’t recall Solano saying that. He had figured he’d get less time and still preserve appeals possibilities the way he’d done it. It would only annoy judges and prosecutors to draw out a slam-dunk case, while the Outfit’s overlords would never take kindly to a guilty plea.
-
-Well, Solano said, Eto had three choices. One: Appeal. Two: Do his time. Three: Run away.
-
-The two gambling charges carried a max of five years each, and Eto knew he wasn’t going to get that much. He certainly wasn’t going to run away.
-
-“Appeal it,” Solano told him.
-
-OK, he’d appeal it. Vince turned back toward the IHOP. Eto turned alongside him.
-
-“What are you looking back for?” Vince asked, jumpy.
-
-“I thought we were going back,” said Eto. 
-
-“No.”
-
-They kept walking. It was hovering around freezing. 
-
-Then Solano asked Eto a question: He still had that restaurant and nightclub in Lyons, right? Yeah, Mary Lou’s, named for his wife. It was vacant now, sitting unused. He had an offer on it, a good offer, from a guy in La Grange.
-
-Well, Solano said, Johnny Gattuso had a backer, and Jay Campise wanted to come in as his partner, so Joe should see about meeting with them. 
-
-It was an unexpected request, far below Solano’s pay grade. And on behalf of Gattuso, of all people, who wasn’t even made. Nonetheless, Eto agreed to take the meeting: Orders were orders. He would set something up.
-
-The two men made their way back to the parking lot and Eto’s car. Suddenly Solano asked Eto what was in his pocket.
-
-Eto had his hands in his pockets and took one out, holding a pack of cigarettes. The boss eased a bit.
-
-“I thought I saw something,” he said.
-
-![](https://www.chicagomag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/eto-3.jpg)
-
-Minidoka War Relocation Center, the Japanese American detainment camp where Eto was held during World War II Photograph: Minidoka Relocation Center, U.S. Army War Relocation Authority
-
-In the weeks after the March 24, 1942, order from the U.S. Army’s Western Defense Command that “all persons of Japanese ancestry” on the West Coast would be subject to an 8 p.m. curfew — in response to Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor — one 22-year-old drifter would be caught in violation and arrested near Tacoma, Washington. This was the inaugural entry on the rap sheet of a young Ken Eto.
-
-The curfew was a mere prelude to what was to come. Soon the Western Defense Command would launch a massive civil operation on the Pacific Coast: the forcible detention of ultimately more than 120,000 Japanese American men, women, and children in desolate concentration camps in the American interior. Eto was sent to the Minidoka War Relocation Center, hastily constructed on the Snake River Plain in the high desert of southern Idaho. His family was held at a camp in Arizona. 
-
-Plagued by frequent dust storms, prone to days that hit triple-digit temperatures and nights that fell below freezing, Minidoka, with its armed guards and barbed-wire fences, was a forbidding place. Living in drafty shacks with gaps in the floorboards and little more than tarpaper roofs to keep out the cold, Eto, along with more than 13,000 other Japanese Americans, would spend time there during World War II. 
-
-Up until then, Eto had supported himself with seasonal jobs, picking fruit and working in canneries. To survive as a teenage runaway, he’d learned to suss out danger quickly, clocking people who couldn’t be trusted, exploiting any opportunities for making money — and observing his fellow migrant workers at the labor camps, particularly while they gambled. 
-
-> “I understand that you have a job to do,” Eto told Smith, “and trying to convince me to be a snitch is part of it. But that is not who I am.”
-
-In a similar way, internment would not be a total waste for Ken Eto. As recounted in the pages of the *Minidoka Irrigator*, the inmate-run newspaper, gambling rings were organized throughout the camp system to provide a distraction from the tedium, and Eto took part in them. “He was a great gambler,” says former assistant U.S. attorney Margolis. “Just a super card player who understood the numbers.” Later, Eto would describe Minidoka as his finishing school, a place that gave him ample opportunity to perfect his skills. 
-
-Not that he didn’t harbor other feelings about his time in the camp. “We talked about what being a Japanese American meant to him,” recalls Margolis, “what it meant to him to be treated the way he was treated. I think that had a real impact on him. He might’ve done something else with his life had he not felt that kind of bitterness and resentment, and rightly so.”
-
-A night or two after he’d met Vince Solano at the IHOP, Ken Eto got another call from Big Joe Arnold. Johnny Gattuso and Jay Campise were going to be near Eto’s restaurant in Lyons the next morning. They’d like to talk to him over coffee about leasing it. At the meeting, the two said they wanted to turn it into a pizzeria. Eto explained that he’d already found someone to lease it, and that another pizzeria in Lyons hadn’t done well.
-
-Well, Gattuso said, the way he saw it, he was doing Eto a favor, taking the place off his hands. He promised he’d bring his financial backer the following day at 10 a.m. for a final decision.
-
-That morning, Eto had to drop off his Torino with a mechanic to have the radiator fixed. So Mary Lou followed her husband to the auto shop, then gave him a ride to the restaurant bearing her name. They sat waiting in the parking lot. The weather was terrible, and Johnny Gattuso was late. 
-
-Around half past, Gattuso finally rolled up in an orange Chevy Camaro, a beater. He was alone. Eto got out of the car and ushered him into the vestibule of Mary Lou’s. Gattuso said he couldn’t get in touch with his backer — it was a long story.
-
-Well, the guy from La Grange was ready to sign for the place, Eto told him, so Gattuso should write down the guy’s phone number and call him as soon as he’d had a chance to talk to his backer. Gattuso took out a pen and opened his wallet for a scrap of paper, revealing a Cook County sheriff’s badge tucked inside.
-
-Oh, don’t worry about that, said Gattuso. He wasn’t a cop. Well, he was a sheriff’s deputy, technically, but it was as a part-time employee, a process server who’d supposedly deliver warrants a few days a month. This kind of thing had long been done for connected guys. Besides, it wasn’t the worst idea, in their line of work, to have a badge.
-
-Meanwhile, Mary Lou waited outside in the parking lot. She wasn’t alone. Across the street, she noticed two men sitting in a brown car parked on Ogden, facing the club. They seemed to be in their 40s, each wearing some type of hat.
-
-About 15 minutes later, she watched the man she’d later learn was Johnny Gattuso exit the club and drive off. The thing she’d remember, some weeks later, was that at just the same time, the two men in the brown car drove off, too.
-
-Months later, as a *Chicago Tribune* story would report, the FBI figured out what happened: The Outfit had lured Eto to be shot in the vacant restaurant. But there had been an unexpected wrinkle: Mary Lou, playing chauffeur that morning, had likely spooked the hit men. 
-
-A leaky radiator had granted Ken Eto a stay on his death sentence. For a little while, at least. 
-
-It was two days before Christmas 1950. Prisoner No. 8092 had been in the Idaho State Penitentiary since October, when he’d been sentenced to 14 years. Along with two coconspirators, Ken Eto had used a variation on the classic “pigeon drop” scam to swindle a local out of $5,000. He persuaded the mark to front some money for a shipment of jewels he had coming in, in return for a bigger payout later. In reality, of course, there were no jewels.
-
-Now, after interviewing the convict, an institutional parole officer at the prison submitted his admission summary. There was much to like about his subject. Eto, 31, was “of high normal intelligence,” with an IQ of 109, and “very friendly, outgoing … at turns frank and revealing and at other times somewhat evasive and noncommittal.” 
-
-Since his release from Minidoka (according to one story Steve Eto heard, his father got out “by saying he was Chinese”), Ken Eto had spent most of his 20s traveling across the country solo, just as he had along the West Coast earlier. But this time, instead of supporting himself as a migrant laborer, he had worked as a dealer, cardsharp, and pool shark. For two years, he dealt cards off and on at a club in Denver, building his own bankroll on the side. He’d spent so much time gambling across the High Plains states that he earned the nickname Joe Montana. 
-
-Eto moved back to Idaho in 1949. By his own admission, he’d developed a “greed for easy money” as a grifter, and soon he was fleeing the state for Chicago. It was there that he married his first wife, Teresa, one of the city’s many Polish Americans, and became a father. Teresa would give birth to five of Eto’s six children.
-
-It was also in Chicago, on Valentine’s Day 1950, that Ken Eto was arrested on the Idaho charges. In the nine months he spent locked up, he was a model inmate. He worked as a janitor in the prison hospital and became an avid student, taking courses in English, citizenship, restaurant management, and bookkeeping. 
-
-What had happened in Idaho wouldn’t happen again, Eto assured the parole officer. He’d learned his lesson. “Prognosis,” the officer concluded, “is considered favorable. Further delinquency involvement does not appear to be indicated.” 
-
-Eto returned to Chicago, where his wife would play a role in her new husband’s future career. Teresa Eto was a gambler herself and ran a card game that drew Outfit affiliates. “She’s the one who introduced him to people that were connected in organized crime,” says Steve Eto, who would come to know her as Aunt Terry. 
-
-Years later, an informant would furnish an additional insight into Ken Eto’s underworld education: Delinquent on a juice loan he’d taken from an Outfit loan shark, the young gambler had been beaten by mob enforcers. But Eto, according to an FBI report, “displayed such stoicism that he impressed the hoodlums and was eventually employed by them.”
-
-The last time Elaine Smith saw Ken Eto before he was shot in the head was at the Chicago FBI office on September 16, 1980 — a few months after the Holiday Inn bust. After taking his fingerprints, obtaining a mug shot, and administering a handwriting test to see if his penmanship matched that on the bolita slips, Smith sat down with two coffees. 
-
-“You know, Mr. Eto, we would very much like you to cooperate with us. We need the help of people like you to defeat the Outfit,” Smith told him, as she recalled in the memoir she wrote years later.
-
-What Eto did next surprised her: He took her hands in his. “I understand, Agent Smith, that you have a job to do, and trying to convince me to be a snitch is part of it. But that is not who I am.”
-
-He continued: “I know I may go to prison for some time. But I could do that standing on my head.”
-
-This was the first time the taciturn racketeer, old enough to be her father, had ever really spoken to her. Elaine Smith knew little of his past then — his childhood, Minidoka.
-
-“I will never cooperate,” Eto added. He withdrew his hands from hers. “This is nothing to me.”
-
-A few days after Ken Eto met Johnny Gattuso at the restaurant, Big Joe Arnold called again. Caesar DiVarco wanted to meet with him at his social club, Oldsters for Youngsters, at 11:30 a.m. the next day. 
-
-Eto arrived and greeted DiVarco and Arnold, along with a Greek bartender named Pete. Arnold had to run some errands, so he put his coat on and left.
-
-DiVarco sat down with Eto to talk about this lease. Eto explained that he had never heard back from Johnny Gattuso, so he’d made the deal with the La Grange guy. 
-
-Well, Caesar said, tonight Eto needed to meet Gattuso and Jay Campise at the American Legion. And then they’d all go have dinner with Vince Solano, the North Side skipper.
-
-In the decades since he had first met Solano in the ’50s, in all the years he’d dutifully sent millions of dollars in gambling proceeds up the chain, Eto had never been invited to dinner with the boss. 
-
-Walking back to his car, now decorated with a parking ticket he’d never pay, Eto knew that after all this time, after all the work he’d done for them, the Outfit, his associates, the men he thought respected him, the men he’d enriched for years — they didn’t know him at all. He would never snitch.
-
-They were going to kill him for nothing.
-
-![](https://www.chicagomag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/eto-5.jpg)
-
-Eto’s ’76 Torino after the failed hit Photograph: Chicago Police Department
-
-Inside the Torino, Ken Eto’s body was slumped across the front seat, blood still dripping out the six entrance and exit wounds. A few minutes had gone by. Eto opened his eyes and sat upright. 
-
-When the first shot had hit the back of his head, he’d thought: I knew it. So this is it, just like I’d figured. But then, as the second bullet hit, he’d realized: I ain’t dyin’. By the third shot, he’d started shaking, falling to his side, convulsing, pantomiming his own death throes. He heard the sound of Campise’s and Gattuso’s footsteps growing fainter as the men ran from the car.
-
-He’d been shot three times in the head and hadn’t even lost consciousness. His blood had soaked his shirt, and pooled on the front seat, and dripped all the way down into his loafers. He was in a lot of pain, tremendous pain, and he couldn’t hear too well, either — but he was alive. 
-
-Looking out the windows, Eto couldn’t see anybody else around. He got the driver’s side door open and lurched out. As he staggered across the icy parking lot, blood drops spattered from his head onto the asphalt. He slipped and fell to the ground, struggled to his feet again. That beater car Eto had seen when he drove into the lot was gone.
-
-> When the first shot had hit the back of his head, he’d thought: I knew it. So this is it, just like i’d figured. But then, as the second bullet hit, he’d realized: I ain’t dyin’.
-
-Eto stumbled back toward the street, blood trailing him in the snow. Reaching Grand Avenue, he saw the lights of a bar up ahead. That didn’t seem like the best idea. He kept walking. An old-fashioned neon marquee sign on the façade of the Terminal Pharmacy was lit: “Free Delivery.”
-
-Eto walked in sometime after 8 p.m. Morris Robinson, the pharmacy’s owner, was on duty. “I just asked him what was wrong,” he would tell John Drummond the next day for a TV news report. “And he didn’t say anything. I said, ‘What happened to you?’ He said he was shot. I said there weren’t any doctors here. He asked me to call him an ambulance. I called him an ambulance.” 
-
-The paramedics arrived minutes later. Along with a police cruiser. 
-
-In addition to the six holes in his head and a screaming headache, Eto had gained some other new problems in the past half hour — chief among them a healthy fear of the Chicago police. It was the first time he’d been afraid of the cops in years. But now the days of ingratiating himself with his old friend, Detective Fred Pascente, with dinner for him and his pals on the Organized Crime Task Force were over, just like that. 
-
-The corrupt Chicago police force wasn’t going to protect him anymore, and he knew it. It might even try to finish the job of killing him. So as the paramedics tended to his wounds and loaded him into the ambulance, Eto, dazed though he was, insisted the younger of the two cops on the scene, a rookie, get in the back with him for the ride to the hospital.
-
-Elaine Smith was out of town in Colorado when the phone rang in her hotel room. It was Bill Brown, her supervisor at the FBI. Ken Eto had been shot. Not only that, he had survived and was asking for her. 
-
-Smith was astonished. Why would they shoot him? It made no sense. Facing a year or two at most on the gambling charges, Eto had remained stone silent in the face of all efforts by the FBI to turn him. She knew this personally.
-
-Who might have been the triggerman? Brown asked.
-
-Smith was gobsmacked. Obviously, this had come down from the bosses on the North Side — a hit like this would need to be sanctioned, possibly even by the upper echelons in the suburbs. After a few moments, Smith threw out a couple of names, including a veteran North Side soldier. 
-
-“Jasper Campise?” 
-
-By 9 p.m., a phalanx of federal and city authorities had descended on Eto’s hospital room, sealing him off in tight protective custody. It was unfamiliar terrain for all involved. In the history of Chicago crime, plenty of gangsters had been felled by a hail of bullets. But few had survived — certainly never a mob boss as prominent as Eto. 
-
-By 11:30, Eto had been stabilized. Trauma doctors at Northwest Community Hospital quickly concluded that not only had he suffered no brain damage, but none of the bullets had even cracked his skull. The .22 had always had a reputation for reliability with Outfit hit men, but here it had failed them. Perhaps the assailants had used old ammo or tampered with the gunpowder to reduce the noise. 
-
-Whatever happened, three point-blank shots to the head had miraculously left Eto with little more than superficial wounds, his braincase intact. He had a nasty concussion. But he was conscious and able to talk.
-
-With Elaine Smith in Colorado, any initial breakthrough in getting information from him would have to be made by someone else. But Eto had enough of his wits about him to refuse to talk unless he could be assured it would not lead to charges against him. And he knew what talking meant: Not only would he be turning informant, but he would also be turning the page on his decades of syndicate service. Once he mentioned a single name, there would be no going back. 
-
-The FBI needed a federal prosecutor who could offer Eto immunity. So they called on assistant U.S. attorney Jeremy Margolis.
-
-This happened to be the monthly Thursday night that Margolis’s terrorism task force in Chicago got together for what they called “choir practice.” Explains the prosecutor, a native Chicagoan who was 35 at the time: “From 7:30 until about 12:30, we would sing and dance and have a cocktail or two at the BeefSteak Inn on Sheridan Road and Morse Avenue.” As he was leaving that night, his pager pinged. He was to call the FBI right away. After Margolis found a pay phone and dialed in, the bureau patched him through to the FBI’s top man on the scene at the hospital, Ed Hegarty.
-
-“Tokyo Joe has just been shot. Can you get down here immediately?”
-
-Speeding in his U.S. Marshals Service squad car, Margolis made it in less than 12 minutes. He arrived to find Hegarty, Bill Brown, and, he recalls, “many, many, many other agents and Chicago police officers” in the hospital corridor.
-
-The federal agents brought Margolis up to speed. Eto would likely ask for immunity. He would likely ask about the witness protection program. And he needed to be flipped — now. 
-
-Journalists were beginning to gather that there was something drawing the police to the hospital. Once word filtered back to the Outfit that Eto had survived, if it had not already, its first move would be to kill the hit men who’d messed up. “Once they got whacked,” says Margolis, “you have no witnesses to identify Vince Solano, who was the boss that we all assumed was the guy who ordered the hit.” 
-
-Alongside Hegarty, Brown, and Chicago police investigator Phil Cline (who would later become superintendent), Margolis entered the hospital room. Eto was sitting in bed, hooked up to an IV drip, his head now heavily bandaged. Blood shimmered through the gauze. Someone turned on a tape recorder. They began talking.
-
-> “There is no more bond,” Margolis told Eto. “It’s not you that’s breaking it. They broke it. They broke it by trying to kill you.”
-
-Eto knew that of the men around his hospital bed, only the young prosecutor had the power to immunize him. He requested that everyone leave the room except Margolis. They did. The tape recorder was turned off. It was just the two of them and the sounds of monitors beeping and whirring. 
-
-“I understand what you’re thinking, and I understand the difficulty that you’re facing,” Margolis told Eto. “I know what face and respect means to you.” 
-
-Eto was a man of his word. Margolis knew this. He also knew betrayal would not come easily to Eto, who had been told by his father that he was descended from samurai — warriors of virtue, chamberlains of the feudal lords, expected to fall on their swords rather than betray their masters. The federal prosecutor shared some ground with him on this: Like Mamoru Eto, Margolis’s father was a swordsman, belted in aikido, karate, and kendo. Margolis told Eto of his own journey to become a seasoned judoka, of the Ginza festivals he’d attended at a local Buddhist temple, of the code of courage and loyalty to which Margolis knew Eto adhered: both the warrior’s code of Bushido and the gangster’s code of omertà. 
-
-![](https://www.chicagomag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/eto-6-692x1024.jpg)
-
-A bandaged Eto is escorted out of Northwest Community Hospital after the attempt on his life. Photograph: Barry Jarvinen/*Chicago Sun-Times*
-
-Eto wasn’t a sentimental man. Margolis saw him as a cold, calculating figure; his business required nothing less. But as Margolis became less of a stranger to Eto, the prosecutor sensed the walls between them beginning to fall. 
-
-Margolis leaned in. He began to make the bigger point: Eto was no longer obligated to the Outfit. “There is no more bond,” he said. “It’s not you that’s breaking it. They broke it. They broke it by trying to kill you — because they didn’t understand that you would’ve gone to your dying day without breathing a word about them. You know that, I know that. They didn’t trust you.” He paused, letting the words sink in.
-
-“You know why?” Margolis continued. “Because you’re Japanese.” 
-
-With the concussed Eto having trouble hearing, Margolis leaned in closer. “They didn’t trust you because *you’re not like them,* and they tried to kill you because you’re not like them. And it’s not that you now owe them less. You now owe them nothing. The vow is gone. They tried to kill you unnecessarily, improperly, wrongfully.” 
-
-The injured mobster eyed him warily. Margolis moved on to the cold truth of Eto’s situation. “You and I both know that you have no choice. The issue isn’t what must you do. The issue is how quickly you do it.” 
-
-Margolis estimated they had somewhere under an hour left to find and arrest Eto’s assailants before word leaked out that their target had survived. By not talking now to the feds, Eto wouldn’t just be putting his life in further danger, Margolis reasoned with him; he’d be losing something precious: the chance for *revenge*. “You give us their names,” vowed Margolis, “and we will go out and get them and then try to get Vince Solano for what he tried to do to you.” 
-
-Eto thought about it. To run headlong in the opposite direction from the one his entire life had taken, with only a few minutes of consideration — this was the demand. Violence had always trailed Eto, had robbed him of his childhood, of his freedom. It had defined him. And then he had mastered it. He had found his place within it. He had become a man to be respected and feared. But now the violence that had ordered his life had turned against him again.
-
-Ken Eto looked at Jeremy Margolis.
-
-“OK.”
-
-Having gotten the answer he wanted, Margolis exited into the hall, where the assembled agents and cops burst into applause. They had overheard everything. Margolis hadn’t realized he’d been shouting at the deafened Eto. But they still had to make things official. So Margolis and the other high-ranking officials walked back into the room, a tape recorder now running.
-
-Margolis put his badge and federal credentials into Eto’s hands, then clasped his own hands over Eto’s, which were smeared with the blood that had seeped through the bandages. Perhaps for the first time in his life, Ken Eto began thinking aloud for an audience.
-
-“They took my freedom away,” he rasped. “I can’t walk the street. I have to fight them. They had their shot. They muffed it. I think I would be better off if they didn’t muff it. But as long as they muffed it, maybe I shall go this route.”
-
-And with that, they then cemented the deal: immunity in exchange for cooperation. 
-
-Elaine Smith was woken again by a second phone call. This time, it was from Bob Walsh, another supervisor at the FBI: Eto had flipped. He’d named the gunman: Johnny Gattuso. Jay Campise had been there, too, to set Eto up. 
-
-The Chicago police had arrested Gattuso at his home in Glenview before dawn, then Campise at his condominium in River Forest. When she was back from Colorado, Walsh continued, they would need her help to turn Eto into their star witness and bring the Outfit down. 
-
-Smith was breathless. Eto had been her case. She would be on the next plane, whatever it took. Walsh stopped her.
-
-She should have her vacation, and get some rest and relaxation. When she got back, Eto would be all hers.
-
-Jay Campise and Johnny Gattuso had been plunged into an inferno. The men who had conspired to murder Ken Eto had now traded positions with him. While Eto recuperated under tight federal protection, Campise and Gattuso were confined to the hell of the Metropolitan Correctional Center, the grim, wedge-shaped federal jail in the Loop.
-
-Neither Campise nor Gattuso had so far talked to the FBI, but the authorities felt sure the Outfit would try to kill both regardless. The challenge facing Margolis and the other principals of Operation Sun-Up, the federal operation launched off Eto’s cooperation, was to keep them alive long enough to be persuaded to talk.
-
-After the two made bail on state charges of attempted murder, Margolis, fearing their immediate elimination once out on the street, indicted Gattuso and Campise on federal charges of violating Eto’s civil rights. “I argued for very, very high bonds, arguing that they were huge flight risks,” recalls Margolis. “And the argument was, ‘They have no choice but to run.’ ” The gambit worked. With bail set at $1.8 million for Campise and $1.5 million for Gattuso, authorities figured neither would be leaving lockup anytime soon.
-
-Margolis had to convince only one of them that their survival depended on talking. But turning them would not be easy. Jasper “Jay” Campise, 67, was an experienced Outfit soldier. A potbellied, toad-faced juice loan man rarely seen without a cigar hanging from his mouth, he had narrowly avoided a murder charge in 1966 and had little patience for federal prosecutors. 
-
-“Fuck off, kid,” Margolis recalls Campise barking as he came calling at the MCC. 
-
-Sitting across from the aging crook, Margolis realized that Campise truly believed his Outfit status would get him a pass for the Eto fiasco. Even in jail, he felt untouchable. “I told him, ‘You’re dead,’ ” says Margolis. “And I could tell in his face that he didn’t believe it.” 
-
-While the overweening Campise had been defiant, Margolis encountered an entirely different demeanor when confronting the man who’d actually shot Eto. Gattuso, petrified and exhausted, “looked defeated,” recalls Margolis. 
-
-John Gattuso, 47, was a mere mob associate — a hanger-on, relegated in the past to managing syndicate restaurants, strip clubs, gay bars, and bathhouses. Perhaps shooting Eto had been his opportunity to become a made man with the Outfit. The revelation that he’d become a sworn deputy while moonlighting as a mob hit man had caused significant embarrassment for the Cook County sheriff’s office. But that was nothing compared with the shame Gattuso had brought upon the underworld. 
-
-“His shoulders were slumped, his eyes were downcast,” recalls Margolis. “He just looked like a beaten, beaten, beaten pup.” 
-
-Aiding in Margolis’s efforts to turn him was a remarkable discovery: An attempted hit on Gattuso inside the MCC had been unearthed. A weapon had even been found: a shiv fashioned from the metal sheathing of an air conditioner, Margolis recalls.
-
-The prosecutor returned to the interrogation room and showed Gattuso the savage-looking jailhouse knife. Margolis was blunt: If Gattuso didn’t cooperate, the mob would get to him eventually.
-
-Margolis felt he had made his case as best he could. But while Ken Eto had been calculating even in his hospital bed, weighing his odds of survival, Gattuso seemed to lack such analytical instinct. “He just didn’t have the courage to fix it,” says Margolis. “He just didn’t have the courage to turn his back on the people that he lived with for decades, that way of life.”
-
-It was all Gattuso had ever known. And it would be what he would return to — for better or worse — following another surprise development: Campise and Gattuso were being released on bond. “Organized crime affiliates were raising money and posting some houses, relatives’ houses and the like, to help satisfy the bond,” explains Margolis. 
-
-It was what the Outfit wanted. Gattuso was a free man again, a walking target. Out on the street, he visited an associate on the North Side. Chuck Renslow, a famed photographer and pioneer of gay Chicago nightlife, had long operated a series of leather bars in Caesar DiVarco’s territory, kicking up the requisite tax to Gattuso, his main Outfit contact. But during this visit, as Renslow would later recall to a biographer, it was clear that “something was wrong.”
-
-Gattuso explained to Renslow that he had been tasked with killing Tokyo Joe, the gambling boss, and had mucked it up. Sitting across from his unlikely confessor, an exhausted Gattuso told the founder of the International Mr. Leather competition where he thought it was all heading.
-
-As Renslow recalled: “He said, ‘I won’t be around too long.’ ”
-
-Now back in Chicago, Elaine Smith was getting up to speed on Operation Sun-Up. Eto’s account of the weeks that preceded the shooting presented tantalizing indications that Big Joe Arnold and Caesar DiVarco had been intimately involved in setting him up. The parking ticket had even provided a bit of corroborating evidence, confirming Eto had been near DiVarco’s club the day he’d ordered him to dinner with Vince Solano. 
-
-Whether or not Gattuso or Campise talked, Smith and her fellow agents hoped more physical evidence could do some talking for them. Eto’s Torino had been sitting in a police garage since the shooting but had not yet been examined for forensic evidence. That was where Smith would start. Just what evidence might be gleaned, however, was unclear. Eto had said both Campise and Gattuso had worn gloves; fingerprint analysis would be fruitless. No shell casings had been found in the car, indicating a revolver had been used, but no such weapon had been recovered, making ballistics evidence a likely dead end. A search for clothing fibers probably would be futile since Gattuso and Campise had no doubt discarded the suits and winter jackets they wore that night.
-
-That left one other type of trace evidence. Campise had sat in the front passenger seat; Gattuso, in the rear, on the driver’s side. Loose hairs, if recovered from the headrests and cushions, could be compared against samples plucked from Campise and Gattuso when they were in FBI custody. 
-
-While FBI technicians tore apart the Torino in a federal lot, painstakingly indexing and wrapping every part of the interior for analysis at FBI headquarters, Elaine Smith turned to what was still her greatest piece of evidence: Ken Eto himself. Eto was recovering comfortably within the secure confines of Naval Station Great Lakes, about 20 miles north of Chicago. He had an entire medical ward to himself, surrounded by 20 vacant beds and a sweeping view of Lake Michigan. 
-
-Steve Eto, accompanied by FBI agents, was flown in to visit his father at his bedside. Ken Eto reassured his son, by then a young man living in Minnesota, that he was recovering well — and would be taking his revenge against the people who’d done this to him. “Well, you’re gonna hear a lot of things, that I turned rat,” Ken told him. “I gave them their chance. So now it’s my turn.”
-
-Round-the-clock FBI protection within a U.S. Navy installation ensured that even the most nefarious Outfit hit men would be unable to get to Eto. It also gave the feds a safe haven to begin quizzing the mob figure on more than three decades of underworld history — the potential germ of many more investigations to come. 
-
-While Smith was on vacation in Colorado, two other agents had taken the lead on debriefing Eto. But as the one who had first busted him, and the one he had asked for from his hospital bed, Smith had a unique relationship with the bureau’s newest cooperator. And this time, she’d be speaking to him as an ally. 
-
-Smith would describe this first exchange in her memoir. She approached Eto, who was reading a newspaper in bed.
-
-“So you remember me, Mr. Eto?” she asked.
-
-Eto removed his reading glasses. It was his first time seeing her since that day in the Chicago FBI office. “How could I forget?” he said. “You run the show!”
-
-Sitting down at his bedside, Smith found Eto in good spirits. “I guess you got what you wanted, huh?” he said.
-
-Hardly, Smith adamantly assured him. She’d never wanted it to happen this way, for him to come so close to death. How had that happened, anyway?
-
-The two made their way down the hall, where they settled into chairs to discuss it all: the fuss over the lease, that uncomfortable walk he’d taken with Vince Solano, the first gunshot. Talking that afternoon, Smith also received a crash course in just how massive, sleek, and powerful the Outfit was — and how thoroughly it had corroded public institutions in Chicago. Eto was insistent: No less an official than William Hanhardt, the chief of detectives for the Chicago Police Department, had been Outfit property for decades. 
-
-And the Outfit’s influence extended far beyond Chicago. A machinery of payoffs had ensnared police officials, judges, and a multitude of political operatives at the local, state, and national levels, Eto explained. The Outfit’s downtown “Connection Guys,” as they were known, had enabled mass exploitation to make a few men rich, allowing monstrous acts of violence to go unpunished. 
-
-As they shared a pot of terrible coffee, Smith eyed the mob boss sitting across from her in slippers, a bathrobe, and a halo of gauze. She asked why Eto had gone to the dinner appointment, knowing it was likely a setup.
-
-“I thought maybe there was a small percentage of an edge, but very small, and I had to take it,” he answered. “For me, I had no other choice, but once Jasper directed me to the alley, I knew it was all over.”
-
-Now, perhaps, the Outfit would be taken for a one-way ride, too.
-
-On July 14, 1983, a resident of the Pebblewood Condominiums complex in Naperville noticed a blue-silver 1981 Volvo parked in the space next to his own. He was sure it had not been there the day before. Normally, he would have ignored it, but something smelled awful — and it was coming from the car.
-
-Two days earlier, sometime around 9 a.m. on Tuesday, July 12, Jay Campise left his wife, Josephine, at home in River Forest to make arrangements for a wake. He’d planned to meet his brother at the chapel where they’d be laying out a family friend, and then he might head to the antiques store he’d kept as a front for years. Around the same time, about 11 miles east, Johnny Gattuso left his wife, Carmella, in Little Italy to pick up some materials for the drywalling he was doing in their apartment. 
-
-> The Outfit was sending a message, leaving the corpses somewhere so public. They had wanted the car to be found.
-
-In the five months that they had been free on bond, Ken Eto’s assailants had avoided each other, working on the assumption that it would be their best insurance policy: Should one go missing, they figured, at least the other would have a sporting chance of making it to the police. But then, the previous Thursday, prosecutors had disclosed to Campise’s and Gattuso’s attorneys, both longtime Outfit lawyers, a huge piece of pretrial discovery evidence. Hairs recovered from the front passenger and rear driver’s side seats of Eto’s Torino had been matched to their clients. It would not just be Eto’s word against theirs; the feds now had corroborating physical evidence. 
-
-Ultimately, it wouldn’t matter. Even before the cops got to the Volvo, they knew what they were going to find. Elaine Smith raced to the western suburb on her rare night off. When the police popped the trunk of Campise’s car, their suspicions were confirmed. 
-
-Jay Campise’s blue dress slacks were pulled down around his ankles. His blue jacket was hiked up to his armpits, revealing numerous stab wounds to his distended abdomen. His head looked like a gray basketball, with rivulets of blood dried across his face. He was missing his shoes. Johnny Gattuso was lying along the opposite end, his head at Campise’s feet. His white undershirt, stained brown with blood, had been forced up his torso as his stomach swelled from decomposition, revealing similar stab wounds. Gattuso’s face had turned black. A garrote was still wrenched around his neck.
-
-Since Tuesday evening, when Gattuso and Campise had failed to return home, the Chicago area had been broiling in temperatures in the low 90s. With the victims swollen to a disgusting size by the heat, the responding investigators would have to wait to tow the car back to a police garage before attempting to scrape the dead mobsters out of the trunk. 
-
-The Outfit was sending a message, leaving the corpses somewhere so public. They had wanted the car to be found. Their choice not to use a firearm was a message, too; the deaths of Jay Campise and Johnny Gattuso had not been quick. The body of Gattuso, in particular, bore signs of torture.
-
-His car would be found days later, parked near an Outfit-controlled adult bookstore — a racket associated with the North Side crew — providing the first fresh clue in the new murder investigation. But barring a break in the case, it was all speculation who’d done it. In Eto’s opinion, Vince Solano had not just ordered this double murder — he had almost certainly participated himself, perhaps killing the pair in his own home.
-
-Smith wasn’t convinced Solano would be that reckless. But killing Campise and Gattuso so savagely sure felt like an attempt to save face. Prosecutor Jeremy Margolis, meanwhile, believed it likely that Gattuso had been lured to a meeting by Campise. FBI reports sent to Rome in the months before the pair’s deaths repeated concerns that at least one of the hit men might attempt to flee the country for Italy. Could a promise of safe passage have been a plausible enough ruse to draw Gattuso out into the open?
-
-As for Campise, in all his arrogance, he very well may have participated in the attack, assured that killing Gattuso would be sufficient penance — right up until the knife was turned on him. 
-
-Upon hearing about it, even Eto had been surprised by Campise’s murder. He’d figured Gattuso was a goner but that Campise would likely get the pass from the Outfit that he had been so confident of receiving. 
-
-Darkly chuckling, he concluded that Vince Solano must have been really angry. 
-
-![](https://www.chicagomag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/eto-7.jpg)
-
-Outfit boss Vince Solano Photograph: FBI
-
-On April 22, 1985, a boogeyman appeared on the 25th floor of the Dirksen Building downtown. Wearing a pointed black hood, with holes cut out for two eyes and a mouth, and a flowing black robe, this strange and ghostly apparition was escorted to his seat before the President’s Commission on Organized Crime. Convened under extra-tight security for three days of hearings, the commission was eager to hear from Ken Eto, now a participant in the federal witness protection program, about his experiences with Laborers’ Union Local 1 official Vincent Solano.
-
-Eto explained that Vince Solano tried to have him killed. The last time they had spoken, he said, “I just felt there was something wrong. He no longer trusted me.” The result of this distrust: “Bang! I got shot in the head.”
-
-Solano, the most reticent of area crew chiefs in the Outfit, had been dragged into the sunlight. Brought before the commission after Eto’s testimony, he looked a bit like a disgraced bank examiner, slightly clammy in his conservative suit. While Eto had been so forthcoming on the stand, appearing to enjoy himself — drawing laughter and amazement in the room as he mimed playing dead in his Torino, wriggling his hands above his hooded head as he slumped over — Solano mostly stayed mum, pleading the Fifth multiple times, always in the same flat tone. 
-
-Solano would survive the public appearance relatively unscathed. The slayings of Gattuso and Campise had served their purpose, effectively insulating him from the Eto murder attempt. He was among the few Outfit honchos to escape the raft of prison terms seemingly ushered in by Eto’s cooperation with the feds. 
-
-Others weren’t so lucky. In Kansas City, Eto made another cameo appearance, sans cloak and mask, at the massive trial that had resulted from Operation Strawman. That federal probe into Mafia control of Las Vegas casinos had snared not just the leadership of Kansas City’s Civella family but four figures high up in the Outfit: Joey “the Clown” Lombardo, Angelo “the Hook” LaPietra, Jackie “the Lackey” Cerone, and, biggest of all, Joey Aiuppa, street boss of the Outfit, the man who’d likely given the final OK to kill Ken Eto. All were convicted and sent to federal prison.
-
-> The Chicago Outfit, insofar as it still exists, is a ghostly presence, reduced to a small-time existence on the margins of the city.
-
-Eto would help close more cases, too, including a homicide Elaine Smith had linked to the Outfit’s takeover of bolita in the 1950s and ’60s. Chavo Gonzalez had been abducted and murdered, his intestines hanging out of his belly, for throwing a pipe at LaPietra, then guarding one of Eto’s card games. Eto identified the four assailants.
-
-The cocaine empire of a syndicate figure named Sam Sarcinelli became an even longer thread to pull; Eto’s description of how Sarcinelli invested the proceeds of his drug trafficking in Eto’s bolita racket was just the start. For years after Eto’s defection, Smith would pursue Sarcinelli’s finances, from Colombia to California and all the way to Manhattan. Taking part in a penny stock scheme Eto was familiar with, Sarcinelli had colluded with the Genovese family to launder drug money on the financial exchanges. The case eventually snared a slew of white-collar crooks, as well as Sarcinelli himself. 
-
-Besides Campise and Gattuso, however, no one would pay harder for the Eto bungling than Caesar DiVarco, once the gangster-turned-informant’s direct superior. It would be a slow fall for Little Caesar. Sparing his life, the bosses were satisfied merely to strip the 72-year-old DiVarco of his status as a North Side boss. DiVarco’s old flunky, Big Joe Arnold, was elevated only briefly before he was imprisoned on charges of obstruction of justice — in a trial featuring the testimony of Ken Eto.
-
-DiVarco’s excommunication was, in some ways, worse than death; he lost the only identity he had ever had, built over decades of skulduggery and sleaze. Deprived of power, DiVarco became a sick, lagging member of the pack.
-
-In 1984, DiVarco was given the dubious honor of becoming a test case for the use of RICO statutes in Chicago. Consigned to federal prison, DiVarco died in the process of being transferred to testify before a probe in Washington D.C., an old man abandoned by the syndicate to which he’d given his life.
-
-Which left Ken Eto the last man standing, somewhere in the witness protection program. 
-
-Today, at any time of night, on any day of the week, you can take a northwest-bound Blue Line train from the heart of the Loop to the Rosemont stop and there find a free shuttle bus to Rivers Casino in Des Plaines. Owned by the gaming conglomerate Churchill Downs Inc., the 44,000 square feet of table games and slot machines are operated by Rush Street Gaming, the firm of the billionaire real estate developer and major political fundraiser Neil Bluhm.
-
-The downtown corridor of clip joints, gay bars, and somewhat sordid nightspots that gave Bluhm’s company its name has now virtually disappeared. As with the area’s porno theaters and adult bookstores, the out-call prostitution services professionalized in the postwar era by Tony Accardo have etherized over the internet, the madames of previous generations long gone. On the strip where Ken Eto operated, the old buildings are long demolished, replaced with the likes of the massive Waldorf Astoria and the streetfront façade of fashion house Marc Jacobs. The numbers and bolita rackets so expertly administered by Eto’s operation have faded, no match for the ubiquity of state lottery games.
-
-With a large handle of around $20 billion wagered since the state expanded lawful gambling to sports betting in 2020, Illinois — and, more specifically, Chicago — is quickly becoming a hub for legal action. And nowhere will draw as much of it as Bally’s planned casino in River West. Between a slick downtown casino and the infiltration of sportsbooks into sacred venues like Wrigley Field, all this will likely demolish whatever illicit action remains on the street. The Chicago Outfit, insofar as it still exists, is a ghostly presence, reduced to a small-time existence on the margins of the city. Where once the Outfit’s tentacles stretched to Hollywood, today the largely geriatric mobsters struggle to hang on to crumbs. 
-
-On January 28, 2004, an obituary appeared in the pages of the *Atlanta Journal-Constitution: Joe Tanaka, 84, of Norcross died Friday. The family will have a private service. Mr. Tanaka was a native of Livingston, Calif., and a restaurant owner.*
-
-Survived by his six children, “Joe Tanaka,” born as he was to the federal witness protection program, had died peacefully in an area hospice following a battle with cancer.
-
-“He was more than just a mobster,” says his son Steve Eto, himself a father now, nearing the age his dad was at the time of his shooting. Big Joe Arnold — Uncle Joe, as Steve had known him — had approached the son shortly after his father’s disappearance into witness protection, offering $10,000 to betray his father’s location. But Steve refused, and his dad managed to elude the mob.
-
-Steve had felt the full dimensions of Ken Eto in the years since his father had been freed from the Outfit. After driving to Minnesota to deliver a car to Steve, Ken had gotten to meet his grandchildren.
-
-His Justice Department severance pay, secured by Elaine Smith, had been enough to finance a comfortable retirement. When Smith and her husband visited Eto in Hawaii, as she would recall in her memoir, her underworld gem had spoken to her as never before.
-
-“I will forever be grateful to you Elaine, for all you have done for me. For all these years, you have been my friend and one of the few people I ever trusted.”
-
-“My father thinks of you as a daughter,” added Linda, Ken Eto’s real daughter.
-
-Eto had moved to Hawaii to live with Linda, and in beautiful Oahu in the mornings, he’d go fishing, as he always had, and drink his coffee with the other retirees at McDonald’s. 
-
-Later, after putting down more permanent retirement stakes in the Atlanta suburbs, he befriended a Latino immigrant family. The last photo of him, the only one he’d allowed to be taken by them, was at their daughter’s quinceañera. The smiling, grandfatherly man in the image — now over 80, sporting a dashing white mustache and twirling the birthday girl on a dance floor — still had Chicago mob bullet fragments under his scalp. 
-
-“He was my father, you know what I mean?” says Steve Eto, whose own son has a tattoo of the Chicago skyline emblazoned with two words: “Tokyo Joe.” “And I do love him and I do respect him.”
-
-In his last years of life, if he drove past a river or lake, Ken Eto would park at the shoulder, pop the trunk, and haul his fishing gear to the water. There were no more bets that needed to be hedged in case a number hit. There was no more money to be made. There was just a bucolic river on a beautiful morning before the mosquitoes took full flight, a line to be dipped, and fish to be caught and thrown back.
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
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-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
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-Date: 2023-03-24
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-Link: https://www.vulture.com/article/john-wick-chapter-four-movie-review.html
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-&emsp;
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-# The Limits and Wonders of John Wick’s Last Fight
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/aee/ffe/aabca079eb0527a8083cfbee980b4276a5-john-wick-4.rhorizontal.w700.jpg)
-
-In *John Wick: Chapter 4*, bodies are cut, shot, broken, and strangely beautiful when meeting their ends. If only every end were earned. Photo: Murray Close/Lionsgate
-
-*John Wick: Chapter 4*, like entries in the franchise before it, treats the body with the elasticity and deranged joy of a *Looney Tunes* cartoon. Consider *Homeless Hare,* a 1950 Chuck Jones short in which Bugs Bunny resorts to gleeful violence against a construction worker, Hercules, who uproots the trickster’s home. Bugs begins by dropping a brick from the height of the building on the head of his foe. Attached is a single slip of paper warning Hercules that Bugs is coming for that ass. What follows in this delightful short is defined by wild, violent revenge. So is the *John Wick* franchise’s approach, and it reflects a similarly potent understanding of the body’s seductive vulnerabilities.
-
-In *Chapter 4,* Keanu Reeves endures so many violent falls that would kill anyone else, but he always gets up and continues to fight another day — the humor of this inevitability hitting at the same moment as the fear of what could actually end him. This action is crucial to character building and styled specifically for each — though almost everyone in the world is balletic, smooth, and endlessly cool in the face of guns, knives, swords, and all other weaponry on the table. Even the lighting understands this specific fiction, punctuating darkness with cartoonish pops of neon. This approach to action has been broadly adopted in Hollywood, but those that seek to replicate its charms often fail with a lack of clarity, a use of darkness through which the audience can’t see a damn thing. They forget how badly we want to watch — and really *see —* a star with the heft of Reeves commit these acts of glorious violence.
-
-*Chapter 4* is blissfully entertaining, full of pratfalls and acting turns that lead to the audience swelling with oohs, aahs*,* and yelps. It’s far more narratively focused than its previous sequels, still managing to globe-trot a behemoth cast à la *Chapter 2* and *Chapter* *3* while returning to a simpler conflict reminiscent of the original *John Wick.* Here, John Wick seeks to finally buy his freedom by dueling the Marquis (Bill Skarsgård), a crime-world fixture of inherited power who has been emboldened to bend and break the rules by the High Table in an effort to maintain its supremacy in the face of Wick’s flagrant disruption. Why make the Marquis the target of Wick’s vengeance and freedom instead of letting him take that heat directly to the High Table? The franchise needs to keep the status quo intact for the plentiful spinoffs that filmmakers have in mind — including *Ballerina*, starring Ana de Armas. I have some reservations about these narrative choices, but the cinematic violence of *Chapter 4* brought me the joy and erotic rush that has long powered the series. It synthesizes the zaniness of *Looney Tunes* and gags of Buster Keaton with martial-arts master classes that call back to the career of Jackie Chan and learn from more recent films like 2017’s South Korean action flick *The Villainess*. It’s a history lesson on what the body can do onscreen — its limits and its wonders.
-
-Director Chad Stahelski and cinematographer Dan Laustsen create arguably the best-looking of the *John Wick* films. The quiet moments are evocative — like when Laurence Fishburne’s Bowery King blows out a match before the camera cuts to a cresting sunset (a cheeky homage to *Lawrence of Arabia* and one of [the most famous cuts in film history](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ccB1KTzr9o)) — and the unleashing of violence is clear and easy to follow. There’s no confusion when it comes to how and where characters are inhabiting space. The stellar production design deserves credit as well, particularly in the way the Osaka Continental (run by Hiroyuki Sanada’s Shimazu Koji and his concierge and daughter, Akira, played by Rina Sawayama) is dressed and designed. Its clean lines, glossy surfaces, glass-encased weapons and artifacts, and all-around cool tones diligently build out this world defined by the intertwining of beauty and blood. I was struck by the use of so many shades of red against this backdrop — magenta, crimson, cherry. One of the most tantalizing shots positions Reeves in the left corner, the field of vision otherwise dominated by cherry blossoms in full bloom and a circular building sliced with lights of arterial red. Stahelski and Laustsen make profound use of horizontal space even when one of its best blunders, played out by Reeves on the 222 steps of Paris’s Sacré Coeur basilica, is obviously vertically defined.
-
-And it’s not just Reeves but the many actors in his orbit who shine with a blend of vengeful grace and humorous beats. Bodies everywhere are cut, shot through, flipped, broken, and strangely beautiful when meeting their ends. Although not every end feels quite earned. The late Lance Reddick becomes a sacrificial lamb early on in this chapter, and his story line is shuffled away too quickly. Fishburne’s Shakespearean Bowery King and Clancy Brown’s Harbinger are not used to the full degree that they should be either, but anytime their booming voices are used, the film shines brighter. Until Scott Adkins walks in wearing a grotesque fat suit as Killa. Hollywood’s doubling down on anti-fatness with Colin Farrell’s turn in *The Batman* and Brendan Fraser’s Oscar-winning performance in Darren Aronofsky’s *The Whale* will not age well, and it’s frustrating that *John Wick*’s final installment has something as loathsome as this. But *Chapter 4* offers greater turns by beloved actors and martial artists new and seasoned alike. Donnie Yen plays Caine, a close friend of Wick’s who is pulled back into the life of an assassin to kill his comrade. He has already given up his eyesight in order to protect his daughter and get out, but here, he is forced to endure. He’s delightfully cheeky in his fight scenes, moving with quick-witted, silken force, making Wick’s brutality all the more blatant.
-
-Yen is the film’s MVP — whether he’s slurping down food and ignoring the violence blooming around him or shit-talking the Marquis to his face. Then there’s Sanada’s beautifully rendered Shimazu, dear and determined, who puts his life on the line out of love for Wick and a belief in honor. The friendship between these three men is crucial to the emotional world of the film and gives it layers I wasn’t expecting but wanted more of. When Wick speaks Japanese to Shimazu or shares a long gaze with Caine, these relationships are given an intimacy that relies on Reeves’s own three-decade-long history as a star undergirded by considerations of race, identity, and history. But I was especially surprised by just how damn good pop star Sawayama is in her role. She’s giving looks, poses, the right angles, charisma, grit. She’s so eye-catching that I got lost in the beauty of her performance whenever she was onscreen.
-
-So what about Skarsgård? In many ways, the Marquis and Wick are a study in opposites. Where Wick is stoic and terse, the Marquis is the kind of man who says lines like “Second chances are the refuge of men who fail.” He likes his espresso sweet, his waistcoats fabulous, and his violence flowing endlessly. While Wick earned his reputation, the Marquis was bequeathed his. Wick believes in formality, and the Marquis flouts the rules. Costuming is a strength of the series, which is apparent in this chapter’s fine suits, particularly the Marquis’s — of crimson, of navy, of twilight. Skarsgård leans into the camp and archness roiling under the surface of this franchise. His accent is mellifluous. It dips, flutters, and stretches in ways that feel both studied and hilarious. His face scrunches and has a flexibility that borders on comical while never losing sight of the necessary tone.
-
-Yet by the end, I held a nagging belief that Stahelski and the *Chapter 4* script didn’t quite capitalize on all of Reeves’s strengths. This Wick is exceedingly, almost frustratingly, terse and stoic, muttering one-liners and *yeah*s that could easily trip into the parodic. Reeves is good and game. But the story doesn’t capitulate with earnestness or heartfelt dialogue, choosing to highlight his physical grace and determination above all else. Reeves has always been a performer defined not just by the delicate beauty of his body but an emotional clarity and sweetness that is almost nowhere to be found in this film. Moments with Yen, including a candlelit church scene, are where *Chapter 4* comes closest to Reeves’s complexity as an actor who lies at the nexus of virility and vulnerability. Wick’s interactions with a tracker who likes to call himself Mr. Nobody (Shamier Anderson) allows Reeves to, at least, add notes of befuddlement and curiosity. Mr. Nobody is an obsessive fan of Wick’s — following him and drawing him in a firmly kept notebook while hunting him as the price over Wick’s head accelerates. Mr. Nobody even has a beloved dog he uses in his action sequences. It’s a meta nod to the obsession around Reeves himself and those who seek to duplicate his elegance while not understanding its roots.
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-What ends up most intriguing about his performance is the subtext of the movie’s denouement: the idea that Reeves is, for however long, ceding the *John Wick* spotlight — unlike his aging-star cohort (think Brad Pitt in *Bullet Train* and Tom Cruise in *Top Gun: Maverick*), who welcome neophytes into their fold but insist on outlasting them. Reeves is a star who doesn’t suck up all of the oxygen. He’s able to mold himself to the work and pull back when necessary — but maybe too far back this time, as his performance tips into laconic and guarded by the close. (Reeves missed his calling as a silent-film actor, but his best characters aren’t muted.) The *Chapter 4* ending, an echo of a crucial one in the beloved ’90s anime *Cowboy Bebop,* feels like it’s fighting the gravitational force of Reeves rather than submitting to it. Shouldn’t Wick be coming at the High Table, not a proxy? Shouldn’t Wick’s last fight reflect the grandness and dynamism of its focal point? *Chapter 4* is a deliriously entertaining entry into the franchise, but its final moments can’t help but put into harsh relief the fact that this ridiculous world of glory and gut punches is evolving to exist without its namesake, yet it still needs him to feel alive.
-
--   [Trapping Willem Dafoe in a Penthouse Prison Shouldn’t Be Boring](https://www.vulture.com/article/review-inside-wastes-a-great-premise.html)
--   [Let’s Just Pretend *Shazam! Fury of the Gods* Never Happened](https://www.vulture.com/article/movie-review-dcs-shazam-fury-of-the-gods.html)
--   [I Give Up](https://www.vulture.com/article/movie-review-scream-6-yet-another-scream-movie.html)
-
-[See All](https://www.vulture.com/tags/movie-review)
-
-The Limits and Wonders of John Wick’s Last Fight
-
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diff --git a/00.03 News/The Lonely Battle to Save Species on a Tiny Speck in the Pacific.md b/00.03 News/The Lonely Battle to Save Species on a Tiny Speck in the Pacific.md
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-Date: 2023-07-17
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-TimeStamp: 2023-07-17
-Link: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-should-happen-to-tern-island-180982490/
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-&emsp;
-
-# The Lonely Battle to Save Species on a Tiny Speck in the Pacific
-
-Associate Editor, Science
-
-In May of 2021, Brittany Clemans and Lindsey Bull, two sea turtle biologists in their 20s, were walking around Tern Island, an incredibly remote block of land in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, when they came across a Hawaiian green sea turtle. She had crawled onto the island the night before to nest and wandered into a hole in a metal wall, likely on her way back to the water. Her front end had made it through, but the widest part of her shell got wedged in. She couldn’t back up, and she’d flailed her flippers so hard trying to move forward that the rusting steel had scratched the sides of her carapace. She was lethargic. The afternoon heat threatened her life.
-
-The two scientists were at the heart of the largest protected area in the United States, Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in Northwestern Hawaii. The monument’s 583,000 square miles are filled with reefs and atolls, and Tern Island is at the northern edge of an atoll called Lalo, which has a crescent-shaped reef with a curve of about 20 miles. Like other islands in the area, Tern used to shape-shift with the storms and tides, and birds, seals and turtles easily moved around its sloping shores. But in the 1940s, the Navy turned Tern into a pit stop for planes flying between Hawaii and Midway Atoll. It built the island into the form of an aircraft carrier, dredging more than 55,000 dump trucks’ worth of coral from the shallows, flattening it into a runway about a half-mile long and 350 feet wide, rimming most of it with a sea wall.
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-That sea wall became an enormous hazard for the island’s wildlife. Almost 80 years of storms have now rusted and wracked it into jagged spires and open holes, so that portions look like a witch’s fingers or like Swiss cheese. Animals swim, fly or crawl through cuts or holes, and are often unable to escape. Other entrapment hazards lurk, including old buildings that are falling apart and concrete structures that are cracking open. The Navy and then the Coast Guard occupied Tern Island until 1979, and the Coast Guard and Air Force left discarded batteries and electrical equipment leaking toxic contaminants.
-
-Until about a decade ago, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) had a permanent field station on Tern Island, with groups of scientists studying and rescuing its seabirds, turtles and seals all year round. But a 2012 storm damaged the housing and operations facilities. From that point on, a skeleton crew of scientists has been venturing to the island to study sea turtles and seals during field seasons that sometimes stretch from late spring to early fall.
-
-![Tern Island Map](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/GmYENmhSuLz9sN2aZHxg9VvU-aY=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/0c/a1/0ca1f357-a7e4-4b18-937d-e87f6874f2cf/ternisland-v6.jpg)
-
-Lalo, also known as French Frigate Shoals, is a coral atoll that lies within the boundaries of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in the Pacific Ocean. Emily Lankiewicz
-
-More than 300,000 seabirds of 18 species make their homes on Tern and other nearby islands. Critically endangered Hawaiian monk seals give birth on the shores. Sharks and fish of every color swim in the shallows amid corals the size of La-Z-Boys and kitchen tables. More than 90 percent of the sea turtles in the Hawaiian Archipelago, which stretches for roughly 1,500 miles, nest on the atoll.
-
-The chance to spend time on Tern is exhilarating. But the work is exhausting. Every night that field season, Clemans and Bull surveyed the island from roughly 9 p.m. to 7 a.m., crossing back and forth across the soft sand—walk, crawl, squat, bend, think, crouch, walk. The biologists labored in the dark, as that’s when the turtles emerged from the surf and crawled up on land to lay their eggs. Trekking roughly 11 miles a night, they looked for the pregnant female turtles and then numbered them, tagged them and measured them. In the afternoon, they walked around the island once more looking for animals in danger.
-
-When Clemans and Bull found the trapped female sea turtle that afternoon, they moved carefully. The animal could injure them with a powerful flap from her front flippers or by landing on their feet; she likely weighed 200 pounds or more. If physical harm came to one of them, a boat rescue was at least a few days away. They lifted the turtle onto her right side and scooted her forward until she was able to crawl to the water. The biologists felt relief, but concern. “She slowly swam away, and I do remember we discussed, ‘OK, there is a possibility we might \[later\] find her washed up,’” Clemans later tells me. “‘She might die.’”
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-Two hours later, they found another turtle flipped on her back beneath a rusted sea wall that stood a foot or more above the beach. Seeing the ocean so close, the turtle had likely taken a chance and crawled over the edge, nose-diving into the sand and then flipping on her carapace. “I knew immediately she was dead,” says Clemans. “There was no movement. Flies were everywhere.”
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-“You could see indents in the sand where her flippers had been trying to flip herself over,” adds Bull. “And she just couldn’t flip.”
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-The researchers were sweaty and worn out. They had only slept four or five hours that day in their hot tents after patrolling the beaches the entire night, but they performed a necropsy, the animal equivalent of an autopsy. They determined the turtle was a healthy female, full of eggs and ready to nest. She had likely swum hundreds of miles to this atoll, the place of her birth, to bury her eggs. “Just finding her dead after getting that far, which is so, so discouraging,” says Bull, “it definitely beat down on our team morale.”
-
-Three days later, the turtle they had rescued earlier that afternoon washed up dead, too.
-
-![Hawaiian Green Sea Turtle Flipped Over](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/NVbNBunNHHs_qMOEryMrzGBvwHY=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/b2/5d/b25dbf68-79d3-40a4-b375-2b8c7560e272/2_img_9219.jpg)
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-A nesting Hawaiian green sea turtle lies on her back after crawling off Tern Island’s sea wall and nose-diving into the sand below before flipping over. This turtle, which fell off the wall in 2014, was rescued. Joe Spring / NOAA Fisheries
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-![Hawaiian Monk Seal Trapped Behind Sea Wall](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/U_KD4p3MlWCDGIxzbxkPkwj-4M8=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/c7/21/c72181ba-85fe-419c-b0e1-a8eee8abca94/4_ternseawallshannonvasquez_web.jpg)
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-A young Hawaiian monk seal was found behind a section of Tern Island’s sea wall in 2022. The endangered marine mammal was luckily able to find its way out. Shannon Vasquez / NOAA Fisheries (Permit `#22677-02`)
-
-By July, Clemans and Bull were clocking 80 hours of work a week. One morning, Bull came back from a survey after working 16 or 17 hours the day and night prior. She walked into the office tent, put her backpack down, turned the light on, and then tripped over the strap of her pack. She stumbled down on her knees, and then her body just gave out. She fell face-forward and clipped the side of her head on a metal chair before falling on her back and hitting her head on the plywood floor. On top of her sleep deprivation, now a concussion.
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-It took a research ship three days to get to her. During that time, the other biologists woke her up, asked her questions and carried out reflex tests with her hands. Once on the boat, it took another three days to get her to the island of Kauai for medical treatment. She told the doctor about the job, how little she slept and for how long. He responded, “That’ll drive you crazy.”
-
-I know the truth to that statement. Right after working on the islands of Lalo, I lost my mind.
-
----
-
-When I first told folks in 2003 that I was headed out to a small, remote atoll to study sea turtles, some wondered what would make me want to do such a thing.
-
-For starters, I grew up with nine siblings and two parents, mostly in a three-bedroom house in Winona, Minnesota. My parents had one room, my brother Frank and I had another, and everybody else younger was in the third room. In high school, right before Frank went off to college, my dad said, “Congratulations, you’ll have your own room.” Which was weird, since he wasn’t usually the congratulatory type. Soon after, I found a single bed shoved into the downstairs room we used as a sort of pantry with a thin curtain hung over the doorway. My new bedroom had a refrigerator, canned and dry goods, and—in a sign of how square I was in high school—my dad’s liquor stash that didn’t even tempt me.
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-When we weren’t crammed at home, we piled ourselves into a van for road trips. We most often visited the ocean, camping on Padre Island, Texas, or crashing in hotels in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Highlights included seeing dolphins swimming in the surf. Once, in grade school, Frank and I came across a small shark caught by a fisherman with a rod and reel. We carried it into the ocean and held it while walking forward until it swam off.
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-My family played football and Frisbee, but in quieter moments, I would go alone to the beach and sculpt large sand models of dolphins, sea turtles and sharks. I grew to appreciate nature, but a key moment pushed me toward the value of science. In middle school, when I saw some friends biking behind a truck that was spraying our town for mosquitos, I ran out to play with them in the mist. My mom yelled at me to stop and told me the spray was poison. The next day she gave me Rachel Carson’s *Silent Spring*, the 1962 book that famously chronicled the dangers of DDT and other pesticides, forever changing the environmental movement. My mom knew I would slough off her warning, but giving me a story with evidence would ensure that I never ran after such a truck again.
-
-So a lot of reasons led me to take a job roughly 450 miles from civilization to study Hawaiian green sea turtles for the USFWS and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). A love of science. A longing for privacy. A sense of adventure, particularly tied to the ocean. Though I had previous experience as a herpetologist in the Caribbean and California, this would be my most isolated stint as a scientist.
-
-I arrived on Tern Island in May 2003, with another biologist on a three-hour flight in a small plane over the open ocean. As the runway appeared below, the pilots put on their helmets. Surprised, I looked to my colleague, who explained it was in case birds crashed through the windshield. Upon making our descent, the dark expanse covering the island rose up and spread out; more than a hundred thousand birds amassed into a dark cloud. The plane yawed left and right, dipped and climbed to avoid the flocks, churning my stomach like a roller coaster. Upon landing, the deafening cries of the birds weren’t even the strongest offense to the senses; the rancid smell of guano hung thick in the air.
-
-![Aerial View of Tern Island](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/z9PABTImcKRL3-7SRTE0pfUSZJw=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/13/6f/136fdc8f-cbce-49ae-98da-49ee90a5d745/1_img_7995.jpg)
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-An aerial view of Tern Island in 2006 Joe Spring / NOAA Fisheries
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-![Sooty Terns on Tern Island](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/CYcN5Hh-jKVnR4VZCb-xvrWn1TM=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/bf/c8/bfc8c8bd-e4b6-48ae-a94a-b0965ac6ca09/2_img_7964_web.jpg)
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-A sooty tern flies over Tern in 2006. Nesting sooty terns blanket the ground beneath it. Joe Spring / NOAA Fisheries
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-![Red-Footed Booby on Tern Island](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/oPSLj5Z9B07T63xPHSb8Q_vsmSs=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/75/ed/75edd7f9-8ac0-476a-8473-350b0f07f154/3_img_4319_web.jpg)
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-A red-footed booby rests on a bush on Tern Island in 2006 as birds fill the sky behind it. Birds on Tern nest in bushes, on the ground and in underground burrows. Bushes were destroyed by Hurricane Walaka when it hit the island in 2018. Joe Spring / NOAA Fisheries
-
-On Tern, I spent time learning from, and sometimes helping, the seabird and seal biologists, but I primarily focused on the nesting turtles on nearby East Island, an 11-acre bump of dead coral and sand covered in a handful of bushes and some low-lying vegetation. I counted the mothers so authorities knew how many nested every year, tagged them so they could be identified when they nested again and took photos to document any notable injuries or afflictions. (Sea turtles sometimes grow tumors, more often when swimming in bays with excess nutrients and little ocean mixing.) I lived out of a tent and traded shifts with another biologist every three to seven days or so. When I traveled back to Tern, I crunched my data and slept in housing that was walled off from birds and cooler than my tent. My duties on East were much the same as Clemans and Bull’s on Tern, and they usually lasted from early evening to midmorning the following day. A daily journal, which I still have and referenced for this article, chronicled the ups and downs of the routine. Looking back upon my writing two decades later, I’m transported back to how thrilled I was to snorkel with manta rays with wingspans that dwarfed mine and how startled I was when a wedge-tailed shearwater flew into my shoulder, fell to the ground and leisurely waddled off.
-
-My first night on the island was May 22, 2003—18 years to the day before Bull and Clemans found that dead turtle. I had studied the reptiles before, in the U.S. Virgin Islands, but became much more adept at deciphering what stage of nesting they were in. When nesting, female turtles make sand pits a foot or two deep, then carefully scoop sand with their hind flippers to make chambers for their eggs. Once a turtle lays about 100 eggs, she pats sand gently over them and then throws sand with her front flippers to disguise the nest under a mound. I often witnessed mothers showing incredible tenacity; some had entire flippers bitten off by tiger sharks, and others exhibited fresh wounds with bones extending out. But the turtles didn’t let the injuries stop them from digging, sometimes all night.
-
-My work required tenacity, too. I walked through so much soft sand over the summer and squatted and crouched and crawled so much that I lost close to 20 pounds, despite treating every day like a carb party. The duties often ran straight through the night, so I took short food breaks, drinking cold cans of soup and chili. I made coffee doused with chocolate syrup and ate packages of Chips Ahoy and Oreos.
-
-Life and death packed every day. Fledgling birds flew off the island at dawn. Sometimes, they dropped in the surf just feet away from where I stood, and ten-foot-long tiger sharks jumped out of the shallows to eat them. When sea turtles crawled ashore at night to dig holes and lay their eggs, they might crush the eggs of ground-nesting seabirds or collapse the homes of burrow-nesting seabirds. Male seals cruised along the shoreline for mates. Females gave birth to their pups on the beach, leaving their placentas in the sand. Blood and sex and splattered yolks were the norm. 
-
-![Hawaiian Green Sea Turtles on East Island](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/FLfIqDu8kCCH0fZj_lfl0lQWQ2w=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/62/4f/624f5170-38db-4ea4-a4aa-8d05d6083c7d/1_img_4758_web.jpg)
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-Hawaiian green sea turtles bask on the shore of East Island late in the afternoon in 2006. Joe Spring / NOAA Fisheries
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-![Hawaiian Green Sea Turtle Eggs](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/yTWPSVMw0LPEOpcMfSmcbyhh4hI=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/d9/5d/d95d267b-5489-4f97-b547-984a317c7098/3_img_8086_web.jpg)
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-A Hawaiian green sea turtle lays about a hundred eggs on average. Joe Spring / NOAA Fisheries
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-![Hawaiian Green Sea Turtle Digging](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/M-ECRumM00sCtqPTcohOAw47rMw=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/1e/29/1e29c887-3720-4e91-9bd7-315c867f9aa9/4_img_9237-2_web.jpg)
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-A Hawaiian green sea turtle covers her nest early one morning. Joe Spring / NOAA Fisheries
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-![Hawaiian Green Sea Turtle Hatchling](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/PXs4SPis1nT-RZql4dG9Fk71KIE=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/7c/3b/7c3ba595-1215-4a2f-9691-8aa551ea1704/5_img_8464.jpg)
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-A hatchling green sea turtle crawls toward the ocean. Joe Spring / NOAA Fisheries
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-“The trash here is crazy,” reported my journal entry from my first night on East. Washed-up nets, bottles, buoys, fishing line and broken, weathered, colorful bits of plastic lined the shore. The plastic nets and line posed a significant threat to the turtles and seals, who could easily become entangled in them and die. Since 1982, scientists have documented more than [300](https://www.mmc.gov/priority-topics/species-of-concern/hawaiian-monk-seal/threats-to-hawaiian-monk-seals/) entanglement incidents of Hawaiian monk seals, of which only 1,500 or so remain in the wild. Many more instances likely go undetected. Globally, [at least 354 different species](https://nap.nationalacademies.org/resource/other/dels/plastics-in-the-ocean/) have been found in similarly entangled states.
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-On my dusk walks around the island, I played my part to make a dent, collecting debris and piling it near my camp for later removal. But the trash didn’t just wash ashore. It came by air, too. Once, while I was walking on Tern’s runway with a seabird biologist, we came across a dark brown mass of crud about the size of a child’s drinking cup. Frans Juola, the researcher, explained that black-footed and Laysan albatross chicks, seabirds with wingspans stretching more than six feet, sometimes regurgitated their stomach contents to get rid of undigestible bits.
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-As Juola looked at this bolus, as the mass is called, he found bits of plastic and a roughly three-inch-long hook, thick as a chick’s neck, with a metal line attached. A parent had swallowed the hook while at sea, then flown home to this island and regurgitated the sharp object to its chick, along with the debris. The chick, in turn, had coughed it up. Not all chicks were able to rid their stomachs of foreign objects. They often died, and amid their bones were the large, colorful clumps of weathered plastic—lighters, bottle caps, fishing line—that filled their stomachs. Scientists studying the chicks in Hawaii in the 1980s found that 90 percent of them already had plastics in their guts. The problem has gotten more severe, and scientists estimate that [99 percent of all seabird species will ingest plastics by 2050](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1502108112).
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-![Marine Debris Tern Island](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/EbXh1_Or65NtESaXwC62lyzl0_k=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/67/7b/677bfc93-4a60-4913-91ea-ddf1faef91ed/1_img_9567_web.jpg)
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-A pile of fishing nets gathered from the beach and shallows by researchers sits on Tern Island in 2014. Joe Spring / NOAA Fisheries
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-![Hawaiian Monk Seal Entangled in Net](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/gf90bsdMif1NxU2B0BkjlFUcT1Y=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/1d/c9/1dc94a93-cdde-4755-bf19-8fc3a07bf5d1/2_5102528303_5b90a1eecc_o_web.jpg)
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-Workers wrestle to free an entangled Hawaiian monk seal at Lalo, or French Frigate Shoals, during a marine debris survey and removal cruise in 1997. Since 1982, scientists have documented more than 300 entanglement incidents of Hawaiian monk seals. [Ray Boland, NOAA / NMFS / PIFD / ESOD CC By-SA 2.0](https://www.flickr.com/photos/noaaphotolib/5102528303)
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-![Marine Debris at Lalo](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/EIPM7qBK9aOX5YTJG0pCfxSjaO4=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/c7/a9/c7a91d91-f87b-48b2-9606-ac12cf6a0499/3_img_0103_web.jpg)
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-Marine debris washes up on the shores of Lalo’s islands daily. Joe Spring / NOAA Fisheries
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-![Marine Debris in Albatross Gut](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/vzo7QNxkzRs4qO1KjgpJqYMn64c=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/db/2f/db2fdc75-c6e5-4fbd-8616-3a4c543fabbb/4_28992209381_6ea26de137_o_web.jpg)
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-When albatross chicks die and their feathers blow away, researchers often find their guts filled with plastic debris. Parents pick up the debris while feeding in the open ocean and unwittingly transfer it to their offspring. [Dan Clark / USFWS / Public Domain](https://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/28992209381)
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-Though the plastic brought me down, so many natural events surprised me that first year. When snorkeling off Tern and around the refuge, I spied large, three-foot-long fish called jacks; whitetip reef sharks; eels; and, among the corals, loads of small, colorful creatures, from squirrelfish to nudibranchs. On East, a molting monk seal smelled worse than sweaty, pungent gym socks. A brown noddy landed on my head and performed a tap dance. Sea turtles threw sand into any exposed crevice in my body. Floating albatross feathers, the aftermath of attacks by sharks, stuck to my skin as I emerged from the ocean after a bath. Slimy guano bombs from birds smacked my head and back.
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-Both East and Tern were packed with wildlife that migrated away in summer and fall. On East, the turtles dug so many nests that by the end of the summer the island looked like a mogul run. Their hatchlings erupted out of the sand by the hundreds at night. On Tern, tens of thousands of seabird chicks sat less than a foot apart from each other on the ground, just waiting to lose their down and take to the skies.
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-By the end of the season, my sugar-fueled work had helped identify more than 200 nesting turtles, a big uptick from the 67 that had been found nesting on the island in 1973. The government’s 1978 listing of the green sea turtle under the Endangered Species Act had helped, though the animals were far from recovered and retained their “threatened species” status. When I had time, I helped turtles whose hind flippers had been bitten off by sharks by digging nests for them. Turtles became entangled in copper wire left in the ground by the Coast Guard, who had used East as a long-range navigation station in the 1940s and 1950s. I cut the animals free and pulled up the metal.
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----
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-After spending four consecutive research seasons on Tern and East Islands, I was away from 2007 to 2012, having taken a job at *Outside* magazine before writing as a freelance journalist. In July 2013, I made two brief pit stops by ship to Lalo to check sea turtle nesting on its islands.
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-Though Tern had been falling apart since the 1970s, many damages had been mitigated by USFWS staff. But in December 2012, a powerful storm hit the island. Damaging winds, possibly over 100 miles per hour, destroyed the boat shed and tore the walls off the barracks before generating enough flying debris to kill or injure more than 200 birds, of which many had to be euthanized. Nine days after the storm, the staff were rescued. Tern would not host scientists year-round again. Dedicated biological surveys that had spanned decades stopped. Buildings fell apart. Walks to look for entrapped animals ended.
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-I spent just enough time on Tern the next summer to see the remains of the barracks. Rooms with walls ripped off were exposed to the ocean. Seabirds perched and nested on exposed metal frames, hanging wires and shelves where, one biologist pointed out, books about seabirds used to sit.
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-The next year, in 2014, I returned to study sea turtles again. The destruction of the barracks meant USFWS had nowhere to house researchers for year-round surveys, and damage to the runway made it more difficult to quickly evacuate the island before powerful storms. NOAA still funded tent-based seasonal surveys of sea turtles and seals in warmer months.
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-The morning we arrived, field station manager Meg Duhr and I walked the island. Half the runway was covered in vegetation. We began a survey at the northwest end of Tern and came to a section called the Bulky Dump. Beginning in at least the 1970s, the sea wall here had started to fail, and the Coast Guard threw down debris as a defense against the ocean. Inside the rusted and bent sea wall, broken-up chunks of concrete, wires and all sorts of mechanical equipment were piled up. Water intruded into the mess. Seabirds, such as brown noddies and frigatebirds, perched on the concrete and metal. Fish darted in and out.
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-![Noddies in Tern Island Barracks](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/b-_eGC4NeWE1V-Js4b4rttYC6VU=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/64/f5/64f5289a-a956-4dee-bd05-bac5d8cc06ce/15_img_6638_web.jpg)
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-Noddies nest on the battered infrastructure of the barracks on Tern Island in 2013. Joe Spring / NOAA Fisheries
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-![Noddies on Foosball Table in Tern Barracks](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/zUuIjTlP7LF88AVQmejqRiULb9w=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/da/d7/dad7f682-3680-452b-88cd-6d24346a677f/2_img_8573_web.jpg)
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-Noddies nest on a foosball table in the barracks on Tern Island in 2014. Joe Spring / NOAA Fisheries
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-![Frigatebird Near Bulky Dump](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/NZjxnfEY_7iFMJQ2E9mWeJDcujc=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/30/04/30042bc0-e200-45d5-a95b-c1841dc0ae27/3_img_0478_web.jpg)
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-A frigatebird rests on a rusting metal bar near the Bulky Dump on Tern Island in 2014. Joe Spring / NOAA Fisheries
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-Duhr pointed. “There’s an old propane tank,” she said. “There’s an old generator part.” Environmental Protection Agency scientists and engineers I’d talked to before coming out there suspected the debris leaked lead and [PCBs](https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/pcbs.html) into the environment. They wanted to conduct more advanced sampling and monitoring of Tern under Superfund authorities, which can result in a designation that forces the parties responsible to clean up the contamination or reimburse the EPA for such work. They were worried the contaminants might be combining with the microplastics on the beach and in the water—and making their way into the guts of creatures that unwittingly ate them.
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-> Tern Island, Hawaii, could be first [@EPA](https://twitter.com/EPA?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw) Superfund site designated for plastic pollution. [@CenterForBioDiv](https://twitter.com/CenterForBioDiv?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw) [http://t.co/SEBLK1Gbgz](http://t.co/SEBLK1Gbgz)
-> 
-> — Dan Shapley (@danshapley) [September 10, 2014](https://twitter.com/danshapley/status/509522604995395586?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw)
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-We moved along the north end of the island, where the ocean had rusted the sea wall into spires. Duhr said in the winter, when no one was on the island, powerful waves would sometimes push juvenile turtles through cracks between the spires and onto the sand. Sometimes they crawled back to the water, but we saw the skeleton of a juvenile drying in the middle of the island.
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-I kept the same nightly schedule and logged data before surveying for trapped animals in the morning. On one walk, I found a female sea turtle trapped in a hole in the sea wall. With lead monk seal biologist Shawn Farry and a few other scientists, I created temporary barriers to prevent entrapments, but waves busted down some, and sand piled up next to others, allowing turtles to crawl over them and get stuck. Later that season, I found a turtle on her back who had crawled off the edge of the sea wall, nose-dived into the sand and flipped, thrashing her flippers, one of which was bloody and injured from the fall. I crouched beside her and turned her over. She crawled into the surf and swam away.
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-When the sea turtle hatchlings emerged from their nests, some, rather than crawl toward the moonlight reflecting off the ocean, scampered toward the remaining bright white patches of the runway, where they would dry out and die. We all took turns collecting the youngsters in the morning and releasing them on the beach. We collected dozens if not hundreds during the field season, but once we left in September, no one would be on Tern to help them out. We listed all of the entrapments and sent the information to be shared between NOAA and USFWS authorities in Honolulu.
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-My favorite seabirds on the island were frigates—with their seven-foot wingspans, they are amazing aerial acrobats. One flew up and screeched at me every time I approached within ten feet of his roosting bush. On a different atoll, I once watched a frigate land on a biologist’s head to rest. One time, on Tern, a male frigate swooped down and snatched expensive polarized sunglasses off of my face with its beak, soared out over the ocean, flew back over a bush packed with roosting seabirds and dropped the specs in the middle of them.
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-![Frigatebirds on East Island](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/iYSxF7ipNHI9Ow0ecsSLxq4y2I8=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/ab/4c/ab4c2668-3fb0-4fac-acb7-c8d2d4bf2d65/frigate01_web.jpg)
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-A frigatebird rests on an abandoned wooden structure on East Island in 2014. Joe Spring / NOAA Fisheries
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-I often found frigatebirds in the sea wall gap. Sometimes I climbed down to get them out. In August, I tried to lift one out while holding onto the rusted fence with one arm. Part of the sea wall broke, and I fell into the metal debris. I lifted the bird out and put it carefully down on crushed coral. A day later, I found it dead in the same spot.
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----
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-Working on the islands was thrilling as always, but more exhausting than ever. In my earlier stays, I would exchange regular shifts with another biologist, traveling back and forth from Tern to East, where we each labored alone, splitting up the task of tagging sea turtles. But in 2014, I did the sea turtle surveys alone all season and spent up to 14 straight nights all by myself on East. And when I returned to Tern, the nights of sleeping in cool, walled-off bedrooms were no more, as the buildings had been destroyed. On a satellite call, my boss and mentor George Balazs, who had worked on East beginning in the 1970s, warned me not to push myself too hard.
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-A short time after my arrival, I witnessed more than 470 turtles basking on the shore—most of them female, a sign that hundreds more would nest than I had ever seen before. Several nights on East saw more than 100 turtles, and I moved swiftly to cite their behavior in my notebook and measure and tag them. The demands—walk, crawl, squat, bend, think, crouch, walk—wore me down. I often noticed lightning storms on the horizon, alighting the clouds like bulbs in the color of grape sherbet. Pretty, yes, but I was the tallest thing on the island, and carrying long metal calipers.
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-When needed, I broke from my routine to help trapped turtles. One turtle dug herself a pit where a fishing net had been buried. Her efforts to throw sand left her entangled in debris. The plastic was wrapped around one front and one hind flipper, and left her struggling. I cut and removed the five-foot section of net from around her flippers and carried it back to camp.
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-![Black-Footed Albatross on East Island](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/Lo75NniJayiG3wChlVXaSw7Kz-4=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/56/57/5657c163-b43c-4110-8704-7d80a24f95ee/1_img_7481_web.jpg)
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-Black-footed albatross chicks rest on East Island in 2014. They will lose the down on their bodies and heads as they grow. Joe Spring / NOAA Fisheries
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-![Tiger Shark](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/nmR_YWXFT_7U4rRCEOajlrutPS8=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/ab/7f/ab7f10e7-97a9-486e-ad96-fad1f460fa0f/2_34661540276_0898a70f03_o_web.jpg)
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-A tiger shark swims in the waters of [Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.](https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/) [Koa Matsuoka, 2015 / Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument CC By-SA 2.0](https://www.flickr.com/photos/papahanaumokuakea/34661540276)
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-![Tiger Shark and Black-Footed Albatross](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/o45E7hVtOlqvqjmJRdRMxddYVXY=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/32/f4/32f49654-01a8-4ae3-9480-ff1e41ed4cae/3_img_4668_web.jpg)
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-A tiger shark breaches the shallows near East Island to eat a black-footed albatross in 2006. Joe Spring / NOAA Fisheries
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-In my journal, I noted that I was sleeping two to five hours a day on East, after my all-night shift had ended. I mostly dozed under a canopy tent, which offered coverage from the sun but let the trade winds cool me down during the heat of the day. Some days, the tarp on the canopy tent would come untied, flap loudly in the wind and wake me. Chalking that up to poor ropemanship skills, I kept practicing my knots, but the tarp issue continued unabated. Then, one day, I woke up around noon and saw, just past the cot, three juvenile masked boobies—yellow, white and black seabirds with wingspans of five feet—were pulling at the rope with their beaks, loosening the knot. I watched in amusement, then, worn out, fell back asleep.
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-Back on Tern, my sleep patterns were no better. With no barracks where I could catch up on sleep, the heat and the sound of seabirds often kept me up. The albatrosses clacked and whistled. The boobies whistled and honked. The wedge-tailed shearwaters “wooed” to each other. The sooty terns called in a chorus of deafening tones that sounded like “wide awake, wide awake.” As Clemans later puts it when I talk to her about her experience, “Working at night is hard enough when you sleep in a nice, dark, cool, quiet room during the day. But when you have to sleep in a hot, sticky tent surrounded by thousands of squawking birds, that can test your sanity for sure.”
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-> — USFWS Pacific (@USFWSPacific) [October 7, 2018](https://twitter.com/USFWSPacific/status/1048909620817944578?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw)
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-During the second week of August, authorities in Honolulu let us know that three tropical storms threatened to turn into hurricanes and come our way. The military helped evacuate biologists from several other remote atolls in Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, but those of us monitoring species in Lalo had the old warehouse on Tern to hole up in, so we stayed. Three of us went to East to take down my camp and had to wade through water packed with floating Portuguese man-of-wars to load the boat. All of us got stung, but one researcher took the brunt of the pain when one of the animals drifted up his board shorts.
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-The storms missed us, and soon I was back on East, where piles of plastic had washed ashore. One morning, I spied a moving clump of fishing line the size of two fists. A turtle hatchling had crawled into it and was wrapped up. I carefully untangled the youngster and put it down, and it crawled into the surf.
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-It felt good to help, but I couldn’t do right by every animal. One night, a nesting turtle crawled back toward the surf with a large hook stuck in her front flipper. I ran with my multitool to take it out, but the sharp object was driven in deep. I couldn’t yank it out before she hit the water.
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-By the end of the summer, more than 800 turtles had nested on East, a record for the island. To find them in the dark, I used a small flashlight and all my senses. I looked for moonlight reflected off wet shells. I sniffed the air for the smell of turned-over soil. I felt the sand thrown by mothers on my skin. I listened for the calls of birds that indicated a turtle was bothering its rest. To work them all up, I moved constantly.
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-But after my time on East was over, I didn’t turn off. I couldn’t sleep, even after switching to a more normal nighttime routine. A ship took me from Tern to Midway Atoll, then a plane to Honolulu and then back to the mainland, in Denver, to walk my sister Margaret down the aisle. From there, I met with representatives of the EPA in San Francisco—to share what conditions were like on Tern and because I planned to write about their research on microplastics—before returning to Hawaii to finish up my own work. Sleep still eluded me, and my mind began flickering into a manic state. Increasingly, short episodes interrupted my sanity.
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-It’s hard to explain the period that followed. Rather than focusing on finishing up my work and resting, I went on frenzied research tangents. I became obsessed with investigating [government testing related to biological weapons](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-nov-19-tm-blackbio47-story.html) in remote areas and wondered if that happened on Lalo. I looked into [Smithsonian efforts sponsored by the Army](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1985/05/12/science/bd1e9eff-157f-4fb7-97a5-e0e270315bcf/) to conduct research on the atoll. I made weird connections between those efforts and my experiences that I wouldn’t have accepted in a steady state. Did experiments take place on Lalo? Did weaponized bacteria persist in the animals there?
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-In that manic state, I flew to New York, where my brain convinced me I would uncover more information that would verify my conspiratorial thoughts. I used a pay phone to make calls and acted like authorities might have been following me. My brother Paul, who was recording an album in the city, thought I was acting weird but didn’t know exactly why, and he shrugged it off. One day, on his suggestion, we visited the Metropolitan Museum of Art to see a painting [by one of our great-grandfathers](https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/10916).
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-But when we got to the Met, my mind raced out of control again. I refused to leave a Greek and Roman art gallery. Confused, my brother and his girlfriend at the time left me there. I started examining vases and sculptures in detail. My mind scanned frantically for patterns and signs. Clear as day, the ancient artists’ use of animals seemed to show that the creatures were gods, and that now our modern society was taking down those gods. Adrenaline rushed through my body as my thoughts blitzed between objects in the museum, events in my life, and scenes from movies and stories. What was I supposed to do next?
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-When the museum closed, I ventured outside, my mind still manic. A street performer playing “Gonna Fly Now” from *Rocky* seemed like a sign to run. Clad in jeans, an oversize white T-shirt and brown wingtips, I hit the East River, stopping at a fence and looking at my phone. A man was running toward me; was I being followed?
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-A text from one of my brothers happened to have the word “jump” in it, and that was enough to make me climb over the fence and leap maybe 30 feet down into the river, still fully clothed with my phone and wallet in my pockets.
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-As I swam north toward an island called Mill Rock, I waved at people looking out onto the river. I remember noticing that Manhattan was surrounded by a wall, just like Tern. The current swirled in places, and though I felt heavy, I was also on a high. Close to Mill Rock, a boat that I think was helmed by either the police or the Coast Guard approached, and a life preserver splashed next to me. Worn out, but still excited, I grabbed it and was lifted on board. The boat brought me back to Manhattan, where I was loaded into what was likely an ambulance. Workers shrouded me in towels and asked me what I was doing. I said I just wanted to go for a swim.
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-First responders took me to a hospital, where I was guarded until my brother arrived. He eventually convinced me to sign a form to transfer me to a psychiatric hospital. I weighed about 160 pounds, down from my usual 190. The weight loss had occurred mostly on East, but I also wasn’t eating much because of my mania. Health workers kept the door to my room open, and big dudes guarded it through the night. Laces had been taken out of my shoes and drawstrings out of my shorts. Privileges, like wearing my normal clothes, were taken away. I tried to escape by opening windows when I thought no one was looking.
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-I didn’t share much with any of the psychiatrists there, because I still thought I was being pursued, though I hadn’t yet determined exactly who was following me or why. Family showed up and brought me cheesecake every day to help me gain my weight back. I ate it, but only after looking for signs about what to do based on the arrangement of mangos and strawberries on top of the dessert.
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-After about a month of counseling and therapy and drugs, I was released and diagnosed with bipolar disorder. I eventually got a job in California, but I stopped taking my meds and lost my mind again. I got another job, but I went into a deep depression, missed weeks of work, couldn’t function properly and got fired. I moved to my mom’s basement in Minnesota and regularly slept 20 or more hours a day. My medication made me drowsy and likely slowed my metabolism, but I had to take it if I wanted to recover.
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-In October of 2018, my state had dramatically improved, and I was working at a small Minnesota conservation magazine when I got an email from Frans Juola. East Island had been destroyed by a storm. “A powerful hurricane wiped out this remote Hawaiian island in a night. It was a critical nesting ground for threatened species,” read a [headline](https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/25/this-remote-hawaiian-island-was-critical-nesting-ground-threatened-species-climate-change-powerful-hurricane-wiped-it-out-overnight/) in the *Washington Post*. Hurricane Walaka directly passed over Lalo as a Category 3 storm and destroyed the island. Only a couple slivers of sand remained above water.
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-I emailed former co-workers for more info and was mostly left with questions. What would happen to the animals that bred and nested on East? Would more animals move to Tern and get trapped?
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----
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-Here’s what today’s researchers tell me about the islands where I once worked long, sleepless nights: East is no longer stable enough for field research over an entire season. And since Walaka wiped out East, more seals and turtles have sought out Tern, placing them in danger of new threats. Take the endangered Hawaiian monk seals, or *'ilio holo i ka uaua* in Hawaiian. With more than 200 seals, Lalo harbors a crucial 20 percent of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument’s seal population.
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-Prior to Hurricane Walaka, almost a third of the monk seal pups were born on East, and another third were born on the nearby island of Trig, which went completely underwater in September 2018, just before East did. With those islands dramatically diminished, mother seals were forced to smaller islands where their pups were more susceptible to drowning in high surf or being killed by sharks. Other mothers moved to Tern. “Monk seals still need to haul out. They still need to have pups. They still need someplace that’s safe,” says Charles Littnan, the science and research director covering this area of the Pacific for NOAA. “And when all of the other real estate is disappearing, the best place for them is Tern Island—that has a whole lot of danger for them to navigate.”
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-![Hawaiian Monk Seal](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/boT_bkCufBo6mC4rRhrJwZJz7Go=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/b0/7b/b07b9b92-dc84-409a-bfc6-c231a77c61df/01_34317592180_a9e1f71079_o_web.jpg)
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-A Hawaiian monk seal takes it easy on the beach. [Koa Matsuoka, 2015 / Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument CC By-SA 2.0](https://www.flickr.com/photos/papahanaumokuakea/34317592180)
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-![Hawaiian Monk Seals on Small Island](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/Ojho5hAwj97z1W795HkVlm8p224=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/1f/6c/1f6c01ff-e44c-4cae-802d-730a29fcb9b3/02_smallisletjimstilley2_04.jpg)
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-Hawaiian monk seals often give birth on small islands where their pups are susceptible to drowning or shark attack. Jim Stilley / NOAA Fisheries (Permit #22677-02)
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-![Hawaiian Monk Seals in the Bulky Dump on Tern Island](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/WEpidlQvBOsw7flGXjs_Ix1AsnI=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/36/7e/367ef831-60d8-4224-9d47-1ba60f8aecec/03_sealsindumpleahkerschner_web.jpg)
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-In 2022, two Hawaiian monk seals rest on Tern Island near the Bulky Dump, where a crew headed by the Environmental Protection Agency found unacceptably high levels of PCBs. Leah Kerschner / NOAA Fisheries (Permit #22677-02)
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-The greatest threat to the seals on Tern is that decaying sea wall. Farry has found seals trapped in holes and cracks of every sort in the wall, and under mechanical junk likely tossed out by the Coast Guard. In one stressful situation in 2019, Farry tells me, he and his colleagues found a seal pup 40 feet into a narrow section of double sea wall that rose about five feet above it. Sand prevented the pup from going lower. A beam prevented it from going higher—and the biologists from lifting it out. The tide was rising. “It really entered my mind that this pup might drown in front of us,” Farry tells me. Biologists spent an hour prodding the animal and shoveling sand out from beneath it so that it could move to a wider section of sea wall. Once it did, researchers lifted it out*.*
-
-The animal was lucky. In records that date back to 1989, more than a third of documented cases of monk seal entrapments have occurred since 2017. “If islands continue to disappear and seals continue to shift to Tern Island,” says Littnan, “this could be a disaster for seals at French Frigate Shoals \[a.k.a. Lalo\].”
-
-The situation for turtles is even worse. Scientists think Tern has become their primary nesting spot due to the reduced size of the other islets remaining at Lalo, though they don’t have hard numbers because they can’t do surveys on East. But in 2019, researchers looked at tagged sea turtles and saw animals that only ever nested on East Island coming ashore to nest on Tern. During that season, biologists helped two to three trapped females a week. “We would do night surveys all night long, and then from sunrise till eight o’clock we were just trying to move turtles,” says Marylou Staman, a biologist who spent three seasons on Lalo. “That was incredible. It was exhausting.”
-
-In previous seasons on Tern, female turtles often clustered their nests on the south shore of the island, where bushes and vegetation proliferated, and soft sand allowed them to dig deep chambers. With those natural markers wiped away by the 2018 hurricane, the turtles crawled further inland, where the storm had spread a thin layer of sand over the runway. They dug through that layer and less than a foot or so down hit compressed coral as hard as concrete. Normally the females would dig two feet or more down to lay their eggs. Now, after hitting rock, many turtles abandoned their shallow nests and moved somewhere else to dig again. Sometimes they dug and abandoned such nests for days on end. But not all of the turtles abandoned their efforts. Some dropped their eggs in the shallow pits, and the embryos likely cooked from being too close to hot surface sand.
-
-The competition for space between different species on Tern also ramped up. Before East was hit by Walaka, roughly 4,000 black-footed albatross, 1,000 Laysan albatross and thousands of other birds nested there. Beth Flint, a supervisory wildlife biologist with USFWS who has worked on Lalo since 1980, suspects many of those seabirds crammed onto Tern. She says the increase in turtles and seabirds has likely led to more crushed eggs and chicks. And during the 2019 field season, more than 30 birds got trapped in the sea wall.
-
-Aside from all those entrapments, an invisible danger lurks on Tern: the decaying electrical equipment the military left behind. Before the storm hit, a crew headed by the EPA sampled and monitored Tern for contaminants. They found unacceptably high levels of lead and PCBs. The area with the greatest pollution was the Bulky Dump, that spot where I saw so much debris in 2014.
-
-The Coast Guard contracted a company to do cleanup on the island in the early 2000s, but it apparently did not retrieve everything. PCBs are endocrine disruptors and can be mistakenly accepted by the body as hormones—causing tumors, birth defects and other developmental disorders. USFWS resource contaminants specialist Lee Ann Woodward tells me in an email that almost all of the animals tested on Tern have been contaminated.
-
----
-
-So what will be the fate of Tern Island?
-
-Field biologists who have worked there for decades say the island should be returned to a natural state.
-
-My former boss George Balazs, a sea turtle scientist who still actively studies the animals after retiring from NOAA’s Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, argues it’s time to take down the sea wall. “Remove it,” he says. “Don’t level it and throw in the ocean. You’ve already thrown enough stuff in the ocean. Let’s get rid of it properly with modern equipment.”
-
-The Navy wouldn’t directly answer my questions about whether it would help pay for the possible removal of the structure. “The Department of the Navy no longer has ownership over Tern Island,” it stated in an email. “For questions about the status of Tern Island please contact the Department of Interior/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.”
-
-I got a similar deflection when I wrote to the Coast Guard, asking if it planned to finish cleaning up the contaminating debris it left on the island decades ago. “Tern Island is held as property of the Fish and Wildlife Service who is a federal agency,” its lawyers responded. They tell me that the current owner is responsible for any cleanup, “even if the contamination was done by another federal agency prior to the current federal agency.”
-
-Jim Woolford, former director of the Office of Superfund Remediation at the EPA, disputed this, telling me that the Coast Guard should in fact be contributing to the cleanup. “Nowhere in CERCLA \[the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, a.k.a. Superfund,\] does it say that for federal facilities only the current owner/operator is the responsible party,” he writes in an email. But he adds that no progress would be made without pressure from the public, environmental groups or a congressional delegation. “It really has to happen at a very high level,” says Woolford. “And once it gets that attention, things can move pretty quickly.”
-
-The USFWS is still working with other agencies on a plan, according to Jared Underwood, the agency’s superintendent for Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. But the agency has just about $1 million annually to spend on all lands and waters in the monument, and it can only allot about 10 percent of that to Tern. Experts say that cleaning up the contamination on Tern will run between $2 million and $3 million. Fixing the degrading infrastructure and sea wall will run in the tens of millions of dollars, if not more. For any sort of meaningful action on that anytime soon, Underwood says, USFWS is looking for support from other sources, including possibly appropriations from Congress.
-
-Climate models project that the ocean may rise by two to three feet, or more, around Tern Island by 2100. And hurricanes like Walaka may become more powerful and possibly more common at Lalo as the planet warms. “So the long-term picture for these islands is bleak, though not entirely hopeless,” says Chip Fletcher, a climate scientist at the University of Hawaii at Manoa who visited East in 2018.
-
-I asked Todd Bridges, who until this February served as the U.S. Army’s senior research scientist for environmental science and is now with the University of Georgia, how the island could be protected in the absence of the sea wall. Bridges—who led a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers initiative called Engineering With Nature—tells me that a spectrum of interventions could be used to bolster the island. One solution would be to dredge sand to build the island up. Another might be accomplished in the water, engineering the reef around the island to protect it more from wave action.
-
-Perhaps the geologist with the strongest connections to Lalo is the University of Hawaii’s Haunani Kane. The Native Hawaiian is a navigator who first visited the atoll as a 20-year-old, arriving on a voyaging canoe guided only by the stars and other environmental cues. She returned to Lalo more than a decade later, in the summer of 2018 with Fletcher, to study East Island and its relationship to sea-level rise.
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-Before dredging sand and modifying reefs, Kane thinks scientists need to understand more about the natural relationship between islands and reefs. “The last thing you want to do is manipulate and engineer the system in a way that takes away its natural resiliency as well,” Kane says. In 2021, she and her team saw the island come back to about 60 percent of the size it had been before Hurricane Walaka nearly [wiped](https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/25/this-remote-hawaiian-island-was-critical-nesting-ground-threatened-species-climate-change-powerful-hurricane-wiped-it-out-overnight/) it off the map in 2018, though it’s less stable and a shadow of its former self. Reefs grow and then degrade to become sand and chunks of rock that build islands up.
-
-For Native Hawaiians, Lalo is a cultural resource as well as a natural one. “It’s a place where we believe our *kupuna*, or our ancestors, go as we transition into the next realm,” Kane says. “We view these islands as not just a place, but as a place of our ancestors, and we view the islands as our ancestors themselves.”
-
-Pelika Andrade, a Native Hawaiian intertidal, watershed and cultural researcher who sits on the reserve advisory council for the monument, tells me that the atoll was a bucket list run for a generation of fishers, including her grandfather. She sees what has happened to Tern as indicative of the problematic nature of colonialism. “There’s a reason why there’s so much distress in the system, because historically this is the repeat, right?” she says. “Set up something, but the plan of taking it down? There’s no long-term plan. And then there’s kind of like an abandonment that happens, and others are tasked to take care of the mess.”
-
-Researcher Kevin O’Brien is one of the people trying to take care of that mess. He arrived on Tern in October 2020, after a season when the island had been empty of biologists due to the Covid-19 pandemic. O’Brien had formed a nonprofit called the Papahānaumokuākea Marine Debris Project to collect ocean trash, but he traveled to Tern to address degrading infrastructure scattered across the island by Hurricane Walaka. He brought along a crew that included a welder, a metalworker, some former construction workers, heavy equipment drivers and a handful of biologists. He also brought a skid steer, a utility vehicle, a trailer, jackhammers, generators and several metal-cutting tools. They found numerous dead seabirds stuck in the sea wall and dozens of hatchlings that the sun had dried into jerky. During that trip and one earlier in the year, workers found seven trapped dead adult turtles.
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-O’Brien’s team cut eight large holes in the sea wall so seals and turtles could escape. They jackhammered concrete to break up gaps where sea turtles could get stuck, and they built a fence to prevent turtles from crawling to an area of the island where the animals could get trapped. They cut up lumber, cables, fiberglass, roofing, a 20-foot shipping container, three derelict boat trailers and other material that was thrown across the island. After ten days, they carted 82,600 pounds of garbage off Tern, clearing hurricane and marine debris from almost 22 acres of land. Though USFWS and NOAA served as partners, O’Brien’s crew did what government agencies had been unable to organize and complete alone.
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-![Dead Hawaiian Green Sea Turtles](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/0QwHaAct4mHSB7spFjdUL4pRB8U=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/56/f7/56f7c546-b20c-46f3-8c84-7d3077495705/1_lalo_2_web.jpg)
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-The carcasses of two Hawaiian green sea turtles that were trapped behind the sea wall decay on Tern Island in 2020. Kevin O’Brien / Papahānaumokuākea Marine Debris Project
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-![Dead Booby on Tern Island](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/CkB6mrGZ6MbWto8JAQBBP3L0z-U=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/a9/9e/a99ebc87-babb-4321-bf75-f96aacd254c6/2_lalo_12_web.jpg)
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-A dead booby hangs in the sea wall at Tern Island in 2020. James Morioka / Papahānaumokuākea Marine Debris Project
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-![Workers Clean Up Tern Island](https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/ogpVXgCuOpN-tCucv9sHDErqMiA=/fit-in/1072x0/filters:focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/67/44/6744d9c9-05b1-4f7c-b7b2-861818817b3a/4_lalo_8_web.jpg)
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-Eight workers with the Papahānaumokuākea Marine Debris Project and three workers with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service stand amid the 82,600 pounds of debris they removed from Tern Island in 2020. Dan Link / USFWS
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-But the nonprofit left with a lot unaddressed. The barracks, warehouse and generator shed—which had leaking batteries and fossil fuels—were falling apart. More than 100 pieces of large black pipe meant to serve as barriers to crawling turtles were scattered about the island. All of those things could injure or kill more wildlife, especially if another storm comes through.
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-O’Brien knows that his efforts were just stopgap measures. Too many large and evolving hazards exist. In 2021, even after his helpful work, juvenile green sea turtles became trapped nine times, and nesting turtles were trapped at least 50 times. At least seven of those adult females died. Seabirds and critically endangered Hawaiian monk seals were also trapped by hazards on the island.
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-In 2022, the rate of entrapments was just as bad.
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----
-
-Considering the toll this work takes on researchers, and the overwhelming forces at work, why does Tern Island matter? After all, the place is just a pinprick on a wall-sized map of the world.
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-It matters because this tiny speck in the ocean has a far-reaching influence. Many of the animals birthed there bring benefits to habitats far away. Take the sea turtles, who migrate hundreds of miles to the main Hawaiian Islands, where they feed on algae and keep coastal ecosystems in check. All over Waikiki, signs and brochures advertise expeditions to snorkel with the marine giants. Souvenir shops feature sea turtles on cups, flip-flops, magnets and more. The animals, known as *honu* in Hawaiian, also factor prominently into Native culture. To determine how to best protect this important species, authorities take into account what scientists find out about the nesting population size on Lalo. And seabirds on Tern roam even farther, providing important services as far as the waters off California and Alaska, including fertilizing the land and ocean with their guano, thus spurring the growth of plants, coral reefs and phytoplankton at the bottom of our food web.
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-Of course, I am personally invested in Tern’s long-term viability. While there, I interacted daily with resilient but vulnerable animals struggling against human threats that added a degree of difficulty to their survival. And perhaps I see connections between Tern’s damaged state and my own once damaged state.
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-During my darkest time in the psychiatric hospital, I was lost, out of my mind and illogically scared. I was surrounded by others in similar states—and worse ones. Patients babbled incoherently, melted down while imagining unseen threats and gazed off despondently in the lowest conditions of their lives. In the middle of all of this, overburdened health care workers tended to them.
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-One of those health care workers stood out—a small Jewish woman in her 60s named Karen Wald Cohen. She was energetic and engaging, and often wore outrageously colorful outfits—oranges and pinks and yellows and rainbow-themed get-ups—that burst amid the bland scrubs and socks many patients wore. She went up to depressed patients sitting alone and shared personal stories. She quietly reasoned with and talked down grown men half her age and twice her size during angry outbursts.
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-In my worn-down state, I thought there was something weird about her, but I liked it. I didn’t realize this then, because everyone inside kept telling me to focus on myself, but I now realize that her actions were some of the bravest exploits I’d ever witnessed. In some ways, her efforts to care for severely disturbed people weren’t all that different from the efforts of researchers on Tern trying to free thrashing animals. She worked as the last line of defense against much larger societal problems*.*
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-Karen took care of all of us, even people whose own families had written them off as lost causes. Aside from my visits with my family, my conversations with her, where she shared sketchy stories from her life and hilarious episodes capped by her boisterous laugh, were the most healing parts of my stay.
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-One day, Karen strolled down the tiled hallway wearing an almost completely black outfit. I think the bottom of the dress was frilly and layered, like a tutu, and she had on large black leather boots. Little shiny dots were scattered about her outfit, but in my confused state, the blackness threw me. It was not just that it was a weird get-up for one to wear into a psych ward, but it also didn’t fit with her normally colorful outfits and personality.
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-Months later, when recovering in Minnesota, I got an unexpected letter in the mail from Karen. It was something she didn’t have to send; I was no longer in her care. I opened the envelope and pulled out a card, pitch-black on the outside, with scattered shiny dots.
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-The card reminded me of the nights I’d spent on the islands of Lalo. In the deep blackness of the sky, unmarred by light pollution, stars glimmered from horizon to horizon. Rarely seen celestial phenomena stood out. One night on East, I rounded the northwest corner of the island and saw an arch extending up from the ocean. A moonbow—as big as any rainbow, with white gradations instead of colors—interrupted the darkness.
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-Humans rarely get to experience nights like the ones I had on Tern and East Islands, but any researcher who has spent time there will tell you that our species is worse off without those experiences of awe. We’re connected to all the teeming species that venture out from those distant islands, and their struggles with plastics, ruins and disappearing land are more and more becoming our own.
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-It can be difficult to work in a remote environment where such threats are so stark, to fight them and think about them on a daily basis, without succumbing to exhaustion or even madness. But scientists keep going back, year after year, because they believe it’s worth it. Like me, they hope that telling the world about the devastation happening in the middle of the Pacific Ocean will help people everywhere realize what we can save.
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-Or, as the message inside of that card from Karen read:
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-*It takes darkness to see the stars.*
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-# The Most Overlooked and Transformative of the Who, According to Roger Daltrey
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-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/d06/ed8/f13a132e6e31224fe04b5fc061c5af78a2-superlatives-the-who.rhorizontal.w700.jpg)
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-“I survived with three bloody addicts in a group. But I try not to think of it like that.” Photo-Illustration: Vulture. Photo: Jack Robinson/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
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-The story of [the Who](https://www.vulture.com/2019/12/interview-the-who-a-quick-one-rock-and-roll-circus-performance.html) has always been the story of society. The volatile intensity of Roger Daltrey, Pete Townshend, John Entwistle, and Keith Moon reflected their audience — it was *always* about their audience — as if they were holding up a cracked mirror to their own experiences with angst, isolation, and rage. While Townshend was the arbiter of the mod subculture with his lyrics and [appetite for instrument destruction](https://www.vulture.com/2018/10/roger-daltrey-never-liked-pete-townshends-guitar-smashing.html), Daltrey with his “primal roar,” as he likes to call it, was the master interpreter to rally their generation. It’s simple, really: You didn’t turn on the Who if you wanted to dance or seduce. They were there when it was time to fight.
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-I found myself connecting with Daltrey, as sprightly as ever, earlier this month as he prepares for a few [solo shows](https://www.thewho.com/). “I’ll talk about anything, whatever you like,” he tells me. “But you might be offended, I warn you now. Let’s clear that up to start with because I ain’t going to go with the other crap. I’ve lived and I’ve seen too much.” He was nothing but affable, although he did take a pause when I equated the Who to being a legacy act. “Well,” he offered, “it’s one up from being some of the things we were called in the early days.” (We also found ourselves on a tangent about the joys of *Seinfeld* after I mentioned my weekend plans.) The band already has much of their 2023 mapped out with *The Who With Orchestra Live at Wembley* set for a March release as well as a summer tour throughout the United Kingdom. If Daltrey gets his way, 2024 would be a big Who year, too.
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-I would say “Naked Eye.” The song, where it’s recorded in live shows, was never very good up until last year when we changed the rhythm of the bridge for the instrumental piece between verses and brought it back into rhythm. It kind of completed the song. It took a long time to get together from 1968 to 2022, but we did it in the end. It has some great lyrics with a really nice guitar progression, but then when it got into the instrumental, the rhythm skipped. It used to always throw us and I thought it was so bloody hokey. I never could quite get into it. So last year, we resuscitated the song, and I said to Pete, “Can’t we just make this in sync with the rest of it, so it’s a groove or something?” We put another simple little off-beat in there, and it brought it all into time, and the song’s great now. It really comes alive.
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-Mind you, these are Townshend songs. None of them were easy to master. That’s what I love about Pete’s writing. He has the sensibility and the intellect to write from a very different perspective than most music writers. Of course, his song structures are incredible. It’s not run-of-the-mill rock and roll — or rock. It’s very individual music, and it’s not for everybody. I’ve always understood that idea, and it was never ever going to be the most commercial. But in some ways it carries the most weight and carries the most importance.
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-It would be easy to say *Tommy*. It really was a collection of songs that … well, there was no fixed idea when we started recording *Tommy.* It was one song that had potential to be a bigger picture or a collection of the songs that painted a bigger picture. That was transformative in a way. But it was very kind of cobbled together. In those days, you had to either have a single album — two 20-minute sides — or you went into a double album and then you had to have two albums of 20-minute-plus sides. That’s 80 minutes of music. Of course, we had to piece together bits of instrumental to put in, like “Underture” and “Sparks,” those kinds of afterthoughts. Obviously, when it hit the shelves, *Tommy* was called a rock opera and all those things that went with it. If you’ve ever studied the lyrics of most of the grand operas, there’s hardly any there. They’re beautiful melodies. *Tommy,* in a way, is one of the best operas that’s ever been written.
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-However, if I could only choose one album, it’s *Quadrophenia.* Because it was one consistent idea from Pete. I don’t know whether the narrative is that clear, but I don’t know whether it matters on the album. Musically, I think it’s fabulous. I don’t know what people may not understand about our rock operas. I really don’t care. It might be pie in the sky to a lot of people, but like I said, when you look at the lyrics of some of the grand operas, there’s very thin narrative lines. I can’t wish to make any judgment in that sense. When you’re inside, it’s very hard to look on from the outside.
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-With the maturity I have now and looking back on life, I’m more connected to our songs than ever. The only song I get bored with playing, because it’s immovable from its arrangement, is “Won’t Get Fooled Again.” I mean, I love the song and I don’t mind singing it. But for some reason it never quite takes off from anywhere different than it was from the time I recorded it. I don’t know why. It’s the only song I have that problem with. Because with other songs, some nights they breeze out into some other areas and it’s wonderful. But “Won’t Get Fooled Again” seems to be stuck in this box. We’ve done it acoustically, which certainly gets out of the box, but people seem to want the full blast — the whole bit. It was groundbreaking at the time. But it just seems to be set in aspic.
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-I now see songs differently, and I explore them more. I’ve just been playing around with “Behind Blue Eyes,” for instance. I’ve been playing around on my little traveling acoustic guitar, and I discovered the beauty of the chords when they’re played really slow — and then I sing it quietly and explore the words even more. Because once you get into the rhythm, you’re limited in a certain way. But if you just pick it, the melody of the chords is absolutely beautiful on an acoustic guitar. Once it gets into a set rhythm, or if you do it like a piece of classical music, it becomes something else again. You have more chances to explore the lyrics and elongate words. It’s quite interesting. I just can’t play around too much, because then the song will go on for ten minutes and people will fall asleep.
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-Oh, that’s a hard one. I think *Odds & Sods.* This was an album of bits and pieces that were left over from *Who’s Next*, and a few things from the prior recordings sessions on earlier albums. It was put out as a filler album while we were making *Quadrophenia*. It’s a fabulous album. I really like it, but I don’t think *Odds & Sods* ever achieved any commercial success. Musically, it holds together great.
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-At the time, I put the album cover together. I had this idea. Because we were always legendary for our fighting between each other, I actually bought everybody a helmet to wear on that cover together. I put everybody’s name on the helmet, and I didn’t realize that Pete’s head was miles bigger than anybody else’s. Him and I had to trade helmets. \[*Laughs*.\] It works. It was a great cover — a straight photograph. When I first saw it, I thought, “Hey, it doesn’t quite make it. Let’s try and liven it up.” I always wanted to do the reflection of the audience and the fact that there’s something about Pete’s lyrics with the audience. The cover really reflects that because the audience is looking through the band, coming *out* of the band, on the real cover. Suddenly we may have saved a life or two at times with those helmets.
-
-I really like the next album, *Face Dances*. “You Better You Bet” was a great song that gave us a boost when we needed it most. There are some interesting songs on that album, but I still think it was overproduced. We were struggling with the loss of Keith, of course, and the studio was a very different place. We were working with an American producer, Bill Szymczyk, who was great at his job. But I think, in hindsight, he was possibly the wrong producer for us at that time. We were never going to be an Atlantic Records band.
-
-I’ve always had to fight to get what I want, and how this played out is a great example. When it was insisted that we change drummers, I said that even though Kenney Jones is a fabulous drummer and a fabulous bloke, he was the wrong drummer for the Who, as Keith Moon would’ve been the wrong drummer for the Faces. Tell me, can you imagine it? I love Kenney. He’s one of my best mates in the Faces. It wasn’t an easy thing to do to get rid of him. It was a very difficult thing personally and emotionally because I think the world of him.
-
-You’ve got to remember, a singer stands out in front and never sees the band. Maybe in a few glimpses during solos, that’s about it. But you feel them. You feel the rhythms; you feel the energy. It was going back to the days before Keith joined the band and how it didn’t work for me. When Keith joined the band, it was *my* band — I put the others together, and we were looking for a drummer. When Keith joined, it was finding the key to the engine. We started it out and off it went. That had gone. Kenney was very good. He kept climbing, but it was dull compared to Keith. But there again, Keith in the Faces would’ve been absolute chaos. Oh God, I loved him.
-
-There are some good contenders from our early years. I’d say “A Legal Matter” because the song is about me. I was getting divorced at the time. It would’ve been more personal if I sang it. I never even thought about what songs Pete and I would sing. If he wanted a song, I would go, “Great, you sing it, go*.”* I wasn’t going to interfere with the ego. \[*Laughs*.\] I’d wind him up a bit. We never discussed it and I never challenged it. I mean, just after we made the film soundtrack for *Tommy*, I chose the songs for *The Who By Numbers* album. I’d insisted that he sing “However Much I Booze” because of its own personal nature. Quite a few songs I’ve always preferred that he sings the lead. Like “Eminence Front,” for instance — I did a vocal on it, but I listened to his vocals, and it just sounded better in my ears. I prefer his vocals to mine any day of the week. He prefers mine, which is kind of weird. He’s got a thinner voice.
-
-I don’t think there’s one performance I can place above the others. *The Concert for New York City* was the most emotional show I’ve ever played in my life. It was very difficult. Looking out at that audience of people who had a hellish time for weeks on end. There were children in the audience of some of the people that have been killed in 9/11. It was incredibly poignant. At the time, I actually didn’t think we played very well. It was only afterwards that everybody was raving about the Who, and I don’t know, I felt we just did what we do. We did discuss what we should play, but we couldn’t agree. Pete said, “Let’s just do what we do, which is play our songs,” and we picked four. It was so strong.
-
-*The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus* was a fun one. It was a weird day, really. We turned up in the morning at this studio near the area in London where we grew up. I remember thinking, *What was all this about? Jethro Tull is here too?* They wanted to do this rock-and-roll-circus theme. I knew the Stones — we’d been around them for a long time. But I was mostly friends with Brian Jones, and John Lennon was there with Yoko Ono. Brian was in a terrible state. He was one step forward and three steps backward. He was not good at all. I remember we were given a slot of ten minutes, so we thought of doing the “A Quick One” mini-opera. Let’s do something different. We played it and it was only one take. There were big, long gaps between every band. I was stuck in a dressing room for hours, and I got bored on my own. I found that I was really upset by Brian in that state, and it put it lot of things into perspective for my future. He died not long after. I wasn’t on the same drugs as everybody else at that time. I was dealing with being in a band with three complete addicts, and it wasn’t easy, I’ve got to tell you. I just got fed up with being around it. I didn’t want to be around it.
-
-“Who Are You.” Mainly from the video we did with him for the song. We were obviously having a lot of trouble with Keith at the time when we made that album. He wasn’t in the best of shape. He was indulging in quite a lot of naughties. It was a difficult time, but when we came together to do that video to promote the album, Keith joined in on the backing vocals and he was hysterical. There’s something about Keith that he … no matter how naughty he was, you’d have to love him. You’d just have to love him. He was a rascal. He used to rope his drum kit up. In the ’60s, when he first joined us, he would bring a length of rope and tie them all together because he would just go crazy. Then, once we started using backing tracks and the headphones, he had to tape them to his head because it could fly off.
-
-I just finished a script, and I’m hoping to do my biopic of Keith within the next couple of years. I’m very pleased with the script. I want people to get an understanding of him and his life, and the complete genius he was. He had so much talent, that boy, but he became out of control for a lot of reasons. Mostly for lack of discipline. But once the drugs kick in, usually that disappears, doesn’t it? I’ve got an actor in mind who’s a role model. He might be too old, but then again, Keith looked 50 when he died. He was 32, but he looked 54. I think the actor is about 40 now. I don’t want to jinx it and say his name. But there’s an actor who I’ve seen and when I look at him I go, “God, it’s Moon.” It’s all to do with the eyes. The eyes are all important. You virtually wouldn’t need to say any dialogue because you could read it in his eyes. I mean, that’s a bit much, but you know what I mean. You can read so much in the face of Keith. He had such an incredible vibrancy. I got involved when Mike Myers wanted to play him. We were trying to get the film off the ground. I think Mike, when he was younger, would’ve made a fabulous Keith. It’s a shame it never happened. I’m driven by this project. It came to me in a dream 30 years ago.
-
-It was after the period where we recorded *Tommy*. I think *Tommy* was always better live than it was on the record. I suppose I found the dimension of my voice recording *Tommy*, but I never really learned how to use it until we got it on stage. My voice can go from really incredibly gentle and quiet to a primal roar. It’s incredibly loud. In those days it was probably over a four-octave range. I was very blessed. But I had no confidence in my singing, because Keith used to tell me what a crap singer I was. It can kind of knock your confidence. It’s just that — four alpha males. Also, for instance, when I recorded “Love, Reign O’er Me,” Pete wrote that as a quiet love song. But when I heard it I thought, *No, this is primal*. I did it my way and had the confidence to do so.
-
-I would say the last one we recorded, *Who*. We found our way around it. It challenged me because I liked the songs but I didn’t think they were groundbreaking. There was something good in all of them. I think I found a way to present them and I really pushed the boat out, vocally, on that album. You’d have to hear all of the demos — I don’t think they’ve been released yet, but they will. You’d have to hear the difference between A and B and then you could see how I got around them. I think I got under the skin of the songs. A lot of fans don’t like the new songs. I mean, it provides a toilet break. But then I remember back in the days of *Who’s Next*, and how people used to go for a toilet break at “Behind Blue Eyes.” Times change. People get used to it, their tastes change and their favorites change and then it’s all where it is now. When they’re presented with something new, it challenges them. They go, *Well, I might go out for a drink.*
-
-I don’t think Woodstock as an event was overrated, but as a concert, it was totally overrated. As an event it deserves all the accolades it gets. Woodstock was the first time the American government really had to sit up and start to take notice of this huge army of young people that were really against the war in Vietnam. You’ve got to remember the timing. For me, the stars of Woodstock were the audience and the bands were all crap. \[*Laughs*.\] It was just a fantastic event and it made the powers that be, whoever they are — will we ever know? — sit up and take notice. This was becoming a movement that was going to become unstoppable. Very quickly, within five or so years, that war was over. It still went on too long, but there it goes. Wars are quite stupid. They always end up with a deal.
-
-We got along great with all of the musicians. It was party time. But it was uncomfortable. It was horrible, muddy, and shitty, and there wasn’t a good sound from the stage. My main memory of the bands was that was the first time I heard Creedence Clearwater Revival with John Fogerty. I was backstage, but boy did they sound good. Fogerty was extraordinary. He’s a great guy. He still can sing like that.
-
-Survival. I survived with three bloody addicts in a group. But I try not to think of it like that. I’ve had a privileged life. I know that. I’ve enjoyed every minute of everything I’ve ever done. I like to take and accept challenges when they’re presented, if I think I can do something to make it work.
-
-**Clockwise from top:** Townshend and Daltrey, tolerating each other through the decades. Photo: Michael Putland/Getty ImagesPhoto: Rob Monk/Classic Rock MagazinePhoto: Richard Young/Shutterstock
-
-**Clockwise from top:** Townshend and Daltrey, tolerating each other through the decades. Photo: Michael Putland/Getty ImagesPhoto: Rob Monk/Classic Rock ... **Clockwise from top:** Townshend and Daltrey, tolerating each other through the decades. Photo: Michael Putland/Getty ImagesPhoto: Rob Monk/Classic Rock MagazinePhoto: Richard Young/Shutterstock
-
-The only thing I can quite honestly say is something I’ve already given a lot of thought. But some context. I’m at that clinical point in my life where I can go on and potentially not be quite as I was last year, vocally, because that’s the age I am. Do we attempt to go forward with something at all? I don’t want to go backward, because we’re out now with the orchestra and those orchestrations added to Pete’s music. It’s how I’ve always heard Pete’s music in my head. It’s always been classical — it’s not rock and roll. I’m 79 in three weeks. Will I still be able to sing *Quadrophenia* next year when I’m 80? An orchestrated *Quadrophenia* in the format of the band we are now would be phenomenal. That’s my ambition. But I can’t tell you I could physically handle it. It’s a challenging piece of work and it deserves respect. But who knows. We’ve gone on far longer than I ever thought we would. I didn’t think it would last until the end of the week.
-
-Age is a weird thing. No one cheats it. Voices especially. It’s such a tiny piece of our body that does so much work. People have no idea how complex vocal cords are and what’s involved in what singers do. Like I said, *Quadrophenia* is not the easiest piece of work to sing. Even all those years ago, in our prime, it was never easy. But maybe this is the frame of mind I’m in now, and with the orchestra, it settles you down in a different way than when you’re just trying to make all the noise from four or five instruments. I’ll never match the writing of Pete Townshend and I don’t think anyone else ever will. But if I ever do, you can call and congratulate me.
-
--   [Wynonna Judd on Her Hardest and Most Enthusiastic Music](https://www.vulture.com/2023/01/wynonna-judd-naomi-judd-best-music-superlatives.html)
--   [A Lost Interview With David Crosby](https://www.vulture.com/2023/01/david-crosby-superlatives-stills-nash-young.html)
--   [Robert Plant on the Finest and Most Questionable Music of His Career](https://www.vulture.com/2023/01/robert-plant-led-zeppelin-best-music-superlatives.html)
-
-[See All](https://www.vulture.com/tags/superlatives)
-
-Including recognizable Who tracks such as “Long Live Rock” and “Pure and Easy.” Jones was a full-fledged member of the Who for two albums, *Face Dances* and *It’s Hard.* He candidly spoke to Vulture in 2021 about the “fondness and sadness” of his time with the band, [which you can read here](https://www.vulture.com/2021/07/interview-kenney-jones-the-who-and-pete-townshend.html). Townshend has said that the song was written about trying to give up his alcoholic proclivities. A sample stanza: “I take no blame / I just can’t face my failure /  
-I’m nothing but a well fucked sailor.” The band performed the classic catharsis quartet of “Who Are You,” “Baba O’Riley,” “Behind Blue Eyes,” and “Won’t Get Fooled Again.” Other acts for the October 20, 2001, benefit concert included David Bowie, Paul McCartney, and Bon Jovi. Recorded in May 1978 and now available in beautiful HD, Moon died four months later. Please sound off in the comment section with your guesses.
-
-The Best Music of the Who, According to Roger Daltrey
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-# The Murder of Moriah Wilson
-
-Outside's long reads email newsletter features our strongest writing, most ambitious reporting, and award-winning storytelling about the outdoors. [Sign up today](https://share.hsforms.com/1t5EM6firSoiTKnMfNa6lOQ2pvvd?fbclid=IwAR3gDRDLjHvD3wHDOdEum_cebVkq9Nhp4Vqzo0-0xKS7HzRavnFMem4Rm4A).
-
-## One: Weapons Handling
-
-Colin Strickland believed that every woman should own a gun. It was a feminist conviction of a sort. He would argue that, as a dude—a tall, tan, strapping dude—he enjoyed a freedom that many women don’t. He could go most places and do most things without feeling threatened. He rode his bike on desolate gravel roads, then parked his truck wherever he liked and slept inside a Spartan trailer he hauled behind him. As a professional bike racer, he lived a remarkably carefree life, close to the best he could have imagined for himself. But he was aware of his male privilege, too.
-
-Strickland’s girlfriend, Kaitlin Armstrong, called him one night in the summer of 2020, sobbing and panicked. A belligerent man—maybe intoxicated, maybe suffering some kind of mental breakdown, maybe both—kept banging on the door of her Austin, Texas, apartment. The guy eventually went away, but the incident terrified her. Another time, she was accosted by an angry man in a grocery store parking lot. Now and then, creeps followed her while she rode on bike paths and made her feel unsafe. Strickland could only imagine how these incidents felt to Armstrong, a lithe yoga instructor with auburn hair that fell across her shoulders. He knew that men commit nearly 80 percent of violent crime in the U.S., and he wondered: Why should a woman spend her life living in fear? Maybe a gun would make Kaitlin feel empowered, more independent, free to live the way she chose.
-
-It’s easy to buy a weapon in Texas. So one day around the beginning of 2022, Strickland and Armstrong rode their bikes to McBride’s, a family owned gun shop near the University of Texas. Armstrong picked out a 9mm SIG Sauer P365 pistol and held it up to get a feel for its weight. Strickland picked out a handgun, too. As a kid, he’d lived in the rural Hill Country west of Austin, an area with a lot of firearms. But his family didn’t own guns, and he’d fired a shotgun maybe once in his life. The motivation to buy one now came from his fascination with machines; he was drawn to the engineering and construction.
-
-In their relationship, Armstrong, who’d once worked in finance, managed the money, while Strickland often paid for things. After providing the background information required by Federal law for licensed gun dealers, he asked the salesperson if they needed to have Armstrong’s information, too. “No,” he was told. “In the state of Texas, you can gift someone a gun.”
-
-Strickland paid for the pistols and gave one to Armstrong. They had also acquired two boxes of ammunition, one for practice and another marked “9mm JAG,” a bullet designed to break apart on impact and cause additional harm inside the body—increasing the chances that it would kill its intended target.
-
-On a warm spring day, there’s nothing like a swim in Austin’s Deep Eddy pool. An oasis a stone’s throw from downtown’s skyscrapers, Deep Eddy is the oldest public swimming pool in Texas. Families wade in the shallow end. Twentysomethings lounge in grassy shade while half-dressed old-timers jaw in the open-air bathhouse, a stately building made of limestone cut by WPA workers during the Depression.
-
-At dusk on Wednesday, May 11, 2022, fireflies flashed as 25-year-old [Moriah Wilson](https://www.velonews.com/news/gravel/meet-moriah-wilson-unbound-gravels-dark-horse-contender/) immersed herself in the water and swam. That afternoon, Wilson, [a professional cyclist](https://www.velonews.com/news/gravel/getting-to-know-mo/), had logged a few hours riding alone on the warm, windblown roads northeast of Austin. Before flying in, she’d messaged her friend Colin Strickland to say that she was coming to town. Was he up for a ride?
-
-Strickland and Wilson had a somewhat complicated relationship. They had met about a year earlier, at a four-day gravel race in Idaho. In the fall of 2021, when Strickland was in the middle of a breakup with Armstrong that lasted a few months, he and Wilson connected romantically. They were intimate for about a week while she was visiting Austin. Later, after Strickland resumed his relationship with Armstrong, he and Wilson went back to being friends.
-
-Strickland knew that his local cycling opportunities couldn’t compare with Vermont’s, where Moriah grew up, or San Francisco’s, where she cut her teeth as a bike racer. But he wanted to show her why everyone says Austin is such a fun place, and he invited her to go to Deep Eddy for a swim. After a dentist appointment that afternoon, he’d picked up Wilson on his BMW motorcycle around 6 p.m., and they’d ridden down to the pool.
-
-Wilson, who friends called Mo, was relatively new to the growing, distinctly American discipline of gravel racing, off-road events where pros start alongside weekend warriors in one big pack. But over the past year, the Dartmouth graduate and former downhill ski racer had dominated nearly every event she entered. She’d recently left a job at the bike company Specialized, where she worked as a demand planner, tracking supply chains and forecasting sales. She wanted to race full-time, and she came to Texas to compete in Gravel Locos, a 155-mile race through the rocky hill country northwest of Austin.
-
-As Wilson climbed from the pool, water dripped off her thick brown hair. She wrapped a towel around her small frame, changed out of her bathing suit top, and put on a sundress. At 35, Strickland was a decade older than Wilson, but he could relate to her path. Ten years prior, he’d made a similar decision to refocus his life, leaving a steady environmental-consulting job and dedicating himself to bike racing. The change had worked out. In 2019, he won the world’s most prestigious gravel race, Unbound, a 200-mile grind across the Flint Hills of eastern Kansas. He’d become an icon in the American cycling scene, sponsored by the bike industry’s top brands, including Rapha, Specialized, and Wahoo, along with more mainstream brands like Red Bull.
-
-Now, by the pool, Strickland and Wilson talked about the social relevance of racing bikes for a living. Wilson was just starting a grand adventure, whereas Strickland saw his pro cycling journey coming to an end. Both of them enjoyed winning bike races, sure, but they were uncertain about the value of what they did. Wilson wondered: How can I inspire people, give back to the sport, and make it more inclusive? Strickland thought about the hundreds of messages he’d received from fans who’d been captivated by his story—that he’d forged his own path and stayed true to himself. He told Wilson: You can motivate people to live a healthier life.
-
-As the sun went down, Wilson and Strickland left Deep Eddy and walked to Pool Burger, a patio bar, where they ordered food and rum cocktails. Strickland’s phone buzzed. He looked at the screen and saw that Armstrong was calling. He knew she wouldn’t like him hanging out with Wilson—their brief romantic relationship had been painful for her. Before going out to Deep Eddy, he’d changed Wilson’s name in his phone. A really dumb idea, he knew, but he didn’t want his girlfriend to see Wilson’s texts and get upset. At the bar, he didn’t answer Armstrong’s call. Later he’d wish he had.
-
-After the meal, Wilson climbed onto the back of Strickland’s motorcycle and he drove her through Austin’s eclectic east side to a garage apartment where she was staying with a friend, Caitlin Cash. Strickland drove up an alley parallel to the street, dropped Wilson off outside the apartment, and continued up the alley toward home. Wilson walked up a wooden staircase leading to the apartment’s entrance and used a code to unlock the door. Cash was at dinner with friends; an app on her phone notified her that the door had been unlocked. It was 8:36 p.m., dark by then.
-
-Around the same time, a neighbor’s security camera captured footage of a black SUV—with chrome around the windows, bike storage on the back, and a luggage rack on the roof—pulling through a driveway that connects Maple Avenue to the alley. The video shows the SUV’s brake lights come on as it slows next to Cash’s place.
-
-Cash arrived home around 10 p.m. The apartment was unlocked. Cash entered, looked around, and soon found Wilson on the bathroom’s tile floor, surrounded by a pool of blood.
-
-Three bullet casings, marked “9mm JAG,” were on the floor by her body, which was facing up. Wilson had a laceration on her right index finger and another beneath her chin. She’d been shot twice in the head; a third bullet had entered her chest and exited her back. Crime scene investigators, who arrived soon after Cash discovered Wilson, would find the third bullet lodged in a cracked tile beneath her. Someone had stood over her and fired toward her heart.
-
-![Wilson, a 25-year-old pro cyclist, in a field near the coast](https://www.outsideonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/moriah-wilson-coast-landscape_h.jpg?width=500&enable=upscale)
-
-Wilson, a 25-year-old pro cyclist, was in Austin, Texas, for the Gravel Locos bike race when she was murdered. (Elliot Wilkinson-Ray/Courtesy Skida)
-
-The murder of Moriah Wilson didn’t become public until Saturday, three days after her death. That afternoon, the Austin Police Department—which immediately announced that a violent crime had occurred on Maple Avenue, but at first didn’t disclose the victim’s name—issued a press release, stating that Wilson had been killed, that the shooting did “not appear to be a random act,” and that “a person of interest” had been identified.
-
-In quiet conversations and rapidly multiplying text threads, rumors swirled in the gravel racing scene and Austin’s cycling community—my community. The emerging theory—that a love triangle involving Strickland, Armstrong, and Wilson had led to Wilson’s murder—seemed too salacious to be true. But over the next week, as panicked friends exchanged information, and that information made its way to Austin police detectives, the idea that Armstrong had shot Wilson began, to many, to feel more and more plausible.
-
-Security video placed the SUV—which appeared to be identical to Armstrong’s—at the site of the murder at almost exactly the time police concluded it took place. Police also recovered the SIG Sauer P365 from Strickland’s home. The department’s ballistics expert test-fired the weapon and used a microscope to compare the markings on the shell casings with those found at the crime scene. In the resulting ballistics report, the expert wrote that the shell casings found at the murder scene were “positively identified” as having been fired by the SIG Sauer P365. (Although some prominent forensic experts have [questioned the reliability of this method](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-field-of-firearms-forensics-is-flawed/), it’s routinely used in court cases involving gun violence.)
-
-There was also a troubling conversation Armstrong allegedly had in January, after she’d gotten back together with Strickland. She was talking with her friend Jacqueline Chasteen at a party at a café called the Meteor in Bentonville, Arkansas. Chasteen was friends with both Armstrong and Strickland, and she felt that Strickland didn’t always treat Armstrong the way she deserved. “Dump him!” she’d told Armstrong more than once. In Bentonville, Armstrong explained to her that she and Strickland were in a better place now. She divulged, however, that the fling with Wilson had really bothered her. Armstrong said she thought Wilson had been aggressive in her pursuit of Strickland, that she wouldn’t leave him alone. Chasteen noticed her friend trembling with emotion.
-
-“I wanted to kill her,” Armstrong allegedly told Chasteen. A little alarmed, Chasteen expressed to Armstrong that surely she didn’t mean it—that people feel and say all kinds of things when they’ve been hurt. “No, I really wanted to kill her,” Armstrong said.
-
-Armstrong confided to Chasteen that she’d recently gotten a gun. This, anyway, is what Chasteen thought she heard. It was loud inside the café. They’d had a couple of drinks. She definitely heard Armstrong say something about a gun, either that she’d bought one or was about to.
-
-At the time, the gravity of Armstrong’s remarks didn’t quite register. Everyone knew her as a caring, compassionate person, full of light and talent, not so different from Wilson. Nobody believed Armstrong could ever hurt someone.
-
-Later, when Chasteen’s husband, Andy, told her about Wilson’s murder, she nearly broke down in tears. “It was Kaitlin!” she told him. She phoned in an anonymous tip to the police, which helped them obtain an arrest warrant.
-
-Initially, the Austin police considered Strickland a suspect in Wilson’s death. But video evidence showed him riding his motorcycle home along Interstate 35 at 8:48 p.m. Because Strickland was eight miles from the scene of the crime just 12 minutes after dropping Moriah off, the police considered his story credible. Detectives also interviewed Armstrong. On May 12, the day after Wilson’s murder, they arrested her on an outstanding warrant for a misdemeanor charge dating back to 2018. While she was in custody, they questioned her about the murder. But Armstrong didn’t say much during the interview, and the police let her go. By Tuesday, May 17, six days after Wilson’s death, they thought they had enough to make an arrest and began looking for her again. By then it was too late. She was gone.
-
-## Two: It’s Complicated
-
-A fit young white woman, Kaitlin Armstrong, 35, stands accused of killing another young white woman, Anna Moriah Wilson, who was one of the best bike racers in America. In an effort to help the public understand how violence like this could occur between these two people, the Austin police have crafted a narrative about the murder. They believe the two women both wanted the same man, a buddy of mine, Colin Strickland. The police have portrayed him as a guy who cheated on his girlfriend with a younger woman.
-
-To put it mildly, people have been obsessed with this case, which has been reported around the world. A quick Google search turns up tens of thousands of news stories. On TikTok, videos related to Kaitlin Armstrong have gotten 100 million views. Gun violence involving people of color is often diminished as gang- or drug-related. But when violent crime features somebody like Wilson, the world can’t seem to look away.
-
-If you look at  discussions of this case happening online, it’s clear that a lot of people want to know whether Strickland was a bad boyfriend. Also, was he such a bad boyfriend that he bears some responsibility for Wilson’s death? The reasoning is that his behavior led Armstrong into such a jealous rage that she murdered Wilson. People who feel this way have filled Strickland’s Instagram account with comments like “MURDERER” and “It’s your fault.” At one point, he publicly disclosed that he’s suffered suicidal thoughts in the wake of Wilson’s murder. “If he decides to take his own life, that’s on him,” wrote one commenter. All of Strickland’s sponsors dropped him. Was that fair? Does he deserve the hate and death threats he’s been getting?
-
-I’m not going to answer those questions directly, but I am going to tell you what I learned in the months immediately after the murder about Colin Strickland, this case, and the cycling community in Austin, where I’ve lived for 25 years. I’m going to tell you about Armstrong and Wilson, who I didn’t know, but who knew many of my friends. And in the process, I’ll divulge a lot about their relationship drama—stuff that happens all the time in communities like ours, that has happened to me and probably to you.
-
-But I want you to remember something: if this conflict is what led to Wilson’s death, it did so because of a handgun. Law enforcement officials have not charged Strickland with any crimes related to Wilson’s murder, but he did make the decision to purchase a gun for Armstrong. Police believe the bullets that killed Wilson were very likely fired from that gun. I know that this fact causes Strickland immense guilt and shame. He wishes he could change it, that he could change everything. He wishes he’d never met Armstrong, wishes he’d never been a bike racer, wishes he’d never met or spoken in private with Wilson. But the unalterable fact is that he did.
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-Three bullet casings, marked “9mm JAG,” were on the floor by her body.
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-![Image](https://www.outsideonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/moriah-wilson-black-and-white-2_h.jpg?crop=25:14&width=500&enable=upscale)
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-(Kai Caddy)
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-Wilson and Strickland first crossed paths at a 2021 bike race series called Rebecca’s Private Idaho. The events, held every September, are hosted by a cyclist named Rebecca Rusch, and take place in the Rocky Mountains surrounding Ketchum. During the competition, Wilson showed herself to be the strongest female rider, but she finished second after suffering a mechanical problem with her bike and making a few rookie mistakes. Throughout the event she had brief conversations with Strickland, who finished second in the men’s race. After it ended, they met at a local bar.
-
-There they talked about everything from tactics to training to sponsors, and Strickland later introduced Wilson to many of his backers, including Red Bull, Enve wheels, and the Meteor, a combination bike shop and café with locations in Austin and Bentonville.
-
-Because Strickland and Wilson later had an intimate relationship, it’s tempting to conclude that his support of her from the start was motivated by more than pure altruism. And yes, Strickland considered Wilson attractive, but when he first met her he wasn’t looking for romance. He had a live-in girlfriend; Wilson had a long-term boyfriend. He saw their meeting as the start of a professional friendship.
-
-Pete Stetina, one of Strickland’s competitors at Rebecca’s Private Idaho, says that gravel racing is known for a culture of mutual support, and that his behavior toward Wilson was consistent with that. “Colin was super friendly, and we liked to talk about the business of cycling together,” he says. “He was always an open book in terms of what he was doing. He helped a lot of riders, including Moriah. We were all proud of her. She was homegrown, from our little gravel discipline. We kind of viewed her success as our success.”
-
-A month later, Strickland and Wilson reconnected at the Big Sugar, a 103-mile gravel race that starts and ends in Bentonville. Strickland finished ninth. Wilson won the women’s race and finished 12th overall, just five minutes behind Strickland.
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-That weekend, Strickland went on a group ride on Bentonville’s flowing singletrack. With him were Wilson, Amity Rockwell—another female pro, and someone he’d dated briefly in 2018—as well as two women who helped manage a high school mountain bike league in the area. Everyone in the group was an accomplished rider.
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-Though Armstrong had come to Bentonville, too, Strickland didn’t invite her on the ride. She’d become a strong road and gravel cyclist, but he figured she wouldn’t have the trail skills to keep up. That happens a lot in the cycling world, especially when rides, like this one was, are partly about business.
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-But no one likes to be excluded, and it’s possible the snub led Armstrong to see female pros like Wilson as potential rivals. On the nine-hour drive back to Austin, she and Strickland had a long and intense conversation about their relationship.
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-Strickland told her he wasn’t the partner she deserved, and he didn’t know if he ever could be. Ever since they’d started dating two years before, he’d struggled to fully commit. More than once, he’d thought about breaking up but didn’t follow through. Now he did. By the time they reached his ranch-style home in South Austin, they’d officially split.
-
-## Three: What Happened Between Them
-
-Back in June 2019, when Strickland beat a bunch of Tour de France pros at Unbound and instantly became one of the most prominent athletes in the cycling world, I was stoked. I’d watched him come of age as a racer in the Austin cycling scene. We’d chatted on long rides and butted heads in local races—then shared beers afterward. A couple of times, Strickland sought my advice on some pro cycling dilemma he was facing. I’d give him my honest opinion, then he’d do the opposite and totally make it work. I respected the hell out of him for that.
-
-Whether Strickland was winning or struggling, I’d often send him a text or Instagram message of support—saying, essentially, “keep going.” When he won Unbound, I was working for FloSports, a company that live-streams professional cycling. We produced a lot of content with him. He gave us a tour of his gearhead garage and showed me how to repair cycling clothes on his vintage sewing machine. A short film I made chronicled Strickland’s rise from renegade alleycat racer to the world’s best gravel cyclist, a rider talented enough on a road bike that he was briefly recruited by an American Tour de France team.
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-Until I began reporting this story, I didn’t know a lot about Strickland’s personal life. But sometimes local gossip about who’s dating who would involve him. He didn’t sound like someone who chased drama. It was more like he lacked a certain kind of emotional intelligence when it came to relationships. Things that seemed obvious to everyone else didn’t seem to occur to him.
-
-I don’t think Strickland headed out on his motorcycle on May 11 with the intention of picking up Wilson for a romantic liaison. When he invited her to go swimming, he didn’t consider that a lot of people (including me) might view this decision as inappropriate. Especially if you’re in a committed relationship and your partner doesn’t know what you’re up to. But Colin views the world differently, and most of the time that’s worked out for him. He gives friends rides on the back of his BMW all the time, male and female, what’s the big deal?
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-He knew that he and Wilson were just friends at that point, and he had no intention of cheating on Armstrong. But he also should have known that lying to Armstrong about connecting with Wilson was a terrible idea. If you find yourself hiding something from your partner, you probably shouldn’t be doing it at all.
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-In 2019, back before Strickland had met Armstrong, he often worried that a deep emotional attachment could be counterproductive to his cycling ambitions. But, that year, following his most successful racing season yet, he felt a renewed urgency to meet somebody he could get serious about. He downloaded the dating app Hinge, which touts itself as the anti-Tinder, geared toward singles looking for real connection instead of casual hookups. In October 2019, he found Armstrong.
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-They met for a glass of wine at the Meteor on South Congress, then went for a stroll along the boardwalk beside Lady Bird Lake, with the Austin skyline sparkling on the water. Though Strickland saw Armstrong as sweet and intelligent, and certainly thought she was attractive, he didn’t sense an immediate romantic connection.
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-Superficially, they seemed quite different. She didn’t share his eclectic interests in music and art. He bought quality goods and repaired his own clothing; she didn’t mind shopping at cheap chain stores. He grew up on an organic farm and thought deeply about food; she didn’t really cook. He went to a hippie-style Waldorf school; she grew up in Livonia, a middle-class suburb of Detroit.
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-During the first few months they dated, Strickland considered breaking it off before things got too far along. But Armstrong’s kindness, patience, and positivity kept him from cutting ties.
-
-Then the pandemic hit. Races were canceled. Travel stopped. Strickland and Armstrong spent more time together and grew as a couple. He introduced her to cycling, and she developed a passion for the sport. Soon she was strong enough to draft him on his long training rides. She also supported him however she could. During the pandemic, for example, Armstrong spent five days on the phone helping Strickland’s mother access unemployment benefits. This made him realize that a person’s heart was more important than the music they listened to.
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-In February 2021, an ice storm struck Texas; the pipes in Armstrong’s apartment burst, making the place uninhabitable. Armstrong stayed with Strickland while repairs were made. When she asked about living together full-time, though, he was hesitant. For half of every year, his mom lived with him in his four-bedroom home. More important, he worried about the emotional dependency that living with Armstrong might create for both of them.
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-Around the same time, as Armstrong was working to get her real estate license, she began investing in property. Strickland and Armstrong bought a house together in Lockhart, a small town just south of Austin, and Armstrong bought two homes in South Austin, including one in Strickland’s neighborhood. They spent hours planning modern renovations to that house, including a custom steel fence Armstrong had installed. Her goal was to move into the place once the renovations were done, in six months or so. But more than a year after Kaitlin had moved in with Strickland, they were still living together.
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-They’d also formed a business, Wheelhouse Mobile, that involved restoring and selling customized Spartan trailers. Armstrong became an agent for Sotheby’s, where they could sell the trailers for as much as $350,000 each. Seemingly without thinking about it much, almost every element of their lives became intertwined. She managed Wheelhouse Mobile and much of his racing finances, and she had access to most of his phone and computer passwords.
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-People liked Strickland and Armstrong, but a lot of their mutual friends told me that their relationship seemed messy. Some of Strickland’s friends thought Armstrong had become too attached to his public persona.
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-One example occurred prior to a group ride in Austin. Strickland’s clothing sponsor, Rapha, had made him an exclusive cycling kit, with all his sponsorship logos. He’d ordered one for Armstrong, too, as a gift, but asked her not to wear it at public events. He thought that would be improper, that his sponsors might not like it. The morning of the ride, when Armstrong came out dressed in the kit, Strickland asked her to change. Stung, Armstrong decided to skip the ride entirely.
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-On Armstrong’s side of the ledger, friends of both her and Strickland had witnessed him speak rudely to her, to a degree that compelled them to call him on it. One of his bike industry friends, Andy Chasteen, talked about this with me, although somewhat reluctantly.
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-“I hate to speak badly about anyone,” he said. But Strickland could be “extremely condescending to people who he knows and he’s close to.” Chasteen had seen it happen with one of Strickland’s male teammates, too, and even with his own mom—probably the person he’s closest to in the world.
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-Chris Tolley, a friend of mine who knew both Strickland and Armstrong well, shared his theory about why she put up with his rude behavior. Tolley told me that both he and Armstrong grew up in homes with an alcoholic parent.
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-“When you’re raised like that,” he said, “your self-esteem is super low” and you can be much more forgiving of rocky relationships. Tolley was well aware that Strickland could seem cold, often referring to Armstrong as his “friend” rather than his girlfriend. Close acquaintances would say something like: Look, if you’re not into her, let her go. You guys are in your mid-thirties, and she’s ready to settle down. It’s too late to screw around like this. When Strickland and Armstrong came back from Bentonville in the fall of 2021 and broke up, it seemed likely that both of them would move on.
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-Then, in late October, a few days after he’d ended things with Armstrong, Strickland got a message from Wilson. She was coming to Austin to hang out with friends for a week and work remotely. Did he want to get together?
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-The emerging theory—that a love triangle involving Strickland, Armstrong, and Wilson had led to Wilson’s murder—seemed too salacious to be true.
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-![Image](https://www.outsideonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/unbound-bk-2_h.jpg?crop=25:14&width=500&enable=upscale)
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-(Brad Kaminski)
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-Wilson grew up in East Burke, in Vermont’s Northeast Kingdom, an unspoiled corner of the state bounded by the Connecticut River and the Canadian border. In the 1970s, her father, Eric Wilson, competed on the World Cup circuit as a member of the U.S. Ski Team. After he stopped racing internationally, he got a job as a coach at the Burke Mountain Academy, an elite boarding school established in 1970 with the goal of developing top alpine ski racers. Wilson and her younger brother, Matthew, attended, and both raced downhill. Two-time Olympic gold medalist Mikaela Shiffrin graduated from there in 2013, a year ahead of Wilson.
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-Wilson had dreamed of ski racing, but her talents and interests extended beyond the slopes. Her parents had started mountain biking in the 1980s, shortly after the sport emerged, and by age seven Wilson was riding the area’s abundant network of singletrack. The world-renowned Kingdom Trails circled her hometown like a personal playground.
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-In addition to skiing, Wilson lettered in cycling and soccer at Burke, and from an early age she exhibited a perfectionism that sometimes overwhelmed her. In middle school, [Wilson’s parents found her a therapist](https://vtsports.com/who-was-moriah-wilson/) to help her manage her determined personality.
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-After graduating from Burke in 2014, Wilson took a year off school to focus on skiing, but she was set back when she tore an ACL for the second time. During her recovery from knee surgery, she rode bikes regularly, and for the first time she considered giving up skiing to pursue cycling more seriously. In the short term she kept racing, and she skied for Dartmouth while getting an engineering degree.
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-During her senior year, Wilson heard about the emerging discipline of gravel racing. She volunteered at an event in her hometown, Rasputitsa, that involved 100 kilometers of the Northeast Kingdom’s steepest climbs. Watching top pros finish the race, covered in mud and completely cracked, Wilson felt inspired. After graduating in 2019, she told her parents that she wanted to pursue bike racing professionally. They helped her find a coach, Neal Burton, who put her through a series of physical tests. The results showed that her power output was world-class, her potential unlimited.
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-That summer, Wilson and her boyfriend at the time, Gunnar Shaw, moved to the Bay Area, where she took a job with Specialized. They bought a van and traveled to events up and down the West Coast. Burton suggested she try cyclocross, which she did in late 2019 at the national championships in Lakewood, Washington. Starting on the back row, she worked her way up to finish 26th.
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-When bike racing went on hold during the pandemic, Wilson found that working from home gave her more time to train, and she kept getting better. In November 2020, she headed off to the proving ground for American endurance racers: Moab’s White Rim Trail, a 100-mile loop through the canyons of the Colorado and Green Rivers. Completely self-supported, carrying only a hydration pack and two water bottles, she completed the loop in under seven hours, setting a new fastest known time for women and establishing herself as a rider to watch heading into 2021.
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-![](https://www.outsideonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/tetrick-moriah-wilson_s.jpg)
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-Alison Tetrick, left, and Wilson after a ride (Photo: Courtesy Alison Tetrick)
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-Wilson cherished the friendly and supportive vibe in the U.S. gravel-racing community. In 2021, she competed for Specialized alongside former Unbound winner Alison Tetrick. “My heart became full watching Moriah realize her strength,” Tetrick told me. Tetrick was drawn to her quiet confidence, still watching and learning.
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-Wilson was so driven that Tetrick sometimes had to remind her to enjoy the ride. Once during a training ride near Tetrick’s home in Petaluma, California, she noticed Wilson coughing. “You gotta take it easy,” she told her. They stopped for food; later, at Tetrick’s home, they sat in the sun and split a beer. Wilson felt a lot better.
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-Strickland, for his part, helped Moriah understand the business side of gravel racing. He was both impressive and sweet, and, as Wilson learned when she arrived in Austin in October 2021, newly single. She had recently broken up with Shaw. It’s no surprise she was interested.
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-## Four: Fractures
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-The week Wilson first came to Austin, she and Strickland hung out at a Thursday night race called the Driveway Series, a social scene with free beer where a few hundred cyclists get together and hammer laps around a roughly mile-long course. Armstrong was a regular at the event, too; she had friends competing in both the men’s and women’s races.
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-It occurred to Strickland that if Armstrong saw him in public with Wilson, it might cause resentment. After the race, when Wilson and some of her friends went to the Meteor—where Armstrong was also going that night—Strickland went home. He knew it would be insensitive to be seen by Armstrong on what could be perceived to be a date.
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-The two of them were still working on cutting ties. Armstrong was looking for an apartment, which isn’t easy to find in Austin, and was still living at Strickland’s in the meantime, though she had a separate room. The renovations on her house were coming along, so she could move there soon. Meanwhile, Armtrong told Strickland that she didn’t want to be part of Wheelhouse Mobile anymore. He said he wished she would stay on, but understood.
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-During the first weekend of November 2021, Strickland and Wilson drove to West Texas, where they went on three long rides with a small group of Strickland’s friends. Armstrong, too, decided to get away and clear her head. She booked a trip to a beach town in Mexico.
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-Strickland didn’t seem to fully take in how much his fling with Wilson was hurting Armstrong. But Armstrong’s younger sister, Christie, who also lived in Austin, saw the pain. Around the time when Wilson came to Austin, Christie sent a text to Chris Tolley, saying effectively: Who does Colin think he is? Breaking up with Kaitlin and then seeing this girl from Instagram? Tolley understands why Armstrong was upset. “Who wouldn’t be?” he says. “Like, your ex-boyfriend of a week is seeing some cyclist that you have a problem with—in Austin, on your home turf, in front of everybody? Everyone saw it.”
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-Not long after, Armstrong got Wilson’s number and called her, warning her to stay away from Strickland. In the arrest affidavit issued for Armstrong on May 17, 2022, a friend of Wilson’s—who went by the pseudonym Jane—stated that Armstrong called Wilson so many times that Wilson eventually blocked her number. Whether Armstrong’s attempt to contact Wilson came up between her and Strickland isn’t clear. But in an interview with Austin police detectives after Wilson’s murder, Strickland said Wilson told him she got a weird call from Armstrong telling her to back off.
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-![Colin Strickland in his home in Austin, Texas](https://www.outsideonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/colin-strickland-home_h.jpg?width=500&enable=upscale)
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-Colin Strickland in his home in Austin, Texas (Brad Kaminski)
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-Over the holidays in late 2021 and into 2022, Strickland and Armstrong started to reconnect. Armstrong didn’t have anywhere to go for Thanksgiving, so he invited her to dinner at a friend’s home. The group liked Armstrong; Strickland’s friends were always happy to have her around.
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-At the end of January, Armstrong and Strickland went back to Bentonville to attend the nearby Cyclocross World Championships. Strickland had some sponsor events to attend; Armstrong, who had reconsidered her involvement with Wheelhouse Mobile, came to participate in a business meeting for the company. She also went because she loves bikes; she was stoked about watching races and seeing friends in the cycling community.
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-At the time, Strickland still considered himself single. He was in relationship limbo, trying to figure out if he even wanted a life partner. To friends who asked about Armstrong, Strickland would firmly say, “We are not together.”
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-Wilson was in Bentonville, too. She and Strickland shared a few sponsors, and she found herself at the same events as Strickland and Armstrong. The situation was awkward for everyone. At one point, all three were seated together at the same dinner. Strickland was in the middle, and Armstrong and Wilson were on either side. “What, does he have a hand on each thigh?” one of Strickland’s friends joked.
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-Even if they weren’t back together, it’s clear that Armstrong remained emotionally invested in Strickland. It was that weekend, at the Meteor in Bentonville, that she allegedly told her friend Jacqueline that she’d wanted to kill Wilson. According to police, around the time of the trip, Armstrong went to a shooting range with her sister and practiced with her pistol.
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-The events in Arkansas left Wilson feeling confused, and she sent Strickland a long text. “Hey! Sooo I would like to talk to you at some point,” she wrote. “This weekend was strange for me and I just want to know what’s going on. If you just want to be friends (seems to be the case) then that’s cool, but I’d like to talk about it cause honestly my mind has been going circles and I don’t know what to think.”
-
-Strickland apologized for the confusion but didn’t set the record straight about their status. Over the course of that spring, however, he would resume his relationship with Armstrong. Strickland maintains that he had reset his relationship with Wilson: friends only.
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-Through their jobs as professional cyclists, Strickland and Wilson often saw each other at races during the spring season and at post-race parties. In March of 2022, after they finished the Mid South gravel race in Stillwater, Oklahoma, they got together at a bar with a group of riders and industry pros, drinking beer until midnight. At some point, they heard that the race’s last finishers were coming in. Strickland, Wilson, and Pete Stetina, another pro, hustled over to the finish line to cheer them in.
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-Wilson, who’d placed second at Mid South, would later recount celebrating the moment in her newsletter “Mail from Mo!” Writing about the last female finisher, she said: “It was dark, it was cold, and she had been out there for 14.5 hours! What an incredible display of strength and perseverance. Watching this woman cross the line, with dozens of others cheering her on, was a special moment. This is why we ride. We ride to do hard things and celebrate those things together.”
-
-To Stetina, the moment felt collegial. “There wasn’t any romantic vibe, or hand-holding, or anything like that,” he says. “It was just some friends having drinks.” But other racers who saw them felt differently. “Who _wasn’t_ there?” Tolley says. “Kaitlin. Where’s Colin? Right next to Moriah the whole time.”
-
-On Wednesday, May 11, the day Wilson was murdered, Strickland and Armstrong started their morning by riding bikes to the Meteor on South Congress. Strickland had made plans to meet his friend Bob Koplos, a fellow gravel racer, for a four-hour training ride. Armstrong accompanied them for the ride, but on a hill just a few miles outside town, she couldn’t hold the pace. Strickland told Koplos they needn’t wait, that she wouldn’t expect them to. They kept going.
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-The dynamic of Strickland’s profession as a bike racer and Armstrong’s passion for the sport sometimes led to arguments. I’ve been there myself and have had those conversations. I’ve dated female pros who had a job to do and didn’t really want their boyfriend tagging along. And I married a former bike racer, who I would sometimes ask, “So, if you fall off the back, do you want me to wait?” I guess it’s all about communication. Still, it sucks to get dropped, and you’ve got to imagine that Armstrong wasn’t happy about coming off the wheels so early in the ride.
-
-There was another source of stress in Strickland and Armstrong’s relationship: litigation over a commercial property in Lockhart that Strickland had intended to use as a warehouse for Wheelhouse Mobile. He claimed that the realtor had tried to sell it to a friend right before he was set to close. So he’d hired a lawyer in an effort to close the contract and acquire the property.
-
-After she got back from riding, Armstrong texted Strickland to let him know she’d gotten an email from the lawyer. Do you want to go over this? She asked. It was later in the day, and Strickland was already at the dentist. He never responded.
-
-The day before, when Wilson had reached out to let Strickland know she was coming to Austin, he decided to delete the old text thread with her and change her name in his phone’s contacts. He thought that concealing these things from Armstrong would help him avoid conflict. What he didn’t take into account was that his text messages also showed up on his laptop, which usually sat open on the kitchen table. Armstrong had the password. I have no idea if she saw his exchanges with Wilson, but she could have figured out that he had invited someone to Deep Eddy.
-
-I want you to remember something: if this conflict is what led to Wilson’s death, it did so because of a handgun.
-
-![Image](https://www.outsideonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/moriah-wilson-black-and-white-1_h.jpg?crop=25:14&width=500&enable=upscale)
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-(Kai Caddy)
-
-After Strickland and Wilson left the pool and had dinner, he drove her back to Caitlin Cash’s apartment and said goodbye. The plan was to see each other the next day, at a dinner for riders racing in Gravel Locos.
-
-On the way home, Strickland sent Armstrong a text. “Hey! Are you out?” he wrote. “I went to drop some flowers for Alison at her son’s house up north and my phone died. Heading home unless you have another food suggestion.”
-
-“Flowers” was slang for cannabis. This errand was of course a fabrication. He’d been with Wilson.
-
-Armstrong got home at around 9:20 p.m., and she found Strickland in his garage, setting up new wheels to use in the race. She was wearing yoga clothes and carried a yoga mat. She didn’t ask him where he’d been, and didn’t mention that she’d been trying to get in touch. They went inside. He poured himself a glass of rye and sat at the kitchen table. She asked him to pour her one, too.
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-Friends of mine familiar with the events of that night told me that Armstrong then approached Strickland and initiated sex, and she was rough and dominating. They were regularly intimate, but this forcefulness was unusual. Strickland didn’t mind it at the time, but later, in the wake of Wilson’s death and Armstrong’s murder charge, he would feel traumatized by memories of the experience.
-
-Later that night, in East Austin, communications officer Juan Asencio of the Austin Police Department stood outside Cash’s apartment and held a short press conference. Asencio told reporters that a woman had been found dead inside the apartment, adding: “There’s some suspicious activity going on in there.” He was unsure whether a murder weapon had been found, but investigators had ruled out suicide. They’d also found a Specialized S-Works bike—Wilson’s bike—tossed in a grove of bamboo 68 feet from the apartment’s entrance.
-
-## Five: “I’d Like to Talk to You”
-
-The next morning, Austin detectives Richard Spitler and Jason Ayers surveilled Strickland’s home from an unmarked car. They took note of the vehicles in his driveway, including his BMW motorcycle and Armstrong’s black Jeep, noting that its chrome, bike storage, and luggage rack appeared to match the vehicle at the murder scene.
-
-When they saw Strickland exit the house, they approached and asked if he knew a woman named Anna Wilson. The use of her first name threw him off, and he said he didn’t. When they tried again—this time saying Moriah, her middle name—Strickland understood immediately and said yes, he knew her. The detectives told Strickland that Wilson had been killed. He was stunned, and the realization that he was one of the last people to see her alive washed over him. He agreed to go downtown and tell detectives everything he knew.
-
-Lance Tindall, a commercial real estate agent and recreational cyclist, got a text from Strickland at around 8 a.m. that Thursday, the morning after Wilson’s murder. Tindall had been trying to connect with Strickland to buy some used wheels, and Strickland suggested he come by before ten. Driving up to the house, Tindall noticed a police vehicle and saw Strickland pulling out of the driveway. Strickland saw Tindall, reversed to move in his direction, and rolled down his window.
-
-“Hey, I have to go to the police station,” he said. “One of my friends died last night, and the two of us had gone swimming.”
-
-“Like a homicide?”
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-“Yeah,” Strickland said, looking anguished. “It sounds like she was murdered.” Strickland told Tindall the wheels were inside and that Armstrong knew he was coming. Shaken, Tindall walked up to the front door, where Armstrong greeted him. They started talking about the murder, and she told him that Moriah Wilson was the victim.
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-As Armstrong talked, she began removing some of the extra parts from the wheelset Tindall was buying. She explained to him that Wilson was a phenom who’d won big races in California, including the Sea Otter mountain bike race in Monterey and the Belgian Waffle Ride, a tough event in San Diego that she’d taken by an astounding 25 minutes. As Armstrong worked, she looked at Tindall and said, “Is Austin really becoming this sort of city?”
-
-Confused, Tindall asked, “What do you mean?”
-
-“Are we really this violent of a city?”
-
-Maybe, Tindall said, noting that homicides had increased across the country, and that yes, as Austin grew, there was bound to be more violent crime. “But a professional cyclist who just happens to come through town for a day or two gets murdered?” he said. “No, I don’t think that’s something that’s normal for the city of Austin.”
-
-Then Armstrong asked something that struck Tindall as strange. “Is Cherrywood a bad neighborhood?”
-
-The murder actually took place in a neighborhood a few blocks south of Cherrywood, in East Austin. The city’s east side, where neighborhood boundaries can be fuzzy, has historically been home to Autin’s lower-income and minority communities. Though, as people in Austin generally knew, over the past couple of decades it had been heavily gentrified. Tindall said he had friends who’d lived in the area for decades and never had issues with crime. In fact, he said, a mutual friend of theirs owned a house there.
-
-“It’s definitely not a neighborhood where there are random acts of violence and murder,” he said.
-
-Armstrong excused herself to go to the bathroom. She had removed everything but a tire from one wheel. Tindall tried to get it off but couldn’t. Feeling a bit odd about the situation, he waited ten minutes or so for Armstrong to come out. When she emerged, she removed the tire and Tindall left.
-
-He told police that it would later occur to him: How did Armstrong know the area where Wilson had been murdered?
-
-He knew that he and Wilson were just friends at that point, and he had no intention of cheating on Armstrong. But he also should have known that lying to Armstrong about connecting with Wilson was a terrible idea.
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-![Image](https://www.outsideonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/unbound-bk-3_h.jpg?crop=25:14&width=500&enable=upscale)
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-(Brad Kaminski)
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-Downtown at police headquarters, detectives led Strickland to a small room with padded walls and said he was free to leave at any time. They talked to him for an hour, and he told them about his relationships with Armstrong and Wilson, and the details of the time he’d spent with Wilson the previous day. Then the detectives excused themselves, leaving Strickland alone for what seemed like an hour and a half. He sat on the floor, tightly wedging his long frame into a corner of the room. He covered his head with his arms and pulled his hat over his face. This emerging nightmare was real.
-
-When the detectives came back, they told Strickland about the surveillance footage, and how Armstrong’s vehicle appeared to be outside the apartment Wilson had entered around the time she was killed. Strickland was shocked by the potential connection of his girlfriend to Wilson’s murder. Throughout the interview, and in a second one done on May 17 with Strickland’s lawyer present, detectives pressed him: Do you think Armstrong is capable of something like this?
-
-“Do I think Kaitlin could kill somebody?” he said to Spitler. “No, I don’t. I have no concept of having that much rage and the ability to suspend reality for long enough to do something like that.”
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-“Has she mentioned in the past wanting to hurt Mo?” Spitler asked. “Do you think she is capable of hurting Mo?”
-
-“If I thought she was physically capable of hurting another human, I would have extricated myself immediately from that situation,” Strickland said. “Not so much for my own personal safety, but my concern for another human.”
-
-Spitler pressed Strickland on the possibility that Armstrong’s jealousy led to murder. “I’ve given you all the facts I have about anybody doing anything,” he said.
-
-Later, when Spitler left the room to take a call, Strickland’s lawyer, Claire Carter, asked: “Is there something you didn’t say last time—that you don’t feel like you got to say?”
-
-Exhausted by what he saw as APD’s attempt to get him to implicate Armstrong, Strickland replied bluntly. “I have something to say: ‘Fuck you guys for manipulating me.’”
-
-The day after Wilson’s murder, as detectives were interviewing Strickland downtown, Austin police officers searched his home, taking his and Armstrong’s pistols along with Armstrong’s phone. Then they arrested Armstrong on a charge that, oddly, had no connection to the murder.
-
-In March 2018, Armstrong got a botox treatment at a medical spa in South Austin, costing $653. When it came time to pay, according to the misdemeanor arrest warrant, Armstrong pulled out a Mastercard with her name on it, then said she wanted to use a different card that she’d left in her car. She put the Mastercard on the counter, went to her car, and never came back. She was later charged with theft of service, but she’d never been arrested on the charge until now, more than four years after the warrant was issued.
-
-Armstrong was cuffed, taken to police headquarters, and led into an interrogation room by two brawny officers in tactical vests and backward ball caps. She sat in the corner, wearing a sleeveless shirt and her hair in a braid.
-
-After about 18 minutes, Detective Katy Conner entered the room and uncuffed Armstrong. Conner explained why she’d been arrested and said that she was going to read Armstrong her rights. “If you’re reading me my rights, then I should have an attorney?” she asked. She also told Conner that she’d never heard of this warrant before. At that point, someone knocked on the door. “Are they knocking here?” Armstrong asked.
-
-Conner got up, opened the door, and spoke to a colleague. “Well, good news,” she told Armstrong when she came back, explaining that there had been a mistake: the warrant wasn’t for her. (As it turned out, it _was_ for her, but the Austin police seemed not to know that at the time.) “So you’re not under arrest, OK?” Conner said. The door to the room was unlocked, but Armstrong appeared baffled and uncertain about her rights, and about whether she could really stand up and leave.
-
-“They just came to my house and put me in handcuffs for no reason?” she asked. Conner said there had been “miscommunication on that.” Without reading Armstrong her rights, she added, “But I would really like to talk to you.” Then she started asking questions about Armstrong’s whereabouts on the night of Wilson’s death.
-
-Armstrong eventually got a lawyer, Rick Cofer, and when he examined the details of this interview later, relying on video and a written transcript, he noticed that Armstrong had asked two more times if she needed to have counsel present. Conner ignored Armstrong and told her that police had obtained footage of her vehicle near the murder scene. Police records of the interview say that Armstrong had nodded in acknowledgement that the vehicle was hers. When Conner told Armstrong that this didn’t look good for her, Armstrong allegedly nodded again, to convey that she understood.
-
-Cofer disputes this, saying she remained still and silent, and that any head nodding was done only to convey that she was paying attention.
-
-As the interview went on, Conner told Armstrong that Strickland had been with Wilson the previous evening, adding, “Maybe you were upset and just happened to be in the area.”
-
-Armstrong replied: “I didn’t have any idea that he saw or even went out with this girl, as of recently.”
-
-Armstrong asked permission to leave, five times in all. After about ten minutes, Conner opened the door and let her out.
-
-They helped her find a coach, Neal Burton, who put her through a series of physical tests. The results showed that her power output was world-class, her potential unlimited.
-
-![Image](https://www.outsideonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/moriah-wilson-black-and-white-3_h.jpg?crop=25:14&width=500&enable=upscale)
-
-(Kai Caddy)
-
-When Strickland returned home that evening, Armstrong was there. She seemed deeply shaken, like someone who’d been sucked into a bizarre, awful tragedy. They were in shock and didn’t speak much at first. Finally, Armstrong told him that the police had searched the house and taken her in for questioning.
-
-“I’m really scared, what should I do?” she asked. Strickland said he thought that, from a criminal perspective, they didn’t have anything to worry about. They just needed to document where they were and what they’d been doing, and to write it down before they forgot any details.
-
-Later they lay in bed, trying without success to fall asleep. “I just miss my mom,” Armstrong said at one point. “I want to go to Michigan. I want to hug my mom.”
-
-The next morning, Armstrong wanted to talk more with Strickland about what had happened, but she was worried that the police might have bugged the house, so they walked outside and headed to a nearby coffee shop. In the front yard, they found that someone had tipped over Strickland’s motorcycle, which was parked next to Armstrong’s Jeep. In addition, the top layer of a dry-stacked limestone wall in front of the house had been knocked down and strewn across the sidewalk.
-
-At the coffee shop, they sat in silence. Eventually, Strickland asked Armstrong to describe where she’d been and what she’d done on Wednesday.
-
-She said she’d gone to a yoga class, then to a waxing appointment in South Austin. But why, Strickland thought, did the police believe that her vehicle had been in East Austin? His mind raced. He knew Armstrong was into astrology; maybe she’d gone to see an energy worker on the east side? It seemed possible. Anything seemed more possible than Armstrong killing Wilson.
-
-After finishing their coffee, Strickland and Armstrong walked back to the house. The police had taken their phones. “What should I do? Where do I get a phone?” Armstrong asked Strickland. He suggested she pick up a temporary phone at Walmart. Kaitlin left around 10:30 a.m. Their lawyers had suggested that they separate for a while, so Strickland went to his dad’s house. He wouldn’t see her again.
-
-## Six: Away
-
-Not long after Armstrong and Strickland came back from getting coffee on May 13, she drove her Jeep to a CarMax about a mile from Strickland’s house, on the I-35 frontage road, where she sold it for $12,200. It’s unclear where she stayed on Friday night, but by Saturday morning she was at Austin-Bergstrom International Airport, wearing white pants, a blue jacket, and a black protective face mask as she boarded a plane for New York City. Her flight passed through Houston and landed at LaGuardia.
-
-Two months earlier, Armstrong’s sister, Christie, had moved to a private campground and wellness retreat a few hours north of the city called Camp Haven. Someone staying at the campground told tabloids that they had seen Armstrong with Christie, a fact that investigators have not confirmed.
-
-On Tuesday, May 17, Austin police got the results back from the ballistics test they’d performed on Armstrong’s gun, and they issued a warrant for her arrest. That test, along with evidence allegedly putting her vehicle at the scene of the crime, seemed like more than enough to bring her in for additional questioning, but the warrant went further. It also speculated on a motive for the crime: that Strickland’s meeting with Wilson had driven Armstrong into a murderous rage.
-
-The affidavit included text exchanges between Strickland and Wilson about the status of their relationship, anonymous sources who described it as “on again, off again,” and an account of Armstrong telling Wilson to “stay away from [Strickland].” The affidavit also stated that Armstrong had “rolled her eyes in an angry manner” when Detective Conner told her that Strickland had been out with Wilson.
-
-In a statement, Wilson’s family refuted the assertion that she was still romantically involved with Strickland at the time of her murder, stating that she wasn’t in a relationship with anyone then. (Wilson’s family did not respond to requests for comment for this article.) As for the eye roll, it’s not captured on video, and Kaitlin’s lawyers dispute the assertion.
-
-On May 18, just as the news of Wilson’s murder was reaching a boil, Armstrong boarded an international flight from the Newark airport in New Jersey bound for Costa Rica.
-
-![Kaitlin Armstrong wearing cycling gear](https://www.outsideonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/kaitlin-armstrong-biking_s.jpg?crop=1:1&width=500&enable=upscale)
-
-On Tuesday, May 17, Austin police got the results back from the ballistics test they’d performed on Kaitlin Armstrong’s gun, and they issued a warrant for her arrest. 
-
-![Kaitlin Armstrong U.S. Marshals](https://www.outsideonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/kaitlin-armstrong-wanted-poster_s.jpg?crop=1:1&width=500&enable=upscale)
-
-(Courtesy U.S. Marshals)
-
-In Costa Rica, Armstrong dyed her hair, cut it short, and went by the name Ari, though police believe she used at least two other aliases. She checked in at a hostel in Santa Teresa, a beach town known for its world-class yoga and burgeoning surf scene, making friends with locals and teaching yoga classes.
-
-Of all the places to escape to, Santa Teresa, which sits on the Nicoya Peninsula on the country’s Pacific coast, seemed like a promising choice. To get there, you have to drive about 90 minutes from the capital, San José, take a ferry for another 90 minutes across the Gulf of Nicoya, and then drive one more 90-minute stretch to the western side of the peninsula. There, visitors find vegan cafés, surf bars, and pristine beaches set against mountainous rainforest.
-
-Decades ago, Santa Teresa had a reputation as a low-key outlaw outpost. Electricity didn’t arrive until 1996, and for a long time there wasn’t a single paved road. In the old days, you might have met people there who preferred not to be found. But today you’re more likely to see a touristy T-shirt that reads, “A sunny place for shady characters.” Tom Brady and Matthew McConaughey have been spotted in town.
-
-Other Austinites were roaming around Santa Teresa, too. At Don Jon’s Surf and Yoga Lodge, the hostel where Armstrong shared a room for under $20 a day, she met Kael Anderson, a 27-year-old from Austin who went there frequently to surf. Anderson had heard about Wilson’s murder, but it didn’t occur to him that the woman he knew as Ari might be the accused killer.
-
-“It seemed like she was holding a lot back,” Anderson told me. “She wasn’t communicating much. But there were no whispers. Nobody knew a thing. She did not come off as the murderous type, or a person to plan a premeditated murder. She was pretty cool. She sat in a corner and worked off her laptop pretty much the entire time.”
-
-Armstrong hung out at the one bar where most people went: Kooks Smokehouse, a barbecue joint run by Greg Haber, a former lawyer from New York. In Santa Teresa, when a woman who’s new to the scene rolls through, locals often introduce themselves and offer to buy her a drink. Haber said that he saw Armstrong in his place two or three times a week, usually with friends of his. [According to the _Austin American-Statesman_](https://www.statesman.com/in-depth/news/crime/2022/07/15/accused-of-killing-cyclist-moriah-wilson-austin-kaitlin-armstrong-fled-to-costa-rica/65370395007/), Armstrong also befriended a local named Teal Akerson, who she’d met outside a tattoo shop.
-
-Teal put Armstrong’s name in his phone as “Ari Tattoo,” and they got together a few times, talked, and smoked a little pot. At one point, when Teal tried going in for a kiss, she backed away. She told him she’d just been through a bad breakup.
-
-In late June, a little over a month after Armstrong became a fugitive, she took two buses and a ferry back to San José. According to [a report about the case on NBC’s _Dateline_](https://www.peacocktv.com/watch/asset/tv/dateline-nbc/9060582955933764112/seasons/31/episodes/the-last-ride-episode-1/7cd938b4-dd08-3c4f-9ee6-c1e0427de8dc?section=episodes)_,_ she went to a clinic called the AVA Surgical Center and got a nose job. “She was completely changing the way she looked,” Anderson says. When people asked why she had a bandage on her nose, Armstrong told them she’d been hurt in a surfing accident.
-
-Law enforcement finally caught up with her on June 29. She was sitting in the hostel lobby, chatting with a friend, when three Costa Rican police officers who were working with the U.S. Marshals approached. They demanded to see identification. Kaitlin told them she didn’t have any. Later, in a lockbox at the hostel, police found a receipt for plastic surgery totalling $6,350 under the name Alisson, along with Christie’s passport.
-
-## Seven: Judgment
-
-I saw Armstrong a couple of months ago, during a pretrial hearing in the 403rd state district court for Travis County. Chains linked her ankles, and bailiffs guarded her on either side. She wore the maroon uniform issued by a jail in Del Valle, just east of Austin. Her hair had regained much of its auburn color. She wore it parted on the side.
-
-Her lawyers had been busy, releasing a series of motions challenging almost every aspect of the state’s case. One demanded exclusion of Armstrong’s May 12 police interview from the pending trial, on the grounds that Detective Conner never issued Armstrong a Miranda warning during the interrogation. Another argued that the judge should throw out the arrest warrant, and the investigation stemming from it, calling the police affidavit, written by Detective Spitler, “a misogynistic and fictitious story portraying Ms. Armstrong as a jealous woman scorned by Mr. Strickland.” (Armstrong’s lawyers declined to make her available for an interview for this article and did not respond to requests for comment.)
-
-The pretrial motions made it clear that Armstrong’s lawyers would be challenging fundamental pieces of evidence, including the ballistics test and the security video allegedly showing her jeep at the scene.
-
-Each side has accused the other of using the media to promote their version of events. The defense, for example, points to [a chest-thumping press conference](https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=724761555465085) held by U.S. Marshals after Armstrong was apprehended. The presentation included her wanted poster with red print across her face, reading: “CAPTURED.”
-
-For its part, the prosecution asked for a gag order, claiming that the defense’s use of the media to sway public opinion toward Armstrong had tainted the local jury pool. The presiding judge, Brenda Kennedy, granted the order on August 23, saying that it’s in no one’s interest for the trial to be removed to some remote location because of undue influence on jury members.
-
-On November 9, Judge Kennedy denied the defense’s motions seeking to exclude evidence. She said Armstrong didn’t require a Mirandized warning because she wasn’t officially in custody, and that the police didn’t have any obligation to cease their questioning of Armstong when she wondered aloud if she needed a lawyer present. The additional arguments made by Armstrong’s lawyer, in Judge Kennedy’s view, didn’t meet the standard of the law or precedent.
-
-Armstrong has a right to a fair trial and the presumption of innocence. Her lawyer argued that she left Austin legally, to be with her family. He also maintained that, at the time of Armstrong’s departure, Strickland himself was still a suspect in Wilson’s murder. The international flight? The hair dye? According to Cofer, they were decisions driven by fear of a potentially murderous boyfriend, not guilt.
-
-Armstrong’s trial is tentatively scheduled for June 2023.
-
-“Do I think Kaitlin could kill somebody?” he said to Spitler. “No, I don’t. I have no concept of having that much rage and the ability to suspend reality for long enough to do something like that.”
-
-![Image](https://www.outsideonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/unbound-bk-1_h.jpg?crop=25:14&width=500&enable=upscale)
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-(Brad Kaminski)
-
-At a memorial for Moriah Wilson last May, we gathered at the steps of the Federal Courthouse in Austin. We talked about anything other than the murder: the rides we’d done that weekend, the events and adventures we had coming up.
-
-A friend said to me: “I thought Colin might be here?” It would make sense. Wilson was his friend, and he’s grieving, too. For Wilson. And also for Armstrong. And to a much lesser extent, for his own identity as a pro cyclist, a life he built for himself and has now lost. He hasn’t been on a gravel bike since Wilson’s murder. His last real ride was the one he started with Armstrong.
-
-I’d been to memorials for bike riders before. Many of them. I grew up in a bike club family. People driving cars ran into club members and killed them. I lost a close friend to road violence. I knew racers who’d crashed and died while competing.
-
-In some communities, gun violence is an all too regular occurrence. But in the cloistered cycling community I inhabit, it’s almost unheard of.
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-People get angry, they get hurt, they feel desperate all the time. They look for a solution to bring their pain to an abrupt end. A gun makes it very easy for them to hurt themselves, or someone else.
-
-Strickland used flawed logic to purchase a gun, and he knows that. His belief that owning a gun would make women safer, free to pursue the life they want for themselves, was misplaced, regardless of whether or not Armstrong in fact killed Wilson. More guns equals more gun deaths. And not just of criminals. Less than 2 percent of violent crime is deterred through the use of a handgun.
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-Much more than the memorials I’ve attended for bike riders, I’ve attended celebrations of love. People who met and got married riding bikes. Children born to bike-riding couples, like Wilson’s parents. After the memorial, we all went on a bike ride, from the Courthouse to Deep Eddy. It was a hundred degrees out. A swim with friends felt wonderful.
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-# The Mystery of the Disappearing van Gogh
-
-The Mystery of the Disappearing van Gogh
-
-After a painting by the Dutch artist sold at auction, a movie producer claimed to be the owner. It later vanished from sight, with a trail leading to Caribbean tax havens and a jailed Chinese billionaire.
-
-“Still Life, Vase with Daisies and Poppies,” was one of the last works Vincent van Gogh completed before his death in 1890.
-
-It was also one of the artist’s only privately owned works. In 1911 it was sold to the Berlin art dealer Paul Cassirer.
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-In 1962 it was loaned to Buffalo’s Albright-Knox Art Gallery, where it remained on view for decades, before being bought by a private collector.
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-It reemerged in 2014 at Sotheby’s, selling for $61.8 million, and was briefly on display in Beijing.
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-Now its owner and whereabouts are unknown.
-
-Published May 29, 2023Updated May 30, 2023
-
-The [bidding](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMqjEa2NvLw) for Lot 17 started at $23 million.
-
-In the packed room at Sotheby’s in Manhattan, the price quickly climbed: $32 million, $42 million, $48 million. Then a new prospective buyer, calling from China, made it a contest between just two people.
-
-On the block that evening in November 2014 were works by Impressionist painters and Modernist sculptors that would make the auction the most successful yet in the firm’s history. But one painting drew particular attention: “Still Life, Vase with Daisies and Poppies,” completed by Vincent van Gogh weeks before his death.
-
-Pushing the price to almost $62 million, the Chinese caller prevailed. His offer was the highest ever for a van Gogh still life at auction.
-
-In the discreet world of high-end art, buyers often remain anonymous. But the winning bidder, a prominent movie producer, would [proclaim](https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-movie-mogul-wang-zhongjun-buys-vincent-van-gogh-painting-for-61-8-million-1415180355) in interview after interview that he was the painting’s new owner.
-
-The producer, Wang Zhongjun, was on a roll. His company had just helped bring “Fury,” the World War II movie starring Brad Pitt, to cinemas. He dreamed of making his business China’s version of the Walt Disney Company.
-
-The sale, according to Chinese media, became a national “[sensation](http://finance.sina.com.cn/leadership/mroll/20141110/005920771372.shtml).” It was a sign — after the acquisition of a Picasso by a Chinese [real estate tycoon](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/29/world/asia/wang-jianlin-abillionaire-at-the-intersection-of-business-and-power-in-china.html) the year before — that the country was becoming a force in the global art market.
-
-“Ten years ago, I could not have imagined purchasing a van Gogh,” Mr. Wang said in a Chinese-language [interview](https://www.sothebys.com/zh-hant/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E7%8E%8B%E4%B8%AD%E8%BB%8D%E5%B0%88%E8%A8%AA-%E4%BB%96%E5%B0%87%E6%A2%B5%E8%B0%B7%E5%B8%B6%E4%BE%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B) with Sotheby’s. “After buying it, I loved it so much.”
-
-Image
-
-![Two men dressed in black stand with a colorful van Gogh painting, Chinese text written on the wall above them.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/04/05/multimedia/00van-gogh-06-gtbk/00van-gogh-06-gtbk-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Kevin Ching, left, then the head of Sotheby’s in Asia, appeared at a Hong Kong ceremony in 2014 to present the van Gogh painting to Wang Zhongjun, the movie producer who claimed to have bought it.Credit...Johannes Eisele/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
-
-But Mr. Wang may not be the real owner at all. Two other men were linked to the purchase: an obscure middleman in Shanghai who paid Sotheby’s bill through a Caribbean shell company, and the person he answered to — a reclusive billionaire in Hong Kong.
-
-The billionaire, Xiao Jianhua, was one of the most influential tycoons of China’s gilded age, creating a financial empire in recent decades by exploiting ties to the Communist Party elite and a new class of superrich businessmen. He also controlled a hidden offshore network of more than 130 companies holding over $5 billion in assets, according to corporate documents obtained by The New York Times. Among them was Sotheby’s invoice for the van Gogh.
-
-The secrecy that pervades the art world and its dealmakers — including international auction houses like Sotheby’s — has drawn scrutiny in the years since the sale as authorities try to combat criminal activity. Large transactions often pass through murky intermediaries, and the vetting of them is opaque. Citing client confidentiality, Sotheby’s declined to comment on the purchase.
-
-Today, Mr. Xiao is a man who has fallen far. Abducted from his luxury apartment and now imprisoned in mainland China, he was convicted of bribery and other misdeeds that prosecutors claimed had threatened the country’s financial security. Meanwhile, Mr. Wang is struggling, liquidating properties as his film studio loses money each year.
-
-And the still life, according to several art experts, has been offered for private sale. For a century after van Gogh gathered flowers and placed them in an earthen vase to paint, the artwork’s provenance could be easily traced, and the piece was often exhibited in museums for visitors to admire. Now the painting has vanished from public view, its whereabouts unknown.
-
-Image
-
-The home of Dr. Paul-Ferdinand Gachet in Auvers-sur-Oise, a village outside Paris, where van Gogh painted the still life in 1890.Credit...Stephane de Sakutin/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
-
-## A Painting’s Many Lives
-
-In May 1890, van Gogh arrived in Auvers-sur-Oise, a rustic village outside Paris. Deeply depressed, he had cut off much of his [left ear](https://www.lib.berkeley.edu/about/news/van-Gogh-ear) a year and a half earlier. His stay at an asylum had not helped.
-
-But within hours of coming to the village, he met Paul-Ferdinand Gachet, a doctor and an art enthusiast.
-
-“I’ve found in Dr. Gachet a ready-made friend and something like a new brother,” van Gogh [wrote](https://www.vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let879/letter.html) to his sister.
-
-The physician encouraged van Gogh to ignore his melancholy and focus on his paintings. He completed nearly 80 of them in two months, including “Portrait of Dr. Gachet,” considered a masterpiece. He produced “Vase With Daisies and Poppies” at the physician’s home and may have given it to him in exchange for treatment, biographers say.
-
-After van Gogh’s death in July 1890, the painting passed to a [Parisian collector](http://collections.glasgowmuseums.com/mwebcgi/mweb?request=record&id=74410&type=701), and then, in 1911, as the artist’s fame was rising, to a [Berlin art dealer](https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/cassirer-paul). A series of German collectors owned it before A. Conger Goodyear, a Buffalo industrialist and a founder of the Museum of Modern Art in New York, bought it in 1928. His son George later granted partial ownership to Buffalo’s Albright-Knox Art Gallery, which displayed it for nearly three decades.
-
-Image
-
-Dr. Gachet encouraged van Gogh to focus on his art. The painter completed nearly 80 works in two months, including “Portrait of Dr. Gachet,” which is considered a masterpiece.Credit...Fine Art Images/Heritage Images, via Getty Images
-
-In May 1990, capping years of record-breaking prices for van Goghs, a Japanese businessman [spent](https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/16/arts/article-985390-no-title.html) $82.5 million for “Portrait of Dr. Gachet” at Christie’s, then the highest price paid at auction for any artwork.
-
-About that time, Mr. Goodyear wanted to sell the 26-by-20-inch still life to raise money for another museum. It failed to sell at [Christie’s](https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/09/arts/auctions.html) in November 1990, where it had been expected to fetch between $12 million and $16 million. Soon after, a lower offer was accepted from a buyer who remained anonymous.
-
-Most of the 400 or so oil paintings van Gogh produced during his last years — considered his best work — are at arts institutions [around](https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0031v1962) [the](https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/artworks/portrait-de-lartiste-747) [world](https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79802). About 15 percent are in private hands and not regularly on loan to museums. In the past decade, just 16 have been offered at auction, according to Artnet, an industry database. Among them was “Orchard With Cypresses,” from the collection of the Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, which Christie’s [sold](https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6397113) last year for $117 million to an undisclosed buyer.
-
-Image
-
-The still life at Sotheby’s in Hong Kong, about a month after the sale in 2014. Only a small number of the pieces van Gogh produced toward the end of his life have been sold at auction.Credit...Bobby Yip/Reuters
-
-## The Producer and the Billionaire
-
-For a year after the November 2014 auction, Mr. Wang kept the still life at his $25 million apartment in Hong Kong. In October 2015, the film producer was the guest of honor at [a five-day exhibition](https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/1863729/van-goghs-most-expensive-still-life-set?module=perpetual_scroll_0&pgtype=article&campaign=1863729) in the city. An amateur artist, he had more than a dozen of his own oil paintings on display.
-
-But the main attractions were the van Gogh and a Picasso he had recently bought, “Woman With a Hairbun on a Sofa.” Sotheby’s said Mr. Wang had [paid](https://archive.nytimes.com/artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/05/06/buyer-of-goldwyn-picasso-is-a-chinese-movie-mogul/) nearly $30 million for the work.
-
-Until then, Japanese industrialists, followed by American hedge fund managers and Russian oligarchs, had captured headlines for record-breaking purchases. Around 2012, newly rich Chinese buyers, who had benefited from their country’s market-opening policies, came on the scene.
-
-“All the auction houses really jumped on that,” said David Norman, who headed Sotheby’s Impressionist and Modern art department when the van Gogh was sold.
-
-Image
-
-The billionaire Xiao Jianhua in 2013. He was sentenced to prison last year for bribery and misusing funds.Credit...Next Magazine/Associated Press
-
-Chinese billionaires were often delighted to announce their big-ticket purchases. In 2013, a retail magnate [bought](https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-xpm-2013-nov-06-la-et-cm-wang-jinglian-dalian-wanda-picasso-20131106-story.html) a Picasso for $28 million at Christie’s, following up with a $20 million Monet at Sotheby’s in 2015. The same year, a stock investor [spent](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/18/arts/international/with-modigliani-purchase-chinese-billionaire-liu-yiqian-dreams-of-bigger-canvas.html) $170 million at Christie’s for a [Modigliani](http://www.thelongmuseum.org/en/list-319/detail-1730.html).
-
-“It is a combination of vanity, investment and building their own brand,” said Kejia Wu, who taught at Sotheby’s Institute of Art and is the author of a new [book](https://www.routledge.com/A-Modern-History-of-Chinas-Art-Market/Wu/p/book/9781032287973) on China’s art market.
-
-Mr. Wang, 63, basked in the spotlight. In [interviews](https://archive.is/BuNfe), he spoke of his admiration for van Gogh and the artist’s influence on him. “Few people in the world would buy this kind of painting — there aren’t that many who love Impressionist art this much and can afford it, right?”
-
-Days after the hammer fell at Sotheby’s, Mr. Wang had told a Chinese [publication](https://www-chinanews-com-cn.translate.goog/cul/2014/11-09/6763431.shtml?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=zh-CN&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp) that he had not bought the painting alone, though he offered no details. Later, he no longer mentioned any partner. “When I saw the painting at a preview, I just felt like owning it — it stirred my heart,” he said in an interview published on [Sotheby’s website](https://www.sothebys.com/zh-hant/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E7%8E%8B%E4%B8%AD%E8%BB%8D%E5%B0%88%E8%A8%AA-%E4%BB%96%E5%B0%87%E6%A2%B5%E8%B0%B7%E5%B8%B6%E4%BE%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B).
-
-The high-profile acquisition, made through an intermediary and with the ultimate source of funds remaining a secret, is the kind of transaction governments have been trying to curb in recent years.
-
-In one scandal, the United States charged [a Malaysian businessman](https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/malaysian-financier-low-taek-jho-also-known-jho-low-and-former-banker-ng-chong-hwa-also-known) with laundering billions of dollars from a state development fund, using some of it to buy art at Sotheby’s and Christie’s. In 2020, the Senate issued a [scathing report](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/29/arts/design/senate-report-art-market-russia-oligarchs-sanctions.html) on how auction houses and art dealers had unwittingly helped Russians evade sanctions by allowing others to buy art for them.
-
-A spokeswoman for Sotheby’s said it vetted all buyers and, when necessary, enlisted its compliance department for “enhanced due diligence.” Sotheby’s applies worldwide a 2020 [European Union](https://itsartlaw.org/2019/08/20/recent-eu-developments-in-art-law-and-cultural-heritage/) rule that requires auction houses to verify the legitimacy of funds.
-
-The Sotheby’s invoice names **Hailong Liu**, a man living modestly in Shanghai, as the buyer of the van Gogh painting at a price of almost **$62 million**.
-
-While the financial documents involving the van Gogh do not show wrongdoing, the transaction was hardly routine. Soon after the auction, Sotheby’s transferred ownership of the painting to the Shanghai man, neither a known art agent nor a collector, who paid the bill. But in a public ceremony, Sotheby’s handed over the painting not to him or the billionaire who employed him but to the producer, Mr. Wang.
-
-“There’s a connection to someone who is now incarcerated,” said Leila Amineddoleh, a New York-based art lawyer. “Something unusual is going on.”
-
-Image
-
-The Shanghai apartment complex that is home to Liu Hailong, the man who paid the nearly $62 million bill for the van Gogh. Credit...The New York Times
-
-## ‘White Gloves’
-
-The man Sotheby’s considers the owner of the van Gogh lives in a Shanghai apartment complex where gray tiles and grimy grout frame a weather-beaten door. A mat out front states nine times, in English, “I am an artist.”
-
-The occupant, Liu Hailong, is listed as the sole owner and lone director of the shell company in the British Virgin Islands that paid for the painting: Islandwide Holdings Limited. Other than his date and place of birth, little is known about Mr. Liu, 46.
-
-When a reporter recently showed him the Sotheby’s invoice and a bank wire document and asked whether the signature was his, he said, “Please leave immediately,” and shut the door.
-
-Image
-
-Two wire transfers from Mr. Liu to Sotheby’s settling the bill for the van Gogh painting.
-
-A woman living with him, Zhao Tingting, has her own connection to the jailed billionaire, Mr. Xiao. She was once a top official at a company he co-founded, which had business dealings with [relatives](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/04/world/asia/tiananmen-era-students-different-path-to-power-in-china.html) of China’s top leader, Xi Jinping.
-
-Ms. Zhao, 43, who no longer holds that position, now teaches piano. Asked about Mr. Liu’s purchase of the van Gogh, she responded, “Do you think our house comes close to the price of that painting?”
-
-She and Mr. Liu were “just ordinary little employees,” she said, with no connection to the Tomorrow Group, the collection of companies controlled by the billionaire. “We have no right to make any decisions and no right to know anything.”
-
-The couple appear to have been “white gloves,” a term used in China to describe proxy shareholders meant to hide companies’ true owners. Among the thousands of pages of records providing details about the Tomorrow Group is a spreadsheet listing dozens of such people. At least four offshore companies were registered in Mr. Liu’s name.
-
-Those companies were part of Mr. Xiao’s vast enterprise. He had showed early promise, gaining admission to China’s prestigious Peking University at age 14 and serving as a student leader during the 1989 Tiananmen protests. He sided with the government, an allegiance that would help him become one of the country’s richest men, acquiring control of banks, insurers and brokerages, as well as stakes in coal, cement and real estate.
-
-Unlike the many brash billionaires he did business with, Mr. Xiao, now 51, preferred to operate in the shadows, [building ties](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/04/world/asia/tiananmen-era-students-different-path-to-power-in-china.html) to some of China’s princelings. He settled into a quiet life at the Four Seasons, where a coterie of female bodyguards attended to his needs.
-
-Why one of his lieutenants paid for the van Gogh is not clear. Mr. Wang, the producer, was among [the ranks](https://www.forbes.com/sites/russellflannery/2013/07/31/huayis-wang-zhongjun-joins-ranks-of-china-movie-industry-billionaires/?sh=7c342b596de4) of China’s wealthiest people, though not nearly as rich as Mr. Xiao.
-
-Mr. Xiao’s easy access to money outside China through his offshore network allowed him to bypass the country’s strict currency controls; he may have acted as a kind of banker for Mr. Wang. The documents show that the two men were drawing up art investment plans the same month as the auction, but their joint venture, based in the Seychelles, wasn’t formed until a year later. Meanwhile, the two set up another offshore company, aimed at investing in film and television projects in North America.
-
-There could be another explanation for the payment: Mr. Xiao may have wanted to acquire an asset that could be transported across borders in a private jet, free from scrutiny by bank compliance officers and government regulators.
-
-Image
-
-In 2017, Mr. Xiao was abducted from his apartment at the Four Seasons in Hong Kong and later put on trial in mainland China.Credit...Anthony Wallace/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
-
-## An Abduction, and a Vanishing Act
-
-The fortunes of the men connected to the van Gogh purchase began to turn in 2015 with the crash of the Chinese stock market. Mr. Xi’s government blamed market manipulation by well-connected traders, and regulators wrested economic power back from the billionaires. Dozens of financiers [disappeared](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/03/business/international/xu-xiang-zexi-insider-trading-arrest-china.html), only to resurface in police custody.
-
-Art purchases became more discreet. In 2016, Oprah Winfrey [sold](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-08/oprah-said-to-snag-150-million-selling-klimt-to-chinese-buyer?sref=36hylgrI) a Klimt painting to an anonymous Chinese buyer for $150 million.
-
-By early 2017, Mr. Xiao’s life as a free man was over. One night, about a half-dozen men put him in a wheelchair — he was not known to use one — covered his face and [removed him](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/10/world/asia/xiao-jianhua-hong-kong-disappearance.html) from his Hong Kong apartment. He was taken to mainland China and eventually charged. Prosecutors claimed that his crimes dated back before 2014, the year the van Gogh was sold.
-
-He was [sentenced](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/19/business/chinese-canadian-billionaire-xiao-jianhua-sentenced.html) last August to 13 years in prison for manipulating financial markets and bribing state officials. The court said Mr. Xiao and his company had misused more than $20 billion.
-
-Government officials dismantled his companies in China. At some point, the British Virgin Islands business that bought the van Gogh changed hands and Mr. Liu was removed as its owner.
-
-For a while, Mr. Wang, the producer, maintained a high-flying lifestyle, opening a [private museum](https://www.sothebys.com/zh-hant/museums/song-art-museum) in Beijing in 2017 that showcased the van Gogh and Picasso paintings for a few months.
-
-But the market value of his film studio, Huayi Brothers, vaporized as it backed flops. Mr. Wang let go much of his art collection and his Hong Kong home. Last year the Beijing museum was [sold off](https://bj.bjd.com.cn/a/202204/11/AP62542324e4b0a555c6b5232b.html), along with a mansion tied to him in Beverly Hills.
-
-Mr. Wang and a spokesman for his company did not respond to multiple requests for comment. Mr. Xiao could not be reached for comment in prison, though a family representative said the billionaire’s wife did not know of any involvement in the van Gogh purchase and was unfamiliar with Mr. Liu.
-
-Van Gogh’s floral still life — a vibrant painting by one of the world’s most acclaimed artists — hasn’t been seen publicly for years. But there are reports that the artwork may be back on the market.
-
-Three people, including two former Sotheby’s executives and a New York art adviser, requesting anonymity, said the painting had been offered for private sale. Last year, the adviser viewed a written proposal to buy it for about $70 million.
-
-The art experts did not know whether the painting had sold or if concerns had been raised about the 2014 sale — a purchase by a onetime lieutenant to a now disgraced billionaire linked to a beleaguered film producer who claims the art belongs to him.
-
-“Nobody needs a $62 million van Gogh, and nobody wants to buy a lawsuit,” said Thomas C. Danziger, an art lawyer. “If there’s any question about the painting’s ownership, people will buy a different artwork — or another airplane.”
-
-Graham Bowley contributed reporting. Susan C. Beachy and Julie Tate contributed research.
-
-Produced by Rumsey Taylor. Photo editing by Stephen Reiss. Top images: “Still Life, Vase with Daisies and Poppies”: Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images; Vincent Van Gogh: Imagno/Getty Images; Paul Cassirer: ullstein bild via Getty Images; Albright-Knox Art Gallery: Tom Ridout/Alamy; Sotheby’s auction: YouTube.
-
-Audio produced by Jack D’Isidoro.
-
-Michael Forsythe is a reporter on the investigations team. He was previously a correspondent in Hong Kong, covering the intersection of money and politics in China. He has also worked at Bloomberg News and is a United States Navy veteran. [@PekingMike](https://twitter.com/PekingMike)
-
-Isabelle Qian is a video journalist covering China for The Times. [@QianIsabelle](https://twitter.com/QianIsabelle)
-
-Muyi Xiao is reporter on the [Visual Investigations](https://www.nytimes.com/spotlight/visual-investigations) team, which combines traditional reporting with advanced digital forensics. She has been covering China for the past decade. [@muyixiao](https://twitter.com/muyixiao)
-
-Vivian Wang is a China correspondent based in Beijing, where she writes about how the country's global rise and ambitions are shaping the daily lives of its people. [@vwang3](https://twitter.com/vwang3)
-
-A version of this article appears in print on  , Section A, Page 1 of the New York edition with the headline: The Vanishing van Gogh: A $62 Million Mystery. [Order Reprints](https://www.parsintl.com/publication/the-new-york-times/) | [Today’s Paper](https://www.nytimes.com/section/todayspaper) | [Subscribe](https://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp8HYKU.html?campaignId=48JQY)
-
-&emsp;
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diff --git a/00.03 News/The NYPD Commissioner Responded to Our Story That Revealed He’s Burying Police Brutality Cases. We Fact-Check Him..md b/00.03 News/The NYPD Commissioner Responded to Our Story That Revealed He’s Burying Police Brutality Cases. We Fact-Check Him..md
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+Date: 2024-07-10
+DocType: "WebClipping"
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+Link: https://www.propublica.org/article/fact-check-nypd-commissioner-caban-response-police-brutality-retention
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+Parent:: [[@News|News]]
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+Related: [[New Yorkers Were Choked, Beaten and Tased by NYPD Officers. The Commissioner Buried Their Cases.]]
+
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+
+```button
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+^button-TheNYPDCommissionerRespondedtoOurStoryWeFact-CheckHimNSave
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+&emsp;
+
+# The NYPD Commissioner Responded to Our Story That Revealed He’s Burying Police Brutality Cases. We Fact-Check Him.
+
+New York Police Commissioner Edward Caban on Tuesday evening issued a [five-page statement](https://x.com/NYPDnews/status/1808287484964421930) defending how he has handled officer discipline in the year since he was appointed to lead the department.
+
+The statement, posted on the social media platform X, came in response to a story published last week by ProPublica and The New York Times that detailed how [Caban has buried dozens of cases of alleged police misconduct](https://www.propublica.org/article/nypd-commissioner-edward-caban-police-discipline-retention-eric-adams) involving officers accused of, among other things, wrongly using chokeholds, deploying Tasers and beating protesters with batons. Some episodes were so serious that a police oversight agency, the Civilian Complaint Review Board, concluded the officers likely committed crimes.
+
+Caban, ProPublica found, has prevented 54 officers from facing a public disciplinary trial in his roughly one year in office — a tactic known as retention. His predecessor, Keechant Sewell, did it eight times in her first year.
+
+Well before our story was published, we asked for an interview with Caban and sent the New York Police Department detailed questions about our reporting. In response, the department offered a one-sentence statement: “The NYPD continues to work closely with the Civilian Complaint Review Board in accordance with the terms of the memorandum of understanding.” That memorandum gives the commissioner the authority to preemptively end cases without a trial.
+
+On Tuesday, Mayor Eric Adams was [asked at a press briefing](https://youtu.be/DYCLYzTy6kY?t=1626) about our story. “I have committed my life to police reform and proper policing,” he said. “I monitor these cases, I don’t interfere. But I’m very clear on what I expect. We are going to have a police department that’s professional.” Adams offered his full support to Caban, saying the commissioner has “been extremely clear in doing that.”
+
+Caban followed with the [five-page statement](https://x.com/NYPDnews/status/1808287484964421930) taking issue with the story.
+
+He identified no inaccuracies but instead argued that the story was unfair. “No one is more invested in a fair, effective, and efficient NYPD discipline process than I am,” Caban wrote. “Any suggestion that my handling of an incredibly complex, collaborative process undermines these standards simply does not survive honest scrutiny.”
+
+Caban also argued that he was more efficient and effective at administering justice than the Civilian Complaint Review Board.
+
+Here are a few of Caban’s assertions and what our reporting found:
+
+### “This was and remains an open process.”
+
+When the CCRB adjudicates misconduct accusations, its lawyers serve as prosecutors at an NYPD trial that is open to the public, where evidence is presented and officers are questioned about what happened.
+
+When the commissioner retains a case, he decides in private whether the officer’s behavior was justified, and he alone determines whether they should be punished. He sends a letter to the CCRB laying out his reasons, but the department does not publish the letter, and the CCRB only does so months after the fact.
+
+The process is so opaque that civilians we interviewed about their pending misconduct cases did not know that the cases had been swept away.
+
+When we told Brianna Villafane that the commander who grabbed her by the hair and yanked her to the ground during a Black Lives Matter march had been cleared by the commissioner, she gasped and shook her head. “Who am I supposed to call to feel safe now?” Villafane asked. “Not him.”
+
+### “Each and every time I have retained a case, it is in compliance with” the memorandum of understanding’s “mutually understood guidelines and agreed upon guidelines.”
+
+ProPublica’s reporting shows this is not the case. One of the few limitations on a commissioner’s ability to end cases is that he may only do so for officers with clean records.
+
+We found multiple instances where the commissioner ended the cases of officers whose records included previous substantiated cases of misconduct.
+
+The department’s public information office did not respond to questions about these cases for our original story and the mayor’s chief counsel did not respond to a similar question at Tuesday’s news conference. On Wednesday, ProPublica asked the police department about these cases again, and the department did not immediately respond.
+
+### “Police officers face unparalleled penalties.”
+
+We tracked the punishment that Caban has given in the cases he short-circuited. Forty percent of the time, he gave officers no punishment at all.
+
+In the cases in which he has ordered discipline, it has mostly been light, such as the loss of a few vacation days. The most severe punishment, we found, was a case in which he docked an officer 10 vacation days.
+
+In more than 30 other instances, Caban upended cases in which officers themselves had already agreed to punishment, doing so more times than any other commissioner in at least a decade.
+
+### “In the past year, the sheer number of cases that I have adjudicated has greatly increased, so it is only logical that the number of cases I retain would increase as well.”
+
+ProPublica looked at this very issue. According to CCRB data, Caban had faced 409 cases from the agency in his first 11 months, compared to 521 cases for his predecessor, Sewell, in her first year.
+
+### One thing we found that the commissioner didn’t address:
+
+Retention is not the only way the NYPD has been blocking cases.
+
+As we reported, there are seven cases in which the NYPD has, since last summer, declined to formally notify officers of charges brought against them. Without such notification, there can be no disciplinary trial.
+
+These cases include chokeholds, Tasings and beating a teenager with a baton. Each one was so serious that the CCRB concluded that the officers’ conduct was likely criminal. And there is no public disclosure when the department simply doesn’t inform an officer, effectively stalling the case indefinitely.
+
+We asked the NYPD and the commissioner about these cases for our earlier story. They did not respond.
+
+Do you have information about the police we should know? You can email Eric Umansky at [\[email protected\]](https://www.propublica.org/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#adc8dfc4ce83d8c0ccc3dec6d4eddddfc2ddd8cfc1c4cecc83c2dfca) or contact him securely on Signal or WhatsApp at 917-687-8406.
+
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diff --git a/00.03 News/The Night 17 Million Precious Military Records Went Up in Smoke.md b/00.03 News/The Night 17 Million Precious Military Records Went Up in Smoke.md
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-Date: 2023-07-02
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-# The Night 17 Million Precious Military Records Went Up in Smoke
-
-Before the flames raced down the 700-foot-long aisles of the sixth floor, before the columns of smoke rose from the roof like Jack’s beanstalk, before the wind scattered military records around the neighborhoods northwest of St. Louis, before 42 local fire departments battled for days to save one of the largest federal office buildings in the United States, before the government spent 50-plus years sorting through the charred remains, Kathy Trieschmann sensed a faint haze.
-
-Trieschmann, who has asthma, had always been hyper-attuned to tiny changes in air quality. Growing up, she would often sleep in the basement because she could smell her father’s cigarette smoke through her bedroom door. So shortly after midnight on July 12, 1973, as she walked up the stairs of the massive National Personnel Records Center to clock out, she was one of the first to know something was wrong.
-
-That spring, as a freshman at St. Louis University, Trieschmann had received high marks on a placement exam for federal jobs, earning her a summer internship at the records center. The massive office building, a branch of the National Archives and Records Administration, held paper records for every American veteran or former federal government worker who had served in the 20th century. Trieschmann’s job, along with that of two dozen fellow interns, was to check the names and Social Security numbers of Vietnam War veterans, the last of whom had just come home, before the information was entered into the NPRC’s computer system. The work didn’t satisfy her creative drive—she’d go on to teach art in public schools for decades—but it was a step up from the Six Flags amusement park where she’d worked the previous summer. She earned $3.25 an hour, about twice the minimum wage.
-
-The summer interns worked from 4 pm to 12:30 am so they wouldn’t interfere with the employees who needed access to the files during regular hours. Except for a 30-minute dinner break at a nearby Burger King, they didn’t have much time to socialize; each of them was expected to verify between 1,200 and 1,400 records every shift, and their work stations were scattered across the 200,000-square-foot second floor. Often, Trieschmann says, she would go a couple of hours without seeing anyone at all.
-
-In the very early morning of July 12th, Treischmann finished her records and registered them with a file clerk in the building’s basement. Then she headed upstairs to go home. In the stairwell, she bumped into three fellow interns who were also on their way out, and mentioned the faint difference in the air. The group decided to investigate, and continued climbing the central stairway.
-
-When the students opened the door to the third floor, the air seemed thicker. They kept going. The fourth floor was murkier still, the fifth even worse. Trieschmann never considered turning back. She has always loved adventure; she used to go scuba diving in ocean caves. Something *interesting* was happening, and she wanted to know what it was. So she and her colleagues climbed one more flight of stairs, to a door that opened into the sixth and top floor. She remembered that this was where the older military records were kept, the ones from World War I, World War II, and Korea, but she hadn’t been up here since orientation. Now, as she pulled open the door, she saw the cardboard boxes neatly stacked on metal shelves as far as the eye could see.
-
-They were on fire.
-
-Had the group gone up a staircase on the periphery of the building and not the central one, Trieschmann likely would have seen only a thick cloud of smoke. Instead, she witnessed the earliest stage of a blaze that would occupy hundreds of firefighters for days.
-
-She began running back down the flights of stairs. “The records are on fire,” she shouted at the security guard, then watched as he picked up the phone to dial for help.
-
-The first call came into the emergency services dispatcher at 12:16 and 15 seconds. Twenty seconds later came another; a motorcyclist cruising by the building had seen smoke coming from the roof, and told another security guard. By 12:20, multiple emergency vehicles were on the scene. At first, firefighters rushed into the building, but soon turned back: The smoke was too thick and the flames too intense to safely work from inside. They were relegated to spraying water onto the roof and through the large windows that lined the building. It was about as effective as trying to stop a stampede with a traffic cone.
-
-Along with the interns, a few dozen other people worked the night shift. Most were custodians assigned to mop the floors, scrub the toilets, and empty the trash before employees arrived for work in the morning. According to an FBI investigation, few of them had any idea anything was wrong that night until they walked into the lobby to go home around 12:30 am and found out that the sixth floor was burning.
-
-After Trieschmann asked the guard to call the fire department, she left the building, but she didn’t go home. Instead, she and her three fellow interns walked out to the far edge of the parking lot, plopped down on the curb, and watched. They sat there for more than six hours, staring in horror as the flames grew exponentially bigger. “I had never seen a house on fire in real life, only in movies,” she says. “We knew this was people’s lives.” As the sun rose and the fire continued to intensify, Trieschmann was one of the few people on Earth who could even begin to grasp the magnitude of what was happening at 9700 Page Avenue.
-
-Kathy Trieschmann with her Keeshond puppy, Pele, at home in Wentzville, Missouri.
-
-Photograph: Josh Valcarcel
-
-The National Personnel Records Center fire burned out of control for two days before firefighters were able to begin putting it out. Photos show the roof ablaze, a nearly 5-acre field of flame. The steel beams that had once held up the glass walls jut at unnatural angles, like so many broken legs.
-
-As soon as the smoke began to clear, on the morning of July 16, National Archives employees sprinted in to try to save as many records as they could. Their primary goal was to prevent the boxes of files from drowning in water from the firefighters’ hoses. One discovered a clever hack: Squirting dish soap onto the rubber escalator handrails allowed them to gently but speedily evacuate wet boxes.
-
-Margaret Stender, now a partial owner of the Chicago Sky WNBA team, was a teenager in Alexandria, Virginia, at the time; her father, Walter W. Stender, was the assistant US archivist. Before she woke up on the morning of July 12, her dad had rushed off to the airport to fly to St. Louis, where he stayed for several weeks. He never told her much about the actual work at the records center before he died in 2018. But at her home in Chicago, Stender has a photo of her dad wearing a hard hat and carrying a box of records out of the building. “I thought he had a boring library job, and then all of a sudden he was rushing into a burning building like a superhero,” Stender says, laughing.
-
-The employees’ quick work saved many records on the five lower floors from extensive water damage. But the sixth floor, the one devoured by flames, held Army and Air Force personnel files from the first half of the 20th century. It was clear that the losses would be immense, but it would take weeks for the government to grasp the full toll.
-
-An Official Military Personnel File documents almost every element of a person’s time in the military. It includes the date they enlisted, their training history, unit information, rank and job type, and the date they left. It often lists any injuries, awards, and disciplinary actions, along with every place they ever served. The file contains a record that unlocks home, business, and educational loans; health insurance and medical treatment; life insurance; job training programs; and other perks the country has long considered part of the debt it owes its veterans. If a prospective employer needs to verify whether a soldier was honorably discharged or a military cemetery wants to know whether someone is eligible for burial, they can get those answers from the OMPF.
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-At the time, the federal government preserved exactly one copy of the Official Military Personnel File of every veteran. For the 22 million soldiers who served in the Army during World War I, World War II, the Korean War, or any of the myriad smaller conflicts in the first half of the 20th century, that single copy lived on the sixth floor of the National Personnel Records Center, stuffed into one of those cardboard boxes.
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-A few weeks after the fire, National Archives staff went public with the terrible news: Eighty percent of the Official Military Personnel Files for people who served in the Army between 1912 and 1960 were gone. Seventy-five percent of Air Force personnel records from before 1964 were too—except for those belonging to people whose names came alphabetically before Hubbard; their files were stored in a corner of the floor that didn’t burn.
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-Altogether, 17,517,490 personnel records—the only comprehensive proof of service for all these Americans—had been wiped out of existence.
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-Some of the most irreplaceable artifacts in world history have been destroyed by fire, from the papyrus scrolls at the Library of Alexandria to a fragment of Jesus’ crown of thorns at Notre-Dame de Paris in 2019. The fire at the National Personnel Records Center wrought a different kind of damage. Few of the individual records that burned held any particular national or global significance. Their primary value to historians was in the aggregate: 17,517,490 tiny bundles of evidence adding up to a thorough picture of Americans’ participation in some of the world’s most devastating conflicts.
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-But even on their own, each of those 17,517,490 files was meaningful to *someone*—the veteran they represented, a genealogist on a research mission, a writer for whom tiny stories are themselves worth telling. Or a granddaughter, wanting to know more about her grandfather. “Archives are constructed memories about the past, about history, heritage, and culture, about personal roots and familial connections, and about who we are as human beings,” archivist Terry Cook, a key figure in the development of contemporary archive theory, wrote in 2012. “As such, they offer glimpses into our common humanity.”
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-Agonizingly, 50 years on, there’s no easy way to figure out exactly whose files went up in flames. The only way to find out is to request a veteran’s record.
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-A few years ago, I became obsessed with the story of my mother’s father. When I was a child, Grandfather—*never* Grandpa—took a special interest in me because I loved word games and sports, just like he did. Whenever we visited my grandparents in central Oregon, the two of us would start each day puzzling through the Jumble in *The Oregonian*. But Grandfather could be gruff; I knew from a young age that he didn’t have much tolerance for personal questions. I was in college when he slipped into dementia, the start of an agonizing six years. He died in 2012. I deeply regret that I never had the opportunity to have an adult conversation with him. There are so many questions I’d do anything to ask.
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-Here’s what I did know: Fritz Ehmann was born in the last week of 1920 to a middle-class Jewish couple in a quiet neighborhood in northern Berlin. One of the few stories I remember him telling me about his childhood involved sneaking into the 1936 Olympic stadium to cheer for American sprinter Jesse Owens, with Hitler watching from a box high above. Two years later, when he was 17, Fritz left Germany. Thanks to his older sister’s husband, a Jewish American State Department employee, he escaped three months before Kristallnacht.
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-After an eight-day voyage on the SS *Washington*, Fritz landed, alone, in New York City in the heat of August. He eventually found his way across the country to Portland, Oregon, where his brother-in-law had family. Midway through Hanukkah, his parents arrived in the United States to join him. Other relatives stayed behind; many died in concentration camps.
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-When the US reinstated its draft in preparation to join the war, young men like my grandfather were initially excluded from serving abroad. After Germany stripped Jews living outside the country of their citizenship in 1941, he was stateless, but to the American government he was still German, and therefore an “enemy alien.” According to historian David Frey, the director of the Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies at West Point, that changed in March 1942 with the passage of the second War Powers Act, which ruled that German Jews living in the US were eligible to become naturalized citizens—and thus to be drafted into full military service.
-
-One artifact my family does have is a photo of my grandfather’s Selective Service card. It shows that he registered for the draft in mid-1942, when he was 21. By then, his name had been anglicized to Fred Ehman.
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-In January 1943, Fred enlisted in the Army. He told my mother that he was conscripted as criminal punishment: He’d missed Portland’s curfew, a common security protocol on the West Coast during the war, and to get the charges dropped, he joined up. To ensure that soldiers had rights in case they were captured, those who weren’t already citizens were naturalized before traveling abroad. So, during basic training in Colorado in August 1943, Fred officially became an American.
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-Grandfather didn’t tell stories about his Holocaust experience as a young boy, or about his time fighting against his homeland and other Axis powers. My mother was pretty sure he served on an aircraft carrier in Southeast Asia—the Air Force was part of the Army until after World War II—but she couldn’t prove it. At some point, Grandfather must have had a copy of his personnel record, but nobody in my family knew what happened to it. And while his experience was dramatic, it wasn’t unique, hardly the stuff of best-selling biographies. I was the only person who was going to put in the work to track down the details.
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-So earlier this year, I filled out a Standard Form 180, “Request Pertaining to Military Records,” seeking any information held by the National Archives about Fritz Ehmann or Fred Ehman. When I submitted the form, it joined a digital queue hundreds of thousands of names long.
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-The coldest storage bays at the National Personnel Records Center are used exclusively for records affected by the 1973 fire. About 11 million records are held in these two bays.
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-Photograph: Josh Valcarcel
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-Even Before the flames were extinguished in 1973, the National Archives knew that millions of people like my grandfather would need their files while they were alive, and that exponentially more researchers and family members like me would want them for generations to come. Right away, the agency began working on a plan to preserve as many damaged records as possible.
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-McDonnell Douglas, the St. Louis–based aerospace manufacturer, lent the NPRC its gigantic vacuum chambers; each could dry 2,000 milk crates’ worth of files at a time. Kathy Trieschmann says she and other interns were reassigned to sort through charred records under giant tents in the building’s parking lot to preserve what looked like usable pages—and throw out the rest. Meanwhile, archivists created a new records classification: B files, for “burn.” Those would need to be kept in specialized storage forever.
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-After the rest of the building was deemed safe to use, construction crews simply sheared the demolished sixth story off 9700 Page Avenue and put a new roof over the fifth floor. Finally, in 2010, the government broke ground on a new building to house the center, 15 miles northeast of the original. Applying lessons learned from 1973, the National Archives designed the storage to be as fireproof as possible. Every bay that holds records long-term is temperature- and humidity-controlled; the front of each cardboard file box would fall off in a blaze, covering the metal catwalks that separate each of the four levels so water can’t pass through. The staff moved in in 2011.
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-The newer National Personnel Records Center, just outside of St. Louis. The office receives an average of 4,000 records requests every day—1.1 million a year. 
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-Photograph: Josh Valcarcel
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-Today, when the team receives a request for records from the early 20th century, the first step is to see whether the file exists. If the veteran was in the Navy instead of the Army during World War II, say, or an Air Force sergeant named Howell who served in Korea, the folder will be as pristine as any decades-old paperwork can be. Sgt. Howell’s colleague Sgt. Hutchinson, though, will come up in the database either with no record of a personnel file—meaning nothing remains after the fire—or with the notation “B file.” If the screen says B, it means there is *something* about Sgt. Hutchinson in one of the two bays designed to hold fire-affected records. The next step is to figure out what condition that something is in.
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-Plenty of B files can be read with the naked eye; some boxes got damp but suffered no other damage. Others grew mold despite the staff’s best efforts to fend it off—which, when the papers are pulled from cold storage, requires some combination of freezing, dehumidifying, and physically removing spores. There are about 6.5 million B files, far too many to treat proactively, so they remain locked away in the stacks until someone requests the information.
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-Dealing with these fragile records, of course, takes time. As a result, long waits have been a chronic problem for the NPRC ever since the fire (angering politicians from both parties). Then, because few records are digitized, in the early days of the Covid pandemic—when most staff couldn’t work from the office—they fell way, *way* behind. By March 2022, the backlog hit a new record, with 603,000 outstanding requests. By the following February, staff had cut the pile by a third, to 404,000. With recent additional appropriations, the National Archives and Records Administration plans to resolve the problem by the end of this year. After that, every requester should receive a response within 20 business days.
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-When I visit the National Personnel Records Center in early March, Ashley Cox, who leads a team of preservation specialists, is opening a folder for a World War II lieutenant named William F. Weisnet. When a technician pulls a file, they are often the first person to touch those pages since the immediate aftermath of the fire 50 years ago. Cox, who has a mop of chin-length curls and a nose stud and is wearing a pastel pink hoodie with a Japanese cartoon of a hot dog on the front, thinks of each record she works with as if it were a person under her care. “This particular person got very damaged, and you can go through all the physical therapy ever, but that injury is still going to hurt,” she says, gesturing at Weisnet’s inch-thick file. “So the less that you can aggravate that old injury, the safer it is.”
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-A humidity chamber relaxes curled documents back to flat without stressing the fibers.
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-Photograph: Josh Valcarcel
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-When a B file turns out to have been licked by actual flames, it is categorized on a scale from 1 to 5, from the most lightly affected to the most severely. The edges of each sheet of paper in Weisnet’s folder are slightly blackened, as if someone had run them briefly over a candle before blowing them out, but almost all of the information on the pages is visible. This is a level 1 file, Cox tells me; it won’t need any special treatment before it’s passed along to a technician who will scan it and send a digital copy to the requester.
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-Cox then shows me a much thicker file, with the name Wayne Powell on the front. The pages are deep black and, though Cox is barely touching them, they spit flakes of char onto the table and floor. Many sheets are fused together, forming a dense mass with curled edges. This must be a level 5, I guess. Cox shakes her head. It’s a level 3; if you know where to look, you can pull plenty of information from these pages. Cox can conclusively inform the requester of the dates Powell was in the military, his service number, and—most crucially for benefits purposes—that he was honorably discharged.
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-That might not be enough to satisfy, say, a nosy granddaughter trying to learn everything she can about a grandfather, but it’s plenty of information to prove the basics of Powell’s service record. And that’s what distinguishes NPRC preservation specialists from those at a museum or an academic library: The point of salvaging materials burned in the fire is practical. “It’s a binary proposition: Either you can get something, or there’s nothing,” says Noah Durham, a supervisory preservation specialist in the St. Louis lab who spent the early part of his career working with priceless artifacts at luxury auction houses Christie’s and Sotheby’s, including a second-century BC manuscript by mathematician Archimedes.
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-Tiffany Marshall works with documents in the Records Center’s decontamination lab.
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-Photograph: Josh Valcarcel
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-Most of the tools the preservation lab uses are decidedly low-tech. Thin painting knives known as microspatulas help separate fused pages without damaging them further. “Bone folders”—small dull tools used in bookbinding, which are now usually made from Teflon or a newly developed polymer called Delrin rather than actual animal bones—are slippery enough to smooth creases and not leave a mark. Where pages are torn, technicians use tweezers to apply pieces of translucent Japanese tissue, which, when heated, mends paper.
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-Down the hall from Cox’s lab, a technician named Elaine Schroeder works in a cubicle that looks entirely banal, with the exception of the tiny pieces of black char scattered everywhere. Picking up a folder labeled with the name Roman Pedrazine, birth date 1899, Schroeder is able to quickly figure out which of the burnt documents she needs for a request. Pedrazine served in the Army Air Forces in both world wars, so his file is 3 inches thick, but Schroeder only needs his final separation document, or DD214. Pulling a Teflon spatula from a pencil cup next to her monitor, she lifts a few pages and reveals the form. The name has burned away, but she can read the service number; it’s the same as the number next to Pedrazine’s name on another page. Match verified, Schroeder turns to digitize the DD214 on a flatbed scanner so a copy can be sent to the requester.
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-Carol Berry, an archives technician, works on records that became brittle in the fire, assessing them before releasing them for record requests.
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-Photograph: Josh Valcarcel
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-Occasionally, getting the information requested involves the most extreme option: one of two $80,000 infrared cameras developed specially for the National Archives. Ink absorbs and reflects light differently than plain paper, which means those cameras can often identify words even on a sheet fully blackened by fire. This kind of equipment—most frequently used for “objects of unique significance,” like the ones Durham worked on in the luxury auction world—didn’t even exist a decade ago.
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-Less than 1 percent of records requests require the use of Durham’s infrared cameras; the vast majority of the files kept after the fire were salvaged precisely because they were readable. When Kathy Trieschmann and her fellow interns were, as she recalls, instructed to throw away pages too blackened to read, no one foresaw that four decades later, technology might make those pages decipherable.
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-Infrared imaging is used to identify words on records that were fully blackened by the fire.
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-Photograph: Josh Valcarcel
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-Durham, who has wispy, sandy blond hair that stands up from the top of his head, smiles frequently as he describes the technical details of his work. In a darkened room in front of a camera mounted on an adjustable column, he proudly shows me a before-and-after image of a DD214. Part of the page has burned away entirely, and the right half of what remains is almost totally black. On the original copy, I can see that the soldier served during the Korean War, but *where* he served is obscured. As a scanned version appears on a computer screen behind the camera, the word “Korea” appears next to “theatre of operation.” The date “3 April 52” becomes visible under “medals received.” In a few seconds, the document’s value has transformed, turning proof that the soldier served in the military between 1950 and 1953 into evidence that he was a decorated combat veteran.
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-Durham grins. “It’s a good thing we do.”
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--   ![Ashley Cox using a humidity chamber to relax curled documents back to flat without stressing or breaking the fibers.](https://media.wired.com/photos/6493ae5e6296ebb3f086140c/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/Fire_Ashley%2520Cox_3S9A2084.jpg)
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--   ![Carol Berry assesses brittle records to make determinations before releasing the documents to other technicians.](https://media.wired.com/photos/6499d47b9ec11a2433532bac/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/Fire_Carol%2520Berry_3S9A1394.jpg)
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--   ![Shannon Mills working with documents in the Decontamination Lab.](https://media.wired.com/photos/6499d47d6296ebb3f0861428/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/Fire_Shannon%2520Mills_3S9A9878.jpg)
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-Photograph: Josh Valcarcel
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-The technicians at the National Personnel Records Center work to carefully assess and preserve documents damaged in the fire so that any information can be gleaned from them. Here, Ashley Cox uses a humidity chamber to relax curled documents back to flat without stressing or breaking the fibers.
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-
-Around the time I requested Grandfather’s military record, I also submitted a Freedom of Information Act request to the FBI to see what I could find out about the devastating blaze. Five decades on, the NPRC fire has been largely forgotten. I wanted to know how it started, and who or what could be blamed for destroying 17,517,490 pieces of 20th-century American history.
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-Within a few weeks, I received a 386-page report that chronicled every step of the two-month FBI investigation. “Scene of fire can’t be reached due to severity of fire, but arson is suspected due to location and rapid break out and rapid spread of fire,” reads one of the first messages from the St. Louis branch (which, coincidentally, maintained an office on the second floor of the NPRC) to then-FBI director Clarence Kelley, who was three days into his job. The last paragraph of the transmission implies a group of suspects: “No employees other than custodians working at location of fire when fire broke out.”
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-Soon enough, though, FBI investigators turned their focus to the two dozen interns verifying Vietnam veterans’ records on the first floor. That spring, the US had withdrawn the last of its troops from Vietnam, and anti-war anger remained palpable on college campuses. Just a year earlier, the Weather Underground had detonated a bomb in a Pentagon bathroom. It appears that the FBI didn’t consider it far-fetched to think a 19- or 20-year-old working in the building that held the records of the 3 million people who had been stationed in Vietnam might have been inspired to take a dramatic stand. In the interview reports, almost every name is redacted, but one subject is described as a “hippie type person.”
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-About a week after the fire, two agents showed up at Trieschmann’s house to interview her. They asked her why she went up to the sixth floor when she saw the haze. She told them she was curious. They asked her how she felt about the war and, figuring that lying to the FBI was a bad idea, she told the truth: She opposed it vehemently, believed the US military had committed unforgivable atrocities.
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-But she also didn’t set her workplace on fire. And though she knew many other interns who shared her anti-war principles, she told the FBI, not one would burn service members’ records to dust. They had been working with these files every day for weeks. Many of them had relatives who had served: parents in World War II or Korea, brothers in Vietnam. “From what the FBI said to me, they would have loved if the fire had been started by a radical college student,” Trieschmann remembers. “Except none of the kids were like that.”
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-Even so, there was a reason the FBI was hot on the arson theory: It turns out that the hallways of the NPRC had seen a *lot* of fires. The previous year, the agency had been notified of four: in a trash can in a men’s restroom on the second floor, in a trash can in a men’s restroom on the first floor, in a trash can in a ladies’ restroom on the fifth floor, and in a trash can in a ladies’ restroom on the fourth floor. “It should be noted,” the missive concluded, “that other minor incidents may have occurred that were not reported.”
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-Sure enough, various employees remembered even more fires, including one in another trash can on the sixth floor, one in a paper towel dispenser, and one in a janitorial closet. One custodian told interviewers that his supervisor had told him about two fires in the previous week alone. Employees were allowed to smoke in the building (though not in the file areas), but that rate of fires resulting from cigarette mishaps is difficult to believe in retrospect. Altogether, the FBI report quotes about 10 people who remembered various fires at the NPRC building in the recent past.
-
-Yet within several weeks, agents appear to have essentially given up on trying to find a perpetrator. That may have been in part because the number of suspected arsons in the building seemed to be rivaled only by the number of electrical problems. A custodian who told investigators about multiple fires *also* said he was constantly finding faulty switches and wires, including eight on the night of July 11 alone. Other employees had observed issues with the giant fans that ventilated file storage areas. One man said he had recently been chided by a colleague for turning on a particular fan on the sixth floor; the wires were exposed and the blades weren’t turning freely. When he went to turn it back off, he noticed a “considerable amount” of smoke coming from the motor and a small pool of oil on the floor. “Do not use,” he wrote on a piece of paper, then taped it to the fan.
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-It was also impossible to ignore the fact that in terms of fire safety, the building was a *terrible* place to keep the only official copy of tens of millions of paper records. Renowned architect Minoru Yamasaki, who would go on to design the original Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, spent several months in the early 1950s studying what to include in a state-of-the-art federal records center. At the time, preservation experts were divided on whether archives should have sprinkler systems, which could malfunction and drown paper records. Yamasaki decided his building would go without. The result, the gleaming glass building on Page Avenue, opened in 1956.
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-More puzzlingly, the architect designed the 728-by-282-foot building—the length of two football fields—with no firewalls in the records storage area to stop the spread of flames. The air conditioning in the file areas, meanwhile, was turned off at night to save money, making the building’s top floor almost unbearably hot after hours. Elliott Kuecker, an assistant professor at the University of North Carolina’s School of Information and Library Science, says such decisions look inexplicable in retrospect, but it’s impossible to know for sure what makes sense until *after* a crisis. “Archivists think about preventative measures as much as possible, but a lot of that has been learned by trial and error and disaster,” he says.
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-Nobody had seen anything. Nobody had named anyone. And the sixth floor was so completely destroyed that it was impossible to investigate fully. The center of the building, where investigators determined the fire began (confirming Trieschmann’s eyewitness account), was buried under multiple tons of concrete and 2 to 3 feet of wet charred rubble from burned records. So eventually, the FBI concluded that the stew of ingredients that led to the disaster was impossible to unblend. The investigation was formally closed in September 1973.
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-A month later, though, something surprising happened: A custodian took the blame.
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-In a signed statement, the man, whose name is redacted, admitted that around 11 pm on July 11, he was in the files on the sixth floor, and he was smoking. He said he extinguished his cigarette by sticking it into an empty bolt hole in the metal shelves, breaking off the lit end, and snuffing out the remaining sparks by wiping them on the side of a shelf. He didn’t know where the match had fallen. When he saw fire trucks arriving as he headed home that night, he assumed it was his fault, but he was afraid to come forward. Until, for some unknowable reason, three months later, he did.
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-The custodian wasn’t arrested, but assistant US attorney J. Patrick Glynn presented the case to a grand jury—not because he was sure an indictment was warranted, according to the FBI report, but to see what jurors could find out from witnesses under oath. The panel, whose records remain sealed, failed to find probable cause for criminal prosecution. The result is that his account has been all but erased from the story of the National Personnel Records Center fire.
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-When I visit St. Louis in early March, my first stop is to see Scott Levins, who has directed the NPRC since 2011. Without prompting, he tells me: “I want to make sure you understand you might talk to staff, and someone might say, ‘Oh, I heard it was someone smoking’ or something, but there’s been nothing conclusive.” To this day, the official narrative of July 12, 1973 is that we’ll never know what ignited the blaze.
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-Photographs of the 1973 fire hang in the lobby of the current records center, near St. Louis.
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-Photograph: Josh Valcarcel
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-As I walk around the preservation lab in St. Louis, burned files everywhere I look, I understand why Levins doesn’t want me focusing on the precise combination of cigarette, negligence, bad luck, and poor design behind the fire. He’s concerned with what he can *do* about it, with that fleet of highly trained technicians who have dedicated their lives to taking care of the survivors.
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-At the time of my trip, I still had no idea whether my grandfather was one of those survivors, or among the 80 percent of World War II Army veterans whose records were destroyed entirely. 
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-After I submitted the Standard Form 180 in January, I got a response within a day. NPRC employees weren’t yet sure whether they had a B file for either Fritz Ehmann or Fred Ehman. I was instructed to complete National Archives Form 13075, with as much information as I could: His Social Security number? His service number? His address when he enlisted? His discharge date? Where did he complete basic training; where was his separation station? What kind of work did he do in the military? Did he ever file a claim for veterans’ benefits or receive a state bonus?
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-I didn’t know how to answer almost any of it.
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-I did the best I could, but a month later, I received an unsatisfying answer. “The information furnished on the enclosed form NA 13075, Questionnaire About Military Service, is insufficient to conduct a search of our alternate records sources. Without any new data, no further search can be made.” They weren’t telling me his record had been destroyed, just that they didn’t know where to look. If I could supply a few additional tidbits of information, though, they might have something to go on.
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-Because so many files from the first half of the 20th century are gone, the bulk of the NPRC team’s fire-related work is done through these “alternate records sources”—in other words, files that were held by other government departments at the time of the fire. Often, that work starts with a Veterans Administration index card.
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-The cards, with a mix of typewritten text and handwriting, are records of veterans’ claims that were kept—crucially in hindsight—at the VA. Anyone who ever received health care from the VA or took out a low-interest business loan, among other government offerings, has one. These cards don’t look like impressive sources of information; there’s nothing about where the person served, what honors they earned, or even what kinds of benefits they received. But if you know what you’re looking for, preservation team lead Keith Owens tells me, a single card is a treasure trove. It contains a person’s service number, which can be used to track down several other pieces of information—and to determine whether a B file exists. Perhaps most importantly, the very existence of a VA index card means the service member was honorably discharged, the core eligibility requirement for some important benefits, including military burials.
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-Keith Owens, a preservation lead, operates a reel-to-reel microfilm scanner to digitize records.
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-Photograph: Josh Valcarcel
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-Soon after the fire, the VA turned over more than a thousand rolls of microfilm containing images of each card to the National Archives. Over the past several years, Owens’ team has digitized each card, a process they finally finished in March. But they’re not really digitized in the modern sense of the word. To find a single card, a user must scroll through a file with 1,000 images. Still, Owens or a technician can usually find one—if it exists—within a few minutes. That means the NPRC can answer many, many more requests than ever before.
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--   ![A portion of a salvaged document damaged during a fire.](https://media.wired.com/photos/6493a86c9e47b5e53e89cedb/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/Fire_3S9A0336.jpg)
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--   ![Fire damaged document with brown edges on the right side](https://media.wired.com/photos/6493a86b3946b2ec0854159b/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/Fire_3S9A2453-Edit.jpg)
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--   ![Remains of an envelope with fire damage and mold.](https://media.wired.com/photos/6493a86ef2de86183cf5b523/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/Fire_3S9A0328.jpg)
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-Photograph: Josh Valcarcel
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-B files, or “burn” files, are records that were salvaged from the 1973 fire and have not yet undergone complete treatment. S files, or “salvaged,” are the end result of a B file having undergone complete preservation treatment.
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-Owens, who has spent more than two decades working at the records center, is a burly guy in his early fifties, wearing deliberately distressed jeans with zippers across the thighs. Mostly bald with a short graying beard, he is a trained Baptist minister, and his hearty laugh booms across the lab. Even in an office where everyone is enthusiastic about their work, Owens’ evangelizing sticks out. When he tells me about how it feels to help someone find their records, he scrunches up his eyes. “It gives me hope,” he says. “I just know that what we’re doing now is going to better the possibility of helping somebody. Somebody is going to look at a paper 500 years from now with my name on it and say, Keith Owens, whoever this was, did something amazing to help somebody back then.”
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-Until walking into Owens’ cubicle, I hadn’t planned on bringing up my quest for my grandfather’s records. But under the spell of his pastor’s affect, I babble out the backstory, my voice cracking slightly as I explain that I’d submitted everything I had and it still wasn’t enough. I don’t even know whether Grandfather ever received veterans’ benefits. Owens lights up. Let’s check the index cards and find out, he says. Before I know it, we’re at his computer opening a folder labeled “Egan–Eidson.”
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-We click into a few different PDFs before finding the cards that include the Eh- names. In the fourth one, we find the last name Ehman. We scroll past an Arnold, two Bruces, two Adams, two Alberts, two Andrews. Suddenly, we’re on to Ehmen, with a second “e” where the “a” should be. We scroll down further, until the alphabetization loops back to the start.
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-More Ehmans appear: Charles, Clement, David, Dennis, Earl, Elizabeth. “Come on,” Owens implores, as if willing his favorite sprinter to cross the finish line first. But now we’re back to Ehmen.
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-He sighs, keeps scrolling, keeps narrating. The tone of his voice has turned from excited to apprehensive. I can see the progress bar is almost to the bottom of the file, and my stomach drops. We’re not going to find him.
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-Then, just before we reach the end, I catch a glimpse of “Abraham,” Grandfather’s middle name. “Th- th- th-,” I stammer incomprehensibly, and loudly, fumbling to point him to the right card. Owens reads the name Fred aloud, confirming what I’ve already realized. “Holy shit,” I whisper quietly. “Oh my god.” It’s not like seeing a ghost, exactly, staring at this tiny card with a handful of basic facts about a person I adore and will never see again. It’s more like realizing the person I thought was a ghost is in fact quite visible.
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-But this is just the prelude to my real quest. Now, finally, we can find out whether Grandfather’s personnel record survived the fire. Armed with a service number, we head downstairs to the research room to look for Fred Abraham Ehman. I start to convince myself that I’m one of the lucky ones, that we’ll discover a usable B file with all that detail I’ve been craving, despite the 4-to-1 odds that it’s gone.
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-I am not one of the lucky ones.
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-A research specialist in an Adidas hoodie types in the service number, then tells me there’s no listing for a B file. “So that means conclusively that it’s gone?” I ask.
-
-“Yes.”
-
-My head is spinning so much that I don’t immediately process what he tells me next, which is that there’s a silver lining. What does exist, he says, deep in one of the 15 storage bays in the massive building, is my grandfather’s final pay voucher, or QMP, another alternate records source commonly used to reconstruct information destroyed in the fire.
-
-This is actually great news, Keith Owens tells me when I trudge back to his desk. A QMP contains the service member’s date of enlistment, date of discharge, and home address. It lists the reason they were discharged. For someone who served abroad, it even says when they arrived back in the US, and where. If you’re Owens, a man who’s spent two decades trying to help people by getting them any information they can possibly use for benefits, finding a QMP is a moment of triumph.
-
-If you’re me, a woman yearning to understand the story of her dead grandfather’s life, it’s a tiny bit heartbreaking.
-
-The preservationists were able to find Megan’s grandfather’s final pay stub. The rest of his military file was lost to the fire.
-
-Photograph: Josh Valcarcel
-
-Back at my hotel that night, I can’t stop thinking about what might have happened to Grandfather’s record on July 12, 1973. Did it burn away to dust? Was it blackened and thrown away by someone who had no way of knowing that infrared cameras would make it readable five decades later? And, most naggingly: *What did it say?*
-
-I don’t particularly care whether Grandfather earned any medals, and if he had been part of some top-secret military operation, those details aren’t going to be here. By this point, I’ve flipped through enough Official Military Personnel Files that I know they are more disconnected trivia than actual biography. But I can’t help it: I am wild with jealousy of all those people whose relatives’ files are, at this very moment, being tenderly cared for by preservation specialists trained on invaluable pieces of history at Christie’s and Sotheby’s and the greatest universities in the world.
-
-By the time I arrive at the preservation lab the next morning, Owens has not only scanned that 
-
-QMP with its facts about Grandfather’s discharge, but kept the original at his desk to show me. Fred Abraham Ehman landed in Washington state on December 28, 1945, four months after the war ended. He was paid $191.68, $50 of it in cash and the rest as a government check. I recognize his signature, with its looping “F” and the lowercase “a” between his first and last names. I touch the paper gently, feeling a heady mix of gratitude and guilt that I don’t feel more gratitude. “Give me a hug,” Owens orders, and I do.
-
-By the time I arrive home a few days later, my mood is more sanguine. With all of the information on the QMP, I can figure out which Army unit Grandfather was in, then find the “morning reports” that tracked that unit’s movements around the world. With more work, I can probably track down the vast majority of the same information that burned in 1973, about the refugee turned soldier who became my grandfather. I’ll never know the full story, but I’ve come to accept that even one of those 3-inch-thick B files I’d been coveting wouldn’t have given me that.
-
-After the flames raced down the 700-foot-long aisles of the sixth floor, after the columns of smoke rose from the roof like Jack’s beanstalk, after the wind scattered military records around the neighborhoods northwest of St. Louis, after 42 local fire departments battled for days to save one of the largest federal office buildings in the United States, the government spent 50-plus years sorting through the charred remains. Untold numbers of people, meanwhile, spent 50 years, and counting, trying to replace what they lost.
-
-Neither project will conclude anytime soon.
-
----
-
-*Let us know what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor at* [*mail@wired.com*](mailto:mail@wired.com)*.*
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-# The One Big Question Bernie Sanders Won’t Answer
-
-## The progressive hero has more power than ever. Will he keep it?
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/990/ccf/b7fdbe1d6089eddb5ce77fdf96a704be61-bernie-sanders.rsquare.w700.jpg)
-
-Photo: Kevin Dietsch/Getty Images
-
-[Bernie Sanders](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/bernie-sanders-new-book-its-ok-to-be-angry-about-capitalism.html) was just getting comfortable on Stephen Colbert’s couch late last month, settling into a mostly freewheeling interview to [promote his new book](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/bernie-sanders-new-book-its-ok-to-be-angry-about-capitalism.html) and tick through his now familiar but still furious grievances against corporate greed, political corruption, and Establishment thinking. Yet when the host [asked about his future](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qE3urC7REWk), the 81-year-old senator got uncharacteristically quiet.
-
-To some of the people closest to him who were watching the broadcast, Sanders’s words suddenly seemed almost strained, but certainly calibrated to make as little news as possible. Would he be running for reelection to the Senate in two years? “Well, I’ve got a little while to make that determination; I’ll make it at the appropriate time,” he said carefully. Colbert looked surprised and asked if he had a deadline to make a decision. “Not really. People in Vermont know me and we have a pretty good relationship. At the appropriate time, we’ll let them know.” The studio fell weirdly silent. Colbert’s rejoinder — “You answered that like a boyfriend asked where this relationship was going” — broke the unexpected solemnity of the moment, and he moved on. But the heaviness lingered for the progressive hero’s longtime friends and advisers both in Washington and in Vermont.
-
-From afar, after all, it would appear that Sanders is “all systems go” for another round in the Senate. And, well, duh: He’s at the peak of his political powers, and anyone can see he’s having a great time running the Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee, which he’s quickly transforming into a marquee destination for exposing capitalist overreach. Just this week, he used the threat of a subpoena to arm-twist Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz into appearing to answer for what Sanders called “his illegal anti-union activities.” And despite never reaching the White House himself, Sanders has the president’s ear far more than anyone would have reasonably anticipated. In recent weeks, Joe Biden had Sanders over for a previously unreported dinner, and then called him directly to inform him of his pick for Labor secretary.
-
-So yes, a longtime Sanders friend told me, surprised I was even asking, “he intends to run again.” But even this friend, who’s discussed Sanders’s newfound influence with him at length, stopped for a second when I asked if the senator had revealed those plans outright: “More or less.” The truth is that Sanders has yet to convey anything solid to even his inner circle, a group of aides and allies who don’t doubt his commitment to doing the job, his pride at having reached this level of political influence, or his likely unwillingness to let it go voluntarily — but who are equally aware of his age. None of his close friends or advisers are pushing Sanders to do anything but run again, and they universally say he’s bursting with energy even in private. But none have forgotten his late-2019 heart attack. Sanders, who would be 89 at the end of his next term, won’t discuss his physical well-being with his staff or buddies, and gets frustrated when people ask — just as he has little patience for questions about the direction and leadership of the progressive movement in a post-Sanders era.
-
-Are these legitimate questions? Sanders, for one, doesn’t think so. He is well aware that he doesn’t technically have to decide on reelection for a long time — Vermont’s filing deadline isn’t until August of next year — and he’s made clear to reporters who ask that he considers the entire topic a political distraction. (“Keep wondering,” he [told the New York *Times*](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/12/us/politics/bernie-sanders-help-committee.html) last month. “The purpose of elections is to elect people to do work, not to keep talking about elections.”) Nor does he face the sort of pressure to raise money and build momentum that other Democratic senators do ahead of 2024; there’s no chance of losing his seat in bluer-than-the-ocean Vermont. Plus, some around him think, why should he make any announcement about his own plans before Biden formally announces his run for reelection — a race Sanders *technically* hasn’t ruled out if Biden passes on it? And anyone who expects Sanders to make a definitive announcement soon forgets his famous procrastination and his less-known agonizing about the best way to maximize his political capital. Veterans of his two presidential campaigns sometimes still act traumatized about the behind-the-scenes wrangling over an announcement date, both times.
-
-Yet Sanders’s presidential ambitions are almost certainly behind him, and he’s conceded that he won’t have the votes to pass Medicare for All, his signature proposal, no matter how high he climbs in the Senate. Meanwhile, his actions over the next few years are certain to shape the trajectory of the progressive movement he jump-started with his presidential campaigns — a world with considerable factions and debates about its future that could break further into the open if he were to retire or recede from view.
-
-His recent activities don’t look like the work of a man who’s planning to wind down anytime soon. (Even some of his own closest associates didn’t realize until I pointed it out that he’d formally submitted 2024 reelection papers as early as four years ago, though he likely did so for fundraising purposes, not to declare his plans.) On the contrary, he has spent some recent weekends crisscrossing Vermont, and has surprised even some of his own advisers with his reinvigorated interest in his office’s in-state operations after years of hearing local whispers that he was getting a bit too nationally focused. Those closest to him say that between his committee work and his book tour — and his penchant for getting energy from his young crowds — he is noticeably more upbeat than he has been in years, no matter the persistent [questions about the tour’s high ticket prices](https://vtdigger.org/2023/02/21/national-tour-for-bernie-sanders-new-book-leads-to-unintended-questions/).
-
-It’s understandable. Back in early 2015, when he was making final decisions about a presidential bid that the entire political world was ready to laugh off, he told aides he was tired of being treated like a back-bencher. By the next summer, his place in the left’s firmament was set. Seven years after that, his direct line to Biden was so well-established that when Ron Klain left his job as chief of staff earlier this year, Sanders had no trouble securing a table-setting meeting with his replacement, Jeff Zients, almost as soon as he settled into the gig.
-
-Still, it’s the Senate work that’s animating him now that he’s running the HELP panel. “This is \[Ted\] Kennedy’s committee, the committee that he always wanted,” said a colleague. In practice, that’s meant signaling to the heads of certain large corporations that he’s serious about making them sweat. He’s already recently cheered Eli Lilly’s decision to cut its insulin prices and pushed it to go further, and in addition to hammering Schultz, he’s previewed a plan to grill the CEO of Moderna, a company he [described to Punchbowl](https://punchbowl.news/archive/3823-punchbowl-news-am/) as “the poster child for pharmaceutical corporate greed.” He has promised to make this executive hot seat a recurring show. “I don’t know what Bernie would want to do more in the whole world than have a socialist running the committee that’s about health and labor,” said a giddy senior union ally who’d been skeptical of Sanders’s presidential campaigns but has now started working closely with him.
-
-Nonetheless, it’s not just that he’s having fun. Sanders has publicly refused to close the door on a 2024 presidential campaign in the unlikely event that Biden doesn’t run, and he has [been frustrated](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/05/biden-2024-democrats-search-for-alternative.html) when some close to him have conceded that he won’t reach the White House, or that they’re ready to move onto new progressive heroes. (One of his 2020 campaign co-chairs, California congressman Ro Khanna, was briefly floated as a Biden challenger, much to the chagrin of some of Sanders’s closest remaining allies.) This can be read as less an admission that he still wants to be president than an acknowledgment that he retains significant political influence as long as it remains a theoretical option.
-
-Sanders appears unwilling to discuss the obvious variable hanging over all this: his age. Those who spend the most time with him have no interest in the simple fact that he’s 81, even as the D.C. gerontocracy has become the topic of more open conversation with California senator Dianne Feinstein’s declining health at 89. Sanders doesn’t appear to be slowing down at all, they point out, repeating that yes, one’s health can turn quickly in one’s 80s, but that different people also age very differently.
-
-All this, of course, probably sounds familiar. An oft-underestimated 80-something finally wielding the kind of power he sought for decades being reticent to confront questions of legacy and succession, uncomfortable discussing the realities of aging in detail, insistent that he’s made his plans clear even as he drags his feet on announcing them? As one top progressive pointed out, “It’s a lot like the conversation Biden is having.”
-
-The One Big Question Bernie Sanders Won’t Answer
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-TimeStamp: 2023-05-06
-Link: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/05/jordan-neelys-death-what-we-know-about-subway-choke-hold.html
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-# The Outrage Over Jordan Neely’s Killing Isn’t Going Away
-
-
-## The man who choked him to death has been identified, but it’s not clear if he’ll face charges.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/c99/ea1/cef43af04433694b228e3d25f1c48a602a-jordan-neely-2.rsquare.w700.jpg)
-
-A woman holds a sign during a protest at the Broadway-Lafayette subway station on Wednesday, two days after Jordan Neely was killed there. Photo: Steven John Irby
-
-[Jordan Neely](https://www.curbed.com/2023/05/jordan-neelys-life-as-a-michael-jackson-impersonator.html) once wowed straphangers with his Michael Jackson impersonation, performing on the subway with an ultrasmooth moonwalk in his red “Thriller” jacket. But years later, on Monday, he died inside the subway after an ex-Marine, now identified as 24-year-old Queens resident [Daniel Penny](http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/05/jordan-neely-idd-as-daniel-penny-killer.html), put him in a choke hold.
-
-Anger has been rising over Neely’s death and the lack of charges so far for the man who killed him, with protests throughout the city and Mayor [Eric Adams](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/eric-adams-has-a-goal-on-mental-illness-he-needs-a-plan.html) tussling with critics such as Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. Meanwhile, investigators are poring over evidence and calling for witnesses to step forward as they weigh charges for the veteran, who was finally identified in media reports on Friday. The killing, captured on video, has become a flash point in the heated argument over public safety that has [dominated the concerns of New Yorkers](https://poll.qu.edu/poll-release?releaseid=3865#:~:text=Two%2Dthirds%20of%20voters%20(66,highest%20levels%20seen%20since%20the) since the pandemic.
-
-On Monday afternoon, freelance journalist [Juan Alberto Vázquez](https://www.curbed.com/2023/05/bystander-jordan-neely-recording-juan-vasquez-interview.html) was headed to Yonkers on from Brooklyn on the F train when it pulled into the Second Avenue stop in Manhattan, where Neely boarded. “He started yelling,” Vázquez said [in an interview](https://www.curbed.com/2023/05/bystander-jordan-neely-recording-juan-vasquez-interview.html) on Thursday evening, a day after he was interviewed by police. “He started lamenting that he didn’t have food, that he didn’t have water. From what I understood, he was yelling that he was tired, that he didn’t care about going to jail.” Neely did not ask for anything and was acting in “a very violent way, a very dramatic way,” at one point throwing his jacket to the floor so hard that Vázquez could hear the zipper’s impact: “The people who were sitting around him — well, yeah, they were scared, and they stood up and they moved around the train car” as Neely stood in place and kept yelling.
-
-At that moment, Vázquez said, “this man came up behind him and grabbed him by the neck” and forced Neely to the ground. (Vázquez [told the New York *Times*](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/05/nyregion/jordan-neely-chokehold-death-subway.html) he did not actually see Penny grab Neely, just heard them go down and then saw them on the floor.) About 30 seconds later, the train reached the Broadway–Lafayette Street stop: “When the two doors opened, everyone rushed out, obviously, afraid, because now there was an actual fight.”
-
-Vázquez stepped out to tell the conductor to stop the train while the veteran told bystanders to call the police. Then Vázquez started to film the scene inside the car. For about a minute, “nothing happens; they’re just lying there,” he said. (Vázquez cut that portion from the video he published.) “And then when Jordan tried to escape again, they rolled over again,” he said.
-
-The video of the choke hold goes on for nearly four minutes. After two minutes, a man enters the train to warn that the choke hold could be lethal. “If you suffocate him, that’s it,” he says. “You don’t want to catch a murder charge.” One of the men responds, “He’s not squeezing no more,” and the veteran releases the choke hold. By this time, Neely is unconscious.
-
-“And we were all looking at each other, like, *What’s going on? Did he faint? What happened?*” Vázquez said.
-
-Neely was transported to a hospital, where he died of what the medical examiner’s office [determined](https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/transit/2023/05/03/manhattan-da-investigating-death-of-man-choked-on-subway) to be compression to the neck, ruling on Wednesday night that his death was a homicide. Police took Penny in for questioning on Monday, and he was released, though detectives and prosecutors from the Manhattan district attorney’s office [reportedly](https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/ny-possible-charges-marine-michael-jackson-impersonator-jordan-neely-20230504-plaznkv5pjbuxaqdu2tlxpieqq-story.html) huddled on Thursday to discuss possible charges.
-
-They can’t come soon enough for many in the city who began protesting Neely’s death and the Adams administration hours after the video was widely circulated. On Wednesday afternoon, protesters crammed into the Broadway–Lafayette Street station’s F-train platform, where Neely’s lifeless body had been removed from the train by first responders. The group stood over a spray-painted message on the concrete that read “Jordan Neely was murdered here,” denouncing the [increased police presence](https://www.curbed.com/2021/05/mta-sarah-feinberg-nypd-subway-crime.html) in the subways. Three people were arrested in the initial protest, and more demonstrations were [scheduled](https://twitter.com/b1ack1iberation/status/1654100318160924674) into the weekend.
-
-Immediately after the video of Neely’s death went viral, Ocasio-Cortez took to Twitter to say he was “murdered,” sharing the sentiment of other progressive officials and a segment of the city who saw the all-too-familiar scene of a Black man being killed on video by a white man — and nothing being done about it. Adams, who campaigned for mayor as a tough-on-crime former cop, [said](https://www.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/315-23/transcript-mayor-adams-appears-live-cnn-s-cnn-primetime-) people were rushing to judgment. “I don’t think that’s very responsible at the time where we are still investigating the situation,” he told CNN. “Let’s let the DA conduct his investigation with the law-enforcement officials. To really interfere with that is not the right thing to do, and I’m going to be responsible and allow them to do their job and allow them to determine exactly what happened here.”
-
-Jordan Neely in Times Square in 2009. Photo: Andrew Savulich/New York Daily News/Tribune News Service via Getty Images
-
-Neely grew up polishing the [Michael Jackson routine](https://www.curbed.com/2023/05/jordan-neelys-life-as-a-michael-jackson-impersonator.html) that he first learned when his father, Andre Zachery, showed him the King of Pop’s iconic music videos when Neely was just [4 years old](https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-subway-chokehold-victim-20230503-4o33lbkdufb7lbf36jeur52z3i-story.html). As a teenager and in his 20s, Neely danced in the subway for money, setting up at the 34th Street–Herald Square station. Roger Green, a subway artist who performed with Neely in 2014, recalled seeing him dance for the first time.
-
-“He had the same magnetism as Michael,” said Green, whose act included roller-skating and a mime routine. “He made people like him — and when they saw him dance, they were blown away.” On good days, they could make $100 each. “He was a great kid, trying to dance and make his money, and was hustling like everybody else,” Green said, adding that he never saw any violence from Neely. “He was a positive person all around. A gentleman. But I guess life can get the best of us.”
-
-Neely’s mental health, however, had been deteriorating since 2007, when his mother was strangled to death by her boyfriend and found in a suitcase on the side of the Henry Hudson Parkway. Neely testified during the murder trial, answering questions directly from the killer, who represented himself. Kris Brewer, an attorney who worked in the courthouse at the time, recalls the unsettling experience of watching the questioning unfold. “It landed in my bones to sit there,” she recalled. “The defendant would refer to himself in the third person or would refer to the murderer as someone else, and Jordan would correct him and said, ‘You. You did *X*.’”
-
-Afterward, he was never the same, according to his Aunt Carolyn. “It had a big impact on him,” she told the New York *Post*. “He developed depression and it grew and became more serious. He was schizophrenic, PTSD. Doctors knew his condition and he needed to be treated for that.” He did not get the help he needed, either. “The whole system just failed him. He fell through the cracks of the system,” she said.
-
-Neely had been arrested at least 40 times in recent years; the last time was in November 2021, after he allegedly hit a 67-year-old woman in the face as she left a subway station. The [*Daily News*](https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/ny-jordan-neely-2021-subway-attack-victim-speaks-20230505-rg3ctuhb2bcqribxxu7jlual4i-story.html) spoke with man who Neely was arrested for assaulting two years earlier, Filemon Castillo Baltazar, who told the publication Neely struck him in the face while he was waiting for a train at on a platform at W. 4th St. Baltazar said Neely “should have been in some rehab center” instead of on the streets. Neely was wanted on a warrant at the time of his death, after failing to comply with the terms of the alternative-to-incarceration program he was sentenced to after pleading guilty to the 2021 assault.
-
-Neely’s father could barely comprehend that his own son had been killed. “And now him? By somebody else?” Zachery [told](https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/ny-f-train-quarrel-argument-dispute-subway-train-northbound-fight-20230502-gykvrqgwszbhnell4qhpvehv34-story.html) the *Daily News*. “I don’t know what to say.”
-
-*This post has been updated.*
-
-The Outrage Over Jordan Neely’s Killing Isn’t Going Away
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-# The People Fleeing Austin Because Texas Is Too Conservative
-
-## Austin Has Been Invaded by Texas
-
- The progressive paradise is over for some, and they’re fleeing to bluer pastures.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/c45/b89/f63ec5cfc0a764fec19746c7a2058b9383-austin-texas.rsquare.w700.jpg)
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-Photo-Illustration: Intelligencer; Photo: Getty Images
-
-On a late summer evening, friends of John Stettin gathered at a bar called Kitty Cohen’s in East Austin to say good-bye. A carrot cake with “Good Luck” written in orange icing softened in the heat, but as far as they were concerned, the occasion was his birthday. “You can’t say, ‘Happy going away!’” said Jeff, his best friend, greeting him with a hug. “We’re just not happy. We’re all very sad about it.” Good-bye parties are inherently not that fun. They’re even less fun when they’re driven by a far-right takeover of the state government.
-
-“Tell him he can’t leave,” whispered a woman seated under an umbrella. “There are too many Republicans.” 
-
-To hear Stettin tell it, that is precisely why he is moving out of what Rick Perry once described as the “blueberry in the tomato soup,” a predominantly Democratic city full of liberal expats like himself seeking progressive politics and an urban lifestyle at a red-state cost-of-living discount. “It was easy to just be in Never Neverland, floating with a bunch of other transplants having a good time,” said Stettin, who relocated from Dallas to Austin five years ago.
-
-But then 2020 happened. As the pandemic raged, Governor Greg Abbott [banned](https://www.texastribune.org/2021/08/06/texas-greg-abbott-covid-restrictions/) municipalities including Austin from implementing COVID measures such as mask mandates. The following year, amid a brutal winter storm, the state’s electric grid failed, killing hundreds and leaving millions freezing in the dark, and it has yet to be fixed. That summer, Abbott codified permitless carry and further restricted voting access. This past February, he [ordered investigations into the parents of trans children for child abuse](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/04/how-texas-became-a-virulently-anti-trans-state.html). By June, when the Supreme Court overturned *Roe* v. *Wade*, Texas was ten months ahead, having already effectively banned abortion with no exceptions for rape or incest and topped it with a $10,000 reward for informants.
-
-“It’s like how a frog boils one degree at a time,” Stettin said. “They trigger-banned all abortion *and* they’re offering a bounty! What more do you need if you are a remotely liberal person to get the fuck out of here?” His destination was Massachusetts. “At least if I’m going to get into an argument with a guy in Boston,” he said, “he’s probably not carrying an AR-15 in his trunk.”
-
-This summer, that anxiety pervaded a stratum of liberal Austin, namely women, LGBTQ+ folks, parents, and people of color who fear a future in Texas and have the means to escape. The overturning of *Roe* seemed to remove the last obstacle in the state’s march to the far right, which is likely to be cemented in the upcoming election where Beto O’Rourke is way behind Abbott. While the Democratic mayor and the liberal city council institute token measures such as decriminalizing abortion, it’s cold comfort. One 25-year-old woman said she had her tubes tied, fearing the consequences of an unwanted pregnancy. One couple may relocate to the Northeast to carry out their pregnancy. Some job candidates are [refusing to relocate](https://www.wsj.com/articles/small-businesses-in-texas-plot-next-moves-as-abortion-law-shifts-11658061310). At Stettin’s party, his friend Jeff swiped open his phone to a note entitled “New Austin Cities” — a list of places that are what Austin used to be to him before he moved here from New York. It read, “Pittsburgh, Durham, Boise, Columbus, Jackson Hole, Chattanooga. Factors: Climate change, demographics, economy, location, taxes, nature, weather.” He plans to stick it out at least for now. “Global warming in the next ten years,” he said. “That’s gonna be fucking real.”
-
-The alarm was acute among transplants. Bri Jenkins is moving home to Hamden, Connecticut, after six years working with various nonprofits in Austin. “It could be three weeks before I saw another Black person, and that was such a mindfuck for me,” she recalled feeling when she first moved to Austin. After a far-right gunman killed 23 people in El Paso in 2019, she stopped going to parades. “Too many vantage points,” she said. “White men with guns and Army fatigues are protected, but people who are peacefully protesting … are always bombarded by the police,” she said, referring to the [police crackdowns](https://www.statesman.com/restricted/?return=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statesman.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2022%2F02%2F18%2Faustin-police-officers-indicted-grand-jury-2020-protest-victim-settlement-cost-city-apd-bean-bags%2F6833008001%2F) during 2020’s George Floyd protests. As a queer woman, she fears for the fate of gay rights, which Senator Ted Cruz and Attorney General Ken Paxton [have](https://www.kvue.com/article/news/national/supreme-court/ted-cruz-supreme-court-same-sex-marriage/269-d73a10b0-57bf-439e-a849-ea76a50c4679) [expressed](https://www.chron.com/politics/article/Texas-abortion-ken-paxton-sodomy-law-gay-marriage-17271966.php) could be next. “I just want to be back in a state that isn’t trying to strip away all of my rights at every turn,” she said.
-
-However many people leave, it will be small in comparison with how many keep coming. Austin is the [fastest-growing metro](https://www.austinchamber.com/blog/02-08-2022-migration) in the U.S., and its population has increased by one-third over the past decade, with people from across Texas and the nation lured to the hippie-cowboy capital by tech jobs. In some cases, this explosive growth has bred at least as much discontent as the shifting political landscape. What was once seen as an affordable, creative haven is now a runaway boomtown, [pricing out most of whatever was left of Austin’s proclaimed weirdness](https://www.curbed.com/2021/07/austins-real-estate-market-inside-the-frenzy.html) and drawing frequent comparisons to San Francisco. In the past year, rent [soared](https://www.statesman.com/story/business/real-estate/2022/08/16/apartment-rents-hit-all-time-highs-in-austin-areas-booming-market/65397831007/) more than 20 percent, and the median home price rose almost as much over the same period (before home prices dropped thanks to interest-rate hikes). The airport has new direct flights to Vail, Colorado, and Texas’s first Soho House opened there last year. [Elon Musk](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/what-is-elon-musk.html) has built a $1.1 billion “gigafactory” nearby, turning “Tesla” into shorthand among some to describe the city’s bougification. “There’s nothing weird about Austin,” said one Soho House patron, who recently flew home to California for an abortion. “Lululemon is everywhere.”
-
-Parents of trans children started to flee months ago. In March, Karen had just picked up her 10-year-old daughter from acting camp when she began telling her about an upcoming protest at the governor’s mansion against Abbott’s order instructing Child Protective Services to investigate families providing gender-affirming medical care to their trans children for child abuse. Karen (whose name is being withheld to protect her family) asked if her daughter might want to do a voice recording to share her story with the crowd. “Am I going to die?” she asked. Stunned, Karen asked why she would think such a thing. “Because everybody here hates me.” Karen pulled over, jumped out, and threw her arms around her daughter as they sobbed. “It was that moment when I knew we had to leave,” she recalled through tears.
-
-A second-generation Texan, she stayed as long as she could. “I’ve always said, ‘I’m gonna stay and fight until they try to take my kids away,’” she said. While she said her daughter is not undergoing any sort of medical treatment targeted by the directive, she did not want to risk being separated from her children. In early June, they fled from Austin to Portland, Oregon. When she told her Republican father about her decision, he burst into tears. He said, “I’m glad you’re getting out of here to get someplace safe.”
-
-Karen said she has PTSD from the experience, and she feels survivor’s guilt for not staying behind to fight with other families with trans children. But in the end, leaving is what she, and at least five other families she knows, had to do. Speaking from Portland, she said, “I am genuinely frightened for my home state.”
-
-Jordan Massingill is not far behind. A 32-year-old software engineer living in Austin, she will move once her 15-year-old daughter graduates from high school so as not to tear her away from her friends. Massingill was born and raised in Amarillo, in the conservative Panhandle, and gave birth to her daughter when she was 17 years old. “It’s a double-edged sword. I feel an obligation to other women in Texas in the position I was in not that long ago,” she said. On the other hand, she wants to raise her daughter with access to proper reproductive-health care, and though she realizes many women don’t have the means to leave, she does. “As a mother, it feels very much like I have a responsibility to the safety of my child. Sacrificing your body to the Texas GOP is not worth it,” she said. “It doesn’t matter how liberal Austin is. You still live in Texas.”
-
-The People Fleeing Austin Because Texas Is Too Conservative
-
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-Tag: ["🫀", "🤯", "🚺", "👨‍👩‍👧"]
-Date: 2023-12-04
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-12-04
-Link: https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2023/11/first-born-children-eldest-daughter-family-dynamics/675986/
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-12-16]]
-
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-
-&emsp;
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-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-ThePlightoftheOldestSisterNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# The Plight of the Oldest Sister
-
-## The Plight of the Eldest Daughter
-
-Women are expected to be nurturers. Firstborns are expected to be exemplars. Being both is exhausting.
-
-![a black and white photo of two girls asleep while sitting, one leaning on the other](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/D3_dm9iQPRyDD420INXH0nbzCxs=/0x0:4800x2700/960x540/media/img/mt/2023/11/HR_PAR232992/original.jpg)
-
-Harry Gruyaert / Magnum
-
-Being an eldest daughter means frequently feeling like you’re not doing enough, like you’re struggling to maintain a veneer of control, like the entire household relies on your diligence.
-
-At least, that’s what a contingent of oldest sisters has been saying online. Across social-media platforms, they’ve described the stress of [feeling accountable](https://www.tiktok.com/t/ZT8AuVk25/) for their [family’s happiness](https://www.tiktok.com/t/ZT8Aup8ac/), [the pressure](https://www.tiktok.com/@scilatina/video/7245848814031031594?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc&web_id=7290928141148751406) to succeed, and the impression that they [aren’t being cared for](https://www.tiktok.com/@cinphotos/video/7243560344994483498?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc&web_id=7290928141148751406) in the way [they care for others](https://www.tiktok.com/@mariandacalos/video/7224338176456887579?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc&web_id=7290928141148751406). Some are still teens; [others](https://www.tiktok.com/@yl.wolfe/video/7255016617552137515?lang=en) have grown up and left home but still feel over-involved and overextended. As one [viral tweet](https://twitter.com/MelissaOng69420/status/1511474451442929666) put it, “are u happy or are u the oldest sibling and also a girl”? People have even coined a term for this: “eldest-daughter syndrome.”
-
-That “syndrome” does speak to a real social phenomenon, Yang Hu, a professor of global sociology at Lancaster University, in England, told me. In many cultures, oldest siblings as well as daughters of all ages tend to face high expectations from family members—so people playing both parts are especially likely to take on a large share of household responsibilities, and might deal with more stress as a result. But that caregiving tendency isn’t an inevitable quality of eldest daughters; rather, researchers told me, it tends to be imposed by family members who are part of a society that presumes eldest daughters should act a certain way. And the online outpour of grievances reveals how frustratingly inflexible assumptions about family roles can be.
-
-Research suggests some striking differences in the experiences of first- and secondborns. Susan McHale, a family-studies professor emeritus at Penn State University, told me that parents tend to be “focused on getting it right with the first one,” leading them to fixate on their firstborn’s development growing up—their grades, their health, the friends they choose. With their subsequent children, they might be less anxious and feel less need to micromanage, and that can lead to less tension in the parent-child dynamic. On average, American parents [experience less conflict](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00608.x) with their secondborn than with their first. McHale has found that when firstborns leave home, their relationship with their family [tends to improve](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00683.x)—and conflict then commonly increases between parents and their younger children, because the spotlight is on them. Birth order can also create a hierarchy: Older siblings are often [asked to serve](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3288255/) as babysitters, [role models](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.01011.x), and advice-givers for their younger siblings.
-
-[Read: The longest relationships of our lives](https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2023/08/sibling-relationships-change-adulthood/675027/)
-
-To be clear, birth order [doesn’t influence](https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/10/birth-order-is-basically-meaningless/411577/) personality itself—but it *can* influence how your family sees you, Brent Roberts, a psychology professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, told me. Eldest kids, for example, aren’t necessarily more responsible than their siblings; instead, they tend to be given more responsibilities because they are older. That role can affect how you understand yourself. Corinna Tucker, a professor emerita at the University of New Hampshire who studies sibling relationships, told me that parents frequently compare their children—“‘This is my athlete’; ‘this is my bookworm’; … ‘so-and-so is going to take care of me when I’m old’”—and kids internalize those statements. But your assigned part might not align with your disposition, Roberts said. People can grow frustrated with the traits expected of them—or of their siblings. When Roberts asks his students what qualities they associate with firstborns, students who are themselves firstborns tend to list off positives like “responsible” and “leadership”; those who aren’t firstborns, he told me, call out “bossy” and “overcontrolling.”
-
-Gender introduces its own influence on family dynamics. Women are usually the “kin keepers,” meaning they perform the often invisible labor of “making sure everybody is happy, conflicts are resolved, and everybody feels paid attention to,” McHale told me. On top of that emotional aid, her [research](https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-49292-001) shows, young daughters spend more time, on average, than sons doing chores; the jobs commonly given to boys, such as shoveling snow and mowing the lawn, are irregular and not as urgent.
-
-*Daughtering* is the term that Allison Alford, a Baylor University communication professor who [researches](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01463373.2021.1920442?journalCode=rcqu20) adult daughters, uses to describe the family work that girls and women tend to take on. That can look like picking up prescriptions, planning a retirement party, or setting aside money for a parent’s future; it can also involve subtler actions, like holding one’s tongue to avoid an argument or listening to a parent's worries. Daughtering can be satisfying, even joyful. But it can also mean caring for siblings and sometimes for parents in a way that goes above and beyond what children, especially young ones, should need to do, Alford told me.
-
-[Read: When kids have to act like parents, it affects them for life](https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2017/10/when-kids-have-to-parent-their-siblings-it-affects-them-for-life/543975/)
-
-Research on eldest daughters specifically is limited, but experts told me that considering the pressures foisted on older siblings *and* on girls and women, occupying both roles isn’t likely to be easy. Tucker put it this way: Women are expected to be nurturers. Firstborns are expected to be exemplars. Trying to be everything for everyone is likely to lead to guilt when some obligations are inevitably unfulfilled.
-
-Of course, these conclusions don’t apply to all families. But so it is with eldest daughters: Although not all of them are naturally conscientious or eager to kin-keep, our cultural understanding of family roles ends up shaping the expectations many feel the need to rise to. The people describing “eldest-daughter syndrome” are probably all deeply different, but talking about what they share might make their burdens feel a little lighter. And the best-case scenario, Alford told me, is that families can start renegotiating what daughtering looks like—which should also take into account what eldest daughters want for themselves.
-
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diff --git a/00.03 News/The President Ordered a Board to Probe a Massive Russian Cyberattack. It Never Did..md b/00.03 News/The President Ordered a Board to Probe a Massive Russian Cyberattack. It Never Did..md
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+---
+
+Tag: ["📈", "🪖", "🌐", "🇺🇸", "🇷🇺"]
+Date: 2024-07-10
+DocType: "WebClipping"
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp: 2024-07-10
+Link: https://www.propublica.org/article/cyber-safety-board-never-investigated-solarwinds-breach-microsoft
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+
+---
+
+Parent:: [[@News|News]]
+Read:: [[2024-07-16]]
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-ThePresidentOrderedaBoardtoProbeaMassiveRussianCyberattackNSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# The President Ordered a Board to Probe a Massive Russian Cyberattack. It Never Did.
+
+
+After Russian intelligence launched one of the most devastating cyber espionage attacks in history against U.S. government agencies, the Biden administration set up a new board and tasked it to figure out what happened — and tell the public.
+
+State hackers had infiltrated SolarWinds, an American software company that serves the U.S. government and thousands of American companies. The intruders used malicious code and a flaw in a Microsoft product to steal intelligence from the National Nuclear Security Administration, National Institutes of Health and the Treasury Department in what [Microsoft President Brad Smith called](https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN2AF03Q/) “the largest and most sophisticated attack the world has ever seen.”
+
+The president issued [an executive order establishing the Cyber Safety Review Board](https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/05/12/executive-order-on-improving-the-nations-cybersecurity/) in May 2021 and ordered it to start work by reviewing the SolarWinds attack.
+
+But for reasons that experts say remain unclear, that never happened.
+
+Nor did the board probe SolarWinds for its second report.
+
+For its third, the board investigated a separate 2023 attack, in which Chinese state hackers exploited an array of Microsoft security shortcomings to access the email inboxes of top federal officials.
+
+A full, public accounting of what happened in the Solar Winds case would have been devastating to Microsoft. [ProPublica recently revealed](https://www.propublica.org/article/microsoft-solarwinds-golden-saml-data-breach-russian-hackers) that Microsoft had long known about — but refused to address — a flaw used in the hack. The tech company’s failure to act reflected a corporate culture that prioritized profit over security and left the U.S. government vulnerable, a whistleblower said.
+
+The board was created to help address the serious threat posed to the U.S. economy and national security by sophisticated hackers who consistently penetrate government and corporate systems, making off with reams of sensitive intelligence, corporate secrets or personal data.
+
+For decades, the cybersecurity community has called for a cyber equivalent of the National Transportation Safety Board, the independent agency required by law to investigate and issue public reports on the causes and lessons learned from every major aviation accident, among other incidents. The NTSB is funded by Congress and staffed by experts who work outside of the industry and other government agencies. Its public hearings and reports spur industry change and action by regulators like the Federal Aviation Administration.
+
+So far, the Cyber Safety Review Board has charted a different path.
+
+The board is not independent — it’s housed in the Department of Homeland Security. Rob Silvers, the board chair, is a Homeland Security undersecretary. Its vice chair is a top security executive at Google. The board does not have full-time staff, subpoena power or dedicated funding.
+
+Silvers told ProPublica that DHS decided the board didn’t need to do its own review of SolarWinds as directed by the White House because the attack had already been “closely studied” by the public and private sectors.
+
+“We want to focus the board on reviews where there is a lot of insight left to be gleaned, a lot of lessons learned that can be drawn out through investigation,” he said.
+
+As a result, there has been no public examination by the government of the unaddressed security issue at Microsoft that was exploited by the Russian hackers. None of the SolarWinds reports identified or interviewed the whistleblower who exposed problems inside Microsoft.
+
+By declining to review SolarWinds, the board failed to discover the central role that Microsoft’s weak security culture played in the attack and to spur changes that could have mitigated or prevented the 2023 Chinese hack, cybersecurity experts and elected officials told ProPublica.
+
+“It’s possible the most recent hack could have been prevented by real oversight,” Sen. Ron Wyden, a Democratic member of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, said in a statement. Wyden has called for the board to review SolarWinds and for the government to improve its cybersecurity defenses.
+
+In a statement, a spokesperson for DHS rejected the idea that a SolarWinds review could have exposed Microsoft’s failings in time to stop or mitigate the Chinese state-based attack last summer. “The two incidents were quite different in that regard, and we do not believe a review of SolarWinds would have necessarily uncovered the gaps identified in the Board’s latest report,” they said.
+
+The board’s other members declined to comment, referred inquiries to DHS or did not respond to ProPublica.
+
+In past statements, Microsoft did not dispute the whistleblower’s account but emphasized its commitment to security. “Protecting customers is always our highest priority,” [a spokesperson previously told ProPublica](https://www.propublica.org/article/microsoft-solarwinds-what-you-need-to-know-cybersecurity). “Our security response team takes all security issues seriously and gives every case due diligence with a thorough manual assessment, as well as cross-confirming with engineering and security partners.”
+
+The board’s failure to probe SolarWinds also underscores a question critics including Wyden have raised about the board since its inception: whether a board with federal officials making up its majority can hold government agencies responsible for their role in failing to prevent cyberattacks.
+
+“I remain deeply concerned that a key reason why the Board never looked at SolarWinds — as the President directed it to do so — was because it would have required the board to examine and document serious negligence by the U.S. government,” Wyden said. [Among his concerns](https://www.wyden.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/021921%20Wyden%20Letter%20to%20CISA%20Acting%20Director%20Wales%20RE%20EINSTEIN.pdf) is a government cyberdefense system that failed to detect the SolarWinds attack.
+
+Silvers said while the board did not investigate SolarWinds, it has been given a pass by the independent Government Accountability Office, which said in [an April study](https://www.gao.gov/assets/d24106343.pdf) examining the implementation of the executive order that the board had fulfilled its mandate to conduct the review.
+
+The GAO’s determination puzzled cybersecurity experts. “Rob Silvers has been declaring by fiat for a long time that the CSRB did its job regarding SolarWinds, but simply declaring something to be so doesn’t make it true,” said Tarah Wheeler, the CEO of Red Queen Dynamics, a cybersecurity firm, who co-authored a [Harvard Kennedy School report outlining how a “cyber NTSB” should operate](https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/learning-cyber-incidents-adapting-aviation-safety-models-cybersecurity).
+
+Silvers said the board’s first and second reports, while not probing SolarWinds, resulted in important government changes, such as [new Federal Communications Commission rules](https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-398483A1.pdf) related to cellphones.
+
+“The tangible impacts of the board’s work to date speak for itself and in bearing out the wisdom of the choices of what the board has reviewed,” he said.
+
+### “We Have Fully Complied With the Executive Order”
+
+The SolarWinds attack was a wakeup call for the federal government and the private sector. [The White House’s executive order](https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/05/12/executive-order-on-improving-the-nations-cybersecurity/) was designed to allow officials to move quickly to implement new cybersecurity practices.
+
+But the executive order limited what the new cybersecurity board could do: The president cannot allocate funding from Congress or grant subpoena power.
+
+When the board launched in early 2022, it bore little resemblance to the cyber board that Wheeler and her co-authors outlined in their Harvard report.
+
+“Not a single one of our recommendations was adopted,” she said.
+
+Housed in DHS’ Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, the board consists of [15 unpaid volunteers](https://www.cisa.gov/cyber-safety-review-board-csrb-members) — eight from government agencies and seven from the private sector. Silvers said this ensures the board has cutting-edge knowledge and the ability to follow through on its recommendations.
+
+Although the board’s first mandate was to investigate SolarWinds, Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas and CISA Director Jen Easterly tasked the board instead to review a recently discovered vulnerability in Log4j, software used by millions of computers, which could allow attackers to breach systems worldwide, including some used by the U.S. government.
+
+Silvers said it “was a perfect use case” for the board’s first review and that the White House agreed.
+
+[The board’s Log4j report](https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/CSRB-Report-on-Log4-July-11-2022_508.pdf), published in July 2022, found there had been no significant attacks on critical infrastructure systems due to this vulnerability. It offered 19 recommendations for companies, government bodies and open-source software developers.
+
+Silvers continued to face questions about the decision not to probe SolarWinds but maintained that Log4j had been the more pressing topic for review.
+
+“We have fully complied with the executive order,” [Silvers](https://www.nextgov.com/cybersecurity/2022/07/cyber-safety-review-board-closes-book-solarwinds-while-reporting-log4j/374220/) [told media](https://www.nextgov.com/cybersecurity/2022/07/cyber-safety-review-board-closes-book-solarwinds-while-reporting-log4j/374220/) on a call that month.
+
+At first, a government watchdog agency disagreed.
+
+When the GAO conducted its review of the executive order’s implementation, it found that the board had failed to fulfill its mandate. In its draft report, it recommended that Homeland Security direct the board to review SolarWinds as the president had instructed.
+
+That didn’t sit well with DHS, which was given a chance to review and comment on the draft as part of the GAO’s standard process. DHS argued in a letter that the “intent” of a board review of SolarWinds had been met by references to the hack in the board’s Log4j report and previous research on SolarWinds by the DHS agency that administers the board.
+
+Homeland Security also noted that the executive order had set a 90-day deadline for the board to complete the SolarWinds review, which it said was “unachievable.” Directing the board to do such a review now, it argued, would be “duplicative of prior work and an imprudent use of resources.”
+
+“We request that GAO consider this recommendation resolved and closed, as implemented,” the letter said.
+
+GAO agreed. [Its final study](https://www.gao.gov/assets/d24106343.pdf) said the mandate for a board review of SolarWinds had been “fully implemented.” The GAO accepted two government reports in place of one from the board: the Log4j review and a 2021 review of SolarWinds by the National Security Council, which is not public.
+
+An aide to Wyden said the senator had not seen the NSC review. Neither has the GAO. Instead, the GAO told ProPublica that it “interviewed key contributors” to the security council’s review. The office also summarized three recommendations that the NSC deemed acceptable for public release, including a call for better information sharing among federal agencies. A spokesperson from the security council declined to comment.
+
+The GAO said it accepted the board’s Log4j review because it included “information from the SolarWinds incident.” But aside from footnotes, the report mentions SolarWinds only once.
+
+A board report would have been more beneficial to the cybersecurity community because it would have offered a detailed, public accounting of a major attack, said Steven Bellovin, a professor of computer science at Columbia University who has written articles and given [presentations about the need for an independent cybersecurity board](https://www.cs.columbia.edu/~smb/talks/cyber-ntsb-fda.pdf). “A secret report does not accomplish that,” he said.
+
+Trey Herr, an assistant professor of foreign policy and global security at American University who co-authored reports on [the CSRB](https://dfrlab.org/2024/02/08/future-proofing-the-cyber-safety-review-board/) and [SolarWinds](https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/broken-trust-lessons-from-sunburst/), also criticized the GAO’s decision. “I don’t know why GAO would suggest a private NSC review and a different CSRB work product are equivalent, given their vastly different authorities, scope, operation and expectations of transparency,” he said.
+
+Asked to explain why it credited Homeland Security for completing a review that never occurred, Marisol Cruz-Cain, a director with GAO’s information technology and cybersecurity team, said in a statement that the office “stands by the statements and assessments.”
+
+“GAO believes the government had taken sufficient steps to review the SolarWinds incident,” she said, including through collaboration with multiple federal agencies and the private sector and “by disseminating relevant guidance about SolarWinds.”
+
+[GAO also conducted its own study of SolarWinds](https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-22-104746.pdf), which was published in 2022. Like the other government reviews, it did not probe Microsoft’s role in the attack. A spokesperson said the GAO was focused on the impact the hack had on the federal government, so “we did not engage with Microsoft.”
+
+### “This Intrusion Should Never Have Happened”
+
+After the 2023 Chinese-led hack used Microsoft vulnerabilities to infiltrate U.S. systems, the board scrutinized the tech giant’s role in the attack.
+
+[The report was scathing.](https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/resources/cyber-safety-review-board-releases-report-microsoft-online-exchange-incident-summer-2023) “The Board concludes that this intrusion should never have happened,” the report found, citing a “cascade of security failures at Microsoft.” The board called for an overhaul of Microsoft’s “inadequate” security culture and listed seven areas where the company failed to apply proper security practices or to detect or address flaws or risks.
+
+[Microsoft announced a series of changes](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/05/03/security-above-all-else-expanding-microsofts-secure-future-initiative/) and said it would implement all of the board's recommendations.
+
+The report triggered a House Homeland Security Committee hearing with Microsoft president Smith last month. Smith said the company was making security its top priority.
+
+He also raised concerns about the board’s conflicts of interest. While Wyden and other experts have criticized the role of federal officials, Smith complained about the board’s private-sector members, including executives from Google and other Microsoft competitors. “I think it’s a mistake to put on the board the competitors of a company that is the subject of a review,” he said. Smith warned that other companies might not be as cooperative with the board as he said Microsoft had been.
+
+Three of the board’s private-sector members — including board Vice Chair Heather Adkins, a Google executive — recused themselves from the Microsoft report, as did two members from the Office of the National Cyber Director and one from the FBI, who were replaced by one colleague from each agency.
+
+A DHS spokesperson declined to say why the public-sector members recused themselves but said board members are required to step aside if a review includes “examinations of their employers’ products or those of competitors” or if a board member has “financial interests relating to matters under consideration.”
+
+Silvers said every board member, including public-sector members, goes through a “rigorous” review of conflicts of interest. He said the current model has proven effective and is less costly than standing up an independent agency.
+
+“Creating an entirely new agency with a professional workforce would be exceedingly expensive, would take many years to do and could cannibalize the scarce cyber talent that we have in the U.S. government as it is,” he said. “In an era of scarce budgets, belt tightening, competition for talent, it’s really a terrific model.”
+
+Still, DHS acknowledges that the board needs more resources and investigative muscle. Last year, the department released [proposed legislation to make the board permanent](https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/dhs_leg_proposal_-_csrb_508c.pdf), with dedicated funding, limited subpoena power and a full-time staff.
+
+Silvers said the bill has the support of the Biden administration, but it has not been introduced and does not have a sponsor.
+
+Wheeler, the cybersecurity executive, said she recognizes how challenging any reforms would be but that she and others will keep advocating for the board to become an independent government agency.
+
+“I am frankly surprised that they got \[the board\] done at all,” she said. “Now I want them to make it better.”
+
+Do You Have a Tip for ProPublica? Help Us Do Journalism.
+
+Got a story we should hear? Are you down to be a background source on a story about your community, your schools or your workplace? Get in touch.
+
+[Expand](https://www.propublica.org/article/cyber-safety-board-never-investigated-solarwinds-breach-microsoft?utm_source=sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=majorinvestigations&utm_content=river#)
+
+**Update, July 8, 2024:** After this story was published, the Department of Homeland Security clarified that both Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas and Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Director Jen Easterly had tasked the Cyber Safety Review Board with reviewing a recently discovered vulnerability in Log4j.
+
+&emsp;
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-Date: 2023-01-08
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-# The Profound Defiance of Daily Life in Kyiv
-
-It was just after 1 *P.M.* The weather in Kyiv was about fifteen degrees Fahrenheit but felt far colder. The writer Peter Godwin and I were walking through the university district. To get warm, we entered the National Museum of the History of Ukraine, its lower windows covered with sandbags and plywood. Inside, the lobby had been transformed into an exhibit of recent artifacts of [the Russian invasion](https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/kyivs-peace-is-destroyed)—street signs riddled with bullet holes, a child’s pillow pierced by a bullet. In the light-filled stairway just off the main floor, pieces of shrapnel and Russian bombs had been hung from the ceiling, making a grim installation of rusted steel.
-
-A guide approached. Her name was Svitlana. She wore skinny jeans and an orange faux-fur vest. We asked her if we could see the rest of the museum. She told us that much of the museum was empty, that the most precious of its eight hundred thousand artifacts were hidden, to avoid being looted by Russian forces. We asked if we could see the museum anyway. She called the museum’s press secretary and, after a few minutes of intense conversation, she got permission to give us a tour.
-
-“But the cashier isn’t here yet,” Svitlana said. She asked us to wait a few minutes, so we sat down on a bench in the lobby, next to a couple of Ukrainian women who looked to be in their seventies. They were bundled up in heavy down coats and rubber boots.
-
-A few minutes later, Svitlana approached again.
-
-“I’m sorry,” she said. “There is an air raid. We must go downstairs.”
-
-These days in Kyiv, news of air raids is more commonly communicated by smartphones than by sirens. We followed her to the basement.
-
-Downstairs, a group of older docents were huddled together in a carpeted room used for children’s education. We sat with Svitlana in the adjoining hallway, brightly lit and covered in gray tile. The hallway was unheated, so we kept our coats on. We asked how long the air raids usually lasted.
-
-“Sometimes an hour, sometimes two,” she said.
-
-Her full name was Svitlana Slastennikova. She was in her thirties, with blond hair, a heart-shaped face, and an earnest disposition. Her fingernails were painted red and matched her phone case. Hunched forward on a bench, she opened an app that allowed her to track Russian missiles in the air.
-
-She clicked her tongue. “Oh, it’s bad,” she said.
-
-The technology is now so advanced that Ukrainian citizens can know, more or less in real time, where the Russian missiles are coming from and generally where they’re going. In this case, Russia had just launched some seventy missiles, headed to sites all over Ukraine. The assumption was that they were directed at power substations, meant to cripple the country’s electrical grid. Vladimir Putin’s recent strategy has been to knock out the power in the depth of winter in hopes of breaking the spirits of everyday Ukrainians.
-
-So far this strategy has not worked.
-
-“My friends and I, we have jokes about it,” she said. “At home I organize all my housework during the hours I have power.” She and her husband, a doctor who runs a private medical clinic, recently bought an inverter, which stores power when the grid is functioning. “I’m ready to be without electricity, but not a part of the Russian world, you know?”
-
-Svitlana was born in 1986, “the year of Chernobyl,” she said. She’s worked at the museum for thirteen years, but her work has grown more urgent since 2014. When the Russians invaded the Donbas and [annexed Crimea](https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-creeping-annexation-of-crimea), Ukrainians wanted to learn more about their history as a people, independent of Russia. Because she finds so many Ukrainians, and foreign visitors, confused about the distinct histories of Ukraine and Russia, Svitlana wrote, and is now translating into English, a lecture titled “Ukrainians vs. Russians. Why Are We Not ‘Fraternal’ Nations?” It details the distinct history of Ukraine, going back centuries. “We’re not the same people,” she says. “Ethnically, we’re totally different from Russians.”
-
-For years, Svitlana had been giving tours inside the museum, but immediately after the [February, 2022, invasion](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/03/07/putins-bloody-folly-in-ukraine), the staff closed the building. Before the war, the museum employed about three hundred, but around twenty per cent of the staff left when the war started and have not returned. Now, on any given day, between fifty and seventy curators, guides, archivists and other staff members are on site, she says, and they have to fulfill their educational mission without many of the museum’s holdings.
-
-“At the moment,” Svitlana says, “We have lectures, lectures, lectures.”
-
-Meanwhile, Putin has made every effort to erase [Ukrainian identity](https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/vladimir-putins-revisionist-history-of-russia-and-ukraine). His troops have ransacked museums and churches, bombed schools and cultural centers, and have fed Russian-speaking Ukrainians in occupied regions a constant diet of propaganda asserting that Ukrainians are Russians, and always have been. Before the 2022 invasion, even Svitlana’s own mother had believed some of the messaging coming from Moscow.
-
-“When the Russians first invaded in February,” Svitlana said, “my mother told me, ‘In one month we will be part of Russia.’ I said to her, ‘You are insane.’ ”
-
-This is part of the generational divide in Ukraine. Those who grew up in Soviet times are often more sanguine about Russian control, while those who grew up after Ukraine’s independence, in 1991, often look to Europe, not Moscow, as their past and future. The fierce resistance put up by Ukrainian troops, and the [atrocities committed by Russian soldiers](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/08/08/the-prosecution-of-russian-war-crimes-in-ukraine), have shocked many older Ukrainians.
-
-“My mother, when she saw how wild these Russians are,” Svitlana said, “she changed her mind. These crimes being committed in the twenty-first century? Now she doesn’t want to be part of Russia.” Her mother, like millions of Ukrainians, is fluent in both Russian and Ukrainian. But many people now choose to speak Ukrainian, even if they grew up speaking Russian. A few days earlier, Peter and I had joined a delegation from *PEN* America (where Peter served a term as president) that was highlighting [cultural erasure in Ukraine](https://pen.org/report/ukrainian-culture-under-attack/), and toured a library in [Chernihiv](https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-siege-of-chernihiv) that had been hit by a missile.The second floor was largely ruined, but on the first floor, a group of women gathered for tea, biscuits, and lessons in the Ukrainian language.
-
-Svitlana’s phone pinged again.
-
-“Oh, no. This is real,” she said. Her app had more detail now. The missiles appeared to be heading toward targets all over the country: west toward Lviv, Ternopil, and Khmelnytskyi, south toward Kryvyi Rih, and north toward Kyiv.
-
-Peter and I were getting texts now from friends in Ukraine, telling us to get somewhere safe. In recent weeks, the danger was most acute near any of the power substations. Residents could either be hit by the missile itself or, more likely, by a fragment of that missile after the Ukrainian military had shot it from the sky.
-
-But in our time in Kyiv, nine months into the war, we saw that life away from the front was going on with shocking regularity. The grocery stores were well-stocked and immaculate. Restaurants were full. The streets were crowded with people shopping, working, living. The nail salons were open. The tattoo parlors were open. Stores were bright with holiday decorations. Make no mistake, there were countless signs that the country was at war—checkpoints outside the city, rolling blackouts—but, also, throughout Kyiv, a profound defiance was evident in every packed café and gallery. Even the members of the museum staff, as we’d been talking to Svitlana in the basement, were moving up and down the stairs, seeming unworried about the missiles in the air. A cleaning woman had been busy with the basement’s two bathrooms; she hadn’t paused once since the raid began.
-
-We heard the scuffling of footsteps on the stairs. A group of people trundled down, two adults and a teen-ager in a sweatshirt bearing the face of Johnny Depp. They’d been outside and had come into the museum for shelter. They went into the carpeted classroom and sat next to a whiteboard featuring a handwritten time line of Ukraine’s history.
-
-Online, we could see images of families massing in the subways of Kyiv. Built during Soviet times in anticipation of nuclear war, the subway stations are among the deepest in the world—some as far as three hundred feet below street level. I asked if Svitlana needed to check in with her own husband and kids. No, she said. She already had got word on her phone that they were sheltering in place. Her kids’ school had a basement they used during raids.
-
-“They started practicing before the invasion began,” she said, “I didn’t approve of this. I thought it was scary to the kids, to have them doing these drills.” Like so many Ukrainians, Svitlana didn’t think the invasion would actually happen—even when a hundred thousand Russian troops were amassing at the border.
-
-Her son is twelve and her daughter is five, and by now they’re used to the drills. Her children play games while they shelter in place. At the beginning of the invasion, Svitlana had taken her kids west for a couple of months, but now that the fighting has moved to the eastern front, she is content to stay in Kyiv. With every Ukrainian victory, more residents of the city have returned from elsewhere in Europe and the western part of the country. “I can’t imagine living in Poland. Living in some gymnasium,” she said. Her husband, like all men between eighteen and sixty, is barred from leaving the country anyway.
-
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-Link: https://www.thecut.com/article/pyer-moss-kerby-jean-raymond-designer.html?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=One%20Great%20Story%20-%20January%2030%2C%202023&utm_term=Subscription%20List%20-%20One%20Great%20Story
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-# The Promise of Pyer Moss
-
-[spring fashion](https://www.thecut.com/tags/spring-fashion/) Jan. 30, 2023
-
-Kerby Jean-Raymond was one of fashion’s most celebrated young designers. Then what happened?
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/4c2/1e8/62ad1babae4d4272593616d1cab3499a8a-Paper-Monday---Kerby-v2.rhorizontal.w1100.jpg)
-
-**On September 10, 2015,** [Kerby Jean-Raymond](https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/pyer-moss-cathy-horyn-the-lost-season.html), the designer of the then-little-known two-year-old brand [Pyer Moss](https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/pyer-moss-cathy-horyn-the-lost-season.html), opened his runway show at the Altman Building on 18th Street with a 12-minute film titled *This Is an Intervention.* It featured graphic cell-phone and body-cam footage of police brutality against Black men, including shootings, and interviews with relatives of those killed.
-
-Invited to sit in the front row were Oscar Grant’s mother, Sean Bell’s fiancée, and Eric Garner’s daughter, while some fashion people had been told to literally take a back seat — in the second or third row. When the show began, the models wore white Doc Martens, some covered in fake blood and others inscribed with Garner’s last words, I CAN’T BREATHE; neck cuffs that evoked choke holds; straps; and uneven, torn-looking, disheveled clothing, as if the models had been tossed around by someone, perhaps the cops. Artist Gregory Siff spray-painted the garments with BREATHE, BREATHE, BREATHE during the show. The film ended with: FOR MORE INFORMATION AND INSIGHT, OPEN YOUR EYES.
-
-It shocked the fashion world, which is better known for producing, and selling, superficial fantasies of perfection and privilege than for engaging in political commentary. For Jean-Raymond, who had started Pyer Moss in 2013, it had been a risk he felt compelled to take. Black Lives Matter was founded in 2013 as well, following the acquittal of George Zimmerman, and the ubiquity of camera phones had made videos of deadly interactions with the police available for everyone to see. When the news came out, thanks to an interview he did with the Washington *Post*’s senior critic-at-large Robin Givhan, that Jean-Raymond was making the film a part of his show, his first venue canceled. Several fashion insiders refused to attend when they were demoted from the front row, and many of his potential buyers were not pleased. But the show made Jean-Raymond a star.
-
-Covering him was an opportunity for the fashion press to feel relevant. He was a noisemaker with something to say, a good interview and headline. At a time when cancel culture and the act of calling out brands were emerging as influential forces, even white people understood that his critique of the exclusionary fashion world was valid. He attracted the support of Anna Wintour and other members of the fashion Establishment, who eager to prove that it was inclusive. Reebok started an ongoing, successful partnership with the brand. Black celebrities and politicians allied with him. Wearing Pyer Moss meant you stood for something: Michelle Obama wore a Pyer Moss blazer on *The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon* in 2018. Lena Waithe wore a custom Pyer Moss suit to the Met Gala in May 2019. Kamala Harris wore a Pyer Moss coat on the eve of her inauguration in 2021. For the Black community, it felt as if one of its own was finally breaking barriers on the community’s terms — no code-switching, no making themselves small, no following the rules.
-
-Ten years in, Jean-Raymond’s star has only risen. He hangs out with celebrities (Tracee Ellis Ross, Brent Faiyaz), made a cameo on *Insecure,* and drives flashy cars (a McLaren 720S, an Aston Martin Superleggera, a Porsche GT3 RS). Meanwhile, his brand is nearly nonexistent.
-
-There is no Pyer Moss boutique. The clothing celebrated on the runway was mostly not available to anybody who didn’t have a celebrity stylist to pull it for them, and company insiders complained that quality control was so uneven that at times what was produced was too flawed to be sold. Jean-Raymond sometimes missed deadlines, didn’t always pay bills, started other projects, and alienated allies. He referred to Pyer Moss as an “art project” and seemed reluctant to make practical choices. Among the fashion insiders who had cheered his rise, there has been a growing feeling that he has wasted an opportunity to build something important.
-
-The last straw for many of his early supporters was his couture show in July 2021. Titled “WAT U IZ,” and put on in the U.S. during Paris Couture Week, it was a tribute to the various innovations that Black people have been responsible for, often without credit. The models came down the runway decked out in a jar of peanut butter and a traffic light. A lot of it wasn’t really clothing, much less couture. Even if the professional critics and other members of the fashion press seemed hesitant to publicly express their disappointment, they whispered among each other that he’d lost the plot of his brand.
-
-“The media becomes so enthralled, and some of them get infatuated, and what it does is it causes problems for a creative person because it makes them think they can fly,” said activist and model Bethann Hardison, who encouraged Jean-Raymond early on. “It’s not the artist’s fault or the designer’s or the brand’s fault, but the media brushes underneath them and pushes them so high that everyone is buying it. But me being a garment girl, I’m still looking for the basics because you still have to sell clothes.”
-
-Since the couture show, not much has been heard from Pyer Moss. There’s no shopping function on its website, the last Reebok collection dropped last fall, and the brand is no longer working with its PR company of over five years, the Hinton Group, which had so carefully helped Jean-Raymond build the sort of heroic press most small designers could only dream of. Over email, Jean-Raymond expressed surprise that anyone would think poorly of his brand. “I feel a huge sense of responsibility to everyone who believes in me and what Pyer Moss has come to represent,” he wrote. “Pyer Moss means everything to me.”
-
-It is understandably very difficult to make a small independent designer into a sustainable business these days. And yet the notable level of anger and resentment toward Jean-Raymond, especially among those in the Black fashion community who thought he was changing the game, is an especially vivid example of the dangers of overpromising. “For a lot of black designers and designers of color, there’s this added pressure,” says Givhan. “You’re not just doing it for you, you’re doing it for the community. And if I don’t get it right, will there be another opportunity?” In his first decade as a designer, Jean-Raymond has failed to play by fashion’s most basic rules: provoke, yes, but use the attention to make and sell clothing.
-
-The spring-summer 2016 collection made him a star. Photo: Fernando Leon/Getty Images
-
-**Born in** **East Flatbush,** Kerby Jean-Raymond was raised by his father, who had emigrated from Haiti to Brooklyn in the early ’80s and worked as a cabdriver and, later, an electrical technician. Kerby had a tough upbringing: His neighborhood was one of the most violent in New York and had been an epicenter of the crack epidemic. His mother died in a house fire during a trip to Haiti when he was 7, and he spoke often about how badly he was treated by his stepmother, who gave her own son Christmas gifts while he got nothing. He lost several friends to gun violence and the prison system, and, like many young Black men, he had a number of terrifying encounters with racist cops.
-
-Jean-Raymond didn’t hide his vulnerabilities, often leaving people, even those doing business with him, with the urge to protect him. “If you spend time around him, it’s very clear that there’s something wrong, or something that happened to him in the past, all of the signs of someone who was just trying to hold on,” said one former employee.
-
-Jean-Raymond knew he wanted to be a fashion designer early on, after falling in love with Dennis Rodman’s Nike Air Worms. He was eager and ambitious from the start. At 13, he got his first after-school job at a sneaker store in Flatbush called Ragga Muffin. At 14, while attending the High School of Fashion Industries, he landed a design internship with Kay Unger, a local womenswear designer who produced Georgina Chapman’s Marchesa, where Jean-Raymond later interned. At 15, he launched his own fashion line, Mary’s Jungle, backed by $150 from Unger. He then did freelance design for Marc Jacobs, Theory, Kenneth Cole, and Badgley Mischka. Before Pyer Moss, prompted by his opposition to the war in Iraq, he started a T-shirt line printed with slogans like WE WON’T FIGHT ANOTHER RICH MAN’S WAR.
-
-After graduating from Hofstra University with a business degree, Jean-Raymond worked at AT&T, among other places, before deciding to pursue fashion full time and launching his own brand. An initial investment of $35,000 from his former business partner Rayon Baker helped him start Pyer Moss in 2013. The name referenced his late mother’s maiden name as well as the name of a cousin of hers, who was already in the U.S., that she had used on her green-card application. The company started out offering just menswear, which took inspiration from motocross and samurai. Rihanna wore one of his leather jackets, but most of his first runway models were white.
-
-Brittney Escovedo, an early employee and the co-founder of Beyond8, the production company for all of Jean-Raymond’s shows, said that at first, the designer’s focus was on making Pyer Moss a serious fashion brand. For Jean-Raymond, that meant not being too outspoken, casting thin white models, and focusing on themes that didn’t necessarily relate to him personally but appealed to the general public. There was, by all appearances, little emotion. “I don’t really believe that was 100 percent who he was,” said Escovedo. “He was throwing these things against the wall, and they weren’t sticking in a real way, so when it came to the Black Lives Matter show, I think he was fed up. It was his way of expressing his creativity in the most authentic way possible.”
-
-In February 2016, his fall collection put a spotlight on Black mental health with buttons attached to jackets and commander caps that referenced self-medication through drug use: ACID, BOOZE, LSD, MOLLY. He ended the show with a model carrying a sign down the runway that read MY DEMONS WON TODAY. The line was taken from the last message posted by MarShawn McCarrel, a Black Lives Matter activist who had committed suicide earlier that month. It was Jean-Raymond’s first show to be covered by *Vogue* Runway, a coveted accomplishment for any fashion designer. In September 2016, his spring collection, “Bernie vs. Bernie,” made a statement about privilege and wealth and was the first show in which he integrated a live performance, this time by Cyrus Aaron and Austin Millz.
-
-By then, Pyer Moss was getting regular coverage from all the heavy hitters: fashion critic Vanessa Friedman at the New York *Times, Vogue,* Givhan, Fashionista, *Women’s Wear Daily, Harper’s Bazaar,* and Cathy Horyn at the Cut*.* All were coming around to making the same point: Jean-Raymond was doing something interesting. He was up next.
-
-“He was rolling in at a time when it was very good that someone like him was coming along, and people were very excited by not only what he was doing but the way he looked, the way he spoke, everything,” said Hardison.
-
-In November 2017, Jean-Raymond announced that he had landed an 18-month contract to design Reebok by Pyer Moss. “It was important for me as a Black man to usher in Black creatives,” said Damion Presson, the global-entertainment-marketing director at Reebok at the time. “I feel like the footwear industry is a culture that profits immensely off of Black culture, and I thought it was important to help uplift and get some of these designers that don’t necessarily have the same notoriety as the bigger names. I told Reebok if Anna Wintour and all these write-ups in these other fashion outlets are in support of Jean-Raymond, why wouldn’t we get onboard?”
-
-Reebok seemed to make the right bet. In 2018, Pyer Moss won the CFDA/*Vogue* Fashion Fund Award. The winner of the award gets $400,000 and mentorship from a fashion executive to help them develop as a business. Jean-Raymond’s mentor was Laurent Claquin, head of Kering Americas, the luxury-retail conglomerate behind brands like Balenciaga and Gucci.
-
-What made Pyer Moss stand out was in part Jean-Raymond’s tenacity in doing things his own way. He was determined to control his message and prevent it from being co-opted. After he used some of the Reebok money to buy out his original backer, the company became independent. “As soon as I felt like I had enough of a cult following, I was like, *I don’t need to abide by the rules,*” Jean-Raymond said in a 2020 *Surface* profile headlined “The Free Agent,” a nickname bestowed on him by Claquin.
-
-He refused to follow the typical show schedule, which meant there were no specific seasons associated with his collections and no consistency around when to expect new clothes from the brand.
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-“The energy dissipates quickly, and if you don’t capitalize, you get caught on spending way too much and making little to nothing,” says Joseph Ferrara, an adjunct professor of marketing at NYU and co-founder of Resonance, a technology company that helps fashion brands with production, who worked with Pyer Moss.
-
-Still, Jean-Raymond was gutsy. He wore a T-shirt that read IF YOU ARE JUST LEARNING ABOUT PYER MOSS, WE FORGIVE YOU during a meeting with Wintour in which he showed her his collection. For his CFDA/*Vogue* Fund competition show, fashion editors were forced to come to Brooklyn … in the rain, no less. The outdoor show, titled “American, Also. Lesson 2 — Normal,” held at Weeksville Heritage Center, in a neighborhood founded by freed slaves in the 19th century, featured a performance by a gospel choir with music curated by Raphael Saadiq. The choir was one of his trademark gestures speaking to his authenticity. Members of the Center’s staff complained they weren’t invited, nor were residents of the neighboring Kingsborough Housing Projects, though Jean-Raymond had promised an invitation and free clothing — “a total lie,” said a former employee. Meanwhile, the $300 hoodies reading WEEKSVILLE NEW YORK Jean-Raymond sold bothered some staffers of the nonprofit. “It’s just a slap in the face to us; the Weeksville community are not folks who can spend $300 on a sweatshirt” when the center needed money, one noted.
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-Three years after his Black Lives Matter show, “American, Also” celebrated Black leisure. The artist Derrick Adams, whose work is suffused with everyday Black joy, collaborated on the pieces. Jean-Raymond was making a point: As he told the *Times,* “You know what we wrote on the mood board in the design studio as our takeaway for this collection? We wrote, ‘Black people like muffins and *Seinfeld* too.’”
-
-Forgoing the fashion calendar, Jean-Raymond took a full year after winning the CFDA/*Vogue* Fund Award to put on his next show. It took place at Kings Theatre in East Flatbush in front of an audience of 3,000. Brent Faiyaz opened the show accompanied by a 90-person choir; *Stranger Things* actor Caleb McLaughlin walked the runway; and celebrities including Normani, Tracee Ellis Ross, and Quavo showed up. The show, titled “Sister,” was an homage to Rosetta Tharpe, the queer Black woman who invented rock and roll, with cropped jackets hemmed with piano keys at the bottom and guitar silhouettes. It was a collaboration with Sean John (which, under the direction of Sean “P. Diddy” Combs, was the first Black-owned brand to win a CFDA award). The show reportedly cost $400,000 to mount.
-
-“It was like a Black family reunion,” said Stefanie Tomlin, the former general manager at Kings Theatre. “It was so Black. It was so central and core to Black culture and who we are. I felt like it was representative of me — I felt like it was representative of us.”
-
-**From left:** The spring 2020 runway show at Kings Theatre. Photo: Sean Drakes/WireImagePyer Moss Reebok sneakers. Photo: Fernanda Calfat/Getty Images
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-**From top:** The spring 2020 runway show at Kings Theatre. Photo: Sean Drakes/WireImagePyer Moss Reebok sneakers. Photo: Fernanda Calfat/Getty Images
-
-**According to insiders at Pyer Moss,** the brand’s 2018 Black leisure collection was never produced for sale. But some of the looks appeared on red carpets, worn by celebrities such as Gabrielle Union-Wade and Laura Harrier, and in fashion editorials, like one on Refinery29 featuring Yara Shahidi. The 2019 collection was designed with the help of Christopher John Rogers, who went on to win the 2021 CFDA Womenswear Designer of the Year Award for his own work. That was seen by many critics as one of Pyer Moss’s strongest collections, and the clothes showed up on the red carpet on people like Lexi Underwood and Jean-Raymond himself. But Jean-Raymond and Rogers didn’t continue to work together, and the collection was sold only in very limited quantities on the brand’s website.
-
-Jean-Raymond also used his runway collections to pay his respects by collaborating with celebrated Black fashion brands that had paved the way for him: Cross Colours in February 2018, FUBU in September 2018, and Sean John in September 2019. Aside from one T-shirt from the Sean John collaboration, none of these garments ever went into production.
-
-More and more, it seemed that Jean-Raymond, the amazing showman with big ideas, had only limited interest in doing what it took to make and sell clothes.
-
-To these critiques, Jean-Raymond is defiant. “Fashion houses often use shows as opportunities to display creativity, and not everything from the runway makes it into production,” he noted in an email. “I don’t know why we would be held to a different standard. We are a ten-year-old fashion brand that regularly sells from the runway clothing and other items, including bags, sneakers and footwear. It’s our business.”
-
-The 2021 Pyer Moss Met Gala after-party at Junior’s in Brooklyn. Photo: David X Prutting/BFA.com and Jojo Korsh/BFA.com
-
-**But for some, the minuscule** output presented a mystery. As Joseph Ferrara said: “Where is the product that we’re associating with this awesome story?” For those who joined the company believing, as one put it, “he’s like this god, and you go there thinking we’re going to change lives,” the work became increasingly frustrating.
-
-“I’m a designer — I don’t need another designer around me,” Jean-Raymond said in a 2018 interview with the New York *Times.* He is, in fact, not a trained designer, which isn’t rare in the fashion industry. He also insisted on running both the creative and business sides — there was no Robert Duffy to his Marc Jacobs, no Giancarlo Giammetti to his Valentino.
-
-As a result, people who worked there say, decision-making was haphazard and eccentric, and the environment often felt high-handed. He didn’t like for employees to set out-of-office messages on their email accounts when they were out of the office. (“That was offensive to him because we’re not a corporate company,” said a former employee on the design team.) Jean-Raymond wouldn’t invite staffers to meetings if he felt he couldn’t trust them, even if those meetings were necessary for them to attend in order to do their jobs. Another former employee on the design team pointed out to Jean-Raymond that the brand’s price points and quality didn’t align. (“I mean, Conway and Rainbow have better stuff,” the former employee told me.) After that exchange, this person started getting pulled off calendar invites. “It just didn’t really feel like a team atmosphere,” another member of the design team said. At times, workers weren’t allowed to make eye contact with Jean-Raymond and had to “earn” privileges to speak to him.
-
-According to several insiders, the design process often felt like “gaslighting” when Jean-Raymond would deny asking for things he had asked for or would rush things that “he didn’t want us to spend time on fitting,” saying the designers were making it all too “complicated.” The craftsmanship suffered. Staffers recall that he could be paranoid: He was convinced the baby-blue pleated dress that opened Givenchy’s September 2018 show copied the pleated skirts from his September 2018 show, though they debuted only a few weeks apart. He would constantly compare himself to and put down other designers, including Virgil Abloh.
-
-“One minute, if you’re listening to him, we’re best friends; he loves me. We’d go over his house and he’d say, ‘I’m gonna introduce you to Beyoncé,’” said one former employee. “But if you’re like, ‘I don’t think you should do this,’ then it was like, ‘I hate you, you don’t believe in my business, you don’t believe in what we’re doing, you don’t trust me.’”
-
-In May 2021, Jean-Raymond let one of his executives and best friends, who had no background in design, take over a collection that a designer was working on. When the samples came back, nothing fit right (“You couldn’t even get it over your head,” said a former employee.) Former designers say this happened repeatedly. Jean-Raymond denied this, saying that he was the only designer on the collection and that “we sometimes receive samples that don’t have the correct fit, but this is true across the industry and is just part of the process of making things.”
-
-A couple of months earlier, the brand had released a video series called “Always Sold Out” about people really wanting to buy Pyer Moss but finding that everything was unavailable. One film, titled *Production and Persuasion,* featured Tracee Ellis Ross on the phone yelling at factories to produce clothing for the brand, asking them how they were treating their workers, and bribing them with cheesecakes.
-
-According to several people with firsthand knowledge, cheesecakes wouldn’t have helped much. Pyer Moss was often late in paying factories and, as a result, did not have good relationships with them. Contrary to what the Pyer Moss website implied, often when items were listed as “sold out,” it was due to very limited stock rather than high demand.
-
-A look from Pyer Moss’s couture show. Photo: Cindy Ord/WireImage
-
-**In February** 2021, Jean-Raymond was invited by the Fédération de la Haute Couture et de la Mode to show. Usually, that would mean in Paris, during Couture Week, but instead he chose to do it 3,500 miles away at Villa Lewaro, originally the home of beauty mogul Madam C.J. Walker in Irvington, New York. According to a former employee, Jean-Raymond got the opportunity to present a couture show through connections at Kering. The brand pulled strings even though Pyer Moss had never done couture nor did its business seem ready to support a couture line, but the gamble made sense: The status that comes with being the first Black American designer at Couture Week would make history.
-
-Usually a couture show takes a year to prepare, at the very least six months, but insiders told me the design team started making prototypes less than two months ahead of time. (Jean-Raymond says “sampling began” in April; the show was in July.) The sewers were still finishing items the night before. “Something this big requires so much development. I had to find someone to make a gigantic sandal. Those aren’t the kind of things you could just find with a phone call,” said Wendi Williams-Stern of Studio Unbiased, an L.A. company that specializes in couture tailoring, who worked on the show. Jean-Raymond said he wanted to disrupt haute couture, but the pieces Pyer Moss put on the runway looked more like costumes for a school pageant.
-
-“You’re looking at 25 different projects that need to be done in two months, and all we really got to start was looking at images — there weren’t, like, prototypes at first,” said Williams-Stern. “The pieces could have been a little better if we had more time.”
-
-A week before the show, several employees warned Jean-Raymond of the likelihood of a rainstorm the day of the show. He insisted that they stick with the scheduled date. “It’s not gonna rain, you’re so negative, you’re always so negative,” a former employee recalls him telling the weather-worriers. “So then everyone just went with it. At the end of the day, Jean-Raymond does what he wants to do; he’s the one who has the final say.”
-
-It did pour on the day of the show, but people still showed up to support Jean-Raymond and wait out the storm, and eventually the event turned into an impromptu party. “It became sort of fun. Kerby comes out of nowhere, and he starts handing out little joints, and the music’s good underneath that little tent. It was a moment that you would never remember, and it became memorable,” said Hardison. Then, at the request of Jean-Raymond, the team put on the same exact show two days later, and a lot of the same people came out again. People were always rooting for him. That decision added significantly to the cost. “The collection was expensive because we had to mount the show twice due to rain,” said Jean-Raymond. “It was hard. We had to repair the ruined set and do our best to salvage the samples. It turned out to be a beautiful experience that created a lot of coverage and excitement for the brand.”
-
-Jean-Raymond was blowing through his money. According to several employees, Kering had by that point dedicated millions of dollars to Jean-Raymond, partly via Jean-Raymond’s incubator program, Your Friends in New York, and partly via an investment in Pyer Moss. Some staff thought that while it was noble that Jean-Raymond wanted to help bring up young creatives, it seemed a bit ambitious to start a program giving other designers advice when he was having a hard time keeping Pyer Moss afloat.
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-The money Kering invested in Pyer Moss wasn’t always put to good use, according to company employees who watched it come in and go out. Some was used to pay old bills and overdue invoices. Much of it went to the development of multiple collections that never came to fruition. It was used to throw spur-of-the-moment parties and helped fund a documentary about the brand. It was used for a company trip to Joshua Tree for team bonding during which Jean-Raymond flew in a shaman to guide an ayahuasca ceremony. “To suggest that we used funds inappropriately is wholly false,” Jean-Raymond said. “Designers and employees often receive an annual trip to Paris during market. During the pandemic, we went to Joshua Tree instead because Europe wasn’t open for U.S. travel. This is where we did a majority of the design for the couture collection.”
-
-Jean-Raymond was known for having a camera crew around, an arrangement some compared to being on a reality-TV-show set. “He forced everyone to get mic’d up,” one former employee remembers, “and he thought it was great to overact on-camera.” What Jean-Raymond described as “an investment in the marketing of the brand” didn’t go entirely as planned. “The film was not delivered in the creative direction that we … agreed on, so we decided to finish the film with another agency,” he said, which led to some disagreement on what should be paid. “We have since found an amicable solution.”
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-At one point, according to several former employees at Pyer Moss and a former Kering employee, Kering executives voiced concerns about just where their money had gone. According to a Kering spokesperson, no formal process to find out was ever enacted: “There was no audit, nor was one requested. There is no change in our relationship with Kerby, Pyer Moss, and Your Friends in New York.”
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-In December 2021, Jean-Raymond laid off most of his team; several employees said they were let go with no severance. They said Jean-Raymond told them the company was shutting down and had no more money, only to hire two more rounds of employees (and then fire them) right after. He claimed he was going to Dubai to find investors and told the employees the company “would love to work with us in the future” and that they “would hear from them at the start of the year.” The former employees never heard back. (Jean-Raymond denied ever firing people because he couldn’t afford to pay them.)
-
-There’s no denying that Jean-Raymond pushed the boundaries of what a fashion show could be and created space for other designers of color to make bold statements and explore their identities. In an email, Anna Wintour praised “Kerby’s talent and vision, not to mention the way he constantly questioned the fashion system” and stressed that “fashion has for him been the perfect medium for his restless, questioning mind.”
-
-But many people wanted more from him than an interesting art project. They wanted him to run a business. That’s what makes his trajectory so frustrating for the people who had the power to help him, who wanted him to win.
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-“A lot of people go in really excited to work with and be involved with a brand that feels like it’s connected to culture and community and wants to give back,” said a former design-team member. “This is the higher message that everyone has associated with the brand. However, once you are inside, you realize there’s nothing to be a part of because it’s not real.”
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-Jean-Raymond hired another team between March and April 2022, including designer Andre Walker, who didn’t stay for long. According to a former employee, Pyer Moss was having trouble paying factories for samples — Jean-Raymond denies this — and was trying to repair its relationship with Kering. “I didn’t feel comfortable moving things forward with a lot of factory vendors that I knew we couldn’t pay for. So I would get pricing and do all of everything but putting anything into production,” said a former employee. “It does feel like I was there and did nothing.”
-
-Jean-Raymond had plans to show again during Paris Couture Week, but he eventually realized he couldn’t afford it. In August 2022, he laid off his newly hired team, keeping only his personal assistant and one other employee, telling them the brand had no more money and he couldn’t make payroll.
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-Pyer Moss had a lot stacked against it. Smaller brands almost always lose money. They lack the scale of production of larger brands, and for the entirety of Pyer Moss’s existence, the old department-store and boutique systems that once supported upstart companies were in crisis. (RIP, Barneys New York.) And the pandemic upended production, delivery, and supply chains. Givhan says most brands that are the same age as Pyer Moss aren’t yet profitable, “but the thing with him is it just didn’t seem like there was a route to making money.”
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-Yet there is also a playbook of sorts for making it: Create what industry insiders call a “hero product” that enough people could buy to sustain the larger business.
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-Telfar is a good example of this strategy. The brand, founded by Telfar Clemens in 2005, started to hit over $1 million in sales after its shopping bag became popular in 2017. Prior to that, the brand was pulling in only $100,000 in sales per year.
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-In April 2022, Pyer Moss had finally launched its own collection of handbags and shoes and announced it to the *Times,* which dutifully hyped it with the headline “The Next It Bag?” Prices ranged from $200 for a wallet to $1,800 for a small purse. The line was made in Italy; Francesca Bellettini, chief executive of the Kering-brand Saint Laurent, whom Jean-Raymond told the *Times* he considered his “fairy godmother,” made the connection. According to the article, it was something of a revelation that he could do more than create a performance; he could make clothing that sells. “Bottega Veneta sells clothes and has shows,” he said. “Chanel sells clothes and has shows. Pyer Moss was known for shows, but people are going to get their basics from somewhere, so they should have the option to get them from us.”
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-Jean-Raymond was advised by his finance and design teams that the brand should start at a more realistic price point and place an order for a small amount from the factories to test how the accessories sold. He ordered over $2 million worth of product, much of it still sitting in the office today.
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-As one employee put it, “Fashion is a hard business to make real money in, but what was so frustrating and disappointing is that you get this huge investment, which is the dream for so many designers, and you blow it on dinners and Airbnbs and bullshit.”
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-To date, the only hero product Jean-Raymond has successfully produced is himself.
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--   [It’s Glo Time](https://www.thecut.com/article/glorilla-music-profile.html)
--   [The Hustle of Women in Hip-Hop](https://www.thecut.com/article/2023-spring-fashion-cut-cover-editors-letter.html)
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-[See All](https://www.thecut.com/tags/spring-fashion-issue-2023/)
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-The Promise of Pyer Moss
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-# The Purposeful Presence of Lance Reddick
-
-[remembrance](https://www.vulture.com/tags/remembrance/) Mar. 18, 2023
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-## From *The Wire* to *John Wick*, the late actor was in perfect control of all his performative gifts.
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-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/f29/a19/84f091bfd14598f0bc3c96f97945f83fd8-lance-reddick-portrait.rvertical.w570.jpg)
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-Photo: Jeff Vespa/WireImage
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-Lance Reddick was an actor of such precision, both physical and emotional, that every little adjustment made in character was a purposeful piece of a coherent whole. Over decades of work in TV, film, and voice acting, Reddick cultivated a certain persona: the perfectly postured, sonorously voiced authority figure; a man of dignity, morality, and some rigidity; the guy to whom others turned when difficult decisions needed to be made. As Thomas Wayne, one of the superhero genre’s most beloved dads, in *Batman Unburied*; as Los Angeles city councilman Irvin Irving, aggressive and uncompromising, on *Bosch*; as double versions of the rule-following, then rule-bending, Homeland Security agent Phillip Broyles on *Fringe*. But Reddick was as magnetic when upholding that image of frosty vehemence and hard-staring loyalty as when carving fissures within it, or when flat-out disrupting audience expectations by distorting his gravitas into something goofier, more light-footed than straight-backed.
-
-An actor who moved fluidly between comedy and drama, Reddick felt like a gift wherever he appeared, from video games like the *Destiny* franchise (which he also played, posting clips of himself on social media) to celebrity-rattling sketch-comedy experiments like *The Eric Andre Show*. ([Reddick was gamely unflappable in the face of Andre’s weirdness](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5urkfdMUXo&ab_channel=AdultSwim).) He could play it straight for unanticipated humor, using a somber deadpan to [deliver a line as silly](https://twitter.com/tj_mackey432/status/1301253486391316480) as “They figured out that the source of the goo is you,” in a *Tim & Eric’s Bedtime Stories* sketch about a septic tank full of semen. He could go big, [declaring with a smile](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRgqrsXhxog), “Now, we all know there’s no God,” to a room of cowed employees in the Comedy Central series *Corporate*. He could humanize any character with little notes of mortal concerns: pushing up his glasses before entering a shoot-out as the buttoned-up [Continental concierge Charon](https://www.vulture.com/2021/12/lance-reddick-answers-every-question-we-have-about-john-wick.html) in the *John Wick* films; [squinting in confusion](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-6AEF7mmyc&ab_channel=SceneGenie) at a waitress limiting the number of “unlimited” breadsticks his clone can order in the [*Resident Evil* reboot](https://www.vulture.com/article/resident-evil-netflix-series-review.html). He radiated masculine grace and self-assured integrity, a sense that his agility and allegiance were always an asset to whomever was [lucky enough to count him on their side](https://www.vulture.com/2023/03/lance-reddick-death-tributes.html).
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-Yet among all of this work — and there were decades of work, more than 100 credits on his filmography, plus [an array of still-unreleased projects](https://deadline.com/2023/03/lance-reddick-dead-john-wick-chapter-4-ballerina-percy-jackson-film-tv-projects-1235303708/) — the role that gave Reddick the most freedom to wield his many performative gifts was Cedric Daniels, Baltimore police lieutenant turned police commissioner turned defense attorney, in HBO’s [*The Wire*](https://www.vulture.com/2012/03/drama-derby-finals-the-wire-vs-the-sopranos.html). Reddick had other, longer-running television projects, like the aforementioned *Bosch* and *Fringe*, but Daniels was his most defining role. The character is a narrative nexus, connecting *The Wire*’s police, politicians, lawyers, and bureaucrats not through his mistakes, but through his reliability, expertly conveyed by Reddick’s steady presence and clear gaze amid all that pressure. Reddick grew up in Baltimore, and he returned to the city for David Simon’s series, appearing in premiere “The Target,” in finale “-30-,” and in every single episode in between. That’s [60 total installments](https://www.vulture.com/article/the-wire-best-episodes-ranked.html) in which he evolved Daniels from a chain-of-command-following hard-ass to one of the series’ most consistently principled figures.
-
-*The Wire* argued many things (that the world is never black-and-white, but all gray; that systems decay from the inside out; that the economic hardships disintegrating the American working class are irreversible), and its characters were all compromised in some way. Daniels wasn’t unblemished; as early as the first season, *The Wire* alludes to an incident in his past in the Eastern District that made him the target of an FBI investigation. But what Reddick communicated through those minute modifications in gaze, timber, cadence, and body language was the interiority of a man who long ago decided to be better than he once was, and who would try, as much as he could, to model that behavior both for himself and the officers in his charge. And when another character tried to tell Daniels that all that effort was for naught? That meant we got to see him lose his temper, and Reddick was great at that.
-
-Consider one of his [most memed lines](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VokJcUh4qw4): “This is bullshit,” first uttered in season-one episode “The Wire.” Daniels has been assigned to lead a special-detail investigation into Baltimore city drug dealer Avon Barksdale. Midway through the season, Daniels is pulled into a meeting with his higher-ups, who want him to quickly wrap up the ever-sprawling investigation and get a conviction on a few isolated crimes so they can “go home like good old-fashioned cops and pound some Budweiser.” Reddick’s reaction here is a master class in incrementalism, a glimpse into his acute understanding of how far Daniels could be pushed in the name of hierarchy before losing his cool. First he looks away from his superior, and quirks his mouth in bemused irritation. Then, that sculpted jaw turns back to his subject, his eyes side-long and scornful. The pause he takes after “this” is emphatic; the rush between “is” and “bullshit” an acceleration of disgust. There are many [vulgar moments](https://www.vulture.com/2018/02/the-wire-oral-history-fuck-scene.html) that [became iconic](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UXJZgOiVAI) in *The Wire*, but “This is bullshit” was a glimpse into what Daniels stood for, an ideological constitution that Reddick conveyed with sharp-edged righteousness.
-
-The camera stays on Reddick for that line, because *The Wire* knew that if Daniels had a punchy line or monologue, the camera should *always* stay on Reddick to capture the choices he would make in service of a moment. The series turned early and often to Daniels as a contrast to its more impetuous, foolhardy characters, and these scenes, which usually were just Reddick and another actor in conversation, allowed his grasp of Daniels to shine. In second episode “The Detail,” Reddick controls Daniels’s range of reactions — indignant fury to cool abhorrence — as he questions his officers about their attack on the residents of a housing project. The twitch in his jaw as he coaches one of them into a lie of self-preservation gives away his revulsion at using the system to protect a man who blinded a teen. As with “This is bullshit,” Reddick was adroit at knowing when to take a beat or when to sprint, when to make eye contact or when to look away, to exude his seething frustration with the status quo.
-
-When Reddick stood up and buttoned his jacket, a smooth movement that amplified his graceful height, you knew Daniels was fed up with being taken for a fool. When he pulled out the slow blink and head shake, you knew Daniels was going to say something the other person didn’t want to hear but needed to. Reddick was particularly skilled at delivering insults with barbed venom, and more than once his exasperations felt like a mouthpiece for the series’ writers on the societal ills they were addressing: “You’d rather live in shit than let the world see you work a shovel” to the city’s police commissioner; “If a fucking serial killer can’t bring back more than a couple of detectives, what the hell does it matter that you have a fresh phone number?” to a homicide detective requesting more resources. Those lines hit as hard as they do not only because Reddick was never melodramatic or overwrought, but also because he allowed a sense of sly humor, and a winking charm, to peek out from behind Daniels’s surface austerity.
-
-Sometimes, Daniels’s sardonicism came from the same moral code that guided his policing, and Reddick’s physical touches provided enjoyable friction between his character and the criminals he was chasing. In “One Arrest,” he lets a small-time crook and trafficker explain how he would rob a house before introducing himself, with a broad grin and extended hand, as “Cedric Daniels, but I mostly go by ‘Lieutenant.’” In a meeting with Davis, his wide eyes and guileless “Good” in response to the state senator’s insistence that he’s not involved with drugs are wonderfully, mockingly facetious. Even without dialogue, Reddick’s reaction shots were visual gold: his serpentine expression when a racist colleague tells Daniels to put aside “the black-white thing”; his assessing look of amusement at watching the men in his unit struggle to get a desk through a doorway; and his grimly droll response to the traitorous Jimmy McNulty getting into the elevator with him in the series finale. The tightness of Reddick’s face, and his clipped delivery of “To be continued” to the shamed McNulty, assure us he’ll keep his promise of retribution.
-
-In the years since *The Wire* aired, police-related scandals in Baltimore (including the one that inspired [Simon’s and George Pelecanos’s](https://www.vulture.com/article/david-simon-george-pelecanos-we-own-this-city-finale-interview.html) latest collaboration, [*We Own This City*](https://www.vulture.com/article/we-own-this-city-review.html)) have raised questions about the impact of [“good police”](https://www.vulture.com/article/we-own-this-city-finale-speech-analysis.html) like the one Reddick inhabited for five seasons. But what that argument overlooks is that Daniels was a figure driven not by a romanticized belief that cops are always right, but a hard-earned knowledge that they aren’t, and Reddick walked that line with poise and empathy. *The Wire* gave Reddick the time to figure out everything that made Daniels tick and the space to share his humanity, the weariness in his voice when he worried that if you “bend too far, you’re already broken,” the gentle guidance to an advice-seeking subordinate that if “you show them it’s about the work, it’ll be about the work.” A character actor whose screen presence was inimitable and who gave *The Wire* the core of decency it needed, Reddick showed us who he was through his work, too.
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-The Purposeful Presence of Lance Reddick
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-# The Radical, Lonely, Suddenly Shocking Life of Wang Juntao
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-After years of resisting China’s regime, an exile confronts murder and espionage in Queens.
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-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/bcb/bde/a2449d523e6ec74f2bfb30725a31215be2-ChineseDissidents-NEW.rhorizontal.w1100.jpg)
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-Wang Juntao in 1976 and today. The text references his first, “unforgettable” term in prison. Photo: Alex Hodor-Lee; Courtesy of Wang Juntao (archive)
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-This article was featured in [One Great Story](http://nymag.com/tags/one-great-story/), *New York*’s reading recommendation newsletter. [Sign up here](https://nymag.com/promo/sign-up-for-one-great-story.html?itm_source=disitepromo&itm_medium=articlelink&itm_campaign=ogs_tertiary_zone) to get it nightly.
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-A few days a week, Wang Juntao, a primary organizer of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and one of the world’s most renowned Chinese dissidents, travels from his home in New Jersey to his office in Flushing. He drives to the train station with the cheapest parking, then takes the path to the LIRR to Main Street, emerging to the whiff of fish and cigarettes and the roar of planes making their final approach to La Guardia. Skirting a stretch of street vendors and Falun Gong practitioners, Juntao cuts up 41st Avenue toward the weather-beaten headquarters of the Democratic Party of China, the organization he has led for more than a decade, dedicated to the overthrow of the [Chinese Communist Party](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/01/china-economy-property-bubble-reopening-zero-covid.html).
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-New York has the greatest number of exiled Chinese activists in the world, and Flushing is the effective headquarters of the *minyun —* the movement for democracy in the People’s Republic of China. The cause, which counted thousands of adherents in the period after Tiananmen, has dwindled in recent years to include perhaps a few hundred active dissidents. Juntao’s office is not a glamorous space. Located above a noodle shop and an internet café, it has boxes piled in the entryway, and the bathroom doubles as storage for the old-school tools of protest: megaphones, signs, paintbrushes.
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-Juntao usually sits in a folding chair at the head of a long table covered in fraying plastic. At 64, he is impish and disarming with a prominent comb-over and an even more prominent paunch. When I went to see him in Flushing recently, he pulled back a curtain to reveal shelves of wine and liquor and offered me a cup of red. “I’m a professional revolutionary,” he said in a heavy Beijing accent. “You have to drink, you have to fight, you have to be tough.”
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-Being a dissident is “a miserable life,” Juntao told me after a couple of rounds. When he still lived in China, the Communist regime put him in prison twice, and for decades he’s had only limited contact with his family to spare them official harassment. “The Chinese government hijacks your relatives,” he said. “If you love them, you have to pretend not to love them.” In Flushing, some of his fellow activists were now in their 70s and 80s, and every time they gathered, there seemed to be another empty seat. Meanwhile, the news from China brings constant reminders of the Communists’ increasingly authoritarian rule, from internment camps in Xinjiang province to mass surveillance powered by facial-recognition technology. For almost three full decades in exile, Juntao has kept alive the dream of a democratic revolution in China, but he is no closer to seeing it realized.
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-This past March, Juntao was hit with back-to-back shocks. His closest friend and colleague in the *minyun*, Jim Li, who’d been by his side since before Tiananmen, was murdered. Two days later, another intimate member of their circle, Wang Shujun, was arrested by the Department of Justice and accused of spying on dissidents for China’s intelligence service. (Juntao and Shujun are not related.) When I first visited him, Juntao was reeling, trying to make sense of the killing and the alleged espionage. For months, he indulged a cloak-and-dagger theory that the two crimes were related. But even as he mourned, he remained optimistic about the push for Chinese democracy. His life, he said, has had “four ups and three downs.” Even if the movement was at an ebb, it was only a matter of time before the political tide changed. “When it’s down, you cannot make a difference,” he said in August. “But you can make a difference in yourself. And the difference in yourself will determine if you’ll have a chance when it’s up.” Soon, he predicted, President [Xi Jinping](https://nymag.com/tags/xi-jinping/) would lose enough support that he would face a backlash.
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-In the Chinese diaspora, that kind of faith is rare. Many would call it quixotic. In October, Xi secured an unprecedented third term as president, seeming to extinguish hopes of reform in the near future. It also seemed to validate a strategy favored by a new, post–Tiananmen generation of activists: to abandon the idea of a widespread uprising and focus on more realistic goals, like persuading western companies to cut ties with factories in areas where ethnic minorities are being persecuted.
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-Then, incredibly, Juntao’s prediction came true. In November, after ten residents of an apartment building in Ürümqi died in a fire, the Chinese internet lit up with accusations that Xi’s stringent “zero COVID” policies had made it hard for them to escape the blaze. Protesters filled streets across the country, from the industrial city of Zhengzhou to the elite Tsinghua University in Beijing. Some called for Xi to step down. It was fearless rhetoric of a kind nearly absent since Tiananmen, and shocking to anyone who has watched China embrace growth over political liberty and seen it crush dissent.
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-The rallies belied everything the cynics and incrementalists thought they knew. Young protesters were waving signs and appearing maskless in front of police, risking their freedom and maybe their lives. Even more astonishing, the demonstrations seemed to work. Within ten days, the strongest authoritarian government in the world reversed course on one of its signature policies, abruptly easing lockdown restrictions.
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-Juntao’s platitudes about keeping the democratic flame alive during the darkest hours suddenly felt true. And while political analysts were careful to note the limited scope of the civil disobedience, a new generation had learned the lesson Juntao has spent his life trying to impart: that change is always possible. The next time we met, in late November, he was buoyant, calling the eruption a “turning point.”
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-He only wished Jim Li had lived to see it.
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-Wang Juntao in Times Square. Photo: Alex Hodor-Lee
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-Juntao grew up privileged on the campus of a Beijing military academy where his father was a high-ranking official. His name means “billowing wave of the army,” and he imagined that one day he would be a great military figure. “I dreamed of leading the Chinese army to defeat West Point graduates,” he said. Juntao was 7 when the Cultural Revolution began in 1966, and he waved flags and sang songs as a dutiful Little Red Guard. But he also had a contrarian streak, devouring romantic *wuxia* epics in which wandering knights perform heroic deeds against daunting odds. In 1976, when a reported one million people filled Tiananmen Square to mourn the death of Zhou Enlai and criticize the so-called Gang of Four that had battled him for control of the government, Juntao led his high-school classmates in joining the demonstrations. Many of the protesters posted poems in the square, and the four Juntao put up are considered some of the most famous. One of them read, in part: “I swear to slaughter the traitors to fulfill the wishes of my elders / Armed with high spirits, I have no fear of knives or axes.”
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-His poems angered several members of the Communist elite, including Mao Zedong’s wife, and Juntao was jailed for 224 days *—* one for every word. He told me he was “proud” and “excited” to spend his senior year in prison, recognizing the value of notoriety. “I realized I would be very special,” he said. He saw it as an opportunity to learn about aspects of society that were closed off to most people, and the other inmates showed him that it was possible to live outside the system, independent from the party. “I learned a lot from those criminals,” he said.
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-It was a thrilling time to be a young democrat in China. After Deng Xiaoping began introducing market reforms in 1978, glimmers of liberal experimentation appeared: Villages began holding elections, and newspapers started investigating corruption. Peking University was the center of this political ferment, and after enrolling there to study nuclear physics, Juntao quickly established himself as a campus leader. By 1986, he had become a celebrity activist, and he took his organizing to Wuhan, where a friend introduced him to a law instructor named Jim Li.
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-Jim*—*who then went by his Chinese name, Jinjin *—* also came from a family loyal to the Communists. Before they took over in 1949, his father had been a tailor. By the time Jim was born, in 1955, he was a teacher at the police academy of Hubei province on his way to becoming a department head. For a time, it looked like Jim would follow in his father’s footsteps. He enlisted in the army at 15, serving as a telegraph operator, and later joined the Wuhan police department, assigned to catch pickpockets on city buses. But his politics changed at the Hubei College of Business and Finance, where he studied law and wrote a thesis on the U.S. Constitution. A professor who worked on China’s 1982 Constitution *—* which introduced reforms like term limits*—*showed him that changing the system was possible. Jim returned to Wuhan to teach, and upon meeting Juntao, he recognized a fellow idealist. They loved debating and drinking. Juntao was brash and provocative; Jim was serious and diligent, a scholar with a temper that could erupt unexpectedly.
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-Juntao and Jim soon moved to Beijing. Juntao helped start a think tank and staffed it with political scientists, economists, and statisticians *—* a bold new example of civil society existing independent of the [Communist Party](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/do-republicans-know-what-communism-is.html). Jim, who was lean and handsome with thick, expressive eyebrows, pursued a doctorate in law at Peking University, where he was elected president of the graduate-student body, a position that put him on the fast track to Party leadership. “If he had not joined the Tiananmen movement in 1989, his future would have been limitless,” a fellow activist told me.
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-In April 1989, after the death of Hu Yaobang, a liberal Party elder who had championed many of the country’s free-market reforms, students flooded into Tiananmen Square to demand wholesale change: accountability, due process, democracy. The protests lasted for weeks. As the crowds grew, Juntao, who was all but living at the square, began mediating between protesters and the government. He was a moderating force, ultimately trying to negotiate a deal in which the demonstrators would evacuate in return for the Party granting more independence to student publications, among other concessions. Meanwhile, Jim was working to organize a union called the Beijing Workers’ Autonomous Federation. Aside from a group that had briefly operated in Taiyuan years before, it was the first independent labor organization in the country. “Our old unions were welfare organizations,” Jim told a young New York *Times* reporter named [Nicholas Kristof](https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/26/world/upheaval-in-china-tide-turns-toward-chinese-hard-liner.html). “But now we will create a union that is not a welfare organization but one concerned with workers’ rights.” Jim’s alliance scared Beijing’s party elite: That same month in Poland, a similar coalition had successfully negotiated for reforms with the Communist government.
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-On June 3, Jim got on his bike and headed toward Tiananmen for another night of protests. On the way, he heard gunshots and saw students running in the opposite direction, some injured and bloodied. The [Chinese military](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2015/09/china-shows-off-its-military-in-huge-parade.html) had opened fire on protesters, killing hundreds. Jim turned back. A memoir he wrote in 2009 offers no further details.
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-Juntao tells his account of the atrocity sparingly, too. “I’m sick of talking about the past before I get to the future,” he said. “I have to focus on what I’m doing now.” That night in Beijing, he was waiting to meet a friend at a hotel when word came of a shooting, and he asked his driver to take him to the scene. He saw wrecked cars and a protester who’d been shot dead. He spent the next few days trying to arrange escape routes for activists, then changed his clothes, permed his hair, and fled the city.
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-After the massacre, the Communist Party rounded up as many protesters as it could. Many escaped the country, but thousands were arrested and an unknown number were executed. Jim was caught after a few days and sent to prison in Beijing on charges of “counterrevolutionary propaganda and incitement.” In 1991, after 681 days behind bars, he was released when the government decided not to prosecute. He sold real estate and taught at small schools for two years, until the authorities allowed him to leave the country, along with his wife and son, and attend Columbia University.
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-Juntao spent four months after Tiananmen on the lam, working under a fake name at a factory in a small mountain town. After his arrest, Premier Li Peng said at a Politburo meeting that Juntao “must be shown no mercy.” Prosecutors accused him of being one of the “black hands” manipulating the Tiananmen protesters and charged him with “plotting to subvert the government.” A show trial resulted in a sentence of 13 years for him and a colleague, Chen Ziming *—* the longest of anyone involved. “It’s an absurdity,” a Western diplomat told Kristof, who wrote about the case for the front page of the *Times*. “They needed somebody to blame for millions of people marching on the streets, and in public it’s come down to blaming these two guys.”
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-In prison, Juntao contracted hepatitis B that went untreated for months. He agitated for proper medical care, writing letters to top officials and staging repeated hunger strikes. The authorities put him in solitary confinement to prevent him from influencing fellow prisoners, but it didn’t work: The other inmates regarded him as a “king,” he told me. Even some guards treated him with respect, calling him “No. 2.” (Chairman Mao was No. 1.) Juntao sent holiday cards to his interrogators, writing, “I think of us as friends, not enemies.”
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-In 1994, after relentless petitioning by his then-wife, Hou Xiaotian, and international pressure on China to improve its human-rights record in exchange for trade privileges, Juntao was let out of prison early to seek medical treatment in the U.S. He immediately took a flight to New York and was so excited to begin his new life that he didn’t sleep for 24 hours.
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-Jim Li at Tiananmen Square in 1989.
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-At Columbia, Jim found that the celebrity of his Tiananmen activism afforded him no great status. He and his family lived in an apartment near the university, and to make rent he delivered food for a Peking-duck restaurant. Later, they moved to the Midwest so Jim could get two degrees (a master’s of law and a doctorate) at the University of Wisconsin; eventually they settled in Queens, where they crammed into a one-bedroom apartment, sleeping on a borrowed mattress.
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-Juntao spent three years at Harvard, where he earned a master’s in public administration, then got another master’s and a Ph.D. in political science at Columbia. When he and Jim finally reunited in New York, then in their late 30s, they picked up their boozy bull sessions, conspiring to influence Chinese politics from afar. Hou described the pair as “like brothers.” They lobbied members of Congress to support fledgling pro-democracy groups in China and to pass resolutions promoting human rights there. A [1995 profile in the Washington *Post*](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1995/06/25/long-distance-dissident/e8301f9a-b8bb-4e49-a16b-311cd44326d8/) described Juntao briefing a group of representatives, including Nancy Pelosi, in a small room at the Capitol and laying out a complicated strategy to use the expected death of Deng Xiaoping to unite reformers within and without the Communist Party and trigger a democratic reckoning.
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-In Flushing, Juntao and Jim organized events commemorating the anniversaries of the Tiananmen massacre and met with visiting Chinese dissidents. They teamed up to create advocacy groups, including the Chinese Constitutionalist Association and China Judicial Watch, and joined many more; Jim wrote the charter for the Federation for a Democratic China. But as one similar-sounding organization after another was founded, with similar personnel and similarly vague aims, China grew exponentially more powerful, navigating its way from global pariah to iPhone-making, Olympics-hosting juggernaut. The dissidents of the *minyun* had fiery rhetoric, but with Democratic and Republican administrations alike looking past human-rights issues to encourage investment, they were shouting in vain.
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-Juntao and Jim’s ambitions began to diverge. Juntao was an absolutist, always calling for total victory over the Communists. In 2010, he created a new branch of the Democratic Party of China *—* an organization that had started 12 years earlier in Hangzhou, had been promptly banned, and was then claimed by at least half a dozen splinter groups in Flushing alone. Juntao’s iteration grew to eclipse the others, with a shifting roster of a few hundred members. Juntao began organizing weekly protests in New York and D.C., leading “study sessions” for members to learn about democracy, and offering news analysis on Chinese-language talk shows. His office became a clubhouse and de facto social-services center for new immigrants. He dispensed advice about where to live, how to find a job, and which lawyers were most dependable. “I’m their priest,” he said. “I give them faith.”
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-Jim remained deeply opposed to the Communists. (Juntao recalls that Jim once saw an old couple dancing to a traditional Communist song in Chinatown and yelled, “Go back to China, fuck you!”) But his true calling had always been the law, not politics. He started a legal practice in Flushing on a shoestring budget and soon developed a reputation as a rigorous attorney specializing in immigration, asylum, and sensitive “Red Notice” cases protecting clients from being extradited to China. But he was a bad businessman, hiring friends and family and taking on too many cases for free. To attract more paying clients, Jim began attending social events hosted by a “hometown committee” *—* an organization friendly with the Communist Party. When his dissident allies objected, Jim told them, not very convincingly, that he was trying to influence the group’s politics from the inside.
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-Within a few years, he had saved enough to buy a house in Jericho, Long Island, and taken up skiing and golf. When his parents immigrated, Jim bought a house for them, too, on a leafy street in Flushing. Jim’s father, bitter that his son’s activism had hurt his career, often warned him not to do anything “against China.” Jim would reply that he was working not against China but against the Communist Party. Either way, Jim grew more moderate as he got older. In 2006, he co-founded the Hu Yaobang & Zhao Ziyang Memorial Foundation, an organization dedicated to persuasion and reform, not revolution.
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-Jim also drifted to the right in U.S. politics. He voted for Donald Trump, largely because of his aggressive stance on China. On January 6, 2021, Jim posted on Twitter a video of the [insurrection at the Capitol](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/2021-insurrection-aftermath.html). He condemned the violence but objected to media descriptions of the crowd as a “mob.” “When students occupied the Square in 1989, the Communist Party said they were thugs,” he wrote in Chinese, adding, “Today we are not trying to overthrow the American Constitution, we are just expressing it.”
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-Jim in 2020. Photo: Jim Li & Associates
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-For younger Chinese activists, the Tiananmen generation is no longer the vanguard. In September, I went to Washington to visit Jewher Ilham, a prominent young advocate for Uyghur rights. On the fourth floor of a modern office building on K Street, Ilham, who is 28, explained how she helped persuade more than a dozen fashion brands to stop sourcing their products from Xinjiang province, where the government has reportedly operated forced-labor camps. “Some of them freaked out, like, ‘Oh my God, what should we do?’ ” she said. “Either for ethical reasons or because they’re smart enough to see there’s a global trend that’s coming.”
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-Ilham, who works at the Worker Rights Consortium, left for the U.S. in 2013 after her father, the economist Ilham Tohti, was detained by police at the Beijing airport. She’s since campaigned for his release and the fair treatment of Uyghurs, whose suppression by the Chinese government the U.S. has called a “genocide.” When I mentioned the 1989 generation, she grew reticent. “I think we work separately,” she said diplomatically. “There’s a gap.” Some pro-democracy leaders have questioned aspects of the Uyghur-rights movement. Wei Jingsheng, who led the influential Democracy Wall movement in Beijing in 1978, has suggested, spuriously, that the Uyghurs have committed genocidal acts of their own; he has been accused by Uyghur activists of parroting Communist talking points about their history.
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-Other younger dissidents are concerned more with practical, day-to-day issues than toppling the Party. At the McDonald’s on Flushing’s Main Street, I spoke with Yang Zhanqing, 44, a leader of the “rights defense” movement, which focuses on protecting Chinese citizens from land seizures, sex-based discrimination, and police abuse, using Chinese law to push back against the government. Yang and his cohort keep a purposely low profile. Whereas Juntao’s crew shouts in Times Square every weekend, Yang asked me not to mention details of his group’s recent activities, fearing retaliation.
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-The Trump era only widened the rift between the *minyun*’s old guard and the youth. Teng Biao, a human-rights activist and professor at the University of Chicago, says that many older dissidents support Trump because they adhere to a “conservative brand of Western liberalism.” Having come of age under Mao-style socialism, when enemies of the regime were labeled “rightists,” they came to associate the right with virtue and to conflate progressive ideas with authoritarianism. Now, when Teng goes out to dinner with friends, he says, “we have to consider, ‘Oh, this person is a Trump supporter, this person is not.’ That’s a big harm to the dissident community.”
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-A young Chinese feminist activist I spoke with did not even want to be mentioned in the same article as the *minyun*. “We don’t see those people as our role models,” they said. The generations may share some experiences of being persecuted by the Communists, they explained, “but if they’re expecting us to learn from them *—* no.”
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-The activist also rolled their eyes at the old guard’s relative disinterest in progressive causes like racial justice. When I asked Juntao about Black Lives Matter, he said he supports the idea but is concerned about “security”: “If you tie the policeman’s hands, then criminals get their chance.” Countless American-born boomers have fallen out of ideological step with millennials and Gen Z; it’s that much harder for those speaking U.S. politics as a second language.
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-But the *minyun* needs fresh blood to survive. That is why, early last year, when a young woman arrived in Flushing eager to join the movement, Juntao and Jim gave her a warm welcome.
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-In January 2022, a 25-year-old named Zhang Xiaoning showed up at Jim’s office and asked for a meeting. She said that she’d been raped by a police officer in Beijing and that when she filed a complaint, the government covered it up and put her in a mental institution. Zhang got out and flew to the U.S in August 2021. She’d been trying to bring attention to her ordeal, protesting in front of the U.N. and the White House. Now she needed a lawyer to help her apply for political asylum.
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-Jim was sympathetic but wary. Zhang seemed to have “emotional problems,” he wrote in a memo. But untreated mental-health issues are common in China, and while there were some discrepancies in Zhang’s story *—* in some paperwork, she complained of “sexual harassment” instead of rape *—* Jim trusted her. He agreed to take on Zhang’s case for free.
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-Over the coming weeks, they met several times to work on her asylum application, and Zhang acted more and more strangely, according to Jim’s memo. She asked whether Jim felt guilty about participating in the pro-democracy movement, given the “pain” it had caused his family. The memo goes on to describe Zhang emailing him complaining about other members of the *minyun* and calling them dogs; one evening, according to the memo, she phoned Jim nine times, then sent an email calling him a “loser.”
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-Zhang was living at a hostel on Kissena Boulevard in Flushing, sharing a room with several other women for around $450 a month, according to a fellow lodger named Victor. She had few possessions *—* a handful of plastic bags and a coat *—* and almost no money. She didn’t use her real name when interacting with roommates, instead calling herself “An-An.” Victor heard from the landlord that she was obsessed with Jim Li, showing pictures of the lawyer to her roommates and landlord and saying she was in love and wanted to marry him. (Jim’s first marriage ended in divorce, and he later remarried. I never saw any evidence that he was romantically involved with Zhang.)
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-On February 18, Zhang told Jim that the rape story was false. She’d heard of such things happening to other women, she said, but it hadn’t happened to her. Jim said he could no longer represent her. Zhang begged him to reconsider. Now that she’d publicly denounced the Communists, she would almost certainly be persecuted if she returned to China. In New York, she’d already been harassed by officials from the Chinese consulate, she said, and back home the Party had been giving her parents trouble. Having fabricated her case to boost her chances of winning asylum, she was now facing deportation — a worst-case scenario.
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-Zhang returned to Jim’s office repeatedly to try to change his mind. On March 11, she lost her temper and allegedly tried to strangle him. An employee called the police, but when they arrived, Jim asked them to let Zhang go. Later that day, Zhang called Juntao, almost crying, and asked for help. They’d spoken once before, and she knew that he and Jim were close. During an hour-and-a-half-long conversation, Juntao reassured her that she could make amends. All she had to do was bring Jim a dessert and apologize, he said, and the lawyer would come around.
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-Juntao also suggested that Zhang join a protest he was planning for the next day. In Times Square, they met in person for the first time. Zhang was slight and nervous-looking, with rimless glasses. Wearing a blue face mask, she stood in front of a TKTS sign, raised a fist, and chanted, along with Juntao and a couple dozen others, “Free, free China! Democracy China!” At one point, Zhang removed her mask, exposing her face to the cameras. Juntao took it as a sign of her commitment and felt a surge of pride.
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-The following Monday, March 14, Juntao was driving when a friend called to say that Jim had been attacked. Juntao pulled into a parking lot and called Jim’s phone. No one answered, so he tried the office. Someone picked up and told him in a shaky voice that Jim was “gone.”
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-Zhang had shown up at Jim’s building that morning carrying a cake and saying she wanted to apologize *—* just as Juntao had suggested. Jim invited her into his office. A few minutes later, the secretary heard them arguing, and then a shout. She opened the door to discover Jim in his swivel chair, covered in blood, with Zhang standing beside him holding a knife. Another employee charged in and restrained her while the secretary called 911.
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-Jim was pronounced dead at the hospital. The next day, Zhang was charged with his murder.
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-Wang Shujun. Photo: Alex Hodor-Lee
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-The days following the homicide were filled with bewildering developments. Before Zhang’s arraignment, a crowd of journalists and onlookers waited for her to exit the police station. As she passed the cameras, someone yelled, “Do you regret what you did?” Zhang shouted back, “You’re the ones who should feel regret!” As police wrestled her toward a waiting car, she called her critics “traitors” and accused them of “killing students.” Her meaning was obscure, but many assumed she was blaming the *minyun* for the deaths of Chinese citizens killed by soldiers in 1989.
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-On March 16, Juntao visited Jim’s office, taking in the large brown bloodstain on the carpet and laying flowers at a makeshift shrine. Jim’s employees told him they had found a strange clue: a couple of flags Zhang had left behind, representing China and the Communist Party.
-
-At almost the same moment, federal prosecutors in Washington held a press conference to announce the arrest of five men on charges of harassing and spying on Chinese dissidents in America. Juntao knew one of them well: Wang Shujun, a kindly historian who served as secretary general of the foundation Jim had led. According to the Department of Justice, since 2005, Shujun had been collecting intelligence for China’s ministry of state security about dissidents in New York *—* which, if true, would almost certainly have included Jim.
-
-Shujun’s arrest, combined with Zhang’s perp walk and the flags, fueled wild theories about Jim’s death. “When the FBI was about to close the net on Wang Shujun and the foundation, Li Jinjin was suddenly silenced,” one Twitter user wrote in Chinese, referring to Jim by his Chinese name. A local journalist wrote a song speculating about a connection: “They tell the press it’s just a coincidence / But denying the link to the murder makes no sense.”
-
-When I met Juntao for dinner one night in April, he said he’d concluded that Jim was assassinated. “The dissident community has a consensus that this is political murder,” he said. Juntao said he believed the Party eliminated Jim because he was helping the U.S. government expose moles in the *minyun*.
-
-The notion that Beijing ordered Jim’s killing is far-fetched. Nicholas Eftimiades, a former intelligence officer who studies Chinese espionage, said the odds of China sending an agent to assassinate an American citizen on U.S. soil are “pretty, pretty slight.” “If that was to become public, that would sink the relationship between the U.S. and China,” he said. “They’re not stupid.” When I presented this argument to Juntao, he took the classic conspiracist line: *That’s what they want you to think.* If Zhang didn’t behave like an assassin *—* attacking Jim after several people saw her enter his office with no evident plan for escape *—* that was just further proof of her professionalism.
-
-Like any good activist, Juntao’s superpower has always been his ability to see what others don’t *—* to imagine the world as different from what it is. But that skill has a flip side. At one point, Juntao admitted that he can talk himself into believing what he wants to be true. “Sometimes people like me confuse subjective impression with objective reality,” he said. “If we believe something is true, it’s actually based on our hope, not on reality.”
-
-The more theorizing I heard from Jim’s friends and colleagues, the more it started to sound like a form of grief. One reason his death hit the community so hard was that he didn’t live to see a democratic China. Jim’s peers were confronting the likelihood that they, too, wouldn’t see it in their lifetimes. They were mourning not just a friend, but also the cause.
-
-After all they’d suffered, Jim’s death needed to have meaning. If it had been a state-sanctioned assassination, then he died for a reason. The hardest thing to accept would be that he had died at the hands of a disturbed maniac *—* in other words, for nothing.
-
-Zhang, who pleaded not guilty, is detained at Rikers Island while her case progresses. She wrote me two letters, in perfect penmanship, declining to answer questions. But she did say she was disillusioned with the *minyun*. It’s not hard to understand how someone in her position would be frustrated: Groups like Juntao’s Democratic Party of China promise to help immigrants apply for asylum and trot them out in front of cameras to denounce the Communist Party. If their applications fail, they might well feel trapped and desperate, unable to live in the U.S. legally and unable to return to China.
-
-Some of Juntao’s dissident peers have argued that this practice of boosting asylum applications in exchange for party dues and donations — Juntao calls them optional “thank-you gifts” — exploits immigrants and sullies the purity of the cause. Juntao bristles at this criticism, saying that even if new arrivals join his group for self-interested reasons, he can still persuade them to embrace democracy. He likewise rejects the argument that his entire project has failed because the Chinese Communist Party still rules. “People blame us, saying China is still under the CCP. I say, ‘Who do you think I am?’ I’m not a rainmaker. I’m not a god,” he told me once, in a rare flash of anger. “If someone says, ‘The CCP becomes stronger and stronger,’ I say, ‘Your fault is much bigger than mine. I did my best, but you did nothing.’”
-
-If there’s no evidence that Zhang was a trained killer, the U.S. government’s case that Wang Shujun is a Chinese operative is richly documented. So is the fact that the People’s Republic cares deeply about the activist scene in New York and commits extensive resources to monitoring it. In 2020, the Justice Department charged a New York police officer with gathering intelligence on the city’s Tibetan community for the Chinese government. (Prosecutors recently moved to drop the case, citing new, unspecified “additional information.”) In October, federal authorities accused a father and daughter living in Queens and on Long Island of participating in “Operation Fox Hunt” *—* a covert Chinese campaign to harass dissidents and other Chinese nationals and coerce them into returning to the mainland. And this month, the *Times* reported that the FBI had raided a suspected Chinese “police outpost” at a building on East Broadway, one of more than 100 such offices around the world that surveil the Chinese diaspora.
-
-Shujun was always more scholar than activist. After studying military history at one of China’s top academic institutions, he moved to New York in 1994. He published more than a half-dozen books of popular history, some of which sold well in Hong Kong and mainland China. In 2006, a dissident friend recommended him to serve as secretary general of the new Hu Zhao Foundation *—* of which Jim was also a founding member *—* and he accepted. According to the FBI, Shujun started collecting information about the activist community and passing it to Chinese officials. An indictment filed in May alleges that between 2005 and 2022, Shujun met with Ministry of State Security officers during trips to China, communicated with them on a messaging app, and shared information in the form of “diaries” he’d save to an email-drafts folder that Chinese agents could access. The indictment alleges that this amounts to conspiracy and failure to register as a foreign agent, among other crimes. (Shujun denies the charges and many details of the FBI’s account. His lawyer, Kevin Tung, said, “My client maintains his innocence and would like a judge to decide his case.”)
-
-Some Flushing dissidents say they long suspected Shujun. “He didn’t speak honestly,” said one, Edmound Jiang, who thought Shujun treated him too much like a celebrity when he arrived in the United States. “It wasn’t natural. I’m just a regular person.” (Not long after we spoke, Jiang fell and died.) Juntao also doubted Shujun’s loyalty, partly because he traveled to China regularly and partly because he would ask about the nitty-gritty of *minyun* activities. “Nobody cares about the details except a spy,” Juntao said.
-
-In 2012, Juntao shared his concerns with Jim. They were planning to hold a conference (“Deadlock, Breakthrough, and China’s Democratic Transformation”) with guests invited from around the world, including mainland China. Juntao was worried that the Chinese government would stop some of them from leaving the country, so he told Jim not to share the roster with Shujun. According to Juntao, Jim brushed him off. When the guests applied for permission to leave China, they were rejected. Juntao suspects Shujun alerted the authorities. (Shujun disputes this account, saying he did not see the guest list and that any rejections had nothing to do with him.)
-
-On July 31, 2021, while Shujun was staying at his daughter’s house in Norwich, Connecticut, a young man knocked on the door. According to the DOJ’s version of events, when Shujun opened it, the man said he was sent by “the boss” to deliver a message. Shujun invited him in. The man said “headquarters” wanted to warn Shujun that the FBI had been monitoring him, and offered to help him delete his “diaries” and other messages, according to the indictment. Shujun allegedly provided the young man with his passwords and told him to delete some of the diaries, but not so many that it would look suspicious. The young man *—* an undercover FBI agent *—* recorded the entire conversation.
-
-Months elapsed, and Shujun was not arrested; then, two days after Jim was killed, he was. The Justice Department declined to answer my question about whether the two events were related.
-
-On a sweltering morning in August, I went to Shujun’s apartment in Flushing, where he is free on bail. In his dimly lit living room, he turned on a fan, set down three cups on a table beside me *—* coffee, tea, and room-temperature Pepsi *—* and sat in a chair directly opposite me, our knees almost touching. At times, he leaned in so far that our faces were only a foot or two apart. He spoke energetically, with large gesticulations, which, along with his thick black hair, made him seem younger than his 74 years.
-
-The DOJ’s case is all a big misunderstanding, Shujun told me. Sure, he’s met three of the four MSS officers mentioned in the indictment. And yes, he did have multiple lunches with one who was helping Shujun’s son-in-law in Hong Kong collect debts. But he never accepted money from them, he said, and the information he shared was all public. (On this last point, the DOJ disagrees.) Plus Shujun emphasized that it was his job to spread the news of pro-democracy activities. Jim had encouraged Shujun to tell Chinese officials about their work, he said. “If Li Jinjin were still alive, he’d be my biggest defender.”
-
-To my surprise, Juntao defended Shujun. Even if Shujun was taking money from the Communist Party, it probably wasn’t for political reasons but rather as “a business,” Juntao said. “It’s the Chinese way,” he said. And anyway, Juntao said, he’d rather have an informant be someone he knows. That way, “I control what kind of information they get.” He said he still considers Shujun a friend who supports democracy. I found Juntao’s forbearance strange at first, but perhaps it makes sense for someone tired of losing friends.
-
-Jim’s funeral in late March was an extravagant affair. Some 300 mourners gathered at the Chun Fook Funeral Home in Flushing, spilling out of the main room into the lobby, and countless wreaths and hand-painted poetry banners decorated the walls.
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-Juntao hung off to the side with a huddle of activists, grousing. Jim’s family wanted the ceremony to be strictly apolitical; in some ways, it even favored the Communist Party. The music was a dirge typically played at the funerals of party leaders, and at one point, a guest carrying a sign with the famous Tiananmen “tank man” photo was escorted out. A signed obituary circulated, listing Jim’s legal colleagues above the pro-democracy crew.
-
-Some members of the *minyun* thought the sanitized occasion was an insult to everything Jim had believed. He may have lost some of his revolutionary zeal as he adapted to a life of home ownership and golf, but he still loathed the Communists. When Juntao went up to speak, he ignored the no-politics rule and gave a rousing eulogy praising Jim’s quest for freedom and justice, invoking the memories of fellow dissidents and imagining a day when they could hold a public funeral for all of them back in China.
-
-Later, Juntao and his *minyun* colleagues held a second, explicitly political memorial. In an upstairs ballroom at a mall down the street from his office, they told stories about Jim’s activism in Wuhan and Beijing and how he’d kept up the fight in the United States.
-
-Absent from either ceremony was Jim’s elderly mother, who lived just a mile away. After some discussion, Jim’s friends and family had decided not to tell her that her son was dead. Instead, they told her he had gone abroad.
-
-All summer and fall, week after week, Juntao held his usual rallies in Washington and New York, unfurling the same banners and chanting the same slogans. After the breakthrough COVID protests swept across China in November, we met in his office one last time. I asked if the burst of public dissent vindicated his long-term approach to change. Juntao replied that every generation has to come by its democratic awakening organically, often after some experience of repression. “Some ideas passed from us to them,” he said. “But they may not even know.”
-
--   [China’s Economic Model Is in Crisis (and Xi Knows It)](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/01/china-economy-property-bubble-reopening-zero-covid.html)
--   [Ian Bremmer on How Putin, Xi, and Elon Musk Are Alike](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/01/on-with-kara-swisher-ian-bremmer-on-autocrats-elon-musk.html)
--   [What It’s Like in China As Everyone Gets COVID](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/an-american-on-living-through-chinas-new-covid-outbreak.html)
-
-[See All](https://nymag.com/tags/china)
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-The Radical, Lonely, Suddenly Shocking Life of Wang Juntao
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-Link: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/06/05/the-secret-sound-of-stax
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-&emsp;
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-# The Secret Sound of Stax
-
-It wasn’t the singing; it was the song. When Deanie Parker hit her last high note in the studio, and the band’s final chord faded behind her, the producer gave her a long, appraising look. She’d be great onstage, with those sugarplum features and defiant eyes, and that voice could knock down walls. “You sound good,” he said. “But if we’re going to cut a record, you’ve got to have your own song. A song that you created. We can’t introduce a new artist covering somebody else’s song.” Did she have any original material? Parker stared at him blankly for a moment, then shook her head.
-
-No. But she could get some.
-
-Parker was seventeen. She had moved to Memphis a year earlier, in 1961, to live with her mother and stepfather, and was itching to get out of school and start performing. She was born in Mississippi but had spent most of her childhood with her aunt and uncle in Ironton, Ohio, a small town on the Kentucky border. Her grandfather had sent her there after her parents divorced, hoping that she could get a better education up north. Her aunt Velma was a church secretary and a part-time college student; her uncle James worked for the C. & O. Railway. They gave her piano lessons at a Catholic convent and elocution lessons at home. On Sunday afternoons, her aunt would take her to church teas and teach her proper etiquette—how to fold her white gloves in her purse and set her napkin on her lap. In Ironton, the races were allowed to mix a little. Churches and most social clubs were segregated, but Parker went to school with white kids and sometimes even played in their homes. If she closed her eyes, she could almost imagine that there was no difference between them.
-
-Deanie Parker, shown with Al Bell, Jim Stewart, and the civil-rights leader Julian Bond, at a Stax sales conference in 1969.Photograph courtesy Stax Museum of American Soul Music Archive
-
-Not in Memphis. Memphis never let you forget your place. It was the capital of the Mississippi Delta, the home of the Cotton Exchange, where plantation owners once made their wealth. Whites lived downtown and in the better houses to the east; Blacks were in the poor and working-class neighborhoods to the north and south, corralled there by redlining. Schools, bars, restaurants, buses, libraries, rest rooms, and telephone booths all had their shabbier counterparts across town, their shadow selves. (When the city parks were finally desegregated, in 1963, the public pools shut down rather than let Black people in the water.) Even Beale Street and its blues clubs kept to one side of the line: the street ran along the southern edge of downtown, where whites could step into a club without walking through a Black neighborhood—or having Black musicians walk through theirs. “Every single thing was segregated, from cradle to grave,” a local civil-rights leader later recalled. “I never really understood why the graveyards had to be segregated, because the dead get along with each other pretty well.”
-
-On her first day at Hamilton High School, Parker wore her favorite outfit: a pleated floral skirt with a sleeveless, orange-and-fuchsia top—perfectly matched, as her aunt Velma had taught her. She might as well have had on a ballroom gown. Everywhere she went, the kids snickered and stared. Most of them were dressed in hand-me-downs or castoffs from their parents’ white employers. Who did she think she was? To survive in this two-sided city, she realized, she would have to vary her behavior to match. It didn’t take her long. “I think it’s in the DNA,” she says. “Or like this old Black lady once told me, ‘It’s in the Dana.’ ”
-
-Singing was her secret strength. She’d been doing it since she was five years old, in the sunbeams choir at her African Methodist Episcopal church. She could read music and outline harmonies and knew most of the Wesleyan Methodist hymnal by heart. In Ironton, all you could get on the radio was country music. She lived for the moment every night, at nine o’clock, when she could catch a signal out of Nashville—WLAC playing “I Don’t Want to Cry,” by Chuck Jackson, or some other rhythm-and-blues hit. “I knew what I liked to listen to and the music that moved me,” she says. “I didn’t have that, and I wanted it so badly.”
-
-In Memphis, it was everywhere. The city was both a foreign country and her heart’s home. By five in the morning, her grandparents were tuned in to Theo (Bless My Bones) Wade, who played spirituals on WDIA radio. Then A. C. (Moohah) Williams or Martha Jean Steinberg would come on with doo-wop and R. & B. and handy tips for homemakers, or Nat D. Williams, the city’s first Black disk jockey, would play some B. B. King or Nat King Cole. The station’s fifty-thousand-watt transmitter could blast over any color line. “I cut my teeth on that music,” Parker says. “I learned harmony and timing through the disciplined music of the church. But what I wanted to do was not about that. It was about ‘Let it go and let it flow.’ ”
-
-Her glee-club director must have heard it in her voice. Memphis schools had long been feeders to the record industry, and the teachers knew how to foster talent. The city’s first high-school band director, Jimmie Lunceford, took his students to Harlem after they graduated, and they became the house band at the Cotton Club in 1934. By the time Parker arrived, WDIA had a rotating cast of rising stars called the Teen Town Singers. [Isaac Hayes](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/how-isaac-hayes-changed-soul-music) was at Manassas High, the Bar-Kays were at Booker T. Washington, and Carla Thomas, the Queen of Memphis Soul, was at Hamilton with Parker. One day after class, the glee-club director pulled Parker aside. She’d heard her sing with some boys from the school who’d started a band. You ought to sign up for the talent show at the Daisy Theatre on Beale Street, she said. First prize was an audition at Stax Records, the hottest studio in Memphis.
-
-Winning was the easy part. For the audition at Stax, Parker sang “The One Who Really Loves You,” a jumpy [Motown](https://www.newyorker.com/tag/motown) number, written by Smokey Robinson, that was a hit for Mary Wells that year. But the producer was after something fresher. When Parker told him that she’d bring some new material next time, she was bluffing. She’d never written a song in her life. “That was the challenge,” she says. “This was the early sixties in Memphis, Tennessee. Where in America could you get that opportunity, regardless of the color of your skin? I wanted to be an artist. I wanted to become a female vocalist to rival Aretha and Gladys Knight. I wanted legs like [Tina Turner](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/the-untouchable-tina-turner). And I was not going to be outdone.”
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a27720)
-
-“We definitely weren’t that happy on our way up.”
-
-Cartoon by Lila Ash
-
-One afternoon, forty-four years later, Cheryl Pawelski was listening to a tape of old Stax recordings when an unfamiliar track came on. Pawelski was a producer for Concord Music Group in Los Angeles. She was putting together a fiftieth-anniversary set of Stax hits, and looking for unreleased recordings for other collections. Most of the Stax catalogue was ingrained in her memory: “Soul Man,” “Theme from Shaft,” “I’ll Take You There,” “(Sittin’ On) The Dock of the Bay.” It was music both blunt and seductive, plaintive and hard-hitting, driven by the world’s best house band, led by the multi-instrumentalist Booker T. Jones. The Motown sound was polished, upbeat, radio-friendly. Stax was grittier and less accommodating—in 1972, the studio threw a benefit concert at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum to commemorate the Watts riots, of 1965. If Motown was Hitsville, the saying went, Stax was Soulsville.
-
-Most Stax hits were written by teams of songwriters and sung by performers like [Otis Redding](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/in-memory-of-otis-redding-and-his-revolution), Isaac Hayes, Sam & Dave, and the Staple Singers. But this song, written by Deanie Parker and Mack Rice, seemed to belong to an alternate history. It was a driving, full-throated duet called “Until I Lost You,” with strings and horns. It easily could have been a hit when it was written, in 1973, yet Pawelski had never heard it before. As she went through the Stax archives, she kept coming across recordings like this, marked as demos and sung by the songwriters themselves. Some were demos of songs that later became hits—raw, emphatic versions, often backed only by a guitar. Folk songs with a deeper pulse. Others, like “Until I Lost You,” had been fully fleshed out in the studio but never released. “They were cut every which way,” Pawelski said, when she told me about the demos a few years ago. “They are all fucking awesome.”
-
-Cheryl Pawelski, the producer of the Stax collection “Written in Their Soul,” outside the Stax Museum.Photograph by Patricia Rainer
-
-I’ve known Pawelski for more than twenty years. When we first met, she was dating my brother’s ex-wife, Audrey Bilger, an English professor and the drummer in an all-female blues band. They’re married now. Pawelski has her own label, Omnivore Recordings, and has won three Grammy Awards for Best Historical Album. Audrey is the president of Reed College, in Portland, Oregon. In their house, every available storage space is stuffed with records, CDs, cassettes, and reel-to-reel tapes—more than seventy thousand in all. Pawelski says that she likes being a college president’s wife, sitting next to an astrophysicist one night and a rhetorician the next. But it’s hard to imagine her in the role. Her wardrobe seems to consist mostly of worn plaids and record-label T-shirts. She wears black rectangular glasses, her hair ruffled like a pile of straw, and charges around with her shoulders squared, her eyes fixed on the next thing and the next. She never seems to get enough sleep, and gives off an energy both frazzled and elated.
-
-Music has always been a treasure hunt to her. As a thirteen-year-old in 1979, living in Milwaukee, she was already trading bootleg concert tapes with collectors across the country—“waiting for the next bag of cassettes from Omaha,” as she puts it. Her tastes were eclectic to the point of omnivory: ABBA, Ella Fitzgerald, Professor Longhair, the Clash, Krautrock, Afro pop—she loved it all. She would ride her bike to a local collector’s house, and they’d trade copies of tapes they’d bought and lists of ones they wanted. She was fascinated by outtakes—demos and discarded studio recordings that tape traders would toss in at the end of a side. “These were songs that I knew backward and forward,” she says. “But there would be a different guitar part, or lyrics that would wind up in an entirely different song. It brewed my little-kid brain. ‘That’s not the song! How did they do that?’ ”
-
-Pawelski wanted to be part of that world, but she didn’t know how. She could sing a little and play guitar, but she knew that she wasn’t a gifted musician. She was obsessed with recordings but not that interested in making them. It was their secret history that consumed her—the story behind the story of the songs she loved. But how could you make a career out of that? “What do you do when you grow up in a sleepy Midwestern town with your ass on fire?” Pawelski says. “I was ambitious, but there is no track for doing what I do. There is no path that will take you there.”
-
-She was on it already, as it turned out. She took a job as a temp at Capitol Records and worked her way up until she was in charge of catalogue development. When she arrived, in 1990, CDs were replacing vinyl as the dominant format, and there was great profit to be made from reissues and boxed sets. By the time she left, a decade later, CD sales had peaked. Songs could be shared online, and streaming services were on the way. Anyone could compile a greatest-hits collection now: it was just another playlist. What you couldn’t do was hear an artist’s unreleased recordings—the songs buried so deep in the vaults that even their keepers had forgotten they were there. Pawelski knew where to find them.
-
-When Pawelski talks about vaults of recordings, I imagine vast underground facilities filled with miles of mechanized shelving. I picture endless rows of master tapes in cardboard boxes marked with barcodes and serial numbers. There are places like that. Universal Music Group keeps some of its masters at Iron Mountain, a 1.7-million-square-foot storage facility deep within an abandoned limestone mine in western Pennsylvania. But the tapes that interest Pawelski aren’t always so well preserved. Some were never logged by the studio or sent to a music publisher. Others were tossed out or misfiled. “A lot of these projects don’t exist if I don’t find them,” Pawelski says.
-
-The Stax masters were recorded on professional audiotape, but the demos came in every condition and format: cassette tapes, studio tapes, quarter-inch home recordings. When Stax went bankrupt, in 1975, its catalogue was chopped apart. Atlantic Records owned all the master recordings made before 1968. The rest were sold to Fantasy Records and later to Concord Music Group. But the demos were scattered across the country. A few ended up in Iron Mountain and places like it. (“There are salt mines everywhere,” Pawelski says.) Some survived only on cassettes that were passed around Memphis for years. Most of the rest were owned by Rondor Music International, a publisher in L.A, but they’d been transferred to digital audiotape. Their original sources were destroyed. Worse, the digital tapes were a hodgepodge of recordings from various artists—everything from Broadway show tunes to songs by the Brazilian singer Milton Nascimento. To sift out the Stax material, Pawelski would have to listen to every tape from start to finish. There were thirteen hundred tapes in all—nearly two thousand hours of music.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a23879)
-
-“Comedy show after the beheading! Free with flyer!”
-
-Cartoon by Ivan Ehlers
-
-“Some projects, I just roll over and I’ve got a record,” Pawelski told me. “But the Stax one was pretty epic.” For the next fifteen years, whenever she was on a plane, train, or road trip, she would listen to a tape or two between stops. When she was home, she would play them while she was working. “It’s got to be horrible to live with me,” she says. “I’d be sitting at the dining-room table and Audrey would be grooving in the kitchen, making dinner, but she never got to hear a full song. As soon as I knew what a track was, I’d go on to the next, until I got to ‘Holy moly, listen to this!’ ”
-
-There were a lot of those moments. By the time Pawelski listened to the last song on the thirteen hundredth tape—on a flight home from New York to Portland, as she recalls—she had found six hundred and sixty-five songs worth keeping. A buried treasure of soul. There were slinky R. & B. numbers and grinding blues, diaphanous ballads and floor-shaking shouters, backed by full horn sections. They were just demos, thrown together on the fly to convince a producer or a performer that a song was worth recording, but there was nothing tentative about them. Deanie Parker didn’t sound like an ordinary songwriter on “Until I Lost You.” She sounded like a star.
-
-“So here’s the thing,” Pawelski says. “Everyone knows Otis Redding and Isaac Hayes. But do they know Homer Banks and Bettye Crutcher? Do they know Deanie Parker? To be able to honor some of these songwriters—it’s more than just getting a cool record out for me. This is the last Stax story. A story that hasn’t been told.”
-
-The studio was an oasis, Parker thought. From the moment she walked in for her audition, in 1962, she could tell that Stax wasn’t like other places. Outside, on the streets of South Memphis, the cops would chase you away if you lingered too long on a corner; the shopkeepers kept an eye on your hands as you went down the aisles. Inside Stax, there was no time for all that. People were too busy making music. The studio was in a converted movie theatre, across the street from a barbershop where one of the Stax drummers used to shine shoes. Its cavernous space was subdivided by curtains and sound panels of pegboard and burlap. The men’s bathroom had been turned into an echo chamber; the concession stand was a record store. When the building was a theatre, it was for whites only, but the studio made no distinction. In every room, musicians Black and white were hashing out lyrics, honing bass lines, or bending over mixing boards, moving sliders into position. “It was magic,” Parker says.
-
-The label had been founded four years earlier by the brother-and-sister team of Jim Stewart and Estelle Axton. They started out in Stewart’s wife’s uncle’s garage, then moved to an old storeroom along a railroad track in Brunswick, twenty miles east of Memphis. To get the money for a recording console, Axton took out a second mortgage on her house. By the time Parker came for her audition, they had bought the movie theatre and christened their label Stax—short for Stewart and Axton. A series of hits had followed, including “Gee Whiz,” by Carla Thomas, and “Green Onions,” by Booker T. & the M.G.s. Atlantic Records had agreed to distribute Stax recordings nationally. (It would be years before Stewart realized that the distribution deal included ownership of the master tapes.) And in 1965 Al Bell, a former d.j. who was a natural salesman, was named the head of promotions. But it was clear to the artists by then that the real money wasn’t in selling records. It was in writing songs.
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-“We all realized it after we got that first royalty statement,” Parker says. “I mean, it was a no-brainer.” A recording artist made a few pennies on every record sold. But a songwriter earned royalties every time a song was covered by another musician or appeared on a recording or on sheet music. It was an endlessly branching revenue stream. Soon, the studio’s musicians were pairing off to collaborate, vying with one another to write the best tunes: William Bell and Booker T. Jones, Eddie Floyd and Steve Cropper, Homer Banks and Bettye Crutcher, Isaac Hayes and David Porter, Mack Rice and Deanie Parker. They met in the Stax offices and studios and at the Four Way grill, where they liked to eat lunch. They went to the Lorraine Motel—one of the few such places in Memphis that allowed Black guests—and holed up in a room until a song was done.
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-The idea could come from anywhere. Bell and Jones wrote “Born Under a Bad Sign” for the blues guitarist Albert King in 1967, when astrology and mysticism were thick in the air. “I had a verse and chorus and bass line,” Bell told me. “So Booker and I went to his house and finished it that night. Albert cut it the next day. He couldn’t actually read, so I had to sing it in his ear. In a couple of takes, he had it down and put his iconic guitar on it.” Floyd and Cropper wrote “Knock on Wood” at the Lorraine, in a honeymoon suite covered in plush red velvet. A storm was blowing outside, and Floyd recalled how that used to scare him as a boy. “I told Steve that my brother and I, when it started thundering and lightning like that, we would hide under the bed,” Floyd says. Before long, another verse was done: “Our love is better than any love I know. It’s like thunder, lightnin’, the way you love me is frightenin’.”
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-Cropper was born on a farm in Missouri, Floyd in rural Alabama; Jones was the son of a high-school science teacher; Bell had planned to become a doctor. Yet they shared the same language. “We had the same input, heard the same radio,” Bell says. “One day gospel, the next day blues, then jazz, rhythm and blues, and country-and-Western. That was the beauty of it. We were all family.”
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-For the most part, at least. Jim Stewart and Estelle Axton were white, as were the members of the original house band, the Mar-Keys. The songwriters were all Black, aside from Cropper, Bobby Manuel, and a few other musicians who contributed to songs. Music was their only common ground. “I had two different childhoods,” Manuel told me. As a boy, he went to all-white schools and lived on an all-white block. Elvis Presley lived a few doors down, at 2414 Lamar Avenue; Manuel used to sneak over and hide in the bushes outside his window, just to hear him sing. But the Manuels’ house backed onto an African American neighborhood, known as Orange Mound. So Manuel would often head over there to eat fried-bologna sandwiches with his friends Butch and Donny, and to listen to their uncle, Willie Mitchell, play the blues. “Some of my white friends would say, ‘Why do you play with those guys?’ But it wasn’t such a thing to me,” Manuel says. “When Willie came to Memphis, it was just like Elvis coming.”
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-The other musicians had similar stories. By day, they lived separate lives in a segregated city. By night, they met onstage at the Flamingo Room or the Plantation Inn, or traded solos in jam sessions at the Thunderbird or Hernando’s Hideaway. It was only at Stax that their two worlds came together—that they could work as closely, and equally, as they played. They just had to be good enough. “It was hard to get in there, man. I felt fortunate,” Manuel told me. “That was the beginning.”
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-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a25658)
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-Cartoon by Jeremy Nguyen
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-For Deanie Parker, music meant a different sort of double life. After her audition at Stax, she went home, sat at the white piano that her mother had bought her—“It was the biggest damn thing you’ve ever seen”—and wrote a bouncy little love song called “My Imaginary Guy.” For the B-side, she wrote a slow tune, “Until You Return,” and she recorded them both in the studio. The single became a regional hit. She wrote her next song with Steve Cropper—a churning torch ballad called “I’ve Got No Time to Lose”—and thought that it would be her follow-up single. Instead, Carla Thomas walked through the studio one day and heard Cropper playing the chords. Thomas was the studio’s biggest star. When she asked if she could record the song, the answer, of course, was yes. “Here’s the thing you must understand,” Parker says. “Jim Stewart would have volunteered to be in a fight with a bear to get the best song for Carla.”
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-Stardom owes as much to circumstance as to talent. Fifty years later, it’s hard to choose between Parker’s demo of “I’ve Got No Time to Lose” and Thomas’s official release. Thomas finds a deeper, steadier groove, with the chorus crooning back her lines and punching in on the offbeat: “No! No! No!” The horns are fuller, swelling and fading in the background, and Cropper’s guitar fills are more intricate and cleanly worked out. But Parker’s version sounds more heartfelt, more true. She leans into the words like she’s talking out loud, too distraught to care what people think: “I’ve got to find my man, make him understand. I’ve got to try and see if he’ll come back to me.” When two voices join in—“No time to lose, no time to lose”—they sound less like backup singers than like girlfriends sitting on her bed, echoing her words as she weeps.
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-“I’ve Got No Time to Lose” was a hit for Thomas. For Parker, it marked the end of her dream of becoming the next Aretha. She wasn’t prolific enough to keep writing hits, and she didn’t have the stomach for touring. She’d been on a couple of road trips with Thomas, Otis Redding, and Booker T. & the M.G.s, but she could never get used to being a Black musician in the South. “You couldn’t check into a hotel or motel. You couldn’t go in the front door of a restaurant. You couldn’t go into a rest room in a service station,” she says. “And, hell, if you were driving a luxurious automobile, you were really asking for trouble.” Thomas had her father, Rufus, to protect her—they toured together as Rufus and Carla. Parker was alone and only eighteen years old. After the shows, the guys in the band would go out drinking or hang with groupies. Parker and Thomas had to stay back at the hotel and lock themselves in.
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-“I learned very quickly that I wasn’t going to be a success on the road,” Parker told me. “I didn’t have the stamina to deal with it. Not in that time, in that place.” Others kept at it. Thomas was still touring long after her father quit performing with her. Bettye Crutcher, Stax’s only full-time female songwriter, continued composing while raising three sons as a single mother and working night shifts as a nurse. Her songs for Sam & Dave, the Staple Singers, and others would later be covered or sampled by everyone from [Joan Baez](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-interview/joan-baez-is-still-doing-beautiful-cool-stuff) to the [Wu-Tang Clan](https://www.newyorker.com/tag/wu-tang-clan). For Black women in an industry as cutthroat and unforgiving as music, success required more than talent and luck. It required sheer, unwavering drive.
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-Eddie Floyd and William Bell, photographed in 1973.Photograph from David Reed Archive / Alamy
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-Parker wasn’t that single-minded. She enrolled in business classes at Memphis State University, worked part time in the studio’s record store—the nerve center of Stax, where Estelle Axton played demos and new singles for customers and tracked their shifting tastes—and eventually established the Stax publicity department. “Those were the early days at Stax, when things hadn’t galvanized yet,” she told me. “We were all searching, all trying to master something, trying to define that Memphis sound.” Parker was essential to the task. She knew the music from the inside, and she was an expert at shuttling between worlds. She would chaperone the artists on interviews and promotional tours—Johnnie Taylor and Albert King were a particular handful—and help explain their music to an indifferent or openly hostile press. “You can tell when a journalist really doesn’t give a shit about you when they won’t even look in your Black face, and that was typical,” Parker says. “Sitting on a gold mine in Memphis, Tennessee!”
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-They paid attention eventually. Hits like “Knock on Wood” and Mack Rice’s “Mustang Sally” were hard to ignore, and Parker had the eloquence and the poise to promote the rest. “Deanie is Memphis friggin’ royalty,” Pawelski says. “She’s the reason, beyond the music, that Stax has such a huge footprint.” Parker would release only one more single under her own name: a sultry girl-group number called “Each Step I Take.” But she never stopped writing songs—including “Who Took the Merry Out of Christmas” for the Staple Singers and “Ain’t That a Lot of Love,” which Sam & Dave recorded. “I’m not the kind of person who can sit in a room like Carole King or Eddie Floyd, doing it over and over,” Parker says. “A song comes to you in crazy ways and crazy places. Somebody might have just cussed you out, or made great love to you, or given you a piece of wisdom. I cannot plan for it. I just think”—she held up the flat of her hand—“let me do it when the spirit hits!”
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-The first time I heard the Stax demos, I was in a studio built by Pawelski’s audio engineer, Michael Graves, in a garage behind his house in Altadena, California. Pawelski and I were slouched in wicker chairs facing a huge monitor on the wall. Graves was perched at a long desk in front of us, manipulating an iPad and an audio interface. When he played the first song—a demo of the 1966 hit “634-5789”—a spectrogram began to scroll across the screen, showing the song’s rising and falling frequencies.
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-Pawelski and Graves were there to master the demos for a seven-CD collection called “Written in Their Soul.” Pawelski had managed to winnow her hoard of six hundred and sixty-five songs to a hundred and forty-six. “That hurt,” she said. “That left a mark.” Fifty-eight were demos of official Stax releases; twenty-two were demos of songs on other labels; the other sixty-six were never released. “634-5789” was from the first batch. The hit version was sung by Wilson Pickett; the demo was by Eddie Floyd. Steve Cropper, who wrote the song with Floyd, played guitar on both takes, but the demo lacked the tight, chugging rhythm of the official release. The reason to hear it was Floyd. His singing had a sweet, almost bashful quality that belied the silky self-assurance underneath. Where Pickett yipped and rasped and leaped to falsetto, Floyd’s voice was full of pleading sincerity. “If you need a little lovin’, call on me,” he sang. “I’ll be right here at home.”
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-Graves paused the song and scrolled back through the spectrogram. He zoomed in on a jagged section where he’d heard a click—a frequency spike between five hundred and a thousand hertz—and smoothed it down. One click gone, a thousand more to go. Tall, fine-boned, and pale, with rose-gold spectacles and a tuft of blond hair, Graves worked with delicate, unhurried precision. When I first met him, in 2007, he was mastering an album of folk songs called “Art of Field Recording,” for which he later won a Grammy. (He has since won three more, two of them with Pawelski.) He dealt mostly with old 78 records back then, trying to unearth music from beneath decades of nicks and scratches and needle wear. Pawelski’s projects posed a different problem. The tracks that she collected were almost always on tape, but in a bewildering variety of formats. To play them, Graves needed a battery of devices that hadn’t been made in years. “People talk about tapes disintegrating,” he said. “They will outlive all of us. It’s the machines that are the bottleneck.” His house was a museum of obsolete technology, populated with devices of every shape and vintage: MiniDisc, Hi8, *DAT*, *ADAT*, and DTRS players, and quarter-inch, half-inch, and two-inch reel-to-reel players. “You can go down a serious rabbit hole of collecting weird, esoteric gear,” Graves said.
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-Without the machines, the music would be lost. But even if you had the right gear and kept it running—“The know-how to fix these machines is almost gone,” Graves said—the recordings could sound terrible. Some were made on noisy boom boxes: you could hear the thunk of the Record button. Some were transferred to digital tape at fluctuating speeds, so the music wobbled out of pitch. Some were recorded on four-track tape but were transferred to two tracks, so two songs would play at once, or one would play forward and the other backward. The newer the tape, the worse its condition. Starting in the eighties, a new adhesive was used to bind magnetic particles to tapes. This absorbed moisture over time, rendering some tapes unplayable. Digital tape was even worse. An analog recording might sound a little dull after a few years, but digital tape lost whole chunks of code. “Either the sound goes away or it’s an ear-piercing screech,” Graves said. “Whatever is trying to read that tape just says, ‘Nope.’ ”
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-Fortunately, he had some digital tools to compensate. If a track went silent for a few measures, Graves might clone a similar passage elsewhere in the song and drop it into the gap. If the song was missing a beginning or an end, he could create one out of a guitar riff or a drum fill. He was like a record producer working on a miniature scale. At one point, Graves pulled up a demo of a song called “Coming Together.” Written by Homer Banks and Carl Hampton, it was an earnest appeal for peace, set to a sinuous groove. “Why must bullets fly before we live as one?” Banks sang. “Why must so many die now, before we ban the guns?” Banks was a Vietnam veteran and a former gospel singer. He sang with keening conviction, but the recording was strangely muffled. Pawelski grimaced. “Now you have to unfuck that for me,” she said. Graves laughed. “My life in noise.”
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-He suspected that when the original tape was transferred to digital it was spooled onto the player incorrectly, flipping the tape inside out. “It sounds like a pillow was held over the speaker,” he said. He tried boosting the upper frequencies to lift the music out of the murk. That brightened the instruments but added a loud hiss. A digital de-noiser could get rid of that, Graves said, but raising the top end had also distorted the singing. To fix it, he needed a program of more recent invention, known as a de-mixer. It took the original recording and disentangled its parts, sending each instrument to a separate track. Graves could now work on the vocal line alone, clarifying the sound without distorting it. When he was done, he dropped it back into the mix and moved on to the next song.
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-“‘Demo’ stands for ‘demonstration,’ ” Pawelski said. “This is not going to sound like it was made last week.” Yet most of the recordings were startlingly clear. The rock and folk demos that I was used to hearing were mostly home recordings. The singer strummed a guitar, or played some chords on a piano, and mumbled a few cryptic lines into a cassette deck. These were nothing like that. All but a few of the demos were professionally recorded, in the same studios as the official Stax releases. Homer Banks, William Bell, and the other songwriters had all been singers first, and the musicians were a crack unit, always on call. Al Jackson, Jr., the drummer in the M.G.s, lived just around the corner from the studio. “It’d be two in the morning and we’d call him up, say, ‘We’ve got something going!’ ” Eddie Floyd told me. “Twenty minutes later, he’s walking through the door.”
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-On official releases, the arrangements were more intricate, more subtly fused: vocals, guitar, horns, and rhythm section, all interlaced in a shimmering fabric. “This music is so much about the groove, about the underlying bass and guitar,” Manuel told me. “It took a long time to get right—it could take twenty or thirty tries. It had to have that magic, the right lick for that moment, and it hooked you. You couldn’t sit still.”
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-The demos didn’t always have that magic, but they had their own sort of potency. These weren’t just sketches or aide-mémoire. They were audition tapes—a writer’s one chance to sell a song to an artist or a producer. Yet they were never meant to be released. Even the best songs that Pawelski found had long since been filed and forgotten. She could dust them off and restore their sound, but she sometimes had no idea who the musicians were, or who wrote the songs.
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-For that, she needed Deanie Parker.
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-“I want this to be good, but not too good,” Parker said, setting a Crockpot full of spaghetti on a table. “I don’t want them to think that they’re here to fill up.” We were standing at a buffet station in the Stax Museum of American Soul Music, waiting for the other Stax songwriters to arrive. Built in 2003 on the site of the former studio, the museum is part music school, part performance space, archive, and memorabilia collection. (Booker T. Jones’s Hammond organ and Cropper’s Telecaster sat in glass cases along the walls.) Parker had swept in a few minutes earlier in black pants and a sunflower-yellow top, her shoulders wrapped in a jewel-toned silk scarf. Her hair was pure white and pulled back into a French roll, her round cheeks still unlined at seventy-six. “I’m responsible for the mood food,” she said. She took two bottles of strawberry Fanta from a shopping bag and plunked them on the table. “We’ll have to toast each other with red pop.”
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-An elegant older gentleman, with a snowy beard and a brocaded vest, sauntered over and lifted the lid on the Crockpot. “I hope it’s edible,” he said.
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-“Henderson, that was not the right thing to say.”
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-“What would be nice is some bologna and crackers.”
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-“You can get your own little freaky food.”
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-Henderson Thigpen was one of Parker’s early collaborators at Stax. They wrote their first song together in 1966—“It’s Catching,” sung by Mable John—when Thigpen was eighteen. He had grown up on a cotton farm in Red Banks, Mississippi, writing poetry and reciting it in the fields. “I was a mama’s boy,” he told me. As soon as he graduated from high school, he started taking the Greyhound to Memphis every weekend, just to hang around Stax and learn how to write songs. Parker eventually took him under her wing. Bobby Manuel taught him some guitar, and Thigpen went on to co-write some of the label’s last hits, including “Woman to Woman,” by Shirley Brown, which reached No. 1 in 1974. Thigpen was now seventy-five and living back on the family farm. He had come up from Mississippi at Parker’s request to help identify Pawelski’s demos. They hadn’t heard some of the songs in more than fifty years.
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-Pawelski walked past us on her way to the archive—she’d spent the day there, looking for photographs of the songwriters. “We just saw you partying with Janis Joplin,” she told Parker. Parker laughed and fell in behind her, along with Thigpen. “I couldn’t keep up!” she said, “When I heard about the after-party? That wasn’t my pay grade.” The pictures that Pawelski had found were mostly black-and-white, with an occasional Kodachrome thrown in. It was hard to believe that they were half a century old. The people looked so vibrantly alive: Otis Redding, Rufus Thomas, the Staple Singers, and others less known but equally dashing, draped on couches and standing on street corners, scribbling in notebooks and gathered around microphones. They wore beads and headbands, porkpie hats and department-store dresses, seemingly unaware that they were future royalty.
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-Deanie Parker and Bettye Crutcher, photographed in 1963, at the Rivermount Hotel in Memphis.Photograph courtesy Deanie Parker collection
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-“You see these really square-looking people next to really groovy-looking people,” Pawelski said. “And you think, What’s happening here? But everything in this picture is serving the music. That’s the privilege of being in those rooms. The only qualifiers are how good you are.” Bobby Manuel had joined us and was bent over Pawelski’s shoulders beside Parker and Thigpen, looking at the pictures. There was one of Manuel as a lanky young hipster in a cowboy shirt, with a scruffy mustache. He was rounder now, with silver hair and shy, thoughtful eyes, but still dapper in a suède jacket. “There’s O. B. McClinton,” he said, pointing to a rugged-looking man with long sideburns and a heavy overbite. McClinton was Stax’s only Black country artist—its answer to Charley Pride, the RCA star.
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-“Lord, I hated to get hung up with O.B.,” Parker said.
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-“He would keep you forever.”
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-“I did not like to shake his hand. He had the hand of a reptile. Cold!”
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-Music could sometimes blur the lines between genders. A good song was a good song, whether it was written by Isaac Hayes or by Bettye Crutcher. As long as women like Carla Thomas and [Mavis Staples](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/07/04/the-gospel-according-to-mavis-staples) were producing hits, all the writers courted them. The demos were full of musical cross-dressing, as male songwriters sang lyrics meant for women, and vice versa. “We women work hard every day, doing our very best,” Homer Banks complained in “Too Much Sugar for a Dime.” “But you men will buy tires for your automobiles and get mad if we buy a dress.”
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-Still, role-play wasn’t the same as real equality. Parker’s mood food was part of a long tradition of women taking care of men at Stax. As a publicist, Parker was everyone’s champion and mother confessor. “They are interesting creatures, and you know their temperature,” she said. “I can’t remember anybody storming out of the office, but whining, yes. Whining was common. Some of us can’t accept our own failures.” Even Crutcher, who died last fall, and who was one of the label’s best and most prolific writers, sometimes needed extra leverage to get her songs heard. “Bettye was soft-spoken, and the writers protected their turf,” Parker said. “So she would cook a pot of spaghetti. That’s what she would do. And when she had finished feeding these jokers”—she arched an eyebrow at Henderson and Manuel—“they were ready to cut anything.”
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-The songwriters took their seats around a conference table in the museum’s main gallery. Parker, Thigpen, and Manuel sat next to a video feed of William Bell, at his home in Atlanta, wearing shades and a black baseball cap. Pawelski was beside Robert Gordon, the author of the 2013 book “Respect Yourself: Stax Records and the Soul Explosion.” Gordon and Parker would be writing the demo collection’s liner notes together. “Are you going to doctor the demos up to make them sound better?” Thigpen wanted to know.
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-“I would never think to add any instrumentation,” Pawelski said.
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-“I just had to ask. Because I know some of those demos.”
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-“Henderson, let me tell you, you sound great,” Parker said. “If I hadn’t been so in love with Johnnie Taylor, I would have gone for you.” She lifted her cup of red soda and offered a toast to another forty years. Then Pawelski played the first song.
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-It was a girl-group number backed by a bluesy honky-tonk piano, called “You Make a Strong Girl Weak.” Isaac Hayes and David Porter were the songwriters, but who were the singers? Manuel guessed the Soul Children. Or was it Jeanne & the Darlings? “That makes every kind of sense,” Parker said. Jeanne Dolphus, the group’s leader, was a home-economics teacher from Arkansas who sewed the band’s costumes at night, she said. “They wore everything alike, and they were *not* fashion designers. Let me tell you something: Henderson says Mississippi is slow. Arkansas is from the *dinosaur* age.”
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-And so it went. Pawelski would play a demo, names would fly around the table—“David Porter!” “Byrd Burton!” “That’s Crop on the guitar!”—and a flood of reminiscences would follow. That jangly piano part must have been recorded in Studio C; it had an old brown upright in it. But that flabby bass sound was definitely from Studio B—it never had much bottom end. A high voice with a bit of a quaver came over the speakers, and suddenly it was as if Carl Smith, who wrote “Higher and Higher” and “Rescue Me,” was standing there in the room, with his oversized glasses and boyish grin. And that deep moan? It could only be Mack Rice, mouthing his improbable rhymes—thrown, gone, own, telephone. The longer they listened, the more the gallery around them seemed to fade, replaced by the dusky halls and echoing rooms of the old theatre. Every song was a memory palace, every instrument a key to a different door—though not always the same one for every listener.
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-“That sounds like Jeanne again.”
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-“Not unless she was taking hormones.”
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-At one point, Parker asked to hear “Woman to Woman,” Thigpen’s biggest hit. The song was inspired by a conversation that he’d overheard between his second wife and one of her friends. “It was just like when men say, ‘Let’s talk it out man to man,’ only this was woman to woman,” he said. In the demo, Thigpen delivered the opening monologue in a gently aggrieved voice—a wounded lover trying to talk sense into a rival: “Barbara, this is Shirley. . . . I was going through my old man’s pockets this morning, and I just happened to find your name and number. So, woman to woman . . . it’s only fair that I let you know that the man you’re in love with, he’s mine, from the top of his head to the bottom of his feet.”
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-“This is going to be on the album?”
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-“Yeah.”
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-Thigpen covered his face with his hand. But then, after a moment, his voice on the recording began to sing—a rich, warm baritone with a delicate vibrato: “Woman to woman, can’t you see where I’m coming from? Woman to woman, ain’t that the same thing you would’ve done?” The other songwriters were snapping their fingers now, as the bass and the drums found their groove and Thigpen’s voice rose to a soft, clear falsetto. He looked up and grinned. “That’s the money note right there,” he said.
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-“Woman to Woman” was the studio’s final hit. A year and a half later, Stax was forced into bankruptcy, done in by mounting debt, bad distribution deals, lawsuits, and accusations of bank fraud and tax evasion. Federal marshals served an eviction order on January 12, 1976, while Manuel was rehearsing in the studio. They marched him and the other employees to the parking lot in single file, with Jim Stewart in front, and padlocked the doors behind them. Parker’s utopia was long gone. The dream of music as a refuge from racism and violence was always a fragile thing. At Stax, it was shattered eight years earlier, when Martin Luther King, Jr., was assassinated at the Lorraine Motel—the same place where so many songwriters, Black and white, had done their best work together.
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-On the night that King was shot, Parker and Crutcher went to the studio to work on a song for Albert King. “I had to get to Stax,” Parker later said. “I didn’t even think about stopping at home. I needed to be with the people I loved, the people I trusted—with the people who could understand what I was feeling.” A curfew had been declared to prevent rioting, and Parker could hear the National Guard walking on the roof above the studio. If the soldiers hadn’t discovered them and sent them home, she says, she and Crutcher would have kept writing through the night.
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-The Stax demos traced the full arc of that history—from hope and denial to disillusion and protest. The songs were messy, unfiltered, incomplete. The voices faltered and the musicians missed notes. By the end of our session at the museum, no one doubted that the demos were worth releasing. But the question remained: Why now and not then? What was missing from these songs in the first place?
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-Earlier that week, I had gone to see Steve Cropper in Nashville, where he now lives. He was too busy to come to the museum, he said, and wasn’t especially interested in hearing the demos: “If I’d known they’d release them, I would have erased them.” Tall and craggy, with a balding pate, a white beard, and a ponytail, Cropper looked like an old moonshiner, or an elder in some austere religious sect, but he spoke with easy, self-deprecating bluntness. He was a ubiquitous figure in the stories about Stax—hanging around the studio at all hours, playing guitar or running the board, pairing up with other writers at will, like a free radical in a pool of more stable molecules. “Cropper was convenient,” Parker told me. “He was always around. Did he help with my lyrics? Not a lot. But he would fill in the pieces that were missing. He could sharpen your song. He was like the shoelaces on the shoe—ain’t no good if the shoe doesn’t hold together.”
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-Cropper had the same refining touch on the guitar. He wasn’t a flashy player, but he knew just what a tune needed—whether a quick rockabilly fill or the two-note slide at the beginning of “Soul Man.” Cropper was always working on new material. When we met, he was recording a tune with his engineer, Eddie Gore, in the historic RCA Studio A building, where Chet Atkins and [Jerry Lee Lewis](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/jerry-lee-lewiss-life-of-rock-and-roll-and-disrepute) used to record. He was hoping to pitch his song to Shemekia Copeland, who’d had a minor hit with a chorus that began, “I’m drivin’ out of Nashville with a body in the trunk.” Cropper’s song was of a milder sort. He’d come up with the idea at a bar down the street, watching a young woman dance in shoes that were too big for her. He and Gore had recorded the demo that day—an easy, mid-tempo ballad, with Cropper’s voice croaking amiably over the beat:
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-> Now I’m dancing in my mother’s shoes  
-> Looking for someone to hold on to  
-> Wondering what Mama would do  
-> Now that I’m dancing in my mama’s shoes.
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-“I know I can’t sing,” he said, switching off the tape. “I can write a pretty good song, but I can’t sing shit from Shinola.” But then this demo was never meant to be heard—not by the public anyway. As long as Copeland, or some other singer, could hear the gist of the song in the demo, it had done its work. Cropper was a perfectionist by nature, a fixer, a finisher. He had no patience for rough edges or unruly inspiration. Look at “Friends in Low Places” by Garth Brooks, Gore said. When that song, written by Dewayne Blackwell and Earl Bud Lee, became a smash in the late eighties, everyone assumed that it was a surefire hit. Who could resist that melody and title? But another singer, David Wayne Chamberlain, had recorded the song before Brooks did, and no one bought it. Success was all in the execution. “As far as I’m concerned, anything I write can be a hit,” Cropper said.
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-The Stax demos tell a different story. It’s hard not to feel, as you listen to them, that success is arbitrary, ephemeral. That inspiration is what lasts. Toward the end of the session in the museum, Pawelski played a recording that no one could identify. The singer’s name wasn’t written down, and he never sang at Stax again. Pawelski suspected that the demo was taped at one of the “neighborhood auditions” that the studio held on Saturday afternoons, open to anyone with a song. “Was on a cold Saturday night and we just had a fight,” the singer began. “You walked out on me, knowing that you killed my heart with grief.” His voice was hoarse with loss, accompanied only by finger snaps and a glimmering electric guitar, like rain in a gutter. He sounded hopeless, abandoned, as if he knew that there was no point in begging, but he couldn’t help but do so. “Just walk on back,” he sang, and a pair of voices joined in to help carry the tune. “Walk on back. I don’t care how long it takes if you just walk on back.”
-
-It was only one song, salvaged from a pile of old rejects. The arrangement was simple, the artist unknown. But if it lacked the polish of a full Stax production, it had something more elemental: urgency and need. Like Parker and Thigpen, this singer knew that he had one chance to be heard. One chance to strip a song to its essence. He and his bandmates must have practiced for days, in a bedroom or a basement or on an empty street corner, till their harmonies chimed like bells and their voices dipped and swooped in perfect synchrony. “Walk on baa-aack.” For just one take, they sounded as good as anyone. “That first take had the feel,” Eddie Floyd told me. “The way I thought of it, every song was a demo. It was always the first time.” ♦
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-Tag: ["🗳️", "🇺🇦/🇷🇺", "🪖"]
-Date: 2023-02-26
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-02-26
-Link: https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a42929480/ukraine-secret-weapons/?src=longreads&mc_cid=4f225baf6b&mc_eid=1d7ab8063f
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-03-01]]
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-
-&emsp;
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-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-TheSecretWeaponsofUkraineNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# The Secret Weapons of Ukraine
-
-## ON THE ROAD
-
-The air-raid siren sounded again through the defiant city, but William McNulty refused to be bothered by it. After a long morning of meetings in Kyiv with Ukrainian partners in need of medical tourniquets and cold-weather clothing, the man had earned an afternoon nap. The air flowing through the hotel room’s open window nipped of brittle autumn, and sunlight was leaking through gray clouds; winter, as the Ukrainians liked to quip, was coming.
-
-*Fuck it,* McNulty thought. The chances of getting hit by a drone strike in a city of three million people seemed low. A U.S. Marine veteran from Chicago who’s served in Iraq and done humanitarian work in dozens of conflict and natural-disaster zones, he’s grown numb to the frequent sirens that are now a mainstay of life in Ukraine. Since Russia’s latest invasion began in February of last year, he’s traveled throughout the country, by train and van, to rural villages and the front, delivering supplies to those fighting at democracy’s edge. His nonprofit group, Operation White Stork, makes no quibble about supporting Ukraine in the war. He’s had his fill of messy wars and ambiguous purposes. He believes this is it, the real deal, the righteous cause that people of action always not-so-secretly crave.
-
-![civilians train with military instructors at an abandoned factory outside kyiv on january 30, 2022 target practice with dark horse allies](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/benjamin-busch-esq030122ukraine-008-1677011574.jpg?resize=2048:* "civilians train with military instructors at an abandoned factory outside kyiv on january 30, 2022 target practice with dark horse allies")
-
-Target practice with Dark Horse Allies.
-
-Benjamin Busch
-
-Even altruists need sleep, though. So McNulty, forty-five, lay on his bed, shut his eyelids, and focused, as much as he could, on rest. Then came a strident hum. It cut through the sirens, then over them, braying and obnoxious, like a great lawn mower in the sky. It kept nearing and nearing. Then it passed directly over McNulty’s hotel.
-
-“That was enough for me,” he recalls days later, as we drive somewhere along the black ribbon of highway between Kyiv and the port city of Odesa in the far south. He identified the noise as the engine of an Iranian-made Shahed kamikaze drone, one of many Russia has used to terrorize Ukraine’s civilian population over the past few months. He dared move only when the noise had faded out and there was nothing but air-raid siren again. To McNulty’s fortune, another target had been selected in Kyiv that afternoon in mid-October. “I headed down to the shelter room. Then we went out and ate at a nice Italian place.”
-
-In the language of this new war, McNulty is a “volunteer,” one of roughly tens of thousands of internationals and local Ukrainians who’ve devoted themselves to supporting the resistance against the Russian military. The roles they play vary widely, from humanitarians like McNulty to social-media celebrities fundraising for military units. There are brash foreign fighters and humble food drivers and furtive gunrunners and ancient babushkas knitting camouflage ghillie suits in community gyms. Some are volunteers in the literal sense, burning through their savings to subsidize their work. Some earn a small stipend; still others are profiteers who see nothing wrong with benefiting financially amid a nation’s war for survival. It’s proven dangerous work, too—in January, two British volunteers were killed attempting to evacuate an elderly civilian. In February, American Pete Reed, another Marine veteran, was killed when an antitank missile hit his ambulance. For all the differences in type and approach, the volunteer movement is unified by a core belief that this is a fight worth fighting, that Ukraine is worth defending.
-
-![civilians train with military instructors at an abandoned factory outside kyiv on january 30, 2022](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/benjamin-busch-esq030122ukraine-016-1677011639.jpg?resize=2048:* "civilians train with military instructors at an abandoned factory outside kyiv on january 30, 2022")
-
-Freshly dug graves in Lviv.
-
-Benjamin Busch
-
-It’s a belief I happen to agree with. In late February 2022, I joined two friends, fellow combat veterans, in Lviv, in western Ukraine. We spent two weeks training a group of civilians in combat basics and self-defense. It was a frightening and thrilling and inspiring experience, and then we returned home to America, to our families, as the war progressed and endured. Others went forward. With interest and perhaps a bit of envy, I watched the volunteers of Ukraine coalesce and organize through the summer and into the early autumn. Then, this past fall, I decided to go back, for three weeks, joined by one of the other trainers from February, Marine veteran Ben Busch. We wanted to see the volunteer ecosystem that’s developed and to meet some of the people who’ve upended their lives for it.
-
-In the White Stork van on the road, McNulty turns to look at me. He has stony blue eyes and the shaky, aid-worker gaze of those hyper-acquainted with injustice. The back of the van overflows with first-aid kits for Ukrainian army and Territorial Defense units we’ll meet in the coming days. My narrow ass is wedged between boxes of decompression needles, chest seals, and hundreds of heavy-duty shovels. Getting the shovels to the front before the winter freeze is especially important. It’s hard to dig trenches in ice.
-
-“This war’s weird, man,” McNulty says. “Changes every week. But not once have I asked myself, *Are we doing the right thing?*”
-
-We settle into a mellow silence. The van rolls smooth. Harvested fields of sunflower, wheat, and corn run along our sides. A falling sun traces them with clean light. For these minutes, here, the war breathes easy. For these minutes, here, the war seems faraway and calm.
-
-Calm is a mirage. It’s not the same as peace. But it’s also not a kamikaze drone.
-
----
-
-***Field of Mars, Lychakiv Cemetery, Lviv***
-
-*The blue and yellow bands of the Ukrainian flag wave in a soft breeze. A crying mother—sobbing, really—smooths the pebbles on her son’s grave. I sneak a glance at the tombstone. Killed three months ago. An older woman tries to get the mother to stand. For many minutes the mother refuses to. A framed photograph leaning against the memorial’s cross shows a cheerful young man with big ears hugging a handsome rottweiler. I think of an American gold-star mother I know who once told me she’d trade all the benches and highway sections named for her son for one more smile. Nearby, gravediggers and a priest linger. Four empty spaces await other sons of other mothers.*
-
----
-
-## THE INTERNATIONALS
-
-When we left Ukraine last spring, it was already clear that the country would be a beacon for foreigners of various stripes. Dozens upon dozens were massing along the Polish and Romanian borders, or gathering in western Ukrainian cities like Lviv, or already making their way to Kyiv, the capital, which was under assault and a personal obsession of Putin himself.
-
-Some of these folks were who they said they were. Some were not. Some could provide critical skills and resources to the Ukrainian people and military. Some could not.
-
-![e](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/1-1677011746.png?resize=2048:* "e")
-
-“If you’re still here in-country, more than likely you’ve found something,” says Jeremy Fisher, a U.S. Air Force vet who runs Dark Horse Allies, a nonprofit focused on training new Ukrainian military recruits and potential draftees. Nearly all of Fisher’s trainers are veterans of NATO militaries, and some fought in the preceding months on the zero line with Ukraine’s International Legion, a military unit composed of foreign fighters. “There have been a number of yahoos that came over saying, ‘I’m a military trainer,’ but they don’t know what they’re doing.”
-
-Fisher’s description of this natural process of attrition is echoed by Josh, an American who arrived in April and is serving in the International Legion. (Josh requested to not use his full name for security purposes.) A Marine veteran in his mid-twenties who served in Syria, Josh was seriously wounded fighting in a northeastern village in Kharkiv Oblast in late September by shrapnel from a Russian artillery round. I ask him about concerns that political extremists are going to Ukraine to gain battle credentials that they can utilize in domestic movements. “All those bitches got weeded out quick,” he says. “Maybe one or two have hacked it here and there, but if you’re not here because you actually believe in this fight, it’ll show on the ground. Fuck them.”
-
-Everyone’s story is different. Everyone’s story is a little the same. Certain traits and patterns recur as we meet more volunteers. Most are men, though not all. Many of the younger ones served during the tail end of the war on terror and didn’t get the combat experience they’d anticipated or perhaps wanted. Some of the older ones sold their businesses or homes to sustain their work. More than a few are living off military pensions or disability checks. I stop tallying the number of divorces and separations.
-
-![local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine a warning sign at a mined beach in odesa](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/benjamin-busch-esq030122ukraine-014-1677011944.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=980:* "local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine a warning sign at a mined beach in odesa")
-
-A warning sign at a mined beach in Odesa.
-
-Benjamin Busch
-
-One can view this as a bit sad, even pathetic. Or one can regard their coming to Ukraine as an act of courage. Here they are, in another war zone, trying to pay it forward to others, because they believe they still have more to give.
-
-“A lot of people around the world aren’t able to drop what they’re doing and come help, even if they want to,” says a Dark Horse trainer named Dean. He’s fifty-four, a veteran of the New Zealand army with paramedic experience, and now spends his days leading a basic-training course in the woods of western Ukraine. “I was.”
-
-“I see this as my way to keep defending the United States—if not America exactly, then its ideals, what it’s supposed to stand for,” says Max Cormier, McNulty’s deputy at White Stork. Cormier is twenty-eight, a former U.S. Army airborne infantry officer with a surfer vibe, from the Tidewater region of Virginia. He appreciates the straightforwardness of their humanitarian work and the plainness of his directives: “Don’t crash the van; deliver the goods.”
-
-Cormier got a residency permit that lets him stay in the country for longer stretches to better help with the war effort. “A lot of people come here looking for meaning,” he says. “Some of us have found it.”
-
-We’re at a seaside restaurant in Odesa, watching dusk spill over glassy blue water. Skull-and-crossbones signs speckle the view; the beaches here were mined in case the Russian naval infantry tries to seize them. A few diehard locals still stroll across the sand with exactness. War will not stop their sunbathing. Cormier checks his phone. A delivery of medical supplies the next morning needs to be coordinated. And a post-work Tinder date before they push east is not out of the question. War can’t stop Tinder, either.
-
-![local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine an air raid shelter in mykolaiv](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/benjamin-busch-esq030122ukraine-001-1677012013.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.938xh;0,0&resize=2048:* "local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine an air raid shelter in mykolaiv")
-
-An air-raid shelter in Mykolaiv.
-
-Benjamin Busch
-
-White Stork has delivered more than twenty-two thousand modern first-aid kits since last spring. As we travel the southern shoreline from Odesa to the Mykolaiv and Kherson regions, I see some of the Soviet-era kits that they’re replacing. One is stamped 1988. It’s eleven years older than the soldier carrying it.
-
----
-
-***Podil District, Right Bank, Kyiv***
-
-*Souped-up four-wheel drives lacquered in camo paint rumble through every intersection. A giant billboard featuring the Rock drapes from one building, encouraging people to buy Under Armour. Nearby, there’s a banner deman**ding* *the freedom of the imprisoned Mariupol Defenders. There’s a moon somewhere in the sky, but no one can see it.*
-
-*To the hotel bar we go. There’s Wilson, sipping on a Jack and Coke, making conversation. He does this every night. Former mil, he says, an engineer by trade, and he’s putting together a crew. For what? He’s not comfortable talking details.*
-
-*One crew member is a South African named Black Pete. Black Pete gave himself that nickname to differentiate from a Brit known as White Pete, though Black Pete is also white. “It’s funny to call myself Black Pete,” Black Pete says. He’s already drunk and bothering the clerk tasked with tending the bar. Later, a woman joins Black Pete. She appears to be a sex worker; he keeps insisting we call her his “associate.”*
-
-*Nazar, our interpreter and guide, decides this scene isn’t for Ukrainians. He excuses himself to call his wife.*
-
-*A wounded legionnaire drinks with us. He raises his sweater without ceremony and we gaze upon his fresh wounds and listen to his war story. It is what young soldiers and old soldiers must do together. It is a good and true war story, and we buy him another round and toast to his bravery. Everyone’s trying hard to ignore Black Pete, even his associate, because he is distractingly loud. My friend Ben talks with Wilson in one corner. I huddle with a jovial Australian with a Santa beard. “Bullets are flying; the women are stunners,” he says.*
-
-*“This is the dream.”*
-
----
-
-## THE UKRAINIANS
-
-The obvious good. The clear purpose. The value of empowering those on the ground level. These ideas come up over and over again in meetings with volunteers. Large operations like World Central Kitchen and UNICEF maintain a robust presence here. But most of the thousands-strong volunteer network is made up of much smaller organizations, consisting mainly of Ukrainians, a cobweb of decentralized connections that relies on personal referrals and loose, logistical partnerships.
-
-![e](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/2-1677012092.png?resize=2048:* "e")
-
-Sometimes volunteers find their group; sometimes the groups find them. Take Ihor, a middle-aged Lviv man who went to Bucha, near Kyiv, last April, right after the city was freed from Russian occupation, loading up a van with generators and fuel and driving straight into the maelstrom. What he saw there—rape victims, bodies being eaten by dogs—led him to quit his job and become a full-time supply driver for various charities. “I’ve seen parts of my country I’d never been to before,” he says. “And now I know war is worse than the books say.”
-
-Then there’s Ekaterina, a fitness director in Kharkiv who told her mom they weren’t evacuating no matter what and who now oversees the delivery of new and repaired vehicles to frontline units. There’s Alena in Irpin, a leafy, upscale suburb of Kyiv where the invasion was pushed back last spring. A fire-support captain, she fought in that battle. She says two things saved the Ukrainian military in those messy, confusing days: relentless artillery from Kyiv and “regular people in the community who grabbed a gun and fought.”  
-
-![local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine students’ drawings at a mykolaiv school](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/benjamin-busch-esq030122ukraine-013-1677012139.jpg?crop=0.876xw:0.869xh;0.0518xw,0.0369xh&resize=980:* "local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine students’ drawings at a mykolaiv school")
-
-Students’ drawings at a Mykolaiv school.
-
-Benjamin Busch
-
-Mykolaiv, in the south, is the first place we visit where the war feels like a tangible, active force. Artillery booms in the near distance. People here are twitchy and tense. The front line lies only a few miles from Mykolaiv’s city center. It’s moving in snailish increments toward Kherson, two hours east, but moving. Kherson will be liberated in about two weeks. But now there are rumors the Russians may blow the river dam, flooding Kherson, rather than see it taken back by Ukrainian soldiers. Or that they’ll deploy tactical nukes, or airborne Spetsnaz, or suicidal Chechens.
-
-“There’s some electricity now; it’s not so bad,” Oleksandra Blintsova says of her native city. “When it was total black, I was walking around with a shovel to protect myself.” Blintsova, thirty-eight, volunteers for Heroes for Ukraine, a local nonprofit that emerged in the aftermath of the Russian invasion. She coordinates medical training for civilians, serving as an interpreter and assistant instructor for visiting military veterans who teach first aid and combat medicine. While walking us through Mykolaiv’s Chestnut Square, she points to some cruise-missile ruins in the square’s interior. She says locals call it a gift from the Moscow Diplomatic School. “We will always laugh at them,” she says. “Then they can’t control us.”
-
-![local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine a destroyed government building in mykolaiv](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/benjamin-busch-esq030122ukraine-015-1677012235.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.926xh;0,0&resize=2048:* "local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine a destroyed government building in mykolaiv")
-
-A destroyed government building in Mykolaiv.
-
-Benjamin Busch
-
-During the first night of the invasion, February 24, Mykolaiv came under heavy shelling. Blintsova’s husband had already been mobilized, so she brought their two young children, her mom, and an elderly neighbor to a shelter. There were maybe a hundred people hunkering there, and to both project calm and maybe even find some herself, she and a couple others started knitting together camo nets from old T-shirts and blankets. What began as a small act of defiance quickly turned into something more pragmatic. After camo nets came pillows and boot insoles, then ghillie suits. One elderly babushka proved especially adept at rolling homemade cigarettes for the local fighters.
-
-In the subsequent weeks, Russian soldiers breached the outskirts of Mykolaiv, and some of their scout units penetrated the city proper. They couldn’t hold it, though. By mid-April, all Russian ground forces had withdrawn from attempts on the city. But the war was still there, just miles away, and many Mykolaiv men like Blintsova’s husband were still fighting it. So the supply center kept at it, homemade cigarettes and all.
-
-![local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine oleksandra blintsova, a volunteer for heroes for ukraine](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/benjamin-busch-esq030122ukraine-002-1677012281.jpg?crop=0.634xw:1.00xh;0.259xw,0&resize=980:* "local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine oleksandra blintsova, a volunteer for heroes for ukraine")
-
-Oleksandra Blintsova, a volunteer for Heroes for Ukraine.
-
-Benjamin Busch
-
-Blintsova takes us to a nearby school where a friend works as the principal. Most of the kids do remote learning, though a few classrooms have students in them, each child seated at a desk a brazen act of normalcy. “Our children say three words every day,” the principal says. “Peace, country, victory.”
-
-Many experts on global politics believe that Putin has been hell-bent on this invasion, or something like it, for years. I can’t help but wonder, there in the school, if he’d perhaps have reconsidered had he a better inkling of Ukraine’s entrenched national pride and identity.
-
-“My husband says he fights the Russians so our boys won’t have to,” Blintsova says as we depart the school. “And maybe he’s right. I hope so. But someday our boys will fight if they have to. And so will their boys. Because they are Ukrainian. And Ukraine belongs to Ukrainians.”
-
----
-
-***Irpin, Kyiv Oblast, Hero City of Ukraine***
-
-*“The last Ukrainian checkpoint was right there, by the mall. Giraffe Mall. Silly name. This is exactly how far the Russians got.”*
-
-*I’m tagging along on a guided tour for Western think-tankers and national-  
-security gurus. We’re driving to the places made infamous by occupation and murder: Irpin, Bucha, the airport. To learn. To nod and consider. To bear witness to bravery and ruin and futility and aftermath. There’s enough of a cranky soldier still in me to find it all a bit ridiculous. The actual war’s far to our east now. But hey, they came, I think. How many of their tribe never dare leave air-conditioned offices?*
-
-*Someone asks about the Street of Death. Our guide shudders. “You can go there,” she says, pointing down the block, behind a set of damaged apartments. Months ago, she fought in Irpin. She knew the Street of Death when scorched cars and bodies blotted it. “I will not.”*
-
-*“We’re good, I think,” someone says. No one objects. It’s an interesting thing, watching a woman’s combat bona fides burn holes into a cluster of male egos. We return to the cars and caravan to the next spot.*
-
----
-
-**JOURNEYS THROUGH A NATION AT WAR**
-
-Over three weeks last autumn, Matt Gallagher, joined by fellow veteran Benjamin Busch and their interpreter, Nazar, traveled across Ukraine to report this story. They saw firsthand that while the battlefields illuminate one facet of the war—the stalled advance of Russia’s invading forces—they obscure another: that the entire nation, across social, economic, and cultural lines, is engaging in the fight for its freedom.
-
-![e](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/5-1677012958.png?resize=2048:* "e")
-
----
-
-## **THE SEEKERS**
-
-Let us speak plainly: There’s something odd about volunteering for a foreign war. The Americans who fought for loyalist Spain in the 1930s were later labeled “premature antifascists” for their efforts (a term they adopted as a badge of pride). Even after Pearl Harbor, fewer than 39 percent of U.S. troops who served during World War II volunteered for it. More than 61 percent were drafted.
-
-Not every international we encounter in Ukraine is a lost soul. But some are. One person who requests anonymity goes into great detail about catching his wife in bed with a neighbor and buying a one-way airline ticket to Poland the following day. “Can’t lie,” he says. “It was the most freeing fucking feeling.”
-
-Redemption tours take many forms.
-
-![local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine burned out cars in bucha](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/benjamin-busch-esq030122ukraine-006-1677012492.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.986xh;0,0&resize=980:* "local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine burned out cars in bucha")
-
-Benjamin Busch
-
-Sam Cook, forty-five, has lived in Ukraine since 2018. He graduated from West Point, commanded a cavalry troop in Iraq, and first came to Eastern Europe to run a tech company. He’s since started Borderlands, a historical foundation, and now teaches a course on war and storytelling at a Kyiv university. Seeing this new wave of internationals discover the country he adores, he says, has been “a bit of a time warp.” Before the invasion, he and his Ukrainian wife were planning on raising their family in Kyiv. Nothing since has changed that vision, not even a missile recently striking a city park six hundred meters from their apartment. “It’s kind of like the old Wild West,” he says. “People don’t care who you’ve been, just who you are now and what you’re doing.”
-
-What about those with families back home? Only two people I meet say that aspect of their life continues to hold strong: Martin Wetterauer, chief operating officer of the Mozart Group, a donor-funded military-training organization, and Stephanie Willis, who works for New Horizons for Children, a charitable fund that specializes in supporting displaced Ukrainian orphans.
-
-Wetterauer points to a long career as an officer in the Marines to explain his marriage’s success. He calls home more often from Kyiv, he says, than he did during various deployments across the Middle East, Africa, Bosnia, and beyond. (I later learn he may be home even more: In early February, the Mozart Group will reportedly collapse amid allegations of financial mismanagement.) And Willis is able to rotate back to the States every four to six weeks, which comes with its own challenges. “Some people don’t even realize the war’s still happening,” she says. “That can be a lot.”
-
-![local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine amed khan, an american with deep pockets and powerful connections](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/benjamin-busch-esq030122ukraine-003-1677012708.jpg?crop=0.661xw:1.00xh;0.185xw,0&resize=980:* "local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine amed khan, an american with deep pockets and powerful connections")
-
-Amed Khan, an American with deep pockets and powerful connections.
-
-Benjamin Busch
-
-Another American I meet, also helping with orphans, is less a volunteer and more a benefactor. Amed Khan, fifty-one, travels through the conflict-  
-ravaged country looking for causes he believes in. He’s described to me a few times as “one of the most important Americans in Ukraine,” and not just by people hoping for a taste of his financial support. There’s a rumor Russia has put a bounty on his head. Khan demurs when asked about it. He doesn’t deny it, either.
-
-“This is not a matter of evil versus good. This is evil versus normal,” he says. “It’s literally the defense of freedom.” A veteran of the Clinton White House, Khan later founded a private international investment firm and proved quite successful at it. In 2011, he purchased one of Andy Warhol’s celebrated *Mao* portraits, the one shot up by actor Dennis Hopper, for a cool $302,500. He detests the slow bureaucracy of large-scale humanitarian work, so he goes out and gives directly.
-
-“If you fashion yourself a philanthropist, this is what you need to be doing,” he says, sharing anecdotes of rich and famous acquaintances he’s cajoled into donating to war-relief efforts. We meet him in a fancy Odesa hotel, where he’s staying a couple nights after working on the repairs to an area orphanage damaged by Russian shelling. A few weeks prior, he spent time in the recently liberated area of Kupiansk asking locals what they needed. There he met an abandoned German shepherd he took a liking to. No one there seemed in a position to take the dog. Jack Khan, so named to get the pet passport approved, now lives in Italy with opera singer Andrea Bocelli.
-
-![local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine a destroyed car east of kharkiv](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/benjamin-busch-esq030122ukraine-005-1-1677012766.jpg?resize=2048:* "local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine a destroyed car east of kharkiv")
-
-A destroyed car east of Kharkiv.
-
-Benjamin Busch
-
-There’s world-weariness in Khan’s laughter and self-deprecation. He’s seen much more than your average rich banker has. There are also flashes of an old, hidden idealism. He’s helped to house Syrian, Iraqi, and Rwandan refugees over the past two decades and to evacuate thousands of Afghans since the country fell to the Taliban in 2021. “I’m no fan of the military-industrial complex, but this is something that has to be done,” he says. “There’s a genocide going on.”
-
-His money and connections make Khan different from most internationals in Ukraine. But there are a few commonalities. No partner or kids back home to complicate his globe-trotting or patronage—“What kind of jerk would I be if I was doing this with a family?” he says. And then there’s this:
-
-“They have something called a society here,” Khan says. “Nothing is bigger than it. It reminds me of the America I grew up in. It reminds me of an America I miss.”
-
-Not every foreigner in Ukraine, though, has come to help orphans.
-
----
-
-***Dnieper-Bug Estuary, Northern Coast of the Black Sea***
-
-*A night on the water with drone hunters. “We have NATO lasers and American night vision,” one says, “but we do better without them. We get the radar from our phones. We listen.” He taps his ear. “Then we shoot.”*
-
-Slapdash as fuck, *I think. But it’s hard to argue with success: This Territorial Defense team of a dozen has shot down three Russian drones over the past week, they say. They’re armed with ten rifles, two pistols, and a Browning machine gun mounted to the back of a pickup truck.*
-
-*I ask what they need. Too many supplies, they say, not enough weapons. What kind? All kinds. They have questions for me, too. Have I met Jennifer Lawrence? (No.) Has Elon Musk’s brain cracked? (Probably.) What the hell is going on with American politics?*
-
-*“Our president is a Jew. Our governor is part Korean,” one says through the shorn dark. “How can we be Nazis? Who are these people that get tricked?”*
-
-*Some indeterminate time later—minutes? hours? down the nocturnal well, who can say?—the lieutenant barks out in coarse Ukrainian. The drone hunters spread across the position like a wave, guns and ears arching toward the sky.*
-
-*Shaheds are inbound.*
-
-*Seconds drip into the still. The air smacks of chilly sea. Someone fidgets with the straps of their plate carrier. Someone else charges their rifle, and the black magic of the gun slams forward. There’s that clarity of purpose again, I think.*
-
----
-
-## **THE BUSINESSMEN**
-
-War is many things. An abomination. A proving ground. And also: a business. There’s money to be both made and found in Ukraine. War’s layers of white, gray, the beyond gray—there’s green in it all.
-
-For example, the HIMARS. Anyone who knows anything about Ukraine knows this mobile rocket-launcher system changed the trajectory of the war upon its arrival last summer. (“The sense of martyrdom went away,” Cook, the Borderlands founder, says. “It gave them hope that they could win.”) The U.S. government supplies HIMARS to Ukraine, but it’s Lockheed Martin that makes them, and not out of the goodness of its heart.
-
-![e](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/3-1677013094.png?resize=2048:* "e")
-
-There’s no clean binary between a pursuit of profit and genuine support for a free Ukraine. Yes, there are lines, moral and legal. Some are obvious, like U.S. International Traffic in Arms Regulations. Others are up to the beholder.
-
-Steven Moore, fifty-four, moves both in volunteer circles and on the business side of the war. A former political operative who’s been the chief of staff to a Republican congressman, he was between jobs and recently separated from his wife when Russia invaded. He had friends in Ukraine and wanted to help. Five days later, he established a safe house for fleeing civilians along the Romanian border. That safe house soon grew into a supply operation, and now Moore heads the nonprofit Ukraine Freedom Project.
-
-When we speak over lunch at a Crimean Tatar restaurant in Kyiv, the group’s focus has been food deliveries to people in need in Kharkiv and Donetsk Oblasts—more than two hundred tons’ worth.
-
-“I want to stay here,” Moore says, “because I feel I’ve been making an impact.” One way he’s done that is lobbying. When a body-armor company run by a friend of a friend in Lviv ran into issues with its steel supplier in Sweden, he flew to Washington “and sat down with the lobbyist for the steel company,” he says. “She got me connected with the right people. Now these guys have a steady supply of steel.”
-
-Moore is also a cofounder of HighCat, a German start-up that’s currently testing (and marketing) combat drones designed to attack armored vehicles and artillery pieces with munitions from above. “I’m the guy that’s looking for funding.”
-
-War enterprise with wing tips and half Windsors: a proud tradition. (Months later, after this story went to print, Moore emailed to say he and the German engineers had parted ways.)
-
-![local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine a soldier’s kit](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/benjamin-busch-esq030122ukraine-020-1-1677013133.jpg?resize=2048:* "local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine a soldier’s kit")
-
-A soldier’s kit.
-
-Benjamin Busch
-
-The conversation reminds me of something a Ukrainian soldier told me a couple days prior, in a destroyed village near Kherson: “War is math. More dead Russians means more alive Ukrainians.”
-
-There are the aboveboard hustles, and then there are the others. Such as: A prominent international trainer in the east establishes contacts in a local unit. He exchanges training for captured Russian equipment, which in turn is traded for new Western gear that can be sold. This all happens without official governmental sanction, Ukrainian or Western, because what kind of fool self-reports? And hey, goes the rationale, it’s peanuts in the grand scheme.
-
-At the expat Irish pub in Lviv, I meet someone from a group I’ve been told repeatedly transports weapons for various militias. He laughs when I try to get him to agree to an interview. It’s not a friendly laugh. As a peace offering, he sends over a pricey whiskey.
-
-“On me,” he says with a wink from across the bar. “I make more than journalists.”
-
----
-
-## **THE LEGIONNAIRES**
-
-In October, news broke that Conor Kennedy, RFK’s twenty-eight-year-old grandson, had spent the summer fighting in Ukraine with the International Legion. “I liked being a soldier, more than I had expected,” he wrote of the experience on Instagram. “It is scary. But life is simple, and the rewards for finding courage and doing good are substantial.”
-
-Russia slanders those who join the Legion as mercenaries and soldiers of fortune. They are paid by the Ukrainian government, it’s true—a base salary of about $630 per month, the same amount Ukrainian soldiers get—and qualify for prisoner-of-war status under the Geneva Conventions, according to *The New York Times*. Most every Legion company is commanded by a Ukrainian officer, a hard lesson learned after a bevy of ugly and disorganized incidents involving the unit early in the war.
-
-![local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine josh, a volunteer with the international legion, shows his surgical scar](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/benjamin-busch-esq030122ukraine-012-1677013158.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.913xh;0,0.0868xh&resize=980:* "local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine josh, a volunteer with the international legion, shows his surgical scar")
-
-Josh, a volunteer with the International Legion, shows his surgical scar.
-
-Benjamin Busch
-
-Ukraine’s foreign minister said last March that nearly twenty thousand soldiers from more than fifty countries had volunteered to join the Legion. Whether that tally was accurate at the time, it is almost certainly inflated today, as legionnaires can come and go in a way Ukrainian fighters cannot.
-
-A tangle of semi-independent militia groups also populate the terrain. Some are Ukrainian only, some international only, some mixed; I’m told that all are task-organized to Ukrainian military commanders. A few hundred Americans have volunteered for direct action, best I can gather, perhaps more. At least eleven are reported to have died as of press time. A U.S. Army vet killed in May, Stephen Zabielski, was fighting with a group called the Wolverines, according to *Rolling Stone*. Another Army vet, Joshua Jones, was killed in August; he’d fought with both the Legion and a Canadian-led militia known as the Norman Brigade. (Hopping units is not uncommon for international combatants.) Two other American vets, Alexander Drueke and Andy Huynh, were captured by Russian forces in June while fighting with yet another international unit known as Task Force Baguette. They were freed in September in a prisoner exchange.
-
-Then there’s the confusion of the actual battlefield.
-
-This article appeared in the March 2023 issue of Esquire  
-[subscribe](https://join.esquire.com/pubs/HR/ESQ/ESQ1_Plans.jsp?cds_page_id=253005&cds_mag_code=ESQ&cds_tracking_code=esq_edit_circulesredirect)
-
-“If the Russians were anything other than hot garbage, we would’ve been fucking wiped out,” says Erik, a U.S. Army infantry veteran in his early thirties. (Erik requested to not use his full name for security purposes.) He’s recounting an operation east of Kupiansk, a small city in northeastern Ukraine that was liberated in September. When we meet, he and his friend Josh, the Marine veteran in his mid-twenties, are recuperating from injuries in Kyiv.
-
-Both men arrived in Ukraine last April. They soon linked up with a squad of international military vets that was attached to a larger Ukrainian unit. After a few months of support operations, Josh says, “we figured out we were cash cows.” He explains: “The more foreigners you have in your unit, the more you can sell that to someone”—investors, journalists. “ ‘*This* is why I need all this gear; I have the guys who can use it.’ ”
-
-The group walked, shopping themselves as a singular entity until they found a Legion commander who promised to use them for combat missions.
-
-They got what they wanted in late summer, in and around greater Kharkiv. They found it a different type of warfare than they’d fought in Afghanistan or Syria. Suppression weapons like rockets mattered tremendously. Artillery and air support went both ways now. Night reconnaissance proved especially interesting, with one pair of night-vision goggles for the entire squad of twelve.
-
-![e](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/4-1677013300.png?resize=980:* "e")
-
-I ask how many in the Legion are capable fighters. I expect a low number in response but not as low as I get: 10 percent. “It’s a zoo,” Josh says. “We did good work, but let’s be real: We’re grunts driving civilian cars.”
-
-September’s eastern counteroffensive presented an opportunity for the Legion’s regular line battalions to prove to Ukrainian senior command they could be relied upon. It’s the same counteroffensive that brought Josh and Erik to Kupiansk and a little village beyond it known as Petropavlivka.
-
-While clearing the village on foot, they came across a Ukrainian patrol that had pinned some Russians in a one-story building. Erik and a Ukrainian counterpart broke down the front door and tossed in some grenades, then Erik entered. Two grenades met him inside in return, spraying his body with fragmentation. A Canadian legionnaire dragged him to the bathroom, near the entryway, where they were able to maintain something like security because of the angles of the building. The Canadian applied two tourniquets—one to Erik’s leg, one to his arm—in the bathroom while the rest of their squad tried to figure out how to get them out.
-
-A Russian 122mm artillery round solved the dilemma for everyone. It landed near the building, putting the small-arms gunfight on pause. In the stunned aftermath, “my squad leader provided cover from the doorway while two guys drug me out,” Erik says. The round also sent shrapnel screaming along the building’s side, where Josh’s team “ate the artillery blast.” At that point, he says, he started “poking myself and finding holes of blood.”
-
-As for the trapped Russians, if any survived the artillery round, they were soon dispatched by a Ukrainian tank. Seven enemy bodies would eventually be pulled from the building’s wreckage.
-
-![local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine trench to an apartment building in kharkiv](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/benjamin-busch-esq030122ukraine-004-1677013325.jpg?resize=2048:* "local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine trench to an apartment building in kharkiv")
-
-A trench to an apartment building in Kharkiv.
-
-Benjamin Busch
-
-Both men were medevaced. Josh immediately underwent surgery to remove shrapnel from his liver and lungs. Erik says he’s still pulling fragment slivers from his leg and back. They begin to argue over minor details of the gunfight and their evacuation, who was where and when. They decide to settle matters by watching footage of the battle from one of their phones. Turns out, a drone had recorded most of it.
-
-“Like watching yourself in a dream,” Josh says. He presses play.
-
----
-
-***Freedom Square, Kharkiv***
-
-*On the drive east, our interpreter Nazar shares news: His wife is pregnant. Joy amid ruin. He seems as starry-eyed and unprepared as any other new father, as it should be.*
-
-*I can’t be the only one in our rental car who starts thinking of the Ukrainian children being abducted and taken to Russia for forced adoptions.*
-
-*We arrive to Kharkiv at night, walk the streets looking for a place to eat. The entire city is dark, traffic sparse. I have the sense we’re being watched as curfew looms.*
-
-*Daylight in the grim city brings half buildings and rubble porn. We visit a mostly empty Freedom Square and guess at where the massive Lenin monument once stood. Protesters pulled it down nine years ago.*
-
-*We return to the car and drive around. Artillery holes puncture groceries and proud little homes. A babushka rakes leaves. We stop. Ben takes some photos. Then we keep going. The potholes grow. The impact craters multiply.*
-
----
-
-## **THE SURVIVORS**  
-
-We enter the tiny village of Tsyrkuny, northeast of Kharkiv and about eight miles from the Russian border, to the sound of hammers banging on wood. Restoration is underway, though it’s hard to see how the locals even knew where to begin. Trench lines run beside the dirt roads, and deep craters spot the drab landscape. Some houses appear untouched. Others look like a demented god reached down and ripped them apart just to see what would happen. Heavy artillery thumps away in the near distance, steady as a heartbeat. The occupation may have ended here, but the war hasn’t.
-
-![local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine a volunteer in mykolaiv demonstrates her homemade ghillie hood](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/benjamin-busch-esq030122ukraine-020-2-1677013383.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=2048:* "local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine a volunteer in mykolaiv demonstrates her homemade ghillie hood")
-
-A volunteer in Mykolaiv demonstrates her homemade ghillie hood.
-
-Benjamin Busch
-
-Post-invasion, Tsyrkuny became a refit area for Russian troops attempting to push into Kharkiv. They stayed until May, when the area was liberated. Artillery barrages continued through August, going both ways, and sporadic shelling still happens. The bleakness remains, but the worst has passed.
-
-This is the end of the road for all the work of all the various volunteers, where all the relief effort is supposed to effect change. Some of it has. Residents speak of deliveries of food and blankets and generators. Perhaps it’s fitting they can’t name the exact volunteer groups that have come.
-
-Viktor, forty-seven at the time, and Natalya, forty-four, have lived in Tsyrkuny their entire lives. They raised both their sons here. We find them in their home’s courtyard with her mother, Hanna. They’re trying to figure out what to do with their large garden for the winter. It needs tending, but so much else demands their focus.
-
-When the Russians first arrived in Tsyrkuny, the Ukrainian couple stayed because of her mother. Within a matter of days, one of their vehicles had been stolen and their house searched—local separatists arrived, too, and were looking for private guns. Computers were being taken from neighbors’ houses, cell phones confiscated and SIM cards removed. They looked around at what was happening and decided they couldn’t linger. They packed up their other car and chanced a back-road drive to the city.
-
-They made it. Not everyone did. One of Natalya’s cousins was seized by the occupiers last spring. No one has heard from him since.
-
-When Viktor and Natalya returned to the village in May, they found their home had been turned into a dump. All their windows and mirrors had been broken. Any electronics and other valuables left behind had been looted, and human feces covered the floor of one bedroom. Even the potatoes stored in the basement were gone.
-
-![local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine viktor and natalya with her mother, hanna, whose son aleksander was killed on the fifth day of the invasion](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/benjamin-busch-esq030122ukraine-010-1677013421.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=980:* "local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine viktor and natalya with her mother, hanna, whose son aleksander was killed on the fifth day of the invasion")
-
-Viktor and Natalya (with her mother, Hanna), whose son Aleksander was killed on the fifth day of the invasion.
-
-Benjamin Busch
-
-None of that mattered, though, not compared with their family’s most significant loss. On the fifth day of the invasion, their older son, Aleksander, twenty-five, a border guard, died while on duty.
-
-“We are not political people. Before the war, we avoided all that,” Natalya says. For most of our time together, she defers to her husband, but on this issue, she steps forward with resonant rage and sadness. The circumstances of their son’s death remain murky, but there’s no doubt she holds Russia responsible. “Now we hate them. We will never get over it. They broke our lives.”
-
-Viktor works for the gas company, and Natalya hopes to resume her home flower business once spring arrives. As we’re shown around the village, Viktor stresses they’re better off than most, that they consider themselves blessed. Their faith has been tested, he says, but they know their boy is with God now. That matters to them. It matters a lot.
-
-Their younger son is seventeen, studying in Kharkiv to be a history teacher. “What if he’s drafted to fight, too?” I ask.
-
-“He’ll be a history teacher,” Viktor says.
-
-There’s still no electricity in the village and they’ve been told not to expect any through the winter. Viktor insists we follow his steps exactly; mines have been found in yards, and a neighbor down the street lost an eye to a Russian booby trap while cleaning out his own kitchen. A washing machine sits along the main dirt path, conspicuous as a zit, taken from a house but left behind in May by some panicked Russian. No one’s claimed it, Viktor says. Not everyone has returned yet.
-
-![local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine a photo of aleksander, who was twenty five when he died](https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/benjamin-busch-esq030122ukraine-009-1677013463.jpg?crop=0.632xw:1.00xh;0.237xw,0&resize=980:* "local and international volunteers support the resistance against the russian military in ukraine a photo of aleksander, who was twenty five when he died")
-
-A photo of Aleksander, who was twenty-five when he died.
-
-Benjamin Busch
-
-Hanna approaches Ben with a handful of shrapnel fragments shaped like daggers. They’ve been wrenched from the walls and doors, remnants of the artillery pit behind the family garden. “We hear some don’t believe,” she says. She means Russia’s war on civilians. “Take these and show them.”
-
-Viktor and Natalya are rebuilding the best they can. It’s a choice they make anew every morning. They’ve restructured their emotional lives, too, around their grandson, Aleksander’s little boy. They already have a crib in the room he’ll stay in once the house is done.
-
-The couple at first decline to share their last name. Which is normal enough. Before we depart, though, they come up, together, and say they’d like their son’s full name to be published. To honor him, they say.
-
-His name was Aleksander Shmal’ko. He was a son, and a husband, and a father, and he died defending Ukraine from the invaders.
-
----
-
-***Old Town, Lviv***
-
-*My last night in-country. One train between here and the security of NATO skies. Ritual is important, so I go back to the Irish pub and order a pint.*
-
-*A young American and a one-armed Brit sit nearby. They ask who I am, where I’m from. I’m sick of veils, so I tell the truth. “Hey, I’m from around there, too,” the young American says. Turns out, he’s the much younger brother of an old friend.*
-
-*It’s absurd happenstance. It’s also not. Certain people come to Ukraine. I should know that by now.*
-
-*I remember this young man as a boy. He’s grown up, a military veteran himself, here to conduct medical training. He needs better supplies, though, he says. “There are some folks who can help with that,” I say.*
-
-*His reasons for being here are both unique and universal. His colleague served in Mariupol. We spend the rest of the evening discussing the battle fought there and the battles still to come.*
-
-*“How long you here?” I ask them.*
-
-*Only now do I realize the futility of the question.*
-
-![Headshot of Matt Gallagher](https://hips.hearstapps.com/rover/profile_photos/e5879484-05e1-4728-ae40-c7cf9d7ccfea_1565818759.file "This is an image")
-
-Matt Gallagher is the author of the novels *Empire City* (2020) and *Youngblood* (2016), a finalist for the Dayton Literary Peace Prize. He’s also the author of the Iraq war memoir *Kaboom* (2010) and lives in Tulsa, Oklahoma, with his family.
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
----
-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.03 News/The Serial Killer Hiding in Plain Sight.md b/00.03 News/The Serial Killer Hiding in Plain Sight.md
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-
-Tag: ["🚔", "🇺🇸", "🇲🇽", "🔫"]
-Date: 2023-09-17
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-09-17
-Link: https://www.vice.com/en/article/epv54m/the-serial-killer-hiding-in-plain-sight
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-09-26]]
-
----
-
-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-TheSerialKillerHidinginPlainSightNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# The Serial Killer Hiding in Plain Sight
-
-**DOWNEY, Calif** — For months, Toby watched the apartment complex in this quiet, working class Los Angeles suburb every chance he got. He came on his lunch break, after work, on the weekends between his daughter’s playdates. He could tell you the best place to park—by Jimmy's Burgers around the corner—and the nearest liquor store. “Sometimes I spent four or five hours just watching,” Toby said. 
-
-Toby is a project manager, six feet tall with wavy, salt and pepper hair, tanned skin, an athletic build and a gee-whiz feel about him that matches his Subaru Outback. But Toby had become a man possessed. He was convinced that his girlfriend’s murderer lived in one of the low-rise, green stucco apartments. 
-
-Her murder, in Tijuana’s red light district a year and a half earlier in January 2022, had hardly made the news at the time. It was just another death in a city that regularly ranks among the world’s most dangerous. Crimes were rarely solved; even less so when the victims, like Toby’s Mexican girlfriend, were sex workers. The disappearance and killing of women in Mexico is a decades-old problem. Instead of being treated as victims, the women themselves are often blamed—because they were out alone at night, or had drunk too much, or even worse, were selling their bodies for sex. Those investigations that do happen are often sloppy and half-hearted, and lack even the most basic forensic work. Famously, the mangled bodies of hundreds of murdered women turned up in the desert around Ciudad Juarez on the Rio Grande River in the 1990s and early 2000s. Only a handful of suspects were ever apprehended. 
-
-But Toby had evidence.
-
-The murder of his girlfriend, Angela Acosta, offered plenty of leads: There was a crime scene, a body, video footage, and cell phone evidence. In the early morning hours after her death—before her body was found and when she was still feared missing—he had tracked her phone to try to glean information about her whereabouts. To his shock, the phone appeared on a residential street in Downey, 130 miles north of Tijuana. 
-
-> He was convinced that his girlfriend’s murderer lived in one of the low-rise, green stucco apartments.
-
-Toby tried to raise the alarm. Less than 36 hours after Acosta’s body was found, he shared the information about her cell phone turning up in Southern California with an FBI task force officer, while Acosta’s mom told Mexican investigators. He pleaded with them to do something, anything. He pleaded again when Acosta’s Apple Pay was used in the days after her murder—at a Dunkin Donuts and a Vietnamese restaurant. 
-
-“If the FBI had actively contacted the Mexican authorities and said ‘we have information related to a murder in your city,’ things would have gone very differently,” said Toby, who asked to withhold his last name because of the enormous media attention around the case. Instead, three weeks after his girlfriend’s body was discovered in a hotel bathroom, another sex worker was brutally murdered in Tijuana. Months later, Mexican authorities declared the murders to be the work of a serial killer. 
-
-U.S. and Mexican authorities hailed the alleged murderer’s eventual arrest as an example of the countries’ close cooperation. But there is another story: About how a lackluster investigation, slow-moving justice system, and a time-consuming extradition process allowed a serial killer to continue preying on sex workers.
-
-> Three weeks after his girlfriend’s body was discovered in a hotel bathroom, another sex worker was brutally murdered in Tijuana. Months later, Mexican authorities declared the murders to be the work of a serial killer.
-
-It also underscores the vulnerability of women in Mexico, a country marred by violence and impunity. More than 70 percent of women over the age of 15 report suffering some kind of violence, according to the government’s statistics office. Justice is as elusive as violence is commonplace, leaving more than 90 percent of homicides unsolved.
-
-And in Acosta’s case, it would take overwhelming evidence, a single-minded boyfriend, and the brutal killings of at least two other women before authorities intervened. 
-
-## THE CLUB
-
-The Hong Kong Gentlemen's Club was the killer’s hunting ground. 
-
-Open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, the three-story club employs hundreds of strippers designed to meet any man’s fantasy: skinny women, thick women, women in their thirties, and 18-year-olds with braces. Topless dancers twerk on a table covered in soap and bubbles as men slap dollar bills on their butts and finger them for extra money. Female strippers penetrate each other with dildos to the delight of clients.
-
-The club, one of Mexico’s most famous, attracts clientele from around the world: Russians, Chinese, Mexicans—and especially Americans. VIP customers are picked up at the nearby U.S.-Mexico border in limousines. The club has long been rumored to have cartel ties: During the height of the pandemic, it was one of the few locales to continue operating. It has weathered murders, overdoses and scandals, but the club never stays closed for more than a few days. In August, a manager at the club was executed with a shot to the head while driving in Tijuana. 
-
-The dancers at Hong Kong mostly come from cities far from Tijuana, lured by the appeal of good money. They are poor and trying to make ends meet, or earn enough money to put themselves through school. They make money from tips and the drinks customers buy them—for every drink the club pays them 50 pesos, or roughly $3. The real money comes from prostitution: around $150 for 30 minutes of sex. 
-
-Acosta, Toby’s girlfriend, started working at the club in August 2020. She was from Monterrey—another border city 1,500 miles away—and had been attending medical school, but she struggled when the pandemic hit and classes became virtual. She dropped out and moved to Tijuana to work at Hong Kong. 
-
-> Acosta, Toby’s girlfriend, started working at the club in August 2020.
-
-On Monday, January 24, 2022, Acosta reported to work in a metallic, blue bikini and knee-high boots topped by rainbow-colored socks. She wore her straight black hair down. She was dancing at the front of the club when an American took notice, said Acosta’s friend, Hadden, who was with her. The man wore a dark sweater, had a light brown complexion and his black hair was shorter on the sides and longer on the top. He was around 30. He invited Acosta for a drink, and Hadden joined.
-
-The man said he was from the U.S. and primarily spoke in English with Acosta, said Hadden, who requested to only use her first name because of the sensitive nature of the case. He didn’t drink alcohol, and was taciturn and serious, she said. The American asked whether the women were interested in astrology. Acosta said she was, and showed him an astrology chart on her phone. The man then said, “It can even tell the day you’re going to die,” Hadden recalled. 
-
-After about 20 minutes, Acosta and the American left for Hotel Cascadas, which is used by the club for prostitution. Security officers guard the halls, but mostly to make sure customers don’t overstay their allotted time, two dancers who work at the club told VICE News. At 10 p.m., Acosta texted her mom as she always did before going with a client: “404 30 min,” she wrote, referring to the hotel room number.
-
-An hour passed. And then two. Acosta’s mom texted and called, but the messages stopped going through and her calls went straight to voicemail. Afraid something had happened, she went to the club to look for her daughter. But the managers refused to help, she said. She was told they couldn’t disturb room 404 because the customer had reserved the room until 1 p.m. the following day. 
-
-The last text message Acosta sent to her mother before her murder was “404 30 min,” a reference to how long she would be with the client and in what room number. Acosta’s mom started to panic when she didn’t respond (Left). Room 404 the night of Acosta’s murder (Right). (Photos courtesy of Acosta’s family)
-
-Acosta’s mom had already contacted Toby to say she was worried. Toby sped from Los Angeles to Tijuana to also look for Acosta, and when he arrived at Hotel Cascadas around 3 a.m., he pleaded with the staff to review their security cameras. But more than one person told him the security cameras weren’t working, he said. Hadden said staff at the club told her the same.
-
-“They told us for three hours in a row they were going to check the room,” Toby said. “And then they would come back and say ‘we have to wait.’ By the third time they told us that, I lost my mind,” he said. He went to room 404 and banged on the door. The only thing he heard was the humming of a mini fridge. 
-
-When hotel staff finally entered the room at noon the following day, on Jan. 25, they found Acosta dead on the bathroom floor, naked. Her mouth had been stuffed with paper to prevent her from breathing. There was no sign of the American.
-
-A security camera captured Acosta and her client in Hotel Cascadas the night of her murder. Prosecutors allege Bryant Rivera was the client and that he killed her. (Photo from complaint filed by the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Central District of California)
-
-As police carried out Acosta’s body on a stretcher, Toby said that one of the hotel’s security guards told him, “She’s gone—overdose.” The rumor was repeated over and over again and by the time Acosta’s friend Hadden returned to the club two weeks later, all of the dancers had been led to believe that Acosta died of a drug overdose, she said.
-
-When Tijuana police interviewed Acosta’s mom, Clara Flores, they also implied Acosta was to blame, she said. “They suggested that she was a drug addict and involved with the wrong people,” Flores said. “They asked if she was ‘rebellious’ or if she had any tattoos.”
-
-An autopsy would later determine that Acosta had no trace of drugs or alcohol in her body. And the security cameras at Hotel Cascadas were, in fact, working. When the footage was eventually turned over to authorities, it offered damning evidence. At 10:13 p.m, Acosta and the American entered room 404. At 11:49, the American left the room. The cameras captured no one else entering or leaving the room, according to court records. 
-
-> When hotel staff finally entered the room at noon the following day, on Jan. 25, they found Acosta dead on the bathroom floor, naked. Her mouth had been stuffed with paper to prevent her from breathing. There was no sign of the American.
-
-Thirteen minutes after the customer left room 404, a man fitting his description and wearing the same clothes crossed by foot from Tijuana into San Diego at the San Ysidro Port of Entry.
-
-Months later, Toby learned the American’s identity. He was a U.S. citizen, and, according to prosecutors, his name was Bryant Rivera.
-
-Rivera has not been charged in the U.S. and his lawyer declined to comment.  
-
-## SPIRAL OF GRIEF
-
-Acosta’s murder sent Toby into a spiral of grief and guilt. If only he could have gotten to her earlier. If only Acosta hadn’t worked that night, or had stopped working at the club altogether. The scenarios ran through his head in an endless loop.
-
-The couple met in August 2020 at a party thrown by Hong Kong Gentlemen’s Club. He was 41, she was 19. The pandemic was raging. 
-
-Toby had started going to the club to escape his isolation and meet women. He is good-looking and the dancers doted on him. “I loved being given for free what others had to pay for,” he said.
-
-The first night Toby met Acosta, they stayed up all night talking about music, and Toby asked her on a date. She was funny and beautiful. Soon, Toby was visiting Acosta every weekend in Tijuana. Three months after they first met, he went to her grandfather’s birthday party in Monterrey and met her extended family. He took her on trips around the world—to Colombia, Paris, Berlin, Mexico City. They constantly took videos together—drinking coffee, visiting pyramids, discussing the day’s plans. 
-
-Toby knows what it looks like—dating a sex worker half his age. He also doesn't care. “We talked and FaceTimed every single day. I thought it was ridiculous. I am 40 years old. I don’t really want to Facetime for 45 minutes,” Toby said. “But I never got tired of it. I was in love with her, and I have no doubt that she was in love with me.” 
-
-But they also fought, especially when it came to Acosta’s work at Hong Kong. Toby wanted Acosta to stop working there. There were the personal reasons, of course—Acosta was having sex with other men—but also he feared for her safety.
-
-Acosta refused Toby’s pleas—she didn’t want to depend on him. She had rented a space in Tijuana to open a clothing store and needed the money to get it off the ground.
-
-As soon as he learned Acosta was missing, Toby feared the worst. Acosta had recently acquired a new phone, but it was still linked to her previous phone. Using the old phone, he could see her new phone was in Downey. Some 12 hours later—after Acosta’s body had been found—the phone appeared 50 miles to the east, in Riverside, California.
-
-In the early morning hours after Acosta’s murder in Tijuana—before her body was found—her cell phone was traced 130 miles away to Downey, Calif. Some 12 hours later, it appeared in Riverside, Calif. (Photos courtesy of Acosta’s family)
-
-Flores, Acosta’s mom, said she turned Acosta’s old cell phone over to Mexican investigators in hopes that they would follow up. But they seemed fixated on the idea that Toby was behind the murder, she said. She told investigators they were chasing a dead end, but privately she worried they would try and blame him. She told Toby not to return to Tijuana anytime soon.
-
-A spokesman for the Baja California Attorney General’s office, which oversees homicide investigations in Tijuana, didn’t respond to a request for comment about whether authorities did anything with the information provided by Flores, or if they considered Toby a suspect.
-
-> There were so many corpses in the government morgue in Tijuana that authorities ran out of refrigerators to store Acosta’s body.
-
-Tijuana was coming off years of record violence, fueled by a brutal cartel war over control of the drug trade. The number of homicides averaged around 2,000 per year, making the border city the bloodiest in all of Mexico. By contrast, New York City—whose population is four times as large—had 433 murders in 2022.  
-
-There were so many corpses in the government morgue in Tijuana that authorities ran out of refrigerators to store Acosta’s body. By the time they turned it over to Flores, around a week after the murder, it had already started to decompose, she said.
-
-Toby channeled his rage and grief into investigating Acosta’s murder. A friend put him in touch with a former Riverside County District Attorney, who in turn connected Toby to FBI task force agent Dane Wilkinson.
-
-Toby told Wilkinson about Acosta’s stolen iPhone and how someone was still using her Apple Pay. Toby wanted to track down the phone—an idea that Wilkinson dissuaded him against because it could undermine evidence. Plus, it was dangerous.
-
-Wilkinson was sympathetic, Toby said, but told him that without a homicide report there was nothing he could do. In the days and weeks after Acosta’s murder, Toby emailed Wilkinson with increasing desperation. 
-
-*January 26:* “Just the idea that there's the tiniest little thing that I can do for her means the world to me.”
-
-*January 27:* “Her phone is still pinging in the same location.”
-
-*March 30:* “Did the Mexican authorities ever reach out or share any information? I don’t expect any details, I just want to know if they’ve lifted a finger to help Angy. They have shared nothing with her mother. We still don’t even have the autopsy.”
-
-Wilkinson said his hands were tied. “We were basically assisting the Mexican authorities if they requested our assistance,” he emailed Toby on July 15, 2022.
-
-In fact, Mexican authorities had already zeroed in on Rivera as a prime suspect. It’s unclear if Wilkinson knew this and didn’t want to tell Toby, or if he simply didn’t know. Wilkinson didn’t respond to requests for comment sent to his email and phone.  
-
-## WHEELS OF JUSTICE
-
-It is, on the whole, much more difficult to be a serial killer these days. Because of improved technology and forensic investigative tools, authorities are much more likely to apprehend would-be serial killers before they have a chance to murder multiple victims. But in Mexico, a mix of impunity, corruption and sheer lack of resources mean perpetrators can go years without being caught. And when they are, the wheels of justice often move at a snail’s pace. 
-
-Rosario Mosso Castro, a veteran reporter with the Tijuana paper *Zeta,* was the first person to publicly raise the alarm about a possible serial killer hunting sex workers in the city. Her front-page [story in March 2022](https://zetatijuana.com/2022/03/2021-328-mujeres-asesinadas-en-bc/) identified three victims by their first names.
-
-The first was Karen González Argüelles, who worked briefly at Hong Kong Gentlemen’s Club, according to Mosso Castro. She went missing on August 30, 2020 after going on a date with a client. Her body was discovered a few days later in a trash dump in a canyon that separates Tijuana and San Diego. She had been strangled and beaten to death. She left behind a young daughter.
-
-The second victim was Acosta.
-
-The third woman was murdered just three weeks after Acosta. 
-
-The victim, 25-year-old Elizabeth Martínez Cigarroa, was also a sex worker who worked at Hong Kong. She told her family she was going on a Valentine’s Day date with an American man that she met at the club. Days later, on Feb. 17, 2022, her naked body was found in the trunk of her Jeep, which had been abandoned on a commercial street in Tijuana’s red light district. Security camera [footage](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aBLFcxKf3c) showed a man parking the car.
-
-> Rosario Mosso Castro, a veteran reporter with the Tijuana paper *Zeta,* was the first person to publicly raise the alarm about a possible serial killer hunting sex workers in the city.
-
-One month after Martínez Cigarroa’s murder, a judge in Baja California—where Tijuana is located—quietly signed a warrant for Rivera’s arrest, according to documents obtained by VICE News. But the arrest warrant applied only if Rivera were apprehended in Mexico.
-
-Toby didn’t know about any of this. Neither did Acosta’s mom. They had no idea the investigation had advanced at all until November, when Mosso Castro published another blockbuster [story](https://zetatijuana.com/2022/11/asesino-serial-de-mujeres/) that identified the suspected serial killer as 30-year-old “Brayan Andrade Rivera” and included his driver’s license photo.
-
-Angela Acosta at the beach. (Courtesy of Acosta's family)
-
-After Mosso Castro’s story hit the news, the top prosecutor in Baja California confirmed that Mexican authorities were looking for an American. The suspect has “criminal tendencies associated with violent and psychopathic behavior,” then-Attorney General Ivan Carpio Sánchez told reporters. Carpio Sánchez was well-regarded in U.S. circles as being a hard-hitter who stayed up nights working homicide cases. He likened the murderer to notorious serial killer Ted Bundy, a comparison that immediately made headlines across the U.S. 
-
-The implication left by the prosecutor, and repeated in the stories, was that an American serial killer was on the lam. Except Rivera wasn’t on the run, according to documents seen by VICE News. Authorities in both countries were already communicating about him—and knew where to find him.
-
-But knowing Rivera’s whereabouts wasn’t enough. To convince U.S. authorities to arrest Rivera, Mexico would have to go through a lengthy extradition process that regularly takes up to a year or longer. It would mean laying out the evidence against him for a U.S. court to review. VICE News tried to reach Carpio Sánchez multiple times to answer questions about the case but never received a response. He resigned from his position as attorney general last month. The same week as his departure, he announced that authorities are investigating Rivera for the murder of a fourth woman in Tijuana whose death had similar hallmarks to the other victims. He didn’t say when the murder took place or provide other details. 
-
-## “THAT SERIAL KILLER? I KNOW HIM”
-
-Toby’s search for justice became all consuming. He became a self-taught private investigator. He looked up every possible variation of Bryan Rivera, Brayan Andrade Rivera, and Brian Rivera in California. He paid for no fewer than three databases that offered home addresses, telephone numbers and criminal histories. 
-
-He also reached out to Francisco Cigarroa, the brother of the woman murdered three weeks after Acosta. Cigarroa had been extremely vocal after his sister’s death and denounced authorities for failing to investigate. Now, Cigarroa confided with Toby that an anonymous person had reached out over Facebook and shared Rivera’s address in Downey. 
-
-Toby began driving to the apartment complex every chance he could, hoping for a glimpse of Rivera. In May of this year, Toby said he called the FBI field office in Los Angeles and was connected to an agent. He again pleaded for law enforcement to arrest Rivera. “I was calling to say there is a serial killer living here, and I shared his address and name,” Toby said. “He probably thought I was crazy.”
-
-Toby said he never heard back.
-
-He wasn’t the only one reporting Rivera. Shannon Sales, a Los Angeles resident, said she also called the FBI after seeing Rivera’s picture in a story about a serial killer in Tijuana. She recognized him, because it was her ex-boyfriend’s best friend. 
-
-Rivera and Sales’ former boyfriend worked together delivering Amazon packages, and Rivera had come to her house many times, Sales said. Rivera was quiet and awkward. He told her that he was in a relationship with a stripper in Tijuana and that he was in love with her. 
-
-“He always wanted to know something from a woman’s point of view,” Sales said. “Like, ‘do women like to be controlled or do they like guys to be nice?’”
-
-She said she left a voicemail with the FBI and also sent a message through an online portal. She doesn’t remember the exact wording but it was something like: “That serial killer in Tijuana? I know him.” She also said she never heard back.
-
-The FBI declined to comment about the phone calls from Sales and Toby, or its involvement in the case. “I can’t get into that,” a press officer told VICE News.
-
-## ONE BLOCK AWAY
-
-By late spring, Mexico’s request for Rivera’s provisional arrest and extradition was winding its way through the U.S. justice system, from the State Department to the Department of Justice and eventually to the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Central District of California, which on June 29 asked a federal magistrate judge to approve Rivera’s arrest based on the evidence provided by Mexico.
-
-On July 6., around 5 a.m., a team of U.S. law enforcement officers surrounded an apartment complex in Downey. They zeroed in on the green, second floor apartment with potted geraniums and coleus outside. Sirens blared as the officers called for the residents to step outside with their hands in the air. Rivera appeared in basketball shorts and a T-shirt, a neighbor told VICE News. Authorities arrested him on the spot. It was still dark out. Rivera’s arrest came 16 months after a Mexican judge had issued an arrest warrant against him, and 18 months since Acosta’s murder.  
-
-He was picked up just one block from where Acosta’s cell phone pinged in the hours when she was still missing. Authorities found several cell phones among Rivera’s possessions, Toby said an FBI agent told him. Acosta’s appeared to be among them—a Sierra Blue iPhone 13 Pro Max. The FBI wouldn’t confirm whether it had recovered Acosta’s phone.
-
-The U.S. Department of Justice also declined to answer questions about the case, including when U.S. authorities first learned that Rivera was a murder suspect. But a U.S. government official who agreed to speak on condition of anonymity said the extradition process—including Rivera’s arrest—has advanced quickly. “It’s absolutely moving really fast, and it’s because the Mexicans have great evidence,” said the official, describing the case against Rivera as “air-tight.”
-
-Tony Robleto, an FBI border liaison officer from 2011-2017, said U.S. authorities likely knew about Rivera within days of Acosta’s murder. “I guarantee you that within a few days the Mexican authorities had the suspect identified from video and all of that,” Robleto said. “They probably reached out to CBP (U.S. Customs and Border Protection) and said ‘can you check if you have any crossings around this time and look at that.’” 
-
-Robleto said there are steps U.S. authorities could have taken as they waited for Mexico to submit a provisional arrest warrant, like monitoring Rivera or tracking his cell phone in order to alert Mexican authorities if he crossed into Tijuana. It’s unclear if that happened.
-
-Rivera’s arrest took neighbors and co-workers by shock. He was known to keep to himself, but he had never shown signs of a temper or a violent streak. He had never been arrested or charged with a crime. He lived with and took care of his elderly and ailing parents, neither of whom speak English. His father, who is blind, is largely confined to a wheelchair.
-
-A former co-worker at the Mexican restaurant El Taco said Rivera was quiet, almost to the point of mute. He said Rivera got the job at the restaurant because Rivera’s father—who had worked there decades earlier—arrived with Rivera and asked the manager to give his son a job. “If you tried to talk to him, he would look away and just give ‘yes or no’ answers. But he was never disrespectful,” said the co-worker, who asked to withhold his name because of the media attention around the case.
-
-> Rivera is expected to be extradited to Mexico in the coming months, marking a triumph for Mexican authorities.
-
-In a court filing, federal public defender J. Alejandro Barrientos requested that the judge release Rivera on bail and noted the lengthy time period it took to arrest him. “Whatever the cause of these delays, the mere fact that they were permitted to occur betray any claim that Mr. Rivera poses an immediate danger to anyone,” Barrientos wrote. 
-
-Rivera’s older sister also pleaded for her brother to be released to her on bail. “The crimes of which my brother is being accused of do not resemble the character of the boy I grew up with and know," she wrote in a statement to the court, describing him as “shy and reserved.” She said when she moved out, “all the responsibility of taking my parents to their doctor appointments, grocery shopping, running errands, etc., fell onto my brother.” The judge denied bail. Rivera is expected to be extradited to Mexico in the coming months, marking a triumph for Mexican authorities. While extradition is common, it’s mostly a one-way street of Mexico sending its citizens to the U.S. to face trial and prison time. Rivera is an exception.  
-
-On July 30, two days before Acosta’s birthday, Toby visited her grave in Tijuana. He had always gone accompanied by someone, but this time he went alone. He stayed for hours. He played songs from their playlist—they had sent each other a song a day since the night they met.
-
-He spread rose petals and tied blue balloons to the white cross at her gravesite. He told her everything—about his efforts to obtain justice for her, and how an American had been arrested for her murder. He cried and screamed and sang her happy birthday. Acosta would have been 22.
-
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-Date: 2023-03-13
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-03-13
-Link: https://www.wired.com/story/silicon-valley-bank-collapse-fallout/
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-```button
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-&emsp;
-
-# The Silicon Valley Bank Contagion Is Just Beginning
-
-When Silicon Valley Bank collapsed on March 10, Garry Tan, president and CEO of startup incubator Y Combinator, [called SVB’s failure](https://twitter.com/garrytan/status/1634260576431136768) “an extinction level event for startups” that “will set startups and innovation back by 10 years or more.” People have been [quick](https://twitter.com/CasPiancey/status/1634719630752382981) [to](https://twitter.com/ThomasAFink/status/1634302511438782466) [point](https://twitter.com/davidsirota/status/1634788264019378177) [out](https://twitter.com/MikeIsaac/status/1634298995110707200) how quickly the cadre of small-government, libertarian tech bros has come calling for government intervention in the form of a bailout when it’s their money on the line.
-
-Late yesterday, the US government [announced](https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1337) that SVB depositors will regain access to all their money, thanks to the Federal Deposit Insurance Company's backstop funded by member banks. Yet the shock to the tech ecosystem and its elite may still bring down a reckoning for many who believe it’s got nothing to do with them.
-
-SVB’s 40,000 customers are mostly tech companies—the bank provided services to around [half of US startups](https://www.axios.com/2023/03/11/silicon-valley-bank-rip)—but those tech companies are tattooed into the fabric of daily lives across the US and beyond. The power of the West Coast tech industry means that most digital lives are rarely more than a single degree of separation away from a startup banking with SVB.
-
-The bank's customers may now be getting their money back but the services SVB once provided are gone. That void and the shock of last week may cause—or force—startups and their investors to drastically change how they manage their money and businesses, with effects far beyond Silicon Valley.
-
-Most immediately, the many startups who depended on SVB have workers far from the bank’s home turf. “These companies and people are not just in Silicon Valley,” says Sarah Kunst, managing director of Cleo Capital, a San Francisco firm that invests in early-stage startups.
-
-Y Combinator cofounder Paul Graham said yesterday that the incubator’s companies banking with SVB [have more than a quarter of a million](https://twitter.com/paulg/status/1634961673504325632) employers, around a third of whom are based outside California. If they and other SVB customers suffer cash crunches or cut back expansion plans, rent payments in many parts of the world may be delayed and staff may no longer buy coffees and lunches at the corner deli. Cautious about the future, businesses may withhold new hires, and staff who remain may respond in kind, cutting local spending or delaying home purchases or renovation work.
-
-The second- and third-order impacts of startups hitting financial trouble or just slowing down could be more pernicious. “When you say: ‘Oh, I don’t care about Silicon Valley,’ yes, that might sound fine. But the reality is very few of us are Luddites,” Kunst says. “Imagine you wake up and go to unlock your door, and because they’re a tech company banking with SVB who can no longer make payroll, your app isn’t working and you’re struggling to unlock your door.” Perhaps you try a rideshare company or want to hop on a pay-by-the-hour electric scooter, but can’t because their payment system is provided by an SVB client who now can’t operate.
-
-Some people affected by the bank’s collapse will be in much more precarious situations than some of the monied investors and tech insiders tweeting through the crisis. California lawmaker Scott Wiener, a member of the state’s senate, [tweeted](https://twitter.com/Scott_Wiener/status/1634706501645533184) over the weekend that an unnamed payroll processing company based in San Francisco whose customers employ “tens of thousands” of workers had banked with SVB. The average salary of those workers is around $48,000, he said, and they work in businesses including pizza places, taco joints, and bike shops. “It’s not just a tech thing,” he said.
-
-The collapse of SVB could become a painful lesson in how the sector dubbed “tech” is much broader than many realize. “Every tech company is a normal business that has suppliers who provide things,” says Dom Hallas, executive director of the Coalition for a Digital Economy, which represents startups in the UK, “They’re not all whizzy companies with names that have no vowels in them.”
-
-On March 12, SVB’s UK subsidiary was [bought by HSBC](https://www.ft.com/content/216b193d-62b3-4e5e-8f67-e8eb3d96ebf1), another banking group, in a private sale brokered by the government.
-
-SVB’s failure will also have longer-term impacts beyond the next few weeks and months. The collapse of the leading specialist in providing financial services to tech companies could make it harder for the next generation of startups to find what they need to build their business. And after witnessing the herd-like, Twitter-fueled rush to pull money out of SVB, other banks may be cautious toward tech out of fear of experiencing the same problems SVB faced.
-
-There is also concern that as in past financial crises, problems at one bank help expose or even trigger more at others. An SVB executive reached by WIRED yesterday, speaking anonymously because they were not authorized to speak for the company, acknowledged failures at the bank but urged lawmakers to take a wider view of the situation. “An institution like ours is integral to the tech economy,” the executive says. “The biggest message is for our politicians to realize this could be a contagion if it trickles to regional banks. It’s small tech. It’s not big tech that are our clients.”
-
-Startups need bank accounts and other services to secure investment from venture capitalists and put it to work. New financial friction for the sector could become a brake on future tech development. Government funding of technologies such as GPS has helped the tech sector, but “the vast majority of consumer technology funding isn’t coming from governments and universities in America,” says Kunst of Cleo Capital. “It’s coming from the private sector, and the private sector is going to be hamstrung in the ability to raise and deploy that money.”
-
-The tech sector is known for its boundless—sometimes irrational—optimism, and some caught in the crisis hope that good may come from it. Kunst hopes other banks will step in to pick up SVB’s customers and become more engaged with the startup scene. “I think you’re going to see more and more bigger banks of all sizes getting excited about having tech customers,” she says, giving startups more options than they had before. To get to that point, however, we have to get through the next few days and weeks—which could be trickier than expected.
-
-*Additional reporting by Paresh Dave.*
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-Tag: ["🤵🏻", "🇺🇸", "👮‍♀️"]
-Date: 2023-02-05
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-02-05
-Link: https://www.wealthsimple.com/en-ca/magazine/nico-walker-money-diaries
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-&emsp;
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-# The Snack-Cake Economy: How I Learned Money in Prison
-
-***Wealthsimple*** makes powerful financial tools to help you grow and manage your money. [Learn more](https://www.wealthsimple.com/en-ca)
-
-The Fly was one of the first people I saw when I walked into my housing unit at the federal prison in Ashland, Kentucky. He was cooking something in the dayroom microwave, patting his belly, having a good enough time, it seemed. His celly was his own brother. They were both from the Midwest, via Mexico, these brothers were, and they were both in for something to do with cocaine. By the time I showed up, though, their principal business had shifted. They were storemen. Solid ones. Two of the all-time greats.
-
-In prison, you could eat at the chow hall three times a day and live on that, but you would be hungry. The food was mostly carbohydrates, oftentimes stale. The chicken quarters were said to be expired crocodile food, irradiated so as to be safe to eat. The first day, you couldn’t touch any of it. Nobody could come in cold off the street and dig into the baked fish. You had to undergo a process. You went to jail. You got hungry. You got hungrier. Then you ate. Still, even after this process, sometimes you didn’t want to eat at the chow hall, or sometimes you couldn’t because you had to be somewhere else during “feeding.” So, if you had any money on your book — your inmate account — you went to the prison commissary. The trouble was that you could go to the commissary only once a week. That was why storemen, like the Fly, existed.
-
-The Fly and his brother ran the most legit store in the housing unit, if not on the entire compound, selling commissary food at a markup. Need freeze-dried coffee? Or a bag of Nilla Wafers? A legal pad? See the storeman. You could do a lot with storeman food. Crush up a bag of Nilla Wafers extra fine, pour it into a bowl, add a can of Pepsi and some hot-cocoa mix, stir in a glob of no-refrigeration-needed mayonnaise, microwave it for 13 minutes, and then, *presto!*, you had a cake that actually resembled a cake.
-
-> Twelve-packs of Pepsi, Little Debbie snack cakes, mackerel in a mylar pouch, summer sausage: this is what holds the U.S. carceral state together.
-
-Many guys tried to be storemen. It was considered one of the better hustles, preferable to cutting hair or fixing shoes. It wasn’t passive income but the closest thing to it. Plus, the cops — the corrections officers — were in no hurry to wreck a storeman’s hustle, since the whole point of having a commissary was to keep the prisoners content enough that they wouldn’t burn down the place. Twelve-packs of Pepsi, Little Debbie snack cakes, mackerel in a Mylar pouch, summer sausage: this is what holds the U.S. carceral state together. And, since storemen made commissary food accessible to prisoners who had little or no money on their book, the cops usually tolerated them, provided that they dealt only in commissary and, to a lesser degree, postage stamps. The problem was that being a storeman required start-up capital, hence many guys failed or never got started.
-
-The Fly and his brother were particularly good storemen because, at some inconvenience and expense, they kept a larger inventory than most others. The Fly handled advertising. He stayed busy cooking in the dayroom, making whatever it was look nice, like you were missing out if you were above some microwave cooking. That first time I saw him, he was using brown rice, giardiniera peppers, and Tapatío from the commissary, plus chicken, cheese, an onion, and a green pepper from the kitchen. At Christmastime, he made tamales with spicy corn chips that he smashed up and turned into shells and filled with kitchen cheese and pork. His brother, who kept the books, so to speak, was usually posted up in a chair by their cell door on the top tier, across from the Spanish TV mounted to the dayroom wall.
-
-If you were a storeman, you couldn’t do much business if you weren’t around, so either you or somebody you trusted needed to stay in the housing unit all day. The Fly and his brother took orderly jobs so they wouldn’t have to leave for long periods. They would sweep or mop the housing unit, say — some low-wage job they could usually pay someone else to do for them so they could focus on the store. The Fly did get outside sometimes, though. Whenever we organized a soccer league in the late summer or early fall, he would show up at the end of games to sell sodas to thirsty players walking off the field, stashing whatever stamps he earned in his hat.
-
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-
-Postage stamps were the currency. Each week, you could buy 20 Forever Stamps, what we called mailers, at the commissary and spend them like cash. But we mostly used compound stamps — worn-out first-class mailers, worth about 30¢ a piece. When the Fly and his brother were running things, you could get a Zebra Cake for two compound stamps, or 60¢. A new box from the commissary cost $1.75 for six cakes, so 30¢ each. That was what they would have paid for it, so their markup was about 100%. Those prices weren’t predatory, though, not given their overhead and labour.
-
-I bought stamps with the $45 a month I made from my prison jobs teaching the GED and, later, clerking in the Adult Continuing Education program. I wasn’t breaking rocks, but it was work. My folks, bless their hearts, also put money on my book. I took their money and felt ashamed. But someone on the outside — an aged mother, a long-suffering wife — carried the financial burden for a lot of prisoners, who would have been far worse off otherwise. Even basics, like underwear and toothpaste, cost money in prison. Some guys were sent no cash. That’s really doing time. I didn’t do time like that.
-
-> Not having many things was fucking marvelous. Basically everything you owned could fit into a three-foot-tall box.
-
-It was a low-security prison. Not a minimum. Not a medium. Not a high. A low. And to be at a low, you can’t have more than 20 years. I was behind bars for eight and a half years, during which time the overall zeitgeist among the cops ran to “fuck the prisoners over and fuck them relentlessly.” I heard someone (I forget who) say that in prison, and I remember thinking, *That’s well said*. Most of us arrived when we were relatively young, serving a dime apiece or so. The guys with the real football numbers, they’re up in the mediums and the highs. They’re the ones with nothing to lose, so the cops can’t fuck with them too much. But we did have something to lose — our release dates — so they screwed with us plenty.
-
-Sometimes you could peel off and reuse a stamp from a letter if the post office failed to cancel it. Once, before mail call, a cop — a real Mister Your Tax Dollars At Work — went through every envelope and crossed out any stamp the post office had missed, lest a prisoner who’s literally impoverished come upon it and put it toward the purchase of a soup from the storeman. This was a foul thing to do, because (a) it was a waste of time and (b) there is a God in heaven and to engage in such petty bullshit profanes the sacred gift of life. But the cops, as a rule, could not give less of a shit about being decent to the prisoners.
-
-The Fly and his brother, in contrast, were almost always decent. They were bankers as much as vendors, happy to loan you 10 stamps, say, to get a haircut in the housing unit. (If you paid less than 10 stamps, you weren’t getting a haircut that you couldn’t have given yourself, provided you were able to track down clippers.)
-
-Unlike bankers, the brothers didn’t charge interest on loans, but if you ran credit with them, they would give you a list the night before your commissary day. If you owed, say, two books of stamps, that was 40 compound stamps, or $12. The Fly’s brother would say, “Can you get me a 12-pack of…Diet Mountain Dew?” Of course, you would say. “And,” he would say, checking his inventory, “can you get me...three boxes of Swiss rolls and three soups?” Ideally, you wouldn’t say no. If you wanted to be sure that you could borrow stamps in the future, you wouldn’t say no.
-
-The commissary was open four days a week, three if there was a federal holiday. It was by the back gate. When your day came, you stood outside in one of two lines, waiting for the doors to open. It would be raining, because it would always be raining on your store day, and if it wasn’t raining, it would be the hottest day of summer.
-
-Once you got inside, you stood in line until you reached a small opaque window. You’d filled out a list ahead of time, writing down whatever you wanted for yourself and needed for the storeman. You put the piece of paper in a slot beneath the window and left it there. Eventually, a cop behind the window called your name, and you stepped up to the counter. Toothpaste, underwear, Swiss rolls, soups, stamps, typing ribbon, mackerel: it all came out through a gap under the window. After the cop rang up everything and subtracted the total from your book, he slid out your bullshit. If you were getting more than you could carry with two hands, you put it in a laundry bag. Back at the housing unit, your first stop was to see the brothers to settle up. If neither was home, you left the bullshit in their cell. They’d know. It was an easy enough thing. You could count on it to be alright.
-
-> When you’re headed to prison for a decade or so, you have to assume that whatever relationship you have on the outside will wither and die.
-
-Prison wasn’t all bad. I don’t want to bad-mouth it all the way, because I liked it sometimes. Not having many things was fucking marvelous. Basically everything you owned, excluding your three uniforms and a bedroll, could fit into a three-foot-tall box. What you’d lost you made up for in other ways. You could focus so intently on a photograph that you basically lived in it whenever you looked at or even thought about it.
-
-Losing people was harder than losing stuff. When you’re headed to prison for a decade or so, you have to assume that whatever relationship you have on the outside will wither and die. Knowing this, some people will go back to jail just to make a clean break. The Fly was a romantic, though. He didn’t see it coming. When his wife finally got around to divorcing him, he lost his shit. He was placed on suicide watch, and by the time the prison let him off, he was taking a number of medications.
-
-The last time I saw the Fly, I was in the law library, working on a [novel](https://www.amazon.ca/Cherry-novel-Nico-Walker/dp/0525520139). The Fly knew that he was leaving, that the prison was shipping him somewhere else. He didn’t tell me the reason why. He only wanted to shoot the breeze one last time. We used to watch TV together. We both liked soccer and the telenovela *Qué Pobres tan Ricos*. But his meds had him zooted as fuck, and he wasn’t the same. He was hurting.
-
-I was playing Modest Mouse on an MP3 player, one I’d bought for $70 in the commissary but that would have cost $29 on the street. The Fly wanted to know what I was listening to. He didn’t know Modest Mouse, so I gave him the earbuds. “Yeah, man,” he said, listening. “Fucking rock and roll!” He was kidding around, talking real loud, but he sounded fucked up and sad. His demeanour was fatalistic in a way it hadn’t been before, as if something in him had given out.
-
-It wasn’t long after that that the Fly did get shipped out. I forget where he went. His brother was down about it. “I tried to tell him we’re lucky,” he said. And they were lucky — to have been in the same prison, in the same housing unit, in the same cell.
-
-With the Fly gone, his brother got sloppy, taking chances he wouldn’t have otherwise. Then one day there was a shakedown, one of those where a dozen cops roll in before the 6 AM rec move, kick all the prisoners out into the yard, and proceed to tear shit up, looking for contraband. This time they found a phone in the brother’s cell. We were all out on the yard when the cops came deep and snatched him up. They took him away, and none of us saw him again. Nobody liked that. We were there to get fucked, though, so that’s what they did. They fucked him and they fucked us. They were relentless about that. ♦
-
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-
-**Wealthsimple Favourites**
-
--   [“My Finances, in Brief,”](https://www.wealthsimple.com/en-ca/magazine/david-sedaris-money-diaries) an Essay by David Sedaris
-    
--   Karen Russell on [writing, money, and motherhood](https://www.wealthsimple.com/en-ca/magazine/karen-russell)
-    
--   [“The Code That Controls Your Money,”](https://www.wealthsimple.com/en-ca/magazine/cobol-controls-your-money) by Clive Thompson
-    
-
-![Nico Walker](https://images.ctfassets.net/v44fuld738we/2QyGEMYbxLrZwophYavdSw/e14d791cac0f0340be75fb62548c8ff9/2155067__1_.jpeg)
-
-*Nico Walker is the author of the novel* [Cherry](https://www.amazon.ca/Cherry-novel-Nico-Walker/dp/0525520139).
-
-The content on this site is produced by Wealthsimple Media Inc. and is for informational purposes only. The content is not intended to be investment advice or any other kind of professional advice. Before taking any action based on this content you should consult a professional. We do not endorse any third parties referenced on this site. When you invest, your money is at risk and it is possible that you may lose some or all of your investment. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. Historical returns, hypothetical returns, expected returns and images included in this content are for illustrative purposes only.
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
----
-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.03 News/The Source Years.md b/00.03 News/The Source Years.md
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-
-Tag: ["🎭", "🎵", "🎤", "🇺🇸"]
-Date: 2023-09-17
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-09-17
-Link: https://oldster.substack.com/p/the-source-years
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-09-26]]
-
----
-
-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-TheSourceYearsNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# The Source Years
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1aa7ee69-b401-40e4-9338-f192acdf9fbd_300x386.jpeg)
-
-The issue of The Source for which Michael A. Gonzales wrote a cover story about Jay-Z—the story Dame Dash tried to have the magazine pull.
-
-Hip-Hop, which in this insistence means the music we know as rap, [celebrated its 50th](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/10/magazine/hip-hop-50-anniversary.html) [anniversary on August 11](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/10/magazine/hip-hop-50-anniversary.html?unlocked_article_code=PmGYAVEmwo3w6veKsEiRNhtCY3X43quuSD9Chy2vyApdQQWPOQs970jxS2B9jSgt8DTmpDEuynnIKpsJHAlxPxUM_iza_4oItpIUfMePFJs1cgnC9sd_yjRI5eQMfMsnWj5hKXbqfGyG4W9-7bmC3b8gwZUsJ4RQpbpjZZLnK_oc8jgnqL95uCzaJwQP6xegpnqcaIjbicCfNxi6DoVlUwKIh_AB-PySiUVofuytiFeOxYJPD3en85HbfDODnjMkB5fArjJOHl2c725DyUbxkDPf9Kn_4tWAU1lm4LK8H5V1CL0f4dfd8WCOy30vaC8C-SR76QcbD8llZsxcSuivps0&smid=url-share)[th](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/10/magazine/hip-hop-50-anniversary.html), the date in 1973 when Bronx teenager DJ Kool Herc pioneered the genre and scene while spinning at a party for his little sister Cindy. Herc’s homeboy [Coke La Rock](https://www.waxpoetics.com/article/coke-la-rock) talked over a microphone the DJ had left on a table, and both are credited with throwing the first rap jam. Though I’m a native New Yorker who grew up in Harlem, it would be a few years before that musical style would trickle down from “the boogie down” Bronx to me.
-
-However, in the summer of 1977, a few weeks after my 14th birthday, I was turned out after hearing Sugar Hill record-spinner [DJ Hollywood](https://mrbellersneighborhood.com/2023/03/harlem-superstar-dj-hollywood) and rapper Lovebug Starski at the annual 151th Street block party. Although that was also the year of the intense heat waves, Son of Sam, a blackout, and the Yankees winning the World Series, it was those hours observing DJ Hollywood that stand out the most for me from that summer. They changed my life.
-
-> ### In the summer of 1977, a few weeks after my 14th birthday, I was turned out after hearing Sugar Hill record-spinner [DJ Hollywood](https://mrbellersneighborhood.com/2023/03/harlem-superstar-dj-hollywood) and rapper Lovebug Starski at the annual 151th Street block party. Although that was also the year of the intense heat waves, Son of Sam, a blackout, and the Yankees winning the World Series, it was those hours observing DJ Hollywood that stand out the most for me from that summer.
-
-In 1987, a decade after that first ear-opening experience, I wrote my first record review, foaming at the pen over the Beastie Boys’ wild-styled debut record *Licensed to Ill*. That piece was my gateway to [hip-hop writing](https://longreads.com/2019/06/10/its-like-that-the-makings-of-a-hip-hop-writer/). Three years later my friend, writer Havelock Nelson, asked me to co-write a hip-hop guide book with him. Published in 1991, *[Bring the Noise: A Guide to Rap Music and Hip-Hop Culture](https://archive.org/details/bringnoiseguidet00nels/mode/2up)* (Harmony) was an anthology of New Journalism-style essays that combined journalism, autobiography and sociology. Inspired primarily by a few *Village Voice* writers (Greg Tate, Barry Michael Cooper, Harry Allen and Nelson George) who came before us, we were contributing to the then new writing genre that would become known as “[hip-hop journalism](https://pitchfork.com/features/article/how-a-group-of-journalists-turned-hip-hop-into-a-literary-movement/).”
-
-Three months before the book’s November, 1991 publication date, I was hanging out at a [New Music Seminar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Music_Seminar) turntable battle at Irving Plaza when I ran into two editors from *The Source*—a magazine covering the entirety of hip-hop culture—including politics, founded by Harvard students Dave Mays and Jon Shecter in 1988. They were hawking their publication from a table in the night club’s balcony.
-
-“I would like to write for you guys,” I blurted to editors Shecter and James Bernard. Two days later I sent each an advance copy of *Bring the Noise*, and James contacted me a week later with an assignment to write about Trenton, New Jersey rappers Poor Righteous Teachers (Wise Intelligent, Culture Freedom, Mike Peart and Father Shaheed), whose single, “Rock This Funky Joint,” was a hit.
-
-> ### In 1987, a decade after that first ear-opening experience, I wrote my first record review, foaming at the pen over the Beastie Boys’ wild-styled debut record *Licensed to Ill*. That piece was my gateway to [hip-hop writing](https://longreads.com/2019/06/10/its-like-that-the-makings-of-a-hip-hop-writer/). Three years later my friend, writer Havelock Nelson, asked me to co-write a hip-hop guide book with him.
-
-While I had interviewed rappers before, none of my previous stories had taken me off the island of Manhattan or outside of conference rooms, recording studios or publicity offices. For my debut *Source* story, I spent the day with those guys at Donnelly Homes, the low-income housing development where they lived, as well as other locations. My story “The Road to Righteousness” was published in the November, 1991 issue. That marked the beginning of my decade-long working relationship and lifelong association with the magazine once dubbed “the *Rolling Stone* of hip-hop,” which included eight cover stories, numerous articles, and a regular column called “Back to the Lab.”
-
-My decade at *The Source* was an adventure—from interviewing Cypress Hill, the blunt-wielding subjects of my first cover story, at a Philadelphia tattoo parlor, to meeting actor Robert De Niro while shadowing Lauryn Hill (who was meeting with director Joel Schumacher at the Tribeca Film Center about a starring role in *Dreamgirls*), to chasing down producer Pete Rock, who kept ducking me out until me the A&R dude from Loud Records tracked him down at producer Marley Marl’s house in Spring Valley.
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc61ccfcc-1211-4854-aada-c611dcea51c5_564x755.jpeg)
-
-Gonzales’s cover story for The Source, profiling Lauryn Hill.
-
-The editors, though young and new to publishing, were serious folks. Writers were encouraged to dive deep, spend hours (sometimes days) with our subjects, and compose longer (hopefully more complex and nuanced) stories than what was published in *Word Up* and *Right On*. For those of us with a little gonzo in our style ([Ronin Ro,](https://ifihavent.wordpress.com/category/ronin-ro/) Bonz Malone and [Ghetto Communicator)](https://ifihavent.wordpress.com/2007/02/19/classic-review-enter-the-wu-tang-in-the-source/), it was a luxury to have 3,000 words to spend on one subject. Having wanted to be a writer since I was a boy, my goal was to create the kind of longform journalism published in the *New Yorker* and *Esquire*, except make it Blackadelic as hell.
-
-I wrote in the middle of the night, because I worked a day job in the recreation department of the Catherine Street Homeless Shelter on the Lower East Side. Along with three other aides, we provided a safe space for the kids living there in which to do homework, receive tutoring, play games and, every day at 3:30, watch the hip-hop program *[Video Music Box](https://videomusicbox.com/)*. Most of the rappers I covered were heroes to the kids, but, like Batman, at the shelter, I never revealed my other life.
-
-Though much as been written and discussed about the cover stories I wrote on [Lil Kim](https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/lil-kim/the-queen-bee/9780306925870/?lens=hachette-books)/Foxy Brown (1997), my favorite female rapper feature was an MC Lyte piece published in 1993. Lyte emerged on the scene in 1987 with the anti-crack anthem “I Cram to Understand U (Sam)” followed a year later with her full-length debut *Lyte As a Rock* (1988). Whenever music journalists discuss that fruitful year that gave us so many rap classics, Lyte should always be a part of the [discussion](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/best-hip-hop-rappers-1988-107337/).  
-
-> ### Three months before the book’s November, 1991 publication date, I was hanging out at a New Music Seminar turntable battle at Irving Plaza when I ran into two editors from *The Source*—a magazine covering the entirety of hip-hop culture—including politics, founded by Harvard students Dave Mays and Jon Shecter in 1988. “I would like to write for you guys,” I blurted…
-
-I relished the opportunity to interview Lyte when she was promoting her fourth album, *Ain’t No Other*. Though the lead single was the hard-hitting “Ruffneck,” I preferred “[Brooklyn](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWTP0rF37kk),” her celebration of the borough years before gentrification. “There is a spirit of youthfulness in ‘Brooklyn,’” she told me, “because it reminds me of when I was growing-up there. I just wanted to write about the people who live there, the people who come out of there and the people who are too scared to go there. [Brooklyn](https://crimereads.com/goodbye-brooklyn-michael-gonzales/) is everywhere.”
-
-Like Lyte, there were many in hip-hop who “represented for Brooklyn,” but in the ‘90s the most popular were the Notorious B.I.G. and Jay-Z. Biggie Smalls (as he was first called) was discovered through a Source column called “[Unsigned Hype](https://medium.com/@syreetagates/the-mvps-of-unsigned-hype-46f8cd04c5f8).” Designed to bring unknown rappers to the attention of record companies, other “unsigned” winners included Mobb Deep, Common, DMX and Eminem. Still, as both a rapper and lyricist, I preferred Big’s two studio albums (*[Ready to Die/1994](https://ifihavent.wordpress.com/2007/05/15/the-mayor-of-st-james-notorious-big-in-the-source-1994/)* and *Life [After Death/1997](https://thimk.wordpress.com/2009/11/01/life-before-death-the-source-april-1997-issue-featuring-the-notorious-b-i-g/)*) over the others.
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb03fd545-6c60-4e23-acf1-b6be42a23a6b_1488x1965.jpeg)
-
-Gonzales’s review of Biggie Smalls’ eerily prescient record, *Life After Death…Till Death Do Us Part*, released shortly the rapper was killed in a 1997 drive-by shooting.
-
-Though I never interviewed Big for the magazine, in March, 1997 I was assigned a review of the second album. Spookily, when I was in the middle of listening to it, Havelock called to tell me Biggie had been killed in Los Angeles. Most believed the murder was tied to the infamous East Coast/West Coast war between Big (and Bad Boy Records) and former friend Tupac Shakur (and Death Row Records), who himself had been killed six months before. While processing my sadness about Big’s death, I wrote my review, finishing it days later.
-
-*The Source* had a rating system that was represented by microphones and *Life After Death* was awarded five mics by the “Mind Squad” editors. There are people who still believe that rating was guided by sentimentality, but I’m not one of them.
-
-Eight months after Big’s death, Jay-Z released his second album *In My Lifetime*, *Vol. 1*. He’d been in the middle of recording it when his friend and fellow Brooklyn ambassador was slain. “You know, in this business it’s really hard to click with other rappers,” Jay told me in 1997, “because it’s so hard to trust people. But, Big was different. He was one of few people I wanted to hang around and develop a relationship with, because he was a funny dude.”
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb60cc7d0-c95d-4be7-89e0-cb23100954dd_1664x1046.png)
-
-Ads from The Source for, left, Biggie Smalls’ 1997 record “Life After Death,” and, right, MC Lyte’s 1993 , “Ain’t No Other”
-
-After Jay’s record company Roc-A-Fella partnered with Def Jam, business partner/manager Dame Dash decided to have a listening session for *In My Lifetime*, *Vol. 1* at an all-inclusive resort in the Bahamas, and I got to go. On our second evening on the island, the publicist arranged for Jay and me to sneak off to another hotel where we played blackjack together. I’m a bad card player, but Jay, who later confessed he used to hang-out in gambling spots in Brooklyn, played like a professional. “You know playing cards is a lot like life,” Jay said after I lost $100 in minutes. “Sometimes you might have to double your bets, while other times it's best just to walk away.”
-
----
-
-As beneficial as *The Source* was to many artists’ careers, there was always a rapper, producer or record executive who had beef with it. Either they felt they didn’t receive the number of mics they deserved, or were mad that a journalist wrote something they didn’t like. The only time I felt unsafe was when *The Source* considered pulling Jay’s cover in favor of Dr. Dre’s supergroup The Firm.
-
-Pissed off, Dame Dash sent word insisting the magazine kill the story. I refused. The following day I was at the magazine, editing. When I went to lunch I saw Dame parked in front of the building. He blew his horn and waved me over. “Get in the car; I want to talk to you.”
-
-Nervously, I chuckled. “I’m not getting in your car.”
-
-He smiled. “Just get in the car.”
-
-“I’ve seen that movie, it never ends well,” I replied and walked away. When I returned a half-hour later, publisher Dave Mays and editor-in-chief Selwyn Hinds were in Dame’s back seat. In the end it was decided that Jay and The Firm would split the covers.
-
----
-
-At *The Source* I also wrote book reviews, articles on filmmakers, and a 1994 profile on bass player [Bootsy Collins,](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/jun/15/bootsy-collins-were-all-funky-just-not-all-of-us-know-it) known for his work with James Brown and George Clinton’s bands, as well as top drawer solo albums (*Stretchin' Out in Bootsy's Rubber Band*, *Bootsy? Player of the Year*) from the ‘70s. "The rappers of today remind me of the way we were back then, creating new forms of Blackness,” Bootsy said. “Whatever people told us not to do, we did more of. Rap music kept the funk alive…The same way I play bass, Dre plays his sampler."
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-> ### When I went to lunch I saw Dame parked in front of the building. He blew his horn and waved me over. “Get in the car; I want to talk to you.” Nervously, I chuckled. “I’m not getting in your car.” He smiled. “Just get in the car.” “I’ve seen that movie, it never ends well,” I replied and walked away.
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-In 1998 the lines between soul music and rap blurred with the [Lauryn Hill](https://longreads.com/2018/08/30/lyrical-ladies-writing-women-and-the-legend-of-lauryn-hill/)’s solo masterwork *The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill*. We already knew how dope she was as a member of the Fugees, and *Miseducation* proved her passion and ambition. "Being successful has always been more pressing to them (fellow group members Wyclef and Pras), while I was more about making music for love and joy,” she told me “When Marvin (Gaye) created *What's Going On*, even Berry Gordy thought he was crazy. It's that kind of risk-taking that is sorely lacking in music, be it rap or rhythm & blues.”
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-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F131e6f33-6243-4576-bd8e-737f66d56629_500x639.jpeg)
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-The cover of the issue of The Source in which Gonzales profiled Trick Daddy.
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-My *Source* swan song was a Trick Daddy cover story, which involved me chasing the rapper around Miami for a few days while he went to strip clubs, gulped Hennessy, and smoked cocaine-laced blunts. “Trick is a wild boy and I needed a wild boy like you to do the story,” my editor told me. When I finally got to talk to Trick, I realized how much pain he was in from being raised in poverty, battles with neighborhood outlaws, and days in prison, hence the distractions and self-medication.
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-“Where I grew up, half my graduating class is now dead, a couple are in wheelchairs attached to shit bags, others are doing life sentences,” he said. “That shit was no fairy tale.” Two weeks later, I delivered an intense story, but it damn near killed me. During that time the magazine was also going through their third editorial shake-up in a decade, and it seemed the perfect time to step away.
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-Most of the `#Hip-Hop50` celebrations and tributes have been geared toward folks who rocked the mic or produced the tracks. However, let’s take a moment to salute the writers and editors at *The Source* who contributed important work throughout the 1990s and early aughts. For many *The Source* was their bible and we writers were simply spreading the hip-hop gospel. 
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-##### *Previously [Michael A. Gonzales](https://oldster.substack.com/t/by-michael-a-gonzales) has written three essays for Oldster Magazine: “[Too Cool for Prom](https://oldster.substack.com/p/too-cool-for-prom),” “[Supper at Scribner](https://oldster.substack.com/p/supper-at-scribners)’s,” and “[Coffee Shop Days](https://oldster.substack.com/p/coffee-shop-days).” In September, 2021, [he was one of the earlier respondents to The Oldster Magazine Questionnaire™](https://oldster.substack.com/p/this-is-58).*
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-&emsp;
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-```button
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-# The Spectacular Life of Octavia E. Butler
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-The girl who grew up in Pasadena, took the bus, loved her mom, and wrote herself into the world.
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-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/2eb/2c7/b0c916d25b4445445cce7aa37e63ba023b-OctaviaButler.rvertical.w570.jpg)
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-This article was featured in [One Great Story](http://nymag.com/tags/one-great-story/), *New York*’s reading recommendation newsletter. [Sign up here](https://nymag.com/promo/sign-up-for-one-great-story.html?itm_source=vsitepromo&itm_medium=articlelink&itm_campaign=ogs_tertiary_zone) to get it nightly.
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-**Octavia Estelle Butler** was named after two of the most important people in her life: her mother, Octavia Margaret Guy, and her grandmother, Estella. Her grandmother was an astonishing woman. She raised seven children on a plantation in Louisiana, chopping sugarcane, boiling laundry in hot cauldrons, and cooking and cleaning, not only for her family but for the white family that owned the land. There was no school for Black children, but Estella taught Octavia Margaret enough to read and write. As far as Butler could tell, her grandmother’s life wasn’t far removed from slavery — the only difference was she had worked hard enough and saved enough money to move everyone out west during the Great Migration, to Pasadena, California, in the early 1920s.
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-Octavia Margaret worked from an early age; she attended school in California but was pulled out after a few years to help earn money. When Butler was very young, her family used to “stay on the place,” meaning they lived on the property of the family they worked for. Her father, Laurice James Butler, worked as a shoeshiner and died when she was 3 years old. Later, her mother would rent a spot for the two of them in Pasadena and work as a day laborer for wealthy white women. Octavia Margaret’s dream was to have her own place where she could tend her garden. She was quiet and deeply religious, and she read Butler bedtime stories until she was 6, at which point she said, “Here’s the book. Now you read.”
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-In her family, Butler went by Junie, short for Junior, and in the world, she went by Estelle or Estella to avoid confusion for people looking for her mother. As a girl, she was shy. She broke down in tears when she had to speak in front of the class. Her youth was filled with drudgery and torment. The first time she remembered someone calling her “ugly” was in the first grade — bullying that continued through her adolescence. “I wanted to disappear,” she said. “Instead, I grew six feet tall.” The boys resented her growth spurt, and sometimes she would get mistaken for a friend’s mother or chased out of the women’s bathroom. She was called slurs. It was the only time in her life she really considered suicide.
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-She kept her own company. In her elementary-school progress reports, one teacher wrote that “she dreams a lot and has poor concentration.” That was true. She did dream a lot, and she began to write her dreams down in a large pink notebook she carried around with her. “I usually had very few friends, and I was lonely,” Butler said. “But when I wrote, I wasn’t.” By the time she was 10, she was writing her own worlds. At first, they were inspired by animals. She loved horses like those in *The Black Stallion.* When she saw an old pony at a carnival with festering sores swarmed by flies, she realized the sores had come from the other kids kicking the animal to make it go faster. Children’s capacity for cruelty stayed with her. She went home and wrote stories of wild horses that could shape-shift and that “made fools of the men who came to catch them.”
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-She found a refuge at the Pasadena Public Library, where she leaped into science fiction. She especially liked Theodore Sturgeon, Ursula K. Le Guin, Frank Herbert’s *Dune,* and Zenna Henderson, whose book *Pilgrimage* she would buy for her friends to read. She was a comic-book nerd: first DC and then Marvel. When she was 12 years old, she watched *Devil Girl From Mars,* a black-and-white British science-fiction movie about a female alien commander named Nyah who has mind-control powers, a vaporizing ray gun, and a tight leather outfit with a cape that touches the floor. Butler thought she could come up with a better story than that, so she began to write her own: temporary escape hatches from a life of “boredom, calluses, humiliation, and not enough money,” as she saw it. “I needed my fantasies to shield me from the world.”
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-**1962:** Octavia at 15. Photo: Octavia E. Butler Estate
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-When she learned she could make a living doing this, she never let the thought go. Later, she would call it her “positive obsession” and would put it all on the line. Her mother’s youngest sister, who was the first in the family to go to college, became a nurse. Despite her family’s warnings, she did exactly what she wanted to do. That same aunt would tell Butler, “Negroes can’t be writers,” and advise her to get a sensible job as a teacher or civil servant. She could have stability and a nice pension, and if she really wanted to, she could write on the side. “My aunt was too late with it, though,” Butler said. “She had already taught me the only lesson I was willing to learn from her. I did as she had done and ignored what she said.”
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-Butler would grow up to write and publish a dozen novels and a collection of short stories. She did not believe in talent as much as hard work. She never told an aspiring writer they should give up, rather that they should learn, study, observe, and persist. Persistence was the lesson she received from her mother, her grandmother, and her aunt. In her lifetime, she would become the first published Black female science-fiction writer and be considered one of the forebears of Afrofuturism. “I may never get the chance to do all the things I want to do,” a 17-year-old Butler wrote in her journals, now archived at the Huntington Library in Pasadena. “To write 1 (or more) best sellers, to initiate a new type of writing, to win both the Nobel and the Pulitzer prizes (in reverse order), and to sit my mother down in her own house before she is too old and tired to enjoy it.” The world would catch up to her dreams. In 2020, *Parable of the Sower* would hit the best-seller list 27 years after its initial publication and 14 years after Butler’s death. After years of imitation, Hollywood has put adaptations of nearly all of her novels into development, beginning with a *Kindred* show coming to Hulu in December. She is now experiencing a canonization that had only just begun in the last decade of her life.
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-“I never bought into my invisibility or non-existence as a Black person,” Butler wrote in a journal entry in 1999. “As a female and as an African-American, I wrote myself into the world. I wrote myself into the present, the future, and the past.” For Butler, writing was a way to manifest a person powerful enough to overcome the circumstances of her birth and what she saw as her own personal failings. Her characters were brazen when she felt timid, leaders when she felt she lacked charisma. They were blueprints for her own existence. “I can write about ideal me’s,” she wrote on the cusp of turning 29. “I can write about the women I wish I was or the women I sometimes feel like. I don’t think I’ve ever written about the woman I am though. That is the woman I read and write to get away from. She has become a victim. A victim of her upbringing, a victim of her fears, a victim of her poverty — spiritual and financial. She is a victim of herself. She must climb out of herself and make her fate. How can she do this?”
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-**1970:** Butler, 23, with her classmates at Clarion West Workshop. Photo: Clarion West
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-**Butler was on** the 6 p.m. Greyhound bus in Pittsburgh heading home from the Clarion Workshop for science-fiction writers. She felt proud of the past six weeks. She had just turned 23, and Clarion was the first time she was taken seriously as a writer. After graduating from high school, she had continued to live at home while attending Pasadena City College. She exhausted the creative-writing classes there and the extension classes at UCLA, where a teacher had once asked her, “Can’t you write anything normal?” She got into a screenwriting class at the Open Door Workshop through the Writer’s Guild of America, where she met the writer Harlan Ellison. She knew his work well, particularly his anthology *Dangerous Visions,* which was part of a literary, more socially minded turn in the genre. He later said she “couldn’t write screenplays for shit” but knew she was talented and encouraged her to go to Clarion, even giving her some money.
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-Clarion was the farthest Butler had ever been from home and required a three-day cross-country trip to get there. Adjusting was difficult at first. Western Pennsylvania was hot, humid, and lonely. The radio stations stopped playing at eight. When the other students socialized, she wrote letters to her friends and mother — six in the first week. Epistolary writing was a way to unload and unblock herself and, at least at Clarion, to feel less isolated. “Write me and prove that there are still some Negroes somewhere in the world,” she wrote to her mother early on. Ellison did tell her there would be one Black teacher there: Samuel Delany, who at 28 was a literary wunderkind. He’d published nine novels by then, winning the Nebula Award — the field’s highest honor — for Best Novel two years in a row. When Butler saw him for the first time, she told him he looked like a wild man from Borneo. (She probably shouldn’t have said that, she thought later.) When she felt particularly hard on herself, she would write letters to her mother she never sent. “I’m not doing anything,” she wrote. “I’m hiding in this blasted room crying to you. Which is disgusting.” Her mother had forgone dental work so Butler could attend. She wouldn’t complain like that.
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-Yes, she was still shy. She rarely spoke in class, and when she did, she put her hand over her mouth. (“She would never volunteer an answer,” Delany recalled, “but whenever I called on her, she always had an answer and it was always very smart.”) But Ellison’s session was a shot in the arm. Butler hadn’t turned in anything all workshop, and his one-story-a-day gauntlet invigorated her. She finished “Childfinder” at 4 a.m. — a story about a Black woman named Barbara who has the ability to locate children with latent psionic abilities and to nurture them. She sold the story to Ellison for his next anthology, *The Last Dangerous Visions,* and an editor at Doubleday encouraged her to send along her book manuscript for *Psychogenesis,* a world she had been building out since her teens.
-
-Ellison was a social force: vexing and impossible to feel neutral toward. He would tell Butler to “Write Black!” and “Write the ghetto the way you see it!” — advice that annoyed her. She also had a crush on him. In her journals, she gave him a code name, El Llano, something she did for all of her crushes (William Shatner was “Gelly”). She wanted someone who could help guide her career, and she had hoped Ellison could be her mentor, champion, and lover. “Llano could easily be that master,” she wrote. But she was wary of losing herself. “If I am not careful, he will take over without even realizing it. A master must teach me to use my own talent, not to lean on his. I love him, but this is not what he teaches. So I will continue to love him and teach myself.”
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-Collected notes from 1970 to 1996. Photo: Octavia E. Butler Estate
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-**The high of Clarion** wore off quickly. Ellison had promised “Childfinder” would make Butler a star, but the publication of *The Last Dangerous Visions* kept getting delayed. She sent fragments of *Psychogenesis* to Diane Cleaver, the Doubleday editor she met at the workshop. Cleaver said it was promising but she would need the complete manuscript. Over the next five years, Butler didn’t sell any writing but wrote constantly. She had moved into her own place in Los Angeles, one side of a single-story duplex in Mid City. On Saturdays, she packed a draft of *Psychogenesis* into her briefcase and went to the library to do research. One day, she lost the briefcase in a department store; from this point on, she always made a backup copy of her work.
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-She tried to stick to a tight schedule. Every morning at 2 a.m., she woke up to write. This was the best time, before the day was filled with other people, when her mind could roam freely. Sunrise brought the life she did not ask for: menial jobs at factories, offices, and warehouses. She subsisted on work from a blue-collar temp agency she called “the Slave Market.” Her mother wished she would get a full-time job as a secretary, but Butler preferred manual labor because she didn’t have to “smile and pretend I was having a good time.” Her body hurt; she needed to go to the dentist. She took NoDoz to stay awake during the day. She was always crunching numbers: the price of paper, how far she could stretch a $99.07 biweekly paycheck. “Poverty is a constant, convenient, and unfortunately valid excuse for inaction,” she wrote in one journal entry.
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-The world of *Psychogenesis* had to do with psionics — telepathy, telekinesis, mind control — which was popular in the science fiction she was reading. The possibility that you could control the circumstances of your life with your mind held a strong appeal for Butler. She believed in its real-world application, too. She had begun taking self-hypnosis classes back in high school and devoured self-help books like *The Magic of Thinking Big* and *10 Days to a Great New Life.* She particularly loved Napoleon Hill’s *Think and Grow Rich,* a book of motivational practices cribbed from the French psychologist Émile Coué’s concept of optimistic auto-suggestion, which originated the mantra “In every day, in every way, I am getting better and better.” She would learn to manifest.
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-One of Hill’s exercises was to go to a quiet spot and write down a sum of money you want to earn and how you would get it. You had to do it with “faith.” For a stretch of months in 1970, Butler would follow these instructions in the morning and at night. “Goal: To own, free and clear, $100,000 in cash savings,” she wrote. These mantras sounded a drumbeat throughout her early journals*.* She drew up contracts for herself with writing benchmarks — *I will put together an outline; I will complete a short story* — and signed them “OEB.” She copied out Frank Herbert’s quote “Fear is the mind killer” and wrote it again, breaking it up into stanzas. Writing was an incantation, a spell she could cast upon herself and the reader. “The goal right now is to achieve a scene of pure emotion,” she wrote. “I want the feeling to spark in the first sentence and I want my reader, my captive to read on helplessly hating with vehemence any interruption strong enough to break through to them. I shall succeed.”
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-Then, in December 1975, at 28, she sold her first book. After losing the *Psychogenesis* draft, she began writing another novel, *Patternmaster,* that takes place in the same universe. It was about a struggle for succession between two psionics, a young upstart named Teray and a seemingly unbeatable being named Coransee, both vying to become the next “Patternmaster” — that is, the leader of the telepathic race known as the Patternists. Butler sent the manuscript to Doubleday. By then, Cleaver had left, and Sharon Jarvis, the science-fiction editor, accepted the submission.
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-The novels poured out of Butler during this time. While *Patternmaster* was being finalized, she resurrected *Psychogenesis* as a prequel (a newfangled concept the jacket copy would describe as a “pre-sequel”) and called it *Mind of My Mind.* “I have to write about winners — at least until I am one,” she wrote in her journal. In other words, she wrote about characters she aspired to become. In *Patternmaster,* the two characters are upstaged repeatedly by Amber, a healer neither can control. In *Mind of My Mind,* a young, Black psionic named Mary discovers she can create a “pattern,” a neural network that brings other psionics under her control. While at first the others bristle, they soon come to discover they enjoy the mental stability her power gives them.
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-By 1977, Butler had two published novels but was no closer to financial security. Jarvis had given her a $1,750 advance for *Patternmaster,* which was not enough to live on. Their editor-writer relationship was workmanlike. “What is it you want of Sharon Jarvis?” she asked herself. She had hoped for at least a $2,000 advance for *Mind of My Mind* as well as “respect, even friendship if such is possible. But definitely respect.” The two wouldn’t meet until after she had published three novels with Jarvis, and Jarvis was surprised to learn Butler was Black. “I went up to her at a science-fiction convention and introduced myself and she opened her mouth, stepped back, and stared,” Butler said. “Then we both played at not knowing why she was behaving that way.” (Jarvis recalled this, too. “When I was an editor, I didn’t give a crap about somebody’s background,” she said.)
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-Although *Mind of My Mind* was accepted for publication, Jarvis said there was a catch. At the time, both books were part of Doubleday’s library-subscription project, which earmarked a certain number of genre titles to send to public libraries. Because of this, Jarvis said the books had to be “clean” and expletives would have to be removed for publication. “There is absolutely no problem with any scenes, no necessity for rewriting, but the four-letter words have to come out,” Jarvis wrote in a letter. “Even the use of ‘Christ’ as an expletive must go.” (The N-word, however, was published without concern.)
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-Butler had been intentional about cuss words, even outlining which ones each character would use. (The character Karl, for instance, would stick to religious outbursts like “Hell!”) She felt the changes made the dialogue stilted and untrue. She wrote back, “I’m not sure I could convince anybody that, for instance, Mary, a feisty (usually) angry lower-class Black woman says ‘Oh shoot!’ or ‘Forget you!’”
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-“I don’t think the story suffers in any way if you change it,” Jarvis responded. “Consider Barry Malzberg’s words: ‘If it’s money versus integrity, money wins out every time.’” She continued, “If I can take out blatantly offensive words such as *fuck* and *shit* and leave the *hell*s and *damn*s, we both can be happy. But I will still have to list *Mind of My Mind* as a second-stringer with a possible warning attached, so I couldn’t offer more than another $1,750.” (Jarvis said the maximum amount she could offer any author at the time was $3,000.) The exchange became increasingly tense, ending with Jarvis saying she could keep the other expletives, but that *fuck* was nonnegotiable. “Is that finally clear?” she wrote.
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-Butler’s relationship with Doubleday continued to deteriorate. She discovered that other science-fiction writers hadn’t heard of *Patternmaster* and that it wasn’t listed in the catalogue or sold at the Doubleday bookstore in Los Angeles. A review copy of *Mind of My Mind* hadn’t been sent to Mike Hodel, a radio-show host she was set to do an interview with. In general, there was little to no effort to promote her books beyond the library presales. “I can’t help but feel as though I’m in trouble when I find myself having to bring in proof to booksellers that my book even exists,” Butler wrote. “Take it all in stride,” Jarvis replied when she asked her about these issues. “I’ve heard worse.”
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-Butler didn’t feel she had other options: She was hoping to sell the company *Survivor,* the third installment in her series. She didn’t think the book was ready for publication, but she needed the money so she could travel to Maryland to do research for her next book*.* Jarvis would offer no more than $1,750 for *Survivor,* either, this time because of a sex scene that she agreed the book “needed.” “What you’ve told me is that a mild three-paragraph sex scene is going to cost me $250,” Butler replied. “I can’t pretend to be happy about that. I accept your offer of $1,750, but I’m not happy.”
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-Photo: Octavia E. Butler Estate
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-**Butler would have** to promote herself. She sent *Patternmaster* to *Ms.* Magazine for review consideration. She regularly attended science-fiction conventions like Westercon to network and sell books. She met a fellow Black science-fiction writer, Steven Barnes, at one of them, and they would commiserate over the years about the lack of support for their work. “How do we win?” said Barnes. “How do we play this game in a way that doesn’t break our hearts and send us to the poorhouse?”
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-Perhaps because of Butler’s efforts, her books sold better than Doubleday had expected. Jarvis told her *Mind of My Mind* went into a second printing “because we underestimated the advance sales.” Soon after, Butler received a letter from a young agent at Writers House named Felicia Eth asking if she had representation. Up to that point, Butler’s only experience with an agent had been when her mother paid $61.20 — more than a month’s rent — to a scammer. (“Ignorance is expensive,” Butler would later write.) Writing a best seller was a constant preoccupation — a way to make life financially sustainable. “I need something that sells itself,” she wrote. “Something that screams its significance or its scariness or its timeliness so loudly that it can’t be ignored.”
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-Her next book would be her first stand-alone novel. Titled *Kindred,* it represented a new level of maturity for Butler as a writer and has become one of her most enduring works. It blends historical fiction with time travel, sending Dana, a modern-day writer living in Los Angeles, to an antebellum-era plantation in Maryland where she has family roots. The time-travel mechanism is a psychological trap: When the life of one of Dana’s ancestors, a white slave owner named Rufus, is threatened, she is pulled into his orbit to save him. When she believes her own life to be threatened, she returns home. Dana’s existence depends on not only saving Rufus but allowing him to live long enough to rape her other ancestor, a free Black woman named Alice. Butler spent weeks in Baltimore researching at the city’s historical society; she read deeply, including George Rawick’s first 19 volumes of slave narratives, *The American Slave*; autobiographies by Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs; and journals of slave owners’ wives “to understand that point of view, too.”
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-Early in her career, Butler received criticism for not writing explicitly about racial politics. “Why do you write that stuff?” she recalled being asked. “You should write something that’s more politically relevant to the struggle.” She first got the idea for *Kindred* in college when she was a member of the Black Student Union. She had a discussion with another student — male, her age, middle class, and the self-appointed scholar on all things Black history — that she never forgot. “I wish I could kill off all these old people who have been holding us back for so long, but I can’t because I would have to start with my own parents,” she remembered him saying. He believed the older generations were to blame for the lack of racial equity and that they “should have rebelled” against slavery. His impertinence reminded her of herself when she was younger. On days when her mother couldn’t find a sitter, she would bring Butler with her as she worked in other people’s homes. They entered through the back door, and white people spoke in front of them as if they didn’t exist. One day, she told her mother, “I will never do what *you* do. What *you* do is *terrible.*” Normally, her mother would have put her in her place, but that day she didn’t say anything. She just gave her daughter a quiet look.
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-“I carried that look for a number of years before I understood it,” Butler said in an interview in 2003. “I didn’t have to leave school when I was 10, I never missed a meal, always had a roof over my head because my mother was willing to do demeaning work and accept humiliation. What I wanted to teach in writing *Kindred* was that the people who did what my mother did were not frightened or timid or cowards, they were heroes.”
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-Initially, she tried writing *Kindred* with a male protagonist — not dissimilar from her self-righteous friend — but found she couldn’t keep him alive. A proud Black man like him who would look a white man dead in the eye? He wouldn’t last long enough to learn “the rules of submission.” No, she reasoned, the main character had to be female because her gender would make her seem less threatening. “I was wild for *Kindred,*” said Eth. “It was a real departure from what people were writing or reading about.” Eth was hoping to sell it as a mainstream title, i.e., not science fiction, and queried numerous publishers: Simon & Schuster, William Morrow, Putnam. Most editors resisted the genre mixing. “The blend of realism and fantasy just didn’t work to my mind,” replied Daphne Abeel at Houghton Mifflin. Gail Winston at Random House liked the book but said she “couldn’t get the support she needed to push it through.” Butler was restless, while Eth counseled patience. *Kindred* “is a wonderful book because it’s not easily categorized, and we have to expect that that’s going to mean we have to work harder and have more faith in it,” Eth wrote. “I have that faith and don’t want to give up.”
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-Funnily enough, *Kindred* ended up at Doubleday: Eth sold it to an editor in the fiction department for $5,000. The book was published in 1979 and received a muted response. While New York legacy media ignored it, it was reviewed in *Essence, Ms.* Magazine, and science-fiction publications like *Locus* and *Asimov’s Science Fiction.* “Black writers did not know I was Black,” she said. “But a couple of experiences helped with that.” One of them came when Veronica Mixon, a young Black assistant editor at Doubleday, pitched the first magazine profile of Butler for a 1979 issue of *Essence* titled “Futurist Woman.” *Kindred* fell out of print, but the book allowed Butler to understand where her readership was: in the Black community and among women. Moreover, she began to feel she was owed money commensurate with her work. “I will be sold cheap as long as I permit myself to be sold cheap,” she wrote. “Enough is enough. I will not permit it again.”
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-**In her journals,** particularly from the 1970s and ’80s, Butler would deliver self-assessments on her looks, her personality, her comportment. When she was younger and less confident, she often reprimanded herself for saying something she thought was embarrassing. She wanted to become “unembarrassable” but later understood she needed to let go of that. “I maintain distance between myself and other people out of fear. Fear of the pain they will give me if they see me naked. And find me not merely ugly, but foolish and without value,” she wrote. “The defense is not to care.”
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-In middle age, she would describe herself as “comfortably asocial,” but her journals reflect a deep yearning for intimacy. Loneliness was a constant affliction. She wanted companionship and sex. “Another person would help me to grow up socially,” she wrote. “A lasting relationship would be good for me.” Often, she imagined being with a man: “We want now a man over six feet tall. White, Black, yellow, we do not care.” Still, her relationships with men were not emotionally fulfilling; the sex was brief and “never initiated” by her. During her late 20s, she also imagined herself with a woman. “I know that but for the social stigma, I would rather love women,” she wrote. “I do it so easily. Closeness with men doesn’t seem to fulfill except physically.”
-
-When Butler was 28, she decided to stop living inside her head and meet some women. She worried most about how being in a relationship with a woman could impact her career. “Isn’t being Black and female stigma enough?” she wondered. “It could hurt me. However small I am, it could. If I keep low after coming out, is it fear or shame?” After great hesitation, she picked up the phone to call the Gay and Lesbian Center in L.A. to inquire about some of its upcoming meetups. “Of course it’s possible that the only thing the center group will teach me is that I don’t want to be part of their particular group,” she wrote. “Not that I don’t share their unifying inclination. Why am I being so oblique today? Their lesbianism.”
-
-Her journal from the first meetup burns with an intensity of detail. “A lot of them look like police women — have that odd smugness of ‘authority’ about them, have that ‘tough’ little face, slightly pushed together without being at all ugly,” she observed of the attendees. She noticed that all of them were white. She watched them kiss one another in a way she knew wasn’t “sisterly” and felt pangs of envy. The only time she spoke up was to correct a woman — “white, pretty, and one of those I’d never have suspected” — who was making incorrect claims about parapsychology. (Then she worried about coming off as a killjoy and know-it-all.) She wondered if she was attractive enough and played out scenarios in her head: If she were to pursue this lifestyle, her appearance would mean “the ‘male’ burden would be on me” when courting women.
-
-Butler ended the day in a heap of anguish. If only she had a friend to guide her. She wasn’t confident that women would be interested in her — gay women liked attractive women, just as straight men did. Many of her social anxieties were tied to her lack of money, which she thought having would make her “more civilized, socialized.” At another meeting later in the month, she decided she was done. She sat through the center’s announcements and went home. “I don’t belong there any more than I belong anywhere else,” she wrote. “It would require an effort that I’m not willing to put forth to make me part of those people. They’re not for me. If I found a woman I went well with, we could make it.”
-
-As far as her close friends and editors knew, Butler wasn’t in a romantic partnership. “I am sorry that she did not seem to have that deep, intimate relationship,” said Barnes. “It can be difficult for artists. She had that sense of existential loneliness that human beings get. It was a price she was willing to pay to become the human being that she wanted to be. She became that person, and all it takes to get everything you want is everything you’ve got. Life takes everything.”
-
-Photo: Octavia E. Butler Estate
-
-**Butler never learned** to drive. As an adult, she realized she was dyslexic (she hadn’t received an official diagnosis as a child) and needed time to read; she didn’t want to risk trying to read street signs behind the wheel. Instead, she took the bus, an inconvenient way of getting around L.A. and one that created constant proximity with strangers who relied on the same municipal system; it became a steady source of inspiration in her writing. She observed people and occasionally wrote character sketches. During one bus ride, she watched a fight break out: One man accused another of looking at him funny (he wasn’t) and lunged at him. At that moment, Butler thought of the opening line for her next short story, “Speech Sounds”: “There was trouble aboard the Washington Boulevard bus.”
-
-A story set in a dystopic near future in which a pandemic degrades people’s ability to communicate, “Speech Sounds” came out of a depressive period for Butler. It was the early ’80s, and she was languishing with a new novel, *Blindsight,* which she felt was a “thin and impoverished” version of *Mind of My Mind.* (It would go unpublished.) Her friend Phyllis was dying of multiple myeloma at the time, and every week, Butler would bring her a new chapter of *Clay’s Ark,* the fifth *Patternist* book she was working on, to read. Butler’s Uncle Clarence had recently died, and another friend attempted suicide. Her house had been burgled and the thieves took her typewriters, tape recorders, TV, and radio — something that happened multiple times. She worried about her safety and told Barnes she wanted to take martial-arts classes. “The main thing I felt was wronged,” she wrote after one burglary. “As though I expected the world to be a fair or a sensible place where people see the folly as well as the ‘injustice’ of robbing the poor. I thought, *Why did they do it?* I had so little.”
-
-Meanwhile, she felt the world was in a state of regression. Butler was a self-professed news junkie with a keen interest in political leaders going back to the Nixon-Kennedy debates. She wanted to understand how their words held sway over people. “Bigotry is easing back into fashion,” she wrote shortly after the presidential election of Ronald Reagan. His attack on social-welfare programs and environmental regulations and the funny math of Reaganomics all filled her with dread. “Reagan is the tool of utterly self-interested, fatally shortsighted men — men who deem it a virtue to be indifferent to human suffering,” she wrote. “We will probably go on solving our problems by borrowing from the future until we are forced by the consequences of our own behavior to change.” She would filter her misgivings into her next series: the *Xenogenesis* trilogy, which she sold to Warner Books in a three-book deal in 1985. The contract — $75,000, to be divided out around the submission of each installment — was the strongest she had yet received and was buoyed in part by publishers’ renewed interest in science fiction. She sent her mother some money and bought herself a plane ticket to Peru to location-scout for the books.
-
-**1985:** Butler, 38, on a research trip in Peru for her *Xenogenesis* trilogy. Photo: Octavia E. Butler Estate
-
-Science fiction can be categorized into three types of stories: “What if?,” “If only,” and “If this goes on.” The first *Xenogenesis* book, *Dawn,* was born from Butler’s horror at the Reagan administration’s notion of a “winnable nuclear war” — the worst imaginable scenario of “If this goes on.” Its protagonist, Lilith, is awakened from a cryogenic sleep by an alien race called the Oankali after a nuclear holocaust has destroyed Earth. The Oankali tell Lilith humanity is doomed because of “two incompatible characteristics”: intelligence and a hierarchical nature. Butler designed the Oankali to trigger an instinctive response of fear and disgust; they’re covered in long tentacles like invertebrates. While humans are xenophobic, these aliens are xenophilic. The Oankali give Lilith a “choice” — either go back into a cryogenic-like state or help awaken more humans to mate with the Oankali and start a new race. Essentially, evolve or die. This was the beginning of Butler’s “fix the world” books, her attempts to work out whether humanity could save itself from itself. Throughout the trilogy, she returns to this core observation: that our intelligence and need for dominance would lead to self-annihilation.
-
-Photo: Octavia E. Butler Estate.
-
-Photo: Octavia E. Butler Estate.
-
-**Butler’s dire prognosis** for the world brought her acclaim. In 1984, she won a Hugo Award for Best Short Story for “Speech Sounds,” followed by another Hugo and her first Nebula for *Bloodchild.* She returned to Clarion as a teacher the following year. Beacon Press was doing a line of feminist science fiction and bought the rights to reissue *Kindred* in 1988, a move that would seriously expand the book’s readership. That Christmas, she paid off the mortgage on her mother’s house.
-
-Butler was in her 40s now. She wanted to write her “magnum opus,” but felt she had lost some of the fuel that had kept her going so far. “In a way, I have run dry,” she wrote in a moment of discouragement. “You start to repeat yourself or you write from research and/or formula. I’m like an old prodigy who has run on ‘instinct’ for years, and now must learn her craft all over again because instinct has failed.”
-
-When she was looking for ideas, Butler would do what she called “grazing,” which in practice meant having any number of books open around the house and perusing whatever might be of interest to her: environmental science, anthropology, microbiology, Black history, political studies. Lately, she had been taken by the Gaia hypothesis, an idea tendered by the scientists James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis that Earth is like a human body, a synergistic, self-regulating whole that we are a part of despite our behavior to the contrary.
-
-What if she were to graft this idea onto space-colonization narratives? Wouldn’t a planet reject humans like a body rejecting an organ transplant? What if, instead of enacting the same hostile-native scenario, interstellar colonists were afflicted by the environment and tiny bacteria? Humans would have to learn how to synergize and work with the planet, rather than carry on with their smash-and-grab attitude. This could be a series exploring different worlds and their peculiar challenges. “I’m researching now and playing with ideas, but I know by the way this feels that I’ve got something good,” she wrote in a 1989 letter to her agent, Merrilee Heifetz, who had taken over from Eth. “I’ve a convention and a week of Clarion coming up, so I can’t quite hide out with 30 or 40 books and my typewriter. That’s what I feel like doing. You see, this is what I’m like when I’m in love.”
-
-The resulting book, *Parable of the Sower,* begins in Southern California in the year 2024. Earth, ravaged by the climate crisis called “the Apocalypse,” or “the Pox,” is beyond repair. People have become chained to systems of indentured servitude by company-owned cities. The narrative follows Lauren Olamina, a precocious 15-year-old living in a gated community surrounded by adults who try to fortify its defenses. She knows this safety is an illusion and records her beliefs secretly in a notebook. She suffers from a hyperempathy disorder, a crippling condition that causes her to “feel” what others feel. It forces her to be a tougher, faster decision-maker. She becomes the magnetic leader of a new religion but works slowly and subtly through actions and common sense.
-
-Over four years, Butler rewrote the first 75 pages several times. “Everything I wrote seemed like garbage,” she said. Poetry finally broke the block. “I was forced to pay attention word by word, line by line,” she said. In the book, Lauren calls her belief system Earthseed — a fusion of Heraclitus, Darwin, and the Buddha that revolves around the core principle that “God is change.” She advocates for adaptability and communality as the path of survival for the species. The Earthseed verses take the form of Butler’s own motivational writing, which had transformed from self-help contracts into poetry. “One of the first poems I wrote sounded like a nursery rhyme. It begins: God is power, and goes on to: God is malleable. This concept gave me what I needed,” she wrote. The ultimate goal of Earthseed’s adherents is to shape the Destiny, which will allow humans to “take root among the stars.” Space colonization was Butler’s equivalent to building a cathedral. She believed only some extraordinary feat like space travel could bring people together in a common goal. “Earthseed doesn’t just reconcile science fiction and religion,” wrote her biographer Gerry Canavan. “It remakes science fiction *as* religion.”
-
-*Parable of the Sower* was published in 1993. She liked her editor at the time, Dan Simon, who listened when she told him who her various audiences were and sent her out on a book tour. She spoke at independent Black-owned, science-fiction, and feminist bookstores. For the first time, the New York *Times* reviewed her work (albeit as part of a science-fiction roundup). The greater culture was shifting to meet her. “She was coming into more consciousness because of the growth of Black publishing,” said her writer friend Tananarive Due. “When the Black Books movement took off in the 1990s, a lot of us were caught in that wind.”
-
-**2005:** Butler, 58, with her students at Clarion West Workshop. Photo: Leslie Howell
-
-On June 9, 1995, Butler received an unexpected call. It was from the MacArthur Foundation, informing her that she had been awarded one of its famed “Genius” grants. She was so surprised that she didn’t ask about the particulars. In her journals, she gave the award a code name: U.B., for Uncle Boisie, a.k.a. A. Guy, possibly as a reference to a male academic who had nominated her. “This isn’t real yet,” she wrote. “It won’t be until the letter arrives. What am I to do? Let us consider sensible behavior.” She would enroll in the foundation’s health plan. She would get life insurance and add her mother as its recipient.
-
-The following week, she got the official letter informing her that she would be granted a total of $295,000 over five years. It would be the largest sum of money she received in her lifetime. The letter read:
-
-> *Your award carries with it no obligations to the Foundation of any kind. The Foundation has no expectation that your work will retain the form or direction it has to date, nor that you should consult the Foundation about changes. Quite simply, your award is for you to use for whatever purposes you choose.*
-
-She made a photocopy of it and, per her habit, started doing the math in the margins: $28,500 in 1995. 1996, $57,500. 1997, $58,500. 1999, $59,500. “A chance to write *and* to meet daughterly obligations,” she wrote.
-
-A year later, her mother had a stroke and was hospitalized for three weeks before dying. Butler rarely spoke about the death publicly or with friends. “I wrote nothing of value for some time,” she said. Her grief focused her as well. She had been in a rut with *Parable of the Talents,* the second in the series (which in recent years would become known for featuring a fascist president, Andrew Steele Jarret, who proclaims he will “Make America Great Again”). “Later, when I came back to the novel, I found myself much less inclined to be gentle with my character,” Butler said, referring to Lauren. “Also I found that I needed to see her not only through her own eyes but through those of her daughter.” Butler would say this was “my mother’s last gift to me.” On her mother’s headstone, Butler wrote: “Beloved Mother / Octavia Margaret Butler / 1914–1996 / God is Love.”
-
-**A few years** after her mother’s death, Butler bought a house in Lake Forest Park just north of Seattle: a three-bedroom ranch-style home with neatly trimmed hedges in front and towering cypress trees in back. She turned one of the bedrooms into a library filled wall to wall with books and another into a study where she would write. Crucially, the house was right off a bus line she could take to U Street to go to events and to the bookstore. She was no longer the girl who would freeze up in class and spoke regularly at conferences, universities, schools, and festivals with authority and presence. In addition to the financial stability, the MacArthur grew her stature. She was the first science-fiction writer to win the grant — a fact the genre’s community seemed to belatedly acknowledge when *Parable of the Talents* won the Nebula for Best Novel in 2000. That year, Butler also received a PEN Lifetime Achievement Award. “All of the sudden, people who had not paid any attention to my work began to pay attention to me,” she said in an interview with Charlie Rose. Her goal of $100,000 in savings had changed to $1,000,000.
-
-With the completion of the first two *Parable* books, she had finally set the stage for Earthseed believers to go to the stars. She had an ambitious plan of four more novels with the same title formulation — *Trickster, Teacher, Chaos, Clay* — set on other planets. True to its name, *Parable of the Trickster* confounded her. Butler wrote dozens of fragments that never moved beyond exposition. She explored a variety of ailments the planet might afflict on new arrivals: blindness or hallucinations, a body-jumping disease or a “nearly lethal homesickness.” Nothing was working. Republicans continued to depress her, particularly George W. Bush’s invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan. She needed a break, so she started writing *Fledgling,* a sexy polyamorous vampire novel, instead.
-
-But writing had become generally difficult. Beginning in the late ’90s, Butler began to feel fatigued. She was taking medication for high blood pressure and heart arrhythmia but felt the drugs were sapping her strength and sex drive. She kept notes of her symptoms — shortness of breath, nausea, back pain, hair loss. Her condition continued to deteriorate into the new millennium. She got pneumonia that was misdiagnosed and left untreated for weeks. Soon, she couldn’t walk more than half a block without getting tired. “I’m not functioning,” she wrote in 2004. “I sit and drowse a lot. I know I’m not thinking very well, and I’m certainly not breathing very well.”
-
-On February 24, 2006, Butler’s friend Leslie Howle was supposed to pick her up to bring her to a local conference. Howle and Butler had met in Seattle in 1985 when Butler was a teacher at Clarion and Howle was a student. Howle remembers her then: young and mosquito bitten and grinning after her trip to Peru. That week, Howle became her chauffeur, a role she would continue to fill over the years, particularly once Butler moved to Seattle. Howle would drive her on grocery runs to Whole Foods and Costco, and they would take hiking expeditions to Wallace Creek, Mount Rainier, and the ice caves. “She really loved getting out in nature,” said Howle. “If Octavia had a place where she saw God, that was it.”
-
-Before she left the house that day to pick up her friend, Howle received word that Butler had died. She had fallen outside of her home, hitting her head on the concrete. She was 58 years old. She had been complaining that weekend about dizziness, nausea, and swollen ankles; she had even called her doctor, who told her she just had the flu and to rest up. Up until then, the medical advice she had received was to exercise more. “I am furious about that because when we’d go hiking, she would be striding up switchbacks and I’d be panting along behind her,” said Howle. “And she’d be like, ‘Oh, do you want me to wait for you?’”
-
-“What happened with Octavia didn’t need to happen,” Howle continued. “Despite being the incredibly powerful person she was, she did not assert herself with her doctor. Even today, doctors discount women of a certain age and women of color. Some of it’s racism, some of it’s ageism, some of it’s sexism — but all the ‘isms’ conspired against her in the end is what I feel. She needed more people who were protective of her.”
-
-**Shortly after** Butler’s death, Howle organized a memorial service for her at the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in Seattle. On short notice, over 200 people gathered, including her friends the writers Vonda McIntyre, Nisi Shawl, and Harlan Ellison, via video. Howle remembered the way Butler would end calls by saying, “I’ll be seeing you, then.” Butler’s cousin Ernestine Walker said, “There is an African proverb: ‘As long as you speak my name, I live.’”
-
-Butler’s name has only continued to grow. Since 2004, when BookScan began tracking numbers, over 1.5 million copies of her books have been sold. A Clarion scholarship, her onetime middle school in Pasadena, and a studio lab at the Los Angeles Public Library now all bear her name. In 2021, NASA named the landing site of the Mars Rover *Perseverance* the Octavia E. Butler Landing Site. The playwright and fellow MacArthur grantee Branden Jacobs-Jenkins had been pitching a television adaptation of *Kindred* since 2016, but it wasn’t until the Black Lives Matter protests in 2020 that networks got serious. His is the first out of the gate. Viola Davis is working on a TV adaptation of *Wild Seed* for Amazon, Issa Rae and J. J. Abrams are producing *Fledgling,* A24 acquired the rights to *Parable of the Sower,* and according to the director of the Butler estate, Jules Jackson, there’s a “humongous bidding war” for *Dawn* now.
-
-Her most lasting legacy, though, is her writing, published and unpublished. Butler left her papers to the Huntington Library in her will, and she had seemingly kept everything: every journal, notebook, scrap of paper, envelope, contract (official and personal), card, reader letter, photograph, press clipping, diary, datebook, and draft. She kept the correspondence she received and made copies of the letters she sent — just in case. All told, the Octavia E. Butler archive contains 9,062 pieces held in 386 boxes, one volume, two binders, and 18 broadsides. She saved everything except the rejection slips she threw out in a fit of despair when she was young. The archive is evidence of the breadth of a writer’s life: her labor, her joy, her pain, and her greatest love.
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-Today, her writing is often read inspirationally and aspirationally. Some have taken the tenets of Earthseed literally as a philosophy of living. “Octavia Butler knew” is a common response to cataclysm. Butler did not believe in utopia, but there is a deep strain of hope in how people engage with her work: a desire to learn how to save ourselves from this mess we’ve made. She wasn’t sure imperfect people could ever create a perfect world, but they could try. In an epigram for *Parable of the Trickster,* she wrote:
-
-> *There is nothing new*
-> 
-> *under the sun,*
-> 
-> *but there are new suns.*
-
-What the archives show is how much she struggled with hope herself. She was “a pessimist if I’m not careful.” When she was working on a novel, her drafts tended to reveal the crueler sides of human nature. She didn’t like Lauren Olamina at first because she saw the character as a power seeker. Earlier iterations of *Parable* depicted her as a calculated leader who orders assassinations on her enemies and puts shock collars on those who try to leave Earthseed. But the version of Lauren in the finished book is wise, practical, strong — someone who could grow a community into a movement. If Butler had been writing idealized selves since childhood, Lauren was the young adult she wished she had been, and her rise into myth has come to resemble her character’s. You could understand this as a function of her desire for commercial success: We all need heroes. But another way to see it is that hope is not a given. It was through rewriting that she was able to imagine not only the darkest possible futures, but how to survive within them. Hope and writing were an entwined practice, the work of endless revision.
-
-*An earlier version of this piece incorrectly stated the* Kindred *series will be coming to FX. It will air on Hulu.*
-
--   [‘Our Task Was to Expand the Universe of the Book’](https://www.vulture.com/article/branden-jacobs-jenkins-kindred-adaptation-interview.html)
--   [The Butler Journal Entry I Always Return To](https://www.vulture.com/article/the-octavia-butler-journal-entry-i-always-return-to.html)
--   [Misreading Octavia Butler](https://www.vulture.com/article/octavia-e-butler-why-we-misread-her.html)
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-[See All](https://www.vulture.com/tags/octavia-butler)
-
-The Spectacular Life of Octavia E. Butler
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-&emsp;
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-# The Surf Bros, the Villagers, the Wave Doctor, the Tech Money, and the Fight for Fiji’s Soul
-
-## **I. THE SURFERS AND THE BOATMAN**
-
-Five years ago, Ratu “Jona” Joseva, a 32-year-old Indigenous Fijian boat taximan, and two Aussie lifelong surfing bros, Navrin Fox and Woody Jack, bought an overgrown five-acre patch of coastline on Malolo, among the most popular of Fiji’s more than 330 islands. With its crescent beaches, Seussian palms, and proximity to the international airport, the roadless three-mile-long island has become a post-lockdown playground for billionaire yachties and privacy-seeking celebs. During my visit last July as Joseva and I puttered along the coast in his small fishing boat, we were lost in the shadow of a Millennium Falcon–size $45 million superyacht.
-
-But Malolo also attracts another crowd: surfers like Fox and Jack who come to ride \*the wave—\*the one Kelly Slater has called his favorite—Cloudbreak. After Fox and Jack met Joseva on his boat taxi on a surf trip around 2014, the three men decided to go in on a sliver of undeveloped land, the rights of which were controlled by Joseva’s village. They secured a 99-year lease for $50,000. While the rest of the island was going high-end, they imagined building four little eco-friendly bures for their families and friends.
-
-Jack, a laid-back 42-year-old with long curly blond hair stuffed under his red baseball cap and maritime tattoos on his arms, is a surfboard shaper in Yamba, Australia. He saw the Fiji property as his home away from home. “We wanted our kids to grow up here,” he says.
-
-As Joseva steers us onto the shore, his dogs leap from the boat looking for mullet. They come up empty. “No fish,” Joseva explains. That’s because there’s no coral either, and without it, the ecosystem crumbles. What was once a pristine coastal reef is now a graveyard. A 25-foot-deep channel cuts a 100-foot path through to the beach, where a large graffitied barge spills with rusting junk. Nearby, a gate runs through the center of their leased land, with deserted security booths on either side. A sloppily painted sign hangs from a post with a misspelled warning: “No Trespas.”
-
-The *Walking Dead* vibes only worsen along the zombie reef’s trail. Dozens of giant rusting construction trucks, their windows blown out by cyclones, line the road, leeching fluid into what’s left of the mangroves. Corroding steel girders and pipes litter the brush. Stacks of lumber rot into a stream turned toxic green. It’s like this for more than a mile of coastline, marked by warning signs in Chinese. At the end, there’s a small, fading strip of signs illustrating what this site was to be: a 61-acre tropical wonderland of 370 thatch-roofed bures, sparkling pools, and beachfront bungalows. It was going to be the largest resort in Fiji and the island nation’s first casino, and its name was Freesoul.
-
-In 2018, Fox, Jack, and Joseva discovered that the mysterious builders behind the project had illegally seized their land and were willing to resort to violence to defend it. Five years later, their battle has become a full-on war for the heart of paradise that’s as bizarre as Fiji is beautiful, a parable of powerful international developers, pearl farmers, Silicon Valley billionaires, and a surfer-scientist who promises that he can solve coastal degradation *and* provide rideable breaks.
-
-At the center of it all are the locals fighting not only for their own environment, but for the future of a planet already underwater.
-
-## **II. THE LAND**
-
-“Bula!” A dozen village elders and chiefs clap as they exclaim the Fijian greeting, “welcome.” The men, among the hereditary leaders of the nation’s 70 major clans, wear their formal short-sleeve, button-up tropical shirts and dark sulus. They’re gathered for a *talanoa,* a traditional forum of dialogue among the Pacific people for airing concerns and resolving conflicts.
-
-It’s midmorning in July 2022, and we’re in a large blue pearl-farming shack, built on stilts over a still, sparkling bay of Taveuni. Lush, volcanic, and remote, Taveuni is famous for its robust reefs, kaleidoscopic corals, and bountiful marine life. It’s the fear of losing their environment to destructive developers that has brought the villagers together. Because, as they learned, one of the consultants on the Freesoul project now had designs to take over their reef too. “Our marine reserve to us is our life, it’s our heartbeat, the heartbeat of every person,” says Joseph Stolz, the 63-year-old Fijian spokesperson for the chiefs. “You don’t come to me and say, ‘I will stop your heartbeat.’ I’ll kill you first before you stop me,” he says, “that is how dangerous the issue is.”
-
-The battle of the Freesoul development starts with the Indigenous Fijians. They comprise about half of the million people who populate the country. Most of the rest are the descendants of the Indian laborers who served the former British colonial rulers. The Indigenous locals like Joseva live off the land in poor coastal villages—growing kava roots, hunting for pigs, fishing for wahoo. This turned crucial during the first years of the coronavirus; it shuttered the nation’s more than $1 billion tourism industry, which accounts for 40 percent of the $4.3 billion Fijian GDP.
-
-“During COVID time,” Stolz says, “everybody goes to the sea. Those who haven’t fished before, *they* go to the sea. They realize how important living off the land is.”
-
-In Malolo, Joseva’s family has been living off the land and waters for about seven generations, farming and fishing near Solevu, their rustic village of 800 people on the eastern coast. “On the island they were self-sufficient,” he says; “they catch their own, they grow their own.” Joseva was a precocious outlier, an ambitious young guy who wanted to start a business of his own: shuttling surfers from the resorts to the waves. That’s when he picked up the two riders who would become his allies in the biggest fight of his life, Fox and Jack.
-
-Fox, a 48-year-old father of two, is a former pro surfer now making his living shaping his own signature boards in Australia. He and Jack had surfed the best spots in the world. But one of their favorites was in Malolo, one of the most welcoming and picturesque places they’d ever been. “I fell in love with Cloudbreak, it’s a beautiful wave,” Fox tells me one day over curry stew at the Funky Fish, a surfer camp a half mile up the coast from his property. “But I really fell in love with Fiji,” he continues, “that made me feel really connected with the place, the people.”
-
-Fox and Jack became fast friends with Joseva, crashing at his house in Solevu and making their daily surf at Cloudbreak. Fox and Jack even convinced Joseva to give surfing a go. “The leg rope came off, then I was struggling,” Joseva tells me with a smile. “So as soon as I get on the boat, I say, ‘This is my last wave.’ ”
-
-With wives and kids back home, Jack and Fox had long fantasized of buying a plot of their own. Joseva knew just the place, as he told them in 2015. It was just around the coast from Solevu and a 15-minute ride to Cloudbreak. Plus, it was easily accessible at high tide through a natural opening in the mangroves, which meant they could come and go without impacting the coastal protection that the trees provide. “You can’t touch the mangroves in Fiji,” Fox says, “we understand that and we respect that.”
-
-In Fiji, around 90 percent of the land is owned by Indigenous groups called Mataqali; the rest is freehold or state-controlled. To secure the rights to their beachfront property, Fox, Jack, and Joseva had to negotiate a standard 99-year lease. This required two things: months of negotiations with local clans and a strong stomach for kava—a root brew that’s long been used as a ceremonial drink by Pacific Island peoples.
-
-“Kava always the champion,” Joseva says in a deadpan. “Nobody can beat kava.”
-
-In 2017, after two years and many kava bowls, the three had their $50,000 deal and their land. But they hadn’t begun work on their bures before Joseva got a surprising call from some villagers nearby. “There’s some people tenting at your land,” he recalls being told by a local.
-
-When Joseva investigated, he found the canopied beach was now a makeshift tent city of laborers. Giant excavators clawed into the reef, digging up coral to make a massive channel. After flying out with Jack to meet Joseva and see the damage, Fox was sickened as he watched the industrial fluid spill into the marina. Guards manned their security booths at the gate. Workers dumped scrap metal into a barge by the channel. “There was toilet paper everywhere,” Joseva recalls. The workers had been shitting in the mangroves where local women fished for crabs.
-
-To see this kind of environmental destruction firsthand felt like a gut punch. “It just went against all of our beliefs,” Fox says, “just about climate change and looking after the world, and our future for our kids and your kids. It just was like ‘Oh my, is this really happening?’ ”
-
-The trio spotted a severe, well-dressed man whom the workers called the boss. His name was Dickson Peng. He ran a mobile phone store in Suva, Fiji’s capital city. Now he claimed to be representing the Freesoul site’s elusive developer. “Hey, mate, we’re your neighbors,” Fox recalls telling him, trying to remain diplomatic. “We are going to have to get along here, like can we talk about what you guys are doing and what you’re proposing to do?”
-
-Peng, Fox said, just coldly stared through him. Then he spit at Fox’s feet. “We’re taking your land,” Fox recalled him saying. “Fuck you.” (Peng and Freesoul did not return requests for comment.)
-
-In Fiji, the government requires any builder to complete and pass an environmental impact assessment, or EIA, before breaking ground. This applies, as described by the country’s Environment Management Act, to “any activity or undertaking likely to alter the physical nature of the land in any way.” The people behind Freesoul were clearly in violation on numerous grounds. As Fox, Jack, and Joseva watched Peng head off through the fallen mangroves with his crew, they believed that the destruction was in the design. But whose design was it?
-
-## **III. DR. WAVE, PHD**
-
-“This is all completely artificial,” Shaw Mead tells me proudly as we walk the white crescent beach of a sparkling turquoise bay. “Where we’re standing was mud flats.”
-
-It’s a searing blue morning a mile up the coast on Malolo, as I speak to Mead, a 56-year-old New Zealander with a PhD in coastal oceanography who has become the go-to marine consultant for high-end resorts in Fiji and around the world. Nicknamed “the surfer scientist,” he looks and lives the part, with his sun-kissed Spicoli hair, his tribal tattoos and lifelong passion for surfing. One afternoon over lunch, he shows me a photo on his iPhone of his head sliced open after a board speared it.
-
-His company, eCoast, promotes what Mead describes as his “holistic approach to coastal and estuarine management.” We’re on Malolo in Vunabaka, a $124 million luxury development of residential homes, a private marina, and the five-star Six Senses resort, where he transformed the murky bay of dying fish into the Instagram-ready shores he had shown me. Among his first clients in Fiji was Mel Gibson, who in 2006 hired him to assess the wetlands on his private island, Mago, which he had bought for a reported $15 million. (“He was doing the right thing,” Mead says of Gibson.) A couple weeks after we meet, he emails me from Moskito, Richard Branson’s billionaire playground in the British Virgin Islands, where he’s mitigating beach erosion. The staff, he marvels, gets free booze 24/7. “Sir Richard just wants everybody to be happy,” he writes.
-
-Mead grew up another Kiwi kid angling for waves in the scrappy surf town of Beach Haven. “My whole face used to peel off every Sunday from the sunburn,” he wistfully recalls. “We were all chasing the perfect wave.” Few chased it further than Mead, who eventually studied for a doctorate in coastal processes and surf research. When his university mentor, Dr. Kerry Black, left to start a company designing artificial reefs, Mead eventually followed. Their downright radical ambition was to work on projects that created a sort of virtuous circle, not just to protect vulnerable coastlines but to create surfable waves in the process. “Rather than just building seawalls and tipping rocks on the coast to stop erosion,” Mead says, “move those structures offshore, put them underwater, and then you can actually incorporate surfing breaks in them as well.”
-
-In practice things have proven more difficult. Mead’s early projects in locales including England and India left problems in their wake. The sand-filled geo-containers used to create the artificial surfs buckled under the pressures of the ocean, ripping open and leaving behind the materials to wash ashore. For Mead, however, such things happen on the way to progress. “Some bags started to fail,” he says.
-
-Mead has become a polarizing figure for his work. “I’ve learned how nasty some people can get,” he says. “They made me out like I’m Dr. Evil, going around the world ripping off loads of money. But a lot of the work I’ve done for the reef stuff has been pro bono because I believe in it.”
-
-Mead is known around Fiji for his environmental work, and the rustic hotel, the Maqai Beach Eco Surf Resort, he owns in Taveuni. Around 2017, he was approached by a Suva planning company who wanted him to consult on a resort project in Malolo.
-
-The group, Freesoul Real Estate Development, had struck a deal in 2017 with local clans to build their resort on the island. As an investigation by Newsroom, a New Zealand news site, would later confirm, the company had deep roots in China. With Peng as its executive director, Freesoul had launched in Fiji in 2002 as a telecom business and had been developing some of the 6,000 acres it owned across the land. Newsroom found that in 2017, the company expanded into tourism by partnering with the Shanghai Media Group, which runs radio and television stations throughout China. The resort would be part of China’s larger “Belt and Road” global development strategy, meant to expand its influence abroad. Fiji’s prime minister was the sole South Pacific nation leader at the first Belt and Road Forum in 2017.
-
-After looking at the plan for its tropical wonderland, Mead did his usual computer modeling and analysis. He looked at the hydrodynamics of putting in the artificial reef pass, the desalinization plans. In April 2018, he coauthored a report called “Coastal Processes Assessment for Malolo Island Resort,” which, on his CV, he cites as “Prepared for Freesoul Real Estate.” Among other things, he recommended the most sustainable materials for the overwater bures, which would float off just “a small boardwalk through the middle” of the mangroves.
-
-Mead makes a point to say that while he comes up with the environmental designs, he has no control over whether or how his clients implement them. But, he says, the builders at Freesoul followed his plan perfectly. “They weren’t mowing down mangroves,” he insists. “They were doing the right things. They were following the rules.” He pauses to correct himself. “They were following the *advice,* sorry,” he continues, “not the rules.”
-
-## **IV. THE PRIME MINISTER**
-
-In September 2018 in Bangkok, Fiji prime minister Josaia Voreqe “Frank” Bainimarama gave the opening remarks at a UN Climate Change Conference.
-
-Bainimarama was a controversial and authoritarian leader. After instigating a coup in 2006, the former commander of the Fijian military installed himself in power the next year. Soon after, he implemented a so-called Media Industry Development Decree, which subjected journalists to fines, intimidation, and imprisonment for acting critically of his regime. (In May 2022, the global press freedom watchdog Reporters Without Borders ranked Fiji as the worst place for journalists in the Pacific.)
-
-This wasn’t the only scandal embroiling Bainimarama in 2018. Weeks earlier, the leader of a South Korean doomsday cult was arrested for holding 400 followers captive in Fiji. Shin Ok-ju, founder of the Grace Road Church, had led them to the country in 2014 as a safe haven from a prophesied famine, but escapees told of violent beatings and bizarre rituals. Grace Road allegedly maintained deep ties with the Fijian government, which had provided it with millions of dollars in business loans. An investigation by the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project and the Korea Centre for Investigative Journalism later found “the sect now operates the country’s largest chain of restaurants, controls roughly 400 hectares of farmland, owns eight supermarkets and mini marts, and runs five Mobil petrol stations. Its businesses also provide services such as dentistry, events catering, heavy construction, and Korean beauty treatments.”
-
-Despite the troubles at home, however, Bainimarama had fashioned himself as an environmental leader. As president of the Bangkok UN conference, he argued for the urgent implementation of the Paris Agreement. “Would any of us like to return to our people,” he told the conference, “and tell them that we had the chance to do something truly great and truly necessary for the world we will pass to our children, but we lacked the will to get it done?”
-
-As Bainimarama spoke, the environmental calamity of the Freesoul project was playing out on Malolo. After being locked out of their beach in early 2018, Fox, Jack, and Joseva felt like they were facing an impossible fight. Freesoul wasn’t even making an offer to buy their speck of land; they were simply taking it (Fox said the group later offered them $10,000). As the months passed, the trio came to see their struggle as indicative of the global fight for environmental justice. They began working with Kenneth Chambers, an environmental attorney and chairman of the University of the South Pacific’s School of Land Management and Development in Suva. Chambers, who died in 2019, told Newsroom he took on the case because it “has raised serious questions about the Fijian government’s effectiveness or enthusiasm to administer its own environmental laws.”
-
-The stringent enforcement provisions of the country’s Environment Management Act, Chambers knew, require that developers first obtain environmental approval before building. Yet Freesoul was flouting the laws: illegally reclaiming beach access, dredging and smashing the reef to build a boat channel on Fox, Jack, and Joseva’s beach, dumping debris from the destroyed reef on protected seagrass, destabilizing the hillsides after stripping them of vegetation, dumping raw sewage and trash into protected seaside mangroves, plowing over reefs at low tides in excavators and trucks.
-
-In August 2018, Chambers succeeded in getting an interim injunction on Fox, Jack, and Joseva’s behalf from the Fijian courts—but Freesoul kept building. The next month, the trio flew a drone over the site, filming the continued construction and environmental vandalism: the trucks and workers and dead mangroves and reefs. They sent the photos and videos to the attorney general’s office. Freesoul just continued to build. How was Bainimarama and the government letting this happen, they wondered, just yards from a superyacht marina, no less?
-
-## **V. THE SHOWDOWN**
-
-To circumvent Bainimarama’s restrictions on the Fijian press, Fox, Jack, and Joseva took their story to Melanie Reid, lead investigations editor for Newsroom in New Zealand. Reid’s story, published on February 7, 2019, detailed the environmental damage and included devastating before and after pictures of the site. “Everyone is asking what Freesoul’s secret is,” Chambers told her, “how this could happen with no EIA and no foreshore lease in place. Are the institutions just too busy and under-resourced or is something more sinister going on?”
-
-After the story appeared, the local villagers tried to rescind Freesoul’s lease and stop construction. “This too is the Government’s fault,” Solevu village elder Jonetani Nayate told Newsroom, “because so many times they have been told they must stop work but no one has made them. Now they bring in the barges at three and four in the morning and unload all the materials while everyone is asleep.”
-
-Despite their outcries, the work continued. Fijians lined the fence with placards protesting Freesoul. A woman held a handwritten sign that read “God is our main provider/He gave us our land/sea and environment to look after but not be abused.” When Fox, Jack, and Joseva returned with Reid two months later, in April 2019, a young Chinese man who represented Freesoul tried to wrestle Fox off the property.
-
-Given the government’s tacit support of Freesoul, Fox avoided a fight, even when, he says, the man wielded a rusty metal rod. An existential surfer cowboy, he steadied himself like he was facing a monster wave. “I was very aware that if I was aggressive back to that man,” he says, “I would be thrown in jail pretty quickly.” Reid and her crew were later arrested in Suva outside Freesoul offices by local police for trespassing and taken to jail.
-
-Mead has a two-word descriptor for accusations that the resort builders were illegally using Fox, Jack, and Joseva’s land: “fake news.” Freesoul wasn’t on their beach, he says, “they were right on the boundary.” The builders were “already following the plan of what would have been acceptable,” he tells me. As for accusations that his design amounted to environmental vandalism, he has two more words: “completely bogus.”
-
-## **VI. ENTER THE TECH BROS**
-
-Mead wasn’t lingering on the showdown at Freesoul. He’s got an even more ambitious project on his mind when we meet one starry night in July along his artificial beach at Vunabaka. Dressed in a T-shirt, board shorts, and jandals and sipping a Corona, he explains what was to be his most radical plan for Fiji yet. He wanted to create a world-class surfing wave by “sculpting,” as he put it, a coral reef. By shaving off a portion of the seabed floor, he says, he could not only create better ocean physics for wave making but revitalize local marine life. “That area where we’ve scraped the stuff off,” he says, “everything will come back there. Within one day, you’ll see hydroids and some of the slimy type of algae. Within two years, it’ll be back to the same as it was.”
-
-This wasn’t just one surfer nerd’s kooky dream. The World Wave Project, as Mead and his partners dubbed it, got an early vote of confidence. It received pre-seed funding from the Founders Fund, the firm colaunched by Peter Thiel, the cocreator of PayPal, early backer of Facebook, and controversial billionaire conservative donor.
-
-Since the late 2000s, Mead and Anthony Marcotti, founder and former owner of a surf resort in Indonesia called Kandui, had been geeking out about how wave building could be a win-win for both surfers and the oceans. “It’s not about money,” Marcotti tells me. “It’s all about how cool it would be to create something like this that benefits everyone and that helps the environment.” Their friend Michael Lucas, the 50-year-old Kiwi surfer who co-owns Vunabaka resort, agreed. “We’re taking material from the area where the waves are breaking, and we’re putting it in an area where they’re not breaking,” he says. “The fish will love it!”
-
-So, they thought, would investors. The WWP, if successful, could lead to strings of surf resorts being built in areas where none existed before. After launching an Indiegogo fundraising page detailing Mead’s scientific plan, the WWP caught the attention of the Founders Fund’s Scott Nolan, an early engineer at Elon Musk’s SpaceX and a surfer himself. Nolan saw Mead’s innovation as a novel way to use the ocean’s force to create a more efficient and ecologically sound answer to artificial wave pools. “Why don’t we just go in the ocean?” Nolan tells me. “Can we reduce the cost of making a world-class surf resource by ten to a hundred times in the ocean such that it can actually be commercial? You can actually pay for real restoration and massively net-positive habitat.”
-
-Mead knew just the place to engineer their waves. Since 2012, he had been the owner and director of the Maqai Beach Eco Surf Resort on the small Fijian island of Qamea. Located just across the bay from the garden island of Taveuni, Maqai’s main draw was its proximity to some decent local surf. But the waves were seasonal. By shaving a portion of dead reef there, however, Mead could whip up his magic world-class waves all year. His group projected the resorts and tourism that would come up around this would bring in an estimated $30 million per year, with, as per Fijian custom, 10 percent going to the local landowners. And with the WWP planning to raise around $7 million from outside Fiji, it felt like the Wave guys were giving the locals, as Lucas puts it, “a gift.”
-
-## **VII. “OYSTER WILL DIE”**
-
-But, as Mead and his cohorts quickly discovered, it was a gift the locals didn’t desire. Fox put his concerns bluntly. “That’s an idiot talking,” Fox says. “I don’t care how smart you think you are. You don’t go ripping up a pristine reef.” By the fall of 2021, concern over Mead’s plan was spreading in the surrounding islands.
-
-“You can never replace a reef that’s been destroyed,” one local tells me in July as we walk along the shore, the Pacific lapping at our feet. “So many people’s lives in these areas, especially in these remote areas,” they say, “are connected to the reef and the health of the reef.”
-
-Among them is Claude Prevost, a former advertising executive from Quebec City who now operates the Civa Fiji Pearls farm near the WWP’s proposed site. A gruff, tattooed, gray-haired 55-year-old, he usually wears a black pearl choker and several more black pearls around his wrist. One afternoon, he takes me scuba diving beneath the crystal blue waters nearby to see his pearl farm 30 feet below. Deep under the surface, several rows of palm-size oysters hang from lines as pink, blue, black, and green pearls grow inside their shells. A half dozen hammerhead sharks circle below us. (Mead says the WWP “would have had no impact whatsoever” on Prevost’s pearl farm.) “I need an ecologically balanced reef that produces plankton for food for my oyster,” Prevost says. “I don’t need a dead reef around me. Oyster will die.”
-
-In July 2022 Prevost and his supporters held their talanoa with the local villagers and chiefs to fight Mead’s plan. Rusiate “Rusi” Laladidi, who serves as the *Mata ni Tikina,* or “representative of the tribe,” represented the seven villages of the Wainikeli district. Rusi has a college degree, but, he said, most locals are poorly prepared to handle the legal and environmental complexities of local development. “We can’t do much,” he said. “I have to fight for them because most of the village, they only have primary, secondary level education.”
-
-On the day we gathered at Prevost’s pearl farm, Stolz, the spokesperson for the chiefs, said they blamed the Fijian government at the time for allowing Mead and developers in. “Especially when our prime minister is the champion of climate change all over the world,” Stolz said angrily, “going out throughout the world and telling all the people in the world that Fiji is the forerunner in climate change issues. Yet at the same time, it’s happening right here in Fiji, allowing people to come in and destroy our resources.”
-
-In what Mead’s group considered an act of goodwill, they offered each village a $4,500 donation before fishing rights would be negotiated. But the chiefs and villagers balked. “What would that mean for the future of this generation?” Stolz said. “You cannot repay the damage that would be done…$27,000 for the damage of our whole marine resources? I would say, in the international language: ‘Fuck off!’”
-
-## **VIII. EBB TIDE**
-
-Brian Cregan is an Aussie surfer who famously starred in the 1979 surf film *Band on the Run.* For 24 years, he has owned a property on Qamea near Mead’s resort and has spent countless days surfing the area. “Those WWP guys were assuming they could steamroll their way with the local Fijians and the Fijian government,” he tells me. And he knew Mead had tried something similar with the Freesoul project on Malolo. So he called Fox, Jack, and Joseva.
-
-After two years of fighting, the three friends were succeeding in finally beating back Freesoul on their shores. The assault on Fox by the Freesoul worker and the arrest of Reid and her Newsroom crew made international waves, including a story on *60 Minutes* in Australia.
-
-On April 4, 2019, Prime Minister Bainimarama apologized to the journalists for their treatment and vowed to bring an end to Freesoul’s campaign. “The conduct of Freesoul Real Estate Development has been deeply concerning to me personally for some time,” he said. “As both a Fijian who treasures our environment and a global advocate for sustainable development, I share in the public’s outrage. We need to send a strong message to Freesoul…and other developers looking to cause us harm, that they are not welcome to operate in Fiji.”
-
-If the Bainimarama government was concerned, of course, why didn’t it take action before the journalists were arrested for asking questions? The answer, as Fox, Jack, and Joseva’s attorney Ken Chambers saw it, was clear. “I believe Freesoul is part of the Chinese Belt and Road initiative,” he told me before his death.
-
-A day after Bainimarama’s apology, Fiji’s Department of Environment revoked the project’s approval for good. In April 2021, the High Court chief justice found Freesoul guilty on two counts of undertaking unauthorized development, not guilty of one count of failing to comply with a prohibition notice, and later fined it $450,000 for causing “substantial harm to the environment” and ordered the company to post an additional $630,000 bond with the Department of Environment for rehabilitating the area.
-
-It’s the first time in Fijian history that an environmental law has been used to bring criminal charges. “The big question is whether the *Chinese* government will put its hand in its pocket” to pay Freesoul’s fines, Chambers said. Bainimarama’s reign of almost 16 years ended in December when he was defeated by his rival, Sitiveni Rabuka of the People’s Alliance.
-
-For Fox and the others, it feels like vindication. “We’ve never done anything wrong,” Fox says. “We’ve never hurt anyone. We’ve never been aggressive towards anyone. We’ve never broken the law, and that’s what we’ve done that’s right.”
-
-And that’s exactly what they advised the activists fighting the World Wave Project to do. With their success over Freesoul, in fact, the tide was turning even more swiftly against Mead and the WWP. Supporters including oceanographic explorer Jean-Michel Cousteau, son of the late ocean explorer Jacques Cousteau, joined the outcry. “My lifetime of experience and moral sense of duty compels me to strongly object to the World Wave Project’s proposal to ‘sculpt and modify’ any reefs to enhance surf breaks,” he said in a statement on behalf of his conservation group, Ocean Futures Society. “Coral reefs must be protected not destroyed!”
-
-The Taveuni Tourism Association, an organization of 50-plus resorts in the area, agreed. It declared its opposition to the WWP, which it feared would “remove healthy coral, change the ecosystem, impact adjoining reefs, and threaten the livelihoods of tourism.” A scathing takedown of the project on the surfer site Swellnet was more direct: “When the bull-headed ambition of Dr. Shaw Mead meets the fuck you money of Scott Nolan, giving up simply isn’t an option.”
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-On May 25, 2022, Mead and Lucas traveled to Naselesele Village in Taveuni to meet with the local chiefs about the project. The Fijian elders and villagers wore their formal tropical shirts. But there was no kava for their guests. When I ask Stolz how he felt when he saw Lucas and Mead, his eyes narrow. “I really want to eat their souls out,” he says, “and I really want to eat their guts out.”
-
-The meeting saw eruptions of similar anger. “Where the development will take place, it’s a small area and that’s where we fish from,” Iosefo Tikoisolomone, the traditional head of a local clan, said in Fijian, recorded by local news. “You are trying this development on our source of livelihood,” he shouted. “Everyone sitting here doesn’t want this development.” Another man insinuated that the only reason Mead and Lucas were there at all was because the government had made no effort to stop them, any more than they had challenged Freesoul.
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-Lucas stood and told the crowd that if they didn’t want the project, the WWP would leave—and take its money with it. “It’s up to the community if they want to progress or if they don’t,” he tells me one afternoon over lobsters and beers at his resort, Vunabaka. “We are coming up here with an opportunity and the opportunity is yours,” he goes on. “If you don’t want to take it, we’ll take the project elsewhere…. We thought this would help you.”
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-The locals on Qamea ultimately declined Mead and Lucas’s requests to build. Still, the WWP is unwavering; it’s already planning its first wave in two undisclosed cities, Mead tells me in January, and hopes to get official approvals this year. Mead also says he has heard that Dickson Peng, Freesoul’s local emissary, is back in town—and that discussions have resumed to begin work on the Malolo project. “In recent times, they’re talking now about picking it up again,” Mead says. Earlier this year, a Fijian court blocked Freesoul’s efforts to overturn a 2019 injunction that halted work on the site—the new Fijian government backed Fox, Jack, and Joseva’s objection to its lifting. In March, the same court gave Freesoul six months to pay the remaining $122,000 it owed.
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-While Mead’s wave builders seek to engineer their paradise elsewhere, Fox, Jack, and Joseva are hoping to bring theirs back. Malia Rouillon, an environmentalist they hired to survey the damage, estimates the cleanup will cost around $1 million and restore the mangroves and reef to their healthy state within three years. As of this writing, however, construction debris still litters the abandoned site. Without stabilization, Rouillon says, the marine life will never return. Fox, Jack, and Joseva (who now lives on the land in a small house and hut with his wife and four children) hope to use some of Freesoul’s waste to build their own ecolodge. “That could be a good opportunity for us, which would be pretty ironic,” Fox says, “to buy some of the material that’s there going to waste anyway. We might as well reuse that and lessen our footprint.”
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-In the meantime, the place is finally starting to feel more like home. It’s Fox’s 49th birthday and they’re celebrating here. Joseva, his family, and some local villagers are barbecuing on an open fire. Jack and Fox’s wife, Jacinta, are getting schooled in how to hatchet open a coconut from one of Joseva’s kids. The rain forest cradles over them; Cloudbreak curls on the horizon. “Yeah,” Fox says with a smile, “then we’ll start our own little venture.”
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-Date: 2023-02-25
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-Link: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/02/the-tragedy-of-dhiraj-arora-the-spice-king.html
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-# The Tragedy of the Spice King
-
-## When an entrepreneur was seized by mental illness, his neighbors became victims and he became trapped in a broken system.
-
-Photo-Illustration: Intelligencer
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/3e4/127/d1d2d73577aa8d73dea228b9023198b876-spice-king-lede.rsquare.w700.jpg)
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-Photo-Illustration: Intelligencer
-
-Dhiraj Arora had terrorized Fort Greene for years, but the campaign he launched on a warm January night in Brooklyn was remarkable even for him. Just after 2 a.m., he threw bottles at Evelina, a trattoria on DeKalb Avenue, smashing a large window. From there, he took aim at Izzy Rose in neighboring Clinton Hill, where a security camera captured him pitching shards of concrete through the cocktail bar’s large storefront window. He capped the night off by returning to Fort Greene, where he tossed a metal garbage basket into the window of the Great Georgiana, a popular gastropub on the corner of Dekalb and Vanderbilt. The next night Arora picked up where he left off, shattering a curtain of windows at Rhodora, an ecoconscious natural-wine bar a block away from Evelina.
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-“I immediately knew who it was because he’s been doing this for years,” said Giuseppe de Francisci, a managing partner at Evelina. “He’s trashing restaurants that have kicked him out.”
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-De Francisci isn’t the only business owner who has dealt with 47-year-old Arora before. It was the third time Arora had broken a window at the Great Georgiana in the last ten months. Employees at the Indian restaurant Dosa Royale had called 911 on him years earlier. He also broke a bottle at the feet of Treis Hill, the owner of Dick & Jane’s cocktail bar; threatened to burn a hostess at Evelina; slapped a manager at Saraghina Caffè in the chest; and harassed a bartender and guests at Izzy Rose. Arora’s incessant menacing has been so bad recently that someone posted a flyer urging anyone who saw him to contact the police. “Millionaire Menace Terrorizes Fort Greene” it announced in bold red letters above a mug shot of Arora.
-
-Arora’s family says he’s no millionaire. Twenty years ago, he founded a company that rode the health-food craze by selling packets of Indian-spice blends in grocery stores across the country. In 2007, *Crain’s* named Arora one of the city’s top business owners, and a few years later the New York *Post* crowned him the “Spice King.” With his star on the rise, Arora lived the life of a swaggering playboy entrepreneur who spent extravagantly on clothes, travel, and restaurants. “I am the definition of passion,” he told a small magazine at the time. “Stay tuned.”
-
-But Arora’s bluster masked his struggle with bipolar and alcohol-use disorders, a dual diagnosis that made it impossible for him to maintain his business. Over the past decade, his family and friends watched helplessly as his mental health declined, taking away the success he’d earned and sending him down a destructive path.
-
-“His episodes have become far worse and more frequent, and now every time there’s an episode, all we can do is call the police,” said his sister, Puja Arora. “At that point he’s violent, he’s dangerous, he’s a threat to himself, he’s a threat to others. It’s this constant cycle. Every step of the way the system failed him.”
-
-Arora’s family has seen him cycle in and out of hospitals, jails, and rehab facilities. Since 2019, he’s been arrested in New York, New Jersey, and Florida for stalking, harassment, menacing, criminal mischief, and more. His illness has confined him to a sort of systemic purgatory: Too sick for his family to care for, but not harmful enough for the legal system to intervene.
-
-Meanwhile, his neighbors fear what the next episode might bring, a looming dread shared by many New Yorkers who say [crime is the city’s top problem](https://poll.qu.edu/poll-release?releaseid=3865) — including Mayor Eric Adams, who has blamed mental illness for the rise in subway crime in particular. In November, he announced a haphazard plan to allow first responders, including NYPD officers, to forcibly remove people from the streets and involuntarily hospitalize them. Members of the City Council ripped into that plan at a hearing in early February, saying the city can’t police its way out of a mental-health crisis.
-
-Indeed, police haven’t made a difference when it comes to treating Arora’s own crisis or, until recently, preventing him from terrorizing people. Mental-health court gives defendants a chance to enter treatment programs as an alternative to jail or prison, but none of Arora’s cases appear to have gone through the court. It’s unlikely his crimes — mostly misdemeanors — would have qualified him for the kind of court-ordered supervised medical treatment that his family hopes might prevent further incidents. “People who do well in mental-health court are those who have significant challenges related to untreated mental illness and have committed a serious crime. If they don’t have those two things, then you don’t really have the mechanisms at play to respond to them,” said Jeff Coots, director of John Jay College of Criminal Justice’s From Punishment to Public Health program.
-
-Arora and his sister grew up in Bridgewater, New Jersey, where she recalls he was “super-loving, protective, hysterical” before the onset of bipolar. “He was an athlete. He was voted best all around in high school, most likely to succeed. He had all the hot chicks.” Dhiraj received his bipolar diagnosis in 1997, the same year he graduated from the University of Michigan, and was in and out of hospitals for treatment.
-
-After college, Arora moved back home and, inspired by his parents’ reputations as some of the best cooks in his family’s community, sold spice mixes he blended together at local flea markets. He gave his company a simple name, Arora Creations, and tapped into Americans’ growing desire for healthier organic ingredients in their everyday grocery stores. “Dhiraj has hands down one of the smartest, savviest business minds I’ve ever come across,” said a family friend who works in finance. The company operated with a few employees who worked out of Arora’s studio on Canal Street. By 2008, some 8,000 stores across the country, including Publix and Whole Foods, carried Arora Creations spice packets. “This isn’t a trend, this isn’t fat-free,” he said in a promotional video from the time. “This is a lifestyle. This is my culture. This is my tradition, my roots.”
-
-As the company grew, so did its founder’s drinking and erratic behavior, according to those who knew him. In September 2011, Arora ran naked through the gym of the midtown Four Seasons Hotel while drinking tequila. “Suck my million-dollar cock,” he allegedly told police as they took him to St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital for a psychological evaluation. No charges were filed. The *Post* picked up on the story and, when a reporter reached Arora for comment, he offered a correction: It was “suck my $57 million dick,” he said.
-
-The *Post*’s story was easy fodder for New York’s media blogs, nearly all of which ran gleeful posts about the incident. The *Observer* interviewed Arora over an alcohol-soaked lunch at the Breslin for a short [profile](https://observer.com/2012/01/selling-the-sizzle-new-york-spice-king-dhiraj-arora-lets-it-all-hang-out/) that depicted him as an immature but charming — if a bit unhinged — impresario. A close friend speculated that Arora enjoyed the media attention the episode brought him, even if it was bad for business: The swaggering, yoga-practicing entrepreneur was a familiar trope in the 2010s, and Arora seemed happy to play the part.
-
-Whatever high Arora might have felt crashed when, a few months later, one of the police officers who arrested him filed a $57 million lawsuit against Arora claiming he had assaulted her. The case was dismissed, but the negative publicity from the incident, along with Arora’s deteriorating mental health, virtually doomed his business and he filed for bankruptcy in 2014. He spent the next several years living in a small apartment in Fort Greene, drinking away what little money his business brought in.
-
-When the pandemic struck in 2020, Arora moved in with his mother in New Jersey and tied together a few months of sobriety. For the first time in years, Puja felt like she had her brother back. “We went out to dinner two or three times a week, we went out for walks, we did things, we hung out the way we used to. Then he stopped taking his medicine and the cycle started,” she said.
-
-Arora disappeared for days. Family and friends did what they could to help, loaning him money, bailing him out of jail, paying for lawyers and expensive treatment facilities. Occasionally, he would stick to medications to treat his bipolar disorder and stay away from alcohol, but the drinking would resume and he would quit taking medicine and spiral out of control. He’s been hospitalized more times than the family can count.
-
-“He goes there, they drug him up, they keep him there for three days or two weeks, then he’s released, and that’s the problem. There’s no follow-up, he’s not mandated to attend any of his sessions,” said Puja. “It just feels unfair. He is insanely smart. He has the ability to do well in this world, and well for himself, but he needs help. He needs the compassion that we feel for other diseases.”
-
-When he is not at home or in a hospital, Arora is often in the place his family fears most: police custody. Last February, the NYPD picked him up in the throes of another manic episode in lower Manhattan. Arora told police that he needed to go to the hospital because he didn’t have his medication. Arora was brought in handcuffs to the Mount Sinai Beth Israel emergency room where he said  officer Blair Butler struck him in the head and cut open his ear so badly that he was stitched up in the ER. (Arora’s attorney, David Cetron, provided video of the incident.) The Manhattan District Attorney Office’s police accountability unit opened an investigation that determined it couldn’t prove criminal conduct on Butler’s part. The Civilian Complaint Review Board also opened an investigation but has yet to issue a recommendation.
-
-Arora was attacked by a NYPD officer inside Mount Sinai Beth Israel last year.
-
-While Arora’s family worries how he will be treated by officers who often have no training to deal with someone in a manic state, sometimes they have no other choice but to ask the police for help. This past June, Puja called 911 because she feared her brother would hurt her mother. Again, police took him to a hospital where he was admitted for psychiatric treatment. After he was discharged, police arrested Arora for a separate incident in which he’d dialed 911 and made a false report. He spent the next 89 days in jail. About a month after he was released, in October, he was arrested again.
-
-In November, Prapti Patel, a 33-year-old consultant, was having drinks with a friend at Izzy Rose when she noticed a man throwing broccoli rabe at them. Arora had been hanging around the bar recently, even handing out spice packets to customers. Patel said she politely asked Arora to stop, but he became enraged and threatened to kill her. “He started calling me an Indian bitch and saying he hated Indians even though he was Indian,” Patel said, adding that she was so disturbed by the incident that she filed a report with the NYPD. Nothing happened, and Arora’s behavior took a sharp turn for the worse.
-
-On January 14, Arora was arrested for allegedly refusing to pay for dinner at a sushi restaurant in Tribeca. Three days later, he was arrested again for menacing and criminal possession of a weapon when he threatened someone in downtown Manhattan. His mother, Chancal, bailed him out, showing up at a court hearing with an employee from Recovery Centers of America in the hopes of shuttling her son directly to the mental health and alcohol treatment facility near their home in New Jersey. They didn’t even have a chance. According to Chancal, Arora slipped out of the courthouse after he was released from custody. In an interview, Arora claimed he was sent to Bellevue Hospital for a psychological evaluation after the hearing and that by the time he returned to the courthouse, his mother and the recovery center  employee were already gone. Regardless, Chancal was frustrated by the court’s unwillingness or inability to force her son into treatment, and she left uncertain whether she would see him before his next arrest.
-
-A little over a week later, Arora went on his rampage through Fort Greene. Fed up, Evelina’s de Francisci posted a video of security-camera footage on Instagram, urging anyone who saw Arora to call the police. A few days later, one of Evelina’s regulars saw him in Soho and called 911. Arora was arrested and sent to Rikers Island. A grand jury charged him with two counts of felony criminal mischief and one misdemeanor.
-
-Arora has yet to be arraigned on his most recent charges, but because of the severity of the charges and his lengthy criminal record, he now faces years in prison. “He’s committing criminal acts, but it’s more the result of mental illness than anything else. He’s a real pleasant guy when he’s on his meds, but when he’s off, he’s totally irrational,” said Steven Alan Hoffner, one of Arora’s attorneys. “He’s just sick.”
-
-But some of Arora’s victims are unwilling to accept that premise. “I know people with bipolar disorder. The mood swings don’t transform people into violent monsters,” said de Francisci. “He’s the cause of his issues.”
-
-During phone calls from Rikers, Arora defended himself by saying the Brooklyn business owners had previously antagonized him while also acknowledging his struggles with bipolar disorder and alcohol use. “You lose absolute control of judgment. Add the vodka and things get aggressive,” he said. He blamed his parents for not bailing him out of Rikers and getting him into a treatment program while he awaits trial.
-
-Chancal said she can’t put together the money for her son’s bail and she’s lost faith in her own ability to keep him in a treatment program. She also knows her son has little chance of improving in one of the country’s most notorious jails where the mentally ill have been routinely abused by corrections officers and dozens of inmates have died from drug overdoses, suicide, and violence in recent years. She hopes, against all evidence, that the system will finally help her son.
-
-“If somebody is having a heart attack in a restaurant, will the police take him to a hospital or a jail? Why is there a discrimination between physical illness and mental illness?” she wondered. “Dhiraj should be in a hospital.”
-
-The Tragedy of the Spice King
-
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-Date: 2023-11-12
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-TimeStamp: 2023-11-12
-Link: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/11/10/world/europe/hamas-gaza-tunnels.html
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-```button
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-^button-TheTunnelsofGazaNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# The Tunnels of Gaza
-
-The Gaza Strip has all the harrowing pitfalls soldiers have learned to expect from urban warfare: high-rise ambushes, truncated lines of sight and, everywhere, vulnerable civilians with nowhere to hide.
-
-But as Israeli ground forces inch their way forward in Gaza, the bigger danger may prove to be underfoot.
-
-The Hamas militants who launched a bloody attack on Israel last month have built a maze of hidden tunnels some believe extend across most if not all of Gaza, the territory they control.
-
-And they are not mere tunnels.
-
-Snaking beneath dense residential areas, the passageways allow fighters to move around free from the eye of the enemy. There are also bunkers for stockpiling weapons, food and water, and even command centers and tunnels wide enough for vehicles, researchers believe.
-
-Ordinary-looking doors and hatches serve as disguised access points, letting Hamas fighters dart out on missions and then slip back out of sight.
-
-No outsider has an exact map of the network, and few Israelis have seen it firsthand.
-
-But photos and video and reports from people who have been in the tunnels suggest the basic outlines of the system and how it is used. The source material includes photographs taken inside the passageways by journalists, accounts from researchers who study the tunnels, and details of the network that emerged from Israeli forces when they invaded Gaza in 2014.
-
-### Tactical tunnels
-
-These concrete-reinforced structures are more than a transit pipeline. They serve as shelters against attacks, planning rooms, ammunition warehouses and spaces for hostages.
-
-Illustration by Marco Hernandez
-
-Dismantling the tunnels is a key part of Israel’s goal of wiping out Hamas’s leadership in the wake of the Oct. 7 attack.
-
-Israel has used the existence of the tunnels as justification for bombing civilian areas, including after a large Israeli airstrike hit a densely populated area in the Jabaliya neighborhood. Hamas has denied its tunnels were under some of the specific sites struck by Israel, and it is often impossible to verify Israel’s claims.
-
-To destroy tunnels on the ground, Israeli troops in Gaza will need to find entrances that are often hidden in the basements of civilian buildings, leading into concrete-lined tunnels, imagery suggests. They are typically just six and a half feet tall and three feet wide, experts said, forcing fighters to move through them single file.
-
-One 85-year-old Israeli woman who was held hostage for 17 days in the tunnels after being kidnapped on Oct. 7 described being marched through a “spider web” of wet and humid tunnels. She eventually reached a large hall where two dozen other hostages were being held, she said.
-
-There are still believed to be more than 200 Israeli hostages being held by Hamas, and many are likely in the very tunnels Israel aims to destroy. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has said that bringing them home is one of the two main aims of the invasion, the other being to “destroy Hamas.”
-
-The tunnels used for hiding Hamas equipment and fighters are not the only hidden passageways in Gaza.
-
-After Hamas came to power in 2007, and Israel tightened its blockade of the territory, an extensive network of smuggling tunnels grew under the border between Gaza and Egypt. These tunnels are used to circumvent the blockade and allow the import of a wide variety of goods, from weapons and electronic equipment to construction materials and fuel.
-
-The Egyptian authorities have made extensive efforts to destroy these smuggling routes, including pumping seawater to flood the network and [collapse many of the tunnels](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/08/world/middleeast/as-egypt-floods-gaza-tunnels-smugglers-fear-an-end-to-their-trade.html). But some smuggling tunnels are still believed to be in operation.
-
-### Smuggling tunnels
-
-These tunnels have been documented in the Rafah area, where they are used to bring all types of goods and products into Gaza from Egypt.
-
-Illustration by Marco Hernandez
-
-Although the Israeli military far surpasses Hamas’s in both size and equipment, fighting an enemy with its own network of tunnels is a high-risk undertaking.
-
-John W. Spencer, who studies urban warfare at the U.S. Military Academy’s Modern War Institute, describes it as more like “fighting under the sea than it is on the surface or inside of a building.”
-
-“Nothing that you use on the surface works,” he said recently on the [Modern Warfare Project podcast](https://mwi.westpoint.edu/what-can-the-idf-do-about-hamas-tunnels/). “You have to have specialized equipment to breathe, to see, to navigate, to communicate and to deploy lethal means, especially shooting.”
-
-One of the main dangers of going into the tunnels is that Hamas has booby-trapped the entrances with explosives, experts say.
-
-“The moment they realize the Israelis have entered the tunnels, they will just press the button and the entire thing could collapse on the Israelis,” said Ahron Bregman, a senior teaching fellow at King’s College London who specializes in the Arab-Israeli conflict.
-
-### The challenge of disabling tunnels
-
-The danger does not end after a tunnel is detected.
-
-Illustration by Marco Hernandez
-
-Israeli forces will probably not be able to destroy the entire tunnel network.
-
-“It is just too big, and there’s no point in dismantling all of it,” said Dr. Bregman. Instead, they will focus on blocking the entrances to the tunnels, likely by calling in airstrikes, or having engineers destroy them with explosives.
-
-They are also unlikely to take their fight underground — unless they believe they have no other choice.
-
-Entering the tunnels would strip Israeli forces of their advantages, Dr. Bregman said. At the moment, the Israelis are making headway with a mass of troops, tanks and helicopters.
-
-“The moment you get down to the tunnel, it is one against one,” he said.
-
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diff --git a/00.03 News/The Unimaginable Horror of Evan Gershkovich’s Arrest in Moscow.md b/00.03 News/The Unimaginable Horror of Evan Gershkovich’s Arrest in Moscow.md
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-Date: 2023-04-03
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-TimeStamp: 2023-04-03
-Link: https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-unimaginable-horror-of-a-friends-arrest-in-moscow
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-&emsp;
-
-# The Unimaginable Horror of Evan Gershkovich’s Arrest in Moscow
-
-Evan Gershkovich.Photograph from AFP / Getty
-
-On Wednesday, the Russian state security service, the F.S.B., arrested my friend Evan. Evan Gershkovich, a thirty-one-year-old reporter for the *Wall Street Journal* and the son of Soviet-born émigrés who came to the U.S. in the late seventies, was detained while on a reporting trip to Yekaterinburg, a city more than a thousand miles east of Moscow. I learned of the news the following day, when he was brought to Moscow, formally charged with espionage in a closed hearing, and ordered to be held in Lefortovo Prison awaiting trial, which could send him to prison for as long as twenty years.
-
-I met Evan five years ago, not long after he arrived in Moscow as a twentysomething reporter full of ideas, hustle, and smarts. He was funny, acerbic, and kindhearted, not to mention a skilled chef—he had spent several months in the kitchen of a serious New York City restaurant before he turned to journalism. We cooked together, went to the *banya* together, partied together.
-
-Above all, Evan is a hell of a reporter, industrious and energetic. He filed stories for the Moscow *Times*, his first journalistic home, that often scooped the rest of the Western press corps. During the pandemic, he spoke to Russian medical students forced to treat *COVID* patients and to statisticians who feared that the state was manipulating data on *COVID* deaths. In January, 2022, after a stint at Agence France-Presse, he started at the *Journal*. He was happy; his friends were proud of him. He had pulled off what he had worked so hard for: a staff job with a major American newspaper, covering a place that meant so much to him. Russia could be maddening and fascinating in equal measure, but never boring or unimportant.
-
-In the years before Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, people in the U.S. often asked how foreign correspondents managed to do their jobs in a place like [Vladimir Putin](https://www.newyorker.com/tag/vladimir-putin)’s Russia. During my and Evan’s time there, the country shifted in an unmistakably repressive direction, transitioning from an autocracy that pretended, however flimsily, to be a democracy to a state that didn’t bother hiding its claws. The Russia story became more monotone, less a madcap collision of wealth and opportunity and ambition—as it had been in the early Putin years—than one increasingly defined by menace and violence. The space for independent journalism, however marginal and niche it had been already, shrunk even further.
-
-Our Russian journalist friends faced countless pressure and constraints, mainly of the financial and professional kind—one independent outlet after another closed down or was forced to—but more immediate dangers were also ever present. In the summer of 2019, Ivan Golunov, an investigative reporter for [Meduza](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/03/13/how-russian-journalists-in-exile-are-covering-the-war-in-ukraine), a news site based in Riga, was arrested on a fabricated drug charge, apparently in retaliation for his coverage of corruption in the Moscow burial industry. He was freed after four days, the result of mass protests organized by his journalistic colleagues.
-
-But Golunov’s enemies were local, relatively small-time criminals, not the truly powerful ones who occupy top positions in the Kremlin and F.S.B. If you were up against forces like that, your fate could be very different. In 2020, Ivan Safronov, a former journalist for *Kommersant*, a once serious, hard-hitting daily in Moscow that had morphed into something more safe and milquetoast, was arrested on charges of espionage. Supposedly, his coverage of the sale of Russian fighter jets was secret cover for his dealings with Czech intelligence services. This story was as unconvincing as it sounds, but, in 2022, Safronov was sentenced to twenty-two years in prison. He remains there today.
-
-Yet, for a long time, arrests were rare. So were physical attacks. The macabre insight of the Russian state and its security services was that you didn’t have to jail or kill that many reporters for the rest to get the hint. The Kremlin preferred more banal, quasi-legalistic methods of constraining the work of individual journalists, such as designating them “foreign agents,” a label that comes with all manner of burdensome administration, and which scares off sources and contacts. Whole outlets—such as Proekt, an investigative Web site founded by reporters who banded together after their previous outlets were shuttered—were deemed “undesirable,” and this, in effect, criminalized just about everything connected to them. Proekt was forced to shut down; five of its journalists were named “foreign agents.”
-
-What was hard to explain—to our friends and family back home, to our editors, even to ourselves—was the degree to which we, as foreign correspondents, continued to occupy a position of relative privilege and safety. The bosses and owners of our media organizations were in New York; they couldn’t readily be pressured or blackmailed. Putin can’t close down the *Wall Street Journal* or *The New Yorker*. But, on a more basic level, we weren’t worth the trouble: our audiences were far away, and nothing published in English was going to threaten Putin’s hold on power or the stability of the political system. And the Kremlin long ago gave up caring about its image in the West. So we were largely left alone to report and write as we pleased.
-
-Then came the war. Last February, Russia invaded [Ukraine](https://www.newyorker.com/tag/ukraine), and what had been a gradual process of shrinking freedoms took on new speed. [TV Rain](https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/russia-blocks-its-last-independent-television-channel), an independent television channel with a large online following, was taken off the air and banned entirely. So was [Echo Moskvy](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/09/22/echo-in-the-dark), a liberal-leaning radio station. A package of wartime censorship laws, passed on March 4, 2022, criminalized virtually any honest, factual reporting on Russia’s invasion. Just about every Russian journalist who Evan and I knew [fled the country](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/03/28/the-russians-fleeing-putins-wartime-crackdown) within a matter of days; those who stayed had no choice but to leave the profession. I was in Ukraine at the time; Evan was in Moscow. He quickly left Russia, too, unsure of how to continue to do his job under such conditions.
-
-But then, over the summer, he went back. His Russian visa and journalistic accreditation were still valid, and it seemed like the old logic might still apply: foreigners could get away with reporting that would be far more problematic, if not off limits entirely, for Russians. The *Times* and the *Guardian*, among others, had correspondents who cycled through Russia. Evan and I spoke a lot about his choice. He felt that he had the rare journalistic privilege of reporting from the country that had launched the largest land war in Europe since the Second World War, and that understanding what both the élite and the wider population felt about that was an urgent journalistic assignment. The magnetic tug of duty and curiosity made sense to me. In fact, on some level, I was jealous.
-
-Evan came and went from Moscow. He told me of the strange paradox of life in the capital: the context for everything—politics, the economy, how people related to one another—had changed, perhaps irreparably, but on the surface it often felt like things remained the same as ever. In July, he [wrote](https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-russias-biggest-cities-ukraine-war-fades-to-background-noise-11656670347) about the maniacal drive among many in Moscow to act as if everything were normal; he reported from verandas and courtyard parties, an experience that was dizzying and a bit soul-crushing. “While the police patrolling Moscow’s streets are now armed with assault rifles, they are busier handing out fines for public drinking than putting down dissent,” he wrote.
-
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-Date: 2023-03-12
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-TimeStamp: 2023-03-12
-Link: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/tomwarren/andrew-tate-early-life-friends-family
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-&emsp;
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-# The Untold Story Of Notorious Influencer Andrew Tate
-
-**Brothers Andrew and Tristan Tate** spent their preteen years in the leafy town of Goshen, Indiana. Back then, in the 1990s, the city had some 24,000 residents, plus a large Mennonite population in the surrounding rural area. There weren’t many biracial families like the Tates around, though. In its not-too-distant past, Goshen [had been a sundown town](https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/adeonibada/sundown-towns-racism-black-drivers-tiktok). 
-
-The sons of Eileen Ashleigh, a white working-class English woman, and Emory Tate Jr., a Black military veteran and skilled chess competitor, Andrew and Tristan were surrounded by extended family growing up. They attended church with their cousins and played together at their paternal grandmother’s house. 
-
-Tristan was a quiet boy who came home from church one day and announced he had given himself to Jesus, the Tate brothers’ paternal aunt, Elizabeth Tate, told BuzzFeed News in an exclusive interview. She said that Andrew — who was born Emory Andrew Tate III and is nearly two years older than Tristan — liked to look after his cousins, carefully seating them at the dinner table and making sure they had the correct plates. 
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-According to people who knew the brothers growing up, there was no indication that they would become notorious figures in the internet manosphere. Andrew, who initially gained renown as a kickboxer, has boasted that he was “absolutely a misogynist” and [infamously opined](https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/pranavdixit/andrew-tate-tristan-tate-arrested-human-trafficking) that rape victims must “bear responsibility” for their assaults. He has built an army of millions of followers across social media who [echo his talking points and attitudes](https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ikrd/andrew-tate-courses-pimpin-hoes-degree) — and despite the platforms’ attempts to ban him, he is one of the most [popular](https://twitter.com/MattNavarra/status/1582652745126842368) influencers among teenage boys.
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-In 2021, he even founded a life-coaching business called Hustlers University, which [promised to make his followers richer and more attractive to women](https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ikrd/andrew-tate-hustlers-university) by unleashing their inner alpha male. His pricey networking group, [the War Room](https://cobratate.com/product/war-room), is billed as “a global network in which exemplars of individualism work to free the modern man from socially induced incarceration.”
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-And then, on Dec. 29, 2022, Andrew, now 36, and Tristan, 34, along with two alleged accomplices, were [arrested in Romania](https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/pranavdixit/andrew-tate-tristan-tate-arrested-human-trafficking) and accused of running a trafficking ring that forced women to create online pornographic content. The brothers, who maintain their innocence, are still in pretrial detention, which has been extended multiple times.
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-Their aunt Elizabeth, now an attorney based in Arizona, said that while she believes her nephews will be exonerated, she hopes the experience changes them. “We love them. And we are not agreeing with everything they say politically, but we know their hearts,” she said. “They weren’t perfect. There’s a lot of arrogance. But this is humbling. And we pray that they will come back and they will put their lives back together.”
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-The American side of the Tate family is peppered with high achievers, particularly the women. The brothers’ paternal grandmother, Emma Cox Tate, was an entrepreneur who set up a trucking company in the 1970s, attaining success in a male-dominated industry. Andrew and Tristan’s aunts include lawyers, an Ivy League academic, and a business owner who operates a successful McDonald’s franchise.
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-> “My mother was very much subservient to my father, which was a good thing.”
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-But it is the history of the men in the Tate family, complex figures who relied on violence and competition to forge their way in the world, that explains the development of Andrew and Tristan. Beginning with an abusive grandfather who allegedly beat his children with a belt, the Tate family’s stories, a number of them reported here for the first time, help us understand how the brothers went on to build a business empire that trades in misogynistic ideas and sells toxic self-help for the modern man.
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-“My mother was very much subservient to my father, which was a good thing,” Andrew once said in an [interview](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iv-C4CVGk28). “They used to have arguments, etc., and I think I learned a lot of my lessons, I guess on male–female dynamics, to a degree from my childhood.”
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-In a statement, a representative for the brothers said, “Andrew has always celebrated the success of the women in his family and he has encouraged others to follow his example. He believes in traditional masculine values, where the man’s role is to support women in achieving their goals.”
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-### ***We want your help! If you have a tip regarding Andrew Tate, please contact tom.warren@buzzfeed.com or ikran.dahir@buzzfeed.com, or reach us securely at [tips.buzzfeed.com](https://tips.buzzfeed.com/).***
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-Elizabeth said that her father, Emory Tate Sr., was born in 1919 to a family of sharecroppers in Georgia and, according to legend, taught himself to read using discarded comic books. He ran away from home and was drafted into the Army in World War II, serving in the [Red Ball Express](https://www.historynet.com/red-ball-express/), a trucking unit, predominantly operated by Black soldiers, that delivered vital supplies to Allied troops. 
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-“He wasn’t happy, because he was discriminated against. Back then, the troops were segregated,” Elizabeth said. She added that when he came back from the war, he took advantage of the GI Bill to help him finish high school, college, and ultimately law school. The former sharecropper found himself “catapulted into the middle class,” his daughter said. 
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-Emory became an attorney, building a successful law practice in Chicago. Elizabeth said he once successfully defended a Black man from rape charges in front of an all-white jury. “I didn’t understand what an accomplishment that was until I started practicing,” she said. Despite his success in the city, she said, her father maintained a small farm in Michigan, where he would spend his weekends.
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-One day, Emory went to a diner near his office in Chicago, where he met Emma Cox, who hailed from a more affluent biracial Southern family and had four children from a previous marriage, Elizabeth recounted. The pair ultimately wed and had five children together, including Andrew and Tristan’s father, Emory Tate Jr., who was born in 1958 on Chicago’s West Side.
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-The couple divorced in 1966, after the elder Emory became “increasingly vituperative” toward his wife, according to *Triple Exclam!!!*, a biography of Emory Jr. written by Daaim Shabazz, an academic and chess scholar. (The title refers to a catchphrase used by the younger Emory when he won a match or wanted to express the highest degree of praise.)
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-While Elizabeth said that her dad was “compassionate,” a 2014 post from the younger Emory’s Facebook page alleged that his father was “the most savage man in the universe,” to the extent that the son once contemplated killing him. “Beating with the leather belt was all he knew,” Emory Jr. wrote, expressing pride that he had not repeated the pattern of abuse with his own children.
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-Emory Tate Jr. via Facebook
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-In the years after the divorce, Emma Cox Tate moved to Goshen, Indiana, where her home became the focus of the extended family. Elizabeth said that her mother prized education, and after starting her trucking business, worked hard to send all nine of her children to college. 
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-According to *Triple Exclam!!!,* Emory Tate Jr. was rebellious but academically gifted and won a full scholarship to Northwestern University. However, per to his biography, he struggled at school, skipping classes and using recreational drugs, before dropping out. 
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-His maternal half brother John, a Vietnam veteran, took him in and got him to enroll at Alabama State before encouraging him to enlist in the Air Force. After basic training and a year spent studying Russian, Emory was assigned to an intelligence unit. During his service, from 1980 to 1992, he excelled in competitive chess, winning the US Armed Forces Chess Championship five times. 
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-> “Andrew’s dad used to call him ‘Super Baby.’ He really used to love that, being his dad’s Super Baby.”
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-Leroy Hill, one of his Air Force chess teammates, told Shabazz that Emory could have become the first Black person to become a chess grandmaster, the highest rank of professional player, but lacked the commitment and discipline. Indeed, after staying out at bars all night, Emory arrived at the 1987 NATO Chess Championship tournament unshowered and unshaven, and lost to a Norwegian grandmaster.
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-Emory was later stationed at RAF Chicksands, a Cold War signals listening post in the UK, when he met a local woman, Eileen Ashleigh, who would become Andrew and Tristan’s mother. “It was a romance around the base,” Elizabeth said. “She made him pursue her; she was hard to get. He adored her.” The couple moved to Maryland in the late 1980s, and Andrew and Tristan were born at the Walter Reed Military Hospital in Washington, DC, in December 1986 and July 1988, respectively. Emory was then posted to Germany, where the boys’ sister, Janine, was born in 1990. 
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-“Andrew’s dad used to call him ‘Super Baby,’” Elizabeth said. “He really used to love that, being his dad’s Super Baby.” She said her brother gave all of the children nicknames: Andrew was “Tiger,” Tristan was “Bear,” and Janine was “Thumper.” In later years, Andrew would call himself “Cobra.”
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-Emory Tate Jr. via Facebook
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-During his time in the military, Emory rose to staff sergeant and won an Outstanding Service distinction from the National Security Agency. However, soon after working in an intelligence support role in the first Gulf War, he was abruptly discharged in 1992 for “conditions that interfere with military service,” according to his biography. 
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-The book suggests that superiors were concerned that Emory had a personality disorder and accused him of embellishing military intelligence. Despite receiving an honorable discharge, he rarely spoke about his exit from the Air Force. Andrew later said in a [podcast interview](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iv-C4CVGk28&ab_channel=PBDPodcast) that his father was diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder. He claimed Emory Jr. initially refused to sign the discharge paperwork, telling his superiors, “My sanity is not for sale.”
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-In the years after leaving the military, Emory would regale friends with stories about being able to spot a Russian operative a block away, according to his biography. He would also mention that he was still tailed by KGB or CIA operatives. Shabazz believes the accounts were more than paranoia; he wrote that Emory’s mother was once visited by uniformed military personnel, and relatives who traveled with him said he was often screened at the airport.
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-**After Emory was discharged**, he and his family relocated to Elkhart, Indiana, and then to nearby Goshen, where Emory’s mother had moved after her divorce. His wife learned to drive, a necessity in the expansive Midwest, and Emory worked various jobs, including at his sister’s McDonald’s franchise and the local parks department. “The adjustment was very difficult with three children and few prospects in Indiana,” Shabazz told BuzzFeed News via LinkedIn message. 
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-Dan Shenk, a local newspaper journalist, knew the family during their time in Goshen. “People like me, and many others in Goshen, remember Emory and Eileen and the kids very fondly,” he said. He recalled Eileen’s positive attitude, and said he was struck by Emory’s brilliance. 
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-After Shenk interviewed Emory for the local newspaper, the pair decided to set up a school chess program. Shenk said it was remarkable that the program happened, given that Emory was Black. “It was just another example of Goshen finally starting to move beyond that sundown past,” Shenk said.
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-Shenk said that Emory was an exemplary chess tutor but had struggled with doing paperwork for the program. In one instance, Eileen had to jump in and write application forms for a children’s chess tournament because Emory, who was out of state playing his own matches, had neglected to do so. 
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-Among Emory’s students were Andrew and Tristan, whom he started teaching at an early age. Shenk said that Andrew was a gifted player and frequently defeated older children in competitions. Emory and Andrew were featured on the Aug. 30, 1993, front page of the South Bend Tribune in a story about them pegged to the release of the chess movie *Searching for Bobby Fischer*. In the article, Emory recalled withdrawing the then-6-year-old Andrew from an adult chess tournament after he lost three games. “Dad, I’m playing bad,” Andrew reportedly said. By pulling him from the competition, Emory told the paper, “I saved him from crying in front of all those people.”
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-According to his biography, Emory continued to chase his chess dreams, riding by bus to play in tournaments all over the country. “He was a major figure in chess and one of the most exciting players. Not to mention he’s an extremely important icon in the Black chess community,” Shabazz told BuzzFeed News. “He was known for his exciting style of chess which was extremely aggressive. He wasn’t the most skilled player but was daring in his attempts to create art on the chess board.”
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-> It’s not difficult to draw a line between Emory’s views on women and his sons’.
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-Emory also taught his sons to fight; from an early age, he presented them with pillows they could “kick the shit out of,” he wrote in a 2012 Facebook post. “Dad trained me,” Andrew told Chess Life magazine in January 2016. “And commanded me to fight without a defense, hands down, as he did.”
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-Domestically, life would prove challenging. Andrew has said that at times he was on “eggshells” around his eccentric yet brilliant father, but that their relationship informed much of his later worldview. As a 5-year-old, Andrew once [said](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_lh9TiA67E&t=3s), he asked his father for a night light because he was scared of the dark. “He took my ass up to my bedroom, locked me in the bedroom in the dark. He said, ‘There’s monsters in there, son. Good luck, see you tomorrow,’” the influencer recalled, adding that he stopped being afraid of the dark.
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-It’s not difficult to draw a line between Emory’s views on women and his sons’. In a November 2011 Facebook post, Emory wrote that the “eternal problem” of the alpha male was “protecting his flock of women.” He added, “The times I struck a woman (in passion) I never left a mark. No trace. Hyper control.... super-control of the human animal. They love me still.” He did not specify whom he had hit, but his approach to romantic and interpersonal relationships left little to the imagination. 
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-The marriage between Eileen and Emory fell apart in 1997. Shenk believes it may in part have been Emory’s peripatetic lifestyle. “It just got too stressful for Eileen, and maybe the kids, too, wondering when Dad's going to come home, and will we have enough money to put food on the table?” he said. 
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-Andrew, however, [has indicated](https://youtu.be/rFwHW6WcOLg) that the split involved infidelity on the part of his father. Their sister stopped talking to Emory, while Andrew and Tristan remained in contact with their dad, who told them, “Boys, when you’re older, you’ll understand.” Andrew said, “Now I’m older, I understand. He fucked a girl. So?” He added that the concept of cheating is propagated by “Western society” and “the powerful females.”
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-“Andrew and Tristan’s parents were a big part of their life and they are proud of the family values instilled in them from an early age,” a representative for the Tate brothers said in a statement to BuzzFeed News. “Their early life is very similar to many other families, with their ups and downs, moments of tension and moments of laughter. It is certain that \[Andrew\] has always strived to better himself and overcome the challenges he encountered.”
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-Eileen and the children then moved to Luton, England, a large market town with a tough reputation near the base where she and Emory had first met. It was a far cry from the quiet Midwestern town that the boys had grown up in. Considered “[one of the unhappiest places](https://www.lutontoday.co.uk/news/votes-are-and-luton-one-unhappiest-places-live-1075035)” in England, Luton has had issues with extremism of various forms and was recently [identified](https://www.bedfordshirelive.co.uk/news/bedfordshire-news/luton-most-risk-far-right-6152690) as a borough with one of the highest risks of far-right activity. 
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-The family lived in Marsh Farm, a hardscrabble neighborhood on the outskirts of Luton. Andrew’s mother worked in a school cafeteria. When BuzzFeed News reporters recently visited her home — a 1970s house with a walled garden, the same one in which the brothers grew up — a neighbor told us to “sling your hook” (a very British way of saying “go away”) and threatened to call the police. (Eileen did not respond to BuzzFeed News’ requests for comment.) 
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-> “I think what happened was that Andrew decided that they were going to beat the odds and make something of themselves.”
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-Elizabeth said that the move was not easy on the children. “When they went back to England, it was really hard on them, because the mom was very poor,” she said. “They had to learn an English accent. They were kind of like little oddballs, coming back with American accents.” She added, “I think what happened was that Andrew decided that they were going to beat the odds and make something of themselves.”
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-One of Andrew’s school friends echoed her remarks. Lester O’Halloran, 36, went to high school with Andrew and last spoke to him days before his arrest. He said the future influencer was teased for using American phrases that seemed out of place to other students. “There was a lot of piss taken out of him,” he told BuzzFeed News. O’Halloran remembered Andrew as “just your average person at school,” noting that he wasn’t overly popular. Tristan, in the grade below, was quieter than his brother.
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-Andrew was obsessed with money, even then. He would see his more affluent neighbors drive around in expensive cars, O’Halloran said, and desperately want that for himself. “He has always searched as to how to get that Ferrari and that Lamborghini,” he added. The schoolboys didn’t realize until they were much older that the cars they were seeing weren’t owned by their neighbors, but had been rented for special occasions like religious festivals and weddings.
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-While Andrew and Tristan both decided against attending college — Andrew has said he did well at school but did not want to write a personal essay for the application — their sister, Janine, left Luton to attend the University of Kentucky in the US.
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-“Their sister’s educated. She leaned toward her African American roots with education. Andrew and Tristan did not. And I think that that created a bit of a rift, the education difference,” Elizabeth said. Janine later followed in her aunt’s footsteps and became an attorney. (Janine, who is not involved in her brothers’ businesses, did not respond to BuzzFeed News’ requests for comment.)
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-Instead, the boys scrambled for financial stability as they pursued kickboxing careers. At one point, Tristan was director of a company selling conservatories (known as sunrooms in the US), which are popular additions to British homes. The brothers also set up their own ventures, including an advertising company, but none of the businesses took off.
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-As they struggled with money, they had to come up with inventive ways to feed themselves to make weight for their kickboxing bouts, creating one low-cost dish they ironically named “flavor” because it was so bland. “It was white rice, frozen peas — because they’re cheap — and kidney beans,” Andrew recounted in one of his vlogs. 
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-> “The way they’ve been perceived in the national press and everything, that’s not what they’re like. They’re actually genuine guys.”
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-For his 21st birthday, Tristan and his brother scooped up leftovers from a fast-food restaurant. “I used to scavenge chicken from KFC,” Tristan once said in a [video](https://www.youtube.com/shorts/RViy455a608), “because I thought, *Fuck it, I’m not dying and I’m not losing my kickboxing fights because I don’t have enough protein*.”
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-BuzzFeed News visited the KFC in question, where the Tates’ scavenging had become a local legend among the staff. They expressed their support for the brothers, shouting, “Free Top G!” — a reference to Andrew — as we left. 
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-Jagtar Johal, who runs a gym in Leicestershire, about 75 miles from Luton, said he knew the brothers from the fight scene because they would visit his gym in the early 2010s to spar with top-level fighters from around the world. “I’ve never seen brothers so tight, close,” he said. “They weren’t coming down in a Bugatti. ​The way they’ve been perceived in the national press and everything, that’s not what they’re like. They’re actually genuine guys. Hardworking. They came from nothing.”
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-Another UK business owner, who knew the brothers and asked not to be named, agreed, but said, “These are two different individuals. There’s one who has a driving force” — namely Andrew — “and the other not so much.”
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-Meanwhile, the brothers set their sights on reality television, with Andrew appearing on a 2010 British television show called [*Ultimate Traveller*](https://www.channel4.com/programmes/ultimate-traveller). In the series, the contestants go backpacking in Indonesia on a budget, trying to make their money last until the final episode, at which point one of them would win a cash prize.
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-From the start, Andrew took a strategic approach to in-game alliances, backing a woman contestant who had no other support so that she would feel compelled to later return the favor. “I think that having my vote as her only vote will hold huge merit, so really I’m just trying to manipulate her — put her on the side, make her a usable weapon at some point,” [he says in the first episode](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNmoIAtfVJI). “I want to win just so I can go home and say, ‘Yeah, I won, I manipulated them all.’”
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-Today, Andrew stands accused of manipulating women on a much more sinister scale. According to Romanian prosecutors, he employed the so-called loverboy method, which involves grooming a victim for months with false affection and gifts and then inducting them into sexual servitude.
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-> Andrew would often buy drinks for everyone on nights out but was awkward with women.
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-During the taping of *Ultimate Traveller*, Andrew became unwell, developing a condition that left him unable to see out of one eye, and he returned to the UK to recover. BuzzFeed News reached out to a number of former contestants of the show, none of whom agreed to be interviewed about Andrew. “I am not prepared to speak about that man,” one replied. “Be very careful.”
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-In 2011, Tristan, then 23, appeared on *Shipwrecked: The Island*, in which attractive contestants in their early 20s are deposited on a desert island and compete to become the leader. Tristan proved immediately popular, winning the vote to be the first week’s leader, promising a regime of all work and no play. “As much as they won’t enjoy my leadership,” he said, “at the end of it when everyone’s got somewhere to sleep, they’ll all be shaking my hand and thanking me.” While Tristan made it to the end of the show, he was not the ultimate victor.
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-Being on reality TV gave Andrew and Tristan a degree of local celebrity. Pictures of the brothers around that time show them in local nightclubs with their mates, looking slightly worse for wear. O’Halloran, who used to socialize frequently with the brothers, said that Andrew would often buy drinks for everyone on nights out but was awkward with women, and would look to him to take the lead.
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-O’Halloran joked that the roles were now reversed, as the onetime ladies’ man is now happily married with kids. He added that he had turned down Andrew’s invitations to party with him in Romania, where O’Halloran said the brothers were surrounded by women.
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-**Despite their attempts** at gaining fame and fortune on television, it was in the kickboxing gym where the brothers truly thrived. They attended Storm Gym in Luton, a well-equipped facility in an old warehouse on a commercial estate, under the tutelage of Amir Subasic, an ex-military kickboxer, who became close with them and their family.
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-Staff at the gym declined to comment on Andrew or Tristan, and the gym’s website was recently [updated](https://web.archive.org/web/20221210220456/http://stormgym.co.uk/fighters/), removing [descriptions](https://web.archive.org/web/20220704203352/https://stormgym.co.uk/fighters/) of Andrew as “one of the most devastating fighters” and Tristan as “a war machine.” 
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-Johal, the gym owner from Leicestershire, thought that Andrew was a skilled kickboxer, admiring the way he fought with his hands down, a high-risk strategy that allows fighters to bob and weave quickly but exposes them to the dangers of a knockout blow.
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-Johal suspected that Andrew learned his talent for self-promotion during his years as a fighter. “Andrew’s always been a bit controversial. Sometimes you have to be the bad cop,” Johal said, explaining that the big money and fights go to the loudest pugilists.
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-“Andrew learned that a long time ago. He’s always said things to get people’s backs up, to get noticed. As a person he’s nothing like that,” Johal said. He added that Andrew used to go onto online kickboxing forums and write controversial things to stir up attention for his bouts.
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-Ibrahim El Boustati, a Dutch kickboxer who defeated Andrew and took his championship belt in 2016, told the [Mirror](https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/boxing/andrew-tate-jake-paul-fight-27771867) that the alpha male persona is all an act. “He is lying to a lot of people, he’s not the person he says he is,” he told the tabloid. “I know him very well, Andrew and his brother Tristan. I talked with them all week before the fight doing interviews, and he’s a very kind person.”
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-Andrew also took over-the-top approach marketing his bouts with the fighting press, [telling](https://love2fight.wordpress.com/2013/07/03/interview-storm-gyms-andrew-king-cobra-tate-post-enfusion-live/) one interviewer from Love 2 Fight, a combat sports zine, in 2013 that he came from a mystical land called Wudan and was trained by a figure called Master Po. This story would later be incorporated into Tate’s misogynistic training materials, illustrated with elaborate manga-style cartoons, and adopted by his followers.
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-“His fights were selling themselves,” Johal said. “He literally called himself ‘the Cobra.’ Because like a cobra, his right hand, straight from behind, would knock most people out.” 
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-Both brothers had success in the ring. Andrew won several world title fights and Tristan won two British titles. While it wasn’t a lucrative trade, it did bring in some money. Andrew finally got a sports car, an Aston Martin DB9, when he earned £10,000 from a fight.
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-“That was quite an odd thing because it was a one-bedroom flat with an Aston Martin DB sat outside,” O’Halloran recalled. That led to the origin of Andrew’s infamous nickname “Top G.” “We used to always say when we were younger, ‘What a top G,’” O’Halloran recalled. “The guy’s a top gangster here — he’s driving an Aston Martin.”
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-> Many of the themes of alpha masculinity and feminine submissiveness that Emory articulated online were eventually taken up by his sons.
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-The Tate brothers’ fighting careers were closely followed by their father, who was then traveling to Europe frequently for chess tournaments. He proudly posted about their kickboxing careers on his Facebook page, saying the brothers were “pound for pound the best” and that “destruction itself” rode in Andrew’s fingertips.
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-Through the 2010s, Emory was also vocal online about politics, hitting on some of the controversial issues that would dominate the culture wars in later years. His response to an April 2012 BBC story about transgender competitors in Miss Universe was that it gave him “a warm, tingling feeling… in my right FIST.” In July 2015, Emory wrote a Facebook post saying that the accusations against [Bill Cosby](https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/elaminabdelmahmoud/bill-cosby-documentary-review) were from people with drug addictions in search of a payday. “One pill and poke from Bill, and the whole story is of a damsel in distress,” he wrote. “How is this, then, rape, when all of Hollywood was high as a kite?” 
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-Many of the themes of alpha masculinity and feminine submissiveness that Emory articulated online were eventually taken up by his sons. So, too, was his rhetorical style. Emory frequently referred to the movie *The Matrix*, and his sons would later refer to “The Matrix” as a shadowy establishment seeking to crush them. Emory also had a name for his epigrams: Tateisms, a phrase that Andrew would later use to describe his own philosophies.
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-Andrew and Tristan’s aunt Elizabeth said that the mindset of Emory and his sons differed from the approach of the rest of the family. “I attribute their conservatism to the fact that their dad was in the military, and a lot of military men in the United States have identified with the Republican Party,” she said. “And that’s where they get that, from that Republican view.” 
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-She continued, “We’re the quintessential American women that have careers and kids. Which is a blessing from my point of view, because in a lot of countries, women aren’t afforded that. When I hear the views they espouse, I don’t think it’s necessarily true.”
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-Despite differing political allegiances — she said that the Tate brothers were Donald Trump supporters — she indicated that the family remained close. When Andrew and Tristan started supporting the “Blue Lives Matter” movement after shootings of unarmed Black people in the US, she still gave them the benefit of the doubt, Elizabeth said. 
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-“They’re not here in the US. And they get a different perspective because they present as white males,” she said. “The only way you would know that they’re Black is if they told you that.”
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-**In 2010, Emory moved** to the Bay Area, where he taught chess to schoolchildren. He also spent time with one of his sisters, who had moved there for her academic career, and her son, Luke Leilas.
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-According to his biography, Emory made a change in 2014, giving up drinking for a time. His consumption had been making him increasingly volatile, and his daughter, Janine, pleaded with him to be sober at a family wedding. “He got into fights because he had too much to drink. Sometimes it would be because he would totally embarrass people in a way that could … be off-putting,” Shabazz told BuzzFeed News. 
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-Toward the end of his life, Emory was in bad health. He died of a heart attack on Oct. 17, 2015, at a chess tournament in Milpitas, California, at the age of 56. His sons traveled to his memorial in Alabama. Andrew [praised](http://uscf1-nyc1.aodhosting.com/CL-AND-CR-ALL/CL-ALL/2016/2016_01.pdf) his father to Chess Life magazine, saying, “He was afraid of nothing, even death. He was an alpha male in all respects.”
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-In July 2016, Andrew appeared as a contestant on the UK version of *Big Brother*, a reality show in which contestants live in a house together, cut off from the outside world, and vote each other out. Tate was removed a little more than a week into the program.
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-Vice recently [revealed](https://www.vice.com/en/article/bvm43q/andrew-tate-arrest) that he was kicked off the show after producers were informed that police were investigating Andrew over rape allegations (no charges were brought). But at the time, his removal was blamed on footage unearthed by a British tabloid of him hitting a woman with a belt. She later said that their activities were “[just pure game](https://www.irishmirror.ie/whats-on/andrew-tates-ex-sets-record-8213969).”
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-Later in 2016, Tristan would register a company called Model Stars Ltd., seemingly linked to adult webcams, and the cam business started to bring in a lot more cash than fighting. “Everyone thought, *Where’s he getting this money from all of a sudden?*” Johal recalled. “It just took off.” 
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-The brothers were finally on their way to fortune. And soon, they would find another member of the Tate family to help them. After Emory’s death, the brothers reconnected with their cousin Luke Leilas.
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-[According](https://twtext.com/article/1247931350809796614) to his tweets, in 2016, Leilas was struggling to pay for college. The Tate brothers offered him a trip to Bucharest. “First thing I notice, they’re BIG. Spend some time catching up, then go to the penthouse they were renting out,” he tweeted. “Next thing they show me changed my life.”
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-> “I’ve had quite a few people say, ‘Oh, you knew Emory and Andrew. What happened to Andrew?’ It just doesn’t compute.”
-
-According to Leilas’s account, one of the women in the penthouse showed him her webcam service, and he watched as fans tipped the model and the money came flooding in. He decided to stay in Romania and became a part of the Tates’ crew, traveling around the world with them and filming their sermons to their followers. He gained his own following on social media, known only as the mysterious “Cousin Luc.”
-
-BuzzFeed News was able to confirm his identity by showing a picture of Cousin Luc to Elizabeth. Social media pages for Luke Leilas also matched. (Leilas did not respond to requests for comment, but he is currently believed to be in Romania, supporting the brothers during their imprisonment. He has not been charged with any offenses.) 
-
-From 2016 onward, the brothers’ businesses exploded. They rented new apartments in Romania to house their webcam models, and their life-coaching service, which focused on moneymaking schemes, attracted men from around the world. They became successful influencers, showing off a lifestyle of luxury cars, relentless travel, and hard drinking, all the while offering up misogynistic proclamations. 
-
-However, the seeds of their success became their downfall. The brothers were adept at manipulating social media algorithms to make their content pop by asking their followers to retweet, remix, and spread it across their own channels. Andrew’s comments were being broadcast to a wider audience, and eventually social media companies took action. In summer 2022, [Andrew was banned from major platforms](https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/adeonibada/andrew-tate-banned-instagram-facebook), including Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube. (His Twitter account, which had been banned earlier in the year, was later reinstated under Elon Musk’s amnesty for banned accounts.) 
-
-In the ensuing furor, Andrew declared that his misogynistic remarks had been “taken out of context.” He refused to apologize, saying that if the social media firms had warned him about his comments, “I could have become a champion for women’s rights.”
-
-Soon after, the onetime party animal converted to Islam. Andrew “has condemned drug use and has renounced all alcohol consumption,” a spokesperson for the brothers told BuzzFeed News. “He found Islam to be aligned with his worldview and his conversion comes to support his principles and role as male leader, guide, and strength of the family.”
-
-On Dec. 29, 2022, Romanian police in riot gear and balaclavas raided the brothers’ mansion on the outskirts of Bucharest. Footage shows the authorities running through the complex — which looks something like a Bond villain’s lair designed by a teenage boy — arresting the brothers and gathering their collection of weapons, including air pistols and brass knuckles. The brothers were detained, along with two Romanian women, who are charged as alleged accomplices. 
-
-The brothers maintain their innocence and are expected to stand trial for human trafficking this spring. “Andrew and Tristan have denied all allegations in the file and are optimistic that the Romanian authorities will see the truth and ultimately, they will prevail,” their representative told BuzzFeed News.
-
-Andrew recently appealed to the court to be released to visit Dubai for medical treatment, as a scan showed a dark spot on his lung, which a representative [told](https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11816729/Andrew-Tate-dark-spot-lung-tumour-influencer-confirms-health-fears.html) the Daily Mail was “most likely a tumor.” However, Andrew later clarified via Twitter that the dark spot was scarring “from an old battle,” and not cancer. (Despite Andrew having no internet access in confinement, people [believe](https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mateirosca/andrew-tate-romania-sex-trafficking) that he relays his recent social media posts via handwritten notes and jailhouse conversations with his team.)
-
-Through it all, Andrew and Tristan’s aunt Elizabeth continues to support her nephews. She said that she has spoken to the US Embassy in Romania about their detention and has reached out to President Joe Biden, though she said he hasn’t responded. (The State Department confirmed it was aware of the arrests of two US citizens but could not comment further due to privacy considerations.) 
-
-She believes that the brothers will eventually be freed, and hopes it will be a lesson for them. “They went to church when they were little,” she said. “Now they’re older they’ve walked away from their roots. But people tend to go back to their roots. They will be humbled, and they’ll come out better men.”
-
-Shenk, the journalist who knew the family in Goshen, said he is often asked about Andrew and Tristan around town and at his church. “They’re trying to put these things together,” he said. “I’ve had quite a few people say, ‘Oh, you knew Emory and Andrew. What happened to Andrew?’ It just doesn’t compute, because there were such positive feelings that people had about the Tate family.”
-
-Meanwhile, on social media Andrew sounds reflective, but hardly contrite. “Locked in jail, many comment on how I’m no longer living the high life. They talk as if I was some rich kid. They talk as if I will break. My entire life has been battle,” his account tweeted [on Monday](https://twitter.com/Cobratate/status/1632835494366068736), alongside a video of him from his kickboxing days. “War is all I’ve ever known.” ●
-
-*Matei Rosca contributed reporting to this story.*
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-Date: 2023-12-10
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-TimeStamp: 2023-12-10
-Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/interactive/2023/tokitae-lolita-orca/
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-```button
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-^button-ThecallofTokitaeNSave
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-&emsp;
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-# The call of Tokitae
-
-*Deep Reads features The Washington Post’s best immersive reporting and narrative writing.*
-
-She was 3 or maybe 4 years old on the last day she saw her family, when the men came in spotter planes and speedboats, hurling seal bombs that sent 200-decibel blasts reverberating through the currents of Puget Sound. She stayed close to her mother, the pair of them among nearly 100 terrified and disoriented southern resident orcas who were driven north along the eastern shore of Whidbey Island, until they were trapped in the shallower waters of Penn Cove.
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-It was unusually cold that August of 1970, and Terrell C. Newby still remembers that he arrived at Whidbey Island wearing a thick red-and-blue sweater that his mother had knitted for him. He was 30 years old, a student of marine biology and a Vietnam veteran who had returned from the war less than two years before. He had come to Penn Cove because he’d been invited by the men who were leading the orca capture: Ted Griffin, who owned the Seattle Marine Aquarium, and his business partner, Don Goldsberry. Their intent was to pull roughly half a dozen orcas from the water — young ones, 10 to 12 feet long, old enough that they wouldn’t perish when separated from their mothers but young enough to be compliant — and sell them to marine parks around the world for display.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/UTHLKMFBKZGVLAAJ33JDRPEDSI.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Mothers and calves are separated during the Penn Cove capture in 1970. (Courtesy of Terrell Newby)
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-By the time Newby set foot on the dock, the most desirable whales had already been cordoned off behind nets in the water, and his job was to sit in an eight-foot pram and try to keep the panicked mother orcas away from their babies. It was exhilarating and frightening at once — virtually nothing was known about orcas at the time, and Newby had no idea what might happen to him if they tipped his boat and he fell into the water — but despite the desperation of the whales, none showed aggression toward him.
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-He found the scene disturbing, but he didn’t feel truly horrified until he heard shrill cries and saw that the men had trapped the juvenile female orca against the dock. She was squealing frantically as a net was pulled over her body, and her mother was calling out in response, lifting her eyes above the surface to maintain sight of her calf.
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-The young whale was lifted from the water, wrapped in moist towels and loaded onto the back of a flatbed truck, and Newby was told to ride with her down to Seattle. He took his place at her side, and found himself fixed in her wide, dark gaze. *Here,* he would say, five decades later, *is where I started getting really undone*. He watched her eye move from his face to the buildings shuddering past along the highway, and he wondered how foreign it all must seem to her — to be outside the only element she’d ever known, her body unfamiliar with the burden of its own weight.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/5U6P5Z2CJTHK54MPPXFONUBAWA.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-A close-up of Tokitae's eye, taken as Newby rode with her to Seattle. (Courtesy of Terrell Newby)
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-She stared and stared. He took a photograph of her, and a sickened feeling began to spread in his chest. His mind carried him back to the Mekong Delta, where he had been tasked with making solatium payments to families who had lost livestock or loved ones to American attacks. He’d once sat beside a mother who wept over the body of her baby on a rice mat, as they tried to determine a fair price for a lost child. That moment returned to him as he looked into the piercing eye of the young whale.
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-It took nearly two hours for the truck to lumber south to the city, and the orca never made a sound. Newby gently rubbed her head, poured water over her, murmured *It’s going to be okay,* not believing his own words.
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-In Seattle, he touched her one last time before he slipped off the back of the truck. *Bye, baby,* he whispered. Then he got in a car bound for Penn Harbor to prepare the next whale for transport. He would finish his job, and then devote his life to the study and protection of marine mammals, fighting to outlaw captures like the one he had just participated in. Riding north in stunned silence, Newby had become only the first of many who would describe themselves as forever changed by the orca known as Tokitae.
-
-She was sold for $20,000 to the Miami Seaquarium, where she would spend the next half a century performing in the smallest orca tank in North America, 80 feet long and 35 feet wide, dubbed the “whale bowl.” Of the nearly 50 southern resident orcas taken from the Pacific Northwest during the 1960s and ’70s, most died within the first years after their capture — but Tokitae endured, becoming the last member of her family alive in captivity. Her life was shaped by an expansive constellation of people drawn into her orbit: devoted trainers who cared for her; marine mammal scientists who understood the toll of her captivity; conservation advocates and legions of fans who called for her freedom; the Indigenous people of the Lummi Nation, who consider orcas to be sacred relatives of their tribe; a Latin American business executive who agreed in 2022 that the whale did not belong in the stadium he’d just purchased; a billionaire NFL team owner who pledged to spend upward of $20 million to bring Tokitae home to the Salish Sea.
-
-To Raynell Morris, a 67-year-old matriarch of the Lummi Nation who spent the past six years working to return Tokitae to the Pacific Northwest, the remarkable alignment of people devoted to the orca — across different cultures and convictions — made perfect sense. “She had a purpose, and it was bringing people together,” Morris said. Tokitae, known by the name Sk’aliCh’ehl-tenaut
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-in the Lhaq’temish language of the Lummi, always held a singular magnetism, Morris said: “When her left eye walks on you, you are hers forever.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/2QW5KRUWR2TAVJDGSXV3OPSVBA_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Raynell Morris, a matriarch of the Lummi Nation, prays near the tribe's reservation. (Nick Cote for The Washington Post)
-
-In March, a plan was announced to move Tokitae to a 10-acre netted sanctuary in the San Juan Islands, where she could live out her life in her natal waters. To Morris, helping the whale complete this journey was a sacred obligation on behalf of her people.
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-The team working toward her relocation began logistical preparations, addressing state and federal requirements and consulting with Native tribes. After enduring lonely periods of neglect, Tokitae seemed to flourish with the constant dedication of the trainers and veterinarians who were readying her for the transition. Her return home was finally within sight, a milestone that felt ecstatic to the many who had fought for her for so long.
-
-And then, on Aug. 18, 53 years after she arrived at the Miami Seaquarium and just months before she was due to leave it, Tokitae died there.
-
-What followed was a moment of reckoning. The hopeful symbolism of her rescue was gone, replaced by searching questions about the past and future of our relationship with her species, and the natural world we share. In life, Tokitae was a beloved but involuntary ambassador for her kind. In death, she had become something more: a parable and a guide, revealing the full spectrum of our human potential — to ruin, and to repair.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/KMZWYEZ254PJM4MQDMAWRXRMIM.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Tokitae at the Miami Seaquarium in January 2014. (Walter Michot/Getty Images)
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-In her prime, she was magnificent: over 7,500 pounds and 22 feet long, liquid lines of obsidian black and white, a sleek, strong body built to swim vast distances and dive hundreds of feet deeper than the 20-foot floor of the barren concrete tank where she performed every day in the center of a crowded stadium.
-
-Her name, Tokitae — Toki for short — was given to her by the first veterinarian to care for her at the Miami Seaquarium; it was a nod to her region of origin, a Coast Salish greeting roughly translated as “nice day, pretty colors.” But to audiences packed into the Seaquarium, she was known only as Lolita.
-
-In the beginning, Tokitae performed 20-minute shows multiple times per day alongside her companion, Hugo, a fellow captured southern resident orca. The whale bowl was small even for a single whale, but the pair shared the space until 1980, when Hugo was found motionless at the bottom of the pool. The young bull — 15 years old, far short of the 50 or 60 years he might have lived in the wild — was dead of a brain aneurysm after repeatedly ramming his head against the side of the tank. His body was reportedly disposed of at a Dade County landfill. Tokitae would continue to share her tank with other cetaceans, but she would never again be in the company of her own kind.
-
-Former trainer Marcia Henton Davis and scientist Deborah Giles discuss what living in a small tank for more than 50 years meant for Tokitae's quality of life. (Joshua Carroll/The Washington Post)
-
-The grim details of Tokitae’s years at the Seaquarium are chronicled in Sandra Pollard’s book “[A Puget Sound Orca in Captivity”](https://www.amazon.com/Puget-Sound-Orca-Captivity-Lolita/dp/1467140376?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template): Tokitae’s body was marred by sores and abrasions from the concrete pool, and “rake” marks from the Pacific white-sided dolphins who scraped their teeth over her skin. Her favorite toy was an old wet suit — some theorized it might have reminded her of kelp. She was sunburned, with no shelter to shade her, and her eyes suffered from constant exposure to dust and UV radiation. Tokitae regularly performed with injuries — bloody teeth, abscesses, infections — and was kept on a cocktail of antibiotics and medications.
-
-“Her \[tail\] flukes dragged on the floor of that tank,” Pollard said. “She was never able to fully submerge in a vertical position.”
-
-As our knowledge of orcas grew, and our cultural perception of captivity began to shift, the calls to release Tokitae reached a new intensity. In 1995, [Ken Balcomb](https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/12/15/ken-balcomb-orcas-killer-whales-dead/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), the pioneering marine mammal researcher who founded the [Center for Whale Research](https://www.whaleresearch.com/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) and spent his life tracking the southern resident killer whale population, announced a campaign to push for Tokitae’s return to Washington state. Balcomb’s brother, Howard Garrett, formed a nonprofit organization to support this effort, eventually called [Orca Network](https://www.orcanetwork.org/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template).
-
-For several years, Garrett campaigned in Miami, “trying to drum up awareness, media, do demonstrations, write open letters to the owners — everything that I could think of,” he said. But there was never a response from the Seaquarium. County records indicated that the marine park was making around $1 million per year on Tokitae at that time, he said, “so they certainly weren’t going to listen to me.”
-
-Others listened, though. Garrett’s efforts drew widespread public attention, rallying support from state and federal elected officials as well as a few high-profile names. “I have been deeply moved by the efforts to free Lolita,” Elton John wrote in a 1999 letter, “and wish to add my name to the campaign to return her to her home waters.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/4UK7F5DLSWTJD2R4QTKKMYDN4Q.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Marcia Henton Davis feeds Tokitae at the Miami Seaquarium in July. (Matias J. Ocner/Getty Images)
-
-Over Tokitae’s years at the Seaquarium, several of her trainers developed committed bonds with the orca. Marcia Henton Davis saw Tokitae for the first time in 1988 as a 22-year-old visitor to the park, where she was instantly struck by the smallness of the tank and the lethargy of the whale within. Davis stared into one of Tokitae’s eyes, “and there was just such depth there,” she said. “I kind of started crying a little bit, just seeing her like that. … I knew right at that moment, ‘I need to be with this animal.’” She was hired by the Seaquarium a few months later.
-
-Tokitae was gentle and patient, and often exhibited protective instincts, Davis said. She recalled one afternoon when she was joking around with another trainer and tossed a squid tentacle that stuck to his wet suit. In response, the trainer scooped Davis up as if he might drop her into the pool — and Tokitae came racing over from the opposite side of the tank, furiously bobbing her head in disapproval. “She thought that was aggression,” Davis said. “She got upset by that.” The trainers were careful to never play around in that way again.
-
-Davis left the Seaquarium in 1995, after new management took over and implemented policies that she found irresponsible, including limiting the time that trainers could interact with Tokitae. “I cried for months about that,” she said. “But I couldn’t effect any change.”
-
-Sarah Onnen, who joined the Seaquarium in 2001, spent more than 20 years working with the orca. At first, Onnen felt challenged by Tokitae, who had a stubborn streak and a sense of humor that sometimes frustrated her trainers. She had an impeccable memory, Onnen said, and would needle specific trainers with certain behavioral quirks. For years, Tokitae made a particular sound when she saw Onnen, an exhale like air hissing from a flat tire, which Onnen interpreted as something akin to a mocking snort. When Onnen learned to laugh at this — when she began to embrace Tokitae’s expressiveness — their connection deepened, she said.
-
-She felt a responsibility to protect that relationship, Onnen said, because she knew the orca had lost so many others. Trainers would build rapport with her, and then leave for other jobs or to raise families. “It wasn’t their fault,” Onnen said, “but I saw people come and go. It always kind of broke my heart. So I kind of vowed to myself that I wouldn’t leave her.”
-
-Everything about Tokitae’s existence — her routines, her relationships, her environment — was defined by humans; she’d grown familiar with the hum of motorized pumps, the blare of loudspeakers and screaming crowds. But when the stadium emptied at night, she would often vocalize in the quiet, calling out
-
-in the way her mother had once taught her.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/TUAW2WXPOZ4ALMVCURGYFRVG7A.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Tokitae performs in 2014. (Walter Michot/Getty Images)
-
-In our collective imagination, the stories of individual orcas transform our understanding of what these animals feel and experience — as with Tilikum, the SeaWorld orca who was involved in [the deaths of three people](https://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/environment/killer-pool/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) and became the subject of the 2013 documentary “Blackfish.” The impact of his story was significant: In the year after “Blackfish” was released, [SeaWorld’s attendance plummeted](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/12/12/chart-what-the-documentary-blackfish-has-done-to-seaworld/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), and in 2016, the company announced an end to its orca breeding program.
-
-For years, Tokitae’s experience was less visible but no less illuminating, said Lori Marino, president of the Whale Sanctuary Project and a neuroscientist who has studied cetacean brains for 35 years. Structurally, an orca has a larger portion of its brain devoted to higher thinking than a human does, Marino said; Tokitae’s mind had afforded her extraordinary resilience, an unknowable inner life that allowed her to persist for so long in such an impoverished environment.
-
-“She was coping in a way that she had worked out for herself,” Marino said. “There was a narrative there, a story she told herself about what was happening to her, and that allowed her to live.”
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-It is possible to fully understand the contrast between Tokitae’s life in the whale bowl and the one she would have lived in the wild, because her family is the most studied population of whales on the planet, with a complete annual census dating back 47 years.
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-Deborah Giles explains some of the unique characteristics of southern resident orcas and why they are endangered. (Joshua Carroll/The Washington Post)
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-All orcas around the world are the same species, the largest of the dolphin family, but they are divided into distinct populations that do not interbreed and rarely interact with one another. Tokitae’s family of southern resident orcas range from Northern California to southeastern Alaska, with their core habitat in the Salish Sea. They are known for their close-knit social culture, said Michael Weiss, research director at the Center for Whale Research on San Juan Island. The three matrilineal pods of southern resident whales — J pod, K pod and L pod — each communicate in their own specific dialect, and all are exceptionally bonded to their mothers.
-
-“No one leaves their mom’s group for their whole life, not the males nor the females,” Weiss said. Female southern residents have been known to live as long as 90 or 100 years; males, on the other hand, are more than eight times as likely to die the year after their mother does.
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-Some say Tokitae might be the daughter of the oldest living orca, an L pod matriarch known as Ocean Sun, but this has never been confirmed. At nearly 100 years old, Ocean Sun is the only southern resident who was alive at the time of the captures — the only one who would remember Tokitae.
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-For creatures of such intelligence and social sophistication, the trauma of the capture era was profound and enduring. After the last of the young whales were pulled from the water in 1970, the fractured family of southern residents made their way back out to sea without the seven juveniles who were taken and the four whales who had died — three babies and a mother who drowned in the nets. By the time whale captures in the United States ended in 1976, roughly a third of the southern residents had been culled, Weiss said. Before the capture era, their population was more than 100 whales; as of the census in July, there were 75. Since 2005, the southern residents have been listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act.
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-The whales have faced new threats in more recent years, particularly the [precipitous decline](https://www.wildorca.org/declining-salish-sea-salmon-increasingly-absent-endangered-orcas/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template#:~:text=How%20does%20this%20decline%20in,50%25%20over%20the%20same%20period.) of their primary prey, the Chinook salmon, said Deborah Giles, science and research director at the conservation [research organization Wild Orca](https://www.wildorca.org/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template). In the absence of sufficient salmon, other dangers to the orcas — the stress of boat traffic, the infiltration of chemical pollutants — are exacerbated, causing illness, death and pregnancy loss.
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-In 2018, the plight of the southern residents drew worldwide attention when an orca known as Tahlequah gave birth to a female calf who died less than an hour later. The grieving mother [carried the body](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2018/08/10/the-stunning-devastating-weeks-long-journey-of-an-orca-and-her-dead-calf/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) of her newborn for 17 days, sometimes in her mouth, sometimes draped over her head or back. Her vigil made global headlines, and many expressed astonishment to see an animal perform such an undeniable ritual of mourning.
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-Two years later, Tahlequah stunned onlookers again after giving birth to a healthy male calf. Giles was on the water with Tahlequah’s pod near San Juan Island on the afternoon when the new calf was first spotted, and suddenly the two other southern resident pods came charging in from the west, scores of whales soaring up and out of the water as they swam at top speed. Every member of the population was in attendance.
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-It was a “superpod,” a cultural phenomenon unique to southern residents, in which all three pods of whales come together in one group. Superpods have anecdotally been observed to occur around occasions of social significance to the animals — such as the birth or death of an orca — and this one was the first to occur in the area in several years.
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-“There’s not many animal populations*, period*, let alone other marine mammals … where they’re all socializing with one another, and they *all* know each other,” Weiss said.
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-For hours, Giles remembered, the whales breached and vocalized, slapping their fins and flukes against the water. The timing of the gathering, so closely following the arrival of the new calf, was especially striking.
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-“It feels metaphysical to me,” Giles said. “How did they hear? How did they know?”
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/UYNAUBAOTL4J65ZRTIX6AH6TXQ_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Morris in her ceremonial orca-themed regalia. Orcas are considered sacred kin of the Lummi Nation. (Nick Cote for The Washington Post)
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-To the people of the Lummi Nation, orcas are considered to be people, sacred kin of the tribe; they are called qwe’lhol’mechen
-
-, meaning “our relations under the waves.” But for decades, the Lummi did not know that dozens of southern resident orcas had been trapped and sold.
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-“We weren’t asked, in 1970, what our feelings were about the state of Washington issuing a permit to capture our relatives,” Morris said. “We didn’t hear about the captures. We didn’t know about them. We didn’t know about *her* until 2017.”
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-When a member of the Lummi business council learned of Tokitae, the tribe’s Sovereignty and Treaty Protection Office began to investigate her story. What it discovered felt painfully resonant, Morris said, echoing the abduction of Native children who were sent to [American boarding schools](https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2023/08/07/indian-boarding-school-survivors-abuse-trauma/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) and stripped of their families, culture and language. The council soon passed a unanimous motion, declaring their sacred obligation to bring Tokitae — Sk’aliCh’ehl-tenaut to the Lummi — back to the Salish Sea. This task was bestowed upon Morris by Lummi Hereditary Chief Tsi’li’xw Bill James before his death in 2020. He described the world as an interconnected web of life; bringing the orca home would mend the strand broken by her capture, he told Morris, and allow a new cycle of healing to begin.
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-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/BX6PNUGFCTPCHYSV5EJ6X5MXYI_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-A totem pole on San Juan Island memorializes the life of Tokitae, also known as Sk’aliCh’ehl-tenaut to the Lummi. (Nick Cote for The Washington Post)
-
-But there was little precedent for such an endeavor, so Morris and [fellow tribal elder Ellie Kinley](https://sacredsea.org/who-we-are/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) approached [Charles Vinick](https://whalesanctuaryproject.org/people/charles-vinick/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), executive director of the [Whale Sanctuary Project](https://whalesanctuaryproject.org/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), for guidance. Vinick prepared a proposed operation plan with [Jeffrey Foster](https://whalesanctuaryproject.org/people/jeffrey-foster/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), a marine mammal expert who once collected orcas from the wild for SeaWorld before pivoting toward conservation, and his wife, [Katy Foster](https://whalesanctuaryproject.org/people/katy-laveck/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template). Numerous leading experts contributed to their work, and Vinick and Jeffrey Foster drew on their own experience as part of the team involved in the 1998 [relocation of Keiko](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/09/10/free-willy-the-true-sequel/7ef59991-c3a1-4567-aeb7-e990fac21d85/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), the star of “Free Willy,” from the Oregon Coast Aquarium to a sea pen in Iceland.
-
-The involvement of the Lummi breathed new life into the campaign to free Tokitae, but it wasn’t until August 2021 that her release began to feel truly possible. That month, the Dolphin Co. — the largest marine park operator in Latin America, led by CEO Eduardo Albor — announced its intent to buy the Miami Seaquarium. Soon after, the U.S. Agriculture Department issued a [scathing inspection report](https://www.peta.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/miami-seaquarium-inspection-report.pdf?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) of Tokitae’s living conditions, revealing that the orca had been fed rotting fish, given insufficient quantities of food and forced to perform with injuries.
-
-When Albor purchased the Seaquarium in March 2022, Tokitae was officially retired from performance. The stadium itself had been condemned — only Tokitae’s caregivers were allowed within — which meant Albor found himself the new owner of an orca who could not be displayed to the public, contained at an unusable facility with an outdated, rapidly deteriorating infrastructure. He was a businessman with a liability.
-
-He was also a father who had made a promise, years before, when he took his young adult daughter to watch Tokitae’s show. His daughter was distressed to see the whale in that environment, he said: “She told me, ‘If you ever buy the park, promise you are going to look for a better place for Lolita.’”
-
-Charles Vinick describes the plan to tend to Tokitae’s fragile health and eventually move her from the Miami Seaquarium. (Joshua Carroll/The Washington Post)
-
-Meanwhile, Vinick and Morris had joined forces with [marine conservationist Pritam Singh](https://seashepherd.org/pritam-singh/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), who had created a nonprofit — ultimately known as [Friends of Toki](https://friendsoftoki.org/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) — to advocate for higher-quality care for Tokitae, and announced that he would personally fund $1 million toward that goal. Soon after Albor bought the Seaquarium, Vinick and Singh traveled to Miami, prepared to hold a news conference calling for independent veterinarians to assess Tokitae. But Albor made it clear that a media frenzy would not set the tone for a productive conversation — so Vinick and Singh canceled their plans and agreed to talk privately instead. “That showed great credibility,” Albor said.
-
-The resulting partnership was unprecedented: It was the first time a marine park owner had agreed to work with people who might be considered activists, Vinick said. “What was this collaboration based on? It was based on identifying an area of mutual agreement, on being able to respect one another, and speak with one another as collaborators and even partners, without worrying about all the things we disagree about.”
-
-At first, Friends of Toki was focused on improving Tokitae’s daily care; there wasn’t enough funding to consider a permanent relocation to a sanctuary in the Pacific Northwest.
-
-Then, in early January 2023, Vinick spoke with Jim Irsay, the billionaire owner of the NFL’s Indianapolis Colts. He wanted to see the whale.
-
-Irsay had watched Tokitae perform long ago, as a 12-year-old boy, and he’d never forgotten her. He’d always been enamored with animals, and whales in particular; to him, their staggering power and benevolence felt something like God. He told Vinick that he was interested in helping take Tokitae back to her native waters.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/DU7RSCT73NLTC5D3RDMQ3XPFRE_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Charles Vinick looks out at the Salish Sea in Bellingham, Wash. (Nick Cote for The Washington Post)
-
-Later that month, when Irsay walked up to Tokitae’s tank, she came to the edge of the pool to greet him. She lifted her head out of the water and met his gaze. Then she “baptized” him, as Vinick recalled, spraying a jet of water that soaked Irsay’s expensive suit. He laughed, instantly besotted. “I’m in,” he told Vinick, right then. “I’m in.” Irsay was every bit as dazzled by her as he’d been decades before, but now he was seeing something more.
-
-“I know how it feels — to be held captive,” he said recently, during a video call from his home in Indianapolis. He wore a dark cowboy hat and sunglasses, and lit a cigarette as he spoke. He grew up in an abusive, alcoholic household, he said, in a family scarred by tragedy. “My sister died in a car crash when I was 11. My brother died from birth defects.” For much of his adult life, Irsay struggled with alcoholism and opioid addiction; he finally achieved sobriety many years ago, he said, because he didn’t want to die the way his father and grandfather had.
-
-When he looked at Tokitae, he said, he understood what it meant to be the last one left, to be grieving, to be trapped.
-
-So he knew what he had to do for her. “My goal, my job, whatever you want to call it, is to get her to freedom,” he said. “She *told* me that she wanted to be free. I mean, she told me. I’m telling you. She looked me in the eye.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/5LECOIT42BAZQ3UMWG7FWCS7DA_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-San Juan Island and the Salish Sea. (Nick Cote for The Washington Post)
-
-The announcement was made at a news conference in Miami in March: Within 18 to 24 months, Tokitae would leave the Miami Seaquarium at last, bound for a netted sea sanctuary in the Salish Sea, where she would receive supportive care for the rest of her life. Irsay was prepared to spend upward of $20 million to fund her journey and remaining years.
-
-The plan was not universally embraced. Some of Tokitae’s former trainers and veterinarians said that the stress of the move could kill her, that she couldn’t tolerate such radical change so late in her life. Some marine scientists were initially concerned about the potential impact of Tokitae’s presence in the Salish Sea.
-
-There were also misunderstandings by some members of the public who were envisioning a more idealistic outcome. Tokitae would not be set free into the wild; it simply wasn’t possible. She was a captive whale with chronic infections, potentially carrying harmful pathogens. The southern residents were an endangered, fragile population that were already facing significant threats. Tokitae would live out her life supported by caregivers and veterinarians, her sea pen in a location where scientists were confident that nothing — not a drift of her exhalation, not the sound of her calls — could reach her family.
-
-To Tokitae’s team, there was no question that her life would be monumentally better there. But what had been taken from her could never be fully given back.
-
-The first time Jeffrey Foster saw Tokitae, when he arrived at the Miami Seaquarium as part of the Friends of Toki care team in September 2022, she seemed listless, barely moving beneath the surface of the pool.
-
-“I watched her sitting in a corner, staring at a wall. She rocked back and forth,” Foster said. “It was one of the saddest things I’ve ever seen.”
-
-She nearly died that October, after developing a serious pulmonary infection, but under the care of her team of veterinarians, she swiftly recovered. By early 2023, with her trainers offering constant engagement, she began to show more energy and vitality than she had in many months. Instead of retreating to a corner of the tank when trainers weren’t working with her, “she started swimming a lot more on her own,” said Mike Partica, her lead trainer. “She had people there to interact with her whenever she wanted.”
-
-Partica came to know her idiosyncrasies, the meaning of her gestures and expressions. She was gentle and good-natured, but also direct in her communication, he said: A vigorous head bob meant “don’t do that.” If you touched her when she didn’t want contact, her eyes would widen. She loved company in proximity, so Partica and the other trainers spent a lot of time floating in the water by her side.
-
-Over those months, Foster said, Tokitae became “just a totally different animal.” She would play with Li’i, the pacific white-sided dolphin who had shared her tank with her for 40 years, the two often racing through the water. “You could never imagine an animal that size swimming that fast in a pool like that,” Foster said. “You could tell that she was responding very well to what we were trying to do.”
-
-To prepare for Tokitae’s eventual transport to the Pacific Northwest, the care team began to introduce her to the stretcher that would be used to lift her from her tank. The team hung it over the side of the pool, then lowered it farther and farther into the water. They offered her food beside it and taught her to line up against it.
-
-Former trainer Marcia Henton Davis had joined the care team, after contacting Friends of Toki to ask if she could be of service once more to the whale she’d loved for so long. That time was filled with a sense of hope and possibility, she said, and she wanted Tokitae to feel it, too. “Every day,” she said, “I’d tell her, ‘You’re going home.’”
-
-In June, Raynell Morris made her seventh trip to Miami to visit and pray with Tokitae. The orca had never seemed so exuberant, slapping her flukes against the water as Morris stood by the pool in her ceremonial regalia and played her drum. “Sk’aliCh’ehl-tenaut, you have such a strong spirit!” Morris exclaimed. When she sang her prayers, the orca called in response, each voice answering the other.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/CPZPN4EFPRZI32GVIR2ZYU2BLQ.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Mike Partica, Tokitae's lead trainer, feeds her in July. (Matias J. Ocner/Getty Images)
-
-When Tokitae began to show signs of illness early in the week of Aug. 14, her caregivers were not alarmed. She was moving her body in ways that indicated discomfort, refusing to eat her usual volume of fish, but she’d had episodes of gastrointestinal distress before. Her veterinary team — including Tom Reidarson, a prominent expert in the medical care of cetaceans, and James McBain, considered a pioneer in the field of marine mammal veterinary medicine — had been encouraged by Tokitae’s recent return to health.
-
-But her appetite and energy level dwindled over the following days, until it became clear that an urgent intervention was needed. The team members formulated a plan to drop the water in her tank Friday morning, to allow them to take a blood sample and administer fluids and medication. It was the same protocol they’d followed months before, and there was no doubt in anyone’s mind that she would recover once again.
-
-“We weren’t cavalier,” Reidarson said, “but we knew how to take care of her.”
-
-Their treatment was already underway Aug. 18, when an initial blood test revealed a rising level of creatinine, a sign that her kidneys were failing. Reidarson was distressed, he said, but the team was resolute. “There was no giving up,” he said. “It was as simple as that.”
-
-Tokitae’s condition deteriorated as hours passed. She regurgitated bile and kept listing to the side, seemingly disoriented. Divers rotated in and out of the 55-degree pool, trying to hold her upright. Then, as they tried to raise the water level in the tank, there came a harrowing moment when the orca abruptly rolled over and sank toward the bottom. Foster dove down to lift her, along with several other trainers who labored to guide Tokitae back toward the surface.
-
-Partica directed the staff to start draining the water again. A crane lowered Tokitae’s stretcher, and the team guided her into it. They were in the midst of providing more fluids and medications when her respiration grew erratic, the minutes stretching longer and longer between breaths. Partica and trainer Kyra Wadsworth were perched along the sides of the stretcher, and Wadsworth looked at him. “Are we losing her?” she asked. “Yes,” he said. Several members of the team had started to cry.
-
-Sarah Onnen was cradling Tokitae’s head in her hands. Over her long tenure at the Seaquarium, she’d been present when other cetaceans had died; she knew they often experienced involuntary spasms as their bodies shut down, blindly thrashing or biting. She realized that Tokitae could hurt her without intending to, but Onnen stayed as close as she could, gently caressing the orca’s face.
-
-Partica kept moving, climbing toward Tokitae’s head, waving his fingers near her eye and searching for a response. Submerged beside Tokitae, Foster did the same, and he saw her focus on him briefly. Then her gaze softened and drifted, and she closed her eyes. Her final breath left her like a whisper: *Shhhhh.*
-
-In the water near Tokitae’s pectoral fin, Davis pressed her hand flat against the orca’s side, the place where Davis had always loved to feel that massive heart pumping against her palm. She felt it beat for the last time. In the moment that followed, a low roll of thunder echoed through the stadium — “as if the sky received her,” she would recall later — and a soft rain began to fall.
-
-A stillness fell over Tokitae. She lay cradled by the stretcher that was always meant to lift her away from there, toward the escape she’d finally been granted, but she had already found her own.
-
-Lummi elder Raynell Morris recalls her shock at hearing of Tokitae‘s sudden passing after her health had seemed to be improving. (Joshua Carroll/The Washington Post)
-
-Within hours of Tokitae’s death, her body was transported to the University of Georgia for a necropsy. The invasive work meant she would need to be cremated, a development that surprised and disturbed the Lummi, who do not cremate their dead and said they had not been consulted. Morris, who had flown to Miami to bring the orca’s body home to her tribe for burial, returned to Washington to wait for the weeks-long process to be completed.
-
-In Facebook groups and online forums, thousands of strangers around the world demanded to know *what happened*, as if searching for one discernible cause, a precise target to blame. In October, the [necropsy results](https://friendsoftoki.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Tokitae-Necropsy-Veterinary-Care-Team-Statement.pdf?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) would show that Tokitae had died of a convergence of chronic illnesses: pneumonia, inflammation, heart disease and ultimately kidney failure.
-
-This offered a more holistic understanding of her death, the outcome of damage accumulated over many years, until a tipping point was reached. It was a warning and a galvanizing truth: Help came too late for Tokitae, but there were others who still had time.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/7XZT25LIZOAUSXQXWTMCJSZ77M_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Davis visited San Juan Island after Tokitae's death. (Nick Cote for The Washington Post)
-
-In September, Marcia Henton Davis stood on a bluff on San Juan Island, overlooking the Salish Sea. She’d once planned to move there with her husband, to be a permanent part of Tokitae’s care team after her relocation to the sea pen; now Davis had come to see Tokitae’s home for the first time, the place of her birth and burial.
-
-“I thought she was going to change the world by coming here alive,” Davis said.
-
-Instead, a sense of urgency had followed Tokitae’s death, the channeling of communal grief into action. Across the world, people were sharing information about the effort to [breach four dams](https://se-si-le.org/all-our-relations/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) along the Snake River to help restore the population of Chinook salmon. They were making donations to marine conservation organizations. They were writing letters to SeaWorld imploring the marine park to release Corky, a wild-born northern resident orca captured in 1969, [to a sanctuary](https://doublebaysanctuary.org/the-sanctuary/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) off the coast of British Columbia.
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-Lummi elder Raynell Morris and former trainer Marcia Henton Davis reflect on Tokitae’s legacy. (Joshua Carroll/The Washington Post)
-
-“So Toki *is* going to change the world,” Davis said. “I just wish she didn’t have to die to do that. But sometimes we humans have to get punched in the face before we take the right action. So maybe this is how she makes a difference.”
-
-Tokitae’s circumstances were unique, Vinick said, but her account is both groundbreaking and instructive. An impenetrable wall has historically stood between marine parks and those who are branded as environmentalists — but Tokitae transcended that divide.
-
-“She brought us together in a way that we would not, and have not, come together otherwise,” Vinick said. He hopes such unity will be possible again: The Whale Sanctuary Project is preparing to open a [100-acre ocean sanctuary](https://whalesanctuaryproject.org/the-sanctuary/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) in Nova Scotia as soon as next year, and it’s already eyeing animals that might be candidates for placement there.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/G7PUEZVHRDX4VF7A7VMDSCYQXE_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Vinick looks toward where Tokitae's sea pen would have been. (Nick Cote for The Washington Post)
-
-Vinick feels this work is now bound to Tokitae’s legacy, that her story demonstrates the need to act on behalf of the more than 3,000 cetaceans who remain in captivity worldwide, including approximately 53 orcas. The Whale Sanctuary Project’s ultimate goal is for the breeding of captive whales and dolphins to cease, and for the last of them to live out their lives in sanctuaries where they can explore larger spaces, interact with other animals, feel the currents of the tide.
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-“We cannot move them all. But if we can demonstrate a way to create a sanctuary, others will do the same — and collectively, we’ll be able to do it,” Vinick said. “Is it enough? No. But it’s probably the best we can do. Did we do enough for Toki? No. But we did the best that we could.”
-
-Southern resident orcas from the J, K and L pods were spotted in the Haro Strait on Aug. 17, 2023. (Center for Whale Research, Permit NMFS 27038)
-
-They began arriving on the afternoon of Aug. 17. Members of all three pods of southern resident orcas made their way into the Haro Strait off the western shore of San Juan Island, dozens of dark bodies surfacing together beneath scattered clouds and the distant Olympic Mountains. It was technically a “near-superpod” — a few of the whales would not arrive in the Salish Sea until days later — and the awed onlookers who watched the orcas greeting and socializing with one another that day did not yet realize the synchronicity, that the gathering was taking place in Tokitae’s final hours. Three thousand miles apart from the last survivor of their stolen family, the southern residents came together in the waters where she was born, filling the air with the sound of their voices.
-
-By the following day, when Tokitae died, only a small group of L pod whales remained near the southern shore of the island. Deborah Giles was on the water with them in her research boat, and she watched Ocean Sun — the matriarch who is possibly Tokitae’s mother — as she distanced herself from the others, almost as if she were seeking a moment alone.
-
-“Whether they somehow know, even across space or distance, that something is happening, a birth or that an animal is dying … I can’t possibly say,” Giles said. “What I *can* say is these animals are smarter than I think we know.” She doesn’t gravitate toward the mystical, she said, but neither does she dismiss a sense of possibility. Against the limits of our own understanding, we can only wonder at theirs.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/OR3TMYMTCSA6CNANOMQNEKTO6A_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Morris feels a deep connection to the orcas when she prays by the sea. (Nick Cote for The Washington Post)
-
-Tokitae came home on a chartered jet late in the afternoon on Sept. 20, in a custom-made white cedar box holding her cremated remains, the lid painted with the precise outline of her tail flukes. Before the flight, Morris had brushed the box with sacred cedar boughs, a ritual meant to cleanse away negative energy.
-
-There was still an undercurrent of sorrow, but Morris also felt relief — joy, even — that her relative was finally where she belonged. Of all the orcas who have died in captivity, Tokitae was the first to be returned to an Indigenous tribe; she would be the first to be buried in her rightful home. The Lummi believed Tokitae’s spirit had already joined the ancestors, but she would not be whole until her remains were put back in the sea.
-
-“That cultural work in finishing this sacred obligation is everything, to give her the honor and respect that she has earned and deserves as a sacred being,” Morris said, as she sat by the Salish Sea at Cherry Point, a hallowed site near the Lummi reservation where she often comes to pray. “Only then, the healing can begin.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/TY3DSRAPX5O7OCPOBN2AUWHSSQ_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Indigenous artwork of the orca, or qwe’lhol’mechen, meaning “our relations under the waves.” (Nick Cote for The Washington Post)
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-On the morning of Sept. 23, Morris arrived before dawn at the funeral home in Bellingham where the whale’s ashes were awaiting the final transport. She draped the box in a black-and-white burial shroud printed with the orca’s Indigenous name, laid cedar boughs atop it and whispered softly: “This is your day.”
-
-They left as dawn was breaking, seven members of the Lummi Nation aboard the patrol boat carrying the box of ashes, escorted at a distance by the Coast Guard. The boat paused offshore near the Lummi Stommish Grounds, where other members of the tribe were gathered to pray and bid the orca farewell. At a Lummi burial ceremony, Morris said, it is traditional for pallbearers to lift a casket and rotate it in a circle; it is a gesture of honor, symbolizing a person’s final movement upon the earth. The mourners on the shoreline watched as the boat spun slowly on its axis, one last full turn for Sk’aliCh’ehl-tenaut.
-
-The sun was rising through a cloud-dappled sky as they continued on their way. They traveled for an hour before arriving at the site they had chosen, then stopped and spoke the prayers to welcome their relative home.
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-When their work was done, Morris unlocked the cremation box and the seven people aboard the boat took turns scooping nearly 300 pounds of fine, dove-gray ash into the sea. They watched as the final essence of the whale vanished in the swells, borne out at last to open water.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/I4GCKBEUN72CJ475GRKQJIKEQQ_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Sunset over the Salish Sea on the day of Tokitae's burial. (Nick Cote for The Washington Post)
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-# The inequality of heat
-
-A poor community in India lost power during a heat wave, unlike the luxury mall next door. What happened next exposed extreme heat’s unequal toll.
-
-Stark differences within a city help predict who will get sick and even die from the heat, and who will be safe.
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-Annie Gowen, Niko Kommenda, Anant Gupta and Atul Loke traversed Kolkata to document the unequal impacts of heat. Simon Ducroquet, in Washington, created a visualization of how heat exposes people to dangerous conditions in crowded urban homes.
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-Published Sept. 22 at 6:00 a.m.
-
-*Kolkata*
-
-After the third day without power, the residents of Kasia Bagan had had enough.
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-Their city of Kolkata was in the midst of a blistering heat wave, with temperatures rising to 105 degrees, making life in the narrow lanes and in their tiny one-room homes nearly unbearable. It was Ramadan as well, and many in the predominantly Muslim enclave were fasting. About 6:30 p.m., word spread that an elder in the community had died of heat stroke.
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-Angry residents gathered in the dark lane, their voices rising, faces illuminated only by their cellphone screens. Even after the sun had gone down, they were still sweating through their clothes. When would the lights come back on? How could they live like this, let alone bury their dead? Why did the luxury shopping mall at the end of the block still have power, while they did not?
-
-Sana Mumtaz, a divorced mother of three who lives on the lane with eight relatives in one room, felt her neighbors’ anger growing out of control.
-
-“It is so hot that people are dying here,” she said. “People were putting up with power cuts and making adjustments for several days. But the death in the neighborhood triggered them.”
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-Mumtaz’s neighborhood, her city, her country — her very life as a poor Indian woman — reflect one of the world’s greatest emerging disparities in the era of extreme heat.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/QE3HW6M5T5NRBBXEHLIPXU7N4Y_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Sana Mumtaz carries water from the taps, where water flows to the public twice a day — once in the morning, and once in the evening.
-
-India already faces dire heat risks and is likely to be the most-threatened country in the world by 2030, according to [an analysis of climate data by The Washington Post](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/interactive/2023/extreme-heat-wet-bulb-globe-temperature/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) and the nonprofit modeling group [CarbonPlan](https://carbonplan.org/research/extreme-heat-explainer?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), with more than 770 million people living in highly dangerous conditions at least two weeks a year.
-
-Because of its growing wealth and increasingly prosperous middle class, India will have the resources to protect many of its residents from the worst effects of rising temperatures, unlike many poorer nations.
-
-But Kolkata, a city of more than 4.5 million in eastern India, is a microcosm of who will benefit from that protection and who won’t. A vast population will face risks of heat-related sickness and death, according to a Post examination that included interviews with residents and experts, as well as data analysis, the use of advanced sensor technology to measure neighborhood exposures, drone footage and public records research.
-
-Since 1950, the average temperature in Kolkata has risen more than for any megacity studied — by 4.7 degrees Fahrenheit, according to the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. It’s expected to keep soaring, along with more-intense cyclones, monsoon rainfalls and flooding.
-
-The analysis by The Post and CarbonPlan, published this month, showed how cities worldwide are seeing a soaring number of hot days so dangerous that spending a short amount of time outside — even in the shade — could threaten someone’s health. Kolkata had 11 such days in 2000 — a number that is projected to jump to 25 days by 2030. That would make it the fifth-worst-affected megacity in the world.
-
-As life gets hotter, residents who are crowded into slums or unauthorized colonies — one-third of the city’s population — will be the most at risk for health problems, heat stroke and death, experts say, while wealthier neighbors who live in air-conditioned homes on leaf-shaded streets will fare better.
-
-In Kasia Bagan, the fancy shopping mall with high-end stores had for a decade provided jobs and a bit of civic pride, though few living nearby could afford to actually shop there. But now the Quest Mall became a symbol of something else — the injustice in their lives.
-
-That night in April, an idea took root and rippled through the restive crowd. The owner of the mall was a billionaire who also owned Kolkata’s electric company, so they made plans to go to the mall and demand that their electricity be fixed. A man had died — surely they would be heard now. “We can’t sleep at night!” said one woman. “We are being ignored, we won’t tolerate this!” a man shouted.
-
-The small mob began moving up the lane, past lines of scooters and water jugs, an alleyway cow, clothes drying on a line, and the butcher shop where flies still circled although the day’s cutting was long done. They crossed the street and paused before the mall’s Gate No. 3. The building jutted like a giant cruise ship above their heads, its edifice a patchwork of blue glass. Every floor glowed with light.
-
-After some shouting, the security guards let them in. The air inside the mall was cool. It smelled of sandalwood, lilies and imported chocolates chilled to a perfect 60 degrees. The fountain splashed outside Gucci and the Rolex store, where you could buy a watch for $91,000, both shut tight for the night. The men sat on the marble floor, unsure what would happen next.
-
-## Nine people and one bed
-
-Mumtaz’s neighborhood is home to about 7,000 working-class people who live in concrete apartment blocks so crowded that life spills out into its narrow lanes, where residents gossip, wash clothes and set out plates of mango to be dried and pickled. She grew up in the windowless room she lives in today with daughters Zariyat, 9, and Alina, 4, and six other relatives, separated from the lane by only a flowered cloth. There is only one bed.
-
-The Quest Mall — at the end of Mumtaz’s lane — opened in 2013 with the promise of bringing the finest designer brands to the city’s affluent, built on land that was once a tram depot in the middle of Kasia Bagan, where many residents do not have running water or their own bathrooms. Its developer, Sanjiv Goenka, is a Kolkata billionaire who owns a soccer club, the power utility and a cricket franchise.
-
-Mumtaz’s neighborhood is a product of the city’s unregulated housing-construction boom, which contributes to its climate vulnerability. The city, part of a larger metropolis of over 14 million, was once the capital of British India, which left behind stately homes following the country’s independence in 1947.
-
-Decades of rampant urbanization followed, leaving the city without a proper storm-water or sewage drainage system and straining its fragile electrical grid, experts say. Developers razed blocks of graceful neem, banyan and peepal trees, leaving Kolkata with the least shading tree cover of any Indian megacity, according to India’s State of the Forest report from 2021. Slums proliferated.
-
-“What you see in India is that there is an inbuilt inequality at all levels,” said Ashish Avikunthak, a University of Rhode Island professor who grew up in Kolkata. With these new upscale developments such as the mall, he added, “a new kind of class inequality is inflicted.”
-
-Twice a day, water flows to the public taps in Mumtaz’s neighborhood, once in the early morning and once in the evening. One recent summer evening, a crowd of women gathered to wait for the water, gossiping and jostling for their place in line. The sun was setting, but it was still oppressively hot, well over 100 degrees. When the water began trickling from the tap, they pressed forward, filling their water bottles, buckets and pots for the day’s cooking and washing.
-
-Mumtaz, 28, let several women jump her spot while she waited, fanning herself with the thin cotton veil that’s traditional in this conservative neighborhood. Every day, she is responsible for securing water for her household of nine and is often called out for taking too much.
-
-She hung back a little, partly as an act of goodwill, partly to avoid conflict. Disputes at a water pump in a nearby neighborhood led to a deadly fight, and that hung heavily on her mind: “Imagine people are killing each other for water in this city,” she said.
-
-Mumtaz rolled up her sleeves and had just begun filling her bottles when two men on a motorcycle whizzed past them, honking vigorously. She threw a bottle and rushed to confront them.
-
-“Can you not see that we are trying to fill water here? It is already so hot, why do you have to keep honking like that and irritate us?” she asked one of the riders, an elderly gentleman who looked taken aback. “Had you not been this old, I would have hit you.”
-
-Mumtaz turned back, still angry, but a young man bathing at an adjacent pump joked, “You are right, Sana. Why don’t you go ahead and give him a whack?” The women erupted into laughter. The elderly man smiled. Mumtaz’s anger evaporated.
-
-Mumtaz had to take several trips back and forth from the tap to her flat before she ferried enough water to keep her family — her two daughters, three siblings, aunt, uncle and grandmother — supplied for the next 12 hours.
-
-At home, she opened their small refrigerator and began stacking it with water bottles as her younger daughter hung by her elbow and soaked up the refreshing cool gust of the open door. They keep the refrigerator turned on and stocked with cool water to offer neighbors at all times, she said.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/PJU7BHNMTQIEPVSZCAQ3PG2DR4_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Mumtaz fills water from the taps. She's responsible for getting it for her whole family.
-
-“This way, we get blessings from everyone,” Mumtaz said. “We never say no to anybody who asks for cold water.”
-
-It’s not easy to live as a single woman in a society that frowns upon divorce, and she tries to get by with her cheeky smile and offers of help to neighbors in need. But sometimes, like today when the bikers came honking down the lane, the stressors of daily life become too much. “All the goddesses and demons reside in me,” she told one of her sisters.
-
-Although the mall’s blue glass exterior is visible from many vantage points in the neighborhood, Mumtaz has gone inside only once in the last year, to celebrate her friend’s wedding anniversary. She dressed in her finest sari and bought the only snacks in the food court they could afford — pav bhaji, a mix of dinner rolls and spicy vegetable curry. Mumtaz’s daughter said the mall was so pretty she wanted to build a home there.
-
-But for nearly a year, Mumtaz’s brother, Ehteshamul Haque, 20, has been working as a trainee in counter sales at the Nautica store inside the mall.
-
-Each morning before work, he rises from the family’s bed — where he has been given sleeping rights — splashes cold water on his face at the communal bathroom and eats a quick breakfast of toast and tea before walking to work.
-
-After working inside all day, Haque said that when he emerges outside to furnace-like temperatures, he often feels dizzy and sick to his stomach. “It’s a heaven-and-hell difference,” he said.
-
-From his post behind the counter, he watches with envy as prosperous families browse Nautica’s racks. “You can always tell who has AC and who doesn’t,” he said.
-
-## ‘Humiliated in our homes’
-
-The April 16 sit-in at the Quest Mall came at the beginning of a deadly spring heat wave that spread across Asia and set temperature records in Thailand, Indonesia and China. That same day in Mumbai, 13 people had died of heat stroke during an outdoor government awards ceremony. In Kolkata, schools were closed, and buses reduced service. Newspapers reported people passing out along the side of the road. Officials begged people to stay indoors.
-
-Then, Sheikh Janu died.
-
-Janu, a patrician gentleman who was a landlord to many in the neighborhood, had recently had a stroke and was partly paralyzed. Now the heat proved too much. News of his death spread quickly through the community.
-
-Already Janu’s Muslim neighbors had been forced to search fruitlessly for candles and use phone flashlights to read their daily prayers, Mumtaz said. How, she now wondered, would they be able to prepare and preserve his body for burial with no electricity?
-
-Her neighbor, Ambiay Qureshi, 25, had come home that day after a long shift at his butcher shop. To escape the complaints of women in his extended family and the wailing of nieces and nephews, he recalled, he went to the grassy playground behind Kasia Bagan’s community center. But he grew ever more irritated.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/JK3CQHD6ONVBFGYNUFFCQLBYL4_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-People pass by Quest Mall, the site of a recent heat-related protest.
-
-“We felt humiliated in our homes. Anybody who runs a business just wants to come back home after a long day at work and breathe in peace,” he said.
-
-A few hours later, while Mumtaz stayed behind, Qureshi joined the throng of protesters who entered the mall. They knew that Goenka, the mall’s owner, also ran the electric company, so their idea was to ask him for help, they said. Goenka did not return The Post’s requests for comment.
-
-Inside, the air was like a balm. Qureshi sat down on the floor. Another protester curled up for a nap. Others played games on their phones.
-
-“Nothing untoward happened,” he said. “The only thing we were asking them is why our complaints were not being heard.”
-
-Maroofa Nawaz Ahmed/YouTube
-
-The police arrived, and security guards escorted the protesters out about an hour and a half into the demonstration. The electric company — whose officials did not comment — then fixed the problem with what seemed to Qureshi like amazing speed. In a few hours, an industrial-size generator appeared in the neighborhood. A few days later, long-term repairs were complete. “We got results,” he said.
-
-But videos of the protest had gone viral across India, triggering online posts tinged with religious intolerance. Hindu nationalists on Twitter falsely claimed the Muslim protesters had demanded gifts from the luxury stores for the Eid holiday. Mall officials tamped down the rumors with a Facebook post, urging patrons to “ignore these exaggerated and motivated narratives.”
-
-The criticism stung.
-
-“People told me, ‘You are wrong, you should have not have entered another person’s property like that,’” Qureshi said. “People need to understand why this happened.”
-
-The terrible heat drove them to extremes, he said: “What never happened in 10 years suddenly took place that day.”
-
-## ‘Death in my building’
-
-It was still dangerously hot in Kasia Bagan one day in June — the temperature topped 100 degrees, the sun beat down and people vanished from the streets, stray dogs sleeping in whatever shade they could find.
-
-Patients packed the free health clinic in the neighborhood’s community center. They were mostly women, of all ages, waiting to see a doctor who comes twice weekly. Mumtaz was among them, having broken out in an itchy heat rash that covered her arms and face. She was so uncomfortable she was finding it more difficult than usual to sit still.
-
-As patients were weighed and checked in, they catalogued a variety of heat-related complaints — skin rashes, insomnia, dizziness, dehydration — then sat down to wait for the doctor, who was half an hour late.
-
-During this time of the day, when the women have just finished preparing lunch and the afternoon sun is at its cruelest, the center serves as a cooling refuge. Unlike their unventilated rooms, the center is right next to a pond and a playground shaded by a few trees. Windows and fans provide cross ventilation.
-
-“You have gained some weight after your trip to the beach. You must have enjoyed yourself too much!” Rani Sheikh, the center’s director, teased Mumtaz when she joined the line.
-
-“Hardly. I burned my skin and now I have these itchy rashes all over my hands and legs,” Mumtaz said. “I could not sleep at all last night because of the death in my building.”
-
-News of this tragedy elicited murmurs of surprise and sympathy in the room.
-
-Nazra Begum, 51, was a homemaker and mother of four grown children who lived in Mumtaz’s building. She was one of the few women who joined protesters outside the mall and spoke to local reporters.
-
-On May 31, Begum had become sick to her stomach and began vomiting. Her husband took her to the local hospital, where doctors said she had passed out because of complications related to heat exposure. Begum died later that evening, one of four people in Kasia Bagan known to have died this year from the heat, according to Javed Rahman, a social worker in the neighborhood.
-
-“She was a very brave woman,” Mumtaz said. “We were all suffering, but no other woman had the guts to protest in front of the media houses, but she did.”
-
-Mumtaz had to wait nearly two hours to be seen by the doctor, who prescribed an ointment for the rash. It was now almost time to repeat her twice-daily journey to the water taps to fill bottles. She was exhausted and grieving the loss of her friend.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/OLB2HUC4PIGS74NCO7NKS3O2XU_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Rani Sheikh watches as her husband is examined by the doctor in their community health clinic.
-
-“We ate almost all our meals together. Now I don’t feel like eating at all,” she said tearfully.
-
-At home, she snapped at her two daughters, who kept opening the refrigerator door to enjoy the cool air. “Can’t you see I’m not well?” she said, exasperated.
-
-Arup Halder, a climate advocate and pulmonologist at Calcutta Medical Research Institute, said cases of heat stroke and heat deaths in the city are “creeping up every summer” and will only get worse. Cataloguing heat-related deaths is difficult, Halder said, because medical professionals still list the immediate cause of death, such as stroke or cardiac arrest, without listing heat as factor.
-
-“Awareness is low,” Halder said. “We know on the whole heat kills, but how much it kills is a present problem.”
-
-Princeton University’s Ramanan Laxminarayan, an epidemiologist and economist, said the rising temperatures will cause far more cases of heat stress and death while fostering the spread of cholera and dengue fever.
-
-“Indians are disproportionately exposed to these effects, and it’s a huge risk that India is totally unprepared for,” Laxminarayan said.
-
-While the Indian government periodically publishes death counts related to extreme heat, global health experts say that the country has significantly understated its impact. According to India’s National Crime Records Bureau, annual heat deaths over the past decade have ranged from several hundred to around 2,000.
-
-[Recent peer-reviewed studies](https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1002619&itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) estimate that heat causes closer to 90,000 excess deaths a year in India.
-
-“That government statistic is just not serious,” said Prabhat Jha, author of a University of Toronto study that cross-referenced daily death counts from 8,000 locations across India with local climate data.
-
-Jha said the problem in India is that only 7 in 10 deaths are registered, and certain groups — women and residents of poorer states, for example — are being systematically undercounted.
-
-Later that day, after the health clinic closed, Rahman sat inside the community center, still worrying that Qureshi and the others could be charged with criminal trespassing. A tall standing fan whirred in the corner.
-
-Rahman, 42, called “elder brother” by everyone in this neighborhood, has long volunteered for Kasia Bagan’s social committee, founded during his grandparents’ day. The group helps run social programs funded by the Quest Mall, whose officials did not return requests for comment. He had an air of exhaustion, not just from the heat but from juggling his social work, his job as a construction contractor and his wife’s treatment for a brain aneurysm. Rising temperatures and changing weather patterns have profoundly changed life in Kasia Bagan, he said.
-
-“The winter has shrunk to just one month now. March used to be the month of spring when I was growing up. This year it was extremely hot,” he said. “We are already reeling under the effect of climate change in Kolkata and West Bengal.”
-
-Rahman and other community workers had been warning residents to avoid being outdoors, part of outreach that includes passing out packets of rehydration powder and holding nutrition camps.
-
-He had already written an apology letter to the mall, hoping it would keep the protesters out of legal trouble. Now he wanted to dictate something else.
-
-For months, Rahman had been urging the city to replace the broken and burned-out lights around the playground behind the center so children could play there in the evening. Maybe now the city would fix them, given how the mall protest had gone viral.
-
-He summoned an English-speaking colleague and asked her to take out pen and paper. When she was settled, he started dictating the letter to the Kolkata Municipal Corporation.
-
-“*Subject. Regarding the lights at Kasia Bagan*,” he began.
-
-## No relief from the heat
-
-The next day, Mumtaz’s condition worsened. Her throat hurt. Her joints hurt. She could barely summon the energy to speak to anybody at the morning taps. She couldn’t find the ointment for her rash the doctor prescribed in the market.
-
-“Sometimes it feels like the skin is going to come off. It is not actually coming off. But it feels like that,” she said.
-
-Unable to tackle her household duties, Mumtaz sought refuge in her uncle’s air-conditioned home nearby to get a bit of rest.
-
-She and her family have thought about getting an air conditioner — the cheapest ones cost about $200 — but aren’t sure whether they can afford it, as the family largely depends on Haque’s income of about $96 a month and a bit more family support. Also, the appliances tend to cause trouble in packed-in urban settings. Her aunt had one installed, she recalled, but it blew hot air into a neighbor’s home, triggering complaints.
-
-Air conditioning “gives you peace but it causes problems to others,” she said. “If you don’t have one, there is no relief from the heat.”
-
-Running the appliance can cost a third of a worker’s monthly salary, which ranges from $120 to $144 a month, Rahman said.
-
-The Climate Impact Lab, a group of economists and scientists, estimates that without measures like [widespread air conditioning](https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/of-interest/interactive/2023/air-conditioning-climate-change/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), higher temperatures would lead to several hundred thousand added deaths by 2040.
-
-In 2020, just 12 percent of Indians had air conditioning in their homes, a number that will rise to 50 percent by 2050 — along with the country’s energy consumption, according to [a 2021 study](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378021000789?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) from scientists at the University of California at Berkeley.
-
-But only those who make $10,000 a year or more typically install air conditioning, according to Lucas Davis, one of the study’s co-authors.
-
-“So we expect to see a divergence of our kind, where the rich adopt air conditioning and the poor do not,” Davis said. He added that research has shown that, during extreme heat waves, air conditioning “literally makes the difference between life and death.”
-
-Ronita Bardhan, a Kolkata native who is an expert in sustainable architecture and an associate professor at the University of Cambridge, said that Kasia Bagan’s built environment — excessive concrete, packed buildings and metal roofs that trap heat — adds to the misery residents face. After reviewing aerial drone footage filmed by The Post, she noted that the towering mall blocks ventilation and its glass facade reflects heat back into the neighborhood.
-
-Using data from a sophisticated heat sensor mounted on a backpack, The Post found that Kasia Bagan’s sunny lanes were 10 degrees hotter than a shady park nearby.
-
-Overall, there was a big temperature gap between the city’s lower-income neighborhoods and more affluent and suburban locales.
-
-The air temperature in Salt Lake, a planned suburban community that sits about seven miles northeast of Mumtaz’s neighborhood and was built in the 1960s, was about 5 degrees Fahrenheit lower than in Kasia Bagan. The community is heavily shaded, with tree cover exceeding 30 percent in some areas, according to The Post’s analysis. By contrast, the area around Kasia Bagan has just 14 percent tree cover, extremely low for a tropical climate.
-
-According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a lack of investment in Kolkata’s segregated, poor neighborhoods leaves them highly vulnerable to the city’s expected climate catastrophes, including high-intensity cyclones. The Bay of Bengal is warming, and the Sunderbans — the fragile mangrove ecosystem that long protected the city — are being lost to sea-level rise, which in turn propels hundreds of climate migrants a year to Kolkata’s slums.
-
-“The government does not have a vision or climate action plan that we can see at the moment,” Ajay Mittal, 32, an activist and the director for India and South Asia for Earth Day.
-
-Across India, only 37 cities and states have heat emergency plans, according to a recent study by the Center for Policy Research, a Delhi-based think tank. Kolkata is not among them.
-
-The city’s mayor, Firhad Hakim, announced with some fanfare in June that the city was developing a climate action plan, focused on preventing flooding and expanding green energy.
-
-The plan would expand the city’s efforts to plant more trees and reduce its dependence on fossil fuels, notes Debasish Kumar, the city’s director of parks and gardens. Kolkata’s parks are now illuminated by solar lights, and the city is phasing in a plan for 1,200 electric buses.
-
-“There are no short-term methods,” Kumar said. “We destroyed the environment over a long time — you can’t expect it to be fixed overnight. We are just starting the process.”
-
-Mittal criticized the city for doing little to protect residents in extreme heat “other than issuing alerts from time to time” and shuttering schools. The government and civil society must take better care of the elderly and vulnerable, he said, by creating shaded structures on the street, distributing umbrellas and ordering work times be shifted to cooler parts of the day.
-
-“The government should look at the Quest Mall incident with alarm, for how the law and its institutions can be challenged in future because of heat,” Mittal said. “Today they went inside the mall, tomorrow they could go inside a clinic, a showroom or a shop … Why should they not? They are desperate and they need relief.”
-
-Some Indian cities are taking action. After a heat wave killed more than 1,300 people in 2010, Ahmedabad developed one of the country’s first heat emergency plans, which stresses an early warning system and community outreach — and recommends using malls as cooling centers.
-
-This plan has been a success and is being modeled elsewhere in the country, officials say. A study led by University of Washington professor Jeremy Hess estimated that the plan helped prevent 2,380 deaths in the two years after its launch in 2013.
-
-## ‘Can’t be satisfied with so little’
-
-The city finally fixed the lights at Kasia Bagan’s playground, and the neighborhood held a cricket tournament to celebrate. Dozens came to see the finale and the playground’s opening ceremony one June evening. Politicians gave speeches. A DJ blasted Bollywood music. Two cheerleaders — wearing dark leggings — climbed on a small stage and waved silver pompoms in the air.
-
-Rahman watched the games from atop the roof of the center, but he rejected the idea that he had won some small victories, even though he had persuaded authorities to avoid charging the protesters and got the lights back on after the playground had been dark for months.
-
-“Everything takes an extra push here,” he said. “I have to run behind so many people who are indifferent to people’s problems. I have to remind them of their duties. We can’t be satisfied with so little.”
-
-Mumtaz, not a fan of cricket, stayed away. In her tiny room, she read Chapter 18 of the Quran to calm her stress, made a dinner of rice and vegetables, and got her girls ready for bed. After the children and elders fell asleep, she and her sisters changed into flowy nightgowns for their nightly session of gossip and checking phones to see what their cousins were posting online.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/HAFAV6ZESK5M7W6ONEQU7DXYEY_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Javed Rahman plays cricket with the neighborhood children. He urged the city to fix broken and burned-out lights there.
-
-In the end, Mumtaz said she had doubts about what the protest achieved. She felt the protesters had not shown enough decorum inside the mall, wearing their nightclothes and playing on their phones.
-
-Mumtaz is left to wonder what will become of her family in this neighborhood, with temperatures rising and rising and an air conditioner out of reach.
-
-“It is so hot,” she said, “we cannot survive this way.”
-
-*Kalpana Pradhan contributed to this report.*
-
-##### About this story
-
-Additional photography by Ronny Sen. Design and development by [Hailey Haymond](https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/hailey-haymond/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) and [Emily Sabens](https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/emily-sabens/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template). Additional development by [Yutao Chen](https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/yutao-chen/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template). Editing by [Monica Ulmanu](https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/monica-ulmanu/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), [Stuart Leavenworth](https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/stuart-leavenworth/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), [Juliet Eilperin](https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/juliet-eilperin/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), [Olivier Laurent](https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/olivier-laurent/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), Amanda Voisard, [Joe Moore](https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/joe-moore/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), [John Farrell](https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/john-farrell/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), Mina Haq, Tom Justice and Jay Wang.
-
-##### Sources
-
-To recreate the lane in Kasia Bagan in 3D, The Post used drone footage, photos and reporting on the ground. Experts [Ronita Bardhan](https://www.arct.cam.ac.uk/people/dr-ronita-bardhan?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), associate professor of Cambridge University and [Holly Samuelson](https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/holly-samuelson/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), associate professor of Harvard University, were consulted to evaluate the heat dynamics in the area.
-
-The Post measured air temperature, humidity, wind and solar radiation across Kolkata using a set of portable climate sensors provided by [Climateflux](https://www.climateflux.com/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template). Local readings were compared to hourly reanalysis data from ERA5 to account for hourly or daily weather fluctuations.
-
-Past and future projected days of highly dangerous heat are based on a Washington Post and CarbonPlan [analysis](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/interactive/2023/extreme-heat-wet-bulb-globe-temperature/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), which modeled wet-bulb globe temperatures around the world.
-
-The vegetation map shows the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), a widely used indicator of healthy vegetation. The map shows the mean NDVI across the time period from March to May 2023. Tree cover percentages for selected locations were calculated using the [i-Tree canopy tool](https://canopy.itreetools.org/survey?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) developed by the United States Forest Service.
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-Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2023/florida-book-bans-school-rules/
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-&emsp;
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-```button
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-^button-ThelibrarianwhocouldnttakeitanymoreNSave
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-&emsp;
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-# The librarian who couldn’t take it anymore
-
-*Deep Reads features The Washington Post’s best immersive reporting and narrative writing.*
-
-KISSIMMEE, Fla. — It was her last Monday morning in the library, and when Tania Galiñanes walked into her office and saw another box, she told herself that this would be the last one.
-
-Inside were books. She didn’t know how many, or what they were, only that she would need to review each one by hand for age-appropriate material and sexual content as defined by Florida law, just as she’d been doing for months now with the 11,600 books on the shelves outside her door at Tohopekaliga High School.
-
-Last box, and then after this week, she would no longer be a librarian at all.
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-She heard the first-period bell ring, 7:15 a.m. She’d wanted to get to the box right away, but now she saw one of the school administrators at her door, asking whether she’d heard about the latest education mandate in Florida.
-
-“What’s the name of this thing?” he said. “Freedom Week?”
-
-She exhaled loudly. “Freedom Week.”
-
-“Oh, good,” he said. “You know about this.”
-
-Yes, Tania knew about it. It was one more thing the state had asked of them, a mandatory recitation of parts of the Declaration of Independence “to reaffirm the American ideals of individual liberty,” along with something else she had heard from the district. “They asked us to please not celebrate Banned Books Week,” Tania said.
-
-She was tired. Her husband was always reminding her: Tania, you have no sense of self-preservation. She had thought about pushing back against the district, had imagined putting up posters all over the walls from the American Library Association celebrating “freedom to read,” a final act before her last day on Friday. But even if she did put up the posters, who would be there to see them once she left? The library would be closed after this week, until they found someone to take her place.
-
-Tania had planned to spend the rest of her career in the Osceola County School District. She was 51. She could have stayed for years at Tohopekaliga, a school she loved that had only just opened in 2018. The library was clean and new. The shelves were organized. The chairs had wheels that moved soundlessly across the carpet. The floor plan was open, designed by architects who had promised “the 21st century media center.”
-
-That was before the school board meeting on April 5, 2022, when Tania watched parents read aloud from books they described as a danger to kids. It was before she received a phone call from the district, the day after that, instructing her to remove four books from her shelves. It was before a member of the conservative group Moms for Liberty told her on Facebook, a few days later, that she shouldn’t be allowed anywhere near students. It had been 18 months since then. Nine months since she had taken Florida’s new training for librarians, a mandatory hour-long video, and heard the state say that books in the library must not contain sexual content that could be “harmful to minors” and that violating this statute would result in a third-degree felony. “A crime,” the training had said. “Districts should err on the side of caution.” It had been seven months since she began collecting Florida’s laws and statutes in a purple folder on her desk, highlighting the sections that made her mad, and also the ones that could get her fired. Six months since she broke out in hives, since eczema crept up the side of her face, since she started having trouble sleeping and got a prescription for an anti-anxiety medication. Five months since she stood in her house crying and her husband said it wasn’t worth it anymore. He could work two jobs if he had to. “You need to quit,” he’d told her. Six weeks since the start of another school year. Five weeks since she had given her notice.
-
-And sometime in the middle of all that, as she showed up every weekday at 7 a.m. and tried to focus on the job she had signed up for, which was, she thought, to help students discover a book to love, Tania could feel something shifting inside her 21st-century media center. The relationships between students and books, and parents and libraries, and teachers and the books they taught, and librarians and the job they did — all of it was changing in a place she thought had been designed to stay the same.
-
-A library was a room with shelves and books. A library was a place to read.
-
-Now the library, or at least this library, was a place where a librarian was about to leave. Tania took the first book out of the box. It had been sent over by a teacher who, like teachers throughout the school, was concerned that the books inside her classroom might be in violation of the law. She looked at the title: “Music for Sight Singing.” She took out another. “30 Songs for Voice and Piano.” She took out another. “Star Wars: A Musical Journey, Easy Piano.”
-
-There was no sexual content to review here. Barely any content at all. She was looking at sheet music.
-
-It should have been absurd, kneeling over a box of music she couldn’t read, sent over by a music teacher who wasn’t sure what she was allowed to have in her classroom. But now the library was a place where things like this happened.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/CCSYLKJNU4TX2RRJO6LPPBETHU_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Tania hugs colleague David Smith on one of her last days at Tohopekaliga.
-
-The books went back in the box. The box went on a cart. Tania asked one of her student assistants to return it to the teacher’s classroom, and then she walked to her desk and to the purple folder.
-
-Inside, there were printouts of 79 pages of Florida law and statute that told her how to think about what students should and should not read. One law made it easier for people to challenge books they believed contained sexual conduct or age-inappropriate material. Another defined that term, “sexual conduct,” in layer upon layer of clinical specificity.
-
-When she had decided to become a librarian almost 10 years ago, it was for a simple reason: She loved to read. Now she watched as the work she did at a high school in Central Florida became part of a national debate. There were fights going on over democracy and fascism. There were parents and school board members arguing on social media and in meetings. Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis (R) wasn’t just passing laws but using them to run for president. To Tania, the pure act of reading was becoming more and more political, and as a result, she had to spend much of her time reviewing the books on her shelves — not to suggest one to a student but to ask herself whether the content was too mature for the teenagers at her school. Then she had moved on to the books in each teacher’s classroom, because as of this year, the state considered those books to be part of the library, too.
-
-All of this took time. The librarian’s job was expanding even as she felt it was shrinking to a series of rote tasks: She would copy a book’s ISBN number into a peer-review database. She would decide whether to mark it with the thumb-size red sticker, provided to her by the district, that read “M” for “mature.” If a book wasn’t listed in a database, she would review it by hand, and then she would start again with the next book. In those hours, the job became a series of keystrokes, and she began to feel more like a censor than a librarian.
-
-It wasn’t just Tania doing this. It was more than 1,400 librarians in all of Florida’s 67 counties, each district interpreting the law in its own way. In the panhandle, Escambia County had instructed its schools to close parts of their libraries entirely until every book on every shelf had been reviewed for sexual content. In Charlotte County, near Fort Myers, schools were told to remove any books with LGBTQ characters from elementary and middle school libraries.
-
-Tania saw the headlines in other states, too: A new law in Iowa to prohibit library materials that include “depictions of a sex act.” A new plan in Houston to convert parts of some public school libraries into discipline centers for misbehaving students. Meanwhile, in Tania’s county, the public library had just eliminated late fees, as a means of attracting more readers. That was the whole idea, Tania had thought. But in schools, the whole idea was getting lost somewhere. Or at least that’s what she wanted to convey in January, when she wrote an email to the Florida Department of Education. She had just taken its mandatory library training. “Have we forgotten that students should be reading for pleasure?” she wrote.
-
-It was about a month later that Tania started talking to another librarian, Erin Decker, about leaving the profession. Erin worked at a middle school and had an idea to open an independent bookstore. They didn’t know much about running a business. But then a crystal shop in downtown Kissimmee was closing, and they were putting in an application on the lease. And now, slowly, Tania was telling people at school about her decision.
-
-“You’re leaving?” one of her favorite students asked her, dropping by between classes.
-
-Tania put her hands on his shoulders. “Listen. Listen, my darling.”
-
-He started to speak again, but Tania stopped him.
-
-“This a good thing, all right?”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/ZBY4KZHP7OXJP3ADLVFYYGAAKQ_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-A banner outside Tohopekaliga High School in Kissimmee.
-
-The first library Tania ever saw was the one at Academia Menonita, her school in San Juan, Puerto Rico. It wasn’t a big library, more of a room on the second floor, above the kindergarten classroom, up a steep set of stairs, where the librarian sat at her desk against the back wall, positioned where she could see everybody, anywhere in the room.
-
-The school was Mennonite, and conservative. There was no dancing. The Mennonite parents didn’t drink. But there was never censorship. The library had an aspect of calm, an expanse that opened itself up to Tania every time she entered. She saw books in English and Spanish and shelves of novels. “This is what the world is like,” she remembered thinking.
-
-In fourth grade, she discovered Judy Blume. “Are You There God? It’s Me, Margaret” taught her about menstruation. In sixth grade, she read “Deenie” and learned about masturbation. In seventh grade, she read “Tiger Eyes” and learned about physical intimacy. In high school, the books became more mature. She read “One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest” and began to understand mental illness. She read a book about the serial killer Ted Bundy, “The Stranger Beside Me,” and imagined the dangers that might await her once she left home for college. On the cover, a picture of Bundy’s eyes, seeming to glow in the dark, scared her so much that when she finished the book, she threw it away.
-
-Twenty years later, she was married, a mother of two daughters, and decisions about reading became personal in a new way. Her kids were in middle school, reading “Twilight,” and Tania asked them to hold off on the last book in the series, the one with a wedding-night scene, until they got to high school. A few years later, she became a librarian in a middle school, her first library job, and began making decisions about what was appropriate not just for her daughters but also for hundreds of students. She ordered a book for the library called “The Summer of Owen Todd,” a young-adult novel about an 11-year-old boy who is sexually assaulted by an older man, and she started having reservations. Would she want her kids to read it? There had to be a different way of thinking about it. What if there was a student here, right now, who was sexually assaulted by an adult they were told to trust? What if this book could help them? The book went back on the shelf.
-
-“This is what the world is like,” she had thought as a student at Academia Menonita, and sometimes, when she asked herself what a library was, she wondered how she could give her students the feeling that she had been given, climbing the stairs to the second floor.
-
-Now, 19 10th-graders at Tohopekaliga High School walked through the doors. “Okay, everybody, we’re here because you’re going to learn some very important things about the library,” said their teacher, Carmen Lorente.
-
-Tania pointed to the left side of the room. Classics, dystopian, fantasy, historical fiction, horror, humor. She pointed to the right. Mystery, realistic fiction, romance, sci-fi, sports, supernatural. And over there — far corner of the room — 153 graphic novels. She kept going. Nonfiction, careers. 11,600 books, 6,000 e-books.
-
-A boy yawned. Another slumped in his chair, forehead on his laptop, eyes shut. “I’m gonna let you guys explore now,” Tania said, but no one moved. At a table in the back, a girl held up a compact mirror and applied lip gloss. Slowly, four kids walked to the graphic novels. Alone, a girl walked to the romance shelf. At Lorente’s urging, a group of students walked to the careers section and stood in silence until one of them took a cookbook from the shelf.
-
-“Miss,” one of the 10th-grade boys told his teacher, “I can’t read.”
-
-“You can read.”
-
-“It gives me a headache.”
-
-“You can read,” Lorente said. “It’s just the mind-set.”
-
-“Any questions on how to find a book?” Tania asked.
-
-“Guys, get up. Walk around,” Lorente said. “Look at books. It’s not a chitchat session. You need to be up and actively looking at books.”
-
-She saw a girl leaning against a table and pointed to the shelf at hip level behind her. “I challenge you to pick up a book,” Lorente said. “Any book. And read it and see what happens.”
-
-“Oh, I can pick up a book,” the girl replied. She walked to the realistic fiction section, put her index finger on the spine of a novel, pulled it halfway from the shelf, then released it back into place. “See? I picked up a book.”
-
-“No, pick it up and read it,” Lorente said. “What kind of things do you like? Fantasy? Historical fiction?”
-
-“Nothing. I like nothing.”
-
-The bell rang. The conversation about reading was over.
-
-“They’re good kids,” Lorente told Tania, but Tania didn’t need to be told. She thought of the other students who were already past the tour she had just given: The girl who had read and returned three books already this week. The boy who had pointed to the cover of “Dear Martin,” a young-adult book about police profiling, and had said to Tania, “This kid looks like me.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/CISQPZGV2XWPJGF6SIHT5GGKSE_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Tania flips through a book in the library's storage area. Much of her time on the job was spent reviewing books to make sure the school was adhering to new state content laws.
-
-Now the library was quiet again. Somewhere else in the school, interviews were going on for her replacement. Three candidates were coming in. The principal had asked Tania to send him interview questions. She emailed her district supervisor for ideas and received a document in her inbox, the list of questions they kept on file.
-
-“What do you see as the role of the librarian in the school setting?”
-
-“What kind of library attracts students, staff and parents?”
-
-Nothing about the laws, nothing about reviewing books, nothing about book bans at all. Tania scrolled through the questions and added one more. “What is your stance on Censorship?” she wrote, though she had no way of knowing whether it would be asked, or how the next librarian might answer.
-
-She returned to her desk and called Erin, whose last day was also on Friday.
-
-“I was just thinking about you,” Erin said. She told Tania what her day had been like — sick teachers, being called on to supervise sixth-grade lunch. “And sixth-graders, oh my God. I’m just gonna put this out there: It was corn dog and banana day. Sixth-grade boys. But I was thinking, I’m going to miss these kids, even though I hate lunch duty.”
-
-Tania laughed.
-
-“And I was like, ‘I wonder if Tania is feeling all the emotions like I am this week?’” Erin said.
-
-“Actually, yes,” Tania said, “I am.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/UH6RCMNI4F42HTBA6PB433DQ6Q_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Tania shares another goodbye.
-
-“Hey, sweetie,” she said as the students walked past her.
-
-It was her last day.
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-“Hi, guys. Remember — no electronics.”
-
-“Hi, guys. Remember — no food, no open containers, no cellphones.”
-
-They nodded. They smiled. They walked past her.
-
-Did they know she was leaving?
-
-Now the room was full, and Tania said, loud enough for everyone to hear, “Today’s my last day, so check out everything you need.”
-
-“If you’re going to check out a book, do it today and do it in the next five minutes,” she said again.
-
-“Do you want to check out more than one book?” she asked a student carrying a graphic novel to the circulation desk. “This is my last day, and my replacement won’t start for a while.” He turned around and came back with five more.
-
-“Are you really leaving?” another boy asked.
-
-“Yes,” Tania said.
-
-“Why?”
-
-She tried to think of a simple answer.
-
-“I’m opening a bookstore,” she said.
-
-So they knew she was leaving, but did they know why? Did they know what was happening in Florida? Some of the students may have, because their parents had asked the school to restrict their access to the library. There were three students at Tohopekaliga who had no library access at all. Last year, there were 45 students with restricted access. They weren’t allowed to check out any of the books Tania had labeled “M” for mature. This year, the number was higher: 84 kids.
-
-Now she recognized one of them walking toward the circulation desk, a girl with a graphic novel tucked under her arm.
-
-She scanned the student’s ID. “Limited Access,” she saw on the screen. Tania checked the front cover of the book, then the back, then the spine. No “M” sticker.
-
-“Okay, sweetie,” she said, and the girl walked to a couch and began to read.
-
-It was the last book she checked out. The bell rang. Tania watched as the girl walked out of the library, the book still in her hand, one finger holding her place.
-
-A few hours from now, she would have a conversation with Erin about this strange day.
-
-“I didn’t cry until I turned my keys in,” Erin would say.
-
-“They gave me a card and flowers, and that’s when I cried,” Tania would say.
-
-They would tell each other about the gifts people had made for them, the cards, the flowers, the cake, the lemon meringue pie. Last first period, last lunch period. Erin would tell Tania that her assistant principal asked her three times whether she had changed her mind about leaving. Tania would say her assistant principal asked her to say something on the systemwide radio, and what she said was “Mrs. G signing off. Media center closed until further notice.” They would sit in the store they had just leased, the crystal shop in Kissimmee that was becoming a bookstore. There were no books yet on the shelves, but there would be soon. Every book they could afford. Any book at all.
-
-“So, how do you feel?” Tania would ask Erin, because it had been hard to pin down, the feeling that she had as she left Tohopekaliga High School for the last time.
-
-She had wanted to leave on her own terms. But as she walked out, she wasn’t sure that was what she had done.
-
-Lights out. Doors locked.
-
-This 21st-century media center was now closed and would remain so until a new librarian walked in and saw what awaited: 11,600 books on the shelves, and, on the desk, one purple folder containing 79 pages of Florida laws and a short note from the previous librarian.
-
-“You might find this helpful,” it read.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/XHEMFMRTC6ZN2TFVW2K3CT5KBI_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Tania unloads books at the shop she's opening with another former school librarian.
-
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-Date: 2023-09-17
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-```button
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-&emsp;
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-# The maestro: The man who built the biggest match-fixing ring in tennis
-
-***Game, Set, Fix:*** *This is part one of a two-part series about a match-fixing ring in professional tennis.* [*Read part two here*](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/tennis-match-fixing-gambling-investigation-belgium/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template)*.*
-
-BRUSSELS
-
-On the morning of his arrest, Grigor Sargsyan was still fixing matches. Four cellphones buzzed on his nightstand with calls and messages from around the world.
-
-Sargsyan was sprawled on a bed in his parents’ apartment, making deals between snatches of sleep. It was 3 a.m. in Brussels, which meant it was 8 a.m. in Thailand. The W25 Hua Hin tournament was about to start.
-
-Sargsyan was negotiating with professional tennis players preparing for their matches, athletes he had assiduously recruited over years. He needed them to throw a game or a set — or even just a point — so he and a global network of associates could place bets on the outcomes.
-
-That’s how Sargsyan had become rich. As gambling on tennis exploded into a $50 billion industry, he had infiltrated the sport, paying pros more to lose matches, or parts of matches, than they could make by winning tournaments.
-
-Sargsyan had crisscrossed the globe building his roster, which had grown to include more than 180 professional players across five continents. It was one of the biggest match-fixing rings in modern sports, large enough to earn Sargsyan a nickname whispered throughout the tennis world: the Maestro.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/4EWIUELUFXHBHQUXIAH5AWJNWY_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Grigor Sargsyan on his way to the criminal court of Oudenaarde, Belgium, on April 27, 2023. (Sebastien Van Malleghem for The Washington Post)
-
-This Washington Post investigation of Sargsyan’s criminal enterprise, and how the changing nature of gambling has corrupted tennis, is based on dozens of interviews with players, coaches, investigators, tennis officials and match fixers. The Post obtained tens of thousands of Sargsyan’s text messages, hundreds of pages of internal European law-enforcement documents, and the interrogation transcripts of players.
-
-By the time he was communicating with the players in Thailand, Sargsyan had honed his tactics. He had learned to nurture the ones who were nervous. He knew when to be businesslike and direct, communicating his offers like an auctioneer.
-
-That was Sargsyan’s approach on the night in June 2018 that would be his last as a match fixer. He explained to Aleksandrina Naydenova, a Bulgarian player struggling to break into the world’s top 200, that she could choose how severely she wanted to tank a set. He sent the texts in English:
-
-If she lost her first service game, she would make 1,000 euros, he wrote. If she lost the second one, she would make 1,200 euros. It didn’t matter if she won the match, only that she lost those games.
-
-Naydenova seemed willing.
-
-“Give me some time to confirm,” she wrote.
-
-As Sargsyan waited, a Belgian police SWAT team was on its way to his parents’ house. The team had been planning the raid for months, the culmination of a two-year investigation that spanned Western Europe.
-
-Sargsyan placed the phone on his bedside table next to the others he used to message players and associates. He sprawled on his mattress, trying not to fall asleep. Then, from downstairs, he heard hushed voices speaking over walkie-talkies. He cracked open the door to his room and saw several police officers and a Belgian Malinois. The officers spotted their target: a short, chubby man in pajamas. They sprinted up the stairs and into Sargsyan’s room.
-
-Sargsyan lunged for his phones, but the officers got to them first. They put him in handcuffs and listed the charges against him: money laundering and fraud.
-
-“I know what this is about,” Sargsyan said.
-
-The information on his devices would provide a remarkable window into what has become the world’s most manipulated sport, according to betting regulators. Thousands of texts, gambling receipts and bank transfers laid out Sargsyan’s ascent in remarkable detail, showing how an Armenian immigrant in Belgium with no background in tennis had managed to corrupt a sport with a refined, moneyed image.
-
-Map
-
-Sargsyan described himself as a kind of Robin Hood, a patron who flouted the law and the ethics of tennis to reimburse its poorest players. The bulk of the sport’s 1,300 tournaments are far-flung and offer little prize money. Some are so small that they are held on high school courts, paying winners as little as $2,352. And yet those same obscure matches, a long way from the luster of Wimbledon, have become vehicles for billions of dollars in gambling.
-
-When he met recruits, Sargsyan introduced himself as a “sponsor” and a lifelong fan of the sport. He played down the illegality of match-fixing, wondering aloud how something so easy could be classified as a crime.
-
-“It was my entire life,” said Sargsyan, 33, during interviews conducted over 10 hours in which he described his criminal enterprise.
-
-As investigators got closer to arresting him, they concluded that Sargsyan was working on behalf of a transnational criminal syndicate based in Armenia. He was sending millions of dollars to a man in the country’s capital, Yerevan.
-
-The Sargsyan investigation would lead tennis officials to issue a string of lifetime bans and suspensions from the sport. But even as they attempted to purge his network from the tour, more match-fixing alerts poured in.
-
-When it came time to prosecute Sargsyan this spring, an attorney for professional tennis, Mathieu Baert, described the scale of the network to a Belgian courtroom.
-
-“One of the largest match-fixing files ever to surface in the world,” Baert said in his opening statement.
-
-He told the judge about the trove of evidence found on Sargsyan’s phones. There was more information that eluded investigators, on devices that Sargsyan had used and discarded; his story pointed to a larger problem facing the sport.
-
-“The current results are, thus, the tip of the iceberg,” Baert said.
-
-### II
-
-By 2016, players began whispering about a man known as the Maestro. He went by other names, too: Gregory, Greg, GG and TonTon. Some players knew him as Ragnar, after the Viking warrior.
-
-He would appear, out of nowhere, at a tournament in Valencia, Spain, speaking Spanish, ferrying players to the fanciest restaurant in the city in his Jaguar. Then he was on the sidelines of a tournament in Belgium, speaking perfect Russian. He appeared at a Berlin nightclub with German players. He made reservations at an exclusive restaurant in the South of France with a well-known coach from the United States.
-
-He bought diamond rings for players’ wives. He paid for flights. He handed out cellphones and the keys to an empty Brussels apartment. Players spoke of his charm, his seemingly endless supply of cash, his ability to shift among five languages. It was as if he strolled out of a European country club and was suddenly a fixture at professional tennis matches.
-
-“Everyone in the tennis world knows that Maestro does match-fixing,” Mick Lescure, a former French pro who collaborated with Sargsyan, told French police in 2019, according to a transcript of the interrogation. “He could make it so that two opponents playing each other are both working for him.”
-
-But none of the players knew much about the Maestro. Very few even knew his real name.
-
-Grigor Sargsyan was born in 1990 in Armavir, Armenia, near the border with Turkey. He came to Brussels when he was 9. His parents cleaned houses and worked in construction. They lived in Saint-Josse, the city’s poorest neighborhood and an arrival point for migrants from around the world.
-
-Sargsyan was struck by the wealth and power that lay only a short walk from Saint-Josse. It was less than two miles from the European Parliament and some of the city’s most glamorous residences. He and his friends slipped into fancy grocery stores, stealing caviar, lobster and champagne and fleeing with their hands full.
-
-On the weekends, Sargsyan found a place in the city’s competitive chess scene, where his life in Saint-Josse felt like a skin he could shed. He showed up in baggy shorts and a T-shirt and rose through the ranks. At 13, after winning a local tournament, he played against Anatoly Karpov, the former world chess champion.
-
-Sargsyan liked the feeling of control chess gave him, he said, the way he could bend the game to his mind. It was, for a while, the thing that made him feel most powerful.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/VQ2I3VVHJKY4OUICYSVBADPER4_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Sargsyan, then 13, plays a match against former chess world champion Anatoly Karpov in 2002 in Brussels. (Family photo)
-
-Then, one day during a game, Sargsyan felt a seed of doubt. He was considering his next move when the stakes suddenly felt overwhelming. One wrong move and he was done, his opponent ready to destroy him. It was a feeling that began to surface almost every time he played: His brain froze, as if a synapse had misfired.
-
-“I became paranoid. You start to think, ‘Everyone is trying to hurt and trap me,’” he said.
-
-At 16, Sargsyan quit chess forever.
-
-Instead, he took to walking aimlessly through the streets of Brussels. Once, he passed a betting office where the French Open was playing on television. It was the first time he’d ever watched a tennis match; he was transfixed. When his high school required students to sign up for a sport, Sargsyan chose tennis.
-
-His Armenian friends in Saint-Josse joked that he was trying too hard to assimilate. His French had become impeccable. He dreamed of becoming a powerful lawyer. Now he was playing a sport in which even the scoring system seemed designed to obfuscate.
-
-But when he returned to his neighborhood from tennis practice, Sargsyan would drop his academic French. He wanted to prove his street smarts however he could; in high school, he was caught stealing a live chicken.
-
-“I could play two different characters,” Sargsyan said.
-
-By graduation, his friends who had once stolen lobsters and caviar were fixtures at the neighborhood bookmaker. They fell rapidly into debt by betting on soccer, Sargsyan said, their conversations revolving around their most recent wagers.
-
-“It was all they talked about. They were on their phones constantly checking scores, checking odds,” he said.
-
-What about tennis? he wondered. Sargsyan learned that you could now bet on thousands of obscure matches around the world. Bookmakers were promoting wagers on tournaments at the margins of the sport. In some cases, the winners of these Futures or Challengers tournaments earned barely enough to pay for their hotel rooms. A poor player, he thought, could be a corruptible one.
-
-“It was like I put my finger on the weakness,” he said.
-
-Sargsyan pored over the tour schedules, the hundreds of tournaments in cities so small that he hadn’t heard of them, with the same journeymen lugging their own gear from one country to the next. Like him, these players lived on the border between poverty and wealth. Sargsyan thought: What would they be willing to do for a few thousand dollars?
-
-“I needed to try,” he said.
-
-### III
-
-When most people watch a tennis match, they don’t see a financial instrument. They see a display of pure athleticism: players returning serves at 130 miles per hour, an alchemy of power and control.
-
-But Sargsyan learned that almost every professional tennis match in the world now serves a second purpose, as a vehicle for gambling. By 2014, you could go online or walk into a bookmaker’s shop and bet on tens of thousands of matches a year across 65 countries. He learned that a sport that telegraphed its aristocratic bona fides — “a gentleman’s game” — was an oddly welcoming place to commit fraud.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/FAHKP6H6TJDHPGW3ML5VP4EMTY.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Sargsyan was part of a great tradition of tennis gamblers, a pastime nearly as old as the sport itself. For decades, they placed wagers on major tournaments, like the U.S. Open and Wimbledon. Bobby Riggs, the U.S. singles champion in the 1930s and ’40s, was known to bet on his own matches. “I’ve got to have a bet going in order to play my best,” Riggs wrote in his 1973 memoir, “Court Hustler.”
-
-But Sargsyan could tell tennis gambling was about to enter a new era. Widespread internet access and liberalized gambling laws made it possible to place bets on low-level tournaments in distant cities. You could bet on anything: a point, a game, a set.
-
-Professional tennis is divided into three tours: the International Tennis Federation (ITF), covering the lowest tier of competition, and the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP Tour) and the Women’s Tennis Association (WTA), which host the sport’s most elite matches and the mid-level Challenger series. The ITF and Challenger tournaments are pipelines for young talent and way stations for aging players struggling to stay in the sport. The tours hold more than 60,000 matches a year in cities from Brazzaville, Republic of Congo, to Aktobe, Kazakhstan, to Toulouse, France.
-
-Even as players complained about not making a sustainable income, the ITF invited wagers on its obscure matches, signing a five-year, $70 million deal with Swiss data company Sportradar in 2016 that gave gamblers access to live updates on non-televised matches. That information allowed people like Sargsyan to place real-time bets, even though they couldn’t watch the matches.
-
-In the years following the Sportradar deal, gambling on tennis soared. Between 2016 and 2022, wagers surged more than 30 percent to $50 billion; by 2018, more than a quarter of that total was bet on the sport’s lowest-level matches, according to bookmaker data.
-
-“Whilst these deals have generated considerable funds for the sport, they have also greatly expanded the available markets for betting on the lowest levels of professional tennis,” said an [independent review](https://www.itia.tennis/media/bjuateer/irp-report-final.pdf?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) on corruption in tennis commissioned by the professional federations in 2018. It said the deal was undertaken with “insufficient diligence.”
-
-But in 2021, the ITF extended its Sportradar deal for three years, despite earlier concerns from the review board. This March, the ATP Tour signed a similar deal with Sportradar, covering both the world’s top tournaments and mid-level Challenger events, with the latter having already proved vulnerable to match fixers, including Sargsyan.
-
-The ITF says the probability of a match being fixed fell to 0.1 percent in 2022, partly because of the creation of the International Tennis Integrity Agency, which the federation helps fund. Tennis officials argue that providing approved data to gamblers prevents wagers from being placed on distorted or fabricated scorekeeping.
-
-Deals like the Sportradar one are “crucial to integrity protection,” Stuart Miller, the ITF’s senior executive director, said in a statement. “Unofficial data presents a greater integrity risk, including supply to unlicensed betting operators over which there is little oversight.”
-
-Andreas Krannich, Sportradar’s executive vice president, said in a statement that the company’s transmission of match data “is an important measure to safeguard integrity to minimize the risk of a black market because the demand is covered and the event is monitored.”
-
-The ATP did not respond to multiple requests for comment.
-
-Tennis now ranks third among the most wagered-on sports in the world, after soccer and basketball. In part because of the game’s global footprint, more money is bet on tennis than on American football and baseball combined, according to the International Betting Integrity Association.
-
-Even the most elite tennis players have been swarmed with offers from match fixers. Novak Djokovic, one of the top men’s players in the world, said he was once offered $200,000 to lose a first-round match in Russia.
-
-Law enforcement agencies around the world have grown increasingly concerned about the link between sports gambling and organized crime. The FBI and Interpol have each formed units to fight match-fixing. The United Nations has gotten involved, calling organized crime “a major and growing threat to sport.”
-
-The professional tennis tour receives roughly 100 match-fixing alerts a year from betting regulators who watch for patterns of suspicious wagers. That’s more alerts than for any other sport — even with matches slipping under the radar, including many of the hundreds that Sargsyan fixed.
-
-Since 2022, tennis officials have banned or suspended 40 players for match-fixing. But dismantling an entire network has proved enormously difficult.
-
-The Sargsyan case, when it emerged, offered rare proof of how entrenched organized crime has become on the tour.
-
-### IV
-
-It started with $350. At the time, it was most of Sargsyan’s savings.
-
-He put the money in his wallet and climbed into a friend’s hatchback. The Belgian countryside flashed past him. It was 2014. Sargsyan was 24, a law student at the University of Brussels. He was still living with his parents. His last brush with the police — when he’d been arrested for stealing a bicycle — was a few years behind him.
-
-Now he was on his way to recruit his first professional tennis player.
-
-Sargsyan had read about a tournament in Arlon, a small Belgian city on the Luxembourg border. He saw that the total purse for the tournament was less than $25,000 and that many of the players were journeymen who struggled to break even on the tour.
-
-Sargsyan formulated his plan. He would identify a player who seemed desperate — maybe one of the men from Latin America or North Africa. Sargsyan said he assumed they would be the ones most in need. He would offer the player a portion of his winnings to throw a set. The player could still win the match.
-
-Sargsyan arrived at the hotel where the players were staying. He looked across the lobby and saw a crowd of professional tennis players. They were some of the world’s best athletes, men whose groundstrokes were as practiced and fluid as calligraphy. At their level, in almost any other major sport, they would be millionaires.
-
-He walked over to a young player from Latin America who was stringing his racket in a corner of the lobby. Years later, when Sargsyan was asked whether he was nervous during his first approach, he scoffed, as if he was unfamiliar with the feeling.
-
-“I don’t get nervous.”
-
-The hotel wasn’t glamorous. With the players preparing their own gear, it had the feel of a converted locker room. The ITF tour, Sargsyan would later learn, is full of moments that invert the image most people have of tennis. Players do their own laundry to save money; some share rooms; McDonald’s is a popular post-match meal.
-
-“Do you like gambling?” Sargsyan asked, and the player immediately seemed to know what he was talking about.
-
-They walked outside. Sargsyan made his offer. He would pay the player to lose the second set of the match 6-0. The man accepted instantly, Sargsyan recalls.
-
-The odds on the match were 11 to 1. The player tanked, just as he said he would, missing even easy returns, double-faulting, performatively slapping balls into the net. Sargsyan walked away with nearly $4,000. He paid the player, whom he would not identify, about $600.
-
-“It was an incredible feeling,” he said.
-
-If there was something about the rush of competition that had almost broken him in his chess career, filling him with an overwhelming sense of losing control, fixing tennis matches felt like a renewed source of power.
-
-He immediately planned on doing it again. He gave the Latin American player a ride to his girlfriend’s house along the North Sea, euphoric as they sped through the countryside.
-
-“Do you know any other players who might be interested?” Sargsyan asked him.
-
-“Oh,” the player said, “definitely.”
-
-### V
-
-The message popped up on Karim Hossam’s phone from an unknown Belgian number.
-
-“Hey bro.”
-
-Hossam immediately knew who it was. Match fixers could sense when players were most vulnerable, most in need of cash. And none of them more acutely than the man people called Gregory, who once again had timed his approach well.
-
-Hossam was desperate.
-
-He had been the 11th-best junior tennis player in the world and then the best professional player in Africa. The Egyptian was tall, with a powerful serve and a fierce forehand. His rise to stardom seemed inevitable.
-
-But by the time he was 22, in 2016, Hossam had realized how difficult it was to survive as a professional tennis player outside the world’s top 100. It cost thousands of dollars to travel between tournaments. He had to buy his own rackets and shoes.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/GQN6MLSWLGEECEWQB5GUXUYIQM_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Karim Hossam plays a forehand in a first-round singles match at the 2012 French Open Junior Championships. (Matthew Stockman/Getty Images)
-
-The ITF tour was the most common road to the sport’s highest ranks. A successful young player could enter an ITF Futures tournament one weekend and Wimbledon the next. But to Hossam, the tour’s structure had come to seem absurd. Even if he won a tournament, he could barely cover his expenses. Most of the time, he spent more money to play tennis than he earned.
-
-His family had bankrolled him for years, but those funds were running out. After the 2011 Arab Spring uprising in Egypt, his family’s lumber plant outside Cairo had suffered. Then, in 2015, his father was diagnosed with cancer. The medical bills piled up.
-
-So when the text message arrived from the man who called himself Gregory, Hossam was frantically looking for a way to stay afloat.
-
-Sargsyan had gotten Hossam’s number from a Moroccan player named Younès Rachidi, who would later break the inauspicious record for the [most match-fixing offenses in the sport’s history](https://www.itia.tennis/news/sanctions/younes-rachidi-lifetime-ban/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template): 135 in less than 10 months. Rachidi told The Post he regrets his role in Sargsyan’s ring. But he said he knows other players who fixed even more matches than he did who were never caught.
-
-“It’s like doubling your money. It feels perfect, and no one knows,” Rachidi said. “You think, ‘That’s it?’ The whole world is rose-colored.”
-
-Back then, though, he was just a friend of Hossam’s, another journeyman on the ITF tour who saw match-fixing as a way to stay afloat.
-
-“I trusted Rachidi, and so I responded to Gregory,” Hossam later said in an interview.
-
-The first time, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, Sargsyan asked whether Hossam would lose a set for $2,500. Hossam agreed, but he walked onto the court dizzy with dread. It felt strange to lose intentionally after a lifetime of being obsessed with winning.
-
-“It felt like everyone was watching me. I felt like I was doing something wrong, like it wasn’t normal. I invested my whole life in tennis. I was playing for 15 years, and then, all of a sudden, I’m selling matches to get money.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/7ZKLUKAOIJCZJDJG2ETFCRVKDI.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-He looked at the chair umpire. Was it in Hossam’s head, or did the umpire look suspicious? The crowd, too, seemed to stare at him askance.
-
-“You’re basically an actor on the court. Like if I’m losing love-30, then maybe I can play one point to make it look a little bit real and then miss the point after.”
-
-After he threw his first set for Sargsyan, he threw another — and then another.
-
-“Grigor used to text me like: Hey, Karim, I have a really good offer for you — do you want to lose the first set 6-1, for example, and get this amount of money? He gives you options. And then if you’re a seed or you have a better ranking, obviously, he gives you a better offer because everyone is betting on you to win.”
-
-Sometimes Sargsyan would ask him to throw a match against a much weaker player. That was particularly difficult.
-
-“Obviously, if you’re playing against a solid player, it’s very easy to sell a match,” Hossam said. “I can give him short balls and make him attack, you know, like make him play more aggressive, give him easy balls.”
-
-“But if you’re playing against someone who is just missing balls, then I have to go out of my way, you know, like I have to make a double fault.”
-
-### VI
-
-Hossam still knew Sargsyan only as Gregory, the rich kid who flew across Europe to watch tennis. The two eventually met in Valencia, where Hossam was playing a tournament. Sargsyan was exactly as Hossam had imagined: an impeccably dressed Belgian man in his 20s, oozing charm. He invited Hossam to one of the best restaurants in the city.
-
-“He’s just this really cool guy,” Hossam later said. “Easy to talk to, well-connected, generous.”
-
-Hossam had met other match fixers on the ITF circuit. Some of them were professional players who gambled on the side. There was the player from Belarus who nagged him incessantly in the locker room; the Greek player who was notorious for not paying people who threw their matches at his request. Hossam had fixed a few matches with those men. But Sargsyan was different.
-
-He paid quickly in cash or MoneyGram transfers. He responded to messages instantly, no matter when they were sent. He seemed to know everyone. So when Sargsyan proposed that Hossam recruit more players into the ring for a commission, Hossam didn’t hesitate.
-
-Hossam knew many of the best players from across the developing world, most of whom faced the same financial struggles he did. At major tournaments, they watched the giants of the game walk by in the locker room — Djokovic, Rafael Nadal, Roger Federer, some of the wealthiest men in the history of sports. The gulf between the superstars and the journeymen felt at once narrow — a stronger serve, more consistent groundstrokes — and impossibly wide.
-
-To Hossam, getting caught seemed inconceivable. He was so certain of the plan’s infallibility that he decided to recruit his brother into Sargsyan’s ring.
-
-Youssef Hossam was four years younger and even more talented than Karim. He was relentless, dragging himself across the court to the point of exhaustion, even if he was losing. The family paid for him to train at the Mouratoglou Tennis Academy in southern France with Patrick Mouratoglou, Serena Williams’s former coach. In 2017, Youssef’s first full year playing professionally, he was immediately a star. He won five ITF tournaments, rocketing into the world’s top 300.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/3YZN54J5P3S2JP5YYE32A532JU.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Youssef Hossam trains on a court in suburban Cairo in September 2017. At the time, the 19-year-old held an ATP 334 ranking, (Khaled Desouki/AFP/Getty Images)
-
-“I believe I have the tennis to make the top 100. I don’t see a huge gap,” he told a reporter at the Australian Open in 2016. “I will need support, not just financial, although that is important because traveling to tournaments is very expensive.”
-
-Youssef had grown up worshiping his older brother. But the first time Karim broached the idea of fixing a match, Youssef recoiled, he said in an interview.
-
-“I was like, ‘What the hell is this?’”
-
-Still, Youssef knew that his tennis academy cost thousands of dollars a month. It was more than Youssef made, even as he surpassed his brother on the tour. With his family’s finances deteriorating, Youssef realized that without an infusion of cash, he would have to quit tennis.
-
-“I was like, ‘Okay, I cannot be selfish.’ My brother and my dad are helping me, paying that amount of money for my practice, paying for this and that. This is the least I can do, you know, to help them financially.”
-
-The first time he agreed to fix a match was in Cairo in 2017. Karim explained that they could make $4,000 if Youssef lost the first set 6-2 to a much lesser player. It was enough to cover a few weeks at his training camp.
-
-“It was the first time I had to step on the court and actually give like 20 or 30 percent,” Youssef said. “I was like, ‘No, this is not right.’ But there are no options, you know, like we have zero money. If you fix this, you make money, you go practice, life goes on. If you don’t fix this, we don’t have money and you just stay at home.”
-
-Still, Youssef struggled to lose. His opponent was weak. To throw a set, Youssef began making errors that only a novice would make.
-
-“I would just miss, hit the forehand as hard as I could, two meters out,” he said.
-
-But even then, he almost won too many games in the set.
-
-“I had to do a couple extra double faults,” he said.
-
-Hossam match
-
-The next time Youssef threw a match was in Sharm el-Sheikh. Karim walked over to the fence and beckoned his brother in the middle of a game. He had been texting with Sargsyan. There was an opportunity for a fix.
-
-“I’m on the court. I will ask my brother now,” Karim texted Sargsyan.
-
-Their father was in the ICU. Youssef was having trouble focusing. He slammed his racket on the ground.
-
-“Karim came to the fence and he asked me, ‘Bro, do you want to lose the second set?’*”*
-
-“And I was like, ‘Yeah, whatever, man. I don’t give a s---.’ I just wanted to pull out.”
-
-It was a moment that would eventually bring both of their careers crashing down; Karim’s courtside approach, the texts and Youssef’s dramatic loss were overwhelming evidence of their match-fixing plan.
-
-And yet, even after the brothers were caught, Sargsyan, seemingly untouchable, continued building his ring.
-
-### VII
-
-One of the first things Sargsyan did with his new fortune was buy a Rolex. It wasn’t just that he liked the watch — though he did. It was an investment in the image he was trying to cultivate.
-
-“These players, they’re obsessed with Rolex,” he said.
-
-Sargsyan realized that he needed to project an aura of effortless, generational wealth to persuade players to throw matches as he prescribed. He often wore Hugo Boss from head to toe. He learned what bottles of wine to order, which restaurants served the best langoustines, which hotel in Barcelona had the best view of the Mediterranean.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/YMD7KI3Y25GPRIBRFGSPMHZTRU.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-He learned to wear the watch nonchalantly, as if he had forgotten it was on his wrist. But every move Sargsyan made was calculated. When he began speaking to a recruit, he would make sure the watch was covered by a shirt sleeve. Then he would casually ensure it became visible, unveiling it so the player couldn’t help but notice.
-
-“Like it was nothing,” Sargsyan said.
-
-It was the same with his Jaguar.
-
-“It’s actually not as expensive as people think,” he said. “But it sends a message.”
-
-Sargsyan picked up on small details that hinted at a player’s desperation. There was the French player struggling to buy a diamond engagement ring, so Sargsyan paid for it. There was the Chilean player who couldn’t afford to fly his mother to his wedding, so Sargsyan bought the ticket.
-
-Then there were the nightclubs and the dinners. There were the purchases that he still doesn’t want to discuss publicly but that make him smile boyishly in reminiscence. Sometimes he would pay players more than he promised them. Other times, even if they failed to deliver, he would still hand them the cash.
-
-“It was about keeping them happy,” he said.
-
-Sargsyan’s face broadcast his joy in the life he had built out of nothing. He laughed easily, as if he saw levity in the world that was visible only to him. There was a kind of magnetism in that; spending time around Sargsyan was like being invited to a party that moved alongside him, insulated from consequence.
-
-Still, he learned that some players, for personal reasons, were incorruptible. Being rejected was an inevitable part of being a match fixer.
-
-“Sometimes you ask a guy how he’s surviving on the tour and he tells you his father is a billionaire,” Sargsyan said. “In those cases, you just move on.”
-
-Sargsyan knew that tennis was full of match fixers. His network would grow only if he was good to his roster. He often delivered the cash himself at train stations across Western Europe. In one month, authorities would later recount, he traveled between Belgium and Paris 22 times with envelopes of cash.
-
-Some players, buoyed by Sargsyan’s approach, encouraged him to gamble more money on their matches when the odds were good.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/Z6K4TE3ACCYG34MO5P4PWEB4VY_size-normalized.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Aleksandrina Naydenova playing in a doubles semifinal match at the WTA Prudential Hong Kong Tennis Open in October 2016. (Power Sport Images/Getty Images)
-
-“Put 1,000 more. Go fast,” Naydenova, the Bulgarian player, instructed Sargsyan in one message in 2016. Naydenova could not be reached for comment.
-
-Naydenova’s payment arrived promptly in Bulgaria by MoneyGram, addressed to her parents from a man in Armenia, according to receipts obtained by investigators. The sender was the same person who had dispatched much of Sargsyan’s cash around the world. His name was Andranik Martirosyan.
-
-None of the players had heard of him. Most paid little attention to where the money came from. But Martirosyan would turn out to be a critical figure. Belgian investigators would later write that he “was in charge of the financial part of the criminal organization.”
-
-Digital bank accounts linked to Martirosyan would receive a significant portion of Sargsyan’s profits — at least 9 million euros in two years, according to wire transfer receipts obtained by investigators.
-
-And yet Martirosyan, who declined to comment, appears to have been working with Sargsyan from an Armenian prison.
-
-In 2015, just as Sargsyan was building his network, Martirosyan received a six-year prison sentence for assaulting several men on the dance floor of the Caliente nightclub in Armenia’s capital, Yerevan. The official charge was hooliganism, according to court records.
-
-It’s unclear how he and Sargsyan met, or how Martirosyan operated from prison. The two men exchanged messages constantly. Once, when Sargsyan expressed concern about another criminal organization, it was Martirosyan who tried to reassure him.
-
-“They will threaten with words, but when it comes down to carrying out what they say, they will do nothing,” he wrote in a text.
-
-“No,” Sargsyan responded. “You are mistaken.”
-
-### VIII
-
-By 2017, Sargsyan had set a goal for himself: He wanted the biggest match-fixing network in tennis. He dreamed of opening his own tennis club in the South of France.
-
-“I asked myself, ‘How can I industrialize this?’”
-
-He needed someone who could bring him not just one or two players, but an entire raft of talent.
-
-In the Netherlands, he met Sebastian Rivera, a third-generation professional player from Chile who appeared to be headed to the top tier of tennis coaching. Rivera was lean, with long black hair that he wore in a bun or under a bandanna. He explained his coaching philosophy on his website: “There is a difference between good players and good competitors.”
-
-Rivera had secured a job with Sean Bollettieri-Abdali, the son of legendary coach Nick Bollettieri, at a tennis club in Newport Beach, Calif. Bollettieri, who had coached Andre Agassi, Venus and Serena Williams, and Boris Becker, worked frequently alongside his son. Rivera was in charge of training several of the program’s best prospects. His coaching was incisive. He could watch someone play for a few minutes and come up with an astute diagnosis of their game.
-
-“He was a really good coach. On the court, he was high-energy, very strict, with a good work ethic,” said Bollettieri-Abdali, who managed the club. “He had all of the attributes.”
-
-But not long after Rivera began working at the club, Bollettieri-Abdali began to suspect that something about him was off.
-
-“I knew that guy was f---ing trouble.”
-
-Rivera seemed to know every promising young player in Latin America, which made him a major asset to the Bollettieri expansion efforts. It was that same network that made him valuable to Sargsyan.
-
-When the two met in the Netherlands, they sized each other up. Sargsyan had come to see tennis as a world divided between the rich and the poor. Was Rivera poor enough that he could be tempted?
-
-Rivera looked at Sargsyan.
-
-“The guy was super-nice and polite, like a country club kid in a polo,” Rivera recalled in an interview. “He looked 23 years old. He has his Rolex. He’s this rich kid who says he’s there to help players*.”*
-
-Rivera listened to Sargsyan’s pitch. It was the beginning of a lucrative partnership.
-
-At the Bollettieri club, Rivera asked players if they were interested in throwing matches. Between practice sessions on the pristine, palm-tree-lined courts, he asked other coaches if they were willing to recruit prospects into Sargsyan’s network.
-
-“He would come up to us and ask, ‘Do you want to make extra money on the side?’” recalled one coach, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because he worried about angering Rivera. “He wanted us to introduce him to players who trusted us.”
-
-In 2017 and 2018, Rivera would bring Sargsyan 34 players from the Bollettieri club and beyond‚ including six Americans, according to Belgian authorities, receiving at least $90,000 in commission. Their relationship is captured in hundreds of pages of text messages later seized by investigators and provided to The Post.
-
-“Sebass, tell him to say his price for the second set,” Sargsyan said about a singles match he wanted a player to throw.
-
-“Ok bro,” Rivera said.
-
-A few messages later, after Rivera consulted with the player, the deal was done.
-
-“Confirmed,” Rivera wrote.
-
-The two became close, texting at all hours. Sargsyan sometimes got upset with Rivera when he wasn’t available in the middle of the night.
-
-“Sebass, you fall asleep,” he wrote, adding a sad-face emoji. “Like this, it is impossible to work.”
-
-In the interview, Rivera came up with an elaborate explanation for his involvement. He said he was working undercover for a BBC journalist doing an investigation into match-fixing.
-
-“Chris something,” he said. “I wish I could remember his last name.”
-
-Rivera said he maintained the relationship with Sargsyan, continuing to connect him to players, so that no one would suspect he was working with a reporter to document corruption in the sport.
-
-“To keep it cool, you know?” he said.
-
-When asked about Rivera, the BBC said in a statement that it “has seen no evidence to substantiate these claims. … The BBC has high journalistic standards and we have strict processes and guidelines in place that we must adhere to.”
-
-In 2016, in a joint investigation, the BBC and BuzzFeed reported that several top players were suspected of fixing matches, even though they were never punished.
-
-One of the players in Rivera’s circle was Dagmara Baskova, a top professional in Slovakia. She had gone pro when she was 15. On the tour, she was drawn to players who, like her, didn’t come from wealth.
-
-“A lot of the players, especially the Russians, come from rich families,” she said. “For me, tennis was an escape from life.”
-
-Baskova met Rivera first in Sharm el-Sheikh and then again in Tunis. They smoked hookah in his hotel room. He started coaching her informally, and she could immediately see his talent. “He can read your tennis instantly,” she said. “He’ll tell you how to use your weapons.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/4ZRDJNYBXBBJ5GI3NNOVESNNHU.jpg&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-By 2017, when she was 26, Baskova’s knee was badly injured. The surgery was more than she could afford, and even with the best medical care, she would never return to top form. She could tell her career was over.
-
-She ran into Rivera at the hotel.
-
-“I told him my knee was hurting, and he said, ‘You know, you can sell your match,’” she recalled in an interview.
-
-Rivera gave her three options for how badly to lose a set. Losing, she learned, was easy.
-
-“For example, when I was serving, I just hit a double fault on purpose,” she said.
-
-The money arrived via MoneyGram from Armenia: $10,000 for the fix. She did it again and again. By the time she was done fixing matches a few months later, she had made an effortless $50,000, she said. She dreamed of starting a tennis club in Thailand.
-
-“It was the money I needed to prepare for my life beyond tennis,” she said.
-
-### IX
-
-As his network grew, Sargsyan became suspicious that the police were on to him. He believed he was being followed — into a pizzeria, a park where he strolled after midnight, a train station in Paris. He worried about his phones being wiretapped.
-
-Rivera could tell that Sargsyan was growing more anxious, the carefully constructed veneer of wealth and insouciance occasionally wearing thin. Sargsyan would sometimes snap when players didn’t lose after promising to, or when they made it obvious they were losing on purpose. When one match in Egypt went awry, Sargsyan sent Rivera a flurry of threatening texts.
-
-“I’m mad.”
-
-“The f--- I’m doing this since 3am.”
-
-“I will break his legs.”
-
-It would turn out that Sargsyan’s fears were not unfounded. He was being watched.
-
-***Game, Set, Fix:*** *This is part one of a two-part series about a match-fixing ring in professional tennis.* [*Read part two here*](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/tennis-match-fixing-gambling-investigation-belgium/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template)*.*
-
-##### About this story
-
-Pauline Denys in Brussels and Koba Ryckewaert in Oudenaarde, Belgium, contributed to this report.
-
-Illustrations by Anson Chan. Design and development by Andrew Braford. Data reporting by Steven Rich. Graphics by Artur Galocha. Research by Cate Brown. Design editing by Joe Moore. Photo editing by Olivier Laurent. Copy editing by Martha Murdock and Shibani Shah. Story editing by Peter Finn. Project editing by Reem Akkad.
-
-**Game, Set, Fix:** In a two-part investigation, The Washington Post examined one of the biggest match-fixing rings in modern sports and the biggest match-fixing ring in tennis history.
-
-**Methodology:** To conduct this investigation, reporters at The Post spoke to European police officers and prosecutors. The stories are also based on dozens of interviews with players, coaches, police investigators, tennis officials and match fixers. Reporters analyzed over 30,000 text messages and hundreds of pages of European law-enforcement documents, including interrogation transcripts of players, images and police investigative files revealing the depth and breadth of Grigor Sargysan’s relationships with tennis players and the gamblers who bet on their games. Data on betting markets and irregular betting was collected from regulators around the world. Point-by-point data on matches was compiled for instances of known fixing to examine how agreed-upon fixes in text messages played out on the court. Reporters also created a data set on winnings in fixed matches to analyze against the amounts players made from fixing matches, sets or games.
-
-&emsp;
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-Date: 2023-01-22
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-Link: https://www.businessinsider.com/the-not-quite-redemption-of-south-africas-infamous-marathon-cheats-2022-12?r=US&IR=T
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-&emsp;
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-```button
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-^button-Thenot-quite-redemptionofinfamouscheatsNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# The not-quite-redemption of South Africa's infamous ultra-marathon cheats
-
-Some of you will know this story already. Some of you will think you do. In South Africa, it's lodged in the collective memory, sticky and stubborn. The race. The twins. The watches. The subterfuge. In the world of global running, meanwhile, it still makes lists of the greatest marathon cheats. Even now. Even 23 years later. 
-
-But before the scandal and the shame, the comeback and the infamy, was the event itself. And to understand how things ended up where they did, there's nowhere else to start but right there. 
-
-It's Wednesday, the 16th of June, 1999. South Africa, five years clean of apartheid rule, is the world's darling. And today happens to be the day that Nelson Mandela will step down as the nation's first Black president. In a few hours, he'll hand over the reins to his deputy, Thabo Mbeki.
-
-At 5:59 a.m., when this story starts, it's still pitch black outside. We're in Pietermaritzburg, a tidy colonial city an hour's drive inland from Durban. In front of the red brick city hall stand 12,794 runners. It's the starting line of the Comrades, a 89.9-kilometer (56-mile) race that cuts through the rolling hills that tumble out from here to the Indian Ocean. In addition to the runners gathered on the start line, and the tens of thousands who will flank the route from here to Durban, many South Africans are watching live on television.  
-
-South Africans became obsessed with this homegrown event, the largest and oldest ultramarathon in the world, when a global boycott targeting its racist apartheid government barred the country from big international sporting events like the Olympics and the World Cup. In the lonely depths of South Africa's isolation, winners of this insanely long race were catapulted to fame and landed lucrative sponsorship deals. Even after apartheid was toppled and South Africa was invited back into the global fold, the Comrades retained its caché, and now it also had big-ticket prize money.
-
-One of the runners at the start line this morning, not yet attracting any attention, wears the race number 13018 – Sergio Motsoeneng. At 21, he's one of the youngest runners here, competing in a field crowded with world champions, in a sport where people often peak in their 30s or 40s. He's come here from Phuthaditjhaba, an impoverished area near the Lesotho border. He's never run this far in his life.  
-
-First prize in the Comrades is 100,000 South African Rand ($16,400 at the time). This year, the big corporate running clubs are offering additional money to runners who could break the course records. Sergio's club is offering a R1 million ($164,000) bonus, the equivalent of 70 years of his father's salary. Sergio has nine siblings to help support, and no job. This race is going to be his ticket out. 
-
-From the loudspeakers, the theme song from the running cult film Chariots of Fire blasts into the crowd. Runners peel off the trash bags and ratty sweatshirts they've brought to keep warm while they wait. On a raised platform above the start line, Pietermaritzburg's mayor lifts a handgun. He fires. The race is on.
-
-![A close-up of marathon runners in South Africa](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='1' height='1'/%3E)
-
-Runners are seen taking part in the Comrades Marathon in 2018.
-
-RAJESH JANTILAL/AFP via Getty Images
-
-For years, the idea of winning the Comrades has vibrated through Sergio and his younger brother, Arnold, at a constant frequency. Beginning as teenagers, they won race after race, dominating the sport in Phuthaditjhaba, a small city in the bowl of the Maluti Mountains, a poor and rural corner of the country near South Africa's border with Lesotho. They were rewarded mostly in dinky plastic trophies and bragging rights, plus the occasional cash prize. 
-
-But the boys had bigger ambitions. When Sergio was about 15, and Arnold about 13, they started training informally with a white coach named Eugene Botha. Then in his late 20s, Eugene was short and jovial, with the twitchy excitability of a boxer. He'd been a pro runner in Johannesburg. Now, he ran a fire extinguisher business in the town of Bethlehem, 165 miles to the southeast. The tidy town center – once named the cleanest town in South Africa – was nearly all white. The township of matchbox houses and shacks crowded together on its perimeter was all Black. 
-
-Eugene ran his business from his living room and coached high school running on the side. Sergio and Arnold noticed that his runners were good. They wanted to know how he did it. 
-
-Eugene was charmed by the brothers' drive to show what they could do on a bigger stage. "A runner can always recognize another runner," Eugene tells me. "They were the best in Phuthaditjhaba. At all the races they entered, they won them by far." Sergio, he says, "had the style, the strength, the everything." 
-
-Eugene's business often brought him to Phuthaditjhaba, an hour drive from Bethlehem, and he began taking Sergio and Arnold on long runs through the mountains, or to a track for speedwork drills. It wasn't yet clear to him if Sergio and Arnold were just Phuthaditjhaba good or once-in-a-generation good. But they had pluck.
-
-From the start, the boys were impatient. They wanted to run longer distances, the ones with the big prize money. Hold back, Eugene told them. It didn't make sense to punish their bodies like that, not when they had so much potential, not when they were just getting started.  
-
-Against their mentor's advice Sergio and Arnold decided the Comrades was the race to win. And not in ten years. Now. 
-
-\*\*\*
-
-Five hours and 40 minutes after the crack of the start gun, Sergio Motsoeneng staggers across the finish line at Kingsmead Cricket Ground in Durban. He looks dazed as a race official drapes him in a blue and white Powerade towel. Ninth place, behind a mix of Black and white runners. It's not the record-breaking run he was hoping for, but it is, unequivocally, a phenomenal performance. He'll get R6000 ($1000) in prize money, plus a medal made of real gold. 
-
-The TV commentators are stunned. A top ten finish from a no-name runner, and on his first go no less? "Motsoeneng coming through and surprising us all," marvels Bruce Fordyce, a nine-time Comrades winner turned pundit.  
-
-That night, there's a dinner for Sergio's running club, Rentmeester Reparil Gel, which takes its tongue-twisting name from the insurance company and pain relief gel that co-sponsor it. It's one of the country's elite clubs, and its runners have done well. Four, including Sergio, finished in the top ten, and three more in the top 50. Everyone is celebrating, drinking beer, slapping each other on the back. Andrew Kelehe, a runner who finished third — though he'd land in second place after another runner was disqualified for doping — and one of the coaches, John Hamlett, will tell me later that Sergio looked off. He's being really quiet, maybe he's sick. 
-
-By the time Sergio arrives back in Phuthaditjhaba the next day, he's all smiles. His family meets him outside their two-bedroom brick house in a flurry of hugs and tears. 
-
-They all watched the race together on their tiny black and white TV, squinting for footage of Sergio at the front of the pack, they tell him. It was only at the end that they'd spotted him, as the TV cameras panned to Sergio sprinting to the finish just ten minutes behind the winner, arms pumping and face drawn. They'd spend the whole night singing and praising god and dancing in the street. 
-
-"You've opened the future for all of us," Joseph Mphuthi, another runner and an old friend of Sergio's, tells him.
-
-The prize money is a far cry from the R1.1 million Sergio had dreamed of, but it's not nothing either. He buys groceries for the family, new shoes for himself, cloth for the tailoring business that Arnold has started in Bloemfontein, three hours away. 
-
-Their father had told them, more than once, to cut it out with the running. He was fed up with his sons constantly begging him for taxi fare and race entry money, and he didn't hesitate to tell them, you boys need real jobs. His rages were red-hot, often stoked by alcohol. 
-
-But a top 10 finish in South Africa's most prestigious race is something no one expected. This is the moment, Sergio thinks, when everything changes. 
-
-\*\*\*
-
-A few weeks later, Eugene is home in Bethlehem when his phone rings. It's someone from Rentmeester, Sergio's running club. 
-
-Do you know the runner, Motsoeneng? The caller asks.
-
-Yes, I do.
-
-Do you know there are two of them, brothers? 
-
-I do. 
-
-Would you be able to tell them apart?
-
-Of course. 
-
-Ok, says the man on the other end, we're going to fax you some photos now. Please tell us what you see. 
-
-A minute later, Eugene is staring at side-by-side images of a lanky Black runner wearing the number 13018. There's a blue and green Rentmeester singlet hanging off his trim frame, a black cap is pulled low over his face, and he has on a pair of blue and yellow Nikes. 
-
-Immediately, Eugene sees the problem. The runner on the right is clearly Sergio. Ropey and slight, he has soaring cheekbones and a torso so thin you can see the air ripple through his lungs when he breathes. His fists are balled and he's wearing a pink watch on his right wrist. 
-
-![Two side-by-side pictures of a runner.](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='1' height='1'/%3E)
-
-A side-by-side comparison of Sergio Motsoeneng and his brother, Arnold Motsoeneng, racing in the Comrades in 1999.
-
-Gail Irwin/Reuters
-
-Eugene studies the picture on the left. This runner looks stockier and there's a scar running down his right shin. His head is tilted forward, and his face is shrouded by the bill of his cap. He's also wearing a watch, but it's yellow and on his left wrist. 
-
-Eugene's stomach drops. The runner on the left – Eugene has no doubt – is Sergio's brother Arnold.
-
-Within a few days, the two pictures will be splashed across the front pages of South Africa's biggest newspapers. 
-
-\*\*\*
-
-The sun is setting quickly as I scramble up the steep hillside outside Phuthaditjhaba. Ahead of me, Arnold Motsoeneng moves nimbly, hopping over rocks and thorn bushes with the light, sure-footed steps of someone who has run this route many times before. 
-
-For going on thirty years, this mountain he and Sergio nicknamed the Titanic, for its sharp pointed slope, is where they have trained, back and forth, up and down, until their legs and lungs burned. Tonight, though, we are walking, Arnold at the front, Sergio and another brother, Moratoe, at the back, and me in the middle, taking big ragged breaths in the thin air. "You doing ok?" Arnold calls back to me. His voice is warm and gentle, and he smiles at me with the same dazzling cheekbones that graced magazine covers in 1999 beside headlines about the "Crooked Comrades 'Twins.'" I smile back, flashing him a thumbs up. 
-
-A few weeks earlier, I was home in Johannesburg, Sergio's number punched into my phone, screwing up the courage to start the call. By then, I'd spent hours scouring the internet for information about the Motsoenengs, reading article after article with titles like "Two Brothers, One Ultramarathon, and the Greatest Cheat in Running History" and "Top 10 Worst Sporting Cheats." 
-
-They all told the same basic story, although some of the details were fuzzy: In 1999, two lookalike brothers concocted a clever plan to win the Comrades. They ran the race as a relay, swapping their clothes and shoes in portable toilets along the route. If they hadn't forgotten to swap their watches, too, they might have pulled it off. 
-
-Some of the retellings had it — mistakenly — that the brothers were identical twins. One had Sergio and Arnold speeding between handoff points in a getaway car, as if part of an elegantly choreographed heist. One or two stories speculated that a third runner, a "Mr. X," had also run parts of the race. 
-
-The stories hinted at a bigger anxiety. This was, remember, a fragile moment in the life of the new South Africa. There were plenty of people out there, white people especially, who were still praying to see it fail. Reporters from the time wrote that the brothers were "getting rich" off their "skullduggery" and opined that they'd "turned an illustrious event into a race of shame."
-
-"People were saying, 'look what they did to this race, that's what they'll do to the country," remembers Dana Snyman, a white tabloid journalist from the time. 
-
-So when I reached Sergio and made my pitch for an interview, it surprised me that he seemed willing to hear me out. Sure, what they'd done was unethical, I said. But they'd also grown up in apartheid South Africa, one of the most immoral systems imaginable. Weren't they just giving themselves an advantage in a world that had disadvantaged them in every possible way? 
-
-I tell him, their story rang like a kind of analogue prequel to twenty-first century shaming, where seemingly all of society lays into someone's bad behavior and leaves them branded forever. They'd done an idiotic thing when they were young and now, 23 years later, it was still the one thing most people knew about them. I wanted to hear their side, and to know what they'd made of their lives in the long shadow of this scandal. 
-
-Sergio invited me to come meet him. He'd show me around, he said, and help me make sense of what had really happened. "Trust me," he said, "I'll explain everything." 
-
-So that's how I end up here, catching my breath on a mountain top. From up here, Phuthaditjhaba stretches out below us like a scale model of a city. The Motsoeneng brothers pointed out their schools, their favorite running routes, and the old track stadium where Sergio and Arnold won races as teenagers. 
-
-![Two men stand on an incline with mountains in the background.](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='1' height='1'/%3E)
-
-Arnold (left) and Sergio.
-
-Ryan Brown for insider
-
-In those days, they didn't run for South Africa, but for QwaQwa – one of ten "homelands" established for Black South Africans. According to the apartheid government, South Africa was actually a mosaic of different, separate nations, coexisting in beautiful harmony, and QwaQwa was a tiny nub of land backing up against Lesotho. 
-
-The homeland system, much like apartheid, was an elaborate display of racist make-believe. Tiny, non-contiguous territories – supposedly, the original territory of different Black South African ethnic groups – dotted across the country. Naturally, those territories comprised only 13 percent of the land, in a country where three quarters of the population was Black, and excluded the country's best farmland, and its wealthy mineral reserves.
-
-The family arrived here in 1987. Sergio and Arnold's father Jonas was hired as a school caretaker, and squashed in the two-bedroom caretakers' cottage. Jonas and his wife, Emily, were both from a nearby farm in "white" South Africa's eastern Orange Free State, where their families had been long-term tenants of a family of white farmers. Emily left school in at the age of 10  to take care of the white family's baby. Jonas milked their cows. 
-
-Sergio could remember, when he was little, watching how the white farmer ran his tractor, harvesting field after field of maize and beans. When he was done, Sergio's father and the other Black farmworkers walked those same fields, picking up for themselves whatever the white man had left behind. 
-
-But if opportunities still seemed dim for Emily and Jonas' generation, their children expected more. 
-
-Even as most of the country remained under strict racial segregation, South Africa's apartheid government cared enough about getting back into international sports that it agreed to integrate running. In 1975, Black runners, and women, were allowed to compete in the Comrades for the first time. 
-
-Other major races also integrated, and soon, Black runners dominated the sport. Eugene, who started competing in the late 1980s, recalls competing in the 1991 City to City ultra-marathon from Johannesburg to Pretoria and finishing ninth, behind eight Black runners. As an incentive to keep up white runners' spirits now that they were regularly bested by Black athletes, Eugene's running club gave him a bonus for finishing first among white runners, he told me.
-
-Sergio and Arnold were the athletes of their family. Although they were two years apart in age, they started school together on the farm, and from the time they were young, they were inseparable. Two boys who seemed to know each other's thoughts without asking. *Mafahla*, the other kids called them, *the twins*. "We didn't have another friend," Sergio remembers. 
-
-![A view of mountains.](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='1' height='1'/%3E)
-
-The mountains around Witsieshoek rise high in the Drakensberg region in South Africa.
-
-COLLART Hervé/Sygma via Getty Images
-
-People were constantly confusing him and Arnold, stopping him on the street to congratulate him for a race Arnold had won, and vice versa. 
-
-In his teens, Sergio was named to a South African development squad for young athletes, which meant he was supposed to focus on short-distance training and stay away from long races  But he couldn't help himself, the prize money for marathons was too good. So yes, he once ran a marathon and then told officials to record the finish as Arnold's.  
-
-Who was it hurting? Everyone always said they looked like twins anyway. 
-
-\*\*\*
-
-Back to 1999. Eugene can see the story has legs. 
-
-Even before the photos dropped on his fax tray, there'd been questions. 
-
-Not long after the race, Nick Bester, the Comrades' 15th place finisher, lodged a complaint with the Comrades Marathon Association, the CMA. A timing mat showed that the runner registered as Sergio Motsoeneng passed the race's halfway point 7 minutes behind Nick Bester. But somehow, that same runner beat him by eight minutes. 
-
-At first, the Comrades dismissed the allegations. Then, Nick helped dig up these race photos. 
-
-As soon as Eugene hangs up with the official from Sergio's club, he calls Clem Harrington. 
-
-A prosecutor in the old South Africa, Clem was also a Comrades veteran who'd run it 21 times before he turned 40, some kind of record. Clem was the kind of guy who could fight for – or against – anyone, and win. And that, Eugene thought, was what the Motsoenengs needed.  
-
-They confront Sergio together, and Clem proposes a solution: Sell the story to a tabloid. Confess everything. Say how deeply sorry they are. The money's gone, so use the tabloid's fee to pay it back. You might save your running career. And it might still be a good one – after all, Sergio's marathon best was a 2:19, and even running half a Comrades at the pace you did is no joke. 
-
-Sergio agrees, and Clem negotiates the fee with the *Huisgenoot*, a Afrikaans tabloid known for its scoops and celebrity gossip. A few days later, reporter Dana Synman comes to the cottage in Phuthaditjhaba and interviews the brothers for four hours, while a knot of other journalists huddle outside.
-
-"The overwhelming impression I got from them was sincere," the journalist remembers. "They were desperate and they were naïve. They tried their luck, and they didn't get away with it. It's not like robbing a bank. To run a Comrades, even half a Comrades, that's very tough." 
-
-The story appears on the cover of the *Huisgenoot* under the headline POOR BROTHERS' DREAM BECOMES A NIGHTMARE. Inside, there's a photo of Sergio with his arm draped over Arnold, the famous pink watch dangling from his wrist. "I am sorry about what happened at the Comrades," Sergio is quoted saying. "But people also need to know: I did not kill. I'm just tired of being poor."
-
-A few days after the story appears, Eugene, Clem, and Sergio drive to Pietermaritzburg to return the medal and hand over that fistful of cash. Sergio tells the CMA board how sorry he is and Clem asks for the minimum sentence. "We ask South Africa to forgive him," he pleads. 
-
-![Three men hold](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='1' height='1'/%3E)
-
-An old photograph of Eugene, Clem, and Sergio, held by Eugene.
-
-Curtesy of Eugene Botha
-
-It's been an embarrassing year all around for the CMA, actually. In addition to Sergio, two other runners in the top ten have been disqualified, both for doping. The winners' tables keep shifting, prize money keeps getting returned. 
-
-In the end, Sergio and Arnold get a five-year ban from the Comrades. Clem is satisfied – it's punishment enough to scare them straight, and they'll still be young enough to compete. They'll have a chance, one day, to put this behind them, and maybe turn an embarrassing story into a triumphant one. 
-
-But shame blooms out from the lie like a bloodstain, dark and heavy and hard to wash out. "My heart was broken," says Emily, their mother. "I still don't believe they ever cheated. 
-
-"We just wanted to forget it ever happened," Sergio's wife, who was then his girlfriend, tells me. 
-
-Not long after the scandal slid out of the public eye, Jonas Motsoeneng learned he had brain cancer. He died in the early hours of January 1, 2000, as South Africa spun into a new millennium. 
-
-\*\*\*
-
-When we finally get into it, Sergio and Arnold claim they can't remember exactly when they decided they would cheat, or whose idea it was to begin with. Sergio had been training, really training, he says. But when he heard about Rentmeester's R1 million reward, something inside him shifted. 
-
-Together, they scrutinized the course map, which showed the portable toilets. They picked a spot, just before halfway, where they hoped it would be easy to slip in and out of the crowd. And that was it. 
-
-It was Arnold who had started the race in Pietermaritzburg, they say. At the agreed-upon spot, they'd both slipped into the cramped space of a portable toilet and hurriedly peeled off their clothes. 
-
-Suddenly, bang! There was a knock at the door.
-
-Sergio, are you in there? It was Dewald Steyn, one of Rentmeester's managers. I've got your energy drinks out here for you.
-
-Inside the toilet, the men froze. They couldn't open the door now. He'd see for sure that there were two of them inside.
-
-I feel sick, Sergio called back out.
-
-Hurry up, Dewald said. You're losing time.
-
-Outside, he waited. Inside, they waited.
-
-Finally, Dewald said he'd leave the drinks, and walked off. Sergio and Arnold waited a little longer, then Sergio slipped out the door, and onto the road to run the race's second half. Arnold waited a little longer, then hitched a ride back to Durban, where he caught a mini-bus taxi home. 
-
-![Runners line up to use portable bathrooms.](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='1' height='1'/%3E)
-
-Runners use the bathrooms before the start of the start of the 94th edition of the Comrades Marathon in 2019.
-
-RAJESH JANTILAL/AFP via Getty Images
-
-But many of the Motsoeneng's contemporaries in South African running say the story still feels fuzzy, incomplete. "They were in the toilets so long, they would have had to cut the course to make up the time," Nick says when I call him. 
-
-And many suspect this hadn't been the first time they cheated. Arnold entered the Comrades in 1998, but dropped out around halfway – had that been a dress rehearsal? A handoff gone wrong? And then there was the City to City Marathon in 1998. "We" – the front runners "were far, far ahead of the rest of the guys," Nixon Nkodima, another professional runner, tells me. "Then suddenly this guy" — Sergio — "comes out of nowhere and passes us, like he's running a 5k pace \[45k's into an ultra\]. I thought, maybe he's on drugs."
-
-But Arnold, who has largely managed to stay out of the limelight, says there's no reason for them to retreat. "The only thing is that we were looking for cash," he tells me. "But apart from that, we knew we could make it."
-
-\*\*\* 
-
-There's a second chapter to this story that makes a bit of a mess of the narrative that made me want to talk to the brothers in the first place. 
-
-When the ban that Clem had brokered lifted, both Sergio and Arnold started racing again, and winning. In 2009, Sergio made a triumphant return to the Comrades, and the following year, in 2010, he had a breakthrough race. In a photo taken as he sprints towards the finish line, he's grinning, an inversion of the tense, drawn face he wore when he crossed the line a decade before. He finished third.
-
-Speaking to the press afterwards, Sergio is again a model of contrition, saying he's now a family man who'd paid his dues and learned from his mistakes. 
-
-"It just goes to show he did not have to do what he did in 1999," said Cheryl Winn from the Comrades Marathon Association, co-signing his narrative of redemption. "He has great ability."
-
-But six weeks later, the Comrades announced the results of its drug testing of top finishers. Sergio's has come back positive for a performance-enhancing steroid called Norandrosterone.
-
-\*\*\* 
-
-"When they told me I'm positive, I told them, go to hell," Sergio tells me now. He, of all people, knew how a decision like that could snap a life in two. 
-
-We're sitting on a covered porch, beside the brick house he's been building for the last decade and a half in a neighborhood of Phuthaditjhaba called Elite. He's been doing the work himself, by hand, adding a room every time he gets a bit of money. The building sits at a slightly precarious angle to the rocky ground. Its walls bow gently inward. 
-
-Today, Sergio works as a teacher and drives an old green forest green Mercedes, which is parked out front. He has a daughter in university and a wife he lists in his phone as "The Love of My Life." His ten pit bulls clatter around in the house. Both he and Arnold coach running on the side. 
-
-In person, Sergio fizzes with charisma and warmth. But he also holds me at arm's length. I ask to visit the school where he works, but he demurs, saying he would rather not remind his colleagues of the scandal. As it is, when he disciplines his students, he says, the pluckier ones demand to know why they should have to listen to a liar and a cheat like him. 
-
-Of course he didn't cheat at the Comrades in 2010, he tells me. He can't prove it but offers some theories. 
-
-Nandrolone, Sergio says, is found in uncastrated pigs, and there are known cases where athletes tested positive after consuming wild pork. He ate a lot of meat when he was training hard. And also, rumors have swirled for years about Comrades athletes and coaches spiking their rivals' sports drinks, or swapping urine samples before they were shipped off to the lab. Maybe it was that.
-
-And what about what happened to Ludwick Mamabolo, he says, the man whose Comrades win in 2012, two years after Sergio was disqualified, was revoked after he tested positive for a stimulant? His lawyers argued the Comrades' procedures for doping testing had been so haphazard, it was impossible to say with any certainty if the sample tested had even been Ludwick's at all. Ludwick was exonerated and got his title back. 
-
-![A runner reaching the finish line.](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='1' height='1'/%3E)
-
-Ludwick Mamabolo crosses the Comrades Marathon finish line in 2012. After he disqualified for testing positive for a stimulant, he challenged the test and got his title back.
-
-RAJESH JANTILAL/AFP/GettyImages
-
-I looked into all of it, and even spoke to Ludwick's lawyer. But their cases seemed fundamentally different – you could slip the substance Ludwick tested positive for into a sports drink. Nandrolone, by contrast, is usually injected. South Africa's anti-doping body, meanwhile, destroys case records after ten years, and I couldn't find anyone who believed enough in Sergio to plead his case.
-
-Except, of course, Arnold. "If he took it, I would know. Each and everywhere he goes, I go," Arnold tells me. 
-
-Those results shattered them both. "I knew, that's it for him," Arnold says. Gone, was any hope of convincing people they'd just made a stupid mistake all those years before. 
-
-It doesn't make any sense that Sergio would cheat, Arnold keeps saying. It just doesn't make any sense. 
-
-\*\*\*
-
-It's hard, sometimes, not to read everything that happens in South Africa as a metaphor. This is a country where the jailers handed the keys to the inmates, and everyone was told to *forgive.* While the whole world watched, Nelson Mandela shook hands with apartheid's last president, FW de Klerk, and told him, *What is past, is past* – "Wat is verby, is verby!"
-
-The story of two young men, born into one of the most unequal societies on earth, trying – imperfectly, deceitfully – to find their way out of it also feels like something bigger than itself. It's a version of what South Africans have been doing for a generation now since the end of apartheid. As Sergio tells me, "Nobody wants to be poor forever."
-
-![A runner holds a portrait of Nelson Mandela.](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='1' height='1'/%3E)
-
-A Comrades Marathon runner holds a portrait of late South African icon Nelson Mandela in 2014.
-
-RAJESH JANTILAL/AFP via Getty Images
-
-For Sergio and Arnold, the past was something they believed they could, quite literally, outrun. It didn't turn out like that, but it didn't turn out like that for most Black South Africans either. In the generation since the end of apartheid, inequality has remained stubbornly persistent. The wealthiest 3,500 South Africans [own more](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-04/apartheid-legacy-maintains-south-african-wealth-gap-group-says?leadSource=uverify%20wall#xj4y7vzkg) than the poorest 32 million. Much of the country's elite is now Black, but so too are nearly all its poorest people.
-
-When Sergio and Arnold cheated, it felt to many like it was saying something not just about them, but about the moral character of Black South Africans generally. *Look*, they said, *this is who you've handed our country to*. As I sat speaking to Sergio, South Africa's president, Cyril Ramaphosa, was fighting for his political life after revelations that wads of cash, potentially ill-gotten, had been stolen from inside his sofa. 
-
-Of course corruption isn't limited to Black leaders, in South Africa or anywhere else. The apartheid regime was shot through with graft. Its first Black government inherited a state that was nearly bankrupt. And a generation, like Sergio and Arnold, came of age promised a world that was, for most of them, never going to materialize. 
-
-"You have to be Zola Budd level to get out of here," Eugene remarked to me, referring to the bare-footed white South African teenager who became a record-breaking runner for England in the 1980s. "People steal millions, and yet this \[Sergio\] is the guy they want to go after." 
-
-Now, sitting by Sergio's house, I listen carefully as he lays out his theories about that 2010 race. 
-
-I nod along, scribbling notes. It feels like we're up on that mountain in Phuthaditjhaba again. The world is laid out below us, small and vast and we can't quite make out all the details. 
-
-\*\*\*
-
-Toward the end of my trip, I'm with Arnold, twisting my car up a steep road to the border with Lesotho.
-
-![A view of mountains.](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='1' height='1'/%3E)
-
-The Maluti Mountains, as seen from Butha Buthe, Lesotho, in 2021.
-
-Sumaya Hisham/Reuters
-
-He wanted to show me this route where they used to train, 20 kilometers up, 20 kilometers down, waving to the border guards as they went. The air is dry and thin, and smells of wood smoke. Below us, in the valley where the Motsoeneng brothers have lived nearly all of their lives, the high-altitude sun glints off tin roofs. A shepherd coaxes a small flock of grey sheep up a hillside. The vegetation is dry and crisp. 
-
-Of the two Motsoeneng brothers, Arnold has always been the more reserved. In 1999, he faded into the background of the cheating scandal. Even now, he is content to let Sergio, clever, fast-talking, and brash, be the face of their story. 
-
-I realize there's something I haven't asked him yet. When he was running in the Comrades, keeping pace with South Africa's greatest runners, he knew it was a lie, but was it also a thrill? 
-
-He smiles. It was one of those charmed days runners are blessed with every now and again, where you feel like you could run forever, he says. He was weightless. Nothing hurt. Even now, when he is training, he thinks, *I wish it could feel like that day agai*n.
-
-![xxxx](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='1' height='1'/%3E)
-
-Arnold with the kids her coaches.
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-Ryan Brown for Insider
-
-The next day, I stood next to the dirt soccer field where Arnold coaches an elementary school cross country team, watching the kids plunk down backpacks and shed their school uniform sweaters. Here, on the edges of Phuthaditjhaba, the city slips in and out of focus. A city bus grumbles past, then a shepherd on horseback. 
-
-A lot of the kids run barefoot, just as Arnold and Sergio did when they were that age. They call Arnold *ntate,* the Sesotho word for father. He explains the day's drills, and they all take off running, arms untucked and flailing.  
-
-Sometimes the kids get lazy and start cutting the corners, he tells me. "And I tell them, when you do that, you're not cheating me. You are only cheating yourself." 
-
-*Correction: December 30, 2022 — Due to an editing error, an earlier version of this story misstated, in the first reference, the year of the Comrades race when Sergio and Arnold Motsoeneng were caught cheating. It was in 1999, not 1990.*
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-Date: 2023-05-11
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-TimeStamp: 2023-05-11
-Link: https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/film/features/the-quiet-passion-of-cillian-murphy-peaky-blinders-oppenheimer-29064/
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-```button
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-&emsp;
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-# The quiet passion of Cillian Murphy
-
-The sun is shining in the small riverside town of New Ross, but it’s still chilly when the wind bites; a feeble attempt at early spring. It’s Good Friday, and I’m standing outside St. Mary’s, an imposing defunct Catholic school in rural County Wexford, Ireland. Crew members scamper towards their lights and cranes. Two rows of haggard schoolgirls, heads lolling, are led by a nun through the yard. Incongruously, through the sunshine, a snow machine periodically emits suds that melt on your face as you pass: this is Christmas 1984 via Easter weekend 2023. There, amid a clutch of equipment and crew members in the usual onset menagerie, stands [Cillian Murphy](http://rollingstone.co.uk/tag/cillian-murphy), producer and star of *Small Things Like These*, in a cinematic return to his native Ireland. 
-
-Murphy isn’t easy to spot straight away. Your eyes don’t immediately land on him as if following an unholy halo of superstar light; he is not presiding over anything or taking up extra room anywhere. That may seem strange, given that many of us have spent years watching his charisma on screen cut swathes through every scene, or gazing into those otherworldly ice-blue eyes that occasionally offer a flash of gangster malevolence. 
-
-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Cillian-1-686x1024.jpg)
-
-  
-Jacket by Berluti, roll-neck by Anest Collective, corduroy trousers by Carhartt WIP at Selfridges, shoes by Gucci, socks by Sockshop (Picture: Kosmas Pavlos)
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-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Cillian-15-819x1024.jpg)
-
-Top by Mr. P at Mr Porter (Picture: Kosmas Pavlos)
-
-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Cillian-12-682x1024.jpg)
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-Full look by Saint Laurent, shoes by Gucci (Picture: Kosmas Pavlos)
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-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Cillian-5-819x1024.jpg)
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-Suit by Erdem, shirt by Dior, Shoes by Jimmy Choo, socks by Falke (Picture: Kosmas Pavlos)
-
-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Cillian-9-819x1024.jpg)
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-Full look by Saint Laurent, shoes by Gucci (Picture: Kosmas Pavlos)
-
-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Cillian-14-819x1024.jpg)
-
-Top by Mr. P at Mr Porter (Picture: Kosmas Pavlos)
-
-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Cillian-7-819x1024.jpg)
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-Suit by Erdem, shirt by Dior, Shoes by Jimmy Choo, socks by Falke (Picture: Kosmas Pavlos)
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-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Cillian-2-684x1024.jpg)
-
-Jacket by Berluti, roll-neck by Anest Collective, corduroy trousers by Carhartt WIP at Selfridges, shoes by Gucci, socks by Sockshop (Picture: Kosmas Pavlos)
-
-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Cillian-8-819x1024.jpg)
-
-Full look by Saint Laurent, shoes by Gucci (Picture: Kosmas Pavlos)
-
-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Cillian-6-819x1024.jpg)
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-Suit by Erdem, shirt by Dior, Shoes by Jimmy Choo, socks by Falke (Picture: Kosmas Pavlos)
-
-A highlight reel of Murphy’s work is itself prodigious: there are his early days on stage in 90s London in friend and writer Enda Walsh’s play-then-film *Disco Pigs*. His speechifying leftist fervour in Ken Loach’s *The Wind That Shakes the Barley*. You might recall his transgender glam-rock singer in *Breakfast on Pluto* — but you almost certainly know his cold, feline grace in *Peaky Blinders*. And, of course, there was his sinister Scarecrow in Christopher Nolan’s *Batman*. Now his bespectacled visage can be seen in the promotional materials for this summer’s enormous new Nolan film: *Oppenheimer*. There, Murphy is playing one of the most recognisable historical minds of the 20th century. 
-
-Suffice it to say that the Cork native, 46, has one of the most distinctive faces — and careers — in contemporary film and television. “I remember very clearly, I saw a picture of him in the newspaper,” Nolan tells me over the phone from Los Angeles. “It was for *28 Days Later*. He had his head shaved, and those extraordinary eyes. I hadn’t seen the film. It was just the look of him, it struck me.” Yet in person, that striking screen presence melts into total ordinariness: he is physically slight, unassuming, almost diffident. He sticks out his hand and introduces himself by his first name, like I was going to confuse him with anyone else. 
-
-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/011_COVER_CILLIAN_300ppi-847x1024.jpg)
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-Murphy is currently in between shooting exterior scenes, so he’s wearing the costume of his character, Bill Furlong, an 80s coal man with too many mouths to feed. That means a worn-in wax jacket, threadbare work trousers, artificially coal-dusted hands and a genuinely bleeding cut seeping across his knuckles (he caught it while shovelling in a scene). We sit side by side and drink coffee before he rushes off to shoot again, lifting breezeblocks from a lorry bed in the pretend snow of an Irish winter.
-
-*Small Things Like These*, adapted for the screen from Claire Keegan’s acclaimed and heart-wrenching novella, was handpicked by Murphy: it’s his passion project. It’s become his first feature production credit on the strength of it being “an important story for Ireland”, he says. It deals with the insidious moral complicity of Irish society in the Magdalene Laundries. “Everyone in Ireland that you talk to, of a certain generation, more or less has a story. It’s just *in* Irish people,” says Murphy. “What happened with the church, I think we’re still kind of processing it. And art can be a balm for that, it can help with that.”  
-
-The production is set in New Ross following on from the book, and here at St. Mary’s, which actually operated as a laundry in the past, Murphy points out with an almost visible shudder that there are “ghosts”. I don’t think he’s being literal, but he goes on to say, “Being on location does something to the subconscious of the actors. I was very insistent that we didn’t build any sets, there’s no studio work: it’s all location work,” he says. “You can feel the texture, and in the tiny house where we shot you can feel the claustrophobia. The pressure comes in a real way. Chris \[Nolan\] is also a big fan of that. If you’re put in the right environment, you will act differently than to when you walk onset with your fucking soy latte or whatever.”
-
-Murphy’s exacting attitude about his own project doesn’t seem far removed from the influence of Nolan, his long-time collaborator. They first worked together back in 2005, when Murphy auditioned for what would become Christian Bale’s role as Bruce Wayne himself before being cast instead as Dr. Jonathan Crane — Scarecrow — in *Batman Begins*. Thus began a collaboration that would lead to him playing J Robert Oppenheimer in one of this summer’s most highly anticipated films. “I was a Chris Nolan fan. That’s how I was when I met him for the first time, because I’d watched *Following*, I’d watched *Memento*, I’d watched *Insomnia*. And I met him for *Batman Begins*, and I met him on the basis of being a fan. So, it feels absurd that I’ve been in six of his films.”
-
-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Cillian-16-1024x640.jpg)
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-Suit by Erdem, shirt by Dior, Shoes by Jimmy Choo, socks by Falke (Picture: Kosmas Pavlos)
-
-It seems notable that at the height of his *Peaky* fame, Murphy took time to appear in *Dunkirk* in a cameo as a ‘shivering soldier’ with combat shock, a rather unshowy and minor role for an actor of his calibre. As Murphy points out, “I’d always show up for Chris, even if it was walking in the background of his next movie holding a surfboard. Though… not sure what kind of Chris Nolan movie that would be,” he laughs. “But I always hoped I could play a lead in a Chris Nolan movie. What actor wouldn’t want to do that?”
-
-‘You start *talking* about acting and it’s like… when you shine a light on it, it disappears,” Murphy tells me the following day, as we sit in the empty top floor of a swish French restaurant in Dublin Bay. He’s looking a bit cleaner than Bill Furlong the coal man today, having just nipped over from his Rolling Stone UK cover shoot across the city. Without yesterday’s grime, he looks boyish, almost elfin. “Joanne Woodward said acting is like sex: you should do it and not talk about it,” he says. “And that’s why on set, with a good director, you rarely talk about the actual work. You talk around it, what you’re going to do next. I can do an immense amount of preparation, but then a lot of the action happens to you in real time. So, there is no value, really, in intellectualising anything.”
-
-Murphy has a quicksilver intellect nonetheless, and we hop from masculinity to 70s Dustin Hoffman films to religion with ease. “My family wasn’t particularly religious, but I was taught by a religious order. The Irish school system was almost exclusively controlled by the Catholic Church, and still is to a large degree. And I went to church and got, you know, communion, confirmation and all of that. I have no problem with people having faith,” he says. “But I don’t like it being imposed. When it’s imposed, it causes harm. That’s where I have an issue. So, I don’t want to go around bashing the good things about institutionalised religion, because there are some. But when it gets twisted and fucked-up, like it did in our country, and imposed on a nation, that’s an issue.”
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-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Cillian-15-819x1024.jpg)
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-Top by Mr. P at Mr Porter (Picture: Kosmas Pavlos)
-
-Given the subjects of his latest projects, which both, in their fashion, tell stories about institutional arrogance and the men who find themselves pitted against it, I ask him about learning lessons from cinema. “Maybe you get people talking when they leave the cinema. I love those films — provocative and political, but with a small p,” he tells me. “If you’re dogmatic and prescriptive, no one wants to watch it, but if it’s in an entertaining, stimulating film, people can watch it on two different levels.”
-
-If it were to be said that Murphy specialises in anything, it might be physically expressing that multi-layered approach: the thoughts and motivations of inward men, who are not prone to garrulousness or fervent displays of emotion. Nolan certainly seems to think so: “Cillian has this extraordinary empathetic ability to carry an audience into a thought process. He projects an intelligence that allows the audience to feel that they understand the character and see layers of meaning.” 
-
-Such is the case with his decade-long characterisation of Tommy Shelby, the battle-scarred First World War veteran turned post-war criminal kingpin. So, too, with the very different character he plays in *Small Things Like These*, a monosyllabic working man who is nevertheless constantly lost in a web of thought and memory. From the limited materials so far released to the public in anticipation for *Oppenheimer*, Murphy’s turn as the father of the atomic bomb seems to be an equally interior role. The scientist became a symbol for our collective ambivalence about the bomb and the American deployment of it in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, but as a man, he was artistic and sensitive, a lover of poetry as much as of science, and a strident anti-fascist. 
-
-“I think Oppenheimer, of all the characters that I’ve seen Cillian take on and of all the characters that I’ve dealt with in my work, is one of the most complicated and layered people,” says Nolan. “Cillian is one of the few talents able to explore those different layers, and to project that level of complexity in a way that allows you to understand the character.”
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-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Cillian-9-819x1024.jpg)
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-Full look by Saint Laurent, shoes by Gucci (Picture: Kosmas Pavlos)
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-Murphy is enthused at the opportunity to bring the story to the screen. “I think it’s the best script I ever read,” he says. The script was, per Nolan, given to the actor written entirely in the first person: the unusual move was immediately queried by Murphy. “He wanted it to be solely from Oppenheimer’s perspective. And I think the film is sensational. As a person who loves films — I’m not saying it ’cos I’m in the fucking thing, I hate looking at myself —  but as a lover of film, as a cinephile, I’m a Chris Nolan fan.”
-
-“Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds,” go the apocryphal words of the scientist upon witnessing his creation detonate for the first time at the Trinity test. We had entered the nuclear age, a threshold we can never conceivably uncross, our capacity for self-annihilation so elegantly and wickedly expressed by Oppenheimer himself. This was a man whose talent, idealism and hubris would lead him to ruin and dubious achievement: in other words, a dream for an actor like Murphy. “His ability to project power applies in a completely different way to a character like Oppenheimer, because Oppenheimer is this extraordinary strategic brain,” says Nolan. “There are all these levels of intention that are going on with the actions he’s taking, and he’s surrounded by people. So, the audience becomes members of this community who are hanging on to his every word, studying his every gesture, to try and understand it.”
-
-Understandably, portraying such an elaborately brilliant mind had its challenges. “In *Sunshine* \[Danny Boyle’s 2007 sci-fi movie\], I played a physicist. I spent some time with \[the physicist\] Brian Cox, and he was a brilliant teacher,” Murphy says. “I’m never going to have the intellectual capability — not many of us do — but I loved listening. I enjoyed being around these insanely intelligent men and women and going for dinner to talk about normal shit,” he says. He offers some hints to his characterisation of Oppenheimer as he muses: “With that intellect — which I think can actually be a burden — you’re not seeing stuff in the normal plane that we do. Everything is multifaceted and about to collapse. It’d be a terrible way to buy milk or cut the grass, I’d say.”
-
-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Cillian-1-686x1024.jpg)
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-Jacket by Berluti, roll-neck by Anest Collective, corduroy trousers by Carhartt WIP at Selfridges, shoes by Gucci, socks by Sockshop (Picture: Kosmas Pavlos)
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-Dislocation from the ordinary is hardly unfamiliar for Murphy. Congenitally private, he left London for Dublin about eight years ago with his wife, artist Yvonne McGuinness, and his two teenage sons. “We had 14 years in London. But I feel like as you hit your late 30s and have kids, living in a major metropolis is less exciting. And then also, you know, we’re both Irish. We wanted the kids to be Irish. I think it’s the best decision we made,” he says, pointing out that he sold his kids on it — now nearly 16 and nearly 18 — with the promise of the Labrador they now own. 
-
-“They’re really good boys. We have a laugh,” he says, affectionately. “We don’t do ‘Dad’s Movie Night’, but they like some of my films. They say all my films are really *intense*.”
-
-Amid the increasingly frenzied obsession with *Peaky Blinders*, Stephen Knight’s series turned global phenomenon about 20s Birmingham gangsters, Murphy has become something more than an actor with a recognisable face: he’s become a cultural icon synonymous with Tommy Shelby, just as James Gandolfini did with Tony Soprano. It’s an uneasy negotiation for Murphy, who is strident about maintaining his separation from the noise. “It can ruin experiences, because it fetishises everything: you can be walking down the street and someone takes a picture like this is a fucking event. It kind of destroys nuance and human behaviour, but that’s part and parcel of it,” he says of his reluctant relationship with fame. 
-
-“Fame evaporates with regularity,” Murphy ponders, gesturing around the restaurant (a favourite haunt). “I’m around here all the time and no one gives a fucking shit. Nobody cares. I go to the shop. It dissipates. But if… one of the guys from *Succession* walked in here, I’d be all intimidated and shaky. When you’re confronted with someone you’ve invested a lot in, or you think is amazing, the encounter is strange,” he says. 
-
-There’s no sense of affectation about Murphy: he really does dislike all of the rigmarole that comes with promoting a project. When I leave him in New Ross the night before our interview, he says to me: “I look forward to my grilling.” 
-
-“A light grilling,” I reply, a bit taken aback by what seem to be genuinely jangling nerves on his part.
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-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Cillian-8-819x1024.jpg)
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-Full look by Saint Laurent, shoes by Gucci (Picture: Kosmas Pavlos)
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-Later, he sighs while relating how, “Fame is like commuting. You have to commute to get to your destination.” Don’t get him wrong, he doesn’t like to complain, but it is the work, above all, that he values. “I think that’s the way the best people are: they’re not doing it for any other reason but love of the craft. They have a compulsion to make work, not to be famous or get attention,” he says, by way of praising Irish colleagues like Kerry Condon and Barry Keoghan.
-
-“I don’t really partake. I don’t go out. I’m just at home mostly, or with my friends, unless I have a film to promote. I don’t like being photographed by people. I find that offensive. If I was a woman, and it was a man photographing me…” he trails off. Attempting some levity, I point out there are worse things than women fancying him. “No comment,” Murphy replies firmly. “I think it’s the Tommy Shelby thing. People expect this mysterious, swaggering… it’s just a character. I do feel people are a little bit underwhelmed. That’s fine, it means I’m doing my job. *Peaky* fans are amazing. But sometimes I feel a little sad that I can’t provide — like — that charisma and swagger. He couldn’t be further from me.” 
-
-After the season 6 finale aired last summer to hosannas from fans, talk was ignited around a possible *Peaky Blinders* film, with Stephen Knight confirming the plans. Murphy is currently working with the team on putting the movie together. “If there’s more story there, I’d love to do it,” he says. “But it has to be right. Steve Knight wrote 36 hours of television, and we left on such a high. I’m really proud of that last series. So, it would have to feel legitimate and justified to do more,” he says. 
-
-As the evening winds down, Murphy seems visibly more relaxed. He’s clearly happier talking about *Inside Llewyn Davis* and Joni Mitchell than himself. Given his interest in music — he tells me that his record collection is his greatest extravagance, and how his teenage band was nearly signed to a major label — I wonder if he’d be game to introduce a musical component into his film work.
-
-“I almost want to protect my relationship with it,” he says, reflecting on his love of music. “It was my first love, and I worked really hard at trying to be a musician and it didn’t work out,” he says, tugging on the sleeves of his jumper. “But I’ve turned down quite a few biopic roles of musicians,” he reveals, although he won’t say who. “I’d much prefer to watch a three-hour Scorsese doc about George Harrison than play George Harrison in a bad wig,” he says. There’s a beat. He smiles. “It wasn’t George Harrison I was asked to play, by the way.
-
-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Cillian-5-819x1024.jpg)
-
-Suit by Erdem, shirt by Dior, Shoes by Jimmy Choo, socks by Falke (Picture: Kosmas Pavlos)
-
-“I will never release any music of my own, never, ever,” he continues. “I want to do one thing well. And I guess because I’m still a little sore about being a failed musician.” 
-
-Music is still nipping at Murphy’s heels: he admits his go-to when feeling low is *The Beatles Anthology*, along with Peter Jackson’s 2021 series *Get Back*. When he puts on his driving playlist during the photoshoot, 70s krautrock blares out (Can’s ‘Vitamin C’, natch.) Later, catching a snap of himself looking unusually jovial in a full-length black leather YSL trench, (photographers never usually ask him to smile, he points out), he says: “I look like Lou Reed just told me I was cool.”
-
-When he’s relaxed, there’s a low-key humour to Murphy, and he swears constantly, a refreshing punctuation for most of his sentences given his often-serious demeanour. It makes for a curious combination: self-deprecating, workaday Irishness (“Don’t be silly,” he immediately says at the idea he might be intimidating, momentarily forgetting that he has played a *Batman* villain), and also something granite-hewn. (“Be calm and controlled in your life and furious and chaotic in your work. Or something like that,” he says, paraphrasing Flaubert.) 
-
-“No” is a full sentence with Murphy, as I soon learn. It’s the same in his creative projects, according to people who’ve known him for years: he’s unstoppable in pursuit of what he wants, and equally stone-stubborn if he decides against something. “He’s always looked to challenge himself. He’s never been an actor to rest on his laurels,” says Nolan of his leading man. “He’s the same guy he was. He hasn’t let success change him or get in the way of the truth of this process in any way. And that’s a very difficult thing for an actor to maintain across a career.”
-
-![](https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Cillian-2-684x1024.jpg)
-
-Jacket by Berluti, roll-neck by Anest Collective, corduroy trousers by Carhartt WIP at Selfridges, shoes by Gucci, socks by Sockshop (Picture: Kosmas Pavlos)
-
-Murphy’s intractability is also his integrity: it’s probably how he has maintained one of the most respected and variable careers in the business, never seeming to settle for the voguish or vanilla. But he’s typically prosaic about it. “I’m totally fragile and insecure, like most actors,” he tells me. “It’s putting your head over the emotional parapet. It’s fuckin’ hard. It’s a vulnerable place to be.”
-
-Back in New Ross, the sun has set and production is ongoing; a few of us have retreated into a tent with a monitor and a headset through which we can see and hear the shooting — and the conversations between Murphy, director Tim Mielants, and co-star Zara Devlin. Technically, this is a simple scene: his character has to enter a coal shed and discover a fragile, freezing teenage girl, put his arms around her, and guide her out. It begins that way, simply a geometry lesson of angles, light and movement. Through the headset, I listen as Murphy suggests re-blocking the scene; chewing ice cubes to make the actors’ wintery breath appear; changing the way he enters the frame. Every idea helps. It’s a marvel of collaborative filmmaking, brick-by-brick emotional and visual construction as each take noticeably improves. Long-time producer Alan Moloney murmurs with tacit approval that “Cillian interrogates everything.” 
-
-But it’s when Murphy and Devlin begin to improvise, murmuring to one another in low voices, that an electric energy seems to charge through the set. A simple scene becomes a heart-breaking one; a gruff, terse man shows a brief glimpse of soft underbelly, an understated emotional vulnerability all the more powerful for its restraint. 
-
-When the filming breaks, Moloney exclaims joyfully. Murphy stands in the car park with his hands in his pockets; suddenly he looks delicate. He’s back behind the parapet, where it’s safe for a moment. But it’s pretty clear he’s good and ready for the skirmish.
-
-**Words: Christina Newland**  
-**Photography: Kosmas Pavlos**  
-**Creative & Styling: Joseph Kocharian**  
-**Hair & Makeup: Gareth Bromell**  
-**Digital imagery: Dienachbarin**  
-**Photography Assistant: Luke Johnson**  
-**Fashion Assistant: Aaron Pandher**
-
-***[Taken from issue 11 of Rolling Stone UK, out May 11. Buy your copy here.](https://rollingstone.imbmsubscriptions.com/current-issue-print/) Oppenheimer is released 21 July.***
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-Date: 2023-09-25
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-09-25
-Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/of-interest/2023/09/19/tony-p-instagram-tiktok-dc/
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-```button
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-&emsp;
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-# The radical earnestness of Tony P
-
-## How an affable 25-year-old mesmerized D.C. with the blissful mundanity of his daily life
-
-Anthony Polcari, or Tony P online, films content for his social media accounts at home in Washington on Aug. 31. (Amanda Andrade-Rhoades for The Washington Post)
-
-On a top floor of a glass-walled apartment building on a brutalist stretch of Pennsylvania Avenue, somewhere between the Oval Office and the Senate chamber, past a bored concierge, up an elevator, down an endless hallway, in a sterile apartment filled with rented furniture, Tony P studies his salmon.
-
-He softly sings the “Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood” theme song, even though there are no neighbors around. He mounds red and white miso paste into a bowl, douses it with rice vinegar, soy sauce and honey, and mixes it into a beige sludge to bathe two meaty filets. He’s never touched most of these ingredients before and is going mostly on feel. When the food finishes cooking, he exclaims, “It’s a Christmas miracle,” even though it isn’t. It’s just a quiet Tuesday in the life of Tony P.
-
-“I’m learning along with my followers,” he says.
-
-He’s got more than 66,000 on Instagram, where he documents his life as an average “25-year-old bachelor in D.C.”
-
-His life is basic. People love it. This month he’s been getting hundreds of new followers every day.
-
-During the week, he walks 35 minutes to his consulting job, shedding calories that he replaces with extra double-chocolate cookies from Subway, where he devours “the Tony P Special”: a tower of turkey, bacon, green peppers, lettuce, spinach, onions, a little bit of rotisserie chicken, dressed with the MVP parmesan vinaigrette, on toasted wheat.
-
-By now you could probably guess that Tony P is in a kickball league. After games on the National Mall, he might hit a happy hour at Astro Beer Hall or one of the other Miller Lite-soaked bars every 20**\-**something professional in D.C. flip-cups through. In the evening, he attempts new cod and salmon recipes and winds down with an episode of the original “[Law & Order](https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/03/09/law-and-order-returns/?itid=lk_inline_manual_8).”
-
-“If Lennie Briscoe’s not in it,” Tony P says, “I’m not watching.”
-
-Weekends are for golfing or Nationals games. Sometimes he’ll dance like nobody’s watching, though he’s aware that tens of thousands are.
-
-He records and broadcasts his day-to-day life on Instagram and TikTok. Each video is more quotidian than the last. There are no traces of Gen X irony or cynicism in his content. No snarky anxiety-fueled memes that millennials indulge in. The self-described “husband-in-waiting” seems, simply, like a kind, young guy with a life that’s familiar to anyone who spent their mid-20s working and dating in Washington.
-
-“It’s so mundane,” says Tony P. “I’m still like, ‘Wow, this stuff actually does appeal to people.’ They find it endearing, I guess, which is nice.”
-
-He posts about one video a day, sleeping only five hours a night to keep up with work and this side-hustle. His Cameo inbox is full of requests for personalized video greetings. In one, he advises a new D.C. resident named James to visit all the Smithsonian museums and to find a signature brunch place. He also specializes in decaf roasts, Friars Club-style. “How the hell can you not be good at chess?” he says to a guy whose girlfriend requested one, adding: “You have more time to make a decision than a quarterback does in a clean pocket, for the love of God.”
-
-Over the summer, people have been finding Tony P on Instagram and TikTok. The algorithm has been serving him up, too.
-
-Here’s Tony P, [trying on dress shirts](https://www.instagram.com/reel/Cu90Kl2gTWY/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==).
-
-Here’s Tony P, going furniture shopping.
-
-Here’s Tony P, [cooking fish](https://www.instagram.com/reel/CvGMMx5Aw0C/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==).
-
-And here’s plenty of Washingtonians, all tuning in to Tony P’s daily schedule of chores and errands.
-
-A fan account, [the P-Hive](https://www.instagram.com/the_phive/), posts Tony P-themed memes and videos of other people emulating some of his signature moves, such as the “triple-arm cross” in which he widely crosses his arms three times while showing off an outfit.
-
-Unbeknownst to Tony P, the fan account is run by a group of his friends. They thought it could be fun to bolster his content, because they love Tony P.
-
-“You never feel bad after watching a Tony P video,” says a friend of Tony P’s who is the clandestine manager of the P-Hive and spoke on the condition of anonymity.
-
-“It’s not mind-boggling to me that he’s getting so much attention,” says Tony P’s college friend T.J. Tann, “because he’s one of the most genuine dudes I’ve ever come across.”
-
-As Tony P racked up more than 40,000 new followers over the summer, he became something of Rorschach test, especially for people in this violently cynical town he calls home. His earnestness seems otherworldly. His wholesomeness seems impossible.
-
-Is it a prank or the new punk rock?
-
-Who *is* Tony P, and why can’t we stop watching?
-
-Tony P records himself making miso salmon for dinner. (Video: Travis Andrews/The Washington Post)
-
-When I first stumbled upon Tony P’s page, I thought it was a bit. My cynical mind, raised on Andy Kaufman and Nathan Fielder and poisoned by this job and this town, couldn’t accept that someone could just *be himself.* Be so *normal*. Be so seemingly *happy*, so effortlessly. Nor could I grasp that so many people would want to watch someone simply live their uneventful life — not in this perpetually frantic age of social media.
-
-I had to explore all this — why he is doing this, why people are watching — which led me to his dining-room table, and a plate of miso salmon and green beans.
-
-Tony P later posted a [video of our dinner](https://www.instagram.com/p/CwlyEjRgZ38/) to Instagram. Nearly 1,800 people liked it, and many had a burning question: “Dinner for 2? Who’s filming? Wine? Cooking date night?? We need answers Tony P.”
-
-The answer is just me, a curious 35-year-old reporter asking about Tony P’s life.
-
-“I was born in Methuen, Massachusetts, a town on the border of New Hampshire,” says Tony P. “I could crawl to New Hampshire if I wanted to …”
-
-His full name is Anthony John Polcari. He was a working-class townie kid north of Boston.
-
-His parents divorced when he was 4 years old and he split his time between them. His mother, on the way to work, would drop him off for the day at Whirlaway Golf Shop, by the Merrimack River. He developed a swing good enough to compete on the New England PGA Junior Tour.
-
-He says he was raised “by a village” that included his grandfather Dan Ferraro, who would quote Shakespeare’s “Twelfth Night” — “Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them” — and Marie Donahue, his great-aunt, who became like a second mother to him. When she died in 2012, she left Tony P her collection of 70 vinyl records of Neil Diamond. Two now hang on the wall in his apartment. He wants her close by.
-
-From a young age, he was an old soul. That’s what everyone says.
-
-Tony P pins down how old: 35.
-
-“I’m more of a 35-year-old trapped in this body,” says Tony P.
-
-The old soul grew up fast. His mother got hooked on pills. He spent years exercising empathy in church basements full of recovering addicts. He saw the holes in the social safety net. He saw his mom work two jobs to pay rent. Eventually, Tony P presented her with her 15-year sobriety medal.
-
-He also struggled with his own mental health. The transition to the prestigious St. John’s Prep in Danvers, Mass., on a partial scholarship, was difficult. His dad’s old 2004 Infiniti stood out in the parking lot among all the shinier BMWs and Mercedes. The academics daunted him. Small struggles suddenly felt enormous. He began losing his temper on the golf course. He fell into a deep depression. He thought about suicide.
-
-One day, after losing a round, he chucked two golf balls into the water. His coach reprimanded him, reminding him that no one is bigger than the game. This small incident, to Tony P, felt like a wake-up call.
-
-When people meet him, they can initially think it’s sort of an act, that it’s sort of fake,” says Jay Pawlyk, Tony P’s high school English teacher. “Like, no one is just this upbeat and nice.”
-
-In 2017, at the end of senior year, Tony P — then known as A.J. — won the school’s Loyalty and Service Award, and he was asked by the St. John’s administration to give a speech at an awards ceremony for students. Typically the speaker reflects on his or her own experiences at school.
-
-“As is typical of A.J.,” Pawlyk says, “he gave a speech highlighting the classmates that he felt privileged to know.”
-
-Still, he seemed to prefer discussing philosophical ideas in the company of adults. Jason Larocque, a St. John’s administrator and former Red Sox bullpen catcher, says he was impressed by Tony P’s maturity.
-
-“I’ve had my challenges in trying to figure out my own masculinity and what I believe and value,” says Larocque, who became a sort of mentor to Tony P. “And I think that he was in a similar place when we started the dialogue about healthy masculinity.”
-
-*What do I want to be in the world?* Tony P wondered. *What kind of man?*
-
-Tony P has a superpower, according to his mother. “People are just drawn to him, and he’s compassionate and loving and caring,” says Judie Polcari. “He wasn’t a star athlete, and he wasn’t a star student. What came easy to him was people being attracted to him.”
-
-He’s a practiced talker and smooth storyteller. He’s watched the entire trial of O.J. Simpson three times, and Johnnie Cochran’s closing argument 10 to 15 times.
-
-“I’m just amazed how someone could talk for nine, 10 hours,” says Tony P, “and do it in a way that is so structured, but almost like a lullaby. You’ve heard of ASMR? Johnnie Cochran is ASMR.”
-
-In the midst of his depression, Tony P decided to run for student council. “That’s when things started to change,” he says. He started therapy. He leaned on his Catholic faith. The day a dear family member died, he got a call that he was no longer waitlisted at the University of Richmond.
-
-“I’m a religious guy,” says Tony P. “I don’t showboat it, but I do believe in things like fate.”
-
-At Richmond he was elected co-president of the student body.
-
-“I was never exactly the athlete,” says Tony P, and “I wasn’t a ladies’ man either.”
-
-He says he helped roll out an app to allow victims to bypass Title IX when reporting sexual assault. He helped petition the school to remove the names of enslavers from campus buildings, which led to [a nasty, year-long battle](https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2022/03/28/university-of-richmond-buildings-renamed/?itid=lk_inline_manual_65) with the board of trustees.
-
-He insists that others did the hard work.
-
-He graduated in 2021, worked briefly in accounting in Boston, and last year got a consulting job in D.C., where he’s building a life made of noisy happy hours and bespoke Subway sandwiches and “Morning Joe.” He hints at vague aspirations of running for office eventually. He recently announced that he is part of “the Subway Squad,” a brand collaboration that brought him to Kansas City earlier this month for a showcase of his beloved sandwiches.
-
-“Most of the time, being Tony P is great,” says Tony P. “It’s fantastic.”
-
-But.
-
-“But not having somebody, not having been with someone for a while — things get a little lonely sometimes. They just do. And I hope the person’s out there. I really do.”
-
-The question keeps him up at night.
-
-“Am I going to end up alone?” wonders Tony P.
-
-Tony P never expected to be recognized on the streets of D.C. This is now a near-daily occurrence. All because he took a timeout from Washington’s dating scene. After two relationships ended back-to-back earlier this year, Tony P took a break from the game to teach himself domestic skills in preparation for that special someone.
-
-“I want to be the best damn husband I can be,” says Tony P. “The best father I can be.”
-
-He decided to record himself learning how to be those things.
-
-“I noticed there weren’t a lot of male influencers in their early-to-mid-20s that did things like cooking, cleaning or running a house,” he says. “Now that I’m getting a platform, how can I use it to better benefit people?”
-
-Making cod and spending Saturdays cleaning is not community service. But he hopes his mundanity conveys a version of “positive masculinity.” Or “vibrant masculinity,” which he partly defines as “showing compassion and empathy” and “being emotionally vulnerable with people.” Related: He’s considering making mental health a part of his videos in the future.
-
-“I didn’t have a lot of girlfriends,” says Tony P. “That always stuck in my craw a little bit. I was always kind of questioning my own manhood because of it.”
-
-In a world in which many young men follow influencers like [Andrew Tate](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/20/andrew-tate-indicted-rape-human-trafficking/?itid=lk_inline_manual_82), the former kickboxer and self-described misogynist, Tony P is busy listening to the Carpenters.
-
-David Foster Wallace once argued that irony and ridicule no longer have a useful place in art, calling them “agents of a great despair and stasis in U.S. culture.” What is truly radical, he suggested, is unabashed earnestness.
-
-“TonyPinDC Instagram account — this can’t be real, right?” reads the title of one [recent Reddit thread](https://www.reddit.com/r/washingtondc/comments/15dvtcm/tonypindc_instagram_account_this_cant_be_real/) about Tony P.
-
-Says one comment underneath: “at first I thought it was a parody but after watching a bunch of his videos I think he really might just be wholesome.”
-
-And another: “glad to see someone bucking the hill staffer/consultant/etc. stereotype (even if it’s played up for social media it’s clearly at least a bit genuine).”
-
-At times, the incredulity turns to cruelty on Instagram.
-
-“Homies 24 going on 53.”
-
-“Consult deez nuts.”
-
-“I just know your grandma thinks you’re her most handsome little consultant!”
-
-Tony P laughs off some of it, like the comment on Instagram calling him “short, liberal and lonely.”
-
-“I’m taller than Ron DeSantis and taller than Mike Pence,” says Tony P.
-
-“He triggers people,” says Tony P’s mom. Might have something to do with his sincerity. Jerks can’t handle sincerity. “I thought the trolls would kill him,” adds Tony P’s mom, “but they only made him stronger.”
-
-The cruel comments, says Tony P, can be “tough to hear.” His followers often fight the trolls on his behalf. An outfit video from early July attracted particular vitriol. “Shirt to jacket cuff ratio is atrocious,” said one commenter. “Please go to a tailor.”
-
-Members of the P-Hive — the sneaky friends, the gentle strangers — have his back.
-
-“I love your page!” commented one fan. “Comments can be cruel, don’t let them get to you!”
-
-“Tony P hate will not be tolerated,” posted another.
-
-And another: “WHY ARE U GUYS HATING THIS DUDE IS JUST ENJOYING HIMSELF”
-
-Tony P is indeed enjoying himself, he says. And maybe that’s enough.
-
-correction
-
-A previous version of this article misspelled Jonathan Stern's name. The article has been corrected.
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-Date: 2023-06-05
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-06-05
-Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/interactive/2023/christian-home-schoolers-revolt/
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-&emsp;
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-# The revolt of the Christian home-schoolers
-
-*Deep Reads features The Washington Post’s best immersive reporting and narrative writing.*
-
-ROUND HILL, Va. — They said goodbye to Aimee outside her elementary school, watching nervously as she joined the other children streaming into a low brick building framed by the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Christina and Aaron Beall stood among many families resuming an emotional but familiar routine: the first day of full-time, in-person classes since public schools closed at the beginning of the pandemic.
-
-But for the Bealls, that morning in late August 2021 carried a weight incomprehensible to the parents around them. Their 6-year-old daughter, wearing a sequined blue dress and a pink backpack that almost obscured her small body, hesitated as she reached the doors. Although Aaron had told her again and again how brave she was, he knew it would be years before she understood how much he meant it — understood that for her mother and father, the decision to send her to school was nothing less than a revolt.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/WJACCJCRL2MDKX3UUAC63K5SLQ.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Aaron and Christina Beall pose with their daughter, Aimee, then 6, on her first day at Round Hill Elementary School on Aug. 26, 2021. (Christina Beall)
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-Aaron and Christina had never attended school when they were children. Until a few days earlier, when Round Hill Elementary held a back-to-school open house, they had rarely set foot inside a school building. Both had been raised to believe that public schools were tools of a demonic social order, government “indoctrination camps” devoted to the propagation of lies and the subversion of Christian families.
-
-
-At a time when home education was still a fringe phenomenon, the Bealls had grown up in the most powerful and ideologically committed faction of the modern [home-schooling movement](https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2022/06/11/parent-rights-home-schooling/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template). That movement, led by deeply conservative Christians, saw home schooling as a way of life — a conscious rejection of contemporary ideas about biology, history, gender equality and the role of religion in American government.
-
-Christina and Aaron were supposed to advance the banner of that movement, instilling its codes in their children through the same forms of corporal punishment once inflicted upon them. Yet instead, along with many others of their age and upbringing, they had walked away.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/QIN4HCTKVQPIJJDJ2GZCKY7IKU_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Aimee Beall, 7, left, and her brothers finish getting ready for school while their father, Aaron, helps Oliver, 5, at their home in Northern Virginia. (Matt McClain/The Washington Post )
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/GL3NAKYNJ7GOE65QBCQMYCXFJM_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Ezra Beall, 9, climbs into the family car to head off to school earlier this year. (Matt McClain/The Washington Post)
-
-Like all rebellions, this one had come with consequences. Their decision to send Aimee to the neighborhood elementary school — a test run to see how it might work for their other kids — had contributed to a bitter rift with their own parents, who couldn’t understand their embrace of an education system they had been raised to abhor. And it had led Christina, who until that summer day had home-schooled all of their children, into an existential crisis.
-
-“I never imagined sending you to the local elementary school instead of learning and growing together at home,” she wrote later that day in an Instagram post addressed to her daughter. “But life has a way of undoing our best laid plans and throwing us curveballs.”
-
-Christina did not describe on Instagram how perplexed she and Aaron had been by a ritual that the other parents seemed to understand; how she had tried, in unwitting defiance of school rules, to accompany Aimee inside, earning a gentle rebuke from the principal.
-
-And she did not describe what happened after their daughter vanished into a building they had been taught no child should ever enter. On that first day of school — first not just for one girl but for two generations of a family — the Bealls walked back to their SUV, and as Aaron started the car, Christina began to cry.
-
-![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
-
-(Matt McClain/The Washington Post)
-
-### The ‘Joshua Generation’
-
-Across the country, [interest in home schooling](https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2021/07/27/pandemic-homeschool-black-asian-hispanic-families/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) has never been greater. The Bealls could see the surge in Virginia, where nearly 57,000 children were being home-schooled in the fall of 2022 — a 28 percent jump from three years earlier. The rise of home education, initially unleashed by parents’ [frustrations with pandemic-related campus closures](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/01/08/omicron-working-parents-schools/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) and remote learning, has endured as one of the lasting social transformations wrought by covid-19.
-
-But if the coronavirus was a catalyst for the explosion in home schooling, the stage was set through decades of painstaking work by true believers like those who had raised Aaron and Christina. Aided by the Home School Legal Defense Association (HSLDA) — a Christian nonprofit that has been dubbed “the most influential homeschool organization in the world,” and is based less than five miles from the Bealls’ house in Northern Virginia — those activists had fought to establish the legality of home schooling in the 1980s and early 1990s, conquering the skepticism of public school administrators and state lawmakers across the country.
-
-\[[Tell us about your home-schooling experiences](https://wapo.st/homeschoolingstories?itid=lk_interstitial_enhanced-template)\]
-
-Through their influence, a practice with roots in the countercultural left took on a very different character. Among conservative Christians, home schooling became a tool for binding children to fundamentalist beliefs they felt were threatened by exposure to other points of view. Rightly educated, those children would grow into what HSLDA founder Michael Farris called a [“Joshua Generation”](https://www.amazon.com/Joshua-Generation-Restoring-Christian-Leadership/dp/0805426086?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) that would seek the political power and cultural influence to reshape America according to biblical principles.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/UJMGOQXJTNZKCTDOZPRAFC6VLM_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Christina (Comfort) Beall with Home School Legal Defense Association founder Michael Farris at her graduation from Patrick Henry College, which was founded by Farris to cater to Christian home-schoolers. (Family photo)
-
-Home schooling today is [more diverse, demographically and ideologically](https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2021/07/27/pandemic-homeschool-black-asian-hispanic-families/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), than it was in the heyday of conservative Christian activism. Yet those activists remain extraordinarily influential.
-
-Over decades, they have eroded state regulations, ensuring that parents who home-school face little oversight in much of the country. More recently, they have inflamed the nation’s [culture wars](https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/03/18/pandemic-schools-parental-involvement/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), fueling attacks on public-school lessons about race and gender with the politically potent language of “parental rights.”
-
-But what should be a moment of triumph for conservative Christian home-schoolers has been undermined by an unmistakable backlash: the desertion and denunciations of the very children they said they were saving.
-
-Former home-schoolers have been at the forefront of those arguing for [greater oversight of home schooling](https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/these-activists-want-greater-home-school-monitoring-parent-groups-say-no-way/2017/03/01/b6d23c6e-e747-11e6-bf6f-301b6b443624_story.html?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), forming the nonprofit Coalition for Responsible Home Education to make their case.
-
-“As an adult I can say, ‘No. What happened to me as a child was wrong,’” said Samantha Field, the coalition’s government relations director.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/IXMUUMY3IU3PM7UFL6Z6JPZFR4.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Arkansas state Rep. Jim Bob Duggar and his wife, Michelle, lead 12 of their 13 children to a polling place in Springdale, Ark., in 2002. (April L. Brown/AP)
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/UK6KBSLK5EQTV4UC55ALENJ2JQ.JPG&high_res=true&w=1200)
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-Bill Gothard, founder of the Institute in Basic Life Principles (IBLP), an ultraconservative Christian organization. (Institute in Basic Life Principles)
-
-Earlier this year, Jinger Duggar Vuolo — familiar to millions of TV viewers from the reality show “19 Kids and Counting” — published a memoir in which she harshly criticized Bill Gothard, a pivotal but now disgraced figure in conservative Christian home schooling whose teachings her parents followed. Beginning a decade ago, [Gothard was accused of sexual abuse and harassment](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/01/06/new-charges-allege-religious-leader-who-has-ties-to-the-duggars-sexually-abused-women/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) by dozens of women — allegations the minister vehemently denied.
-
-Farris said it is not uncommon for children who grow up in oppressively patriarchal households to reject or at least moderate their parents’ beliefs. However, he said such families are a minority in the home-schooling movement and are often considered extreme even by other conservative Christians.
-
-“I view this as the fringe of the fringe,” Farris said. “And every kid that I know that has lashed out at home schooling came out of this.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/JL3X4OERT3KOMC6BZGMEEKH4XA.JPG&high_res=true&w=1920)
-
-Aaron and Christina Beall, pictured in the months before their wedding in 2012. (Family photo)
-
-Christina, 34, and Aaron, 37, had joined no coalitions. They had published no memoirs. Their rebellion played out in angry text messages and emails with their parents, in tense conversations conducted at the edges of birthday parties and Easter gatherings. Their own children — four of them, including Aimee — knew little of their reasons for abandoning home schooling: the physical and emotional trauma of the “biblical discipline” to which they had been subjected, the regrets over what Aaron called “a life robbed” by strictures on what and how they learned.
-
-Aaron had grown up believing Christians could out-populate atheists and Muslims by scorning birth control; Christina had been taught the Bible-based arithmetic necessary to calculate the age of a universe less than 8,000 years old. Their education was one in which dinosaurs were herded aboard Noah’s ark — and in which the penalty for doubt or disobedience was swift. Sometimes they still flinched when they remembered their parents’ literal adherence to the words of the Old Testament: “Do not withhold correction from a child, for if you beat him with a rod, he will not die.”
-
-The Bealls knew that many home-schooling families didn’t share the religious doctrines that had so warped their own lives. But they also knew that the same laws that had failed to protect them would continue to fail other children.
-
-“It’s specifically a system that is set up to hide the abuse, to make them invisible, to strip them of any capability of getting help. And not just in a physical way,” Christina said. “At some point, you become so mentally imprisoned you don’t even realize you need help.”
-
-![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
-
-(Family photo)
-
-### ‘Breaking the child’s will’
-
-Christina had felt no urge to escape when, at the age of 15, she listed her “Requirements for my husband” in neat, looping script on a ruled sheet of notebook paper.
-
-“Must want me to be a full-time homemaker & only have an outside job if required or instructed by my Potter,” she wrote, referring to biblical verses that liken humans to clay in the hands of God. “Must believe in ‘full & unconditional’ surrender of our # of children to God Almighty.” And: “Must desire to homeschool our children.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/PFZBOQE7KIFXREQU4OLP7YG274.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Christina’s list of requirements for her husband, written when she was 15. (Peter Jamison/The Washington Post)
-
-The list is a blueprint of what she had been taught about the proper ambitions of a woman: to bear and raise children while shielding them from what those around her called “government schools.” She felt both hopeful and nervous when, several years later, her father, Derrick Comfort, came home with news: He had just met with a young man who had been raised with those same ideals — and who wanted Christina to be his wife.
-
-Aaron was shy and cerebral, a self-taught web developer who had grown up in Fairfax County, Va., had never attended college and, at age 26, still lived with his parents. He barely knew Christina Comfort, the oldest of eight children on her family’s 10-acre farm on Maryland’s Eastern Shore. A graduate of [Patrick Henry College](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/05/26/patrick-henrys-first-graduates/6e1b0733-522e-4b57-ac85-43cc587af987/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) — founded by Farris in Virginia to cater to Christian home-schoolers — she taught math and writing to her siblings and did chores around the farm. She prayed while riding a lawn mower for God to send her a husband.
-
-The Comfort and Beall families were both active in a religious community led by Gary Cox, an evangelical pastor and pioneer of Maryland’s home-schooling movement. Christina was a graduate of Cox’s home education network, Walkersville Christian Family Schools, while Aaron began attending Cox’s church in rural northern Maryland as a teenager. The minister exerted a powerful influence over his congregation and students, teaching that children live in divinely ordained subjection to the rule of their parents.
-
-\[[The Christian home-schooling world that shaped Dan Cox](https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/11/03/dan-cox-christian-homeschooling-maryland/?itid=lk_interstitial_enhanced-template)\]
-
-Cox — who still operates a home-schooling organization, now called Wellspring Christian Family Schools — declined repeated interview requests. Last year his son, [Dan Cox](https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/09/14/dan-cox-nominee-maryland/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template), a home-schooled Maryland state delegate who denied the legitimacy of the 2020 presidential election, won the Republican gubernatorial primary. He went on to lose in a landslide to Democrat Wes Moore.
-
-During Aaron and Christina’s “courtship” — a period of chaperoned contact that served as a prelude to formal engagement — they seemed ready to fulfill their parents’ hopes. Eating calamari in Annapolis or touring Colonial Williamsburg, they talked about what their future would include (home schooling) and what it would not (music with a beat that can be danced to). But signs soon emerged of the unimaginable rupture that lay ahead.
-
-On a spring afternoon in 2012, the couple sat in a small church in Queenstown, Md. In preparation for marriage, they were attending a three-day seminar on “Gospel-Driven Parenting” run by Chris Peeler, a minister whose family was part of Gary Cox’s home-schooling group. The workshop covered a range of topics, including the one they were now studying: “Chastisement.”
-
-“The use of the rod is for the purpose of breaking the child’s will,” stated the handout that they bent over together in the church. “One way to tell if this has happened is to see if they can look you in the eyes after being disciplined and ask for forgiveness.”
-
-Bible verses were cited in support of corporal punishment. But Christina had misgivings.
-
-“I really don’t think I can be a parent,” she wrote to Aaron in the margins of the handout. “It just feels like you have to be, like, hardened.”
-
-“YES! YOU! CAN!” Aaron wrote back.
-
-The use of the “rod” — interpreted by different people as a wooden spoon, dowel, belt, rubber hose or other implement — was a common practice among the conservative Christian home-schoolers Aaron and Christina knew, and one they had both experienced regularly in their own families.
-
-The elder Bealls and Comforts did not respond to repeated requests to discuss the discipline they used with their children and the decision by Aaron and Christina to embrace public education. Aaron’s older brother, Joshua — who Aaron said still home-schools his children — did not return calls. Aaron’s other siblings could not be reached for comment. Christina’s siblings, some of whom have also left her parents’ home, either declined to comment or could not be reached.
-
-Aaron actually shared Christina’s qualms. He knew that the term parents in the movement casually used for discipline, “spankings,” did not capture the childhood terror of being struck several times a week — sometimes more, sometimes less — with what he describes as a shortened broomstick for disobeying commands or failing to pay attention to his schoolwork.
-
-The memory of waiting as a small child outside his parents’ bedroom for his mother to summon him in; the fear that his transgressions might be enough to incur what he called “killer bee” spankings, when the rod was used against his bare skin; his efforts to obey the order to remain immobile as he was hit — all these sensations and emotions seeped into his bones, creating a deep conviction that those who fail to obey authority pay an awful price.
-
-“For a long time, I’ve wondered why I was so unable to think for myself in this environment,” he says today, attributing the shortcoming to “learning that even starting to think, or disagree with authorities, leads to pain — leads to physical and real pain that you cannot escape.”
-
-Now, on the threshold of parenthood — Christina would become pregnant within two weeks of their wedding on Sept. 29, 2012 — the couple’s reservations about “chastisement” could no longer be ignored. As a wedding gift, they said, Aaron’s brother and sister-in-law had given them [“To Train Up a Child,”](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=to+train+up+a+child&hvadid=616991107190&hvdev=c&hvlocphy=9009859&hvnetw=g&hvqmt=e&hvrand=17972697530634531578&hvtargid=kwd-356945225&hydadcr=24656_13611721&tag=googhydr-20&ref=pd_sl_nzzw8dyfh_e&itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) by the popular Christian home-schooling authors Michael and Debi Pearl.
-
-The Pearls advocate hitting children with tree branches, belts and other “instruments of love” to instill obedience, and recommend that toddlers who take slowly to potty training be washed outdoors with cold water from a garden hose. Their book advocates “training sessions” in which infants, as soon as they are old enough to crawl, are placed near a desired object and repeatedly struck with a switch if they disobey commands not to touch it.
-
-The Pearls have defended their methods, saying they are not meant to encourage brutality and, when properly applied, reduce the frequency with which parents must later discipline their kids.
-
-Aaron and Christina did not follow the Pearls’ advice when their first child, Ezra, was born. Nor did they take on authoritarian roles with their second, Aimee, or third, Oliver. All were home-schooled, albeit in less isolation than their parents: Christina joined co-ops with other Christian mothers in Northern Virginia.
-
-But by the time the Bealls had Aurelia, their fourth child, Aaron — now a successful software engineer whose job had enabled the family to buy a four-bedroom house in Loudoun County — had begun to question far more than corporal punishment.
-
-“When it came time for me to hit my kids, that was the first independent thought I remember having: ‘This can’t be right. I think I’ll just skip this part,’” he says.
-
-But if that seemingly inviolable dogma was false, what else might be? Aaron gradually began to feel adrift and depressed.
-
-“It’s like having the rug pulled out from under your feet,” he says. “All of reality is kind of up for grabs.”
-
-He scoured Amazon for books about evolution and cosmology. Eventually, he found his way to blog posts and books by former Christian fundamentalists who had abandoned their religious beliefs. He watched an interview with Tara Westover, whose best-selling memoir, [“Educated,”](https://www.amazon.com/Educated-Memoir-Tara-Westover/dp/0399590528/ref=sr_1_1?crid=VH4QIAOLW42C&keywords=educated+book+tara+westover&qid=1682174009&s=books&sprefix=educated%2Cstripbooks%2C133&sr=1-1&itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) detailed the severe educational neglect and physical abuse she endured as a child of survivalist Mormon home-schoolers in Idaho.
-
-And in the spring of 2021, as he and Christina were struggling to engage Aimee in her at-home lessons, he suggested a radical solution: Why not try sending their daughter to the reputable public elementary school less than a mile from their house?
-
-![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
-
-(Matt McClain/The Washington Post)
-
-### ‘So much pain’
-
-Christina could think of many reasons. They were the same ones Aaron had learned as a child: Public schools were places where children are bullied, or raped in the bathroom, or taught to hate Jesus.
-
-But she also suspected that Aimee could use the help of professional educators. Just as important, she had learned all her life that it was her duty to obey her husband. She was confounded and angry, at both Aaron and the seeming contradiction his suggestion had exposed.
-
-“I guess I’m just honestly confused and wonder what you think,” she wrote in an email to her father in May 2021. “I’m supposed to submit to Aaron, he wants the kids to go to public school. … You think that’s a sin but it’s also a sin to not listen to your husband so which is it?”
-
-At first, Christina’s and Aaron’s parents reacted to the news that they were considering public school for Aimee with dazed incomprehension. Did Christina feel overwhelmed, they asked? Did she need more help with work around the house? As long as Aimee was learning to read, she would be fine, Aaron’s mother assured them. Christina’s father sent a YouTube video of John Taylor Gatto, a famous critic of America’s public education system.
-
-The dialogue took on a darker tone as Aimee, with Christina’s hesitant agreement, began school that fall. By then, Aaron had told his parents he no longer considered himself a believer.
-
-“This is absolutely devastating,” his mother, Linda Beall, wrote in a long email to Christina. “I hurt so much for you Christina!!!”
-
-“I don’t think Aaron is going to be wrestled into heaven with good arguments,” Linda added. “I think this is likely about his response to hard things in his life. I think he needs to come face to face with God himself, and bow before Him in recognition of his own sin, and need for a Savior.”
-
-Despite the sympathy expressed in the email, Christina bristled at the suggestion that her husband’s crisis of faith stemmed from his reluctance to face “hard things” in his life. She knew that reexamining his religious convictions and traumatic memories had perhaps been the hardest thing Aaron had ever done.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/UPCT625IN4GHXL6K4XTZAUBRCM.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Aimee Beall, then 6, poses on her first day of first grade in 2021. (Christina Beall)
-
-Aimee, meanwhile, was thriving at Round Hill Elementary. By the third quarter, her report card said she was “a pleasure to teach,” was “slowly becoming more social and more willing to participate in class” and showed “tremendous growth” in her reading skills, which had lagged below grade level at the beginning of the year.
-
-For several months after that first week of classes — when she had come home wearing a paper hat, colored with blue crayon and printed with the words “My First Day of First Grade” — Aimee had had a stock response when her parents asked her how she liked school: She would suppress a grin, say she “hated it,” and then start laughing at her own joke.
-
-“You should have asked to go to school,” Aimee, who knew her mom had been educated at home, would eventually tell Christina. “It affects your whole life.”
-
-Now it was Christina’s turn to question her belief — not in Christianity, but in the conservative Christian approach to home schooling. She began to research spiritual abuse and the history of Christian nationalism. Ideas she had never questioned — such as the statement, in a book given to her by her dad, that it “would be a waste of her time and her life” for a woman to work outside the house **—** no longer made sense.
-
-Her loss of faith in the biblical literalism and patriarchal values of her childhood was coming in the way the movement’s adherents had always warned it would: through exposure to people with different experiences and points of view.
-
-Those people just happened to be her daughter and her husband.
-
-“This is the guy I’ve been married to for eight years,” she recalls thinking. “I know him. I know his heart. I know what kind of parent he wants to be to our kids. These easy answers of ‘Oh, you’re just not a Christian anymore, you just want to sin’ … didn’t work anymore.”
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/3YSZXBUUI7CTJFATJBASF7FERE_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Christina, left, talks to Oliver while Aimee talks to Aaron as the family gets ready for the start of the day. (Matt McClain/The Washington Post)
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/KRIDAP4AHKW46ARYT4AP2AXKV4_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Christina prepares a snack for her daughter Aurelia, 2, at their home in Round Hill, Va. (Matt McClain/The Washington Post)
-
-As Aimee’s first year at Round Hill Elementary came to an end, Aaron and Christina were more convinced than ever that they had made the right decision. But they were also at a loss for how to heal the tensions with their parents.
-
-In a 2022 email intended for a pastor at her church but sent by accident to Christina, Linda Beall blamed her daughter-in-law for their deepening rift, saying she had taken undue offense at good-faith efforts to advise and support the family through Aaron’s loss of faith.
-
-“So she is again flipping the script from the reality that we love them and her, want to support them, and have only tried to do that again and again, but have been assaulted every time we engage. And I have given up trying \[because\] it all gets flipped and used against us,” Linda wrote. “I really can not remember one conversations we have had since this unfolded that has not escalated things. So when she beats up ‘everything’ I say, never offers forgiveness, why would we want to engage again?”
-
-Around the same time, Christina sent Aaron’s parents a series of text messages lamenting what she said was their unwillingness to reconcile and explaining that she had changed her opinions about the way she and Aaron had been raised.
-
-“There has been so much pain but I am so excited to now understand and see past the ways that people control and manipulate me,” she wrote. “And you may not believe it but I still love Jesus.”
-
-Aaron and Christina had decided that, in the fall of 2022, all three of their school-age children — not just Aimee but 5-year-old Oliver and 9-year-old Ezra — would attend public school. Aurelia, then 2, would remain at home.
-
-Despite Aimee’s positive experience, Aaron and Christina were anxious, both for their children and about how their parents would react. One afternoon in June, Christina sent a text message to her mother.
-
-“I need to tell you that all three kids are going to school in the fall. I’m sorry, because I know this will be upsetting and disappointing to you and dad,” Christina wrote. “I figured you should hear it from me first.”
-
-Three hours later, her mother texted back.
-
-“Dearest Christina, it is not at all upsetting or disappointing to me,” Catherine Comfort wrote. “You and Aaron are outstanding parents and I’m sure you made the decision best for your family.”
-
-Even Aaron’s parents finally signaled a grudging degree of acceptance. In February, Linda and Bernard Beall walked into the gym at Round Hill Elementary one cold Saturday afternoon to watch a school performance of “The Lion King.” Ezra had a part in the chorus as a wildebeest.
-
-Sitting on plastic chairs in the dark and crowded room, the pair gave no outward sign of the remarkable nature of their visit. When the performance was over, they hugged their grandkids in front of the stage and exchanged halting small talk with Aaron and Christina. Then they drove off, with no discussion of a visit to their son’s house a few blocks away.
-
-![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
-
-(Matt McClain/The Washington Post)
-
-### Family night
-
-About 10 minutes remained before the Bealls would have to pile into their minivan, and the children needed to get dressed — in their pajamas.
-
-It was Groundhog Day, a damp night in February, and a low fire glowed in the hearth of the Bealls’ living room. Aaron and Christina sat on the floor playing card and board games with their kids, while Ezra sat on the couch, wearing headphones and absorbed in a game on his laptop.
-
-Soon they would be leaving to attend their elementary school’s “For the Love of Reading Family Night,” held in the school library, where students were encouraged to come dressed for bedtime.
-
-As Oliver rose to change (Ezra, the oldest, would not deign to put on his jammies), Aimee told her parents how her second-grade class had learned that day about Punxsutawney Phil.
-
-Aaron looked at her in bewilderment.
-
-“Phil?” he asked. “Am I out of the loop?”
-
-His daughter stared back at him in disbelief.
-
-“He’s famous!” Aimee said. She explained Phil’s role in predicting the length of winter.
-
-“I knew about groundhogs,” Aaron said. “I just didn’t know about Phil.”
-
-“He’s *really* famous,” Aimee said.
-
-Christina smiled at her husband.
-
-“Home-schooler,” she said.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/2QGCA6I763FVMZAHEPYIQLPH3I_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Aimee Beall works on homework beside Aurelia while their mother prepares a snack for them. (Matt McClain/The Washington Post)
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/BFMSPR5MTLELUZUXG5VTWGDIYE_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
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-Christina packs lunches as her children get ready for school. (Matt McClain/The Washington Post)
-
-These were the gaps Aaron and Christina had become accustomed to finding as they learned about a world whose boundaries extended far beyond the one in which they had been raised. There were so many things they had not learned, and perhaps would never learn.
-
-Stacks of books on the living room’s end tables testified to their belated efforts at self-education: popular works by the biologists Neil Shubin and Robert Sapolsky, as well as [“Raising Critical Thinkers”](https://www.amazon.com/Raising-Critical-Thinkers-Parents-Growing-ebook/dp/B094V95K7M/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3UR2BG8IYMHJ4&keywords=raising+critical+thinkers+julie+bogart&qid=1682175458&s=books&sprefix=raising+critical+%2Cstripbooks%2C141&sr=1-1&itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template) by Julie Bogart, a leading developer of home education materials who has criticized conservative Christian home-schooling groups. Aaron and Christina were still young, but they knew enough about the demands of life, work and family to understand that they could not recover or reconstruct the lost opportunities of their childhoods.
-
-But they could provide new and different opportunities for their own kids. They were doing so in Loudoun County, one of the hotbeds of America’s culture wars over public instruction about race and gender. To the Bealls, who truly knew what it was like to learn through the lens of ideology, concerns about kids being brainwashed in public schools were laughable.
-
-“People who think the public schools are indoctrinating don’t know what indoctrination is. We were indoctrinated,” Aaron says. “It’s not even comparable.”
-
-There were still moments when they were condemned by an inner voice telling them that they were doing the wrong thing, that both they and their children would go to hell for abandoning the rod and embracing public schools. But the voice was usually silenced by their wonder and gratitude at the breadth of their children’s education.
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/F74Z223JWDVKRPMXI2S4SY25LQ_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Aimee walks ahead of Christina, carrying Aurelia, while followed by Aaron during a reading event at Round Hill Elementary. (Matt McClain/The Washington Post)
-
-![](https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/MA6HAPRMYYYEP2QKQMS5GR4VRE_size-normalized.JPG&high_res=true&w=2048)
-
-Kate Jeffers, 8, left, Aimee Beall, 7, Christina Beall and Alice Lyons, 7, take part in a reading group at Round Hill Elementary. (Matt McClain/The Washington Post)
-
-That breadth was on display as the Bealls jostled into the school library with other families. It was the second day of Black History Month, and the shelves were set up with displays of books about the Underground Railroad, soprano Ella Sheppard and Vice President Harris. Where the walls reached the ceiling a mural was painted, with Mary Poppins and Winnie the Pooh.
-
-Aaron and Christina stood shoulder-to-shoulder, surveying the room. This was the belly of the beast, the environment their parents had worked to save them from.
-
-But they weren’t scared to be inside this school, and were now familiar with it. On Tuesday mornings, Christina volunteered here, helping Aimee’s class with reading lessons.
-
-“Let’s go out this way, guys,” she said, leading the way through an exit when it was time to disperse from the library to listen to the teachers read stories aloud.
-
-The hallways were long and wide, with plenty of room for small legs to gather speed. Soon Aaron and Christina were watching as their children, who knew the way to their classrooms, ran far in front of them.
-
-###### correction
-
-An earlier version of this story incorrectly reported the source of Christina Beall’s post about her daughter’s first day of school. It was on Instagram, not Facebook. This story has been corrected.
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
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-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
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-Tag: ["🏕️", "🏝️", "✈️"]
-Date: 2023-10-22
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-10-22
-Link: https://thehustle.co/the-wild-business-of-desert-island-tourism/amp/
-location:
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-Read:: [[2023-10-24]]
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-&emsp;
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-```button
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-&emsp;
-
-# The wild business of desert island tourism - The Hustle
-
-A few weeks ago, **Ben Saul-Garner** paid ~$3.7k to be abandoned on a remote island in Indonesia.
-
-The 33-year-old entrepreneur flew from his home city of London to Jakarta, then boarded another flight to a regional airport. A car service drove him to a pier, where he climbed onto a janky speedboat and hummed across the ocean for 90 minutes until he reached an uninhabited mass of land covered in palm trees and dense brush.
-
-The boat turned around and left, and Saul-Garner remained marooned there for 10 days, alone and nearly resourceless.
-
-He slept in a hammock, subsisted on coconuts and crab, and spent his days foraging for firewood.
-
-“You actually realize just how much time you have in a day when you remove all distractions,” Saul-Garner told *The Hustle*. “There’s something about just being in nature and going back to basics that I love.”
-
-#### **The restless soul**
-
-Saul-Garner booked this experience with Docastaway, a company that caters to travelers looking for extreme isolation.
-
-It was founded in 2010 by **Alvaro Cerezo**, a restless soul from Málaga, Spain.
-
-Cerezo spent his summer days exploring the Alboran Sea’s rocky beaches and secret coves. By the age of eight, he was venturing offshore in an inflatable raft.
-
-“I always dreamed about going beyond the horizon,” he told *The Hustle*. “And I knew that as soon as I had freedom, I’d see what was out there.”
-
-The son of an engineer and a government administrator, Cerezo was encouraged to get an economics degree in college. But between his studies, he’d fly to Asia and pay a few bucks to hop on a fishing vessel bound for a remote island.
-
-Islands became his obsession.
-
-He began to develop an extensive knowledge of archipelagos in Indonesia, the Philippines, Polynesia, and Micronesia. After he graduated, he began to wonder if he could make a living out of his hobby.
-
-“I wanted to do this every day of my life,” he said. “I had no idea if there were others out there who wanted to travel to these remote islands, but I decided to see.”
-
-In 2010, Cerezo launched [Docastaway](https://www.docastaway.com/) (a combination of “do” and “castaway”) and billed his service as an escape from the clutter and digital chaos of the modern world. Travelers would pay Cerezo to dump them alone on an island, where they could spend time in complete and utter isolation.
-
-The timing for this service was fortuitous.
-
-Interest in extreme wilderness tourism had taken off, thanks to TV shows  like [*Man vs. Wild*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_vs._Wild) and [*Survivorman*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivorman), and a growing number of YouTube channels dedicated to “bushcraft” — wilderness survival skills like foraging, building natural shelters, and starting fires.
-
-People wanted to test themselves — and there was no better test than being marooned on an island without food, water, or shelter. 
-
-*The Hustle*
-
-Cerezo’s first clients were his friends, whom he convinced to join him on a few “test” expeditions to his favorite remote desert islands. But eventually, adventurous travelers from around the globe began to organically discover Docastaway.
-
-“There was no other company like this, so when people searched for ‘desert island company’ online, they’d find me,” he says. “The demand started to grow, and that’s when I really had to improve the experience.”
-
-That meant finding the perfect islands.
-
-#### **The art of ‘finding’ an island**
-
-Cerezo realized early on that clients didn’t want to go *too* far to experience true isolation on a remote island. The typical customer only had around eight to 10 days budgeted for travel, and they didn’t want to spend more than two of them traveling.
-
-“An island has to be remote and isolated — but not *too* remote and isolated,” Cerezo said.
-
-Today, Cerezo has come to realize that bringing foreign tourists into remote island territories requires a fair bit of politicking, including payments and bribes. When he finds the perfect island, he flies out and meets with the island’s owner and local officials to work out arrangements.
-
-“Bribes are important,” Cerezo says. “Everyone wants their piece.”
-
-The typical process works like so:
-
--   The island owner (either the government or a private owner) is paid $100-$150 for rental of the island for a few days
--   Police are paid to prevent any issues like pirating or looting
--   Local officials are paid to prevent fishing vessels and other boats from docking on the island when a client is there
-
-Altogether, these bribes, tips, and payments typically amount to around $300 per trip.
-
-“These aren’t Richard Branson types who own these islands,” Cerezo says. “Most of these islands have never seen a tourist. So, the owners are happy to accept any kind of payment they can get to authorize use for a few days.”
-
-Providing clients with the illusion of complete solitude is harder than it sounds. Even on the most remote islands on earth, isolation has to be manufactured:
-
--   Cerezo goes to great lengths to make sure local fishing boats don’t come into view of any island where a client is staying. This involves setting up a support team on a nearby island to “intercept” and pay off any boats that float too close.
--   Before a client is taken ashore, the island also has to be cleaned of debris to give it an untouched appearance. (Islands in the middle of the ocean are often magnets for trash.)
-
-Only one out of every 20 islands Cerezo surveys meets his criteria for safety and isolation.
-
-#### **The castaway experience**
-
-Today, Cerezo offers island experiences in Polynesia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Central America. Prices range from €90 to €380 per night (~$95 to $400), and the typical trip is around a week.
-
-Clients are responsible for their own flights to and from the destination, but once they touch ground, they’re shuttled to a nearby port and motored across the ocean on a speedboat — sometimes 90 minutes or longer — to live out their island fantasies.
-
-Cerezo’s profit? “Very little,” he says. “I’m never going to get rich with this. I do it because it’s my passion. And it’s an excuse for me to continue exploring different islands.”
-
-Over his 13 years in business, Cerezo has had over **1k clients**. They range from entrepreneurs like Ben Saul-Garner, to students, to multimillionaires who are looking for a self-reliance test after years of indulging in luxury comforts.
-
-When a client signs up, he or she has two options:
-
--   **“Survival” mode**: They get dropped off on the island with barely anything (in some cases, just a machete or spear gun) and have to figure out everything on their own.
--   **“Comfort” mode**: They have a crew on standby with food, water, shelter, and other necessities.
-
-Survival mode has become an increasingly popular option in recent years.
-
-Clients might elect to be left with a few items — a machete, a lighter, a speargun — but once Cerezo’s staff leaves the island, they’re on their own to forage for food, build shelter, and source water. Cerezo makes sure that the islands he selects have options.
-
-Usually, this means catching fish and crabs and scaling trees for coconuts. Some clients [even resort](https://paradise.docastaway.com/our-clients-15/) to eating things that get washed up on shore, like packaged goods and produce that fall off of local ships.
-
-“Everything is very difficult on an island. You need to fight for everything you get,” said Cerezo. “I could be more romantic and tell you, ‘Oh yeah, this is the life.’ But it’s much better being in civilization. This is a true test for people.”
-
-Every client has to sign a disclaimer form accepting liability in the case of injury or death — though Cerezo says that hasn’t happened yet.
-
-“They know it’s dangerous,” he says. “They’re alone with no hospitals. If you have to go to a hospital, it’s going to be at least four hours to get there. And even then, the hospitals we’re talking about are not very well equipped.”
-
-Sometimes clients abandon ship early — usually due to extreme sunburn, sickness, fear, or even boredom.
-
-“People go there thinking it’s going to be an Indiana Jones kind of adventure,” said Cerezo. “It’s not like that. A desert island is lonely. And some people can’t handle being completely alone.”
-
-#### **The isolation business**
-
-Docastaway isn’t the only desert island tourism outfit in town. UK-based [Desert Island Survival](https://www.desertislandsurvival.com/) offers a similar service geared toward groups.
-
-“I was working in finance, and totally depressed,” the company’s founder, **Tom Williams**, told *The Hustle*. “I’d always felt like a square peg in a round hole. I wanted to see the untouched parts of earth, and go over the edge of the map.”
-
-During an evening of despair, Williams came across Cerezo’s company and realized there was room in the market for another business.
-
-Williams’ service is less about transformative experiences and the poetry of isolation, and more about learning the skills necessary to survive in the wild.
-
-“It’s about escaping the rat race, disconnecting, and learning how to survive in the real world,” he said.
-
-Desert Island Survival is an eight-day experience — five days of hands-on training with one of the company’s survival skill experts, and three days of putting those skills to use in “survival mode” on the island. Clients learn how to:
-
--   Build a shelter and make rope out of natural fibers
--   Source water and food that doesn’t kill them
--   Start fires using friction techniques like the “[bow drill](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETzcTwxLx3M)”
--   Weave palms into baskets, hats, and beds
-
-The expeditions are made up of groups of individuals — mostly solo travelers — who don’t know each other. But Williams will also occasionally cater to bachelor parties, father-son trips, and corporate retreats.
-
-All in, the experience costs around **£3k** (~$3.7k) per person, and Williams says he’s done around 50 trips in total — 20 this year alone — with 60% margins.
-
-Williams says his only bottleneck to growing the business is finding more islands.
-
-“There are lots of beautiful islands in the Philippines, but there are [pirates](https://maritimefairtrade.org/the-risks-of-maritime-piracy-on-filipino-seafarers-trade/),” he said. “In Indonesia, there are pit vipers, and in New Guinea there are green mambas that can literally kill you.”
-
-A “risks and dangers” [tab](https://www.desertislandsurvival.com/risks-dangers/) on his website elaborates on the various traumas that can be inflicted by monitor lizards, wild pigs, sharks, jellyfish, pufferfish, stingrays, and other island-dwelling creatures.
-
-He also has to contend with a formidable rival: reality TV shows.
-
-When shows like *Survivor* and *Naked and Afraid* need a shooting location, they typically go for the same limited inventory of islands. And Williams says producers offer to pay handsome rental sums in excess of **$100k**. Recently, Williams says a very famous YouTuber paid **$70k** to rent an island in Panama for a video.
-
-“He turned up there with friends, and there were way too many insects for them. So they left,” said Williams.
-
-Williams often has to sign more relaxed contracts with islands that allow the owner to give him the boot if a more lucrative opportunity arises. He has backup islands nearby for any last-minute change of plans.
-
-#### **The last frontier**
-
-Both Cerezo and Williams are aware that the services they offer are up against the broader threat of wide-scale industrialization.
-
--   Oceans are now [acidifying](https://www.nrdc.org/stories/ocean-pollution-dirty-facts#:~:text=This%20problem%20is%20rapidly%20worsening,industrial%20revolution%20200%20years%20ago.) faster than they have in 300m years. 
--   The waters are infested with trillions of [plastic particles](https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/08/world/ocean-plastic-pollution-climate-intl/index.html) and large swaths of debris. 
--   Previously obscure islands are being [privatized](https://elitetraveler.com/property/private-islands-sales-market-trends) and developed at a rapid rate, often commanding [millions of dollars](https://www.privateislandsonline.com/).
-
-*An island sunset (via Alvaro Cerezo)*
-
-It’s getting harder to find *any* place — even a remote desert island — that isn’t unmarred by the hand of the modern world.
-
-“We’ve had to drop a few islands from our service because they’re getting too polluted, or there are hotels being built there,” said Cerezo. “We will eventually need to go more and more remote.”
-
-But Cerezo, now 43, is no stranger to a hard journey. He says he plans to be in the desert island business for the rest of his life.
-
-“As long as I’m alive it will be there,” he said. “I want to make as many people as possible feel like the last person alive on earth.”
-
-&emsp;
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diff --git a/00.03 News/The ‘Crispy R’ and Why R Is the Weirdest Letter.md b/00.03 News/The ‘Crispy R’ and Why R Is the Weirdest Letter.md
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-
-Tag: ["🧪", "🗣️"]
-Date: 2023-11-05
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
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-Link: https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-is-a-crispy-r
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-&emsp;
-
-# The ‘Crispy R’ and Why R Is the Weirdest Letter
-
-In November 2021, linguists from around the world met in Lausanne, Switzerland, for the seventh edition of a conference focusing specifically on the “R” sound. The conference, called ‘R-Atics, included a presentation on the intrusive R used in the Falkland Islands, a reconstruction of what R sounded like in historical Armenian, and a discussion of the R sounds in Shiwiar, an indigenous Ecuadorian language spoken by well under 10,000 people, among other events and talks. Don’t be too surprised if, at a future ‘R-Atics conference, the “crispy R” joins the ranks of esoteric presentations from linguists obsessed with the weirdness and variation of this particular sound.
-
-The crispy R is a phenomenon that some linguists had noticed, but which had gone largely unstudied—until the phrase “crispy R” was bestowed on it by Brian Michael Firkus, better known as Trixie Mattel, the winner of the third season of *RuPaul’s Drag Race All Stars*, and later popularized via TikTok. The sound is easier to point out than it is to either describe or reproduce. Some of the most frequent users of this unusual-sounding R include Kourtney Kardashian, Max Greenfield of *New Girl* fame, Stassi from *Vanderpump Rules*, and Ezra Koenig of Vampire Weekend. It sounds, to me at least, like a sort of elongated, curled sound, a laconic way of saying R.
-
-[Here, just watch this video.](https://www.tiktok.com/@mare_kell/video/7254174844915600686)
-
-![Brian Michael Firkus, who performs as Trixie Mattel, was the first to call this particular sound the "crispy R."](https://img.atlasobscura.com/ac7bmNgVfjjDHfkRKucvGyON10nYoll3OmzsUeYtNjo/rt:fill/w:1200/el:1/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy8xOWZmZDYyZDY5/MGIyM2MwMTlfR2V0/dHlJbWFnZXMtMTQ4/ODQ3NTY3MS5qcGc.jpg)
-
-Brian Michael Firkus, who performs as Trixie Mattel, was the first to call this particular sound the “crispy R.” Scott Dudelson/Getty Images
-
-To figure out what’s going on with this linguistic quirk, I pored over spectrograms of a podcast I like, ranking various spoken words on their degree of crispiness. I silently mouthed the word “crispy” over and over during interviews with several linguists who, I have to say, were at least as interested and enthusiastic about the crispy R as Katya (Brian Joseph McCook, Firkus’s frequent collaborator and cohost), who literally screams several times upon hearing the sound.
-
-The linguists were careful to note that any conclusions about the crispy R at this stage are still preliminary. They’ll have to do more listening surveys, more spectrograms, and ideally capture one of these rare natural crispy R speakers and try to get an ultrasound of the way their tongues move inside their mouths. But to understand their explanation, we first need to explain what a weird, distinctive, unusual thing the R sound is.
-
----
-
-The R sound is indeed fascinating enough to be worthy of its own conference. It was the subject of a seminal study in 1966 by the godfather of sociolinguistics, Bill Labov. This involved talking to salespeople at Manhattan department stores that catered to different socioeconomic groups, and getting them to say the phrase “fourth floor,” to see whether there was a connection between the ways they pronounce their R sounds and their social milieux.
-
-Linguists use the word “rhoticity” to talk about the R sound on a very basic level. English is an especially ridiculous language in the way letters don’t always do what they appear to, and don’t even do that in any kind of consistent manner: Think about how utterly silly it is that “rough,” “cough,” “bough,” and “though” are all pronounced with different vowel sounds. A pretty substantial percentage of native English speakers are what’s called “non-rhotic,” meaning that in many situations, they pretend as if the letter isn’t even there. Speakers of many dialects of British English, Australian English, South African English, and a vanishing number of dialects of American English are non-rhotic.
-
-In American English, that non-rhoticity was, from the colonial era up to the early 20th century, considered prestigious: It was associated with the wealthy port cities of the Northeast that had extensive contact with Europe. (Think of [FDR’s](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIKMbma6_dc&ab_channel=Speakers.com) “the only thing we have to feah is feah itself,” or basically [anything JFK ever said](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1PbQlVMp98&ab_channel=EducationalVideoGroup).) Labov’s study documented the decline of that prestigious connection. Non-rhoticity vanished from the upper classes as the United States overtook England as a world power. You can learn an awful lot about people, culture, and politics by studying R, it turns out. Also, it’s really weird, and linguists love that.
-
-Here’s an example: R isn’t really a consonant. It’s kind of a vowel, at least phonologically. From the perspective of how sounds are physically generated, consonants are made by constricting or closing some part of your mouth or throat. Sometimes that’s done by closing your lips (P), or by blocking the flow of air with your tongue and then suddenly releasing it (T), that kind of thing. Vowels, on the other hand, are made with basically an open tube, from your vibrating vocal cords through your throat and out of your mouth. You make different vowel sounds by moving your tongue and lips around, but the tube stays open. R, like some other “consonants,” such as W and Y, aren’t produced the way a K or B is. It’s produced like a vowel, at least in English.
-
-The sounds indicated by many letters are pretty much the same across most languages. Take a nasal, such as M, which is basically the same in every language that has it. R is extremely not. The two most obvious examples are the rolled R in Spanish, its quicker cousin in Scottish English (called an alveolar flap, basically a single roll of the tongue that Spanish speakers do), and the French R (called a uvular R, a guttural sound also made in other central and northern European languages, but only sometimes in Québécois French). Aside from Spanish and Scottish, these variants have no relation to each other and are not produced in remotely the same way. But they’re all Rs.
-
-I spoke to Tara McAllister, a linguist turned speech pathology researcher. “I got interested in R because while it’s linguistically interesting, and a lot of linguists study it, it’s also clinically interesting,” she says. “A lot of kids who are in speech therapy for a long time get stuck or plateau on it.” The R sound is often one of the last sounds that young speakers learn to make, and one of the most challenging; it’s why “baby talk” often includes swapping the difficult R for an easier W. (A widdle easiew, anyway.) McAllister works with ultrasound technology, which enables her to show kids, in real time, what their tongue is doing as they speak, and to help her coach them to make changes to produce the R sound.
-
-For most sounds, that’s a pretty simple process, in theory if not in practice, but not for R—because it can be made in multiple completely different ways. When we learn how to speak, at least outside speech therapy, we aren’t taught tongue movements. Nobody says, “Hey, in order to make a ‘th’ sound, gently pinch your tongue between your slightly open teeth and then squeeze air out of your mouth as you sort of flick your tongue back inside your mouth.” We all generally, while very young, experiment with different ways of making noise: vibrating our vocal cords, changing the shape of our mouths and lips, toying around with airflow.
-
-Typically, we all end up doing roughly the same thing; after all, to make, say, an M sound, you kind of have to follow certain steps (air through the nose, lips closed, vocal cords vibrating). But it’s not essential; the only thing that’s really important is that a listener will interpret the sound you’re making correctly.
-
-R is unusual in that respect because in English there are two totally different ways to make the sound. They’re more like points in a spectrum, really. “There are as many ways to pronounce R as there are speakers,” says McAllister. But linguists generally talk about two main shapes: bunched and retroflex. Bunched is, as its name suggests, made with the tongue pulled back in the mouth, all folded and crammed in there. Retroflex is made with the tip of the tongue pointed upward. They’re completely different shapes, but somehow they both end up making an R sound.
-
-It has generally been thought that a retroflex R and a bunched R can’t reliably be distinguished by the human ear. That’s not to say there’s no difference in the way they sound, but rather that the human ear is not very good at recognizing those differences. Luckily we’re no longer restricted to the clumsy appendage of the human ear! This turns out to be key to understanding what’s going on with the crispy R, and so we turn to the machines to reveal what our dumb ears and brains have trouble distinguishing.
-
-To find out, I talked to Jeff Mielke, a phonologist at North Carolina State University and one of the premier experts on the American R. He did a spectrogram, which shows all the frequencies in human speech, for the TikTok videos of the crispy R. But those videos have an inherent problem: The speakers are imitating the crispy R, not naturally producing it. Are they making it in the same way as natural crispy R speakers or using some totally different way to create the audio qualities they hear?
-
-![A spectrogram shows more and less crispy Rs.](https://img.atlasobscura.com/hzyovJuX_LGd-Nk2YA-uOTUYK_OPe0pWNKvSfqBJDAs/rt:fill/w:1200/el:1/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9kOGE2NzBmNC1l/OTcyLTRkZGUtYmUz/Ni00ZTVkNTRhNjMy/MTVhZmY2OTk3MDU4/NzU1OTlmNzlfbGl6/X2NyZXcuanBn.jpg)
-
-A spectrogram shows more and less crispy Rs. Courtesy Tara McAllister
-
-When I heard the TikTok the first time, I immediately recognized the phenomenon being discussed. It was a sound I had heard before and taken note of as different. Revealing this unexpected talent—it turns out not everyone, including many of my friends and one linguist whom I played the video for—to Mielke meant that I was now a valuable resource in the early stages of crispy R research. He asked me to send him any clips I could think of featuring natural crispy R speakers. I sent him an episode of the very good podcast *TrueAnon*, whose two hosts, Liz Franczak and Brace Belden, both demonstrate the crispy R to varying degrees.
-
-Some comments on the original TikTok suggested that what is being called the crispy R is actually just a retroflex R. McAllister mentioned that it’s very common to jump to a conclusion that any odd-sounding R might be retroflex rather than bunched; in fact, she suspected that her own daughter might be a retroflexer, and excitedly tested her out with the ultrasound. (Why have access to fun equipment if you’re not going to use it?) Turns out, as with most of the retroflex guessing, McAllister’s daughter was, as she put it, “the bunchiest buncher.”
-
-This makes sense. From a study written by Mielke: “These different articulations are well known, as is the observation that the different configurations do not make a perceptible difference to the listener. That is, in contrast to many other linguistic variables, whether a person is bunching or retroflexing is not apparent just from listening.”
-
-Studies are not really conclusive on this, but have over the years indicated that some people use bunched Rs for everything, some use retroflex Rs for everything, and some use both depending on the context. Aside from doing an ultrasound of tongue movement, which sounds very fun and like something I’d love to do at some point, there are ways to figure out whether an R is bunched or retroflex. Mielke walked me through a couple of spectrograms of *TrueAnon* cohost Franczak saying the word “crew.”
-
-Speech sounds are like musical chords. The dominant sound we hear is the lowest-frequency tone—our ears are just better at picking that up—but then those sounds have cascading harmonics, higher notes that go alongside them. It’s a little like playing a note on a piano, but then adding another note, more softly, higher up, and then another and another. Eventually the human ear stops being able to hear the difference when a new harmonic is added, or the brain stops caring about those higher notes because they’re unlikely to affect meaning.
-
-Each of those notes is called a formant, and the frequency of those formants reveals the difference between Rs. The first and second formants, the lowest, are what’s most important for the human ear. “When we talk about vowel formants, we often disregard the third and higher formants. But where they’re important is in talking about how R is different from other vowel-like sounds,” says Mielke. We can technically hear frequencies at those higher formant levels, but our brains just sort of ignore them. Studies have shown that it takes a *lot* of weird stuff happening in those formants for us to notice.
-
-In a bunched R, the fourth and fifth formants are very close together. In a retroflex R, they’re much farther apart. It’s a giveaway, albeit one we can’t really process without technological help. But there’s more going on than that. For one thing, it’s not exclusive: Every crispy R seems to be retroflex, but not every retroflex R sounds audibly crispy.
-
-So we have something peculiar: If we assume that crispy Rs are retroflex, how is it possible that I and others can differentiate them? The spectrograms suggest that we can, but we really shouldn’t be able to. And if we *can* tell the difference, why do not all retroflex Rs sound crispy?
-
-One possible explanation shows up in the spectrogram. In the Rs that I rated as “crispiest,” they’re clumped with hard consonant sounds such as K and B. And in those cases, there’s a pretty substantial gap between the consonant and the R that follows, so “crew” sounds almost like “kuh-rew.” This is why, I think, Firkus decided on the term “crispy” to describe it. It’s not exactly evocative of a “crispy” sound (What would that even be? Like the sound of a knife running along the edge of a fresh loaf of sourdough?) but it’s useful—if you make crispy Rs, when you say the name of the phenomenon, you’ll be demonstrating it right there.
-
-![Ezra Koenig of Vampire Weekend is reported to have crispy Rs, along with Kourtney Kardashian and actor Max Greenfield.](https://img.atlasobscura.com/esBefjqOAwMp2pr6a-euWwcfCtETgRgnqTd_ik64gLQ/rt:fill/w:1200/el:1/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy8yNDc3ODE2Ny1m/NjgxLTQzYTQtYjk2/MS04ZGVlYWQyZTdl/N2JmNDBmYjAyN2Yw/OGE0MDdjMjNfR2V0/dHlJbWFnZXMtMTE4/NzQ4OTA5NF9hLmpw/Zw.jpg)
-
-Ezra Koenig of Vampire Weekend is reported to have crispy Rs, along with Kourtney Kardashian and actor Max Greenfield. Gus Stewart/Getty Images
-
-McAllister suggests that what might be happening is that, well, it’s not really about the R, but rather what the R does to a neighboring sound. A consonant such as K or B is called a “stop,” which means it is a sound that requires the cessation of noise. As you transition from that to an R sound—in a word like “crispy”—the shape of your tongue will change the path of the burst of air used for the combined sound. In “crispy,” according to this theory, it’s not the R that’s crispy. It’s the K.
-
-(There’s another element: crispy Rs that allegedly appear at the end of words. I hear this in the way Death Cab for Cutie singer Ben Gibbard pronounces the word “year” in [this song](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSgHGFuPNus&ab_channel=DeathCabforCutie). It’s unclear if this ending R is related to the other crispy R; more study is needed.)
-
----
-
-An especially fun thing I’ve found about linguists over the years is that they are universally very excited to hear about some weird new accent or linguistic quirk. Both McAllister and Mielke immediately got to work as soon as I introduced them to the crispy R. They posted about it on social media, shared it with other linguists whose specialties and subspecialties might provide insight, made videos, isolated and analyzed audio clips. I didn’t ask them to do this stuff. They were just psyched to dig into something new.
-
-It’s also pretty likely that, even if linguists come up with a more precise name for the phenomenon, it will be forever referred to in academic literature and conferences as “known in the wider population as the ‘crispy R.’” All from some TikToks.
-
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-Date: 2023-04-22
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-TimeStamp: 2023-04-22
-Link: https://www.vulture.com/article/twin-gynecologists-stewart-marcus-cyril-marcus-dead-ringers-inspiration.html
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-# The ‘Dead Ringers’ Story: The Strange Death of the Twin Gynecologists
-
-## A patient’s notes.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/5b2/835/88ae0e4d2b64a24fa299aefdcfb675b662-twin-gynecologists-lede.rhorizontal.w1100.jpg)
-
-Photo: Matthew Klein
-
-**Editor’s note:** *New York’*s issue of September 8, 1975 included a cover story about two gynecologist twin brothers who had died under strange circumstances on the Upper East Side. The brothers’ story eventually inspired a novel, [*Twins*](https://www.amazon.com/Twins-Bari-Wood/dp/0434877859?tag=vulture-20&ascsubtag=[]vu[p]clg432equ002u0id5kg0xcee3)*,* by Bari Wood and Jack Geasland, and a film adaptation, *Dead Ringers,* directed by David Cronenberg and starring Jeremy Irons in both roles. In April 2023, [*Dead Ringers*](https://www.vulture.com/2023/03/dead-ringer-rachel-weisz-amazon-prime-clip.html) was remade as a Prime Video TV series, this time with Rachel Weisz as the doctors.
-
-Like so many other people I spoke with this summer, I found myself uncharacteristically haunted by the deaths of Stewart and Cyril Marcus, the twin gynecologists found gaunt and already partially decayed in their East 63rd Street apartment amidst a litter of garbage and pharmaceuticals. The story of their deaths had, for me, even in its barest bones, that element of stupefying reality that Philip Roth calls an “embarrassment” to the writer’s imagination; here was a reality that could make the capabilities of even the most imaginative writer seem meager.
-
-Several aspects of the deaths contributed to my stupefaction. One was the very fact of the men’s twinship, the doubleness which had given them a mutual birth date and now a mutual death date as well. Another was the men’s prominence. When beggars die in a state of bizarre deterioration in New York, there are no comets seen; when two doctors still on the staff of a mighty New York hospital die in a state of bizarre deterioration, the heavens themselves blaze forth questions of responsibility. Had these men actually been seeing patients — perhaps even performing operations — while already on their route to disintegration? (Such was the case, as it turned out.)
-
-Had none of their learned colleagues noticed, if not a mental alteration then at least the clear signs of physical change that had come over them? (They had, and, in fact, New York Hospital decided to dismiss the Marcuses — but only weeks before their deaths.).
-
-![package-table-of-contents-photo](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/264/570/0c61d6adbf9f79f68901383cbf63f68820-twin-gynecologists-cover.2x.rvertical.w330.jpg)
-
-But I had a special personal reason for curiosity about the deaths of the Marcuses, for I had once been a patient of Stewart’s. At least, it was Stewart whom I called for appointments and whose name appeared on the bills I received, although the friend who had recommended him to me told me she sometimes had her doubts about which twin she was actually getting. Yes, they were that much alike. She was convinced that from time to time they had played classic twin jokes, one substituting for the other. Another woman with whom I spoke had had the same impression recently, and said, “Of course, they never told the patients they were doing this. But I got so I could tell which was which. Stewart’s neck was thicker.” Other patients could tell which twin was which because they detected a difference not in anatomy but in personality. Their doctor, kindly on one visit, would be strangely inaccessible on the next. Thus, the story grew that one was a “good twin,” the other a “bad twin.” But there was widespread disagreement as to which was the good one, which the bad. And it was never quite clear whether the personality change was a result of the twins’ pinch-hitting for each other, or whether because within each twin there was a split and ranging personality. I tended toward the latter belief, and was convinced I always saw the same doctor, but that he had dark and darker moods.
-
-Eventually I left off seeing him. This was about eight years ago. I had found him/them distant, remote, incapable of or unwilling to engage in discussion or explanation. Hardly what one wants in a doctor. His/their reputations were good. They were among the few surgeons to have perfected the “purse string,” an operation that helped women who had difficulty carrying a fetus to full term. They were said, also, to be the best gynecologists in town — in those days — at inserting with a minimum of pain the then still new IUD’s — intrauterine devices. But communication with him/them was so often difficult that I finally realized that reputation was, for me, less important than responsiveness.
-
-Perhaps because of having felt so strongly *my* Dr. Marcus’s distance from life, I wasn’t really surprised when I read of his and his brother’s deaths. The initial police reaction was that they were victims of a suicide pact. There were no signs of anyone’s having forced entry into their apartment; no signs of external violence to either body. Stewart was found face up on the floor, nude except for his socks; Cyril was found dressed in his shorts and face down on a big double bed. Stewart had died several days before Cyril. There was no note — the usual accompaniment to suicide — although according to Bill Terrell, the building repairman who called the police and, with them, was the first to enter the apartment, there was a piece of paper in a typewriter with the name and address of the woman whom Cyril had married and divorced.
-
-More mysterious than the question of whether their deaths had been intentional or accidental was the fact that the *cause* of death remained unknown for days. Despite the fact that Cyril, a man close to six feet tall, had weighed just over 100 pounds at the time of his death, and Stewart had been gaunt as well, no sign of serious physical ill­ness was found in either man. No cancer: no heart condition.
-
-Ultimately, extensive tests conducted by the Medical Examiner revealed that drugs — barbiturates — had caused their deaths, but not because they had suddenly taken a large quantity. Rather, they had been taking large quantities for a long period of time, and it was when they stopped — and had the fatal convulsions typical of barbiturate withdrawal — that they had died.
-
-It is not easy to portray the Marcuses. The relatives are loath to talk about them, for obvious reasons. The wife from whom Cyril was divorced has children whom he sired. She feels an enormous, brooding compassion for her ex-husband. Colleagues of the Marcuses and those in an administrative capacity at New York Hospital were even less willing to talk, although three weeks after all my attempts at interviewing them had been defensively rejected, the *Times* was able to shame them into finally addressing the press. Because of these difficulties, I had to follow another direction and it took me closer to a resolution of the personal questions troubling me.
-
-I went first to the building in which the Marcuses had been found dead. Cyril had lived there — in apartment 10H at 1161 York Avenue — for some five years, apparently since the time he had separated from his wife and children; Stewart had moved in with him sometime in the last few months. To the doormen and building employees, the two doctors were always distant, remote, too arrogant for a “Good morning” or even a “Hot weather, isn’t it?”
-
-Because the two doctors eschewed small talk. no one talked to them much after a while. Thus it was that on a Tuesday, the Tuesday on which, presumably, the second twin was to die, his brother having done so several days earlier, doorman George Sich — who had worked in the building for 25 years — saw one of the twins leave the building sick and depleted and yet was unsure about how far to carry an offer of help. The twin — we now know it was Cyril — neared a table in the lobby on which packages were occasionally placed and began to stagger a bit. “I thought he looked ill,” says the doorman: “I thought he was going to faint, and I hurried over to help him.” But when Sich reached his side, the twin recovered his balance and said in an icy tone. “I’m all right.”
-
-Inside the apartment that day, the other brother — Stewart — already lay dead. He had become just another part of the debris and decaying organic matter that had been collecting around the twins for a lengthy period of time. The newspapers described the apartment in which the bodies were found as “messy.” Stronger words were used by building employees and policemen who went into the rooms. In the room in which Cyril died there was no inch of floor space that was not covered with litter and garbage, not just in a single layer, but almost a foot and a half high. Bits of unfinished TV dinners and chicken bones, paper bags and sandwich wrappers from Gristede’s were heaped around the bed, a collection of plastic wraps from the dry cleaner’s entirely filled one closet, and human feces rotted in a handsome leather armchair of the type so many doctors favor.
-
-Bill Terrell, the building repairman, says that he knew from the first that there was a dead body within. Neighbors had been complaining for two days that there was a smell emanating from 10H. Terrell says, “I knew what the smell meant. I was in combat, you see. The real conflict.”
-
-But Terrell had reasons beyond the nose on his face to suspect that there was a dead man — or two dead men — in the apartment. Once before he had been called upon to break open the door to 10H. It is his story of this event that makes the death of the Marcuses seem not just a sudden inexplicable tragedy but a tragedy with long, concealed roots. That other time, about three years ago, Terrell had been passing by 10H on his way from a repair job in a nearby apartment when he heard a buzzing sound within. It sounded like a phone off the hook. He thought nothing of it until, several hours later, he had cause to be on the tenth floor once again, passed 10H, and once again heard the buzzing. This time he rang the doorbell and began to pound loudly on the door. When no one answered his noises, Terrell says, he got the phone number of Cyril’s brother Stewart and telephoned him at his office. Terrell said to Stewart, “There’s something not quite kosher at your brother’s place. I think your brother needs help.”
-
-What happened next amazed and intrigued Terrell. There was, he says, a long silence. He got the feeling that Stewart was somehow consulting the air waves, communing with his brother, because he said nothing for a long, long time and then, quite abruptly, said, “Yes, You’re right. He does need help. I’ll be right over.” In Stewart’s presence, Terrell took apart the door lock. When they entered the apartment, they saw Cyril lying unconscious in the foyer. Stewart turned pale. Terrell said, “Give him artificial respiration.” “I can’t touch my brother. You do it.” “I can’t,” said Terrell. “You’re the doctor. You do it.”
-
-But in the end, neither of them did it. Stewart was too shaken and Terrell went to call help and an ambulance. It arrived within minutes, and one of the doctors who came rushing in saw Cyril and said, “Boy! He’s just about had it.”
-
-There is still, I think, some primitive terror of twins that lurks in us. It is so strong that, although we have come eons away from the kinds of superstitions that drove the Aborigines of Australia to murder one or even both of a twin set at birth, or some West African tribes to kill not just twin infants but the woman who had given birth to them, we are nevertheless mysteriously stirred and frightened when twins, born on the same day, die — or worse yet *choose* to die — at the same shared time. It arouses in us an almost primordial anxiety. *How* can it happen? It can’t, and yet it does. It happened here in 1952 when two ancient twin sisters were found withered from malnutrition in a Greenwich Village apartment, only to expire within hours of each other and their discovery. It happened in a North Carolina mental institution in 1962 when twin brothers, hospitalized for schizophrenia, were found dead within minutes of each other in separate ends of the hospital. The simultaneous or nearly simultaneous death of twins happens rarely, but when it does, it seems like some mysterious arithmetical proposition far beyond the ordinary computation involved in life and death.
-
-And yet sometimes there was humor connected with the Marcuses’ twinship. Once, when they were interns at Mount Sinai, they had participated in a hospital show, one twin exiting stage left just as his brother entered stage right, dressed alike, moving alike, trick photography in the flesh; it brought the house down. But for the most part, the stories that have accrued around the Marcus brothers are neither humorous nor focused on their attractive looks, nor even on the outstanding gynecological textbook they wrote in 1966.
-
-The words used to describe the Marcuses by even the most psychologically unsophisticated — words like “remote,” “distant,” “icy” — are the classical language used in psychiatric textbooks to describe schizoid personalities. Although some years ago Cyril, when married, displayed photographs of his children in his office, and Stewart was known to talk admiringly of their doctor-father, in the last few years of their life they seem to have felt connected to no one, except, perhaps, to each other. They had always been extraordinarily close and had shared, in their adolescence in Bayonne, New Jersey, and their college days at Syracuse University, the same aspirations, achievements, and goals. Sometimes this caused distress in people around them.
-
-One woman — a physician — recalls the Marcuses well because they were gynecological residents in the hospital where she delivered her first child 20 years ago. She remarked to me: “Having the Marcuses was a horrible experience; one would check with his fingers to see how far I was dilated — standard procedure, but never very pleasant — then he would call his brother, and have him check too. They did this twice. It was painful enough to have two people do it. And unnecessary. I finally had to have my husband demand that they stop this. It was as if one couldn’t have an experience without sharing it with his brother.”
-
-At the same time, the brothers seem to have feared alienating each other. Or at least Stewart feared alienating Cyril. A woman who was Cyril’s patient and grew to dislike his personality nevertheless felt that the Marcus twins had an expertise with women who had previously miscarried and now wanted to give birth. On one occasion she recommended such a friend to Stewart, explaining to her friend that she was sure she would not be able to bear Cyril’s icy mannerisms. The friend called Stewart and said she had been recommended to him by a patient of Cyril’s. Stewart refused to see her. “I can’t take patients away from my brother,” he explained. The woman argued with him. “I am not Cyril’s patient; my friend was Cyril’s patient and she has recommended you.” Stewart, this woman recalled, “grew apoplectic and he said he would never see my friend or me.”
-
-The Marcuses seem to have found in their twinship a proof of specialness, of their unique importance in a world of singletons. Sometimes that feeling was expressed in harsh, cruel ways. I know this because of a conversation I happen — eerily — to have had two weeks before the announcement of their deaths, with a woman who was explaining to me how it had felt to have twins. In retrospect, it seems amazing to me and to Arlene Gross that she and I had been talking about the Marcuses on a rainy Sunday as one of them already lay dying. Mrs. Gross had said to me that afternoon, “I didn’t know I was going to have twins. Still, I suspected it. There are twins in both my husband’s and my own families. But no one believed me. The obstetrician — a Dr. Marcus — certainly didn’t. On one of my visits I told him I thought maybe I was carrying twins, and he got peculiar, hateful and cold. I’ll never forget it. He stared at me and he said, ‘You pregnant women are all alike. Just because you overeat and get fat, you think you are going to have twins.’ He spoke to me with such contempt. It was as if I’d said I thought I was going to have the Messiah, as if giving birth to twins was something too special for the likes of me. Which was funny, since *he* was a twin.”
-
-There is one essential of personality that emerges in all these accounts, whether they deal with the twins’ closeness, their feelings about their twinship, or their awe of each other. It is that they were frequently hostile, even hurtful, to their women patients. Curiously, in view of their ultimate gaunt condition, they often seemed to insult women about their weight. The woman who gave birth to twins had been told she was fat; still, she was heavy at the time and she felt that the insult had been just, if cruel. But another woman who was five feet, eight inches tall and weighed, toward the end of her pregnancy, 155 pounds — a gain of only 20 pounds over her normal weight — was told by Cyril, “You’re disgustingly obese.”
-
-And there is another common thread in the accounts patients give of the Marcuses. It is that they could not abide disagreement. They seem to have grown paranoid and angry whenever they were questioned. One woman I spoke with tells an anguished story of being scheduled by Cyril for an operation three years ago, only to have had him fail to keep the appointment. She was in the hospital and already being prepped for the operation when she received a phone call from him. He explained to her in ordinary tones that the operation would have to be delayed till the afternoon because the doctor who was using the operating room at present was running late. The woman accepted the explanation. Afternoon came and once again the nurses started prepping her and once again there came a telephone call from Dr. Cyril Marcus. Again, still reasonable, he explained with some solicitude that he could not perform the operation. He would do it the next morning. When he called her the third time — the next morning — he suddenly announced that he had decided to postpone the operation and do a biopsy. “And this was the odd part,” said the woman. “I had always before found him pleasant, nice. When he told me — and later my husband — that now he had decided to do something different with me instead of operating, we felt it was certainly our right to know why he had changed his mind. But once we began questioning him he flew off the handle, became overwrought. He couldn’t brook being questioned. And he spoke so strangely that my husband decided I should just leave the hospital and seek another gynecologist. I did. I had the operation. It was fine. And I never went back to Cyril.”
-
-Jean Baer, writer and author with her psychologist husband, Dr. Herbert Fensterheim, of the recent book on assertiveness training *Don’t Say Yes When You Want to Say No*, was a patient of Stewart’s until just a year ago. “Most of the time I saw him, I was working full time as well as writing. My time was very important to me. I’d developed the habit — when it came to doctors and dentists — of always calling their offices prior to setting out from my home for appointments, just to be certain they weren’t running late. Several times when I’d call before an appointment with Marcus, the secretary there would tell me, ‘Yes, he will be free in 15 minutes,’ and so I’d leave my office and get up there, but when I’d arrive, he’d be nowhere to be seen. And it wasn’t as if the secretary had made a mistake. I could see she was embarrassed. She had no idea where he was. She’d just been told to answer calls that way. I’d have to wait and eventually he’d show up. But worse, once I needed him in an emergency and the secretary told me he never left a number where he could be reached.”
-
-Despite these provocations, Ms. Baer continued seeing Stewart Marcus. She even continued seeing him after a time when, just before she was to leave on a vacation, Stewart failed to keep his promise to see her, and Cyril — telephoned for advice — lashed out at her over the wires.
-
-“All I wanted was to know whether Stewart was going to be able to see me before I left and, if not, what to do about a certain problem I had. Cyril started screaming. I mean *screaming*. No one has ever spoken to me that way in my life.”
-
-In my own experience, I can think of almost no other occupation but medicine in which explosive, paranoid, peculiar behavior is so long tolerated. In an office, in a shop, even in political life, there are checks and balances and interactions which eventually serve to inform and protect and dissuade the public. This is not true in medicine with its private-practice secrecy and the unwillingness of doctors to criticize their peers. Patients can, of course, leave doctors. But there IS almost no way they can communicate to other, less-wary patients what their own ex­periences may have unveiled.
-
-Nor had the kind of excitable, angry behavior which Ms. Baer describes arisen in the twins only recently. One quite medically sophisticated woman who had used Cyril as her obstetrician ten years ago reported to me that he had grown violently angry with her when she had told him that, because she was an older woman and feared she might give birth to a mentally retarded child, she wanted him to arrange with the hospital pediatrician to administer to her newborn a PKU test — a test for mental retardation now required by law and automatically given to all infants born in New York State. The test was not yet law at the time, however, and Cyril Marcus was enraged at the request. He told the woman the idea was ridiculous, that he had not even had the test for his own children, and that she was being grossly demanding. Shortly before she gave birth, the test did become standard procedure, but, if anything, this made Cyril even more angry and hostile to her.
-
-What of their colleagues? While they speak less freely than do the patients, they too reveal a dark side of the doctors. Dr. Myron Buchman, a prominent New York Hospital gynecologist and longtime colleague of the Marcuses’, says, “No one really knew them well.” Another doctor at New York Hospital with whom I spoke said, “No one was shocked at their deaths. They were isolates and had always kept to themselves.” A third gynecologist, Dr. Stanley Birnbaum, said, “There was no one they were really friendly with at the hospital,” and explained, “everybody felt they were sick, somehow, but just what was the nature of their illness, if any, I have no idea.”
-
-In general, the picture that emerges of the Marcuses is of two men who shared a psychological disturbance that antedated their extreme barbitu­rate addiction and eventual death. It is common for identical twins to share psychological traits and capabilities as well as physical similarities. Thus we have had many sets of twins who enter the same professional field as one another and achieve almost equal prominence — the playwrights Anthony and Peter Shaffer, the painters Raphael and Moses Soyer, the doctors Alan and Manfred Guttmacher. Identical twins tend to resemble each other — even when reared in different households and economic settings — in such things as IQ, mathematical ability, musical talent, degree of self-confidence, and even in mental disease and the rate at which it develops. They do not show a greater incidence of such disease than do other members of the population, but when one twin develops a mental illness, the risk of its development in the other is very high. Illustrations of this are so dramatic and convincing that twin re­search has become the backbone of the growing psychiatric conviction that such mental illnesses as schizophrenia and manic-depressive disease are genetically transmitted.
-
-It is therefore not unlikely to as­sume that both the Marcuses deteri­orated from the same mental illness at the same rate. Nor is it necessary — or even sensible — to ask, “What made them die?” if the implication of the question is, “Who did it? What woman or man? What disappointment?” For many years the brothers had been withdrawn, isolated, suspicious. At some point they intensified their isolation by seeking the increased withdrawal and somnambulism that barbiturates offer, and in the end they opted for — or simply grew too weak on drugs to consume any more and thus ward off — the ultimate somnambulism of the grave. Theirs is a story of a slow groping toward death on the part of two men who already had but a tenuous connection with people — and that connection, after all, is life.
-
-Thus, in the operating room one day last year, one of the Marcuses pulled the anesthesia mask off a patient and placed it over his own face, longing for unconsciousness and extinction. It was for this — and other similar reasons — that so many of those who knew the Marcuses said they were not surprised by the brothers’ death, and seemed even to have anticipated it. But why hadn’t they shared their suspicions, blazoned them about town? And why had New York Hospital waited so long to initiate the twins’ dismissal, when years ago the brothers were already showing signs to patients of dangerous mood shifts and impersonality?
-
-These days, I find I am disillusioned with all the colleagues of the Marcuses who knew how sick and unreliable the twins were, but who felt it necessary, out of medical solidarity and a self­-serving sympathy for troubled peers, to keep silent — up to and even after the bitter end. I find I keep asking myself, Who was that woman whose anesthesia mask was removed? It might have been me or you.
-
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-
-[See All](https://www.vulture.com/tags/dead-ringers)
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-‘Dead Ringers’: The Strange Death of the Twin Gynecologists
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diff --git a/00.03 News/They Cracked the Code to a Locked USB Drive Worth $235 Million in Bitcoin. Then It Got Weird.md b/00.03 News/They Cracked the Code to a Locked USB Drive Worth $235 Million in Bitcoin. Then It Got Weird.md
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-Tag: ["📟", "🪙", "🔐"]
-Date: 2023-10-29
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-10-29
-Link: https://www.wired.com/story/unciphered-ironkey-password-cracking-bitcoin/
-location:
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-&emsp;
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-# They Cracked the Code to a Locked USB Drive Worth $235 Million in Bitcoin. Then It Got Weird
-
-At 9:30 am on a Wednesday in late September, a hacker who asked to be called Tom Smith sent me a nonsensical text message: “query voltage recurrence.”
-
-Those three words were proof of a remarkable feat—and potentially an extremely valuable one. A few days earlier, I had randomly generated those terms, set them as the passphrase on a certain model of [encrypted](https://www.wired.com/tag/encryption/) [USB thumb drive](https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-usb-flash-drives/) known as an IronKey S200, and shipped the drive across the country to Smith and his teammates in the Seattle lab of a startup called Unciphered.
-
-Unciphered’s staff in the company’s Seattle lab.
-
-Photograph: Meron Menghistab
-
-Smith had told me that guessing my passphrase might take several days. Guessing it at all, in fact, should have been impossible: IronKeys are designed to permanently erase their contents if someone tries just 10 incorrect password guesses. But Unciphered's hackers had developed a secret IronKey password-cracking technique—one that they've still declined to fully describe to me or anyone else outside their company—that gave them essentially infinite tries. My USB stick had reached Unciphered’s lab on Tuesday, and I was somewhat surprised to see my three-word passphrase texted back to me the very next morning. With the help of a high-performance computer, Smith told me, the process had taken only 200 trillion tries.
-
-Smith’s demonstration was not merely a hacker party trick. He and Unciphered’s team have spent close to eight months developing a capability to crack this specific, decade-old model of IronKey for a very particular reason: They believe that in a vault in a Swiss bank 5,000 miles to the east of their Seattle lab, an IronKey that's just as vulnerable to this cracking technique holds the keys to 7,002 bitcoins, worth close to $235 million at current exchange rates.
-
-For years, Unciphered's hackers and many others in the crypto community have followed the story of a Swiss crypto entrepreneur living in San Francisco named Stefan Thomas, who owns this 2011-era IronKey, and who has lost the password to unlock it and access the nine-figure fortune it contains. Thomas has said in interviews that he's already tried eight incorrect guesses, leaving only two more tries before the IronKey erases the keys stored on it and he loses access to his bitcoins forever.
-
-Screens in Unciphered’s lab show a microscopic image of the layout of the IronKey’s controller chip (left) and a CT scan of the drive.
-
-Photograph: Meron Menghistab
-
-Now, after months of work, Unciphered's hackers believe they can open Thomas' locked treasure chest, and they're ready to use their secret cracking technique to do it. “We were hesitant to reach out to him until we had a full, provable, reliable attack,” says Smith, who asked WIRED not to reveal his real name due to the sensitivities of working with secret hacking techniques and very large sums of cryptocurrency. “Now we’re in that place.”
-
-The only problem: Thomas doesn't seem to want their help.
-
-Earlier this month, not long after performing their USB-decrypting demonstration for me, Unciphered reached out to Thomas through a mutual associate who could vouch for the company’s new IronKey-unlocking abilities and offer assistance. The call didn't even get as far as discussing Unciphered's commission or fee before Thomas politely declined.
-
-Thomas had already made a “handshake deal” with two other cracking teams a year earlier, he explained. In an effort to prevent the two teams from competing, he had offered each a portion of the proceeds if either one could unlock the drive. And he remains committed, even a year later, to giving those teams more time to work on the problem before he brings in anyone else—even though neither of the teams has shown any sign of pulling off the decryption trick that Unciphered has already accomplished.
-
-That has left Unciphered in a strange situation: It holds what is potentially one of the most valuable lockpicking tools in the cryptocurrency world, but with no lock to pick. “We cracked the IronKey,” says Nick Fedoroff, Unciphered's director of operations. “Now we have to crack Stefan. This is turning out to be the hardest part.”
-
-In an email to WIRED, Thomas confirmed that he had turned down Unciphered's offer to unlock his encrypted fortune. “I have already been working with a different set of experts on the recovery so I'm no longer free to negotiate with someone new,” Thomas wrote. “It's possible that the current team could decide to subcontract Unciphered if they feel that's the best option. We'll have to wait and see.” Thomas declined to be interviewed or to comment further.
-
-A Very Valuable, Worthless USB Stick
-
-In past interviews, Thomas has said that his 7,002 bitcoins were left over from a payment he received for making a video titled “What is Bitcoin?” that published on YouTube in early 2011, when a bitcoin was worth less than a dollar. Later that year, he told [WIRED](https://www.wired.com/2011/11/mf-bitcoin/) that he'd inadvertently erased two backup copies of the wallet that held those thousands of coins, and then lost the piece of paper with the password to decrypt the third copy, stored on the IronKey. By then, his lost coins were worth close to $140,000. “I spent a week trying to recover it,” he said at the time. “It was pretty painful.”
-
-In the 12 years since, the value of the inaccessible coins on Thomas' IronKey has at times swelled to be worth nearly half a billion dollars, before settling to its current, still-staggering price. In January 2021, as Bitcoin began to approach its peak exchange rate, Thomas [described to *The New York Times*](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/12/technology/bitcoin-passwords-wallets-fortunes.html) the angst that his long-lost hoard had caused him over the years. “I would just lay in bed and think about it,” he said. “Then I would go to the computer with some new strategy, and it wouldn’t work, and I would be desperate again.”
-
-Around that same time in 2021, a team of cryptographers and white-hat hackers founded Unciphered with the goal of unlocking exactly the sort of vast, frozen funds that many unlucky crypto holders like Thomas have long since given up on. At the time of Unciphered’s official launch, the cryptocurrency tracing firm Chainalysis estimated the total sum of those forgotten wallets across blockchains to be worth $140 billion. Unciphered says it has since successfully helped clients open locked wallets worth “many millions” of dollars—often through [novel cryptographic vulnerabilities or software flaws](https://www.keybleed.com/) it has discovered in cryptocurrency wallets—though nothing close to the size of Thomas' IronKey stash.
-
-A deconstructed IronKey inside of Unciphered’s laser cutting tool.
-
-Photograph: Meron Menghistab
-
-Only around the beginning of 2023 did Unciphered begin to hunt for potential avenues to unlock Thomas' IronKey prize. Smith says that they quickly started to see hints that the IronKey's manufacturer, which was sold to storage hardware firm iMation in 2011, had left them some potential openings. “We were seeing little bits and pieces,” Smith says. “Like, this looks a little sloppy, or this looks not quite like how someone should be doing things.” (Kingston Storage, which now owns IronKey, didn’t respond to WIRED’s request for comment.)
-
-Even a decade-old IronKey is a daunting target for hackers. The USB stick, whose development was funded in part by the United States Department of Homeland Security, is FIPS-140-2 Level 3 certified, meaning it's tamper-resistant and its encryption is secure enough for use by military and intelligence agencies for classified information. But emboldened by the few hints of security flaws they'd found—and still with no participation from Thomas—Unciphered's founders decided to take on the project of cracking it. “If there is an Everest to attempt, this is it,” Fedoroff remembers telling the team. The company's founders would eventually pull together a group of around 10 staffers and outside consultants, several of whom had backgrounds at the National Security Agency or other three-letter government agencies. They called it Project Everest.
-
-A $235 Million Treasure Hunt
-
-One of their first moves was to determine the exact model of IronKey that Thomas must have used, based on timing and a process of elimination. Then they bought the entire supply of that decade-plus-old model that they could find available for sale online, eventually amassing hundreds of them in their lab.
-
-To fully reverse engineer the device, Unciphered scanned an IronKey with a CT scanner, then began the elaborate surgery necessary to deconstruct it. Using a precise laser cutting tool, they carved out the Atmel chip that serves as the USB stick's “secure enclave” holding its cryptographic secrets. They bathed that chip in nitric acid to “decap” it, removing the layers of epoxy designed to prevent tampering. They then began to polish down the chip, layer by layer, with an abrasive silica solution and a tiny spinning felt pad, removing a fraction of a micron of material from its surface at a time, taking photos of each layer with either optical microscopes or scanning electron microscopes, and repeating the process until they could build a full 3D model of the processor.
-
-Because the chip's read-only memory, or ROM, is built into the layout of its physical wiring for better efficiency, Unciphered's visual model gave it a head start toward deciphering much of the logic of the IronKey's cryptographic algorithm. But the team went much further, attaching tenth-of-a-millimeter gauge wires to the secure element’s connections to “wiretap” the communications going into and out of it. They even tracked down engineers who had worked on the Atmel chip and another microcontroller in the IronKey that dated back to the 1990s to quiz them for details about the hardware. “It felt very much like a treasure hunt," says Fedoroff. “You’re following a map that’s faded and coffee-stained, and you know there’s a pot of gold at the end of a rainbow, but you have no idea where that rainbow’s leading.”
-
-That cracking process culminated in July, when Unciphered's team gathered at an Airbnb in San Francisco. They describe standing around a table covered with millions of dollars’ worth of lab equipment when a member of the team read out the contents of a decrypted IronKey for the first time. “What just happened?” Fedoroff asked the room. “We just summited Everest,” said Unciphered's CEO, Eric Michaud.
-
-Unciphered still won't reveal its full research process, or any details of the technique it ultimately found for cracking the IronKey and defeating its “counter” that limits password guesses. The company argues that the vulnerabilities they discovered are still potentially too dangerous to be made public, given that the model of IronKeys it cracked are too old to be patched with a software update, and some may still store classified information. “If this were to leak somehow, there would be much bigger national security implications than a cryptocurrency wallet,” Fedoroff says.
-
-The team notes that the final method they developed doesn't require any of the invasive or destructive tactics that they used in their initial research. They've now unlocked 2011-era IronKeys—without destroying them—more than a thousand times, they say, and unlocked three IronKeys in demonstrations for WIRED.
-
-Cryptic Contracts
-
-None of that, however, has gotten them any closer to persuading Stefan Thomas to let them crack *his* IronKey. Unciphered’s hackers say they learned from the intermediary who contacted Thomas on their behalf that Thomas has already been in touch with two other potential players in the crypto- and hardware-hacking world to help unlock his USB stick: the cybersecurity forensics and investigations firm Naxo, and the independent security researcher Chris Tarnovsky.
-
-Naxo declined WIRED’s request to comment. But Chris Tarnovsky, a renowned chip reverse engineer, confirmed to WIRED that he had a “meet-and-greet” call with Thomas in May of last year. Tarnovsky says that, in the meeting, Thomas had told him that if he could successfully unlock the IronKey, he would be "generous," but didn't specify a fee or commission. Since then, Tarnovsky says that he has done very little work on the project, and that he has essentially been waiting for Thomas to start paying him on a monthly basis for initial research. "I want Stefan to cough up some money up front," says Tarnovsky. “It's a lot of work, and I need to worry about my mortgage and my bills.”
-
-But Tarnovsky says he hasn't heard from Thomas since that first call. “Nothing came out of it,” he says. “It's weird.”
-
-Unciphered’s director of operations Nick Fedoroff.
-
-Photograph: Meron Menghistab
-
-Unciphered's team remains skeptical about Naxo’s progress and whether it’s any further along than Tarnovsky. There are only a small number of hardware hackers capable of the reverse engineering necessary to crack the IronKey, they argue, and none appear to be working with Naxo. As for Thomas' suggestion that they could subcontract to Naxo or another team working on the project, Unciphered's Fedoroff says he won't rule it out, but argues it doesn't make sense when Unciphered alone can crack the IronKey. “Based on what we know, we don't see any benefit to anyone in going that route,” Fedoroff says.
-
-Thomas, meanwhile, seems to display an unusual lack of urgency in unlocking his $235 million, and has offered only vague hints about why he has yet to reveal any progress toward that goal. “When you're dealing with so much money, everything takes forever,” he told the *Thinking Crypto* podcast in an [interview](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwN_rsu8xJc) over the summer. “The person you're working with, you need some contract with them, and that contract needs to be rock solid, because if there's some issue with the contract, there's suddenly hundreds of millions of dollars at stake.”
-
-To potentially accelerate that cryptic contract process, Unciphered plans to publish an open letter to Thomas and a video in the coming days designed to persuade—or pressure—Thomas into working with them. But Fedoroff concedes that it's possible Thomas doesn't actually care about the money: In its piece about his locked coins in 2021, *The New York Times* wrote that Thomas already had “more riches than he knows what to do with,” thanks to other crypto ventures.
-
-Fedoroff notes that it's impossible to know for certain what Thomas' IronKey holds. Maybe the keys to the 7,002 bitcoins are held elsewhere, or gone altogether.
-
-He says Unciphered is still hopeful. But the team is also ready to move on if Thomas won't work with them. There are, after all, other locked wallets out there for the company to crack. And the decision of whether and how to unlock this particular USB drive's riches will ultimately fall to its owner alone. “It's incredibly frustrating,” says Fedoroff. “But when you're dealing with people, that's always the most complex part. Code doesn't change unless you tell it to. Circuitry doesn't either. But humans are incredibly unpredictable creatures.”
-
-*Updated 10:55 am ET, October 24, 2023, to correct a misspelling of Nick Fedoroff's surname.*
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diff --git a/00.03 News/They Tried to Expose Louisiana Judges Who Had Systematically Ignored Prisoners’ Petitions. No One Listened..md b/00.03 News/They Tried to Expose Louisiana Judges Who Had Systematically Ignored Prisoners’ Petitions. No One Listened..md
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-Tag: ["🚔", "🧑🏻‍⚖️", "🇺🇸", "🚫", "⛓️"]
-Date: 2023-11-12
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-11-12
-Link: https://www.propublica.org/article/louisiana-judges-ignored-prisoners-petitions-without-review-fifth-circuit
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-&emsp;
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-# They Tried to Expose Louisiana Judges Who Had Systematically Ignored Prisoners’ Petitions. No One Listened.
-
-ProPublica is a nonprofit newsroom that investigates abuses of power. Sign up to receive [our biggest stories](https://www.propublica.org/newsletters/the-big-story?source=www.propublica.org&placement=top-note&region=national) as soon as they’re published.
-
-### Prologue
-
-Two years into his 25-year sentence for attempted aggravated rape, Nathan Brown could tell the man sitting across from him — a jailhouse lawyer improbably named Lawyer Winfield — was not going to help him get out of prison. It was astounding to Brown that he was pinning his hopes on a fellow inmate who had an eighth grade education and whose formal legal training amounted to a prison paralegal course. “But he knew more than I did,” Brown said.
-
-Brown laid out for Winfield the details of his case. In the summer of 1997, a woman was assaulted in the courtyard of the apartment complex in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, where Brown was living with his mother. The woman, who was white, fended off the attacker with her high-heeled shoe until he fled on a bicycle. When sheriff’s deputies arrived, a security guard suggested they question Brown — one of the few Black tenants in the complex.
-
-Brown, 23 at the time, was in his pajamas, rocking his baby daughter to sleep. The deputies put him in handcuffs and brought him to the victim. When she couldn’t identify him, the officers allowed her to get close enough to smell him. She had told them her attacker had a foul body odor. Brown, she would later testify, smelled like soap; he must have showered immediately after, she speculated. In a trial that lasted one day, the jury found him guilty. After his appeal was rejected, he no longer had a right to an attorney provided by the state.
-
-Winfield began translating Brown’s grievances into a legal petition. He argued that Brown’s lawyer had provided ineffective counsel: He had overlooked the most basic defense strategies, failing to challenge the discrepancies in the victim’s story and to insist on DNA testing. The two of them worked on the petition for months, so Brown was surprised when the Louisiana 5th Circuit Court of Appeal delivered a rejection just a week later. The denial — a single sentence that didn’t address any of Brown’s claims — bore the names of three judges. But something didn’t feel right. How could they return the ruling so quickly? Why was it so vague?
-
-The answer to those questions would come years later, in the suicide note of a high-level court employee who disclosed that the judges of the 5th Circuit had decided, in secret, to ignore the petitions of prisoners who could not afford an attorney. It was a shocking revelation. In a state where police and prosecutorial misconduct frequently make national headlines and a stream of exonerations has revealed a criminal justice system still functioning in the shadow of slavery and Jim Crow, a group of white judges had decided that the claims of hundreds, perhaps thousands, of inmates — most of them Black — were not worth taking the time to read.
-
-Among those petitions was Brown’s claim that a DNA test would have proven his innocence.
-
-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/Fifth-Circuit-Part-1-2.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=332&q=75&w=800&s=1abc45dd24f68b2645b906330d8a7242)
-
-Part One
-
-### A Death at the Courthouse
-
-On a warm Monday morning in May 2007, as the secretaries and clerks began filing through the glass doors of the Louisiana 5th Circuit Court of Appeal, staff director Jerrold Peterson was inside his office with a 9 mm Beretta pistol. A letter he had written to the court’s eight judges was making its way to the chambers of Chief Judge Edward Dufresne Jr. Versions of that letter were en route to the Judiciary Commission, the panel responsible for investigating allegations of judicial misconduct, and to the Times-Picayune, the state’s most influential paper.
-
-Peterson hoped [the letter](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24099626-peterson-letter-to-judges) would unleash a massive scandal — one that he had helped perpetuate for more than a decade. Fifty-five years old, Peterson had long been a fixture at the courthouse, and he reminded the judges that he had kept their secrets, clearing contempt charges against their friends and fixing traffic tickets whenever they asked. But he focused his rage on one secret in particular: their handling of appeals sent to the court by prisoners who claimed they’d been unjustly convicted.
-
-Louisiana requires that a panel of three judges review all such petitions — known as pro se petitions, a Latin phrase that means “for oneself.” But Peterson wrote that the judges had instructed him to ignore the law and dispose of the appeals on his own. Dufresne, he explained, signed off on the documents “without so much as a glance.”
-
-The implications were staggering. Over 12 years, the 5th Circuit, which is responsible for reviewing challenges from trial courts in four parishes, had disregarded at least 5,000 pro se petitions from Louisiana prisoners, according to the court’s records. The inmates ranged from people convicted of murder to nonviolent offenders sent away for life. Many had limited education and struggled to present their arguments in the language of the courts. If Peterson’s accusations were true, none of the judges had ever laid eyes on their claims.
-
-Peterson, who was known to keep his door open, didn’t answer the business services manager when she came by to tell him that Dufresne wanted to see him. The chief judge instructed her to have the head of security unlock the door. As he slid in his passkey, the sound of a gunshot echoed through the building.
-
-A police detective arrived at the courthouse and found Peterson at his desk, slumped to one side, the Beretta still clutched in his right hand. The rest of the office, the detective wrote in his incident report, “seemed to be void of any further evidence.” When the officer searched the room a second time “for a final attempt to locate a possible suicide note,” Dufresne joined him. The chief judge didn’t mention that he had already read Peterson’s suicide letter. The detective, though, sensed something was amiss. In [his report,](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24099647-original-police-reports) he noted that Dufresne “appeared to be evasive.”
-
----
-
-The 5th Circuit courthouse sits on the edge of downtown Gretna, a sleepy New Orleans suburb of 17,000 that serves as the government seat for Jefferson Parish. A tight bend in the Mississippi River separates Gretna from New Orleans, but politically and socially, the two are much further apart. Connecting the cities are twin bridges that became notorious after Hurricane Katrina when thousands of New Orleans residents tried to evacuate over the span but were forced back by a line of Gretna police officers. For many Black people in Louisiana, the moment encapsulated the hostility of the suburb, an area shaped by white families who had fled school desegregation half a century earlier.
-
-On the Gretna side of the bridge, the road becomes the Harry Lee Expressway, named for a sheriff of the parish who was elected in 1979 and returned to office six times on a platform of aggressive policing. Lee once proudly announced that he had ordered his deputies to stop any “young blacks” they might find driving at night in a white neighborhood. “There’s a pretty good chance they’re up to no good,” he explained. During Lee’s tenure, the voters of Jefferson Parish sent David Duke, the former grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, to the Louisiana House of Representatives for a term.
-
-Dufresne’s ancestors were among the area’s early settlers. His father, a plantation owner known as Big Eddie, built a white-columned brick home at the edge of his sugarcane fields in the neighboring parish of St. Charles. Dufresne, known as “Little Eddie,” launched his first campaign — a successful run for clerk of court — while he was still in law school. After he won a seat on the court, a local publication called him “the Thomas Jefferson of St. Charles government” and asked, “Can Eddie Dufresne, Jr. go cold turkey on politics now that he’s a judge?” The answer was no. By the time he was elected to the newly formed 5th Circuit Court in 1982, he had become a power broker like his father, weighing in on disputes and promoting politicians he favored. Each spring, he hosted a lavish crawfish boil on the riverfront that drew sheriffs, businesspeople, judges and public officials.
-
-Long before he became chief judge in 2001, Dufresne dominated the 5th Circuit. On most weekdays, he would arrive at the courthouse in the passenger seat of one of his Cadillacs, driven by his longtime secretary, who would pick him up at the plantation house. Yet he was perceived by many as a “real salt-of-the-earth kind of guy,” as one lawyer put it. He earned the loyalty of staff by keeping work hours short — he would often leave at 2 p.m. — and wages high. “Dufresne ran a court for the benefit of the judges,” another lawyer told me.
-
-During a monthly meeting of the 5th Circuit’s judges in 1994, he proposed changing how the court handled criminal pro se petitions, also known as writs. [The minutes](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24099648-minutes-of-1994-meeting) note the proposal but only in passing; it’s sandwiched between a lengthy debate over plans to upgrade the court’s computer system and a discussion about renting a new office copier. Dufresne’s plan is described in two sentences: A three-judge panel would no longer rule on the petitions unless they were “special or unusual”; instead, Dufresne would oversee them himself.
-
-“Administratively, it got somewhat cumbersome to have to select three-judge panels for every writ, because you’d get hundreds of them,” said Bryan Pedeaux, who was Dufresne’s longtime law clerk. “So Dufresne said, ‘Let’s see if we can somehow streamline the situation.’”
-
-At the time, the 5th Circuit had the lowest caseload — and the lowest number of pro se petitions — of the state’s five appellate courts. In the year preceding the meeting, it reported 235 criminal pro se petitions, fewer than one-tenth of the statewide total. The 4th Circuit, which includes New Orleans, reported 1,031.
-
-Dufresne’s proposal was in keeping with his judicial views, former staff members told me. He believed that people convicted of crimes were almost certainly guilty and that any issue they raised on appeal was an attempt to avoid paying for their actions. He almost never reversed a decision of the lower criminal courts. “There was a total prejudice against all people charged and convicted of crimes,” said a former law clerk. “They never planned to give any of these people any relief anyway, so what difference does it make?”
-
-The minutes give no hint of why the judges believed they could circumvent the state’s law. Although Peterson attended the meeting, his future role in drafting rulings on the court’s behalf is not mentioned. Still, it was clear Dufresne was offering to substantially reduce the judges’ caseloads: At the time of that meeting, more than 75% of the court’s post-conviction petitions came from prisoners without an attorney. The change went into effect immediately.
-
-ProPublica made multiple attempts to contact each of the three 5th Circuit judges who presided during the relevant years and are still alive. ProPublica also asked for comment from the 5th Circuit courthouse. None responded.
-
-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/Fifth-Circuit-Embed-1.JPG?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=1200&q=75&w=800&s=2eb89528b5bbd5156aac88b9b0ff1ec3)
-
-Entrusted with overseeing the new protocol, Peterson developed a system to dispense with the prisoners’ applications speedily. He [drew up 15 rulings](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24099650-list-of-rulings) for his assistant to cut and paste; they were typically no longer than one or two sentences and ambiguous enough to fit a wide range of claims. A couple of the rulings were labeled “grants” but did little more than allow prisoners access to their trial transcripts.
-
-Sixty years ago, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Gideon v. Wainwright that the Sixth Amendment guarantees all criminal defendants the right to an attorney. But in most states, including Louisiana, that right ends after an appeal of the initial conviction. Every subsequent appeal is part of the post-conviction process, an area of law that even experienced lawyers find challenging.
-
-Judges often view pro se appeals skeptically because they are filed by people who are not only untrained in the law but sometimes barely literate. Even liberal courts struggle with the high volume of petitions that lack merit. They are frequently assigned to clerks, who tend to recommend that judges dismiss them on technical grounds to avoid having to unravel what they see as frivolous or poorly made arguments. Still, the post-conviction process is essentially the only avenue prisoners have to introduce new evidence of their innocence or to persuade the court a defense attorney didn’t do their job.
-
-There is overwhelming evidence that state courts routinely send innocent men and women to prison. Researchers estimate that at least 1% of those serving time for violent offenses have been wrongfully convicted — roughly 7,000 inmates in state prisons alone — [though they believe that number is much higher](https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=965089116025100064031016126109001070005032032002040049023072115078085004076082093095117062001119114023042026004001120096119123015046088093022109126094018027088116004000087027089075078116070019068007126120121086025009030025095081023112005116012001073&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE). Louisiana law says that people sentenced to death are entitled to court-appointed lawyers for all of their appeals. Subjected to such scrutiny, an astounding number of the state’s prosecutions have fallen apart. Since 1976, [82% of Louisiana’s death sentences have been overturned](https://www.sulc.edu/assets/sulc/Current-Students/Student-Life/reversals.pdf) by appeals judges after defense attorneys exposed serious violations that occurred at trial. Most sentences were reduced to life; some prisoners were exonerated.
-
-That statistic underscores a fundamental inequity. The people sentenced to lengthy or life sentences were arrested by the same police forces, prosecuted by the same district attorneys, represented by the same public defenders and convicted in the same courts as those on death row, but they are on their own. When they file a pro se petition asking Louisiana’s appellate courts to reconsider their cases, they are at a significant disadvantage. Those petitioning the 5th Circuit after that meeting in 1994 had no chance at all.
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-To create the appearance of a proper review, former staffers said Dufresne formed a “pro se committee,” which included three judges who agreed to lend their names to Peterson’s rulings. Whenever a judge on the committee retired, Dufresne appointed someone new. The nature of the pro se committee was an open secret at the courthouse. “I knew what they were doing, and I knew it was unconstitutional,” said one former clerk. “Everyone knew about it.”
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-In Louisiana, courts charge prisoners a fee for petitions — generally $50. Those costs are usually paid by parishes in which the defendants are convicted. By 1999, the 5th Circuit was charging $300. The money, paid by taxpayers, flowed into the 5th Circuit’s discretionary fund. In a period when the state’s criminal justice system was close to financial collapse, with some public defenders representing as many as 400 people at a time, records show that the 5th Circuit collected at least $1.7 million for the pro se petitions its judges did not read. Former 5th Circuit employees told me the judges spent the money on office furnishings, travel allowances — even for retired judges — and other perks the state didn’t cover. When asked about the fund’s expenditures, the 5th Circuit said it keeps financial records for only three years and could not provide an accounting.
-
----
-
-The pro se petitions made up only a small part of Peterson’s responsibilities. His primary task was to oversee the court’s central staff, a group of lawyers who reviewed criminal petitions filed by attorneys and wrote recommendations for the judges. He also spearheaded the court’s lobbying of the state legislature and oversaw the construction of the new court building. “He loved that job more than anything in the world,” a former colleague told me.
-
-Although Peterson often put in long days, he advised his staff to spend more time with their families. Those who knew him well said his devotion to his work seemed to rise and fall in proportion to what was occurring in his personal life, which was in a perpetual state of flux. Former colleagues said he was unhappy in his marriage and had several affairs with staff members. At times his home mail was delivered to the office, and some of his co-workers suspected he might sleep there on occasion. Putting his children through parochial school was a financial strain. One of his daughters had died in her teens, and a brother had killed himself. A devout Catholic, Peterson had a hard time reconciling his faith with his troubled marriage and bouts of depression.
-
-Peterson was born into a family of river pilots responsible for guiding ships through the lower Mississippi. It’s one of the most lucrative jobs in the state, with pay frequently exceeding $700,000 a year. Peterson’s grandfather, father and brother all held the job, and two of his sons now do. Peterson took a different path. After he graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy, he attended law school at Tulane University and took a job at a firm in New Orleans. He joined the 5th Circuit at age 37; his time with the court was interrupted only by his military service — as a reserve Marine colonel, he served in both the Afghanistan and Iraq wars.
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-After years of overseeing the scheme, Peterson sought out Karla Baker, who had worked at the court years earlier and with whom he had been romantically involved. Baker was much younger than Peterson, and their relationship had continued after she left the 5th Circuit and took a job as a defense attorney at a prominent New Orleans firm. Peterson told her he wanted someone else to know what the judges had asked him to do, and he gave her a copy of his list of denials and the minutes from the 1994 meeting. He asked her not to do anything unless she heard from him.
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-On Saturday, May 19, 2007, two days before his suicide, Peterson received a call from Dufresne, summoning him to the courthouse. When he arrived, Dufresne and two judges were waiting in the conference room, and it quickly became clear they were there to fire him. They had evidence that Peterson had tried to improperly sway a case — that he had directed his staff to write a memo advising the judges to rule in favor of a defendant. Peterson rarely, if ever, recommended relief, even in cases filed by attorneys. But this happened to be a case Baker was defending, and Peterson had intervened.
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-Some law clerks had reported what they viewed as Peterson’s misconduct to the judges. Dufresne wanted to let it go, but a new judge on the court insisted they launch an investigation, which also revealed that Peterson was having a relationship with one of his subordinates. It had become too much to ignore. After more than a decade of denying the appeals of defendants, he was being fired for trying to aid one.
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-Peterson was blindsided. He had assumed he had a level of job security commensurate with the amount of dirty work he had done for the court. “Jerry thought he was one of them,” a former colleague told me. “He thought he was unfireable because he knew all the court’s secrets.” Now, some of the same judges who had asked him to break the law were dismissing him for what struck him as comparatively small-scale misconduct.
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-After the meeting, he sat down and began to write a letter to the judges. “Not one criminal writ application filed by an inmate pro se has been reviewed by a judge on the court,” he wrote. “Who’s integrity is really in question when you have conveniently ignored your duty to review pro se criminal writ applications so you can reduce your workload, present a false picture of the court’s work, and charge large sums for work you haven’t done?”
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-On the morning of his suicide, Baker said, she received an email from Peterson: “He said by the time he was finished it will be Gretnagate.” But he underestimated the determination of the state’s legal establishment to protect its own.
-
-The Times-Picayune ran a short piece on the suicide a few days later. It described Peterson as a well-liked, reliable employee. A staff member told the paper that Peterson’s problems were personal ones: “As far as anyone knows it has nothing to do with anything here at the court.” The article made no mention of the letter Peterson had sent to the paper.
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-The Judiciary Commission initiated an investigation into the 5th Circuit. A person familiar with the inquiry told me it focused on Dufresne, but it never became public and never had any consequences. Its findings were sealed and sent to a storage facility that was already filled with the records of other misconduct investigations that are not subject to the state’s public records law.
-
-None of the judges involved in the episode was disciplined. A few months after Peterson’s suicide, the 5th Circuit quietly adopted a new policy for handling pro se petitions: A panel of three randomly selected judges would now review them, as Louisiana law required. No one, however, alerted the men and women whose petitions the court had improperly rejected and who were in prisons across the state.
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-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/Fifth-Circuit-Part-2-1.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=332&q=75&w=800&s=89cfa4f82f2b6c5141af5e20c350683f)
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-Part Two
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-### Hundreds of Petitions
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-Karla Baker wanted no part of the mess Peterson had left behind. But she had loved him, despite their complicated relationship, and felt partly responsible for his unraveling. She knew that Peterson had gotten into trouble because he had tried to influence the judges in her case. Although she never asked for him to intervene, she said, she worried her own legal career could be in jeopardy.
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-More than 16 years after Peterson’s suicide, Baker is still hesitant to talk about what happened, and unsure of how to cast herself in the story. Raised in Louisiana, she graduated from Loyola University New Orleans College of Law and began her career as a staff attorney for the state Supreme Court. When she joined the 5th Circuit as a law clerk in 2002, she was taken with Peterson’s intelligence and kindness. He never spoke down to her, she said, despite her lack of experience. He seemed to know everything about the courthouse, and he was always willing to help. As they became closer, she came to see a dark side. He was deeply unhappy, haunted. “He lived on the edge,” Baker said, but felt powerless to change his own circumstances.
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-Peterson could have taken his documents to the Innocence Project or another nonprofit dedicated to fighting the injustices of the Louisiana criminal justice system, but those were not his people. So, he had left it to Baker, who had never seen herself as an activist, to bring the scandal to light.
-
-Baker anguished about the matter for months. She was engaged to someone by then and was embarrassed about having had a relationship with a married man. She wanted to put the episode behind her. She said she decided to send an anonymous complaint to the Judiciary Commission, laying out some details of the 5th Circuit’s pro se arrangement. She didn’t know about Peterson’s suicide letter or that he had sent the commission a copy. She waited for something to happen, but nothing did, even after she sent the commission a second letter, this time identifying herself as the one who sent the initial complaint.
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-Finally, Baker took the documents that Peterson had given her and drove to the Louisiana State Penitentiary at Angola. Roughly 130 miles north of New Orleans, the maximum-security prison sits on a former plantation that covered 18,000 acres and is named for the African country from which many of its enslaved people were taken. That year it housed some 5,200 inmates, most of whom were expected to die at the prison hospice.
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-Angola was once considered the most violent prison in the United States. Brutal assaults and murders among the inmates were common, and the guards were known for sanctioning a system of inmate rape and sexual slavery. After decades of federal intervention and grudging reforms, the prison has largely shed that reputation. Vocational programs, recreational clubs and a Southern Baptist Bible college that has ordained hundreds of inmates have been credited with reducing the violence. Angola also established one of the best prison law libraries in the United States, a sanctuary of sorts where jailhouse lawyers help other prisoners challenge their convictions and sentences.
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-After passing through security, Baker asked to see Ted Addison, a former client who could no longer afford her services but with whom she had kept in touch. Addison was halfway through a 20-year sentence for armed robbery. For years he had been petitioning the courts on his own, insisting he had been unfairly convicted.
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-Baker handed Addison a sheaf of documents, which included the list of canned denials Peterson had developed and the minutes to the 1994 meeting. Addison was stunned. Like many other prisoners, he had spent years trying to get the 5th Circuit to grant him a new hearing. He had filed six pro se petitions, and each had come back almost immediately with a brief rejection.
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-Addison took the documents to the prison law library. Here, amid the rows of concrete cubicles, they were both a revelation and a confirmation of what the jailhouse lawyers had long suspected. For years inmates had noticed an unusual pattern in denials coming from the 5th Circuit: They would arrive just days after the petitions were filed, a process that usually took months at the state’s other appellate courts, and the perfunctory language never varied, with only the names and dates changing from case to case. Now it all made sense.
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-The jailhouse lawyers set about alerting the prisoners who had petitioned the 5th Circuit during the relevant years. They believed Peterson’s accusations could revive their cases. Addison felt they were organizing “a movement.” He sent copies of Peterson’s documents to inmate lawyers at the state’s other prisons and introduced Baker to Kerry Myers, editor of Angola’s award-winning prison magazine, The Angolite. Myers had been convicted of killing his wife in 1984 and was serving a life sentence for second-degree murder. He had filed five unsuccessful pro se petitions with the 5th Circuit. “I actually had a lot of hope,” Myers told me. “I said, ‘This thing is going to blow up.’”
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-With Baker representing them, Addison and Myers filed a joint petition to the Louisiana Supreme Court, demanding an investigation into Peterson’s allegations and new hearings for all of the prisoners whose appeals had been ignored. Within three months, the court received 299 petitions from men and women across the Louisiana prison system, most of them drafted from a form that Baker had provided.
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-Baker also prodded the Times-Picayune to cover the story. The newspaper’s first article, which focused on the prisoners petitioning the state Supreme Court, quoted the suicide note Peterson had sent the paper more than a year earlier. Baker, who hadn’t known about the letter, filed a public records request to obtain a copy from the Gretna police. The Angolite ran a story as well, calling the 5th Circuit’s pro se system a “simple and lucrative process for disposing of the dispossessed.”
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-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/Fifth-Circuit-Embed-2.JPG?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=1200&q=75&w=800&s=9665c08783d654c7026d789d2e1f2d45)
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-The independent review the inmates were asking for presented a threat to the 5th Circuit. If it showed that judgments were unjust, the appeals court could be exposed to civil lawsuits. If the reviews revealed a wrongful conviction, Dufresne and the other judges could face serious discipline, especially since the state’s laws against judicial misconduct take into account the harm the injustice has caused.
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-The probability that at least some of the 299 petitions had merit was high. More than 90% of the prisoners came from Jefferson Parish, where prosecutors were [known for striking Black men and women from jury pools in felony trials at a rate more than three times as often as their white counterparts](https://capitalpunishmentincontext.org/files/resources/race/BlackStrikes.pdf). Because the state had long allowed “split jury” convictions requiring only 10 of the 12 jurors to agree, many of the Black defendants whose petitions Peterson rejected were convicted by what amounted to an all-white jury.
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-The Jefferson Parish district attorney [had](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.propublica.org/article/jefferson-parish-louisiana-three-strikes-habitual-offender-jeff-landry&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1698446834869532&usg=AOvVaw0DSrGTTPmCVx3yvXBszxKk) [also](https://www.propublica.org/article/jefferson-parish-louisiana-three-strikes-habitual-offender-jeff-landry) [made aggressive use of the state’s “Habitual Offender” law](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.propublica.org/article/jefferson-parish-louisiana-three-strikes-habitual-offender-jeff-landry&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1698446834869532&usg=AOvVaw0DSrGTTPmCVx3yvXBszxKk), which can turn a two-year sentence into life without parole; almost all of the cases involved Black defendants. Many of the prisoners asking for a review had been sentenced under the law and were serving life sentences for nonviolent offenses like drug possession and “purse snatching.”
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-Some of the judges who had sent these men and women to prison had gained notoriety a few years before Peterson’s suicide, when an FBI corruption sting revealed they had accepted cash bribes and campaign contributions in exchange for allowing a bail bonds company to dictate the amounts defendants were required to post. The scandal sent two judges to prison and unseated a third.
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-More than 85% of defendants in the state are considered indigent, meaning they qualify for a public defender when they are prosecuted. Louisiana’s public defender system is widely considered one of the worst in the country. It relies primarily on traffic fines and court fees — an unpredictable source of revenue that has never come close to meeting the need. Offices across the state struggle with caseloads so large that they have no choice but to put defendants on long waitlists, leaving them in jail until an attorney becomes available. Some attorneys have so little time to prepare, they meet their clients for the first time on the day of trial.
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-The Louisiana Supreme Court did not grant the 299 petitioners an independent review of Peterson’s rulings. Instead, it adopted a plan proposed by Dufresne and the other 5th Circuit judges: Rather than saddle another court, the 5th Circuit offered to reconsider the cases itself. “We are guided in this request by a desire to avoid imposing financial or other burdens on other judges in this state,” the 5th Circuit judges wrote. In October 2008, the Louisiana Supreme Court remanded the 299 petitions to the 5th Circuit. (It did the same with another 155 that came later.) As part of the agreement, the 5th Circuit judges whose names had appeared on the Peterson rulings would not be involved in the “reconsideration” of the cases. New three-judge panels would decide whether the rulings, which their colleagues had never read, were nonetheless fair.
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-With new documents Baker had obtained through public records requests, including Peterson’s suicide letter and the Gretna police report raising questions about Dufresne’s behavior, Addison and Myers challenged the Supreme Court’s decision. The documents, they wrote, “show that all of the judges of the Fifth Circuit … have an apparent or actual conflict of interest in this matter.”
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-The Louisiana Supreme Court saw it otherwise, stating that it would not be appropriate to task the other appellate courts with the additional work or to spend $200,000 of the public’s money to pay for retired judges to review the cases. Justice Catherine “Kitty” Kimball wrote that the court could not base its decision on the allegations of a depressed court clerk and an “unsubstantiated” police report about his suicide. “While this may be the fodder of news reports and movies,” she wrote, “it is not, in my view, proper evidence for judicial action.”
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-While the Judiciary Commission inquiry was going nowhere, the state bar launched its own misconduct investigation — into Baker. The 5th Circuit judges had alerted the Louisiana Attorney Disciplinary Board that Peterson had intervened on her behalf. The following year, she left the defense firm and went into practice for herself, representing drug offenders and pursuing damages in personal injury cases. The bar association kept the case against Baker open for almost a decade before sending her a letter saying it found no evidence of wrongdoing and was dropping the investigation.
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-It took the 5th Circuit three years to review the pro se petitions of 454 prisoners. The Times-Picayune and other local news outlets had by then dropped the story, so no one was paying attention when the judges found that, aside from a dozen procedural mistakes, Peterson’s cut-and-paste denials had been correct. In one case after another, they wrote, “there was no error in the prior rulings of this court.” The court had investigated itself and found it had done nothing wrong.
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-Myers’ life sentence was commuted in 2013. Addison served out the remainder of his sentence and was released in 2016.
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-As for the 5th Circuit judges, they prospered in the years after Peterson’s suicide. Some were picked to serve on the state Supreme Court; others enjoyed successful political careers. Dufresne remained the court’s chief judge until he collapsed in the office of one of his businesses on December 7, 2010. His obituary in the Times-Picayune didn’t mention the pro se scheme. In St. Charles Parish, there’s a Judge Edward Dufresne Parkway, a Dufresne Loop and an Edward Dufresne Community Center, where a life-size bronze statue stands. He is wearing a suit with a lobster pin on his lapel and one of Lady Justice on his tie.
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-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/Fifth-Circuit-Part-3-1.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=332&q=75&w=800&s=0388df8604cf309539e5b2abdcac4588)
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-Part Three
-
-### The Last Case
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-That might have been the end of the story but for an unusual confluence of events that landed a former federal law clerk with an extraordinary resumé in a prison bunk bed next to the last inmate still fighting the 5th Circuit’s sham denials.
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-On January 2, 2019, Haller Jackson IV walked into Angola to serve out the remainder of a sentence for soliciting sex from a minor. He was 37 years old, 6-foot-4 and weighed 200 pounds, but he carried himself like a man who was doing his best to appear smaller. His right eye was blood red, a reminder of a beating he’d received a few weeks earlier at another prison.
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-Jackson had begun his sentence in Angola four years earlier. When his legal advocacy on behalf of fellow inmates called attention to, among other things, the prison’s inadequate health care, he was transferred to Dixon Correctional Institute, some 35 miles away. After he was assaulted, Jackson said, his lawyer secured his return to Angola, as long as he promised to refrain from embarrassing the authorities.
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-Jackson was relieved to be able to resume his work as an inmate lawyer. He had a year and a half left on his sentence, and he wanted to make the most of it. As a registered sex offender, he likely would never be allowed to practice law. While he settled in that first day, a man in the adjacent bunk bed introduced himself. His name was Louie M. Schexnayder Jr., but in Angola everybody called him Schex.
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-Schexnayder was convicted of murder in 1995. He’d petitioned the 5th Circuit 11 times during the period of Peterson’s blanket denials, raising questions about the competency of his defense attorney and the testimony of a witness who later recanted. After the judges at the 5th Circuit affirmed Peterson’s rulings, Schexnayder hired a lawyer to help him petition the federal courts.
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-Standing in Schexnayder’s way — and in the way of all the 5th Circuit petitioners who tried to take their cases to federal court — was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, a federal law signed by President Bill Clinton in 1996, at the height of his efforts to portray himself as a tough-on-crime Democrat. The law, known by its unwieldy initials as AEDPA, has made it all but impossible for federal judges to overturn criminal rulings by state courts.
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-AEDPA was supposed to help deter domestic terrorism and expedite delays in carrying out capital punishment, but it did neither. The time between sentencing and execution is almost twice as long today as it was 27 years ago, and by most measures domestic terrorism has increased. But the law has significantly undermined habeas corpus, the constitutional safeguard that gives prisoners the right to challenge their incarceration.
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-One of the act’s toughest restrictions, and the one keeping the Louisiana prisoners from taking their cases to federal court, requires federal judges to defer to state court rulings in all but the narrowest of circumstances. Federal judges can’t step in just because a state court proceeding or ruling violated a prisoner’s rights. They can reverse the state ruling only if it was so wrong that not a single “reasonable jurist” would agree with it. Before AEDPA, federal judges provided a critical safeguard. Unlike state judges, most of whom face reelection and can be loath to reverse convictions for fear of appearing “soft on crime,” they are appointed for life and are theoretically free from political pressure.
-
-Since AEDPA was enacted, state convictions based on the fabricated testimony of jailhouse informants or obtained by prosecutors suppressing or falsifying evidence are routinely upheld. Even in cases in which trial judges [adopted the prosecution’s brief as their ruling, typos and all](https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/05/20/texas-death-penalty-case-illustrates-absurdity-worst-crime-bill-emerge-s/), federal judges have declined to step in. Those who do have been repeatedly slapped down by the Supreme Court in opinions that further narrowed the grounds for federal review. If the better-known 1994 crime bill was intended to lock more people up, AEDPA effectively threw away the key.
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-While some federal judges have tried to push back against AEDPA’s restrictions, those in Louisiana have applied them with zeal. In case after case, Louisiana’s federal courts have signaled to state court judges that virtually no violation of a prisoner’s constitutional rights is so egregious as to warrant review. Dufresne’s pro se scheme was no exception. When Schexnayder asked a federal district court for a new hearing in light of Peterson’s revelations, the judge cited AEDPA in denying his request, and the federal appellate court affirmed. But on that day in January 2019, when Jackson climbed into the top bunk in the prison dormitory he shared with 85 other men, Schexnayder thought finally he might get the help he needed.
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-Angola has produced some formidable jailhouse lawyers, but Jackson was unlike any of them. The son of a prominent family in Shreveport, he had studied law at Tulane, graduating first in his class with the highest grade-point average in the school’s history. While also pursuing a doctorate in epidemiology, he served as editor-in-chief of the law review and shattered the school’s record for the number of awards and honors earned by an individual student. The lives of most Angola prisoners were marked by extreme poverty; Jackson had grown up in extraordinary privilege. If he hadn’t been gay, he believes he might have been a frat boy, practicing at the family law firm and going to the Shreveport Club for dinner, just as generations of Haller Jacksons before him had done. Instead, he distanced himself from that lineage. After graduating from law school, he landed several prestigious federal clerkships and focused his efforts on prisoner rights and habeas cases.
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-But it all came crashing down in 2014, when he was arrested in New Orleans after arranging online with an undercover agent to pay for sex with a 10-year-old boy. By his own account, he had become addicted to alcohol and dependent on methamphetamines. It was a spectacular downfall, and it made headlines in legal publications. [Jackson pleaded guilty](https://abovethelaw.com/2015/05/haller-jackson-former-federal-law-clerk-pleads-guilty-to-a-sex-offense/) and asked to be sent to Angola. This was an unusual request. The prison still evokes fear and is generally reserved for people sentenced to more than 40 years. His lawyers were against it, but he insisted. “It’s my drag queen approach to life,” he said. “If you’re going to send me to prison, well, send me to Angola.”
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-It was also a way for Jackson to derive meaning from the wreckage. Angola is where Louisiana’s injustices intersect most dramatically, and Jackson knew his rare expertise in post-conviction law would be valuable. He had always understood that pro se petitioners got short shrift, but in Angola he was shocked to see how many of the prisoners’ claims had merit and how few managed to receive any attention from the courts.
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-Shortly after he arrived, Jackson met an inmate convicted of stealing a carpenter’s level. He had been sentenced to life without the possibility of parole under the state’s repeat offender law; his previous crimes included stealing a pack of cigarettes and a lighter and writing two bad checks to Home Depot. The man, Jackson wrote in a petition arguing the sentence was illegal, will die in prison over a “tool with a little bubble in it, worth less than $10.” It was denied. Jackson petitioned the court on behalf of a man who had found evidence of his innocence in a police report the prosecutor had withheld at trial. His request for a new hearing was rejected. As was a filing on behalf of a severely disabled man who was still in prison months after he should have been released, and another for a man who claimed he had lost his vision because of the prison’s neglect.
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-Almost all of Jackson’s filings speak not just to the particulars of a specific case but to the devastation wrought by the entire Louisiana criminal justice apparatus. The state has more people serving life without parole than Texas, Tennessee, Arkansas, Alabama and Mississippi combined. In a petition to the U.S. Supreme Court for a man serving a life sentence for possession of cocaine, Jackson protested “this destruction of another black family — perhaps a tiny tragedy in the civil rights Chernobyl that has been Louisiana’s war on drugs.” There was no evidence linking the man to the ounce of cocaine found at a relative’s home, he wrote. “And yet here he sits still, sentenced to life without parole on the banks of the Mississippi,” he continued. “As seen from the heavens, the scene on these banks has changed little since 1820.” The petition was denied.
-
----
-
-By the time Jackson met Schexnayder, his writing had progressed “from disappointed but fundamentally-confident-in-justice liberal to just this side of burn-the-house-down nutter,” he told me. The indignation he felt over the 5th Circuit’s pro se cases was not because of the court’s obvious indifference to the inmates; this he had come to expect. “It’s that the judges got caught saying they don’t care,” he said. “The poor already knew this and have known it viscerally all their lives — from the way every arm of the state has ever treated them.” But here was a case in which they had irrefutable proof, and still there was no outrage on their behalf. “It was crickets,” he said. “They got caught so, so red-handed, and the response of all the other courts has been a collective shrug.”
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-Schexnayder, who had a criminal record so long that he would almost certainly have landed in prison for life much sooner had he been Black, could hardly be seen as the face of Louisiana’s criminal justice failures. But of all the 5th Circuit petitioners, Schexnayder was the one who had somehow managed to keep his case alive. Jackson knew that a victory for him could open the door for the others. He began working on a petition to the U.S. Supreme Court, arguing the 5th Circuit’s reconsideration of Peterson’s denials did little more than allow the judges to [“whitewash the scandal](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24099663-schexnayder-petition#document/p32/a2400334).”
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-“Why would the Louisiana 5th Circuit think it could get away with such appalling misconduct?” Jackson wrote. “To this there is an easy, if disturbing, answer: Because it has. And now, the lower federal courts are deferring to that court’s decisions in the affected cases, many involving a sentence to life without parole.”
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-Jackson realized the case was unlikely to get any attention unless he could line up some outside help. AEDPA had been a particular target of one of his mentors, Alex Kozinski, a federal judge on the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for whom Jackson had clerked. Frequently mentioned as a candidate for the U.S. Supreme Court, Kozinski had been one of the country’s most prominent judges, a Reagan appointee known for his cutting and iconoclastic opinions. In a 2015 law review article, he wrote that AEDPA was “a cruel, unjust and unnecessary law that effectively removes federal judges as safeguards against miscarriages of justice.” He called for its repeal.
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-But like Jackson’s, Kozinski’s career had come to an abrupt end. In 2017, amid multiple accusations of sexual harassment, he left the bench. Within the legal world, especially around issues of criminal justice, however, his opinion still commanded respect, [even among some of his accusers](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2017/12/judge-alex-kozinski-made-us-all-victims-and-accomplices.html&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1698446834878843&usg=AOvVaw2WpCldIbWW0TR3_Y3iF9bR). Jackson knew that his involvement could draw attention to Schexnayder’s petition. He called the former judge at his home in California. Kozinski thought the 5th Circuit’s conduct — and the federal courts’ unwillingness to wade into it — might provide a valuable test for AEDPA. The law requires deference to the work of state court judges, but what if those judges hadn’t done the work? Kozinski asked the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers to submit a brief in support of Schexnayder’s petition and recruited another former clerk to write it.
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-In April 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court asked the state of Louisiana to submit a response to Schexnayder’s claims, signaling that someone on the court was interested in considering the case. The justices were initially scheduled to vote in April on whether to grant a full hearing, but they postponed that decision nine times over the next eight months. The delays gave Jackson hope. Maybe one of the justices was working to drum up enough votes to give the case a chance or preparing a powerful dissent from the court’s refusal to hear it.
-
-Instead, on Dec. 9, 2019, the court unanimously rejected the case. Justice Sonia Sotomayor wrote [a short opinion](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/19pdf/18-8341_086c.pdf&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1698446834879223&usg=AOvVaw10AAZlOz6x0JCurwgS-Evh), citing technical issues with Schexnayder’s original petition to the Louisiana federal court as her reason for agreeing with her colleagues’ decision. She ended with what seemed like an encouraging note to the prisoners, saying the 5th Circuit’s reconsideration of Peterson’s rulings brings up “serious due process concerns.”
-
-“I expect that lower federal courts will examine the issue of what deference is due to these decisions when it is properly raised,” she wrote.
-
-But the federal courts will not get that chance. The 454 prisoners whose denials the 5th Circuit “reconsidered” have exhausted their appeals and can no longer ask federal judges to weigh in on the 5th Circuit’s conduct. In refusing to hear Schexnayder’s case, the Supreme Court has prevented the episode from being raised in federal court again.
-
-When Jackson found out that Schexnayder’s petition had been rejected, he struggled to articulate his reaction. After a long silence, he said, “Well, they got away with it.”
-
-Since they petitioned the Louisiana Supreme Court, some of the 454 inmates have died in prison. Others have been released after serving their time or have had their sentences reduced as a result of recent criminal justice reforms. But at least 170, including Schexnayder, are still incarcerated. They continue to petition the appellate courts, trying to show new evidence of their innocence or to argue that their sentences should be reduced.
-
-After the Schexnayder episode, Jackson set his sights on the modest goal of filing as many petitions as he could before his release. “I’m going to make them tell me they’re OK with all these crazy cases,” he said. When he walked out the prison gates in June 2020, he smuggled several office boxes containing case files he had secretly copied — documents he would use to help the men he was leaving behind. In the months that followed, Jackson found lawyers to represent dozens of prisoners and worked with legal nonprofits to reduce the sentences of more than 100 people. Among them are several men whose pro se petitions the 5th Circuit had ignored.
-
-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/Fifth-Circuit-Part-4-1.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=332&q=75&w=800&s=39bf734c9731f446f7b8250dce538fac)
-
-### Epilogue
-
-In the years that Peterson was rejecting pro se petitions, the 5th Circuit denied claims that ended in at least five exonerations. Four of these men were freed only after the New Orleans Innocence Project agreed to represent them. Nathan Brown was one of them. He had appealed to the organization early in his incarceration, and lawyers there had discovered that the victim’s dress had been preserved as evidence and could be tested for DNA.
-
-Hurricane Katrina put a stop to everything, though, and for a long time Brown heard nothing. While he waited, the 5th Circuit reviewed Peterson’s denial and concluded that the failure of Brown’s attorney to introduce DNA evidence was “within the scope of trial strategy” and did not constitute inadequate counsel.
-
-Then, on his 39th birthday, Brown received a letter from the national Innocence Project, saying it would take his case. Brown’s new lawyers compelled the Jefferson Parish district attorney to send the dress for DNA testing, and the analysis identified another man — a convicted felon — as the attacker. In 2014, after 16 years, 10 months and 18 days, Brown was exonerated.
-
-It’s been nine years since Brown was released, and he’s still trying to find stable ground. He has struggled with addiction and depression. He cycles through phones. He has lost his Social Security card so many times the federal government will no longer replace it. The dreams he had for himself when he was in prison — that he would go to college, that he would help his daughter to rise above the poverty that had plagued his own childhood — have slipped so far out of his reach he can hardly allow himself to believe in them. Still, he knows how exceptional his case is.
-
-“They have a lot of guys in prison that are filing claims,” he told me. “They’re not all saying, ‘I didn’t do this.’ They’re just saying, ‘The way you sentenced me is wrong. The crime doesn’t warrant all this time you gave me.’ But they can’t come home, because once they get you, they got you, and the courts — they’re not listening. They don’t see you.”
-
-![](https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/Fifth-Circuit-End-Embed.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=533&q=75&w=800&s=92f55e3823ac45a90cc4dc51ce6d7da5)
-
-Richard A. Webster contributed reporting. Art direction by [Alex Bandoni](https://www.propublica.org/people/alex-bandoni) and [Lisa Larson-Walker](https://www.propublica.org/people/lisa-larson-walker). Development by Jason Kao.
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-# They lost their kids to Fortnite - Macleans.ca
-
-Cody was seven years old when he decided what he wanted to do with his life. It was the summer of 2018, and he was watching the World Cup with his parents and younger brother at home on Vancouver Island. When he grew up, he told them, he wanted to play pro soccer.
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-Plenty of kids dream of becoming soccer stars but, in Cody’s case, the idea wasn’t entirely far-fetched. He was the best player on his local team, and he soon began training with the Vancouver Whitecaps’ youth academy, a pipeline to the pro leagues. He was effortlessly athletic—he earned his black belt in tae kwon do at age eight—and he was in the gifted program at school. Cody, whose name I changed to protect his privacy, had been diagnosed with ADHD, and his parents had detected other signs of neurodivergence: he organized his bathroom countertop fastidiously and couldn’t fall asleep unless his blanket was folded to his liking. But to his teachers and coaches, Cody presented as bright, mature and polite. “He was on a path to do so much more,” his mother, Alana, told me.
-
-Then the pandemic hit. Soccer ceased. School and martial arts shifted online. Instead of bouncing between practices and classes, Cody was suddenly trapped at home. To combat his boredom, he played Xbox. One of his favourite video games was *Fortnite*, a multiplayer shooter that’s available on pretty much every gaming console, computer, tablet or smartphone. He was partial to the “battle royale” mode, in which he had to outlast up to 99 other players in a *Hunger Games*–style fight to the death.
-
-Cody’s parents were uneasy with *Fortnite*’s violence—he was only nine, and the game was rated 13-plus—but its cartoonishness allayed their worries. The game looked less like a battlefield and more like a Pixar-produced acid trip. At the beginning of every round, Cody—or, more precisely, his avatar, a buff combatant wielding a comically oversized pickaxe—boarded a flying blue school bus. Then he’d skydive onto a vast, vibrant island dotted with whimsically named landmarks like Tomato Town and Wailing Woods. 
-
-Cody loved the thrill of reaching the final stages of a battle royale, when toxic storm clouds encroached on the island and squeezed him closer to his remaining enemies. In the corner of his screen, a ticker counted how many players stood between him and victory: 25, then 10, and eventually just one. If he managed to blast his last opponent into oblivion, a giant banner flashed across his screen, proclaiming “#1 Victory Royale.” It was exhilarating—not just a Band-Aid for his boredom, but a cure.
-
-Alana allowed Cody to play *Fortnite* for two hours at a time, a few nights a week. When he was gaming, he wouldn’t eat, drink water or even go to the bathroom. If he lost a round, he’d yell and slam his controller on the ground. When Alana would tell him his time was up, he’d beg to continue. “He was miserable when he couldn’t game,” she says. “That’s all he wanted to do.”
-
----
-
-Cody’s parents weren’t gamers. Alana hardly even used social media. As a nature-loving horticulturist, she always imagined her sons would spend their childhoods romping around the family’s forested 18-acre property, not cooped up in front of a TV. But during COVID, video games were one of the few ways her son could connect with his friends. They’d call the house, asking if Cody could come online to play. “Gaming became such a part of his social circle that it felt like we’d be depriving him if we said no,” says Alana. So she reluctantly allowed it, making sure he offset his screen time with bike rides and walks along the river. For a while at least, they achieved a healthy balance.
-
-In September of 2021, Cody resumed in-person classes at a new school, but his mind was stuck online. To make friends, he asked his classmates what video games they played. After his second day of school, he came home and excitedly told his mom that he and another student had agreed to game together that night. Alana refused to let him log on. “It’s not a gaming night,” she explained. Cody whined and pleaded, but she held firm. He started to cry, and then came the screaming. Alana begged him to calm down, but he shrieked for five straight hours. She had to shut the windows so the neighbours wouldn’t hear.
-
-That evening was the start of a long nightmare. Whenever Alana forbade Cody from gaming, he had panic attacks, wailing and weeping. He writhed on the floor and told his parents he wanted to die. “It was like taking heroin away from an addict,” says Alana. Sometimes she thought, *maybe today it will be different,* and so she let him play. But the behaviour never changed. “We felt like his drug dealers.”
-
-Cody’s gaming obsession ruined Christmas, then New Year’s. He fell behind on schoolwork and looked dazed on the soccer field. “He was pretty much a zombie,” says Alana. “He had no motivation to do anything else.” He tried out for a rep team but didn’t make the cut. *Fine*, he decided. He didn’t want to be a soccer player anymore anyway. He wanted to be a pro gamer, streaming on Twitch and uploading videos to YouTube. ([The 16-year-old victor of the 2019 *Fortnite* World Cup](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/29/us/fortnite-world-cup-winner-bugha.html) won US$3 million, not much less than Rafael Nadal won at the U.S. Open in the same stadium weeks later.)
-
-Alana didn’t want Cody to become the Gretzky of gaming. She just wanted her son back. She tried to limit his playtime, but nothing worked. When she took away his Xbox, he played on another device. When she hid the power cords, he found them. She tried using an app to restrict his internet access, but he stole her phone and turned the Wi-Fi back on. At wit’s end, she sent Cody outside to play with his brother, locking the door behind them. In a fury, he smashed the door’s window trying to get back in. It cost $2,000 to replace. Alana banned him from gaming for a month after that, but he eventually came crawling back to the controller. “As parents, we were like, ‘We’re really failing him,’ ” says Alana. Her smart, smiling, soccer-loving son was gone, and she had no idea what to do. “It was horrible,” she says. “We lost our kid to gaming.”
-
-Cody isn’t the only kid addicted to *Fortnite*, and *Fortnite* isn’t the only game ensnaring children. Parents are losing their sons and daughters to *Minecraft* and *League of Legends*, to *Roblox* and *Rocket League*. For some families, the problem isn’t video games but smartphones and social media. Three-quarters of Canadian youth own a smartphone, and a 2022 study found that nearly half of those young people worry they spend too much time online. 
-
-Childhood is changing. The quintessential touchpoints of adolescence—building Lego and climbing trees, going to the movies and breaking curfew—are being replaced by a new slate of compulsive, screen-based activities: playing video games, binging YouTube videos and mindlessly swiping through 15-second TikToks for hours on end. Parents who are none too pleased with this shift are wondering who they can hold accountable. To them, there is no target so ripe as the tech giants and video game makers who have made billions by co-opting their kids’ lives.
-
-***
-
-**To some degree, Cody’s story confirms those age-old knocks** on video games: that they’re a waste of time and money, an unproductive hobby with no real-world payoff, a brain-numbing activity that keeps pimply teenagers stuck to their screens while their grades nosedive and their muscles atrophy. But there’s so much more to gaming than Cheeto-fingered escapism. Take it from me. I’ve been gaming longer than Cody’s been alive.
-
-As a kid, I played and replayed classic Nintendo 64 titles: *Super Mario, GoldenEye, Star Fox.* Some nights, after my parents had gone to bed, my older brother and I would sneak downstairs and play GameCube until our eyelids drooped shut. In my teens and 20s, I occasionally spent showerless Saturdays in front of my TV, Xbox controller in one hand, slice of Domino’s in the other. The Christmas break before I met my wife—who would never have tolerated such a thing—I played *The Legend of Zelda* for a week straight as if it were my full-time job. Was it healthy? Nope. Did I love it? Absolutely.
-
-Whenever Alana forbade Cody from gaming, he had a panic attack. He writhed on the floor and told his parents he wanted to die. “It was like taking heroin away from an addict,” Alana says.
-
-Some of my go-to games provided nothing more than cheap thrills. I wasted hundreds of hours on *Diablo*, a game in which I had to descend into the depths of hell to defeat the devil, because I couldn’t resist the draw of finding new, ever-rarer weapons and armour. I replayed *Resident Evil 4* a dozen times because there’s something endlessly satisfying about blowing up a zombie’s head. But my favourite games were the ones that offered something my real life lacked. I’ve never landed a kickflip, but in *Tony Hawk’s Pro Skater*, I was a master of the half-pipe. Exploring the fantasy world of *Skyrim*, I wasn’t just some kid in the suburbs of Toronto; I was a noble swordsman on an epic quest to save the realm. In a video game, even a loner can feel like a king.
-
-For me, and for millions of gamers like me, video games are a mild vice at worst. Enjoyed in moderation, they can be a benign, even constructive, pastime. Gaming develops hand-eye coordination, visual-spatial processing and leadership skills. Co-operative games teach kids how to work in teams, and health-care educators use games to train doctors and nurses. I’ve played games that have sparked my curiosity, challenged my problem-solving skills, tested my morality and even moved me to tears. Games have even provided a backdrop to some of my deepest, most therapeutic conversations. Once, after a particularly bad breakup, my closest pals came over and let me bare my soul as we fended off hordes of the undead together.
-
-I tried *Fortnite* when it first came out—practically every gamer did. It was unlike anything I’d played before. It combined the high-octane combat of *Gears of War*, the scavenger-hunt satisfaction of *Diablo* and the world-building mechanics of *Minecraft*. Still, I stuck with *Fortnite* for only a few weeks. I wish I could tell you I quit because I was impervious to its appeal, but the truth is that I simply defected to a different battle royale–style game: *Call of Duty: Warzone.* (It’s essentially *Fortnite* by another name.) I still remember the first (and only) time I won a round of *Warzone*. Adrenaline rushed through my body. My heart raced and my breath quickened. When I got that final kill, I leapt from my couch and whooped with joy. It didn’t matter that, in the real world, my victory didn’t matter. The high was intoxicating.
-
-I never got addicted to *Warzone*, but it was easy to see how someone might. The human brain rewards pleasurable and arousing activities—for example, eating chocolate or smoking cigarettes—by releasing dopamine. A study published in *Nature* showed that gaming can more than double a player’s baseline dopamine levels, resulting in the sort of elation I felt when I won a round of *Warzone*. Stanford neuroscientist Andrew Huberman claims that, for some players, gaming can increase dopamine levels as much as having sex or snorting cocaine. Our brains are programmed to seek out more of these hits, which is what drives gamers to keep gaming. People with ADHD and autism spectrum disorder—kids like Cody—have abnormal dopamine receptors. For them, games like *Fortnite* act as a firehose of feel-good chemicals.
-
-The trouble is that the euphoric feelings don’t last. Gamers develop tolerances. They need to play more to achieve the same rush. After overloading their brains with happy signals, an equal and opposite reaction occurs. Their baseline dopamine level drops. They get angry, sad and apathetic. When they lose a round or their parents kick them off their consoles, they throw their controllers, enter withdrawal-like hazes and lose the drive to do just about anything else.
-
----
-
-Since the dawn of *Pong*, psychiatrists have been debating whether or not to treat excessive gaming as an addiction. In 2018, the World Health Organization recognized “[internet gaming disorder](https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/frequently-asked-questions/gaming-disorder).” People with IGD play video games pathologically, continuing long after their habits have negatively affected their physical and mental health and their professional lives. Estimates suggest that up to 60 million people have this condition. It doesn’t help matters that games are cheaper, more advanced and more accessible than ever before, says Jeffrey Derevensky, a McGill University psychology professor who sat on the advisory panel that helped the WHO identify the disorder. “Kids are walking around with a mini-console in their pockets,” he says. “Gaming is a hidden addiction. You can’t smell it on their breath and you can’t see it in their eyes. And so parents are often totally unaware of what their children are doing.”
-
-In theory, any game can suck anyone in. For this story, I spoke to gamers of all ages who’d been addicted to real-time strategy titles and virtual pirate adventures, mobile games and first-person shooters. But modern video games—*Fortnite, Warzone* and their ilk—are especially seductive, stuffed with features that prey on the brain’s desire for dopamine. This evolution has gone largely unchecked. Even as industry giants have rolled out increasingly addictive games, they’ve maintained that their products are innocent fun. Governments seem to have taken their word for it. Most countries have yet to specifically regulate video games or their makers. That leaves players and parents to fend for themselves—and some of them are starting to fight back.
-
----
-
-**Earlier this year, Alana’s friend** **sent her a news article.** In B.C. and Quebec, it reported, a handful of children had stopped eating, sleeping and showering to play battle royale on *Fortnite*. Over the course of two years, one boy had played it for nearly 1,000 hours—the equivalent of almost 42 days—and started suffering from gaming-related migraines, back pain and panic attacks. Like Cody, the kids threw fits when their parents tried to intervene. Unsure what to do, the families had banded together to launch a pair of class-action lawsuits against *Fortnite*’s developer, Epic Games, alleging that the company had intentionally designed the game to be addictive.
-
-That in itself isn’t illegal—coffee is addictive, yet no one’s suing Starbucks over it. But the cases also claim that Epic broke product liability laws, which hold that manufacturers should be held responsible for their products’ unexpected dangers or defects. If a driver gets injured because their airbag malfunctions, liability laws are what allow them to sue the company that made it. They’re also what convinced the Quebec courts to order cigarette makers to pay $15 billion to smokers in 2015. 
-
-Historically, liability laws have applied mostly to physical products. But lately, lawyers have been applying liability theories to technology, too. Late last year, a group of parents sued Amazon for selling toxic chemicals that their teenage children used to kill themselves. (Amazon denies liability, saying the substance, like many products, can be misused.) Another case concerned an Uber driver who hit and killed a six-year-old girl because he was looking for fares on his phone while driving. (Uber argued it was not liable and settled out of court.)
-
-Courts and legislators are now using liability laws to rein in big tech. The U.S. Supreme Court is currently weighing whether YouTube, Facebook and Twitter can be sued because their algorithms allegedly led users to content that promoted acts of violent extremism. Last year, the European Union began updating its liability rules to make it easier for people harmed by artificial intelligence to receive compensation. Self-driving cars aren’t supposed to crash, but when they inevitably do, there will no doubt be a litany of liability suits to sort out.
-
-Gamers and their parents have used liability laws against video game developers before. After the mass shooting at Columbine High School in 1999, grieving parents sued several game studios, alleging their games influenced the shooters’ actions. (That case was dismissed; research shows there’s no evidence that violent video games encourage real-world violence.) The Canadian class actions against Epic are novel because they allege a different sort of affliction: an addiction to a video game. The suits argue that the company knew, or ought to have known, that *Fortnite* could cause players harm, such as IGD. And because Epic failed to warn players about those dangers, the suit says it should be liable for the damage it caused.
-
-Epic, of course, sees things differently. “*Fortnite* was designed to be a fun and easy-to-use experience,” Candela Montero, Epic’s senior director of public policy, wrote me in an email. “We will fight these baseless allegations.” (The claims have not been proven in court.) The company tried to get the first of the two class actions dismissed, but in December of 2022, a Quebec judge certified the suit. The decision signalled that, if Canadian governments and regulators weren’t going to crack down on video game developers—and, by extension, other big tech creators—the justice system might. CaLex, the Montreal law firm representing the Quebec plaintiffs, is now selecting expert witnesses, finding more members and preparing for trial. Jean-Philippe Caron, the lawyer leading the case, told me that he’s heard from some 500 families across Canada who are interested in joining. The original case is only open to Quebecers, but, earlier this year, the firm teamed up with a B.C.-based law firm to launch another class action that, if certified, will allow families elsewhere in the country to participate. It may be years before either suit reaches trial, but if they do get that far, these families will be in for the fight of their lives.
-
-A boy in South Carolina kept playing Fortnite even as a tornado ripped through his town. An eight-year-old in Tennessee went to the ER with a bladder problem because he refused to stop playing.
-
-Epic is a gaming Goliath, with more than 50 offices and thousands of employees. That includes a lot of well-paid lawyers. The company is worth about $43 billion and has two major owners: the $600-billion Chinese conglomerate Tencent and Tim Sweeney, the code-writing, Lambo-collecting geek who founded Epic 32 years ago under the slightly less sexy name Potomac Computer Systems.
-
-Sweeney is no stranger to spending long, lonely days in front of a screen. At age nine, he taught himself to code. In the early 1990s, he built his first game in his parents’ basement. It was a lo-fi puzzler called *ZZT*, where players controlled a smiley face that fought pixelated creatures. Players could build their own levels, which opened the door to limitless customization and playability. *ZZT* was a surprise hit. Sweeney enlisted his dad to help him mail CD-ROMs to customers to keep up with demand.
-
-In his 20s, Sweeney parlayed his early success into a full-blown gaming business. He hired staff, coded more titles and kept his eye on the nascent industry. In the mid-’90s, the biggest game in the world was *Doom*, a 3D shooter with then-revolutionary graphics, lightning-paced play and a heavy metal soundtrack. Inspired by *Doom*’s success, Sweeney built his own shooter, *Unreal.* The game was good—it sold 1.5 million copies in its first four years—but its true legacy was the platform on which it was built: the Unreal Engine. The engine was like a starter kit for wannabe game makers. Its powerful, user-friendly interface allowed developers to design levels, create characters and dictate in-game mechanics without an in-depth understanding of the underlying code. Epic licensed the Unreal Engine to other developers, who could use it to build games, sometimes in exchange for royalties. The arrangement was like selling pickaxes during the gold rush. As gaming boomed in the 2000s, studios across the world used the Unreal Engine to create blockbuster series like *Final Fantasy, Mass Effect* and *Borderlands*. Even TV shows like *The Mandalorian* and *Westworld* have leaned on the Unreal Engine to create fantastical on-screen universes.
-
-By his 30s, Sweeney was a millionaire many times over. He bought a fleet of sports cars and took MTV on a tour of his sprawling new mansion. He showed them a dining table he’d never used and a piano he couldn’t play. “I don’t know why I have a big house,” he mumbled uncomfortably to the camera. “I don’t really need it. I don’t use much of the space. I figured, *I have the money. Why not?*” An Epic employee told MTV that Sweeney could have easily bought an island in Fiji and retired. Instead, he chose to keep doing what he’d always done: spend 14 hours a day in front of a computer, coding. “This is just Tim’s life, being here and working on the technology,” the staffer said. After all, Epic needed him. The company had a big new project in the works.
-
-When Epic began developing *Fortnite* in 2011, the company envisioned it as a co-operative, teen-friendly adventure in which players would work together to save the world from zombies. But in March of 2017, just before *Fortnite* was finished, a Korean studio named Bluehole released *PlayerUnknown’s Battlegrounds*. The game—built, as it happens, on the Unreal Engine—took inspiration from the Japanese thriller *Battle Royale*, pitting 100 players against one another on an island. *PUBG* was, for a time, the most popular game in the world. Tens of millions of gamers bought it. Epic was eager to emulate its success, and the team added a battle royale mode to *Fortnite*.
-
-*Fortnite* is now the most-played video game of all time. One survey found that 60 per cent of teen participants had tried it. It has roughly 500 million registered users. *Fortnite’*s cultural footprint now extends well beyond the world of gaming. The rapper Travis Scott and the EDM DJ Marshmello have both played concerts inside the game. Epic has partnered with Disney and Netflix, the Olympics and the NBA, Lego and *Monopoly*, which means you can play *Fortnite* as Darth Vader, Michael Jordan, John Wick, Ariana Grande or a Ghostbuster. The game makes a cameo in *Avengers: Endgame*, and every Avenger appears in the game. The Marvel Cinematic Universe, it seems, is really just a tiny piece of the much larger *Fortnite* Universe. With every brand crossover, *Fortnite* becomes more like the bagel from *Everything Everywhere All at Once*, determined to suck up all the IP in the universe and stuff it into one never-ending entity.
-
-For some players, it’s too enticing to resist. A boy in South Carolina kept playing *Fortnite* even as a tornado ripped through his town. An eight-year-old in Tennessee went to the ER with a bladder problem because he refused to stop playing long enough to go to the washroom. It’s not just kids. Several pro sports teams, including the Toronto Blue Jays and Vancouver Canucks, have restricted their rosters’ *Fortnite*\-playing privileges, concerned that excessive gaming was throwing players off their game. In the U.K., a divorce-services website reported that couples had begun citing *Fortnite* as the primary reason for their split. Speaking at a mental health conference, [Prince Harry called for the game to be banned](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-47813894). “It’s created to addict,” he said, “an addiction to keep you in front of a computer for as long as possible.” Two months after Harry made those comments, Epic Games participated in an inquiry into addictive technologies at the U.K.’s House of Commons. One MP suggested the game was designed to make money off of its players. “I would disagree,” Epic’s general counsel said. “The battle royale mode is free to play.”
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- \*\*\*
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-![A boy in a royal blue hoodie stares intently at a screen ahead of him, holding a gaming console in his hands](https://macleans.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/FORNITE_WEB_02-2560x1639.jpg)
-
-(Photo illustration by Lauren Cattermole; photograph by iStock)
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-***Fortnite* is indeed free to play, but it never stops** reminding players of all the ways they can feed the game their cash. Between every round of battle royale, gamers have a chance to purchase “skins,” a catch-all term for clothes and customizations that change the appearance of a player’s characters, weapons and vehicles. There are thousands of these accoutrements available for purchase in the *Fortnite* shop for $5 to $15 apiece: backpacks that players’ avatars can wear, dance moves they can bust out, giant flaming assault rifles they can wield. For $10, players can buy a “battle pass,” a 10-week subscription that grants them access to even more skins. These nickel-and-dime purchases are called micro-transactions, and they can add up. One of the children represented in the Quebec class action spent $6,000 on skins, draining a bank account that was meant to help pay for university.
-
-In 2020, the Federal Trade Commission began investigating the company’s alleged use of dark patterns and collection of kids’ personal information. When *Fortnite* debuted in 2017, the FTC alleged, it employed deceptive digital tricks known as “dark patterns” that made it easy for players to buy skins and exceedingly difficult for them to get their money back. Back then, if a father were to enter his credit card information to buy his *Fortnite*\-playing son a Batman skin, for example, the game would automatically save those payment details, allowing the boy to keep shopping on his dad’s dime. No PIN or CVV code required. No screen asking, “Are you sure?” If the dad requested a refund for the unauthorized purchases, Epic would most likely inform him that the sales were, regrettably, final.
-
-In response to situations like these, the FTC alleged, players and parents inundated Epic with more than a million complaints. At the company’s HQ in Cary, North Carolina, employees alerted the C-suite about the deluge, suggesting simple fixes like a purchase-confirmation screen. But, according to the FTC, the company’s leadership weren’t interested. They said it would add “friction” and prevent “impulse purchases.”
-
-Ultimately, Epic changed its practices. In December, the company agreed to pay US$520 million—the largest-ever FTC settlement, some of which would recompense players—though it didn’t admit liability. Epic also ditched the dark patterns and overhauled the shop so players needed to confirm purchases and had a grace period to undo them. Today, if a new player tells the game they’re under 13 (not that kids ever lie online), they have a daily spending limit of US$100. Parents can now manage shop permissions, friend requests, chat filters and other settings from an online portal, and they can opt to receive playtime reports. These will be helpful tools for parents who have the time and technological savvy to use them. (Epic cited these changes in the statement they sent me refuting the claims in the class action suits. “These allegations do not reflect how *Fortnite* operates and ignore the ways parents can control their child’s experience in the game.”)
-
-The suits argue that the company knew, or ought to have known, that Fortnite could cause players harm. And because Epic failed to warn players about those dangers, the suits say it should be liable for the damage it caused.
-
-To date, it’s estimated that *Fortnite* has earned $20 billion for Epic Games. That windfall reflects a shift in the way the gaming industry makes money. Five years ago, developers reaped profits roughly equal to the number of games they sold. Now, a growing number of games are so-called “freemium” offerings: they cost nothing to download or play, but they’re stuffed with opportunities for in-game purchases. Loot boxes—digital treasure chests that dispense in-game prizes in exchange for real-world currency—now appear in 70 per cent of the games available on Steam, a popular online games marketplace. In 2020, players spent roughly $20 billion on loot boxes globally, and micro-transactions are soon expected to total US$75 billion per year. John Riccitiello, the former CEO of gaming company Electronics Arts, told shareholders that the rationale behind the switch to the play-first, pay-later model was simple: players are more willing to spend once they’re invested.
-
-Some gamers have welcomed the shift from upfront costs to micro-transactions. If a player isn’t interested in skins or other in-game purchases, they’re essentially getting free games that might once have cost them $80 a pop. But this new financial arrangement comes with a cost, says Nigel Turner, an independent scientist with the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto. “These micro-transactions are a pernicious way of exploiting people and taking their money away,” he told me. “Companies are picking on vulnerable people, like kids, who don’t really understand the value of the money they’re spending.”
-
-Like many experts who study video games, Turner first specialized in gambling. Lately, he says, the line between the two fields has blurred: what are loot boxes if not unregulated slot machines marketed to children? In Canada, casinos and online sportsbooks are subject to hefty taxes, age restrictions and strict regulations that determine how much money they need to return to bettors. So far, video game developers have avoided playing by the same rules.
-
-Their impunity may not last much longer. Class action litigation, like the Canadian suits against Epic, is often the first step toward wider change. They can prompt regulatory action or persuade industries to self-regulate. They also have a tendency to inspire other lawsuits. Jon Festinger, a lawyer and University of British Columbia adjunct professor who wrote Canada’s seminal guide to video game law for the legal website LexisNexis, says that a ruling against Epic would represent a monumental legal precedent. “If this succeeds, it opens the door to more litigation,” he says. Vass Bednar, the executive director of McMaster University’s master of public policy program, suggests social media platforms could be at risk, too. “This generation might be able to retroactively say, ‘I was addicted to TikTok. That was my childhood, and because of that I have fewer social skills, am more depressed, didn’t play sports, didn’t know what to study or what I wanted to do with my life,’ ” she says. “I think we’ll see more people saying, ‘You took this from me and you knew you were doing it.’ ”
-
----
-
-**After several months of *Fortnite*\-related meltdowns,** Alana went looking for professional help for her son. She called a Vancouver mental health agency, but they didn’t have anyone who dealt with problem gaming. So she tried another. And then another. In total, she called eight facilities across B.C. “Nobody could point me in the right direction,” she says. All the while, Cody kept screaming every time she tried to stop him from gaming. 
-
-Finally, a month later, Alana found Tracy Tsui, a B.C.-based registered clinical counsellor who specializes in problem gaming habits. Tsui provided Cody with talk therapy. With her help, the family established a new gaming schedule and helped Cody stick to it. Alana taught Cody breathwork and other coping mechanisms that he could employ when he felt the urge to game. And Alana worked with Cody’s family doctor to find medication that calmed Cody down and finally put an end to the screaming. “We’re still struggling with gaming,” says Alana. “But he went from being completely out of control to being manageable.”
-
-Tsui has seen it all before: kids who have stolen their parents’ credit cards to buy skins, adults who have sabotaged their careers to game, families so shattered by gaming addictions that they’ve contacted their local MLAs to beg for governmental intervention. Tsui used to game herself, and she started specializing in gaming addictions in 2018 when she realized few others were. 
-
-“This generation might be able to retroactively say, ‘I was addicted to TikTok. That was my childhood, and I have fewer social skills, am more depressed, didn’t play sports, didn’t know what to study or what I wanted to do with my life.’”
-
-The options are still sparse today. In Toronto, CAMH offers problem-gaming counselling and support groups. A few private clinics, such as Ontario’s Simcoe Addiction and Mental Health, run digital detox programs in which gamers surrender their electronics, undergo therapy and spend time in nature. Most Canadian cities also have a chapter of Gaming Addicts Anonymous, a riff on AA.
-
-The most valuable resource for Canadian gaming addicts is arguably Game Quitters, an organization founded by a former gamer named Cameron Adair. As a teenager in Calgary, Adair played *Counter-Strike* and *StarCraft* for 15 hours at a time, and he pretended to have a part-time job to hide his addiction from his parents. When he resolved to quit, he was underwhelmed by the resources he found, so he made his own. Now, he uploads game-quitting tips to his website and YouTube, and he and his colleague Elaine Uskoski, a family coach whose son recovered from a severe gaming addiction, work with clients in Canada, the U.S., Australia and elsewhere on how to kick their unhealthy habits. “It becomes an outright war at home of parental controls and kids bypassing them,” Adair told me. “Parents have a lot going on. They’re trying to feed their families and do their work and pay their bills and have their own life in some way. And then they have to also have a world-class education on gaming that changes every week? It’s a lot to ask from them.”
-
-Governments can’t—and probably shouldn’t—dictate what kind of video games developers are allowed to make. It’s practically impossible to draw a line between games that are addictive and games that are simply well-designed and fun to play. But Canada could follow the example of other countries that have taken simple, sensible steps to prevent gaming addiction. A law in South Korea allows parents to designate play times for their kids. (China went a step further, banning gaming outright between 10 p.m. and 8 a.m. for young teens.) Like Austria, Australia and the Netherlands, Canada could regulate loot boxes. Or it could mimic the U.K. and use public funds to create specialized clinics for gaming addicts.
-
-Canada has done none of these things. To date, the federal government has yet to hold a single hearing or committee meeting about gaming addiction, micro-transactions or loot boxes. Vass Bednar, the policy expert at McMaster, suspects this is because gaming doesn’t fall cleanly within the purview of a single ministry or government office. The CRTC has the power to regulate video games but has actively chosen not to. The Competition Bureau, Canadian Heritage, and the Ministry of Innovation, Science and Economic Development could all step up, but none of them has. Provincial gambling regulators like the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation could investigate game developers for violating gambling rules, but that hasn’t happened either. I asked Michael Tibollo, Ontario’s associate minister of mental health and addictions, what his government was doing to combat problem gaming. His office initially reported that he was excited to speak with me, but the interview never materialized. The province, they explained, wouldn’t grant him permission to speak on the topic.
-
-Without regulatory oversight, the industry is left to police itself. Progress has been predictably sluggish on that front. In 2020, the Entertainment Software Rating Board, the body that assigns age ratings to video games in North America, began sticking an “in-game purchases” label on games that offer micro-transactions and loot boxes; a 2023 study found that those labels were applied inconsistently, if at all. Several academics and problem-gaming counsellors suggested to me that the board, which takes into account violence, profanity and nudity when rating games, should begin disclosing games’ addictive potential and immediately restrict any game with gambling-like features to 18-plus audiences. But few of them were optimistic that the organization—whose members include industry giants—would pursue changes that might jeopardize developers’ bottom lines. In a 2021 paper analyzing the ethics of *Fortnite’s* financial model, a group of University of Amsterdam researchers concluded, “Economic interests are too great to rely on self-restraint from industry.”
-
-And so the problem seems destined to get worse. The gaming industry is now adopting AI to more effectively target individual players’ preferences, and virtual reality is poised to draw players deeper under gaming’s spell. Lately, Tim Sweeney has been publicly musing about uniting all of Epic’s games in a single, all-consuming metaverse—a terrifying prospect for parents like Alana, who are already struggling to peel their kids away from their screens.
-
-The last time I spoke to Alana, she told me that Cody had all but stopped playing *Fortnite*. His friends had moved on to different games, and Cody did too. “He is much more respectful, calmer and, in general, he is a lot happier since he stopped playing *Fortnite*,” says Alana. He’s also revived his dream of becoming a pro soccer player, though getting him to stop playing his new favourite games so he can make it to soccer practice is still a daily battle. Recently, Alana bought a timer to limit Cody’s gaming sessions, but he threw it out the window. “So that’s where we’re at right now,” she says. If all else fails, she told me, she’ll disconnect their house from the internet entirely. But she hopes Cody will move on soon. He’ll be a teenager next year. “When girls come into the picture,” she says, “maybe gaming won’t be so important anymore.”
-
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-*Get the Best of Maclean’s sent directly to your inbox. [Sign up now for news, commentary and analysis.](https://macleans.ca/newsletter/)*
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-Date: 2023-02-04
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-TimeStamp: 2023-02-04
-Link: https://www.thecut.com/2023/02/revisiting-pamela-anderson-memoir-documentary.html
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-# This Is Pamela, Finally
-
-The model-actress’s memoir and documentary reveal only what she wants us to know. It’s about time.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/0c2/1a3/e80b562e24727b7504fee8e950e3b0479a-pamela-anderson.rvertical.w570.gif)
-
-Photo: Getty
-
-While watching *Pamela: A Love Story,* the new Netflix documentary about Pamela Anderson’s life, I was struck by interview clips at the height of the model turned actress’s career. The mostly male interlocutors were bizarrely obsessed with her appearance (her breasts), and they leered and ogled and asked vapid, degrading questions that Anderson largely tolerated with an almost preternatural patience and humor. She knew her lane and was willing to stay in it. In several interviews, she reaches a point where she is clearly done with the condescension and lets them know she is more than fodder for male fantasy. Sadly, these valiant stands were mostly ignored. How could the interviewers recognize her humanity while so fixated on her buxom assets?
-
-After a sex tape, compiled from stolen home videos made by Anderson and her then-husband Tommy Lee, was released without the couple’s consent, the interviews became even more ridiculous. And it was clear everyone thought it was fair and reasonable to treat Anderson like a hypersexual punch line. She had posed in *Playboy*, after all. She dared to have sex with her husband and document it. She dared to exist. She was a public figure with a publicly coveted figure, and that superseded her right to privacy or respect. Even a judge said so when Anderson and Lee tried to adjudicate the matter of the sex tape.
-
-For Gen-Xers like me, Anderson was either the *Playboy* centerfold or the *Baywatch* babe or the celebrity with the sex tape. That’s a narrow way of thinking of someone, but popular culture has a tendency to distill its most prominent figures down to the shallowest, most consumable versions of themselves. Decades in retrospect, many people are realizing just how terribly Anderson has been treated juxtaposed with the extent of her cultural impact. They are searching for that redemptive arc or trying, in some way, to right a wrong.
-
-Anderson rose to fame in the late 1980s and 1990s, posing for *Playboy* and appearing on the cover a record 14 times over nearly 30 years. As an actress, she was Lisa the “Tool Time girl” on two seasons of *Home Improvement.* She starred in *Baywatch*, a show about attractive Los Angeles lifeguards and their misadventures. The series did everything it could to exploit her good looks, and given the show’s premise, she spent most of her time scantily clad, running along the beach, practically bouncing with each step, or emerging from the water as if nary a drop had touched her. She appeared in a few movies, but acting was not her forte. That did not matter. She had charm and charisma and, of course, her looks. That was more than enough. For a time, she was one of the most famous and recognizable women in the world.
-
-In *Pamela: A Love Story*, we follow Anderson as she narrates her life from her childhood to the present day. She now lives in Ladysmith, British Columbia, where she was born and raised. We meet her sons, Brandon and Dylan. We watch as she stands in the kitchen with her mother, talking. We see her rehearsing for and performing in the Broadway musical *Chicago.* The present-day narrative is interspersed with clips from her life and career. She has hundreds of videotapes in her personal archive documenting nearly everything, which the director draws from liberally. And then, of course, there are the media clips of mostly men making absolute fools of themselves in her presence. It would be funny if it weren’t so embarrassing and repulsive.
-
-While Anderson has enjoyed a bounty of privilege, it has come at a very high price. She has sacrificed her privacy and had to endure a bewildering amount of bad behavior. At one point in the documentary, she discusses her finances, and we learn she has made no money from the sex tape. She earns little money from *Baywatch* despite her singular role in making that series hugely popular. In 1996, it was the most widely seen show in the world with more than 1.1 billion people tuning in each week. It is inexplicable that she has little to show for that. Bad management, exploitation, naïveté — an all too familiar story. Anderson doesn’t seem particularly angry about any of this, but in media appearances, her son Brandon is more than willing to carry that torch on her behalf.
-
-Alongside the documentary, Anderson has released a new memoir, *Love, Pamela.* From the outset, she makes it clear she wrote the book herself despite the protestations (underestimations, likely) of others. She tells her story, in her own words, with a blend of not-very-good-but-refreshingly-earnest poetry and capable, equally earnest prose. The memoir offers what seems like a rather gilded set of memories, even though many of the experiences Anderson details are traumatic or troubling. She has clearly known more than her fair share of suffering — childhood poverty, domestic violence, multiple incidents of sexual violence, abusive boyfriends, lousy husbands, the injustice of the court of public opinion. And still she shares these disturbing stories with an almost Zen attitude, as if she has made peace with it all. Anderson makes her life read like a fairy tale — the dark, gritty kind in which still, at the center of it all, there is a princess searching.
-
-As with many celebrity projects, there are intriguing revelations. If your interest is prurient, you won’t be disappointed, but, again, you will only learn so much. While a significant amount of the narrative is given over to her childhood, she rushes through most of her romantic relationships and their dissolutions. After Tommy Lee, the love of her life, there are all kinds of lovers and husbands and ambiguous assignations including Kid Rock, Rick Salomon, Jon Peters, David Charvet, Scott Baio, Dean Cain, even Julian Assange. She talks about Hugh Hefner as if he is something of a deity, and that is fitting, I suppose, given the role he played in her stardom. She writes about selling her Malibu mansion (for [$11.8 million](https://www.latimes.com/business/real-estate/story/2021-08-11/pamela-anderson-sells-malibu-home-of-two-decades-for-11-8-million)) and how that has set her up for the rest of her life. She talks about her activism, mostly centered on animals, and all things considered, she seems content, at peace, living on her farm with her parents and her dogs.
-
-And yet, in 2022, Hulu released *Pam & Tommy,* a miniseries fictionalizing Anderson and Lee’s relationship, the theft of the sex tape, and the aftermath. Once again, a version of Anderson’s story was told without her input or consent. Once again, she did not benefit financially from the exploitation of her story. We are open to cultural redemption until we aren’t, I suppose.
-
-Meanwhile, Anderson’s memoir and the documentary are complementary, curated artifacts of a life lived. For nearly 30 years, Anderson has seen alternate versions of her reality distorted by the media — a Playmate multiverse, if you will. In the acknowledgments of *Love, Pamela*, Anderson says, “It is a celebration, a scrapbook of imperfect people living imperfect lives and finding the joy in that.” The phrasing is an apt encapsulation of both the book and the documentary. In both projects, Anderson is telling her own story in her own words in her own way. That is to say we see and learn only what she wants us to see and learn. That circumspection is not unique to Anderson; any time someone shares pieces of themselves with the public, they are curating how they present themselves. That Anderson curates her life so carefully across these two projects is incredibly fitting, a small justice.
-
-This Is Pamela, Finally
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-Date: 2023-12-10
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-# This Maine Fish House Is an Icon. But of What, Exactly?
-
-##### By Brian Kevin  
-Photographed by Benjamin Williamson  
-Opener mosaic featuring [these Instagram photographers](https://downeast.com/photography/follow-these-42-maine-instagrammers/)  
-*From our [December 2019 issue](https://downeast.com/issues/december-2019/)*
-
-If you’re active on Instagram and you follow Maine-y hashtags like [`#mainelife`](https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/mainelife/), [`#mainething`](https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/mainething/), or [`#thewaylifeshouldbe`](https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/thewaylifeshouldbe/), then you have seen it. If you happen to follow the hashtag specifically for [`#capeporpoise`](https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/capeporpoise/), then you have seen an awful lot of it, as there have been times this year when photos of it have made up nearly half the top results of the more than 10,000 `#capeporpoise-tagged` images posted to the popular photo-sharing social platform.
-
-The first time I saw it was last December, when *Down East* staff photographer [Benjamin Williamson](https://www.instagram.com/benjaminwilliamsonphotography/) came back from a photo assignment in Cape Porpoise, the postage-stamp harbor village often described as “the quiet side of Kennebunkport.” It was a natural-shingled, colonial-shed–like structure suspended on stilts over — and perfectly reflected in — the glassy waters of a low-tide Porpoise Cove. Behind it blazed a chorus-of-angels sunrise, with rows of ochre, saffron, and lavender stretching from the waterline up through the clouds. Golden light shone through parallel windows on the building’s longer sides, while a row of lightning rods on the roof seemed to genuflect to the sky. It was the kind of scene that prompts iPhone-toting observers to hashtag their photos [`#thewaylifeshouldbe`](https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/thewaylifeshouldbe/). 
-
-“Wow,” I said to Ben. “What is that?”
-
-What I didn’t know then was how many people have had a hard time answering that question.
-
-In the year since, I’ve talked to a dozen or so Instagrammers whose photos of the place have amassed hundreds of thousands, maybe millions of views, almost none of whom were sure just what they were photographing. Meanwhile, between the two people who know the most about the structure — its owner, who built it, and his neighbor, whose granddad once owned the parcel it’s built on — there is disagreement and, frankly, bad blood over just what the building is and is not.
-
-Ben theorized it was some kind of “party pad.” In the months that followed, he and I noticed it appearing more regularly in our Instagram feeds, where it was referred to as a “stilt house,” a “barn on the water,” and a “love shack.” Then, as shots of it became even more ubiquitous, Instagram posters took to calling it “the Cape Porpoise fish house,” “the often-photographed fish shack,” or simply, “that building.”
-
-“I’m not sure if this is someone’s home, boathouse, or business (can you imagine what they could charge for a wedding here?),” one Instagrammer wrote [in his caption](https://www.instagram.com/p/B0Qj_gNAAAW/), “but it looks like one of the most peaceful spots in the world to sit out the zombie apocalypse.”
-
-Indeed it does. But Maine is rotten with idyllic-looking places where one might take refuge from the undead. I can think of a magazine that’s published photos of them every month for 66 years. This place seemed to come out of nowhere and go startlingly viral. I wanted to know why. So I opened my Instagram app and started sending direct messages.
-
-I met photographer [Robert Dennis](https://www.kportimages.com/) in Cape Porpoise on an unseasonably drizzly day in February, at a restaurant called [Musette](https://downeast.com/guide/musette/). Until three years ago, it was called The Wayfarer, a diner that had been open for 60 years, serving eggs to fishermen in the mornings and a good haddock chowder the rest of the day. Musette still has the chowder — it actually still has The Wayfarer’s sign, hanging above its lunch counter — but it also has avocado toast and a lobster roll on brioche and overall just feels a bit swankier than the place did a decade or two back. The same can be said about Cape Porpoise as a whole.
-
-A former Boston-area financial advisor, Dennis has lived since 2011 on Langsford Road, a dead-end street overlooking Porpoise Cove and, on the cove’s far side, the Cape Porpoise municipal pier, where the daily catch of the year-round fishing fleet has been the town’s economic lifeblood for most of its 350ish years. These days, tourism gives it a run for its money. Where Langsford Road meets Route 9 — the summer tourism artery — “downtown” Cape Porpoise consists of a 100-year-old former firehouse called Atlantic Hall, a gift shop in a barn, a scatter of restaurants, the fisherman-owned [Nunan’s Lobster Hut](http://www.nunanslobsterhut.com/), and [Bradbury Brothers Market](https://bradburybros.com/), the village’s only source of groceries and primary source of gossip since 1944, as well as its post office.
-
-Dennis started spending summers in the twin seaside vacation towns of Kennebunk and Kennebunkport — and obsessively photographing them — back in the ’80s. He’s done a popular Kennebunks coffee-table book, and, since the 1990s, he’s been the primary photographer for the regional chamber of commerce. He adores the Bushes and has often photographed (at a distance) their Walker’s Point estate, the epicenter of the Kennebunks’ WASPy prestige. He has no beef with the commercial bustle and summertime tour buses around central Kennebunkport’s Dock Square, but he always knew that if he moved full-time, he’d want to settle 2 miles up the road, in comparatively tranquil Cape Porpoise.
-
-“I’m passionately in love with the place,” he told me, “and one of the reasons is because it’s so beautifully scenic at all seasons of the year and times of day, but also because it’s so quiet.”
-
-Near as I can tell, Dennis is patient zero for the Instagram virality of the structure that sits basically in his backyard, in a tidal marsh along Langsford Road. His street is dotted with former “fish houses” that the Kennebunks are known for — waterside wooden shacks where fishermen once stowed and mended wooden gear and traps, maybe sold a few lobsters. Dennis has been shooting such shanties for decades, including one that formerly stood on the site of the current Instagram phenomenon. After our lunch at Musette, he sent me some undated photos of it: its shingles were weathered to brownish, its windows boarded and roof slightly bowed — the ugly duckling to the current incarnation’s swan. It collapsed during a storm in the early ’90s.
-
-Most of the town’s remaining fish houses are dilapidated or have been converted to other uses — vacation cottages, for instance. It’s just one of the changes Dennis has observed through his lens. He goes almost nightly to the pier to shoot the sunset and the lobsterboats, and he says there are fewer of the latter than in his photos from 20 year ago. “I guess lobstermen passed away, or it’s not economical for them to live here anymore,” he said. “It’s no question there are fewer full-time people living here than there used to be.”
-
-A lot of nice new homes have popped up along Langsford Road since the old brownish-shingled fish house collapsed, and some modest older Capes remain, but fishermen don’t occupy either of them. “It’s all rental people,” Dennis said. “I don’t see them more than a couple weeks of the year.” 
-
-So when a local builder named Bob Zuke started erecting a new Langsford Road fish house in 2016, Dennis was intrigued. And once the building’s exterior was completed, he wasted no time getting a sunrise photo. 
-
-Dennis posted his first [Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/portimages/) shot of the Zuke fish house on February 19, 2017, with the caption, “Sunrise this morning!”, followed by a mess of hashtags. By year’s end, he’d posted four more shots of the new structure, most of them with another, converted Langsford Road fish house, a striking red one, in the foreground. His posts the next winter had three times the hearts as his early ones (a heart is the Instagram equivalent of a Facebook “like”), and they were widely shared by accounts like [@newengland\_igers](https://www.instagram.com/newengland_igers/), which has 53,000 Instagram followers, and, well, [@downeastmagazine](https://www.instagram.com/downeastmagazine/), which has 87,000.
-
-> Dennis posted his first Instagram shot of the Zuke fish house on February 19, 2017, with the caption, “Sunrise this morning!”, followed by a mess of hashtags.
-
-This summer, Dennis said, he sometimes stepped out to find four or five people standing off Langsford Road, photographing the Zuke fish house — far fewer than come to visit the lobster shack a few doors down, he points out, but still. Of the Instagrammers I talked to, more than half said they came to Cape Porpoise to shoot the fish house after seeing one of Dennis’s shots. Many of the rest name-checked someone who then told me *they* had first seen it in Dennis’s photos. When I told him this, Dennis seemed bewildered. It’s “nutty,” he said, to imagine someone driving to Cape Porpoise in the middle of the night just to photograph this fish house at dawn.
-
-“When it first went up, I wasn’t a big fan — I didn’t think it was all that picturesque. But the more I worked around it, I found there were a lot of creative ways to take a photo,” Dennis said. “When it’s reflecting in the water, it does present a pretty attractive sight. I guess people think it sort of exemplifies Maine.”
-
-As I would learn, though, not everyone thinks this.
-
-It didn’t seem nutty to [Steven Perlmutter](https://www.instagram.com/perlmutterphotography/), of North Andover, Massachusetts, to get up in the dark and drive to Cape Porpoise to shoot the Zuke fish house at sunrise. He did so in March of 2018 after seeing Dennis’s Instagram posts.
-
-“So many of the iconic locations in Maine have been photographed forever,” he said. “This is one of those more obscure things that, once a few people get wind of it and see a beautiful shot, it’s like, ‘Hey, cool, I can go do that too, and I’ve never photographed it before.’ Everyone has done Nubble, everyone has done Portland Head Light, everyone has done Jordan Pond, you name it.”
-
-That’s the culture of Instagram, for better or for worse, said [Dave Dostie](https://www.instagram.com/dostiephoto/), of Augusta, who has likewise made the pre-dawn drive — you see a shot you like, you want to try it, maybe put your own spin on it. 
-
-“In the last several months, people have taken to it even more, from what I see,” he said. “As photographers, we’re not typically drawn to things that have that newish look, but this particular fish house, I’ve just seen so many phenomenal photos of it.”
-
-“People do drive down there just to get that shot,” said [Beth Currie](https://www.instagram.com/wheniwas21_/), of Sarnia, Ontario, who’s been coming to Kennebunkport seasonally long enough to remember the old structure on the same site. She posted her first pic of the new one last January, with a caption that read, “To me, this fish house looks like it’s been in this place for years!” It got more Instagram hearts than anything she’d ever posted before.
-
-“It looks like that house was put there for the purpose of taking pictures,” said [Isaac Crabtree](https://www.instagram.com/northwoodsaerial/), of Greenville, who made the trip to Cape Porpoise in July to shoot it with his drone. “It’s like Portland Head Light — that lighthouse was built for taking pictures. I didn’t know the fish house was new when I saw the photos. I thought they must have done some work to it, but in my head, when I saw it, it evoked these older pictures of fish houses on stilts. It was like they built this as the quintessential building, like they were honoring all those old ones people get nostalgic about.”
-
-No one, I suspect, is more delighted to read these comments than Bob Zuke, who, with his wife, Linda, took me out to their fish house one afternoon in September. The tide was high, and there is no boardwalk to access the building — putting one in requires permits the Zukes don’t have. I had no boots, so I took off my socks, rolled my jeans to my knees, and squelched in my sneakers through calf-high water to a wooden ladder that reached the fish house door.
-
-“I like my stuff to look old,” Bob declared, as we picked our way through the marsh grasses. “I like to build stuff that could be 100 years old.”
-
-Bob, who is 57, started building stuff professionally when he was 18, starting his own roofing and construction company when he was 22. Before that, as a high school kid in nearby Biddeford, he worked part-time as a sternman on a lobsterboat out of Cape Porpoise Harbor. When the boat would pass the old brownish-shingled structure — ramshackle, then, but still standing — Bob said he would point to it and proclaim out loud, “I’m going to own that someday.”
-
-Not that he ever wanted to fish — both his and Linda’s families go back generations in Maine, but neither are fishing families. He was, he told me, just “an odd duck” who, even as a kid, was preoccupied with owning real estate and fixing things up. These days, he does plenty of both, and you can’t drive for long around the Kennebunks or neighboring Arundel, where the Zukes live, without spotting a sign proclaiming ZUKE in large, blocky white letters on a truck or at a project site.
-
-Bob and Linda welcomed me into the fish house like I was a neighbor dropping by for coffee. Bob is a gregarious, sturdy guy with a crew cut who jokes in a respectable Maine accent about wearing the same white work shirt and Dickies every day. He could be cast as a lovably gruff blue-collar dad in a ’50s sitcom. Linda, 53, is equally warm, if quieter than her booming husband. She’s an owner and controller at an auto dealership her father founded, and she’s active on boards and committees around the Kennebunks, including as a trustee at the [Kennebunkport Conservation Trust](http://www.kporttrust.org/). (Full disclosure: While chitchatting in the fish house, I learned that Linda has sat on the planning board for a Kennebunks festival that *Down East* has sponsored.)
-
-On the inside, the one-and-a-half-story fish house marries rustic and snazzy much as it does on the outside — it’s like somebody’s upscale summer cottage. The walls are made from weathered fir planks Bob salvaged from a Drake’s Island cottage he worked on more than 20 years ago (he has a tendency to hoard such things). The oak trim and flooring were leftovers gifted from a client whose house he worked on more recently. The reupholstered furniture belonged to a cousin. Paintings by local artists — mostly colorful folk-art seascapes — adorn the walls, and a beautifully carved wooden whale hangs from the ceiling of a kitchen area that wouldn’t look out of place in a stylish homes magazine (stove-free, as there’s wiring and lights but no power unless the Zukes hook up a generator).
-
-“Everything in here comes with a story, most of it’s salvaged, and it all comes from the state of Maine,” Bob said proudly.
-
-On one side of the open-concept first floor, next to a pair of bay doors, stood a couple of sawhorses next to a workbench scattered with tools. This area, Bob and Linda said, will be the shop for their lobsterman kids to stash and work on their gear. The Zukes have three adult sons, the youngest of whom, Wyatt, is a welder. The older two are fishermen. Julian, 24, started apprenticing with local lobstermen when he was 10 and got his first boat at 14. Joe, 22, is a student at Maine Maritime Academy. When I showed up at the Zukes’ house that morning, Joe was out front, loading traps into a pickup truck. Julian was fishing offshore, his charts spread all over the dining room table.
-
-![](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201024%20512'%3E%3C/svg%3E)
-
-*Most of the Cape Porpoise fleet fishes year-round.*
-
-It’s thanks to his sons that Bob fulfilled his teenage dream of owning the fish house. The Zukes bought the parcel from a lobsterman, Robert O’Reilly, who had owned it — along with the former building and its post-collapse remnants — since 1986. In 2008, O’Reilly applied for a building permit from the town of Kennebunkport to build a replacement structure on the site, and the permit was granted, stipulating that any replacement would be limited to water-dependent uses, consistent with Cape Porpoise’s traditional working waterfront. O’Reilly’s attempts at construction started and sputtered, and his permit was renewed twice before being transferred to the Zukes when they bought the property in 2016. They renewed the permit, envisioning a first-class space that Julian and Joe — who, like most of the village’s fleet, don’t live in Kennebunkport — could use instead of trucking their gear to Arundel or elsewhere. 
-
-“I paid $200,000 for like an eighth of an acre of mud,” Bob said.
-
-“And a permit,” Linda chimed in. 
-
-> “It looks like that house was put there for the purpose of taking pictures. . . . It was like they built this as the quintessential building, like they were honoring all those old ones people get nostalgic about.”
-
-“Everybody thinks it’s a house we’ve built out here,” Bob went on, “but it’s not a residence, and I’d never want it to be one.” He’d also never be permitted to build one over coastal wetlands — or, in all likelihood, any other project that wasn’t a marine commercial building replacing a marine commercial building.
-
-The Zukes said they’re wading through the permitting process to put in a wharf, so their kids can tie up their boats. In the meantime, Bob said, some neighbors have given him a hard time for putting up a structure that seems, well, a bit elegant for a working building. But even the saltiest lobstermen appreciate a nice place to sit and snack, Bob said. What was he supposed to do, hang sheet metal on the sides and tie a blue tarp to the roof?
-
-“When you’re used to doing quality work all the time, it’s just what you do,” he said.
-
-Both Zukes told me they fear a day when Cape Porpoise loses all its fishing-village character, as they think Langsford Road largely has. They see their fish house — however spiffy, however perched above sensitive marshland — as an effort to restore a piece of it.
-
-“Conservation, to me, is not only about a view or making a path to walk on,” Linda said. “Conservation is about heritage, and it’s about a way of life.”
-
-Bob worries about a day when Bradbury Brothers, the town market, can’t stay open all year for lack of year-round residents. This summer, he went to Stonington, Maine’s top fishing port by landings, and he told me it reminded him of the Cape Porpoise of his youth.
-
-“Because of all the lobsterboats?” I asked. 
-
-“Because the people there mow their own lawns,” he said.
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-The Zukes are proud that their boys are among a handful of Cape Porpoise fishermen under 30, but they wonder what those demographics might mean for the future of the fleet. 
-
-“If the commercial fishery were to go away, then what is this?” Bob said, gesturing out the open bay doors at the shore. “It’s just going to be a shell, no local color, no local flavor. People will come here just to see the same thing they left.”
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-They may still come to see the Zuke fish house, of course. Bob and Linda said they’re constantly pulling up on Langsford Road to find someone snapping a photo. Paintings of the building, by local and visiting artists, fill a whole wall of Linda’s office at the dealership. “It’s just a great compliment to what it is and where it is,” Bob said.
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-Gary Eaton sees things differently.
-
-Eaton is the Zukes’ neighbor on Langsford Road. He owns that striking red former fish house that Robert Dennis — and swarms of Instagrammers since — used to frame shots of the Zukes’ building. And if photographers or painters are drawn to Langsford Road, he told me on the phone, it’s because of the cove’s natural beauty, the chain of islands at the harbor’s mouth, and the white pillar of Goat Island Light silhouetted against the sky — *not* because of the Zuke fish house, which inhibits that view. Eaton, with some other neighbors who’ve publicly echoed him, thinks it shouldn’t have been built and ought to be demolished, and he’s spent much of the last two years approaching town committees and officials, state agencies, and newspaper editorial pages to explain why.
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-Eaton is 64 and grew up on Langsford Road. His granddad moved to the neighborhood from Nova Scotia, fished a while, then started a wholesale lobster business that Eaton’s dad eventually took over. In his childhood, his grandparents lived two doors down and his aunt and uncle up the street. “It was fishermen and lobstermen and everybody knew everybody,” he said.
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-He worked summers with his dad and loved being on the water, but he didn’t want a life in fishing. So he moved out west in his 20s and has bounced around since, mostly working in the energy industry. He never got back much, but in recent years, he’s been spending summers in Cape Porpoise. He and his wife sailed up this year from their home in southwest Florida. They’ve worked on the family’s red fish house — “gentrified into a clubhouse,” Eaton joked, with a bar and nautical memorabilia. His 96-year-old mother’s house is still a few doors down, but his grandparents’ place was sold and “McMansioned,” he said, like many other houses on his street. His aunt and uncle’s house was demolished and replaced with rental units. Eaton said he doesn’t know much of anybody on Langsford Road anymore.
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-He has multiple criticisms of the process that allowed for the Zuke fish house, and these can bog down a bit in legalese. Eaton emailed me a 20-point summary, with many attachments. Concisely, he argues that the town of Kennebunkport violated its own ordinances — first, by repeatedly renewing a building permit for the lobsterman who sold it to the Zukes, and secondly, by renewing that permit when the Zukes bought the land, without review from the town’s planning board. (In an emailed response, Kennebunkport’s director of planning and development essentially wrote that Eaton misreads the ordinances.)
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-> The whole tenor of the town now and the fabric of it . . . it’s just a whole different thing now, and I didn’t realize how good it was.
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-What’s more, Eaton insists, the whole narrative of the site once hosting a fish house was ginned up to boost the “working waterfront” cred of permit applications. His grandfather sold the property, structure-less, to a neighbor in the 1920s. The building that went up afterwards, Eaton says, was only ever used for boat storage, never to facilitate lobstering. He has testimonials supporting this. (The Zukes, for their part, point to old postcard images showing what they say is a fish house and wharf on the site before Eaton’s grandfather owned it. Robert O’Reilly, who sold them the site, has claimed he used the former building for his lobstering business before its collapse in the early ’90s.)
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-Eaton is aware that his arguments defy quick summary. “If you’re just picking pieces from all this,” he told me gingerly, “it can make me look like an utter ass when you piece it together.” 
-
-So for the record, Eaton does not strike me as an utter ass. Or even as some NIMBYite with an axe to grind. Like the Zukes, he laments a loss of cohesion on Langsford Road and around Cape Porpoise — but he sees the permitting of their fish house as a symptom of a heedlessness that’s driving it. Atop his more granular misgivings is an overarching one: that what the Zukes really want is a recreational hangout, plush and Instagram-chic, and that their sons — who could get by fine without a fish house, like most every lobsterman — are the “loophole” by which they’re obtaining it. 
-
-“The whole tenor of the town now and the fabric of it, how people interact, it’s all different,” he told me. “When I come back here — and the Zuke issue is part and parcel of this — it’s hard for me to accept what’s gone on.” He paused. “It’s just a whole different thing now,” he said, “and I didn’t realize how good it was.”
-
-The Zukes didn’t want to talk much about Eaton or others who object to their fish house. What little they had to say was tinged with an old-school Maine skepticism of those who’ve gone “away” and then come back complaining — Eaton, born and raised in Cape Porpoise, committed the cardinal Maine sin of relinquishing his birthright, his native status.
-
-Their reactions also seemed tinged with hurt. At their home, the morning I visited, the Zukes showed me a photo album with shots of their boys as teens and tweens. (Bob is “not on the computer,” he said — never mind Instagram — so he likes having photos printed in albums.) Linda pointed to an old picture of her sons, just kids, wearing full oil gear and standing on the deck of a fishing boat. 
-
-“There they are,” she said wryly, “our ‘loopholes.’”
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-Gary Eaton looks at a building over the water and sees a symbol of the forces transforming his community. The Zukes look at the same building and see a symbol of resistance against those forces. I can’t say which side is right. I can say that both seem genuine in their love of Cape Porpoise and their hopes for its future, and it saddens me to see them at odds — because all across Maine are towns like Cape Porpoise that need voices as passionate as theirs.
-
-In June, I brought my sons to the Cape Porpoise pier on a Sunday morning to watch the annual Blessing of the Fleet, a centuries-old tradition in maritime communities. We sat cross-legged as a robed Episcopal minister read from Psalms, offered a prayer, then sprinkled water on the pier while relaying his blessing, fishing boats bobbing behind him. 
-
-I took a picture of that last part, and naturally, I posted it to Instagram. I added a caption with a line I liked from the benediction. “For all who draw pleasure from the beauty of the sea,” the minister said, “bring us all to the harbor of light and peace.”
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-# Three days inside the sparkly, extremely hard-core world of Canadian cheerleading
-
-Tap or scroll past to hide video
-
-It was the third and final day of the Canadian Cheer National Championships in Niagara Falls, and the Golden Girls were feeling fierce.
-
-The GGs, as they called themselves, had done their warm-ups and gone through their rituals. They’d screamed together in the foyer of the Niagara Falls Convention Centre, shouting out the doubt and negativity, anything that could hold them back. They’d run their routine, working their pyramids and tumbling and baskets and dance over and over – and in their minds so many more times than that – until its relentless rhythm was as natural as breathing. They’d stretched into splits, lifted their legs into standing scales, flipped and tumbled down the practice mats. They’d stood swaying together in a circle, two dozen teenagers and women with their arms wrapped around each other, singing Lady Gaga at the top of their lungs.
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-![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/sports/cheer/assets/images/1Sec_A_GG_pyramid.jpg)
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-![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/sports/cheer/assets/images/1Sec_B_spins.jpg)
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-![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/sports/cheer/assets/images/1Sec_C_GGs.jpg)
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-The CheerForce WolfPack Golden Girls over the course of the weekend.
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-“Take it in, but remember this is what you trained for,” their coach, Jess Montoya had told them, her raspy voice straining over the raucous noise of a backstage hallway. She was a former cheerleader who went to university for child and youth psychology, but kept coming back to cheer. “Chill out, take it moment by moment. Enjoy it.”
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-Outside, the sun was shining, other groups of girls glimmering in constellations on the grass.
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-The CheerForce WolfPack Golden Girls and the Cheer Sport Great White Sharks are two of the most prominent and closely watched teams in the rapidly developing world of Canadian cheer. Going into Nationals in April, the Great White Sharks were five-time world champions and the subject of Canadian reality show *Cheer Squad*, a team known for precise and beautiful routines, for stunts that pushed the limits of what seemed possible.
-
-But the Golden Girls had been circling, coming second to the Great Whites at Worlds in Florida last year, nipping behind them in Dallas in February, placing second at the Face-Off event on Friday night.
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-The idea of a rivalry between the teams was a bit overhyped – the effect of social media, and maybe the American influence, where “cheerlebrities” and cheer fan accounts could be dramatic and mean. But while the Great White Sharks and the Golden Girls respected each other, there was no doubt both teams were there to win.
-
-Going into their second and final routine for Nationals on Sunday, the Golden Girls were in first place. It was the end of the season, the last chance at Nationals for some of them.
-
-They had 2½ minutes.![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/preview/cheer/assets/button_fx.svg)
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-The Niagara Falls Convention Centre began filling up first thing Friday morning. There were, according to their T-shirts, Proud Cheer Moms and #1 Cheer Dads. There were cheer siblings and cheer grandparents, entire families decked out in cheer hoodies and cheer T-shirts and cheer paraphernalia, team regalia to rival any crowd of die-hard sports fans. By the time the first teams took the stage, the line outside the ProCheer apparel store stretched 20 minutes or more.
-
-![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/sports/cheer/assets/images/2Sec_A_crowd.jpg)
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-Cheer Dads and Cheer Moms with teammates from Legacy Allstarz in Laval, Que., show their support for athletes on the competition's first day.
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-![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/sports/cheer/assets/images/2Sec_B_splitsmom.jpg)
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-Demonstrating flexibility in the halls of the convention centre for members of the Under 6 Twinkles from CheerForce in Oakville, Ont.
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-![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/sports/cheer/assets/images/2Sec_C_makeup.jpg)
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-Stacey Slute finishes her daughter Baylee’s eye makeup while brother Dallas waits ahead of her performance.
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-“It’s pretty intense,” said Janine Furtado, rolling her 15-year-old daughter’s ponytail into fat ringlets with a curling iron plugged into a hallway wall.
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-Like many of those at Nationals, Janine and her husband didn’t know anything about cheer until their daughter, Summer, got into it. Before that, they thought cheer was all pep rallies and rah-rah-sis-boom-bah, old-fashioned sideline cheerleading, where girls led chants and waved pompoms alongside a football game.
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-Now, they knew it was nothing like that. This cheer wasn’t about pumping up the crowd for a men’s sport. Cheer was the sport. These teams cheered only for themselves and for other cheer teams.
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-Four years in, cheer was how they spent their weekends, their family vacations, a significant amount of their money. Janine’s husband, Jay Jankowsky, soon found himself with a collection of Cheer Dad shirts and a deep appreciation for both the athleticism and high-stakes nature of cheer competition. It would be hard not to get into it, seeing how much dedication and teamwork it took, how hard the girls trained: two practices a week at least, plus private tumbling lessons. So much effort for competitions won or lost in two, 2½-minute routines.
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-![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/sports/cheer/assets/images/3Sec_A_crashzoom.jpg)
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-Beach Cheer Athletics RipTide perform a toe-touch jump. The team and crowd often yell “hit” timed to these jumps.
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-“Literally every single girl has to work together for a routine to hit, so it’s all about teamwork,” Janine said. “If anything goes wrong, they hurt pretty hard, too. They feel like they’re letting their team down.”
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-Nearby, one of Summer’s teammates was hunched over, looking pale, sick with a fever as another teammate opened a bottle of Tylenol and calculated the dose. “There’s always one,” Janine said sympathetically.
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-A group of girls danced around, singing Taylor Swift at full volume.
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-The Canadian Cheer National Championships is the largest tournament in Canadian cheer. This year, 8,000 athletes journeyed from around the country to compete at Nationals, with at least double that number of supporters paying to watch. The youngest competitors were five, the oldest in their 40s. Some of the 428 teams, including both the Golden Girls and Great White Sharks, would be heading to the world cheer competition in Orlando the following week.
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-“It’s a bit of a subculture. You come here and you’re just like, ‘What is even happening?’ It’s this whole other world,” said Ali Moffatt, a former cheerleader who coaches the Great White Sharks and is co-owner of Cheer Sport Sharks, Canada’s largest cheer gym. “We always say that to new families when they’re joining the gym. The first year, you’re going to be like, ‘What have I started?’ And all of a sudden, you’re just addicted to it.”
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-In all-star cheer, teams of up to 32 people compete by performing short, highly technical acrobatic routines in unison at the highest energy, with scores based on execution, difficulty, creativity and showmanship.
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-Many come from gymnastics and dance, drawn by cheer’s unique amalgamation of athletics, entertainment and teamwork.
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-There are places for all kinds of bodies in cheer – small flyers, lithe tumblers, powerful bases – and with seven different skill levels and no upper age limit, virtually anyone can find a place. Though there are co-ed teams, cheer in Canada is overwhelmingly female, with girls and women making up an estimated 98 per cent of competitors.
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-There is nothing quite like cheer, which combines the hyper-feminine aesthetic of a pageant with the posturing and swagger of boxing, the performative flair of pro wrestling, the tribal fandom of football and the raucous atmosphere of a rock concert.
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-“If you go into a cheer practice, kids are sweating, sometimes crying, bleeding. This is intense,” said Jess Montoya, the Golden Girls coach. “It’s a hardcore sport.”
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-Lest the false eyelashes and giant hair bows obscure its intensity, team names – Wicked, Wrath, Chaos, Mayhem, Reckless, Savage, Vengeance, Defiance, Furious, Cheer Beast, Black Widows – illustrate cheer’s bedazzled mix of “You go, girl” and “Come at me, bro.”
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-Cheer has exploded in Canada since Ali Moffatt opened her first Cheer Sport gym in Ontario 20 years ago, and continues to grow. Where gyms once had to seek out kids, there are now 700 sharks of various ages training at her nine Cheer Sport locations around the country, and competing gyms opening all the time.
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-“I think people underestimate the athleticism that’s required to do it until they fully see it. I don’t think anyone would see what a team like Great Whites is doing and say it wasn’t a sport,” she said. “Any time someone says that to me, I’m just like, ‘You’ve got to see what my girls do.’ And the minute they do, they’re like, ‘Oh, okay, this is insane.’ They get it. You just have to watch it.”
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-![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/sports/cheer/assets/images/4Sec_A_maddyeye.jpg)
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-![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/sports/cheer/assets/images/4Sec_B_shoulder.jpg)
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-Nineteen-year-old Maddy Hickey stood still near the window of an Airbnb, waiting while her mother re-watched an instructional video on YouTube, preparing to tape Maddy’s shoulder before competition.
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-“All the doctors I’ve seen are like, ‘Rest. Rest.’ I’m like, ‘Sorry, no, I have Nationals and then Worlds, I literally can’t,’ ” Maddy said. Her mother, Tanya, winced. Being a cheer parent is not for the faint of heart.
-
-![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/sports/cheer/assets/images/4Sec_C_makeup.jpg)
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-![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/sports/cheer/assets/images/4Sec_D_selfie-2.jpg)
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-![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/sports/cheer/assets/images/4Sec_E_lift.jpg)
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-Maddy Hickey gets her shoulder taped, does her hair and makeup, records a TikTok video and practises with her teammates before her Saturday performance.
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-Cheer is no small commitment. There are the practices (mandatory) and the costs (significant): $500 for the team uniform, replaced every two years, $150 for cheer shoes that may not last a season, and up to $8,000 a year in gym and competition fees and travel, more at the higher levels.
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-In nine years of cheer, Maddy knew well how physically punishing it could be. She’d had her nose broken, been kicked in the jaw, torn her rotator cuff twice, gotten a concussion, had her finger crushed, and was now going into Nationals with a separated shoulder. One of her friends had blown out her knee so badly she’d never fully recovered, never mind been able to cheer again.
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-![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/sports/cheer/assets/images/5Sec_A_pain.jpg)
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-Maddy Hickey with her mom, Tanya, following her Saturday performance.
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-Maddy was on PCT Legendary, a co-ed team in Level 7, the most advanced level in cheer. In the routine later that day, a girl would stand on top of Maddy’s shoulders, and another girl would be lifted on top of that. It didn’t seem like the best thing to do with a separated shoulder, but when Maddy’s coach asked if they should bring in an alternate, Maddy cried and told her: “I will literally cut my arm off and go there with one arm.”
-
-“It brings me so much happiness,” she said. “I love, love, love it. It brings me so much joy.”
-
-Pushing through injury and pain is a mark of pride for many athletes, a display of tenacity and grit. But it’s perhaps less expected in cheer, where swinging ponytails and big smiles can belie the seriousness and extremity of the pursuit. In 2006, when American cheerleader Kristi Yamaoka fell 15 feet onto her head, she continued the motions of her routine even while being wheeled away on a stretcher with a concussion and a broken neck.
-
-“You’re always proving yourself to other people. It’s a very underestimated sport,” said Maddy. “People don’t think you’re strong. And then when you go out there and you hit it, you’re like, ‘Watch this.’”![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/preview/cheer/assets/button_fx.svg)
-
-When people ask Maddy what football team she cheers for – as still sometimes happens – she pulls up a video of one of her team’s routines, and tells them, “I cheer for myself.”
-
-With 8,000 athletes each performing their routines twice at Nationals – all those bodies flying and flipping and twisting together at high velocity – there was a running ledger of sprained ankles and jammed wrists, a shoulder dislocation, an ugly finger break that needed surgery.
-
-“The highs are high, and the lows are low,” said Bruce Baldock, sitting next to his 13-year-old daughter, Alyssa, amid the hubbub of the convention centre on Saturday.
-
-The previous year, the whole right side of her team’s pyramid had collapsed on the final day of Nationals, an instant loss. She was a flyer, and in practice and competition, he had known the helpless, sickening feeling of seeing his daughter tossed at the wrong angle, knowing no one would be able to catch her.
-
-“It’s hard to keep smiling, but you have to. You have to tough it out,” Alyssa said brightly. She was in her fifth year of cheer, competing with the Cheer Sport Spinner Sharks. “Even if you get kicked in the face by a girl, you have to keep smiling.”
-
-Vomiting – from nerves, from the intense physicality, or from performing through illness – is common enough that there are bins ready off stage, and a procedure to clean the mats when it happens during a routine.
-
-“I’m not just the vomit guy,” stressed Mario Carito, a former football and rugby player who got into cheer at 18, ultimately choosing it over rugby at college. He works about a dozen cheer competitions a year including Nationals, tending to the mats, running water stations, passing out the coveted Nationals competition blankets, setting up wheelchair ramps for the Cheerabilities athletes.
-
-![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/sports/cheer/assets/images/6Sec_A_mario.jpg)
-
-Mario Carito, a former competitor, cleans a mat on the first day of competition.
-
-But it’s the barf that makes him a cheerlebrity, of sorts. As Mario headed onto the stage with his wet vac and disinfectant kit for the 10th time, the audience was dancing to Mambo No. 5 and chanting his name.
-
-“It’s kind of like at the hockey game when everyone cheers for the Zamboni guy,” he said. “It’s a rough task, but we’re trying to make it fun for everyone.”
-
-The world of cheer is, if it needs to be said, extremely – even relentlessly – cheerful.
-
-As Nationals wound to its final performances on Sunday afternoon, the hallways of the convention centre were littered with a chaos of streamers and dotted with glitter.
-
-It had been three full days of wild energy and thumping music. There had been constant and uncountable hugs and squeals and woo-hoos and pep talks and selfies, spontaneous singalongs and exuberant hallway dance parties.
-
-There had been supporters chanting and cheering and pounding the floor, athletes singing and screaming, unrestrained female voices at full volume, with no one even thinking to tell them to be quieter.
-
-There had been fogs of hairspray, gallons of energy drink, mounds of candy.
-
-And there had been tears – so many different kinds of tears. Tears of physical pain, of frustration, of disappointment, of joy and pride and accomplishment, slipping down the faces of athletes and coaches and supporters alike.
-
-“It’s beautiful. Everything is so crazy,” said Ziggy G, a former nightclub bouncer working security at the cheer competition for the first time. In one tradition, cheerleaders decorate clothespins and slip them onto other athletes’ backpacks for luck. As the weekend went on, Ziggy G’s lanyard and ID tag were increasingly full of colourful pins with messages like, “Get it!” and “You rock!”
-
-“It’s crazy how popular it is, and how much people get into it,” he said. “The best thing is to see all those cheerleaders being so happy.”
-
-![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/sports/cheer/assets/images/8Sec_A_Ziggy.jpg)
-
-![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/sports/cheer/assets/images/9Sec_A_practicegym.jpg)
-
-The Golden Girls and the Great White Sharks warmed up across from each other in the practice gym on Sunday afternoon. Their custom songs blared from two separate sound systems, electronic dance music pulsing with deep beat drops and laser pews telling their team stories for the season, clashing in a chaos of noise somewhere in the space between.
-
-“There must be blood in the water, I can smell it from a mile away. It’s a feast of fear. There’s no one to save you,” the Great Whites’ music roared.
-
-“Work hard! Dream big! You can be anything you want,” pulsed the Golden Girls’ Barbie-themed song. “Independent, so resilient, forget about Ken.”
-
-After being dismissed and discounted for much of its history, cheer is increasingly being acknowledged as something more than a perky appurtenance for male athletics. The International Olympic Committee officially recognized cheer in 2021, paving the way for it to become an Olympic event as early as 2028, and perhaps settling once and for all – for anyone who still doubts it – the question of whether cheer is a sport.
-
-The Great White Sharks ran onto the stage.
-
-In All-Girl Level 6, routines are made up of a series of acrobatic stunts, pyramids and tumbling, finishing with a choreographed dance.
-
-With so many athletes performing at once, it takes at least eight judges to watch and score the elements of the routine.
-
-Hitting zero – performing a routine with no deductions – is a source of great pride. While it doesn’t guarantee a win, it means the team never faltered.
-
-The Great Whites looked flawless.
-
-“Did they hit?” I asked Ali, as the team ran off stage 2½ minutes later, a blur of white and sparkles.
-
-“There was one slight thing. I don’t know how the judges will call it,” she said, worriedly walking to the video screen backstage to view the replay. When it was done, she turned around, relieved. “I think they hit.”
-
-The Golden Girls gathered in the dark backstage, finding a moment of calm amid the thunderous noise. Their coach, Jess Montoya, had taught them to focus inward and fuel their minds with positive thoughts in those moments, replaying every practice, every competition, every time their routine had gone right.
-
-Then the Golden Girls took the stage, a swarm of black and pink and rhinestones catching the light. Jess clapped from the floor, making sure they sensed her confidence in them. It was a challenging routine, and they’d never hit it twice in a row at competition this year. But she knew they could.
-
-*Hi, I’m Barbie.* Their music started and 24 girls burst into motion, a synchronicity of bodies flying into the air, balanced atop pyramids, dropping into baskets of their teammates’ arms. They launched themselves into strings of backflips, jumped up into splits.
-
-They vamped and stamped, hands clenched into fists, full of grace and power.
-
-Then, as a flyer spun a pirouette atop her teammates’ uplifted hands, a momentary loss of balance. It was the final moment of the final stunt, the last seconds of the routine. The flyer swayed, missing her teammate’s outstretched arms, then toppled backwards toward the ground.
-
-There were gasps and groans in the crowd.
-
-On stage, faces flickered, registering panic then dismay, before springing back into broad smiles as they recovered and finished the routine. The Golden Girls left the stage, gathering grimly around the screen to watch their video. They had been so close.
-
-“Do not give up,” Jess told them. “We just have to be good to one another. You can’t blame each other, and we have to move on.”
-
-The team broke into smaller groups and drifted away into hugs, getting water, trading congratulations and condolences with the Great Whites, finding parents and supporters – many decked out in Golden Girls shirts and Barbie pink accessories – also feeling the crush of disappointment.
-
-“We’re there for each other,” said 18-year-old Steph Miles, another of the team’s flyers, standing outside in the sun later, after the Golden Girls collected their second-place banner.
-
-“We all know that it’s not one person’s fault,” she said. “We all take the hit as a team.”
-
-By the next morning, the Golden Girls were back in their group chat. The messages popped up on coach Jess Montoya’s phone one after the other.
-
-“I had a huge cry on the ride home because I freaking love this team so much,” one said.
-
-And another: “These are the moments we’re gonna remember. And are a reminder that we are nothing without each other.”
-
-The Golden Girls would be back at the gym that evening. There would be taped ankles and bruised thighs, old injuries and fresh pain. They’d wear their matching blue CheerForce shirts and their pink CheerForce shorts, and they’d work their routine, finding their smiles and that place they called their “golden bubble,” where all that mattered was their team and what they could do together. Looking ahead to Worlds, to next season, to another chance to hit zero.
-
-![](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/sports/cheer/assets/images/11Sec_A_end.jpg)
-
-Streamers fly at the awards ceremony for the pre-competitive teams.
-
--   Editing by **Lisan Jutras**
--   Photo editing by **Solana Cain**
--   Development by **Jeremy Agius**
-
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-Date: 2023-05-27
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-05-27
-Link: https://www.vulture.com/2023/05/tina-turner-private-dancer-appreciation.html
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-&emsp;
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-# Tina Turner Bet on Herself
-
-[![Portrait of Craig Jenkins](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/ec9/22a/d9059ac17217fcf9c02beca480940e5c5b-critics-portraits-0006-CraigJenkinsFINAL.2x.rsquare.w168.jpg)](https://www.vulture.com/author/craig-jenkins/)
-
-By
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-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/6f0/0bd/34ac057eaf50bd40d43fcb4a091f4235dd-tina-turner-.rvertical.w600.jpg)
-
-Photo: Jack Robinson/Getty Images
-
-In the late ’70s, Tina Turner was dropped from her record label after two consecutive solo albums tanked. Following a protracted, acrimonious divorce from Ike — her husband, musical collaborator, and tormentor — she preened and growled through a blistering cover of Elton John’s [“The Bitch Is Back”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6zAY9lKaw4); if you lived in the United States, you might’ve missed it unless you’d caught one of her simmering cabaret shows or picked up 1978’s *Rough*. A decade earlier, Tina taught Mick Jagger his moves and was recruited to open for the Rolling Stones, while Janis Joplin sang the Tennessee legend’s praises to Dick Cavett. By ’79, Tina had made appearances in the Stones’ *Gimme Shelter* documentary, the Who’s silver-screen adaptation of [*Tommy*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdinfZKA_Fw), and the Bee Gees’ *Sgt. Pepper* film. But United Artists (before it got devoured by EMI) refused to schedule a U.S. release for her next album, *Love Explosion*, a grab bag of expertly sung if overproduced funk, soul, and disco tracks. Money was tight, bookings were thinning out, and Tina was making unglamorous, unpopular plays to keep from fading into obscurity, like performing in Vegas or in South Africa during apartheid. She had given up a great deal in the divorce to free herself from a pattern of abuse and manipulation. Now, she had children to feed and songs to sing.
-
-Tina Turner’s early solo albums were attempts to find the pulse of modern American music. 1974’s *Tina Turns the Country On!* tapped into her love of roots and folk music, while 1975’s *Acid Queen* — stuffed with vibrant readings of the Stones, the Who, and [Led Zeppelin](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtejfVN_tGc) — was a reminder of her impact on rock and roll, with raw, piercing vocals and fleet dance routines that impressed the blues obsessives of the British invasion nearly ten years earlier. *Rough* and *Love Explosion* made adjustments for the impact of disco, just as old friends like the Stones and Rod Stewart did in 1978 with “Miss You” and “D’Ya Think I’m Sexy?” While the stars of the ’60s rock revolution were celebrated for navigating the dizzying evolution of popular music across the ’70s Tina fought off the impression that her career was in its twilight. (Some of that is owed to her ex’s machinations; the Ike originals on the back end of *Acid Queen* pull against the electric performances on the front end. Tina also felt that their musical collaboration had been defined by his creative limitations. “He wanted to be a star,” she wrote in the 2018 autobiography *My Love Story*, “but the only way he could do it was through me.”) She spent the next five years convincing industry insiders of the soul power and sensuality still evident in her voice and live sets — attendees at her shows were swept up in a [dirty-blonde tornado](https://youtu.be/y7lQdaaYiF4?t=2788) — and collecting the right tunes to prove that the singer people felt was finished hadn’t even reached her peak.
-
-It took the auditory wanderlust of 1984’s *Private Dancer* for a label to start betting on Tina again. In 1980, she had met Roger Davies, who managed Olivia Newton-John through *Physical* and *Xanadu*, while taping a killer version of the Eagles’ [“Heartache Tonight”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9F942fNKIc) for Newton-John’s ABC special *Hollywood Nights*. With Davies, she hunted for collaborators, netting a ragtag group: Graham Lyle of the Scottish folk duo Gallagher and Lyle; Australian rocker and producer Terry Britten, whose co-writes include the *Thriller* outtake “She’s Trouble”; Holly Knight, who co-wrote Pat Benatar’s [“Love Is a Battlefield”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGVZOLV9SPo) and Patty Smyth’s “The Warrior”; London producer Rupert Hine, in between gigs producing for New Zealand New Wave band [the Fixx](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOiZP8FS5Ww) and synth-pop stars Howard Jones and the Thompson Twins; and Martyn Ware of the Human League and Heaven 17, whose British Electric Foundation project tapped Tina in 1982 for a cover of the Temptations’ political screed [“Ball of Confusion.”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNt9KLrjNF4) (The story of the meeting between Turner and Ware, recounted in the 1986 autobiography *I, Tina: My Life Story*, is a blast. “Where’s the rhythm section?” the singer asked the producer, who immediately pointed to a computer.)
-
-Straining for a hit to get her back in the game, Tina delivered an album that bridged her rock-and-roll past with the brash funk, rock, and electronic music on the horizon, settling comfortably at the intersection of interests and sounds that would dominate pop radio in the ’80s. Smoothing the wild ride from the robot country-pop tune “Show Some Respect,” the machine-like groove of “I Can’t Stand the Rain,” the smooth soul of her “Let’s Stay Together,” the punk-pop fury of “Steel Claw,” and the adult-contemporary title track (a gift from Dire Straits front man Mark Knopfler) was Tina’s voice. A world-class interpreter — with an underrated pen, as the success of “Nutbush City Limits,” the most successful song with the Revue, proved — Turner crawled down into the cracks of a song, shouting, whirling, and bellowing her way through terse character studies while slicing through the mix like a hot knife. She had done it all her life; in *My Love Story*, Turner remembered impressing Knoxville sales clerks with songs she memorized off the radio as a 4-year-old.
-
-But as “Let’s Stay Together” popped overseas, Davies had to petition Capitol Records, which put out *Private Dancer*, to give the track a push in America and to back “What’s Love Got to Do With It?” on radio. The single that would win Grammys for Record and Song of the Year in 1985 and the album that would sell 4 million units in America in the first 12 months were not considered sure bets by the executives who green-lit their release. Even after Tina bounced from rock bottom to the top of the *Billboard* Hot 100, she had to keep proving herself.
-
-Though 1986’s *Dancer* follow-up *Break Every Rule* lived up to its name as it strutted confidently between the yearning R&B jam [“Typical Male,”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JH28-aDfXY) the country kiss-off [“What You Get Is What You See,”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0GVixJvt-g) and the prog-pop highlight [“Girls”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SfZyf2mIz0) (written by Turner’s friend David Bowie and featuring Phil Collins on drums), the album and singles didn’t see the same sales traction as the previous cycle (nor did [“We Don’t Need Another Hero,”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMsV7qigmgQ) the hit from the soundtrack to *Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome*). 1989’s *Foreign Affair* — home to the R&B gem [“Falling Like Rain”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYJfTFBorWY) and the new jack swing song [“You Can’t Stop Me Loving You”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GunO_gW2dB8) but also “The Best,” a smash Knight wrote for Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler — sold less here than *Break Every Rule*. The 1990 European tour in support of *Foreign Affair* was an odd enterprise, a first stadium trek billed prematurely as a farewell. Turner figured she would get off the road and then see how far her movie-industry aspirations could take her.
-
-By then, she was an international superstar. But her home country was still finicky with her (in 1966, “River Deep — Mountain High” blew up in Europe before the States took notice), a perplexing state of affairs until you square it with the stories of other Black women who pioneered a blend of rock, pop, gospel, and soul. Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Tina’s idol, [influenced](https://www.vulture.com/2022/06/sister-rosetta-tharpe-rock-legacy.html) a generation of British rockers who worshiped her guitar chops and later found themselves in the peculiar position of offering television exposure to the person who inspired them, just as Rod Stewart and David Bowie used [their](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Om-2Aq2nGkc) [connections](https://nypost.com/2023/05/24/tina-turner-revealed-rock-icon-david-bowie-saved-her-career-heres-how/) to help jump-start Turner’s own second act. Nina Simone found comfort decamping to Switzerland as Tina did in the ’90s, when she got out of the States to take up permanent residence where the most enthusiastic buying audience rested.
-
-Tina Turner was a tenacious Black mother and survivor entering her 40s and rebuilding her life in the late ’70s, and people didn’t mind underestimating her, even as she methodically set about making them all very rich. (It’s hard to understand whether she could’ve been more vocal about social justice issues while she was in a controlling business and romantic relationship with a man who abused her. It’s dicey to beckon Black expats back to the specific flavors of discrimination that they left at home.) The off-peak albums had their issues — too much filler, too many ballads, a too-eager disco pivot — but the air of disposability that hung over the fallow years of her career, when she was being cast aside as a dated artifact of the ’60s, doesn’t match the patience that’s extended to men who enter a “difficult period” where they try too much or don’t sell enough or chase an unmarketable interest to an expensive misfire or fall apart and lose the plot. Men hit a rough patch, and everyone waits for them to figure themselves out again, understanding that nobody knows where their ceiling is. As we remember the unquenchable fire of Tina Turner — in song, in trauma, onstage, and in film — let’s never forget how many people didn’t seem to mind letting the embers cool when a little care and grace and space was required.
-
-The country album, which failed to chart like the same year’s hymn collection *The Gospel According to Ike and Tina*, was also his idea.
-
-Tina Turner Bet on Herself
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-Tag: ["🎭", "🎥", "🇺🇸", "👤"]
-Date: 2023-01-22
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-01-22
-Link: https://www.newyorker.com/culture/notes-on-hollywood/todd-fields-long-road-to-tar
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-# Todd Field’s Long Road to “Tár”
-
-The last time Todd Field had a movie in theatres, the main character, a suburban dad, was debating whether or not to get his first cell phone. In Field’s new film, the main character, a world-renowned conductor, is defamed by a viral video. The shift in technology is just one measure of the astonishing gap—sixteen years—that it took for Field’s name to return to the screen. His first two features, “[In the Bedroom](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/11/26/angry-people)” (2001) and “[Little Children](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/10/16/small-worlds-2)” (2006), were acclaimed chamber dramas that received a combined eight Academy Award nominations, establishing him as a bright light of indie filmmaking. Then he vanished, at least to moviegoers, until this past fall, when he emerged with “[Tár](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/10/10/cate-blanchett-is-imperious-and-incandescent-in-tar),” starring Cate Blanchett as a baton-wielding maestro whose world crumbles under allegations that she has misused her power.
-
-So, where has Field been? One answer is Maine, where he and his wife, Serena Rathbun, have been raising their youngest son. Another is development hell, from which no light or movies escape. But neither answer captures the tortuous path that led Field, at fifty-eight, to the forefront of this year’s Oscar race, like Odysseus taking the long route home. When I met Field, one recent morning, he was in New York for a spate of awards campaigning. He was out of practice, and a bit bewildered. “I don’t remember being on the road this much,” he told me at a hotel restaurant in Tribeca. With his salt-and-pepper goatee, stolid bearing, and cap for the Boston Beaneaters—a nineteenth-century baseball team that morphed into the Atlanta Braves—he looked like a Little League dad (which he is). “Tár” not only got made and released—a fact that seemed to confound its writer-director—but has inspired vigorous discussion, whether about its [insights](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/what-tar-knows-about-the-artist-as-abuser) into sexual abuse and cancel culture, or about the [theory](https://slate.com/culture/2022/12/tar-cate-blanchett-movie-ending-explained-analyzed.html) that its final act occurs in the protagonist’s mind. “Every filmmaker thinks about the intent of what they’re making and the desired reactions, but those are just dreams and hopes,” Field told me. “The idea that there’s a fairly robust conversation about this is incredible.” His voice softened. “It’s *incredible*.”
-
-Even before the movie came out, something curious happened: people started talking about Lydia Tár as if she were a real person. Part of this sprang from the movie’s resemblance to a bio-pic. Part of it was a Film Twitter in-joke. (Inevitably, someone started a [parody account](https://twitter.com/LydiaTarReal).) But much of it stemmed from the meticulousness with which Field constructed the character, who, in the film, has her own Wikipedia page, goes on Alec Baldwin’s podcast, and is interviewed onstage by *The New Yorker’s* own [Adam Gopnik](https://www.newyorker.com/contributors/adam-gopnik), at a fictional New Yorker Festival. It’s easy (and fun!) to imagine her travelling the international-luminary circuit, alongside Yo-Yo Ma, Marina Abramović, and Mikhail Baryshnikov. Gopnik, in his introduction, details Tár’s extensive achievements, including her early ethnographic field work in the Amazon and her tutelage under Leonard Bernstein. He also says that she’s an *EGOT* winner—Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, Tony—a detail that has tantalized Twitter, and which brought me to the question that I most wanted to ask Field: Would you please tell me how Tár got her *EGOT*?
-
-“No,” he said. Not that he didn’t have the answers. “I keep that stuff in a box,” he went on. “I’m very specific on what she’s won. Besides, I don’t want to further this weird conspiracy that she’s actually a real person. She’s definitely not real.” As an awards-season [obsessive](https://www.amazon.com/Oscar-Wars-History-Hollywood-Sweat/dp/0062859013), I made it clear that I wasn’t going to give up easily. I imagined, for instance, that the Tony was for incidental music for a play—maybe an avant-garde revival directed by [Ivo van Hove](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/10/26/theatre-laid-bare), another international luminary?—during a weak season for new musicals. Field looked stunned. “That’s a pretty good guess,” he said, coyly. As in, I was right?
-
-“Yeah,” he admitted. “It’s Ivo.” One down, three to go.
-
-“Tár” begins where most movies end: with a full list of credits. When I asked Field about this choice, he said that it had to do with the “pyramid of power,” on which someone like Tár stands at the apex. “What are the cornerstones of a pyramid, and how does that support the top?” he explained. “The lines of power really interest me: Who enables it, and what benefit do they get from it? And when is it no longer a benefit?” By listing the gaffers and sound technicians at the beginning of the movie instead of the end, he inverts the pyramid, implicitly drawing a parallel between Tár and himself. Did that mean he saw in his own power a Tár-like capacity for corruption? “I don’t feel like I have any power at all,” he said. “I work seven days a week. I’m lucky to get five hours of sleep a night. I just feel like a panicked parent.”
-
-Field led multiple lives before becoming a filmmaker. As an eleven-year-old growing up in Portland, Oregon, he went to a baseball camp run by Rob Nelson, the pitching coach for the independent team the Portland Mavericks. “My sister fell in love with him, they started dating, and the next thing I knew I was the batboy for this baseball team,” Field recalled. The Mavericks were owned by the actors Bing Russell and his son, Kurt Russell, who was the team’s designated hitter, and with whom Field shared a locker. “It completely changed the way I thought about the world,” he recalled. “You had all these guys who had no business playing baseball anymore, but believed that they could. And, when they got together, they beat the shit out of all these other guys, who were on their way to the major leagues.”
-
-One day, at baseball camp, Nelson saw the young Field munching on licorice as if it were chewing tobacco and had a light-bulb moment. “He kept asking me, ‘Would you chew it if it was not licorice? Would you chew it if it was gum?’ And I said, ‘I would, but it’s gotta have the juice.’ ” Three years later, Nelson brought the super-juicy-baseball-gum concept to the former Yankee Jim Bouton, who pitched it to Wrigley. Nelson and Field mixed a prototype in Field’s mother’s kitchen, and it became [Big League Chew](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0GyEkvqtHPs). “Rob has lived very handily off of that since 1980,” Field said. He didn’t get a cut of the profits, but reasoned, “If I’d had that kind of money as a young person, A) I wouldn’t have done anything with my life, and B) given that it was the nineteen-eighties, I very likely would have got myself into a lot of trouble.”
-
-His second life was as a jazz trombonist. In eighth grade, he and his best friend started sending away for albums. “We’d wait for six months for them to arrive from Japan or Italy, and then we would sit down with manuscript paper and we would transcribe all the solos of J. J. Johnson or Freddie Hubbard,” Field recalled. “Then we’d try to reproduce them, and that’s how we learned to play.” At sixteen, Field joined a jazz band at Mt. Hood Community College, which played at a local jazz festival that attracted the greats, including a young Wynton Marsalis. While on a full music scholarship to Southern Oregon University, Field met Johnson himself, who advised Field, “Don’t do it, kid. I’m probably one of the best that ever was, and I can’t get a gig. This form is dead.” Within years, Marsalis helped revive jazz in America, but by then Field had gone on to Life No. 3: movie actor.
-
-He moved to New York at age nineteen, circa 1983, having acted in college theatre productions. One day, he went into Safari Grill, an uptown bar popular with actors, to apply for a bartending job, despite having no experience, and waited around for an hour. Then Liza Minnelli, who was lunching with Jimmy Connors, called him over, saying, “Young man! Young man!” She grabbed his lapel and said, “I love that jacket!” This got the manager’s attention, so Field lied and said he’d been making Martinis for his mother since he was eight; he was hired as the bar manager. “It was a big celebrity hot spot,” Field recalled. “Mike Nichols would come in. Meryl Streep would come in and hand me scripts and say, ‘Would you put these behind the bar?’ So I met everyone.”
-
-Cut to 1985. Woody Allen’s unnamed fall project had an open *SAG* call for extras, at a church near Lincoln Center, and Field was now bartending nearby. Lacking a *SAG* card, he slipped in a side door, handed over his head shot, and stood under the light. “Todd! I’ve been trying to find you,” someone called out. It was the casting director Todd Thaler, who had organized wrap parties at the bar uptown. Field had slicked-back hair that made him look like Frank Sinatra, and Allen needed a Sinatra look-alike. “Will you come in and meet with Woody tomorrow?” Thaler asked. Field returned the next day, sang “All or Nothing at All,” and landed the part of “crooner” in “Radio Days.”
-
-More roles followed: the Western “Back to Back,” the military thriller “Full Fathom Five,” the disaster flick “Twister.” Field moved to California with Serena, but after a year he told her, “I don’t want to do this anymore. I really want to make my own stuff.” He got an M.F.A. at the A.F.I. Conservatory and planned to quit acting, until Stanley Kubrick saw him in the indie drama “Ruby in Paradise” and cast him in “Eyes Wide Shut.” Kubrick answered his technical questions, showed him dailies. But it was Tom Cruise, Field said, who told him, over dinner, “You’re going to make movies.” Field said that he had an idea based on a 1979 short story by Andre Dubus, but he probably couldn’t get the rights. Cruise laid his megawatt can-do attitude on him: “You’re just making excuses. *Figure it out*.” Field wrote the script, got the rights, and made “In the Bedroom,” starring Sissy Spacek. He was finally on Life No. 4: director.
-
-The film débuted at Sundance, in 2001, and was acquired by Miramax. Field was devastated, because Miramax meant [Harvey Weinstein](https://www.newyorker.com/tag/harvey-weinstein), who was notorious for recutting movies into shreds. “I was weeping in the bathroom,” Field said. “I called up Tom Cruise and said, ‘Something terrible has happened.’ He basically said, ‘This is how you’re going to play it. It’s going to take you six months, and you’ll beat him, but you have to do exactly what I’m going to tell you to do, step by step.’ ” The plan: let Weinstein cut it to ribbons, wait for it to test poorly, *then* pull out the raves from Sundance and suggest that he release it the exact way it was when he’d bought it. Field followed Cruise’s advice, and it worked. “In the Bedroom” grossed more than twenty-five times its budget and was nominated for five Oscars, including Best Picture.
-
-At the hotel, Field checked his watch. “I have to go up to *MoMA*. Do you want to go with me?” he asked. In the cab, I took a guess at the “O” in Tár’s *EGOT*: Best Original Score for a prestige drama in the mid-two-thousands, around when Field made his second feature, “Little Children.” Something produced by Scott Rudin? Field wouldn’t confirm or deny, but he played along, riffing, “It would have been something like ‘The Hours,’ ” a Rudin project with an Oscar-nominated score by Philip Glass. “And part of the drama around it was that Scott Rudin and Harvey Weinstein were having a massive fight over Tár’s score. And there were lines hurled by Scott Rudin like, ‘It’s Philip Glass *all over again*!’ ” Two down.
-
-At *MoMA*, Field was led to a screening room, where in an hour there would be a special screening of “Tár” for *SAG* voters, followed by a Q. & A.: a standard awards-season campaign stop. Field sat with a postproduction person from Focus Features and a sound technician and watched the opening sequence. He worried that an air vent was too loud: “Is there any way we can kill that for the screening?” Watching another scene, he wondered if the low range of the sound system was too thin. They skipped ahead to an orchestra scene. “Those contrabasses, when they come in—that’s always the telltale sign,” he told the sound guy. “The last time we teched in here, I could feel the contrabasses underneath my forearms and my butt. You *want* to feel that.” They pumped up the bass.
-
-“One of my many jobs in high school was a projectionist at a second-run movie house, so I ran six machines every night,” he told me, as we walked out onto Fifty-third Street. “You have to tune a room, the same way you would tune a horn or an instrument.” We turned onto Madison Avenue and sat in a diner. Field ordered a black coffee, and we talked about the sixteen-year gap in his filmography. Part of it, he had begun telling me earlier, was his own stubbornness: “I have a very circumscribed set of rules for myself about the conditions under which I would undertake making a film.” Plus, his priorities changed. On his Japanese press junket for “Little Children,” Serena called to tell him that she was pregnant with their fourth child, and Field wanted to be a more present father than he had been for his older three.
-
-But he also undertook an extraordinary list of unrealized projects. He wrote an original script about a military recruiter, “For God & Country,” but Leonardo DiCaprio passed, as did Christian Bale. He spent a year writing a political thriller with [Joan Didion](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/joan-didion-and-the-voice-of-america) (“She kept regular hours, and there was a certain hour where pencils were down”), intended for Blanchett, but no studio offered a worthwhile budget because the protagonist was a woman. He “wasted about ten years” adapting the novel “[The Creed of Violence](https://www.amazon.com/CREED-VIOLENCE-Boston-Teran-ebook/dp/B00TSRZ9VG/),” after cycling through interest from Brad Pitt, DiCaprio, Bale, and Daniel Craig. He tried to adapt the novels “[Blood Meridian](https://www.amazon.com/Blood-Meridian-Evening-Redness-Hardcover/dp/0679641041)” and “[Beautiful Ruins](https://www.amazon.com/Beautiful-Ruins-Novel-Jess-Walter/dp/0061928127/),” but both needed more funding than he could get. He had an idea about the military deserter [Bowe Bergdahl](https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/saving-sergeant-bergdahl-unanswered-questions), but Field’s older son, who had been a medic in Afghanistan, warned him away. He thought of making a coming-of-age film about his time with the Portland Mavericks, but said, “I don’t know whether I want to trot that out for the public.” And he spent some six months working on a Rudin-produced miniseries based on Jonathan Franzen’s “[Purity](https://www.amazon.com/Purity-Novel-Jonathan-Franzen/dp/0374239215/),” along with Franzen, Craig, and the playwright David Hare, which they hoped Showtime would use to launch into the streaming business—but, ultimately, it didn’t. In the meantime, he directed commercials (Nascar, G.E.) and coached Little League.
-
-Field had been contemplating a character like Lydia Tár for a decade, but had never homed in on her profession. Eventually, Focus asked if he would be interested in writing a film about a conductor. He finally sat down to write “Tár,” in March, 2020. The world is ending, he thought. Why not? “I wrote the thing that I wanted to write,” he told me. “I would have bet my house that, when I turned it in, Focus would have said, ‘We’re not making this.’ ” But they said yes. Field protested: “This is a dangerous film. You can’t make it!” They insisted. By then, he was almost more comfortable *not* getting films made, and he worried about getting back on the bicycle—especially after his younger son asked him, incredulous, “How do they know it’s going to be any *good*?”
-
-But Field was buoyed by the detailed biography he’d constructed for Lydia Tár, including her *EGOT*—which brought me to her Grammy. Maybe an early breakthrough recording? “Well, if I look at her trajectory, her first Big Five orchestra appointment would have been with Cleveland, and she was combining composers of the canon with what would have been very cutting-edge, young, female composers,” Field said. “So I imagine that she got her Grammy for probably a recording that she had composed, or a recording that she had made with maybe Caroline Shaw or Hildur Guðnadóttir or somebody like that, back in the day. Something that is far afield from what she’s doing right now.”
-
-Three down, one to go. The Emmy had me stumped. Was it a guest spot on “Sesame Street”? An “American Masters”-style documentary, maybe on Leonard Bernstein? “Yeah, it could be,” Field said, sheepishly. “That would have been something she would have really embraced, to shore up her legacy story. It would be good for the Bernstein estate to let her lie about her association with Leonard Bernstein, even if she maybe never even studied with him, because the optics of that association would be very, very good, given that she’s a woman, given how Lenny’s life ended. But I don’t think she ever studied with Leonard Bernstein. If you look at the math—Lenny dies in what, 1990? When is she studying with Lenny Bernstein? I don’t think it happened.”
-
-Four out of four! “That’s conjecture,” Field clarified. He sipped his coffee, and we got to talking about the movie’s ending, in which the disgraced Tár travels to an unnamed Southeast Asian country to conduct a live video-game score at a fan convention. Field brought up the real-life conductor Antonia Brico, whom Tár mentions as a predecessor in her interview with Gopnik. In a 1974 [documentary](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHE9lLjUpuM), he recalled, Brico talks about how, while a violinist always has her instrument, a conductor is nothing without an orchestra. It struck me that he was talking about himself, an artist who spent years in exile from his art. What’s a director without a movie set? “Not a director,” Field said, and recalled his first day shooting “Tár.” “It was like being in a room for a hundred years and no one had opened the windows. Suddenly, someone opened a window, and you felt fresh air and the smells of the world for the first time.” He inhaled. “I went, ‘Ah, that’s what it was like outside!’ ” ♦
-
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+---
+
+Tag: ["🫀", "🇺🇸", "💉", "👤"]
+Date: 2024-07-07
+DocType: "WebClipping"
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp: 2024-07-07
+Link: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/tom-scocca-medical-mystery-essay.html
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+
+---
+
+Parent:: [[@News|News]]
+Read:: 🟥
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-TheYearMyBodyFellApartNSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# Tom Scocca’s Medical Mystery: The Year My Body Fell Apart
+
+[first person](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/tags/first-person/) Jan. 2, 2024
+
+## My Unraveling
+
+## I had my health. I had a job. And then, abruptly, I didn’t.
+
+     ![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/56d/4e7/03f308466eabbf3deb1725ffe4808f67f6-2023-1208-Tom-Scocca-Portrait34126.rvertical.w570.jpg)
+
+Photo: Hugo Yu
+
+     ![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/56d/4e7/03f308466eabbf3deb1725ffe4808f67f6-2023-1208-Tom-Scocca-Portrait34126.rvertical.w570.jpg)
+
+This article was featured in [One Great Story](https://nymag.com/tags/one-great-story/), *New York*’s reading recommendation newsletter. [Sign up here](https://nymag.com/promo/sign-up-for-one-great-story.html?itm_source=disitepromo&itm_medium=articlelink&itm_campaign=ogs_tertiary_zone) to get it nightly.
+
+Let’s begin with an action scene: I was in midair, tumbling sideways, heading for the floor of the Columbus Circle subway station. Not a place I wanted to be. Where I wanted to be was on the downtown 1, five or ten yards away, doors standing open. I’d made this connection more than a thousand times, though usually getting off the 1, not on it.
+
+This time, I was out of practice and I got it wrong. After stepping off the downtown B or C, I took the wrong stairway and had to double back to get over to the right side of the 1. When I climbed up the correct stairs, the stairs I used to fly down every morning, straight from the optimal train door on my precisely plotted commute, I saw the 1 arriving.
+
+And then — well, if I knew exactly what happened, it wouldn’t have happened, would it? What I registered went like this: I sped up, or I meant to speed up. Someone cut across my path. I tried to steer around them and my legs … my legs did something else. Or did nothing. The extra walking and climbing had taken too much effort, and my intentions lost contact with my legs. I reached out and tried to brace myself on someone’s shoulder; they were wearing a black-on-white shirt; I was so undone I was *trying to make physical contact with a total stranger on the subway platform*. I missed. All that was left was to hit the station floor, so I did.
+
+I rolled to my knees and discovered that was as far as I could make it. My legs couldn’t get me upright again. One guy streaming by broke stride, asked if I was okay, and hauled me to my feet. I checked myself: no torn clothes, no blood. Another 1 was pulling in, one minute behind the train I’d missed. I got on and went where I’d been going. I had just *had a fall.*
+
+Old people *have falls.* I had only just turned 52 one week before the September evening I collapsed. But the year from 51 to 52 had been a remarkably bad one. I gambled on a job I wanted, as the editor-in-chief of a small magazine, and it ran out of funding. I sent applications to other publications and got thoughtful rejections. I sent more applications, and they went unanswered. I made an appeal for paid subscriptions at a newsletter I’d been writing. Its revenue flattened out at about 20 percent of my share of our living expenses. The household finances began to drain.
+
+I picked up an adjunct gig, teaching a writing class on Zoom, three straight hours a shot, and the anxiety of filling the time — of giving the students what they were paying for — gathered into a lump in my upper torso until I couldn’t stand the taste of the herbal tea that was supposed to relax me and give me something to do with my hands on-camera. My shoulder locked up. I got pins and needles in my arm.
+
+What was happening to me? I don’t go looking for medical-mystery articles in the newspaper, but when I see one, I read it end to end. The strangest things happen to other people’s bodies! Someone, if I remember right, fought a lingering cough for years because they accidentally inhaled a pea and forgot about it. The medical-mystery column has a beginning and a conclusion. In between is a fumble for clues, moving toward a flash of insight. Some doctor finally runs the right test, recollects the right journal article. The shapeless misery takes shape.
+
+I went to see a shoulder specialist. He knew exactly what was wrong. I had trigger points, little knots in the muscle under the shoulder blade. He gave me some exercises — pin a tennis ball between the shoulder and the wall, lean back, and roll around on it — and a prescription for an anti-inflammatory. A few days later, I noticed my shoes were laced too tight when I tried to put them on. Another day and I made the connection: No, my feet were too big for my shoes. Google said that anti-inflammatories can cause swelling in the extremities, so I stopped taking the pills.
+
+My feet kept swelling, day by day, until my pink ankles looked like deli hams and I started using a butter knife as a shoehorn. I’d reluctantly spent some money to order a new pair of canvas sneakers, off-white, for the spring and summer, and I left them in the box, unable to face the thought of jamming my distended feet into them. The pins and needles spread to both arms, like I’d slept on them funny, except the sensation lasted all day.
+
+I could still type through the numbness, though, publishing what I could for what money I could get. I stopped buying myself things that seemed discretionary — the good oolong tea leaves, crushproof imported pocket notebooks, a new pair of jeans — but some spending had its own momentum. My wife’s family had booked an Airbnb in Italy for April. It would be our first vacation since before the pandemic, our middle-schooler’s first trip abroad since he was in an infant seat. It would have been absurd to cancel just because I was between jobs. My ankle ached on the clutch pedal of the rented Fiat. I brought along a folder of unfinished tax paperwork. The amount I owed the IRS would match, almost exactly, a big freelance check I was waiting on. The deposit went into and out of my account on the same day.
+
+I went to my regular doctor, whom I’d bypassed on the shoulder thing. He was baffled at the symptoms and frank about his bafflement. Swollen feet can mean congestive heart failure, so he referred me to a cardiologist. She instructed me to walk and then run on an inclined treadmill, hopping on and off for ultrasound imaging of my heart. I have — had — always been extremely healthy without being physically fit, so while I didn’t enjoy the test, I still passed handily. My heart was strong and well.
+
+Sometimes this kind of swelling just happens and then goes away, the cardiologist said. Whatever it is, you won’t die of it.
+
+I’ve told the story over and over, to various doctors, till it almost sounds like a coherent narrative. When I drafted this passage, in the dark, by thumb, on a phone plugged into the USB socket of a hospital bed, I’d been telling it to several people a day: general practitioners, neurologists, rheumatologists, radiologists, nurses, physical therapists, medical aides, a dietitian, a surgeon. The story, I told them, happened in two parts. In the spring and summer, part one, I chased the swelling and numbness and other symptoms — stiff fingers, shortness of breath, tightness in the chest — in slow motion from doctor to doctor. Mostly, this was shepherded by the cardiologist, who seemed to feel as if, by ruling the problem not to be her business, she had made it her duty to discover whose business it might in fact be.
+
+I saw a neurologist, who talked me into spending $700 from our high-deductible health plan on getting my muscles zapped with a little Taser and told me the results said I had carpal tunnel. I did have carpal tunnel, but not really, not because my terrible ergonomic habits had caught up with me. The swelling had simply gotten into my carpal tunnels for a while. I ignored his suggestions for exercises and supplements, and months later, in the hospital, I got an email telling me his practice was going out of business.
+
+I saw a rheumatologist. He ordered a bunch of blood tests and suggested I take prednisone and something else. When I opened the paper bag from the pharmacy, I realized the something else was [hydroxychloroquine](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/can-malaria-drug-hydroxychloroquine-cure-coronavirus.html), the malaria drug that had a moment in the news as a spurious [COVID](https://nymag.com/tags/coronavirus/) treatment. I took only the prednisone. My ankles stayed puffy. You could jab a finger into one and leave a dent that lingered.
+
+Before this, my hands had been loose-skinned and a bit wrinkly, the one part of me going more visibly on ahead through middle age than the rest. My hands looked like my mom’s hands, and I would catch myself gazing at them sometimes and congratulate myself on my resignation to the realities of aging, the mortality of all flesh. Now my fingers resembled Italian sausage links, tight and shiny, with no reassuring philosophical overtones at all.
+
+One symptom would fade and a new one would assert itself. My ankles deflated and I started wearing the new sneakers, but my breathing and stamina steadily worsened. A wheeze or cough would interrupt my talking. On the mile-long walk back from school with my younger son, the route we’d been taking for two years, I lagged behind, guiltily asking him to slow down. I started buying five-pound bags of rice from H Mart instead of ten-pound ones. Then I just started getting rice delivered.
+
+Nobody cracked the puzzle. The folder of referrals and results I carried to appointments got thicker. My blood tested positive for signs of general inflammation and negative for the constellations of markers that would point to any particular inflammatory condition. I had not been bitten by any ticks; I had never gotten the Lyme rash or any other diagnostically meaningful rash. My fingers did not exhibit a telltale sign of turning stark white when they got cold. My chest X-ray and CT scan were clean. The closest thing to a breakthrough was basically an accident: During a routine vitals check, a nurse asked if I was holding my breath. I was sitting still, and my pulse-oximeter reading was refusing to go over 95 percent.
+
+Normal is 95 and above. Below 90 is an emergency. I self-tested at home with a device on my finger. Light activity, like bustling around the kitchen, would knock my level down to 91. Walking a bag of groceries home and up the stairs dropped me to 87. At a medical center, I did breathing exercises with a mouthpiece in a sealed booth. I passed that test. I went to a pulmonologist and passed every test there, too. If you ignored the pulse-ox readings, my lungs and heart were, officially, fine.
+
+There was zero explanation; there was, maybe, the absolutely obvious explanation: that I was stressing myself into this over money. We’d been absorbing plenty of strain in the household before I lost my job — some normal midlife stuff, some normal parent stuff, some abnormal and menacing stuff that I truly can’t even get into. Our black cat gnawed our potted prosperity bamboo to shreds. Trying to save it, we overwatered it until it rotted from the inside out.
+
+It had not been the wisest time to choose an unstable job in a beyond-unstable field. If my time as an editor-in-chief had even *been* a job: I applied for unemployment, got rejected, and after months of appeal, the State of New York ruled that my past two full-time situations had been contract gigs, uncovered. I considered whether my illness could be a conversion disorder flowing from my misguided career choices. On some level, I believed the swelling would go down and the oxygen would go up as soon as I collected a few consecutive pay stubs from a normal, salaried job.
+
+Back in the winter, I’d met up with a friendly fellow writer who happened to have just secured, through a different line of work, an amount of money that meant financial security forever. In theory, we were talking about ways to fund the job of mine that was about to run out of money, but we both knew that wouldn’t happen. “You’ve got a good reputation,” he said. “Someone will want you to work for them.”
+
+This had been true enough before. I’d made myself a useful editor and a reasonably well-known writer over the years. I moved between jobs without much trouble, tending to get hired the way murderers in movies get hired: a message or phone call from someone who needed something done and who thought I could do it. Abruptly, all that my connections could offer were gigs. Someone needed a manuscript edited before they gave it to their book editor. A magazine wanted a book review. Work, but no jobs.
+
+I kept applying for something stable. A notoriously lavish start-up loved my proposal for a mini-section within its soon-to-be-launched vertical until the sponsorship for the vertical failed to come through. A major media company advertised for a position that exactly fit my history, then withdrew the listing in the middle of an executive meltdown. A friend of a friend let me know that another major media company was ignoring my application because it wanted someone less opinionated. I started calling in favors, nagging people with whom my friendships had previously been non-transactional. It broke up the dead silence, at least.
+
+My wife and I considered disaster scenarios in which the “disaster” was simply that things kept going the way they were going. We did the math on vacating our condo, finding tenants, and living in a cheaper rental. Maybe it was time to leave New York. But it wasn’t clear if we had enough savings to cover such a move. It wasn’t even clear if I had the physical energy to pack boxes. On the online job forms, there was usually a question about whether I, the applicant, identified as disabled. I paused longer and longer each time. *Disabled?* I was … less able. To do things. Than I’d been. For now? I clicked “no,” uncertainly.
+
+Part two of the story is I got COVID. I’d avoided it for three years, but everyone is going to contract the virus sooner or later. It’s not worth the trouble, officially, to even politely suggest people should wear masks or to keep the public up to date on the rate of new cases. The pandemic is over, people keep on saying. You are free to make your own decisions about what risks to take individually without any useful information about the overall risk picture.
+
+I’d been furious about this already on other people’s behalf. Most Americans, the Biden administration said, would be fine if they were vaccinated. This elided the people who wouldn’t be: the immunocompromised, for example, and those with certain respiratory conditions. The political and journalistic consensus had set the value of these people’s safety at zero, not even granting them the benefit of mask advisories or ventilation standards.
+
+When I started hearing about the late-summer COVID wave, it occurred to me that now I was one of those people myself. This is what disability advocates have said all along, not that it usually sinks in: The able and the disabled aren’t two different kinds of people but the same people at different times. Last year, I was healthy; this year, I had a breathing ailment, even if nobody could say exactly what that ailment was.
+
+I got Paxlovid delivered and sank into fever. The back of my throat was so raw I would wake up snorting for air. Rolling around in my bed, I felt, for the first time, that this body of mine truly was going to die someday. Not the abstract knowledge that death awaits all of us but the shocking awareness that eventually this system of veins and nerves and organs would lose its familiar stubborn equilibrium, cease functioning, and fail. I fixated on whales. They’re right out in New York Harbor. *What if I used up my allotted time on the planet without ever laying eyes on a whale?* I booked a whale-watching cruise for the family. Later, when the day came, it got canceled by a hurricane.
+
+In August, when the acute COVID infection ran its course, I got out of bed and back on my feet. But after a week or two on the upswing, a whole new set of malfunctions took over. Routine movements burned as if I were doing deep stretching. I couldn’t get through a meal without a coughing fit from a lump of food getting stuck or a drink of water splashing the wrong way. Saliva accumulated in my mouth till I had to go to the sink and spit. I ate more slowly and stopped getting seconds, feeling like I was in one of those testimonials about the new anti-obesity drugs, in which people tell how their motivation to keep eating has disappeared. I was far past needing or wanting any weight loss. My sedentary midlife flab had long since ebbed away, and now I was losing something else, down ten pounds in a month. Maybe, the cardiologist said, eyeing my scrawny limbs and loose clothes, I should consider checking into a hospital. Just so I could get all my testing coordinated in one place.
+
+It was only a thought, one that dissipated as I sought out second opinions. The medical-mystery column doesn’t usually dwell on how slowly the inquiry goes in our fractured health-care system. How the highly recommended pulmonologist doesn’t return the first phone call and only has an opening five months away, and how the major-medical center does have an appointment but isn’t in network with the major-medical insurer. How the chest X-ray is over by the East River and the breathing booth is in the West 160s and the phlebotomist is by Columbia, and how each one has its own online portal for billing and results.
+
+Every day, my legs were harder to move. Climbing in the door of an SUV, I couldn’t lift my rear foot over the threshold until I reached down with my hands and pulled it in. Then the grab-and-lift maneuver became necessary to step into my pants. I had to ask the kids to pull pots and cutting boards out of the bottom kitchen cabinets for me. I gave up bedtime-story duty, crawling into bed each night before anyone else, half-hearing my wife’s voice reading in the next room, feeling myself fading out of my own life. I imagined living in a world and a class where a person could retreat to a sanatorium and shut everything down until the problem was figured out.
+
+I stopped leaving the apartment. The project of washing left me needing to lie down. One morning, or possibly afternoon, it took me four or five tries to shrug my way into my bathrobe, nearly overcome by the weight and friction. I gave up on shaving, and the rattiest stubble of my life took over my chin. The kids were put in charge of the cat box because I couldn’t reach that corner of the bathroom anymore, but one night I got down on the floor to help and when we were done I couldn’t stand up. I didn’t even know how to start to try. Eventually, my wife grabbed me under the armpits from behind and hauled me most of the way upright while I gabbled warnings about my legs giving way.
+
+Two different realities or images stood superimposed in my mind. There was the body I’d occupied two months ago — *my body*, as I understood it — walking over to Broadway for pizza, taking the younger boy to the basketball courts, ducking into Central Park to climb the Great Hill. And then there was Andrew Wyeth’s *Christina’s World*, a gaunt figure dragging her useless legs along the ground. If this was histrionic or self-pitying, it seemed less so on the days when I couldn’t raise my hips up off the floor. The only thing that still felt more or less normal was sitting at a desk, doing the work I was trying to get someone to pay me to do.
+
+Meanwhile, in the span of time that it took a newspaper to move one step down its hiring checklist from a Zoom interview to an edit test, a law school in a small southern town progressed from sending my wife a preliminary inquiry to making her a tenured job offer with a part-time teaching slot for me thrown in. We booked a visit for the family to see if we could really live there. As the trip came closer, we realized there was simply no way I could walk through an airport. The rest of the family would have to scout out our possible future while I stayed home.
+
+As they prepared to go, my GP called with the results of my latest bloodwork. A normal range for creatine kinase, a marker of muscle breakdown, might be between 30 and 200 units per liter. A new test said my level was 8,000. The reason my muscles felt so weak was that they were actively dissolving into my bloodstream.
+
+I wrapped up a job-recruiting call, threw my glasses and contact-lens case into a shoulder bag, and booked an Uber to the emergency room. My wife took my sons to see about the job. It was unclear which of us was going to the place that would offer a solution.
+
+In the hospital, the medical mystery falls into an awkward, indeterminate zone. Between the fall and the choking and the creatine kinase, my story qualified me as a definite emergency when I shuffled up to the admission desk. But it was a conundrum to be solved, not as straightforward and urgent as a stroke or broken hip. The staff put me in a wheelchair and parked me in a walkway lined with other people in wheelchairs. The hospital was beyond full. There were genuinely not any open beds, not only as an administrative category but as literal objects to lie down on. I spent my first night on a gurney in the ER observation section, fully dressed and still in my shoes. To avoid catching anything else, I kept a mask on, the elastic digging into my ears.
+
+On the second day, I got a bed and changed into two layers of hospital gowns. My clothes and my new sneakers went into a pair of plastic patient-possession bags. Doctors came by, individually and in teams, with blue gloves on, to test my muscles. *Squeeze my fingers. Push up against my hand with your knee. Stick out your elbows and don’t let me push them down.* The closer the blue gloves came to the middle of my body, the worse I did.
+
+The doctors had questions. Had I been hiking at all back in the spring, when my troubles started? No? Was I sure? Not even in Central Park? This was about Lyme disease again, of course. I knew about Lyme, and the ever-growing literature of people’s struggles with Lyme, and the whole elusive post-Lyme complex. But I also still knew, as solidly as I could know any fact about my health, that I had not been bitten by any ticks. One doctor after another asked me to blink my eyes, harder, over and over, watching for the lids to droop from fatigue, which might mean myasthenia gravis. My lids did not droop.
+
+ER time took over, with “day” and “night” merely more or less busy spells in an unbroken atmosphere of fluorescent lights and beeping. A 24-hour flight in coach, a 48-hour flight in coach, a 72-hour flight in coach. The patient behind the curtain to my right kept his TV blaring all night, cycling episodes of the same forensic true-crime show: some ghastly rape or murder, the bafflement of investigators, the infallibility of scientific evidence coming to the rescue. The Kars-4-Kids jingle playing in between.
+
+My obvious risks — choking, falling — had standard countermeasures: puréed meals and caution-yellow nonslip socks with a matching wristband that read FALL RISK. For treatment, there was nothing but big bags of IV fluids to flush out the creatine kinase while keeping my underlying symptoms untouched, the better for accurate testing and observation. The creatine kinase went down to 5,000, back up to 6,000, down again. The staff rolled me away to a chest X-ray, a thyroid ultrasound, a contrast CT scan, an MRI. Wheeling down the hall toward an echocardiogram, I passed the neurology team going the other way, misconnecting on a planned meeting. I never talked to them again.
+
+A real hospital room, outside the ER, opened up in the late afternoon on the fourth day, a Saturday. It was on the tenth floor with a window looking uptown over the top of Central Park. I could see the boathouse by the Harlem Meer, but not the water itself, because the trees were so thick and green. I wondered, tempting fate, what it might look like when the colors turned.
+
+My new roommate, a friendly, stooped figure, was in agony for non-mysterious reasons — a manageable condition that had gone unmanaged because the treatments cost too much money. The problem-solving sessions on his side of our shared curtain, with the doctors and social workers, were about which programs or policies might help him if he and his family could sort them out.
+
+For me, evidence and theories kept trickling in. Doctors would come by and mention some finding, or my phone would give an automated notice that a new lab result had arrived and I would Google as best I could. Open tabs accumulated on my phone: *RNP antibodies, rheumatoid arthritis, polymyositis, mixed connective tissue disease*. (“The overall ten-year survival rate is about 80 percent.”) I was negative for hepatitises B and C, negative for Sjögren’s-syndrome antibodies, negative for syphilis, negative for Lyme (*told you*) — negative for most things, as I’d been all along. The speed with which my muscles were falling apart seemed to be, in some sense, good news, meaning that I probably wasn’t going through one of the more gradual neurological degenerations like ALS.
+
+Down in radiology, I took a swallowing test, a three-course flight of barium snacks: a thick barium drink, spoonfuls of barium marshmallow fluff, then bites of the barium fluff on a graham cracker, consumed one after another on live X-ray video. There was my jaw, my tongue, my hyoid bone, and there were clots of barium-tinged food getting visibly hung up short of the esophagus, behind the tongue, in little pockets of underperforming pharyngeal muscle. None of the food, however, was obstructing my windpipe. It meant I was eligible to trade in puréed green beans for individual green beans, French-toast paste for ordinary French toast.
+
+A provisional unifying idea took shape. More and more, the conversations circled back to one form or another of myositis: an autoimmune attack on my proximal muscles. If the muscles were the essence of the problem, then my oxygen troubles could have been a muscle problem all along too, a creeping weakness in the diaphragm. The swallowing trouble would be the muscle problem appearing in the pharynx. The swollen ankles and knuckles — well, those weren’t quite muscle problems, but they also were no longer a pressing concern. What I needed, urgently, was a muscle biopsy, one that might tell the doctors exactly how that part of me was going wrong.
+
+It was my bad luck, the attending doctor said at my bedside, to be an interesting case. Our meetings had a tone of rueful amusement. Yes, I was in pain and reeking from infrequent showering, but we could talk about the unresolved mystery and its submysteries with a certain detachment. My oxygen levels were behaving themselves. No one knew where that problem had gone, nor why my voice had suddenly gone faint and reedy.
+
+My wife was back from the job-scouting trip, but she’d picked up a foot infection and was stuck in the apartment, taking antibiotics. The boys trooped across the park to bring me my laptop. They were visibly alarmed by how gaunt and shaky I was. I took them on a shuffling tour to a long back hallway lined with sleek, derelict equipment, with a window facing out on a black monolith of a building, to show them how much it looked like *Andor*. We shared the crunchy, startlingly good French fries on my dinner tray. I couldn’t have swallowed that many on my own.
+
+Now that I had the computer, I rummaged through test results and image scans on the hospital information portal. I could navigate this way and that through the inside of my own body on the CT or MRI files, moving the cutaway to watch the stark white rib cage flow into the spine. My thoracic aorta was “normal in caliber and course.” My right iliac bone had a “tiny sclerotic focus” that was probably a “bone island.” My muscles were all fucked up:
+
+> *Diffuse STIR hyperintense signal throughout the visualized musculature of the pelvis and thighs as well as partially visualized portions of the paraspinal muscles of the lower back, including the quadriceps muscle (vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius), hamstrings, iliacus, psoas major, gluteus medius and minimus, pubococcygeal muscles, adductor muscles, highly suggestive of systemic myositis in the appropriate clinical setting.*
+
+I knew this, implicitly. It was apparent every time a nurse or technician asked me to scoot a little in my bed and my psoas major or adductor or the rest simply wouldn’t do the scooting. The most minimal movements were the most impossible. It was easier to clamber out of bed, take a six-inch step, and clamber back in at the new spot than to shift my body. If my pillow slipped down to the small of my back, there was no retrieving it.
+
+A perverse rule of medical technology is the more you scan, the more you discover, whether those discoveries matter or not. The imaging reports noted a “small hiatal hernia”: Google said a weakened diaphragm could cause that. I had an “underdistended stomach,” as would anyone who was expected to eat French-toast paste. My liver was “prominent in size,” which qualified as “hepatomegaly.” My lower lungs had “minimal mild reticular opacities.”
+
+One discovery was notable, or might have been. A night-shift doctor brought it up offhandedly, as if someone else must have already mentioned it: The ultrasound had picked up a nodule on my thyroid. Could it be squeezing my trachea? Could it be cancer? Could it be nothing? Sure. A little more inspection and the nodule became nodules, plural, the largest being a nearly inch-long sausage on the thyroid isthmus, salient and crying out for analysis. The thyroid-biopsy team swooped in during lunchtime, chatty and armed with portable gear for working at my bedside. One person tracked down the sausage with an ultrasound wand against my neck while another jackhammered away at it with a tiny needle. They prepared the samples in little vessels of brightly colored liquids laid out in the sun on the windowsill. The technicians eyeballed the cells on a microscope set up in the hallway and declared that nothing looked obviously malignant. My thyroid itself, they said, showed “lymphocytic thyroiditis.” Also known as Hashimoto’s disease, although who could say, here, whether it was a disease unto itself or a manifestation of some greater disease. The question was bigger than the thyroid.
+
+Now there was almost nothing left to do but the muscle biopsy. Ten stories up turned out to be cruising altitude for hawks, wheeling by the window in the sunlight, borne along on the fresh autumn breezes. I gave my daily samples of blood. I sent some follow-up emails about jobs. The procedure was scheduled for Thursday, my ninth day in the hospital, in the last slot of the afternoon.
+
+As the time came closer, I began to apprehend an uncomfortable truth. The actual medical mystery wasn’t about anything inside me. It was whether the tests were going to point to some far side of this where I got my life back. Was there a future where I could walk out the door on Sunday morning in decent shoes and make it to church? Where I could pick up heavy groceries to put a three-course meal on the family dinner table? Where we could rent a rowboat? Where I was a helpful and economically viable member of the household?
+
+The operating team drew a mark on my right thigh and put me under sedation. When I came around, I was still in the operating room. My wound was neatly sewn up but the team was on the phone with the pathologists, who wanted to discuss whether they’d taken a big enough chunk of my leg. Pleasantly high and feeling fantastic, I assured everyone it was fine if they wanted to go back and get more. You know — *While we’re here, happy to oblige.* They decided against it, and off I went to recovery. It was the nicest feeling I’d had in weeks. I looked at my hands and I could believe the old familiar wrinkles were coming back.
+
+Later on, it felt as if someone had sliced open my thigh, since they had — an additional stabbing pain tucked inside the usual burning pain when I used my quadriceps. But that was tolerable. I was finished with being a test subject. All the possible diagnoses pointed to the same treatment, anyway, so the next morning, I got a syringe of steroids pushed into my IV, chased with a cold squirt of saline to make sure every drop went through. I was a patient, trying to get well. Within hours, maybe, my thigh muscles seemed a little less dead than before. That afternoon, I limped off to the bathroom, pulled the shower chair out of the shower, and sat down to make a job interview call, away from any beeping machines or doctor visits. At least it wasn’t a Zoom.
+
+Out the window, I could see magenta and gold in the tree canopy of Central Park. It was deep enough into October for that now. My creatine kinase dropped from 6,200 to 4,500 overnight, then headed for the 3,000s, a level a person could go home with. Whatever had made my immune system start tearing up my muscles, the steroids seemed to be making it slow down. That’s what they were: immunosuppressive drugs, to be followed over time by other, different immunosuppressives. If all went well, I would trade being an actively sick person for being an immunocompromised one.
+
+The blue-gloved muscle checks resumed. Oh, yes: Much stronger in the legs. I took a lap around the ward. I spent less time in bed and more in a chair. I booked another job call with maybe some steroids-laced overconfidence. My wife, with a counteroffer from her current employer in hand, turned down the southern school.
+
+Normal life, or whatever would stand in for normal, was calling. On my 15th day, with the pathology report on my leg sample still a work in progress, the last sparkling dregs of a fat bottle of immunoglobulin filtered into my veins. The two-day infusion was the final piece of treatment that had required hospital care. I was free to go. When the IV came out of my arm, I dug out my things from the closet and got dressed. Clean pants and a clean T-shirt over my poorly cleaned body. My eyes in the mirror were sunken, my neck withered. Nonstop mask wearing had scraped the bridge of my nose raw, and my ratty stubble was now a full ratty Vandyke, the chin shot through with gray. I peeled off my last pair of grimy yellow nonslip socks and wrestled my way into my own regular socks.
+
+Now the shoes. I’d been imagining how this would feel for days. I reached into the hospital bag for my canvas sneakers and pulled them out. They were mashed out of shape and … damp to the touch? Damp to the touch. Had something spilled into the bag, somehow, or was it just residual sweat? Either way, they had been sealed in plastic with it for two weeks. Flecks of mold had sprung up on the otherwise new-looking insoles.
+
+There was nothing to do but wear them. I would be taking myself home. The hospital had sent my prescriptions to the nearest pharmacy for me to pick up on my way out. A string of robocalls and human calls then informed me that the branch did not, in fact, have all the meds I needed, specifically the steroids. My wife headed across town to another location, where the computer indicated there were enough steroid pills to last me three days.
+
+The nurse who’d unplugged me reappeared with a sheaf of papers: I was discharged. No final consultation with any of the doctors. The nurse asked if I wanted a wheelchair. I figured I might as well start walking.
+
+By the time I reached the ground floor of the hospital with my bags, I understood that had been a mistake. My room had been on the west side of the building; the pharmacy was on the east, an entire avenue over. I walked a few yards down the vast hallway, paused for a stricken moment, then walked a few more. I couldn’t wipe out again. Stopping and going, I made it to the east side of the building, down a short flight of steps, and out. Numbly, I trudged up the sidewalk in the quickly fading twilight, clutching my papers. It dawned on me that I still didn’t have a diagnosis.
+
+I despise those stories where a writer tells you all about some mystery for thousands of words and then fails to deliver the solution. Usually with some metaphysical vamping about the unknowability of all things. What are you even telling anyone about it for? But I didn’t have an answer, and I still don’t. It would be more than another week before the pathology report came back. My muscles, it said, showed “myopathy with scattered necrotic myofibers in the absence of significant lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrates.” I couldn’t raise a doctor on the phone to talk about it. Whoever wrote the report had floated a whole new possibility, “antisynthetase syndrome,” to go with the other possibilities still bobbing around. The hospital rheumatologists, weeks later, would stick with polymyositis; a different myositis expert would propose “immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy.” A neurologist would suggest “lupus-myositis overlap syndrome.”
+
+Medicine hasn’t really solved for the body attacking itself. Since the inflammation first brought me to the rheumatologist months before, I’d been quietly bracing for an answer that wouldn’t feel like an answer. An authoritative-sounding name like scleroderma would come up, and Googling would fill in non-detail details like “no cure” and “symptoms vary” and “don’t know exactly what causes this process to begin.” The thing that had taken me apart was something rare and diffuse, its effects almost certainly melded with those of the coronavirus. I was on my own with it. I was three weeks behind on a freelance editing gig, and November’s bills were cycling into view. In January, an endocrinologist had an opening to see about my thyroid.
+
+The pharmacy window was, as pharmacy windows are, all the way at the back of the store. An incredible distance. A terrifying distance, alone on my shaky legs. I put out a hand to steady myself against the shelves along the way, and waiting in line I just grabbed on. I said my name to the pharmacist as clearly as my cracked voice could muster, got the pills, and retraced the long path to the door.
+
+It was fully night now. As I stepped outside the pharmacy vestibule, I saw an empty taxi coming up the block, preparing to turn the corner. Memory and instinct said it was mine: Two or three long, quick strides to the curb and a sharply upthrust hand would catch the driver’s eye. My body knew otherwise. I ventured a short step, not even to the middle of the sidewalk, and the taxi went on by my half-raised arm.
+
+Tom Scocca: Unraveling My Medical Mystery
+
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-```button
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-&emsp;
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-# Travis Kelce Is Going for It
-
-Travis Kelce had a week off but work to do. Last fall, the Kansas City Chiefs star made his way to New York to pursue a dream he’s had since he was a kid in Ohio, when he stayed up late on weekends with his mom watching the likes of Chris Farley and Will Ferrell. Hosting *Saturday Night Live,* Kelce’s manager Aaron Eanes tells me, “was the only thing he ever said he wanted to do.”
-
-He first visited his brother, Jason, in Philadelphia, before deciding to make the pilgrimage to 30 Rock two nights before Halloween, when Jack Harlow was guest hosting. “My brother always talks about how it’s a quick drive from Philly to New York,” Kelce recalls. “So I just said, you know what? I’m not doing anything, I’ll just get up and go.”
-
-Kelce had been circling *SNL* for years. Eanes made inroads with producers in 2021, but after the Chiefs were blown out in the Super Bowl that year against Tom Brady and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, the tight end’s hosting prospects were put on ice. He had done some scouting of his own and recognized another hurdle: Most of the recent NFL players to serve as hosts played the game’s marquee position. “There’s only been like maybe three or four guys that weren’t quarterbacks that ever got to actually host,” Kelce says. But the ultimate obstacle would be how the Chiefs finished the season; if Kelce were going to host, he was going to have to be a recently crowned champion. “If Aaron Rodgers won the Super Bowl,” Lorne Michaels says, “I would have been happy to have him.”
-
-His late October visit didn’t hurt his cause. He hung with New York Yankees slugger Aaron Judge that night and spoke into the wee hours with Michaels at the after-party. “I thought he’d be good,” Michaels recalls. “And I kinda hoped they’d win the Super Bowl.” Weeks after he and the Chiefs won their second title in four years, beating Jason’s Eagles, Kelce became one of the rare athletes to host *SNL,* an exclusive group that includes Michael Jordan, Charles Barkley, and Peyton Manning. His performance in March was shockingly good, and not merely “funny for a jock.” Just ask Mr. *SNL* himself. “I think he killed it,” Michaels told me. “He’s a natural. He was a presence from the moment he walked out.”
-
-The *SNL* gig was the highlight of Kelce’s offseason ascent to the A-list. Maybe you saw him in April tossing out the first pitch at the Cleveland Guardians home opener with an errant throw that failed to reach the plate. If you were online a few weeks later, you may have seen a clip of him at his music festival, Kelce Jam, chugging a beer and spiking a replica Lombardi Trophy as the speakers blasted “(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (to Party!),” the Beastie Boys banger that’s become his go-to party anthem. We have all been witnesses to the summer of Kelce.
-
-Trench coat and pants by **Brioni;** shirt by **SMR Days;** watch by **Rolex.**Photograph by Nick Riley Bentham; Styled by Dan May.
-
-When I met up with him in Los Angeles back in April, Kelce was in the midst of a typically jam-packed itinerary. He had just been in Florida filming promotional material for an energy drink with Judge and was gearing up for the opening weekend of Coachella. After that, he was due in Dallas for workouts with Patrick Mahomes and company, and then it was off to Las Vegas to play in Justin Timberlake’s celebrity golf tournament. By month’s end, he was in Kansas City to make a cameo at the NFL Draft and to host his namesake music festival, which featured performances by Machine Gun Kelly and Rick Ross.
-
-Given the headlines he’s made this offseason—“Travis Kelce Douses Clubgoers With 6-Liter Bottle of Champagne…Wild Vegas Party!!!” blared TMZ in February—one might forget that Kelce is still, first and foremost, a football player. With a pair of Super Bowls and a growing collection of individual records, he has a budding claim to be the best ever at his position. “When it’s all said and done, I think you’re going to have very little argument that he’s the greatest tight end to play,” says Shannon Sharpe, a legendary tight end in his own right.
-
-His on-field legacy firmly secured, Kelce, 33, has raised the ceiling for what he could eventually do off it, whether it’s in the broadcast booth or even on the big screen. (He recently signed with talent powerhouse CAA.) Kelce is poised to join the fraternity of athletes who find greener pastures in retirement, but what precisely his next act will be remains to be seen. “I don’t know if what I want to do has really been done yet,” he says.
-
-It’s a brisk spring morning, and Kelce and I are seated under a tasseled umbrella on a restaurant patio in West Hollywood. He’s dressed cozy for the weather, sporting a bright yellow Palm Angels tracksuit with green stripes along the sleeves and pants. There’s a gold Rolex on his left wrist and small diamond-encrusted hoops on each ear. His hair is freshly buzzed with a tight fade on the sides, his beard neatly trimmed.
-
-And he’s crying.
-
-Kelce is given to raw emotion, a fount of “Let’s fucking go” and pro wrestling bravado. After his most recent Super Bowl triumph, he commandeered the postgame interview on Fox, first emitting a primal scream and then, while jabbing his finger at the camera, calling out anyone who doubted the Chiefs along the way. That night, he embraced his brother Jason at midfield, voice quivering and eyes misty. A month later, while hosting *SNL,* Kelce got choked up at the end of his opening monologue after mentioning that he grew up watching the show with his mom.
-
-In this case, we were talking about his trajectory to the NFL and the bumps along the way when I shared a quote from Butch Jones, his coach at the University of Cincinnati. “Travis Kelce is why you coach,” Jones had told me. “I think of him as one of my sons. To be able to sit back and see the success he’s having—the Super Bowl, *Saturday Night Live*—it’s like a proud dad moment.”
-
-**EASYGOING** “You stick him into any environment and he can figure it out,” says a former teammate. 
-
-Kelce unfurled a white cloth napkin wrapped around unused silverware to dry the accumulating tears. “He caught me at a moment in my life where I was down in the dumps. I didn’t really think much of myself,” he says. He had a turbulent career at Cincinnati, where he arrived as a quarterback, left a tight end, and endured a yearlong suspension for smoking pot in between. “When I got hit with what I was going through,” he said of this seminal moment, “I found out how many people were in my corner.”
-
-After an undefeated regular season in 2009, Cincinnati was invited to play in the Sugar Bowl, and Kelce hit Bourbon Street hard. “I was down in New Orleans, listening to Lil Wayne, and I wanted to smoke what he was smoking,” he recalls. But on New Year’s Eve, the night before the game and after days of cutting loose, he and his teammates were summoned for a drug test by the NCAA. “I’m just sitting there, dead in the water,” he recalled. Under NCAA rules at the time, Kelce was dealt a one-year suspension. “I just wanted to get out of there,” he says. “I was so embarrassed, I didn’t want to look at anybody.”
-
-Kelce wrestled with a suddenly uncertain future in lengthy phone calls with his parents. “I told him it’s a great learning opportunity. Live with it. Grow from it. Learn from it. It is what it is, and you just have to deal with it now,” Ed Kelce, his dad, recalls. “All the while, I’m biting my tongue about how stupid it is that they’re going to suspend a college kid for smoking pot. Give me a fucking break.”
-
-What Kelce endured could now be categorized as a relic from a more uptight era, before widespread legalization. Under the NFL’s marijuana policy, which was adjusted in 2021, players are only tested during a two-week window at the start of training camp in the summer, which he says has made it a cinch to pass. “If you just stop in the middle of July, you’re fine,” he says. “A lot of guys stop a week before and they still pass because everybody’s working out in the heat and sweating their tail off. Nobody’s really getting hit for it anymore.” (He estimates that anywhere from 50 to 80 percent of players in the NFL use cannabis.)
-
-But 2010 was a different era. Luckily for Kelce, he had not only his coaches and teammates in his corner, but his brother. Jason Kelce arrived at Cincinnati as a walk-on in 2006 and became an all-conference player who was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles, where he has established himself as the best center in the NFL. He was entering his senior year when Travis was suspended, which brought out his brotherly instincts. “\[Jason\] said, ‘Look, you’re living with me. You’re going to be in my house, I’m going to know everything you’re doing, and that’s all there is to it,” recalls their mom, Donna Kelce.
-
-For Jason, who shared the house with several other members of the football team, the move was about putting his younger brother around the right people. “I’m a big believer that what you end up doing and becoming comes down to who you surround yourself with,” Jason says. “We weren’t choirboys in that house. We drank, we had fun, we enjoyed the college experience. But all of the guys in that house were incredibly committed to the team and to being the best football players they could be.”
-
-“Everyone took ownership of Travis because everyone saw the good that he had,” says Jones, now the head coach at Arkansas State. Jones had another stipulation for Travis to rejoin the team: He had to move from quarterback to tight end. Kelce had modest numbers in his returning season for Cincinnati in 2011 but broke out the following year, emerging as one of the best tight ends in the country in his senior season. Still, the ordeal cast a shadow over Kelce’s entry to the NFL in 2013, with some scouts questioning his character. He had hoped to be the first tight end selected at the draft that year. Instead, he was the fifth, sliding all the way to the third round, where the Chiefs were waiting.
-
-Once again, big brother was called upon to testify. The Chiefs had just hired a new coach, Andy Reid, who had drafted Jason in 2011 when he was head coach of the Eagles. After calling to tell him that he was coming to Kansas City, Reid had Travis hand the phone to Jason. “I don’t remember the exact words that Andy said to me,” Jason recalls, “but it was pretty much along the lines of, ‘Hey, you’re vouching for this guy.’”
-
-Kelce talks about his place on the Chiefs like someone who won the lottery, and no doubt, he has good reason to be grateful. He plays for Reid, an offensive savant and one of the winningest coaches ever, and he seems to have a telepathic connection to Mahomes, a virtuoso quarterback—even his incompletions look like works of art. “I’m so fortunate to get tossed in this organization at this time,” he says. “I’m just reaping the benefits.”
-
-The self-effacement downplays his own contributions to a five-year run in which the Chiefs have won two Super Bowls and eclipsed the Patriots as the NFL’s signature team. There are reams of personal statistics to capture Kelce’s brilliance as a football player. His seven seasons with at least 1,000 receiving yards are the most ever for a tight end, while his 16 career postseason receiving touchdowns trail only Jerry Rice for the most of all time.
-
-“Travis is definitely the best player I’ve thrown to,” Mahomes tells me, adding, “With how big he is and the way he is able to run routes and make plays happen, is a really rare thing.” Even more, Mahomes says, “Travis is definitely my closest teammate. I would say our friendship is more like a brotherhood—we’re brothers now and our families get along together. I’m part of his family and he’s part of mine.”
-
-This past Super Bowl did plenty to raise Kelce’s profile. With Travis’s Chiefs squaring off against Jason’s Eagles, it marked the first time a pair of brothers played each other in the big game, and the storyline dominated coverage leading up to kickoff. “We were in everybody’s household,” Kelce says. That includes Donna, who grabbed headlines for wearing a split Chiefs/Eagles jersey (the garment has since been shipped to the Pro Football Hall of Fame). It was the capper to the best season of his life. “I’ll remember the week of that Super Bowl more than anything that happened during the game,” he says.
-
-The accolades and Super Bowl fanfare have propelled Kelce to a more rarefied tier of celebrity, where even someone who has never watched *SportsCenter* might approach him for a selfie. “I’ll get people yelling at me ‘Hey, *SNL* was great’ even more than people say ‘Hey, that Super Bowl was awesome,’” he says before adding, understatedly, that “they were both pretty fun.” Midway through our second cup of coffee, a group of young people timidly approaches the table to request a photo with him. “Where are you guys from?” Kelce asks, rising from his seat. His eyes light up when one says they are visiting from New York.
-
-“New York!” he says. “One of my favorites.”
-
-He poses with two young women who thank him in singsong-y unison.
-
-“Oh, you already know,” he replies.
-
-Spend a day with Kelce, and you will hear that phrase anywhere from 30 to 300 times. Contexts of its usage may vary wildly. It could be brought out in solemn moments, like when he took a call at the restaurant from Mahomes’s dad, Pat Sr., whose mom had recently passed away. (“You already know, my condolences for your mother, man.”) Or in the same call, when Kelce and Pat Sr. exchanged some friendly shit talk about an upcoming golf outing. (“You already know I’m getting my game right.”)
-
-It’s so mutable, it could mean anything or nothing. The more I heard it, the more I wondered: What do I know, and why is Kelce so certain that I already know it? The enduring online resource Urban Dictionary offers eight definitions for the phrase, but the best one describes it as “an answer to any question.” Put it that way, and it feels less like a verbal crutch and more like a distillation of his universally agreeable vibe: a phrase for all occasions, used by a man eager to ingratiate himself with everyone. He was just in Austin for the CMT Awards the week before we met, while his own concert had a decidedly un-country flavor, like when he joined Machine Gun Kelly for a raucous rendition of—what else?—“Fight for Your Right.”
-
-“You stick him into any environment and he can figure it out,” says Zach Collaros, a quarterback in the Canadian Football League who played with Kelce at Cincinnati. “He’s just a genuine guy who can get along with anybody. He has enough confidence in himself that he can just hang back and talk to people and not feel out of place.”
-
-Being relatable and charismatic can be extremely lucrative for a professional athlete in retirement, especially one so decorated. Although he remains at the top of his game—last season was arguably his best yet—he is closer to the end of his playing career than the beginning.
-
-Kelce told me he intends to see out his current contract with the Chiefs, which runs through 2025. And although he might not know what precisely the future holds, Kelce has been positioning himself for a next act in entertainment since he entered the league. Or, as he puts it, getting his “face out from under the helmet.” An early attempt came in 2016, when he starred in a reality dating show on E! called *Catching Kelce.* Each week’s episode followed the handsome young bachelor entertaining the advances of 50 women, who were typically identified by their home state (spoiler alert: Kentucky caught Kelce).
-
-Even by the grimly low standards of the genre, the show made for pretty rough viewing. In one of the more charitable reviews, a critic called it “so absurd that it’s pointless for viewers to sigh about how it’s contributing to the downfall of TV and/or humanity.” Kelce is willing to make fun of it now, as he did on *SNL.* But in keeping with his relentlessly upbeat disposition, he doesn’t express many regrets about the experience. “Who cares if it was a good opportunity or a bad opportunity, or whether it was a good show or a bad show,” he says, adding that the experience makes him “more comfortable if I get another opportunity like that again.” (While there may not be a *Catching Kelce* sequel in the works, he is currently a bachelor once again after ending a long-term relationship with the model and influencer Kayla Nicole last year.)
-
-Broadcasting would be a logical move, and he could see himself in the booth as a color analyst for NFL games. “I could sit there, talk football, and make it relatable. I could get into the scheme of things. I could make it make sense to the people who are just now getting into it,” he says. “And I could bring the juice.”
-
-He has gotten valuable reps as a commentator on *New Heights,* the weekly podcast he hosts with his brother. The show, a mix of NFL shoptalk and bro-y banter, was an immediate hit after launching last year—especially fortuitous timing with the brothers on a collision course to meet in the Super Bowl. The public interest surrounding the “Kelce Bowl” shot the podcast to number one overall on Apple in February, and it has consistently ranked near the top of the sports podcast charts since its debut.
-
-Even with all the success, Kelce describes the podcast as a lark. “I don’t know where it’s going, but it’s a lot of fun,” he says. “To be able to just shoot the shit with my brother for a couple hours, those were some of the funnest moments of the season for me. It really just brought us even closer together at this point in our lives.”
-
-But Kelce clearly has on-camera aspirations. In 2020, he appeared in one episode of the John C. Reilly comedy *Moonbase 8,* playing an exaggerated version of himself. He was solid in what was a low-demand role, but his hosting stint on *SNL* showcased some honest-to-god comedic acting chops. He crushed the monologue and comfortably assumed each character the writers threw at him.
-
-In the standout sketch of the *SNL* episode, wearing a pink tuxedo and blond wig, he played a pompous creep dining with his two dolls at an American Girl Café. There’s inherent humor in casting a jock as a weirdo with a doll obsession, but it was his delivery that squeezed every laugh out of the absurdity. Michaels ranked Kelce “near the top” among athletes who have hosted the show.
-
-The collaborative nature of *SNL* appealed to Kelce, reminding him of the team environment he’s operated in his entire life. And, buoyed by his well-received performance on the show, he wants to explore more opportunities in scripted comedy. “I have more of an understanding of when somebody puts something on the table, how I can make it more fun, how I can make it more me, and how I can really push the direction that the show is going,” he says. “It made me more comfortable in having a role in the team and process.”
-
-Eric Stonestreet, a star of *Modern Family* and a diehard Chiefs fan, believes Kelce “will have the ability to do much more than just commentate on football.”
-
-“Can he be an actor? One hundred percent,” says Stonestreet, who has gotten to know Kelce through charity work in Kansas City. “Good performance starts with what Travis possesses naturally, which is an open heart.”
-
-In our discussion of future plans, Kelce also mentioned that he’s interested in hosting a game show someday. Suffice it to say, he’s keeping his options open. Whatever his next move, there is broad consensus among those in his orbit that he will, as Stonestreet put it, “end up making more money off the field.”
-
-Kelce’s base salary of $11.25 million this year ranks 54th among all players in the NFL, an example of how a player’s position heavily influences the market. Tight ends are generally a lower priority in team roster construction and are thus paid far less than players at premium positions. A top wide receiver, for instance, can fetch as much as $30 million per year. Ranked second in receiving touchdowns and third in receptions last season, he may have stats that rival an elite receiver, but he isn’t paid like one.
-
-Obviously, no one should weep for Kelce, who’s earned nearly $65 million in his playing career. He isn’t crying poor either, but he admits that his associates bristle over his salary. “My managers and agents love to tell me how underpaid I am,” Kelce says. “Any time I talk about wanting more money, they’re just like, ‘Why don’t you go to the Chiefs and ask them?’” The Chiefs, constrained by the NFL’s salary cap, have parted with other key players who have gone on to make more money elsewhere. Last year, the team traded All-Pro wide receiver Tyreek Hill, who played in Kansas City for six seasons and won a Super Bowl with Kelce in 2020, to the Miami Dolphins, who promptly handed Hill a four-year contract extension worth $120 million.
-
-“When I saw Tyreek go and get 30 \[million\] a year, in the back of my head, I was like, man, that’s two to three times what I’m making right now,” he says. “I’m like, the free market looks like fun until you go somewhere and you don’t win. I love winning. I love the situation I’m in.”
-
-But it does cross his mind. “You see how much more money you could be making and, yeah, it hits you in the gut a little bit. It makes you think you’re being taken advantage of,” Kelce says. “I don’t know if I really pressed the gas if I would get what I’m quote-unquote worth,” he adds. “But I know I enjoy coming to that building every single day.”
-
-We settle up for our coffees and head to a waiting black SUV parked behind the restaurant, but not before Kelce poses for a few photos with a table of 20-somethings. As we walk away, one of the diners shouts the chorus from “Fight for Your Right.”
-
-The song is played after Chiefs touchdowns at Arrowhead and seemingly everywhere he goes. At the Chiefs’ victory parade in 2020, Kelce, wearing a WWE championship belt around his waist, capped a boozy and meandering speech by shouting the chorus. And in February, he sang it with Jimmy Fallon during an appearance on *The Tonight Show.* He says he never knew all the lyrics prior to that.
-
-“All I remember is just the screaming, ‘You gotta fight for your right,’” he tells me as we climb into the back seat of the SUV. Kelce struggled as he rehearsed the song, which made his publicist nervous, but ever the gamer, he nailed the duet with Fallon when the lights went on.
-
-“Wherever he is, it’s the best day ever. Wherever he is, it’s the most fun ever. Whatever he’s doing is the coolest thing ever,” says the actor Rob Riggle, a Chiefs fan and golf buddy of Kelce’s. “It’s a mindset. He’s not worried about the future, he’s not regretting the past. He’s so present. You can feel that.”
-
-Along Sunset Boulevard, we pass a mammoth billboard for Fallon’s game show, *That’s My Jam,* and Kelce recounts meeting the host for the first time. “I was like, ‘Dude, this is probably going to be the most awkward thing anybody has ever said to you,’” he says, building up a story that ends with him revealing that he told Fallon how much he loved him in the 2004 film *Taxi.* Fallon has a scene in which he sings “This Will Be (An Everlasting Love),” and Kelce really gets a kick out of it. The movie currently holds a 9 percent rating on Rotten Tomatoes. I’m guessing Fallon has heard worse.
-
-We’re on our way to CoolKicks, a sneaker store and hypebeast mecca. Kelce has been to the store before, but he says he hasn’t been “since they would recognize me.” It’s his type of place. He estimates that he owns between 300 and 400 pairs of shoes, many of which, like the LeBron II Oregon PEs he is wearing today, are rare. And spend-y: This pair of LeBron IIs can sell for as much as $4,500.
-
-His love of fashion stems from his upbringing in Cleveland Heights, a diverse suburb with a vibrant arts scene. Attending his public high school, he tells me, “was like a fashion show every day,” adding, “I knew kids who didn’t even wear the same shirt twice.” Kelce is a proud son of Cleveland, and he reps his hometown in ways that are both charming and corny. Before games, he listens to “Burn On,” Randy Newman’s ode to the Cuyahoga River. The song is played in the opening sequence of the Cleveland sports classic *Major League,* which also happens to be one of his favorite movies. “It just makes me think about home, and think about the journey,” he says.
-
-Kelce also remains tight with several childhood friends from Cleveland Heights, who are fixtures within Kelce’s jet-setting lifestyle. There’s Kumar Ferguson, who works as his personal chef. Growing up in Cleveland Heights, Ferguson honed a passion for food by cooking for his younger brother. He was working as a truck driver in 2016, a job that allowed him to “taste food from every region,” when Kelce called to make a compelling proposition. “He’s like, ‘Hey man, I want to take my diet seriously, and take it to the next level,’” Ferguson says. “I’m like, shit, let’s do it. Three or four days later, I was in Kansas City.” Ferguson has a loft in downtown Kansas City and is at Kelce’s home every day in the regular season, preparing meals, stocking the refrigerator—and just chilling. “We kick it all day,” Ferguson says.
-
-There’s also Aric Jones, who graduated from Heights High a year after Kelce and Ferguson. Jones was finishing his schooling at Tennessee State in 2014 when Kelce extended an invitation to move in with him in Kansas City. “I was just like, ‘Are you sure this is cool? I don’t want to be a burden on you,’” Jones says. “He just sent me a picture of a bedroom and said, ‘Here’s your room. It’s waiting for you.’”
-
-Jones lived with Kelce for two years, partying about as much as you’d expect from two buddies in their early 20s. He currently lives and works in Washington, DC, but flies out most weekends to link up with the old gang. Coachella one weekend, a prize fight in Vegas the next—wherever he goes, Kelce always rolls deep, *Entourage*\-style (albeit with a more diverse crew). “Travis has always been the larger-than-life white kid that’s always hung out with the Black kids,” Jones says.
-
-For Kelce, the candor and familiarity of those friendships has been a grounding force. “I’ve known both of them since I was five, six years old,” he says of Ferguson and Jones. “It’s really easy to be yourself when you’ve got the people you grew up with around all the time.”
-
-Our driver pulls into the parking area behind CoolKicks, and we are let in through the back door by an employee, who ushers us through a labyrinth of chrome-wire shelves stacked with shoeboxes. We emerge to a brightly lit store where there are about a dozen midday shoppers and nearly as many staff waiting to greet Kelce like a conquering hero. “The champ is here!” one says from behind the counter.
-
-Kelce draws squinty, curious stares from a few customers trying to work out his identity. Others recognize him immediately and ready their phones. He browses the store’s illuminated glass case, which contains a rainbow of colorful sneakers.
-
-“You got the Tiffany Air Forces?” asks the store’s owner, Adeel Shams.
-
-“I haven’t grabbed those yet,” Kelce says. “You got those in 14?”
-
-Shams hands him a black suede shoe embellished with a Tiffany blue Nike swoosh, and Kelce holds it up for me to inspect.
-
-“That’s nice,” I tell him.
-
-“You already know,” he says.
-
-We are led to “the vault,” which is just the back room from which we entered, and Shams shows him the Air Jordan 1 A Ma Maniére.
-
-“This is some good material,” Kelce says, squeezing the inside of the high-tops with his enormous right hand. “These are fire. Man, I can feel the leather in these things.”
-
-The shoeboxes slowly stack up around Kelce’s feet before he decides he’s ready to check out. The haul: five pairs for $3,777.75.
-
-The day grinds on toward late afternoon as our SUV creeps toward Malibu. He’s in California a lot these days, for work and play, but remains partial to New York and Miami, which are both close to his immediate family. Jason is in Philadelphia with his wife and three kids. Ed and Donna, who are divorced, live in Pennsylvania and Florida, respectively.
-
-Kelce isn’t sure where he will land when he retires from football. He owns a home in Kansas City but spends much of his offseason living in rentals all over the country.
-
-“I’ve rented a bunch of the spots on the water here,” he says, pointing to a row of ocean-facing properties. Kelce first came to Malibu in the offseason following his rookie year with the Chiefs, heeding the advice of his uncle. “He’s like, ‘You’d really love Malibu. The women are beautiful out there,’” Kelce recalls.
-
-We inch glacially along the Pacific Coast Highway. Eventually, we find ourselves at another standstill and parallel with a driver who waves a manila folder containing a scrawled message for Kelce: “Would you sign my hat?” I roll down my window to facilitate the autograph, and the driver quickly puts his car in park before grabbing a Carhartt baseball cap from his back seat. He stands among traffic in the middle of the highway as Kelce signs the bill, telling us that he’s doing it for his friend who is a Chiefs fan. “Legendary, dude,” Kelce says. “Tell your boy I say what’s up.”
-
-Our time together is coming to an end. As we make our way to the beach, talk of food comes up and whether there’d be any at the photo shoot. I mention that we only ordered coffee at the restaurant while rapt in conversation, discussing Kelce’s ascendance on the field and the future possibilities off it.
-
-“Yeah, you already know,” he says.
-
-
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-Date: 2023-08-22
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-08-22
-Link: https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2023/08/the-serial-killer-and-the-texas-mom-who-stopped-him
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-09-26]]
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-&emsp;
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-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-TrueCrimeTrueFaithNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# True Crime, True Faith: The Serial Killer and the Texas Mom Who Stopped Him
-
-**“Do you have** any music?”
-
-It was nearing eight o’clock in the evening on December 11, 1981, and the serial killer Stephen Morin was driving the SUV of his latest captive, Margy Palm, north out of San Antonio. Helicopters circled the city and police combed the streets, warning people to stay inside and lock the doors. Morin’s reign of terror was sputtering to a clumsy close after a rare mistake earlier that day. He was suspected of the murder, torture, and in some cases rape of more than 30 women in 9 or 10 states—and most of San Antonio now knew that he was on the loose in its manicured, country-club midst.
-
-Morin’s concern at the moment, though, wasn’t escaping so much as finding an appropriate soundtrack for his kidnapping of Palm, the 30-year-old Texan in the passenger seat. Morin, also 30, had pulled a .38 revolver on her six hours earlier as she reached her Chevy Suburban in the parking lot of a Kmart after Christmas shopping, then shoved her inside the car. Palm looked like many of his other victims—pretty, fit, and blond—and tells me that she didn’t try to fight or flee for the same reason that some of the others hadn’t: “I’ve never felt that kind of fear.”
-
-Cranked up on amphetamines and feeling cornered by authorities, Morin initially screamed at Palm in the car and threatened to kill her if she didn’t behave: “What’s one more damn dead bitch at this point?” Palm had missed the news about Morin and his horrific crimes that morning but was terrified enough to shake with fear, which seemed to turn him on.
-
-As oblivious shoppers passed in front of the Suburban, Morin fretted about the cops closing in. They would probably both die in a shoot-out today, he informed Palm. Noticing the Christmas presents in the back seat, he reached back and started throwing them around. He wondered aloud why he never got gifts like that as a child. He railed against the “sheltered princess” next to him and noted that animals were treated better than he was growing up. All Palm could manage to say was “I’m sorry.”
-
-She closed her eyes to calm herself, and it came to her that the man shouting at her—who had three knives on him in addition to his gun—was not her enemy. God had put her in that car for a reason, she decided. “I was not afraid of him, not hating him anymore,” she says.
-
-She started praying aloud for Morin.
-
-“Oh my God,” he said, shocked. “I’m in the car with a religious freak.”
-
-Morin was a career criminal who disarmed his victims with his mutable character-actor looks, charisma, and a grab bag of aliases and backstories. (The psychologist who evaluated him before his first murder trial found him to be “rather charming,” “friendly,” and an “interesting” conversationalist, despite possibly having antisocial personality disorder.) Morin thought Palm was conning him with religious nonsense but started taking her seriously when she produced proof of her devotion: a black notebook filled with hand-copied scriptures.
-
-Morin was used to easily overpowering women, but Palm caught him off guard. Suddenly feeling as though she was being guided by a force greater than herself, she did something she’d never done before and fully knows sounds bizarre. She took her hands out from underneath her, where Morin had demanded she keep them, placed them on Morin’s forehead, and attempted to cast out the evil.
-
-“You evil spirits, go now!” she shouted. She didn’t know it, but she was externalizing Morin’s criminality—separating him from his problem. (Externalizing is a technique that therapists sometimes use on patients to make them feel less shame.) “You will not keep destroying his life and destroying mine!” she continued. “Now leave my car!”
-
-Palm’s husband, Bart, later tells me, “Casting out the demons is not my thing, but I think that is what got her through: her belief that she was there for a purpose. That threw him off because he hated women. He wanted to dominate them. And he didn’t dominate her.”
-
-“I don’t want to hurt you, lady,” Morin later told Palm, “but I don’t know how I’m ever going to let you go.”
-
-After a wild afternoon punctuated by deep, confessional parking lot conversations and a stop at a drive-through (“My girlfriend and I’ll take two Cokes,” Morin told the attendant, turning on the charm), the unlikely pair was now driving toward a bus station outside San Antonio in the dark. That’s when Morin decided that Palm’s cassette collection left a lot to be desired. He ejected a tape about the power of love by a televangelist named Kenneth Copeland, turned on an interior light, and dug through the pile. Disappointingly, it all seemed to be praise music. “What is this shit?” he said, tossing tape after tape into the back seat with the beer cans he’d drained after a 7-Eleven pit stop. “You really are a fanatic.”
-
-Then he spotted something promising, and his glowering mood lifted.
-
-“If you have what I think you have, you’re one fucking cool lady,” Morin said, grabbing a tape and confirming that it was indeed what he hoped: Christopher Cross’s debut single, “Ride Like the Wind.” “You’ve got my favorite.” He popped in the tape, cranked up the volume, and sang along to what he considered a personal anthem.
-
-*It is the night*  
-*My body’s weak*  
-*I’m on the run*  
-*No time to sleep*  
-*I’ve got to ride*  
-*Ride like the wind*  
-*To be free again*
-
-“He had a major connection to that song,” says Palm, recalling how Morin rewound the tape to play it again.
-
-*I was born the son of a lawless man*  
-*Always spoke my mind with a gun in my hand*  
-*Lived nine lives*  
-*Gunned down ten*  
-*Gonna ride like the wind*
-
-Today, “Ride Like the Wind” is a sensory time machine for Palm. It transports her back to that traumatic car ride with a murderous sociopath who spent eight hours shifting unpredictably between rage, spiritual curiosity, death threats, apparent religious awakening, and pop-rock-inspired ebullience. “I was so scared when he was singing,” she says. “But that was the first time I had seen any kind of softening to him.”
-
-The press dubbed Morin a “chameleon” in the early ’80s, and he never gained pop-culture notoriety precisely because he had so many guises. But Susan Reed, the former Bexar County district attorney who helped secure the first of the murderer’s three death sentences, points out that Morin’s hellacious path across the US echoed that of a far more legendary serial killer. “Ted Bundy was on the road at the same time,” she says. “A lot of the crimes ascribed to Ted Bundy, I have always wondered whether they were Stephen Morin’s.” Even setting that theory aside, Morin was suspected of more murders than Bundy or Jeffrey Dahmer were convicted of.
-
-With her husband, Bart, and their children, Noelle and Mills, on Christmas just after the abduction.
-
-What happened to Palm on that day in 1981 doesn’t make sense in the way that stories about life-changing events often don’t. She hadn’t planned on stopping at Kmart—it was an on-the-whim errand and not even her usual Kmart. She has a hard time explaining how she overcame gunpoint terror to attempt an in-car exorcism on a serial killer. And she still struggles to reconcile the fact that she escaped a man who brutally raped and murdered many women before her—women who deserved to live just as much as she did.
-
-In the years since she survived Morin, Palm was approached by agents, authors, and name-brand Hollywood producers eager to turn her abduction into books, a dramatized movie, or a miniseries. Invariably, they wanted to package her story either as a two-dimensional thriller or a Christian parable in which God comes to her in a car and saves her life *and* a mass murderer’s soul. Palm turned them all away, making her story a white whale even in our era of peak serial killer content. She’s telling her story in full for the first time here partly because she finally understands what happened to her.
-
-The truth of Palm’s experience—as she discovered in recent years while unpacking the trauma with her therapist daughter, Noelle—is not tidy or predictable. It’s nuanced, bewildering at times, and somehow hopeful. Unlike most “entertainment” about mass murderers, it’s the story of a survivor more than it is of a killer. (Netflix obviously knew Dahmer was the true star of their disturbing phenomenon because they put his name in the title twice: *Dahmer—Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story.*) After Morin’s arrest on December 12, 1981, Palm tried to resume her normal life, but something surprising happened. Morin began calling, writing, and even sending her Christmas cards from prison. Morin felt so close to her, in fact, that he branched his friendship out to her mom and sister, calling them for regular check-ins. Palm visited Morin behind bars about 15 times and made the long trek to see him on death row the day before he was executed.
-
-“I became friends with a serial killer,” she tells me. The statement is incongruous with both our setting—the sunny back garden of Palm’s San Antonio home, where birds chirp and the honeysuckle-like scent of bougainvillea wafts over us—and the woman delivering it. Palm is a striking 72-year-old with a gentle Texas twang. She’s wearing jeans, a crisp button-down shirt, and tasteful gold jewelry. During our time together, she shows me a trove of handwritten letters that Morin sent her from prison, along with a cache of photos, none of which she’s ever shared with a journalist. She tries to explain their surreal relationship. It sounds insane even to her, and she shakes her head in disbelief. “I really did become friends with the guy.”
-
-## **COLLISION COURSE**
-
-**At first glance,** Palm looked to be everything Morin resented in life. It wasn’t just that she was a woman, but that she seemed never to have struggled financially or emotionally like he had. In the Suburban, Morin’s cheap black leather jacket squeaked with his manic movements. Palm surreptitiously pushed her gold, diamond-studded Rolex beneath her blue-and-green sweater.
-
-Palm grew up in El Paso as the granddaughter of Thomas Moore Mayfield, a pioneer builder and developer who “twice lost and rebuilt a fortune in the construction business,” according to his obituary. Her family was regularly featured in the society column, and as a teenager with an electrowatt smile, deep tan, and blond hair, Palm began making El Paso headlines too—as a debutante, homecoming duchess, and 1970–1971’s Southwestern Sun Carnival’s sun queen, a title accompanied by a crown and scepter. The pictures represented just one dimension of who Palm was, though. She was an honor-roll student who studied Spanish, Latin, and the arts. The middle of three children, Palm was especially close to her father—a World War II pilot turned business leader and good Episcopalian who prayed alongside her each night and took her and her siblings on spontaneous plane rides over El Paso.
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-When Palm was 11, her father was killed in a violent car crash. Her family members crumbled emotionally, so Palm became the resilient backbone who regularly rallied to cook dinner. She burned off energy as a cheerleader and tennis player, and had a fiery streak beneath her radiant façade. It later took a handsome real estate developer, Bart Palm, seven invitations for a date before she finally accepted. Seven months into their courtship, Bart announced he was moving to San Antonio and hoped that Palm would visit. She promptly told him that she would not. “We’ve been dating long enough,” she explained. “You ought to be able to make up your mind.”
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-Palm and her younger sister, Mary, following Easter services in El Paso, Texas.
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-He proposed then and there. Palm’s mother, who was not a fan of Bart being a divorcé, burst into tears upon hearing the news. The morning after their 1973 wedding, the couple drove eight hours southeast to San Antonio to start their new life. “I like to say we’re still on our honeymoon,” Bart jokes today.
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-Palm had been a passive Episcopalian since her father’s death, but an early 1970s retreat in Las Cruces, New Mexico, awakened a spiritual interest so deep that she kept it from friends and family for fear they’d judge her. Maybe it was a way of reconnecting with her late father, or a means of occupying her mind in a new town. Or maybe it just gave her a rush of existential fulfillment and meaning. She felt a powerful connection—not to any particular doctrine so much as to the concept of God’s love being universal and more powerful than fear or hatred. She had been a debutante, yes, but she was also a serious thinker who spent hours absorbing scriptures, hand-copying those passages into her black notebook, and seeking out books that expanded her spiritual understanding. “What happened to you?” Bart asked Palm early in their marriage, surprised by her transformation.
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-After Palm had Noelle in 1977 and her son, Mills, in 1979, she became a devoted stay-at-home mother who relished arts and crafts activities with her kids and making clothing for them. She volunteered for the Junior League and fostered her faith. The night before her kidnapping, Palm read about Corrie ten Boom, a Holocaust survivor and activist who found healing in forgiving a Nazi guard stationed at the concentration camp where her sister was killed. Loving someone who loves you is easy, Palm knew. The true challenge was loving someone who hates you.
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-On the morning of December 11, before she encountered the serial killer who would change her life, she knelt in her closet and told God she would serve him however he needed her to that day.
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-**Growing up, Morin** dreamed of becoming a stock car racer, but as a teenager, the only racing he did was from the cops. He was born in Providence and spent his teen years in Florida. After a stay in a juvenile detention home and multiple car thefts, he was briefly placed in the state-run Florida School for Boys, in Marianna. The reform school was notorious for its horrific conditions—understaffed and overcrowded facilities, boys being chained to walls, beatings, abuse, and in some instances death. In 2013, anthropologists discovered 55 graves on and around the property.
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-At age 14, Morin made headlines for his escape from the school. After stealing a car from his father, who was visiting, Morin ended up wrecking three vehicles before he was caught. He was taken to a hospital with injuries, escaped the hospital, led the local sheriff’s department on a 100-mph car chase, and was caught again. That same year, having already stolen more than 20 cars in his short life—“How was I to know he’d use \[the lessons I taught him\] to steal?” his mechanic father once told the press—Morin was tried as an adult and sentenced to time in Florida State Prison, the same institution in which Bundy lived before his execution two decades later.
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-Palm at her mother’s house in El Paso, about a year after the terrifying ride with Morin.
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-Morin blamed his criminal perversions on his mother sending him to a boys’ home, his witnessing of his mother’s alleged sexual abuse of his brother and her supposed sexual exploits with a friend his age, as well as being sent as a 15-year-old to prison, where Morin claimed he was sodomized. (He habitually blamed others for his crimes, including a woman he murdered for “making” him do it.) As a teenager, Morin once sent his parents a letter that read like a cry for help: “Boy I’m sick (not the kind of sick you need a doctor for).” His parents later shared the letter with a reporter along with a scrapbook containing write-ups of Morin’s crimes.
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-After being paroled, Morin became an even more prolific criminal. His offenses included possession of various drugs; hitting a girlfriend; and killing the girlfriend’s Siamese cat, Sweetie, then delivering Sweetie’s body in a box to his girlfriend’s office.
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-In 1976, after marrying his first wife, Morin was said to have committed a crime so disturbing that a lawyer who worked one of his trials is still haunted by it. Morin lured his sister’s 14-year-old friend back to his apartment under the pretense that his sister needed her help. Once there, Morin gagged the teen and sexually tortured her for six hours while the TV blared. The experience was so horrific, the survivor tells me nearly 50 years later, that she found herself wondering if she could get the momentum to swing herself through the second-floor window to a more humane death.
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-The 14-year-old eventually appealed to Morin with softness. After Morin removed her gag, she told him, “You just need somebody to care about you. You’re just hurt.” The woman explains, “I think that’s why he let me live. Because I showed him compassion.” Before fleeing town, Morin allowed her to leave, with bruises covering her body and face, as well as trauma that manifested throughout her life via low self-esteem and drug addiction.
-
-The women Morin attacked afterward were not so lucky. With a warrant out for his arrest in San Francisco and an FBI file now devoted to him, Morin moved on to Las Vegas. There he assumed new aliases, got a new job and wife, and leaned into murder. His modus operandi was to hunt attractive white women, mostly in their teens and 20s; tie them up; torture and kill them; then steal their cars, IDs, and assorted possessions. By the time authorities found his victims—discarded in deserts, shallow graves, and fleabag motels—Morin would be hunting a new woman in a new location using a new alias.
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-Even as Morin and his second wife celebrated the birth of their son, he is said to have kidnapped 18-year-old Susan Belote and 19-year-old Cheryl Daniel, both of whom were found dead in the wilds of Utah. (Hauntingly, Belote went missing the same day Morin’s wife went into labor.) It speaks to Morin’s arrogance that, after killing Daniel, he reintroduced himself to a friend of hers, Sarah Pisan—now Davis—using a different name. Morin had changed his appearance so convincingly that Davis had no clue she’d already met him. In the months before authorities found Daniel’s body, Davis says Morin repeatedly asked her out, stalked her, and left her disturbing messages around the clock, including horrifying threats and the apparent sounds of people being tortured. To this day, Davis tells me, “I will never be without a gun. I have a .45 next to me now, another gun in my vehicle, and a rifle by my bed.”
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-If he wasn’t assaulting and murdering women, he was recruiting them for other selfish purposes—like a woman in Buffalo whom he convinced, after only knowing her for two months, to liquidate her belongings, buy a van, and join him on a cross-country road trip. (The woman’s son later wrote an essay recalling how he helped Morin nail carpet to the van’s ceiling and walls before the trip. Years later, he realized in horror that he had helped the serial killer soundproof his vehicle.) During a 1981 pit stop in Denver, Morin, using the alias Rich Clarke, picked up 23-year-old former teacher Sheila Whalen, strangled her to death, checked into a motel, turned on the TV, and deposited her nude body on the bed. Immediately before picking up Whalen, Morin had taken another woman on a date, where the two played video games.
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-In the early hours of December 11, 1981, the same day he kidnapped Palm, Morin made a mistake. While pulling a gun on 21-year-old Carrie Marie Scott in the parking lot of Maggie’s, an eatery in San Antonio, Scott’s friend suddenly appeared—surprising Morin, who shot both women, Scott fatally. A bystander took down Morin’s license plate number and, hours later, the police tracked him to a seedy motel. When Morin left his room—where he was keeping a woman named Pamela Jackson hostage—to grab a Coke from a vending machine, he spotted police in the parking lot. He returned to his room, snaked his five-foot-eight frame out a tiny bathroom window, and escaped before the motel was swarmed by the SWAT team. (Though they missed Morin, police were able to free Jackson.)
-
-Stunningly, Morin had slipped away from authorities even more narrowly before. Earlier that year, he had been arrested and brought into police custody twice under aliases—in Pleasanton, California, for false imprisonment and brandishing a weapon, and in Buffalo for loitering with the purpose of engaging in a deviant sexual act. In Pleasanton, Morin made bail and disappeared before authorities could determine his true identity. In Buffalo, he was fingerprinted and spent the night in a cell, but since the alias he was using had only a single minor arrest on record, authorities did not rush fingerprint analysis and let Morin out with a trial date before getting the results.
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-“They had him in their custody, and they let him go,” says Reed, the former Bexar County DA. “They could have saved several lives of young, innocent women—and that didn’t happen.”
-
-## **REVELATIONS**
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-**Palm finally caught** up with the news of the day several hours into the abduction when Morin pulled into a 7-Eleven and told her to go inside and get him a newspaper, cigarettes, and beer. Palm entered the empty fluorescent-lit store. She got a case of Budweiser from the cooler and a pack of cigarettes, then found the *San Antonio News.* The front-page headline made clear that her captor was far more dangerous than she’d let herself believe: “Accused killer of 30 guns down 2 in S.A.” “I freaked out when I saw the headline,” Palm tells me. She set the items down and wrestled with whether she should alert the cashier. “I was the only one in there with this girl, and I did not turn him in. He was sitting there watching me, and I knew if I did something I might die and she might die.”
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-Palm understood who Morin truly was when he sent her into a 7-Eleven for beer and she saw the day’s *San Antonio News*.
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-There was a phone booth outside the 7-Eleven. Morin forced Palm into it, pressed his gun into her side, and instructed her to call her husband and tell him everything was fine. Morin listened as Palm told Bart that she’d decided to finish her holiday shopping that evening. She asked Bart to feed their children, give them baths, and put them to sleep. She had never once in their marriage asked him to handle the kids’ evening rituals, but Bart chalked it up to pre-Christmas jitters. It was only after watching the 10 p.m. news, which was devoted to Morin’s San Antonio rampage, that Bart became worried. His wife still wasn’t home. He called the cops.
-
-Hours later, after he’d listened to “Ride Like the Wind” in the Suburban a few times, Morin became polite (for an armed captor). He was now apologizing for cursing in front of her and volunteering details about his personal life. He told Palm that he hated himself and that he was a fraud—that he had been married and had a son that he loved but abandoned. Before that, the emotion Morin projected most was hatred—a hatred for himself and others so deep, Morin claimed, that no god could ever rid him of it. “All of a sudden he’s telling me how much he loves his son,” says Palm.
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-Palm had been trying to tell Morin for hours that everyone is worthy of forgiveness, but he hadn’t bought it. She turned to him and posed a question: “If your son committed the kind of crimes you did, do you think you could forgive him?”
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-Morin seemed to get it. “Lady, you’ve been preaching to me all day long, and I now understand what you’re saying,” he said. Palm felt calmed by the conversation and even grew peaceful enough to fall asleep. She was jolted awake by Morin pulling the car over. He threw his hands up in the air and said, “I’m sorry, Lord, for everything I’ve done. Please forgive me. I want to go to heaven.” Afterward, at a rest stop, he opened his revolver, poured the bullets into Palm’s purse, and told her, “I’ll never kill again.” (To be clear, they were not his only bullets. When police arrested him hours later, he had 11 backups in his pocket, as well as a bag of speed and sedatives.)
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-Palm had spoken throughout the day about her own religious beliefs, which she had kept secret from friends. “Strangely, I found myself saying to him—this guy that kidnapped me and I can’t get away from yet—things I never said to anyone,” she says. “If I had said it to people I knew, they would think I was crazy. It was really strange, being in that car…I felt compassion for him, but he was still kidnapping me.”
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-Palm had told Morin that ministers preached God’s love to inmates who’d done the same things he had and helped free them of their hatred. She also told Morin about Copeland, the televangelist, who was based in Fort Worth. Morin decided to go there and, in a grand gesture, lay down his gun on Copeland’s desk.
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-Palm had no idea that there was a bus station in Kerrville, a small city 65 miles north of San Antonio—this was long before the internet—but says that instinct guided her there. She announced the plan to Morin and, after he asked her for money, withdrew $300 from an ATM for him. They drove north, passing a steakhouse. Under different circumstances, Morin told her, he would be taking her there on a date. At the station, they discovered that Morin could get to Fort Worth on the next bus, with a stopover in Austin. Palm bought Morin a ticket, so he could find the televangelist.
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-“You don’t want to come with me?” he asked.
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-“I have two kids at home,” she reminded him. “You’ve got to get on that bus. God is with you.”
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-After asking permission, Morin hugged Palm and kissed her on the cheek. She gave him her notebook of scriptures and told him to use them instead of his weapons. He reached into a pocket, produced an earring with a cross and a green stone, and gave it to her.
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-When Morin walked away, Palm got into the driver’s seat of the Suburban and immediately locked the doors. As the bus pulled away, Morin waved from a window with a big smile, like a kid on his way to summer camp.
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-When Palm pulled out of the parking lot, she burst into tears. Later, she says, she was told by police that Morin had given similar earrings to women he’d murdered.
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-**Driving home, Palm** was overwhelmed by terror and relief, but strangely, she felt a bit of hopefulness too. “I felt like something wonderful happened to him,” she insists. “I saw the change.” As she turned onto her street, police responding to Bart’s call pulled in behind her.
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-Seeing Palm pull into the driveway, seemingly fine, Bart was initially furious with his wife for causing unwarranted worry. He confronted her: “Where the hell have you been? I’ve been thinking you’ve been with this rapist.”
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-“I *have* been with him,” Palm said.
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-She opened her purse to show him, and the officers now huddling with them, Morin’s bullets. The police were shocked to see she had survived the encounter apparently unscathed. They told her and Bart how lucky they were.
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-“I need a drink,” Palm announced.
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-“Somebody get her a drink,” demanded an officer.
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-Bart made Palm a martini, then the couple loaded into the back seat of the squad car—Palm with glass in hand—to go to the police station. While there, the reality of what Palm had encountered set in. She was shown photos of what looked to be 15 or 20 different men. They were all Morin. “I felt like somebody hit me with a baseball bat,” she says. “I couldn’t comprehend it.”
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-Then the police showed her crime-scene photos that revealed what Morin was capable of—pictures of his victims, who had been bound, sexually assaulted, and murdered. “I was so disgusted and sickened,” she says. “I had never heard of a mass murderer. I didn’t realize the magnitude of how lucky I was to get away from this man.”
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-She also felt duped. There was no way that a man who tortured women for apparent sport had seen God in her car. “I thought, He’s been conning me all day,” she says. “That was a sickening feeling. Even in the face of all the horrible stuff I saw—and learning this is the most diabolical con man out there—I wanted to believe what happened was real.”
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-Palm was terrified that, if Morin found out she had given the police information about his whereabouts, he’d return to San Antonio and do to her family what he’d done to so many others. So she told the officers that she had left Morin at the Kmart. They must have known she was lying. There was no way that the criminal who had outwitted police for years would have burned eight hours, while they were hunting him, only to go back to the place he started. But they drove Palm and Bart back home to recover.
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-Once inside her front door, Palm broke down and told Bart everything. She knew where Morin was: His bus would be in Austin for less than an hour before it left for Fort Worth at 3:30 a.m. It was now roughly 2:45. Bart insisted they call the cops: “If he kills anybody else and you had the opportunity to stop him and didn’t, it’s going to be on your conscience.” He phoned the San Antonio police and explained why Palm had lied. Then he called the local FBI office. The agent Bart spoke to appreciated the information but was highly skeptical that Morin would actually be in the Austin bus station. “We’ve been after this guy for years,” Bart recalls the agent saying. “He doesn’t do anything stupid. He won’t be there.”
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-Nevertheless, Bart says, the agent dispatched police to the bus station, where they surrounded the building. A plainclothes policewoman entered the terminal, where she was shocked to find Morin calmly waiting for his bus and reading Palm’s book of scriptures. Until that day, Morin had told anyone who would listen that he’d never go back to prison after the horrific experiences he had in institutions in his youth. But when the officer approached Morin and identified herself, his revolver was still empty and he did not resist arrest.
-
-The press had a field day reporting the unbelievable story of the woman who peacefully defused the serial killer who’d evaded authorities for so long. “That’s the most fantastic pinch I’ve heard about in the last five years,” a sex crimes officer told reporters. “This was a highly religious woman,” San Antonio detective Abel Juarez marveled to the *San Francisco Sunday Examiner & Chronicle.* “She prayed a lot and softened him up. Through her religion she convinced him to release her, and after listening to her preaching, he decided to empty his gun.”
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-Months after Morin’s peaceful arrest, Palm began to truly believe that he had seen God that day and decided to change. Morin’s surviving victims and their families, and Texas prosecutors, would be harder to convince.
-
-## **DEAD MAN WALKING**
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-**Morin’s first capital** murder trial, for the killing of Carrie Marie Scott in Maggie’s parking lot, was fast-tracked the following year. By April 1982, just four months after Scott’s murder and Palm’s kidnapping, the serial killer stood in a Beaumont, Texas, courtroom. Reed, the district attorney, was reading the indictment when Morin jumped up—“in a scene that would make a Perry Mason fan’s heart leap,” the papers reported—and announced, “Before the jury and before God, I plead guilty.” He was asked whether he understood that the charge would result in either life in prison or the death sentence, with no chance to negotiate. “The only plea bargaining I’ve done, your honor, is with my Lord,” Morin replied.
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-During the sentencing arguments, Reed says, Morin’s “whole defense” was that he had found Jesus. He quoted scripture while addressing the jury from behind a bulletproof barrier—“any man that be in Christ is a new creature and old things are passed away”—and brought his own Bible into the courtroom. One of his lawyers acknowledged that Morin had been “the scum of the earth” and “a murderer, kidnapper, rapist, and thief,” but claimed he had “undergone a transformation and is born-again.” Palm was called as a defense witness to testify about his conversion. Morin’s lawyer argued that his client’s conversion could be educational to others.
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-After hearing from some of Morin’s survivors, the jury deliberated for just over two hours, and the defendant received the death penalty. “We could accept that he was a born-again Christian,” the jury foreman said afterward, “but we didn’t go along with it to the point of where we felt he wouldn’t kill again.”
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-At that first trial, Morin had, in a narcissistic flourish, asked to act as his own cocounsel, hoping to represent himself as Bundy had. The judge denied the request. But Morin *was* allowed to question potential jury members for his next trial, in Corpus Christi, Texas, for the strangulation of 21-year-old Janna Bruce. One question he posed was, “Do you believe that a person—despite what an individual’s past has been, no matter how bad—can be sincere in changing?” Morin was again found guilty and sentenced to death.
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-In April 1982, less than two weeks after he was initially sentenced to death, Morin wrote the judge in his first murder trial and asked him to set an execution date. “Christians are not afraid to die,” he wrote. “I have been prepared to meet my maker from the time I was blessed enough to meet Mrs. Palm.” Later, Bart finally accepted that Morin had changed. “Every police officer I talked to said he was a consummate con man, so who’s to say he wasn’t conning us,” says Bart, noting that posing as a born-again Christian to lighten his sentence “would’ve been the ultimate con. But when he refused \[to appeal\], that’s when I believed.”
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-In 1984, Morin was extradited to Golden, Colorado, where he stood trial for the 1981 murder of Sheila Whalen. Though Morin already faced two death sentences, the former Jefferson County deputy district attorney Cary Unkelbach says that Morin was such a clear threat as a repeat murderer-rapist that the state of Colorado decided to prosecute him in the event his sentences in Texas were overturned. “Death penalty cases are a lot of work, a lot of emotion, a lot of cost,” says Unkelbach. But “we were confident we’d done the right thing. We were sure he was going to kill again.” During Morin’s trials, she notes, one judge was so wary of the accused that he kept a loaded .357 Magnum on his bench.
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-Despite what Morin repeatedly said about being saved, a sheriff’s deputy found that he had a pair of shoes hiding $50, razor blades, a list of names and addresses, and a Texas driver’s license. Morin claimed he needed the items for protection. In his letters to Palm after the contraband was reported, Morin vaguely referred to a lapse in faith that had occurred while he was in Colorado.
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-Morin and a letter he sent before his first murder trial.
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-Unkelbach says that she and others tried to negotiate with Morin during the sentencing in Colorado in the hopes of determining his involvement in dozens of other murders. Despite his claim that he was a God-fearing individual, he refused to work with prosecutors. There was not much of a negotiation upside for him—he had already been served two death sentences. “We really wanted to clear up those cases,” says Unkelbach, “but they were never connected to him because he wouldn’t talk.”
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-In Golden, Morin was again found guilty and given his third death sentence. By now, Palm was one of Morin’s primary lifelines outside of prison. When he moved into the Texas penitentiary, the family’s phone would ring with a collect call once or twice a week. Whenever Bart would pick up, he’d roll his eyes and accept the charges, his rationale being: “He’s on death row. What am I going to do?” Morin tried to chat Bart up like a long-lost buddy—“How are you doing? How’s everything?”—but Bart’s answer was always the same: “I’m fine, Stephen. Here’s Margy.”
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-Palm and Morin talked about Morin’s life, but their conversations were largely spiritual. One day he asked her, “Do you think I’m going to die?”
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-“I hope you don’t die,” she told him. “I hope you live and can help other people the way God has helped you. But at the same time, if you do die, I believe you are going to be with the Lord.”
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-Despite believing that Morin could be forgiven, Palm never thought he deserved anything less than life in prison. “It’s like a wild animal,” she says. “Try to tame a wild animal and they might be sweet for a while. Then they bite your head off. He lived so long in that dark place. I imagine that the thoughts he lived with for so many years would come back.”
-
-The letters that Morin wrote to Palm from various cells in Texas and Colorado are a wild ride into the consciousness, delusions, and contradictory sentiments of a violent sociopath who insisted that he had reformed. Oddly, he seemed to feel guiltier about disrupting Bart’s life than about the women he murdered. Morin wrote in one early letter, “If \[Bart\] doesn’t feel too kind towards me, I can understand. It would be hard for any man to have the privacy of his family invaded.” Incredibly, Morin seemed to consider himself to be a threat to Bart and Palm’s marriage, writing to Bart, “I sincerely hope and pray I have not come between you and Margy, nor will I ever due to my encounter with your wife.” Writing on Jefferson County detention facility stationery, Morin later attempted to turn Bart on to religion, even using real estate terms that might appeal to the commercial developer: “Why not invest your life and heart into the bridge of eternal life?”
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-In one letter, Morin reflected on his marital history with appalling delusion: “I don’t feel bitter towards any of \[my wives\], as I’m sure I was a big part of things going bad.” In another, he talked about being converted—claiming that he could have easily evaded authorities after Palm dropped him off at the Kerrville bus station. “Instead, I sat in the bus station for over three hours with a pocket full of bullets and an empty gun awaiting whatever fate our Lord had in mind for me,” he wrote. “I sat there reading Margy’s scriptures with a warmth inside of me beyond words.” But every time Morin appeared to approach accountability, he veered off course. In the same letter, he says, “Furthermore, just for the record, I have not committed a quarter of the crimes which I am being accused of.”
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-In 1984, Morin floated the idea of trying to sell the book and movie rights to his life story. He fantasized that the project would “not be based on my crimes, but what…contributes on all levels to…an innocent child \[going\] from parent, school, et cetera, et cetera, to death row.” He went so far as to divide the hypothetical profits—allotting 20 percent for himself, 10 percent for Kenneth Copeland Ministries, and 5 percent “to my son’s trust fund for his education (not streetwise).” He claimed, “I don’t want anything other than to be able to turn a tragic ending into something good.”
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-Palm visited Morin at Ellis 1 Unit on death row near Huntsville, Texas, on March 12, 1985, the day before he was executed.
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-Morin often maintained that he had no qualms about being executed, and on March 13, 1985, he made good on that claim. On his way to the death chamber, the 34-year-old jokingly asked if anyone wanted to go fishing instead. Once inside, he was strapped to a gurney and stayed calm while technicians struggled for at least 40 minutes to successfully insert a needle into one of his veins, which were damaged from drug use. It was finally inserted at 12:44 a.m.—along with a cocktail of sodium thiopental, potassium chloride, and Pavulon. Morin’s final words were, “Lord Jesus, I commit my soul to you. I praise you, and I thank you.”
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-Texas’s attorney general at the time, Jim Mattox, called Morin’s execution the least violent one he had witnessed: “It was like a person being put to sleep in an operation.”
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-**Most people I** speak to reject the idea that Morin was actually born-again. “My grandfather was a minister, and I believe in God like there’s no other way,” says Sarah Davis, the woman Morin stalked and terrorized in 1980. “But I don’t know that this man could have ever been saved.”
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-The woman who was raped and tortured by Morin when she was 14 doesn’t believe it either. She thinks that the “Christian” Morin was just another alias that Morin used, like “Robert Generoso” or “Robert Andrew Ireland.” “He was just reaching out for an excuse to get off the death penalty,” she says. Though she was a prosecuting witness in Morin’s first murder trial and still bears the emotional scars of Morin’s torture, she admits that she cried when she realized Morin would be put to death. “Isn’t that stupid?” she tells me. “Just the fact that I knew I killed somebody.” When I protest that she didn’t kill anyone, she replies, “It sure felt like I did.”
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-After her traumatic encounter with Morin, the woman actually sees horror movies like *Saw*—about a murderer who subjects victims to physical and psychological torture—as inspirational. “I like to see how people make it through,” she says. Even five decades later.
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-Palm was initially reluctant to discuss her kidnapping because it exposed the depth of her faith. People are going to think I’m a Christian nut and I’ve lost my mind, she remembers thinking. She agreed to a few local interviews but insisted that she be identified by her maiden name or, if she appeared onscreen, that she appear in shadow. She turned down *Good Morning America* and *Today.* Later, Palm did share her story with churches and religious organizations, but she’d often have a limited amount of time to describe an event that she hadn’t fully plumbed, so she told abbreviated versions in what she calls “Christian-ese,” the power of God’s love being the star of the story.
-
-Like the other Morin survivors I spoke to, Palm never tried therapy, which wasn’t as widely accepted as it is now. It was only when Palm began writing about the experience with the help of Noelle about 10 years ago that she began processing what happened to her on a deeper level. Noelle has since become a marriage and family therapist specializing in trauma, and she emits empathy like an essential-oil diffuser. She coaxed her mother into confronting a more complicated reality about what she endured. “I do not and could not have answers,” Palm says. “But I have a story.”
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-Palm celebrating her 70th birthday in California, in 2021, with her daughter, Noelle.
-
-By no means does Palm think she had some secret formula that the other victims did not. She understands that she encountered Morin at the end of a crime spree when he was feeling cornered and, perhaps because of that, was more receptive to her. “It was an anomalous moment,” she tells me, speaking from an antique bench in her living room, light streaming onto her from the French patio doors and a skylight above. Had he kidnapped her months before, who knows if she would have survived.
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-“I’ve grown a lot in the past few years and learned about trauma and how to talk about these things,” says Palm. She wishes that she’d had the vocabulary and understanding to hold Morin more accountable for his crimes—to urge him to speak to victims’ families and cooperate with authorities’ questioning about the other murders he was suspected of committing. “I didn’t have that language at age 30, but if he were still alive, that’s what I wish I could do.”
-
-**In some ways,** the Palms resumed their life post-kidnapping with remarkable normality. Amazingly, they kept the Suburban—“I have no idea why we didn’t get rid of that thing,” Palm says—which had been the scene of the crime. “I think it was an absolute fluke that will never happen again,” Bart tells me in the living room, as the family’s calico cats, Tiki and Lala (i.e., Tequila), survey the premises. “Just wrong place, wrong time.” After spending days with Palm in San Antonio, I understand how Morin could have been softened and enchanted by her kindness. By the end of a long weekend, she’s invited me to join the family’s Sunday-night dinner on the lawn of the local country club with her kids and grandkids. When Palm tells me how happy she is that we met, her words are so sincere, I feel as though I’d be welcomed back for Thanksgiving.
-
-The imprints of the grislier side of her kidnapping are still evident in her everyday life, however. She drives a car in attention-grabbing fire engine red, and she only parks in well-lit spots near entrances. She rarely goes to big stores unless she has a companion with her. The Christmas season—and Christmas carols in particular, much like “Ride Like the Wind”—are activating, sending her down a terrifying memory spiral. She freaks out, understandably, if she does not hear back from her grown children in a timely manner.
-
-Not long ago, Palm was unnerved by a scene in *Mindhunter,* the Netflix series inspired by pioneering FBI profiler John E. Douglas and his studies of serial killers. At the end of season one, the Douglas proxy (Jonathan Groff) sits opposite shackled murderer Ed Kemper (Cameron Britton). Groff’s character has come to consider Kemper a work friend. But during the scene, Kemper slowly peels back the friendly façade to reveal that he is still very much a murderer and threat, even to Groff’s character, who runs from the room, realizing that he’s fallen for the killer’s manipulations. When Palm and Noelle watched the scene, they had to take breaks to shut off the TV and turn on lights.
-
-Morin asked Palm to attend his 1985 execution, but she decided it was more important to be with her husband that day. She visited the killer on death row at the infamous Ellis 1 Unit, near Huntsville, Texas, the day before, though. The trip was long. Palm flew to Houston and buckled in for a road trip to the prison alongside a priest who waited in the prison parking lot. The red brick building was ominous, with spiraled razor-wire coils atop tall fencing, high-voltage signs, and guard towers. But inside—after passing through a security checkpoint and a heavy metal door—Palm says the warden gave her a hug and greeted her warmly. At the time, she recalls, there were open windows allowing in a pleasant breeze and the scents from a vegetable garden. She was taken to a room. Soon, Morin was led in and sat behind a glass partition. He had his Bible, a can of Sprite, and a huge smile on his face.
-
-“He was happy,” Palm tells me. “He said, ‘I’m ready to die. I feel good. I’m gonna be with the Lord.’” I have a hard time believing Morin could really be happy hours before his execution until Palm shows me Polaroids the warden took that day: Morin’s grinning like a high school senior on the last day of school.
-
-During that final visit, Palm showed her former captor photos of her young children. The mood grew serious when the two turned to the Bible. “We took hands and prayed,” says Palm, adding that Morin cried about the crimes he committed. “He said, ‘I’m sorry for what my life has been. I wish I’d done something with myself.’” Morin also told her, “I’m sorry for kidnapping you, but not really. I’m glad we met because my life changed. I’m not the same person I was before…. I’ve got so many friends now. I’ve got all these people that really love me.”
-
-After telling me about this final meeting, Palm sits with me and Noelle at her kitchen counter, combing through Morin’s letters. One envelope bears the image of a unicorn and a sticker reading “Sing a new song to the Lord.” Sent in September 1982, the letter says in part, “You once said you would never give up on me. I want to thank you for standing by your word.” In another letter, Morin expressed surprising affection, writing, “I do love you.” Even after everything I’ve heard, I am shocked to see that. I look up at Palm, expecting to see my surprise mirrored back, but she’s smiling. I ask her what she feels when she reads those words now. “It’s touching,” she says. “The fact that he went from screaming at me to saying that is pretty incredible.”
-
-Earlier, I’d asked Noelle what she thinks of her mother’s reconciliation of Morin the serial killer and Morin the saved man. She curls her feet up underneath her and collects her thoughts before answering. Like many daughters, Noelle is the preeminent expert in her mother’s emotional experience. Having grown up with this kidnapping story, she’s had decades to metabolize it and contemplate various possibilities: that Morin was genuinely saved, that he was a narcissistic sociopath, or something in between. Maybe Morin stopped delaying his execution because he was ready to accept punishment. Or maybe he knew that being executed would spare him years of misery behind bars that mirrored his teen days in Florida State Prison. Noelle has considered all the alternatives and admits: “I am of the opinion that I have no clue.”
-
-But she does know her mom. “I think every survivor has to find a story that gives them peace,” she says. “It’s going to be different for every survivor. For some survivors, it’s like, ‘He’s going to rot in hell,’ and that gives them peace. For Mom, I think the story that helps her survive is that he was a changed man.” She references the way Palm isolated Morin’s evil impulses from Morin himself during the car exorcism and in the years since. “Separating the person from the problem has been such a survival tool for her,” she says. “It’s what’s helped her that day, and it’s what helped keep her from having nightmares.”
-
--   [Riley Keough](https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2023/08/riley-keough-on-growing-up-presley-cover-story) on Growing Up Presley, Inheriting Graceland, and More
-    
-
--   [Ivanka Trump](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/06/ivanka-trump-is-not-letting-her-dads-mounting-legal-woes-ruin-her-summer) Is Not Letting Her Dad’s Mounting Legal Woes Ruin Her Summer
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-Tag: ["🤵🏻", "🌱"]
-Date: 2023-01-15
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-01-15
-Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/11/style/plastic-free.html
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-&emsp;
-
-# Trying to Live a Day Without Plastic
-
-![A man in a subway car is seen seated on a wooden chair. All around him are empty plastic seats.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/15/multimedia/11NO-PLASTIC-MAN-01-gjwf/11NO-PLASTIC-MAN-01-gjwf-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-To avoid sitting on plastic, the writer brought a wooden chair to the New York City subway.Credit...Jonah Rosenberg for The New York Times
-
-The Great Read
-
-It’s all around us, despite its adverse effects on the planet. In a 24-hour experiment, one journalist tried to go plastic free.
-
-To avoid sitting on plastic, the writer brought a wooden chair to the New York City subway.Credit...Jonah Rosenberg for The New York Times
-
-A. J. Jacobs
-
-Jacobs is a journalist in New York who has written books on trying to live by the rules of the Bible and reading the Encyclopaedia Britannica from A to Z.
-
--   Published Jan. 11, 2023Updated Jan. 13, 2023
-
-### Listen to This Article
-
-*To hear more audio stories from publications like The New York Times,* [*download Audm for iPhone or Android*](https://www.audm.com/?utm_source=nyt&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=no_plastic_day_without)*.*
-
-On the morning of the day I had decided to go without using plastic products — or even touching plastic — I opened my eyes and put my bare feet on the carpet. Which is made of nylon, a type of plastic. I was roughly 10 seconds into my experiment, and I had already committed a violation.
-
-Since its invention more than a century ago, plastic has crept into every aspect of our lives. It’s hard to go even a few minutes without touching this durable, lightweight, wildly versatile substance. Plastic has made possible thousands of modern conveniences, but it has come with downsides, especially for the environment. Last week, in a 24-hour experiment, I tried to live without it altogether in an effort to see what plastic stuff we can’t do without and what we may be able to give up.
-
-Most mornings I check my iPhone soon after waking up. On the appointed day, this was not possible, given that, in addition to aluminum, iron, lithium, gold and copper, each [iPhone](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/21/climate/apple-emissions-pledge.html) contains plastic. In preparation for the experiment, I had stashed my device in a closet. I quickly found that not having access to it left me feeling disoriented and bold, as if I were some sort of intrepid time traveler.
-
-I made my way toward the bathroom, only to stop myself before I went in.
-
-“Could you open the door for me?” I asked my wife, Julie. “The doorknob has a plastic coating.”
-
-She opened it for me, letting out a “this is going to be a long day” sigh.
-
-My morning hygiene routine needed a total revamp, which required detailed preparations in the days before my experiment. I could not use my regular toothpaste, toothbrush, shampoo or liquid soap, all of which were encased in plastic or made of plastic.
-
-Fortunately, there is a huge industry of plastic-free products targeted at eco-conscious consumers, and I had bought an array of them, a haul that included a bamboo toothbrush with bristles made of wild boar hair from Life Without Plastic. “The bristles are completely sterilized,” Jay Sinha, the company’s co-owner, assured me when I spoke with him the week before.
-
-Instead of toothpaste, I had a jar of gray charcoal-mint toothpaste pellets. I popped one in, chewed it, sipped water and brushed. It was nice and minty, though the ash-colored spit was unsettling.
-
-I liked my shampoo bar. A shampoo bar is just what it sounds like: a bar of shampoo. Mine was scented pink grapefruit and vanilla, and lathered up well. According to shampoo bar advocates, it is also cheaper than bottled shampoo on a per-wash basis (one bar can last 80 showers). Which is good, because the plastic-free life can be expensive. Package Free, a sleek outlet in the NoHo neighborhood of Manhattan that abuts Gwyneth Paltrow’s Goop store, sells a zinc and stainless-steel razor for $84 (as well as “the world’s first biodegradable vibrator”).
-
-Image
-
-![Items on a bathroom shelf include a toothbrush made mainly of bamboo and a jar of teeth-cleaning pellets.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/15/multimedia/11NO-PLASTIC-MAN-02-gjwf/11NO-PLASTIC-MAN-02-gjwf-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-An array of plastic-free items in the reporter’s bathroom.Credit...Jonah Rosenberg for The New York Times
-
-Image
-
-Credit...Jonah Rosenberg for The New York Times
-
-Image
-
-Credit...Jonah Rosenberg for The New York Times
-
-Taking a blogger’s advice, I mixed a D.I.Y. deodorant out of tea tree oil and baking soda. It left me smelling a little like a medieval cathedral, but in a good way. Making your own stuff is another way to avoid plastic, though it does require another luxury: free time.
-
-Before I was done in the bathroom, I had broken the rules a second time, by using the toilet.
-
-Getting dressed was also a challenge, given that so many clothing items include plastic. I had ordered a pair of wool pants that promised to be plastic free, but they had not arrived. In their stead, I chose a pair of old Banana Republic chinos.
-
-The tag said “100 percent cotton,” but when I had checked the day before with a very helpful Banana Republic public relations representative, it turned out to be a little more complicated. The main fabric is indeed 100 percent cotton, but there was plastic lurking in the zipper tape, the internal waistband, woven label, pocketing and threads, the representative told me. I cut my thumb trying to slice off the black brand label with an all-metal knife. Instead of a Band-Aid — yes, plastic — I used some gummed paper tape to stop the bleeding.
-
-Happily, my underwear did not represent a plastic violation — blue boxers from Cottonique made of 100 percent organic cotton with a cotton drawstring in place of the elastic (which is often plastic) waistband. I had found this item via an internet list of “14 Hot & Sustainable Underwear Brands for Men.”
-
-For my upper body, I lucked out. Our friend Kristen had knitted my wife a sweater for a birthday present. It had rectangles of blue and purple, and it was 100 percent merino wool.
-
-“Could I borrow Kristen’s sweater for the day?” I asked Julie.
-
-“You’re going to stretch it out,” Julie said.
-
-“It’s for planet Earth,” I reminded her.
-
-## Plastics Present and Past
-
-The world produces about 400 million metric tons of plastic waste each year, according to a [United Nations report](https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/). About half is tossed out after a single use. The report noted that “we have become addicted to single-use plastic products — with severe environmental, social, economic and health consequences.”
-
-I’m one of the addicts. I did an audit, and I’d estimate that I toss about 800 plastic items in the garbage a year — takeout containers, pens, cups, Amazon packages with foam inside and more.
-
-Before my Day of No Plastic, I immersed myself in a number of no-plastic and zero-waste books, videos and podcasts. One of the books, “Life Without Plastic: The Practical Step-by-Step Guide to Avoiding Plastic to Keep Your Family and the Planet Healthy,” by Mr. Sinha and Chantal Plamondon, came from Amazon wrapped in clear plastic, like a slice of American cheese. When I mentioned this to Mr. Sinha, he promised to look into it.
-
-I also called Gabby Salazar, a social scientist who studies what motivates people to support environmental causes, and asked for her advice as I headed into my plastic-free day.
-
-“It might be better to start small,” Dr. Salazar said. “Start by creating a single habit — like always carrying a stainless-steel water bottle. After you’ve got that down, you start another habit, like taking produce bags to the grocery. You build up gradually. That’s how you make real change. Otherwise, you’ll just be overwhelmed.”
-
-“Maybe being overwhelmed will bring some sort of clarity?” I said.
-
-“That’d be nice,” Dr. Salazar said.
-
-Image
-
-Must avoid: All of these items, which are part of the reporter’s everyday life, contain plastic.Credit...Photographs by Jonah Rosenberg for The New York Times
-
-Admittedly, living completely without plastic is probably an absurd idea. Despite its faults, plastic is a crucial ingredient in medical equipment, smoke alarms and helmets. There’s truth to the plastics industry’s catchphrase from the 1990s: “Plastics make it possible.”
-
-In many cases it can help the environment: Plastic airplane parts are lighter than metal ones, which mean less fuel and lower CO₂ emissions. Solar panels and wind turbines have plastic parts. That said, the world is overloaded with the stuff, especially the disposable forms. The Earth Policy Institute estimates that people go through one trillion single-use plastic bags each year.
-
-The crisis was a long time coming. There’s some debate over when plastic entered the world, but many date it to 1855, when a British metallurgist, [Alexander Parkes](https://plasticshof.org/members/alexander-parkes/), patented a thermoplastic material as a waterproof coating for fabrics. He called the substance “Parkesine.” Over the decades, labs across the world birthed other types, all with a similar chemistry: They are polymer chains, and most are made from petroleum or natural gas. Thanks to chemical additives, plastics vary wildly. They can be opaque or transparent, foamy or hard, stretchy or brittle. They are known by many names, including polyester and Styrofoam, and by shorthand like PVC and PET.
-
-Plastic manufacturing ramped up for World War II and was crucial to the war effort, providing nylon parachutes and Plexiglas aircraft windows. That was followed by a postwar boom, said Susan Freinkel, the author of “Plastic: A Toxic Love Story,” a book on the history and science of plastic. “Plastic went into things like Formica counters, refrigerator liners, car parts, clothing, shoes, just all sorts of stuff that was designed to be used for a while,” she said.
-
-Then things took a turn.
-
-“Where we really started to get into trouble is when it started going into single-use stuff,” Ms. Freinkel said. “I call it prefab litter.”
-
-The outpouring of straws, cups, bags and other ephemera has led to disastrous consequences for the environment. According to a study by the Pew Charitable Trusts, more than 11 million metric tons of plastic enter oceans each year, leaching into the water, disrupting the food chain and choking marine life.
-
-Close to one-fifth of plastic waste gets burned, releasing CO2 into the air, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, which also reports that only 9 percent of plastics are recycled. Some aren’t economical to recycle, and other types degrade in quality when they are.
-
-Plastic may also harm our health. Certain plastic additives — such as BPA and phthalates — may [disrupt the endocrine system](https://www.nytimes.com/article/plastics-to-avoid.html) in humans, according to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Worrying effects may include [behavioral problems](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5915182/) and [lower testosterone levels](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6225986/) in boys and [lower thyroid hormone levels](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29606598/) and [preterm births](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31220737/) for women.
-
-“Solving this plastic problem can’t fall entirely on the shoulders of consumers,” Dr. Salazar told me. “We need to work on it on all fronts.”
-
-## It’s Everywhere
-
-Early in my no-plastic day, I started to see the world differently. Everything looked menacing, like it might be harboring hidden polymers. The kitchen was particularly fraught. Anything I could use for cooking was off-limits — the toaster, the oven, the microwave. Even leftovers were a no-go. My son waved a plastic baggie filled with French toast. “You want some of this?” Yes, I did.
-
-Instead, I decided to go foraging for raw food items.
-
-I left my building using the stairs, rather than the elevator with its plastic buttons, and walked to a health food store near our apartment on the Upper West Side of Manhattan.
-
-When I go shopping, I try to remember to take a cloth bag with me. This time, I had brought along seven bags of varying sizes, all of them cotton. I also had two glass containers.
-
-At the store, I filled up one of my cotton bags with apples and oranges. On close inspection, I noticed that the each rind had a sticker with a code. Another likely violation, but I ignored it.
-
-At the bulk bins, I scooped walnuts and oatmeal into my glass dishes using a (washed) steel ladle I had brought from home. The bins themselves were plastic, which I ignored, because I was hungry.
-
-Image
-
-Scooping walnuts into a glass container with a steel ladle brought from home.Credit...Jonah Rosenberg for The New York Times
-
-Image
-
-It is not easy to pay without using plastic. Even paper currency may have synthetic ingredients.Credit...Jonah Rosenberg for The New York Times
-
-Image
-
-Glass container? Bamboo fork? Cotton towel? Wooden chair? Check, check, check, check.Credit...Jonah Rosenberg for The New York Times
-
-I went to the cashier. At which point it was time to pay. Which was a problem. Credit cards were out. So was my iPhone’s Apple Pay. Paper money was another violation: Although U.S. paper currency is made mainly of cotton and linen, each bill likely contains synthetic fibers, and the higher denominations have a [security thread made of plastic](https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/15/magazine/how-they-make-a-fake.htm) to prevent counterfeiting.
-
-To be safe, I had brought along a cotton sack full of coins. Yes, a big old sack heavy with quarters, dimes and pennies — about $60 worth that I had withdrawn from Citibank and my kids’ piggy banks.
-
-At the checkout counter, I started stacking quarters as quickly as I could between nervous glances at the customers behind me.
-
-“I’m really sorry this is taking so long,” I said.
-
-“That’s OK,” the cashier said. “I meditate every morning so I can deal with turmoil like this.”
-
-He added that he appreciated my commitment to the environment. It was the first positive feedback I’d received. I counted out $19.02 — exact change! — and went home to eat my breakfast: nuts and oranges on a metal cookie tray, which I balanced on my lap.
-
-A couple of hours later, in search of a plastic-free lunch, I walked to Lenwich, a sandwich and salad shop in my neighborhood. I arrived early in the afternoon, toting my rectangular glass dish and bamboo cutlery.
-
-“Can you make the salad in this glass container?” I asked, holding it up.
-
-“One minute please,” the man behind the counter said, tersely.
-
-He called over a manager, who said OK. Victory! But the manager then rejected my follow-up request to use my steel scooper.
-
-After lunch, I headed to Central Park, figuring that this was a spot in Manhattan where I could relax in a plastic-free environment. I took the subway there, which scored me more violations, since the trains themselves have plastic parts and you need a MetroCard or smartphone to get through the turnstiles.
-
-At least I didn’t sit in one of those plastic orange seats. I had brought my own: an unpainted, fold-up Nordic-style teak chair, hard and austere. It’s what I had been using at the apartment to avoid the plastic-tainted chairs and couches.
-
-Image
-
-Fellow riders took little notice of the man in the wooden chair.Credit...Jonah Rosenberg for The New York Times
-
-I plopped my chair down near a pole in the middle of the car. One guy had a please-don’t-talk-to-me look in his eyes, but the other passengers were so buried in their phones that the sight of a man on a wooden chair didn’t faze them.
-
-Walking through Central Park, I spotted dental floss picks, a black plastic knife and a plastic bag.
-
-Back home, I recorded some of my impressions. I wrote on paper with an unpainted cedar pencil from a “Zero Waste Pencil tin set” (regular pencils contain plastic-filled yellow paint). After a while, I went to get a drink of water. Which brings up perhaps the most pervasive foe of all, one I haven’t even mentioned yet: [microplastics](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/09/business/how-bad-are-microplastics.html). These tiny particles are everywhere — in the water we drink, the air we breathe, [in the oceans](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/03/science/ocean-plastic-animals.html). They come from, among other things, degraded plastic litter.
-
-Are they harmful to us? I talked with several scientists, and the general answer I got was: We don’t know yet. “I think we’ll have an improved understanding in the next few years,” said Todd Gouin, an environmental research consultant. But those who are extra-cautious can use products that promise to filter microplastics from water and air.
-
-I had bought a pitcher by LifeStraw that contains a membrane microfilter. Of course, the pitcher itself had plastic parts, so I couldn’t use it on the Big Day. Instead, the night before, I spent some time at the sink filtering water and filling up Mason jars. Our kitchen looked like it was ready for the apocalypse.
-
-The water tasted particularly pure, which I’m guessing was some sort of a placebo effect.
-
-I wrote for a while. Then I sat there in my wooden chair. Phone-less. Internet-less. Julie took some pity on me and offered to play a game of cards. I shook my head.
-
-“Plastic coating,” I said.
-
-At about 9 p.m., I took our dog for her nightly walk. I was using a 100 percent cotton leash I bought online. I had ditched the poop bags — even the sustainable ones I found were made with recycled or plant-based plastic. Instead, I carried a metal spatula. Thankfully, I didn’t have to use it.
-
-Image
-
-Using the stairs after shopping, to avoid the elevator, which has plastic parts.Credit...Jonah Rosenberg for The New York Times
-
-Image
-
-The first draft of this article was written with a plastic-free pencil by candlelight.Credit...Jonah Rosenberg for The New York Times
-
-Image
-
-Couldn’t use the bed (plastic).Credit...Jonah Rosenberg for The New York Times
-
-At 10:30 p.m., exhausted, I lay down on my makeshift bed — cotton sheets on the wood floor, since my mattress and pillows are plasticky.
-
-I woke up the next morning glad to have survived my ordeal and be reunited with my phone — but also with a feeling of defeat.
-
-I had made 164 violations, by my count. As Dr. Salazar had predicted, I felt overwhelmed. And also uncertain. There was so much that remained unclear, even after I had been studying this topic for weeks. What plastic-free items really made a difference, and what is mere green-washing? Is it a good idea to use boar’s-hair toothbrushes, tea tree deodorant, microplastic-filtering devices and paper straws, or does the trouble of using those things make everyone so bonkers that they actually end up damaging the cause?
-
-I called Dr. Salazar for a pep talk.
-
-“You can drive yourself crazy,” she said. “But it’s not about perfection, it’s about progress. Believe it or not, individual behavior does matter. It adds up.
-
-“Remember,” she continued, “it’s not about plastic being the enemy. It’s about single-use as the enemy. It’s the culture of using something once and throwing it away.”
-
-I thought back to something that the author Susan Freinkel had told me: “I’m not an absolutist at all. If you came into my kitchen, you would be like, what the hell? You wrote this book and look at how you live!”
-
-Ms. Freinkel does make an effort, she said. She avoids single-use bags, cups and packaging, among other things. I pledge to try, too, even after my not wholly successful attempt at a one-day ban.
-
-I’ll start with small things, building up habits. I liked the shampoo bar. And I can take produce bags to the grocery. I might even pack my steel water bottle and bamboo cutlery for my trips to Lenwich. And from there, who knows?
-
-And I’ll proudly wear the “Keep the Sea Plastic Free” T-shirt that I bought online in the days leading up to the experiment. It’s just 10 percent polyester.
-
-Audio produced by Kate Winslett.
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-Date: 2023-08-13
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-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-08-13
-Link: https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/mitchel-weiser-bonnie-bickwit-missing-teens-summer-jam-1234798437/
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-# Two Teens Hitchhiked to a Concert. 50 Years Later, They Haven’t Come Home
-
-O n the morning of July 27, 1973, two Brooklyn teenagers set out for central New York to attend one of the biggest concerts in rock history.
-
-They were never seen again.
-
-Or were they? 
-
-Fifty years ago last week marked the disappearance of 16-year-old Mitchel Weiser and 15-year-old Bonnie Bickwit, two gifted students who are the oldest missing-teen cases in the country. 
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-Initially dismissed as romantic runaways who would return home soon, the pair’s fate remains a mystery. After decades of police bungling and false leads, investigators have tracked several theories over what might have happened to them. Amid recent information about a possible suspect connected to their disappearance, Mitchel’s and Bonnie’s friends and families are now calling on federal and state officials to provide the necessary resources to solve the coldest of cold cases.
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-“A task force is exactly what we need to solve what happened to my brother Mitchel and his girlfriend Bonnie,” Susan Weiser Liebegott, Mitchel’s sister who has been searching for him for the past half century, tells *Rolling Stone*. “Quite frankly, it is the only way to solve their case.”
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-“This could be our last chance to bring justice and some measure of peace to the family and friends,” adds Mitchel’s childhood best friend Stuart Karten.
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-The couple were apparently last seen leaving Camp Wel-Met, a popular summer camp in the Catskills region. Bonnie, a longtime camper, had taken a job at the camp as a parents’ helper. Mitchel stayed in Brooklyn, having snagged a prized job at a local photography studio. On the evening of Thursday, July 26, he boarded a bus at Port Authority Bus Terminal in Manhattan heading for Bonnie’s camp in Narrowsburg, a town in Sullivan County about two hours away. 
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-Their plan was to hitchhike 150 miles northwest to attend an outdoor concert dubbed “[Summer Jam](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/summer-jam/)” at the [Watkins Glen](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/watkins-glen/) Grand Prix Raceway. The show featured rock counterculture legends the Grateful Dead, the Allman Brothers, and the Band, and is still considered one of the most-attended U.S. concerts to date.
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-## Editor’s picks
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-On Friday morning, the teens had breakfast at the camp and caught a ride into Narrowsburg. Then, with little money in their jean pockets, they stood alongside the road, carrying sleeping bags and holding a cardboard sign that read “Watkins Glen.”
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-Of the estimated 600,000 fans who left for Summer Jam, only Mitchel and Bonnie vanished without a trace. 
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-![](https://www.rollingstone.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/summer-jam-aerial.jpg)
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-A bird’s eye view of some of the estimated 600,000 music fans who turned up for the Watkins Glen Summer Jam at the Watkins Glen, N.Y., Grand Prix Raceway, July 28, 1973. AP
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-MISSING PERSONS EXPERTS say that the case’s 50th anniversary presents an extraordinary opportunity to engage the public — particularly anyone who attended Summer Jam — to search their memories, look at photos of Mitchel and Bonnie, and try to recall any new information. “The hope is that this is going to trigger a memory, a nugget of information that nobody was aware of before,” says Leemie Kahng-Sofer, director of the Missing Children Division for the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. “That could help break the case wide open.” 
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-“This case is unique,” adds Marissa Jones, founder and host of *The Vanished* podcast, who has reported on 400 missing-persons cases. “There is a huge concert with people coming from all over. There’s hitchhiking. It’s a tough case to establish a firm timeline — we don’t know if they even made it to the concert or at what point. It’s a tough one to pull apart.” 
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-## Related
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-The case is exacerbated by law enforcement’s initial bungling in 1973. Police investigators in three New York counties originally ignored pleas by Mitchel’s and Bonnie’s parents to investigate, dismissing the teens as two hippie runaways. “There was never really an investigation,“ claims Bonnie’s older sister Sheryl Kagen.
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-A Sept. 4, 1973, letter from *The* *Wall Street Journal* national news editor and friend of the Weiser family Martin Hollander to then-NYPD Commissioner Donald Cawley obtained by *Rolling Stone* points to one instance of police incompetence. Despite the NYPD’s assurances to Mitchel’s father that it would alert police agencies across the state about his son’s disappearance, they never did, resulting in Sullivan County’s failure to even start an investigation.
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-“Valuable time was lost,” the letter stated. “In addition, Mr. Weiser was treated abusively by officers of your department when he complained about the failure to send a bulletin about his son.” Cawley acknowledged the letter and stated an investigation “has been initiated and will be conducted by a superior officer of this department.” 
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-There was no followup action. “That’s exactly what our experience was throughout,” Weiser Liebegott says today. 
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-The early 1970s was a different time in America. The case predates photos of missing children on milk cartons by more than 10 years. They vanished decades before the explosion of cell phones and the establishment of the Amber Alert early-warning system. Law enforcement had let them down.
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-They were truly alone.
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->   
-> “A task force is exactly what we need to solve what happened to my brother and his girlfriend. It is the only way to solve their case.”
-> 
-> Susan Weiser Liebegott
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-IN 1973, MITCHEL WEISER, a sweet-faced bespectacled boy, was a talented and beloved 11th grader at John Dewey High School in the Gravesend section of Brooklyn.
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-At five-seven and 140 pounds, he parted his shoulder-length hair in the middle and pulled it back into a ponytail. His face was framed by large gold-rimmed eyeglasses that sheltered his hazel eyes. He loved photography, Bonnie, baseball, and the Grateful Dead — he even named his dog after the classic Dead song “Casey Jones.” Friends considered him fearless and a bit of a rebel. He met Bonnie, his girlfriend a year younger than him, at John Dewey.
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-“He was an incredibly gifted, talented person,” says Weiser Liebegott, who to this day keeps an old cardboard box containing her brother’s personal memorabilia including his 1969 Mets World Series ticket stubs, souvenir trading cards from the 1964-65 New York World’s Fair, his old tortoise-shell eyeglasses, his poems, and a giant birthday card from the party thrown by friends for his 15th birthday.
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-When he heard about Summer Jam, an excited Mitchel and his high school friend Larry Marion were determined to go. “The original plan was for Mitch and I to go to Watkins Glen together, not Bonnie,” Marion says. “I purchased the pair of tickets.”
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-But Marion’s mother forbade him to go, fearing for his safety. Mitchel’s mother, Shirley, also pleaded with Mitchel not to attend. “I wanted to give him more money so he wouldn’t hitchhike,” she said during a 1998 interview. All he had was 25 dollars. But he ran out the door.” (Both Mitchel’s and Bonnie’s parents are now deceased.)
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-Mitchel used the 25 dollars for the bus to Narrowsburg and a taxi to the campsite. Weiser Liebegott says she knows he made it to the camp because she called to confirm it. “So I know he got there, and I know he left,” she says.
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-![](https://www.rollingstone.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/mitchel-and-bonnie-2.jpg?w=1024)
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-Mitchel and Bonnie www.mitchelandbonnie.com
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-Family and friends have long rejected the notion the pair might have run away. “Not a chance,” says Bonnie’s friend Michele Festa. “I would never ever believe that they ran away. They were very close to their families and their friends.”
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-“I can say with absolute certainty that there was no advance plan for them to run away or do anything other than go to the concert and then come home,” adds Marion. “Mitch said he would be back on Monday, and there was no deception or guile in this gentle person’s personality.”
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-MEANWHILE, BONNIE WAS about 100 miles north, arguing with her boss at the camp about having the weekend off to attend the concert. 
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-At four-eleven and 90 pounds, she was sweet and highly intelligent, but could also be strong-willed and determined. She had long brown hair and a freckled face and had been a Wel-Met camper for several years before taking the summer job there, recalls Kagen.
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-Bonnie always placed in the intelligently-gifted classes. Instead of enrolling in the local high school, she was interested in the recently launched experimental high school John Dewey. “She loved what she heard and read about it, and she wrote to the principal asking to be admitted,” Kagen says. “She was so happy when she was accepted there. The principal framed her letter.”
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-Festa says Bonnie was a free spirit who was warm and loved music, particularly the Allman Brothers. “We hung out all the time, at her house, baking, or at the Y playing ping pong,” says Festa. Bonnie and Mitchel attended Festa’s sweet-16 party — Mitchel served as unofficial photographer. “She ran around the dance floor pretending she had wings, making people laugh,” Festa recalls.
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-“When Mitchel came up to camp to go with Bonnie to the rock concert in Watkins Glen, she asked for the weekend off and they said no,” Kagen says. So Bonnie quit her job and left with Mitchel. Before she left, Bonnie told her employer she would return after the concert to pick up her clothes and paycheck.
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-Karten said he received a letter from Bonnie dated the day before she left for the concert. “She wrote that she was lonely and bored and was considering quitting her job,” he says. “‘P.S., can I get a job at your camp? Ask around.’”
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-On the morning of July 27 — concert tickets in hand — the pair set out for the show 155 miles northwest. Both wore blue jeans and T-shirts, with Mitchel, armed with his expensive camera, also carrying a gray and olive-green plaid flannel shirt. They were last seen hitchhiking along State Route 97, a 70-mile stretch of road that cut through Camp Wel-Met. A truck driver picked them up. They thanked him after he dropped them off a short time later. He was the last known person to have seen them.
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->   
-> “This could be our last chance to bring justice and some measure of peace to the family and friends.”
-> 
-> Stuart Karten
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-AT THE SAME TIME, about 150,000 tickets had already been purchased in advance for the one-day concert. But more than two days before the event, concert producers, law enforcement, and social-service providers in Schuyler County were stunned to already see nearly 200,000 fans streaming into the small village of 2,700 nestled in New York’s Finger Lakes Region. The unanticipated multitudes also closed down roadways — similar to Woodstock four years before.
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-“We knew we were in trouble on Friday,” Jimmy Koplik, one of the show’s producers, says today. “We did sound checks and there were already 150,000 people there, and we had lost some of the fencing already.” Producers eventually removed all of the fencing and turned it into a free event.
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-While Woodstock featured multiple cultural touchstone performances, a bestselling double album, and an acclaimed concert film, Summer Jam is hardly a household name. But, at one point, it held the [Guinness Book of World Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records) entry for the “greatest claimed attendance at a pop festival.” (Some historians note that one out of every 350 people living in America attended the show.)
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-Despite its size, there were no violent crimes reported at Summer Jam. “The event was generally peaceful,” said [the New York State Police](https://troopers.ny.gov/summer-jam-watkins-glen). “Troopers made 13 felony arrests, 71 misdemeanor arrests, and 49 vehicle and traffic arrests (14 for driving while intoxicated).”
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-Neither Koplik nor co-producer Shelly Finkel had heard about Mitchel’s and Bonnie’s disappearance until contacted by *Rolling Stone*, demonstrating the failure of Sullivan County’s Sheriff’s Office to reach out to everyone connected to the event.
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-“Every tragedy needs a finality to it,” Koplik says.
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-![](https://www.rollingstone.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/allmans-stage.jpg)
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-Summer Jam at Watkins Glen with The Allman Brothers Band, Grateful Dead and The Band performing. Richard Corkery/NY Daily News/Getty Images
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-ON MONDAY, JULY 30, a day and a half after the concert ended, Camp Wel-Met contacted Bonnie’s mother, Raye, and told her Bonnie had not returned.  
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-When Mitchel did not return home on Sunday, his mother, Shirley, asked Karten if he knew where he was. The next day, Mitchel’s father, Sidney, and sister Susan drove five hours from Brooklyn to Watkins Glen. “We met with the county police, who treated them as runaways,” she says. “We gave them photos of Mitchel and Bonnie. We went to the Watkins Glen Gorge and screamed their names in case they were there and were hurt.”   
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-As police in Sullivan County, Schuyler County, and New York City ignored the case, the panicked families scrambled to conceive a game plan. Bonnie’s mother, Raye, traveled to Monticello, New York, the seat of Sullivan County, seeking help from the Sheriff’s office. “They dismissed it,” she said during the 1998 interview. The Sullivan County Sheriff’s Office became the lead investigative agency because it was the last location Bonnie and Mitchel were seen. The NYPD was supposed to help because the teens were city residents, but as an NYPD official said at the time, that didn’t happen.  
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-The families took matters into their own hands: They distributed thousands of fliers in Sullivan and Schuyler counties. They placed ads in underground newspapers throughout the country pleading with the teens to contact them. They hired a private detective. They visited and contacted hippie communes, Native American reservations, and cult groups. They reached out to the Hare Krishna religious sect and Unification Church known as “the Moonies.” Weiser Liebegott, Mitchel’s sister, went undercover and visited a cult to get any information. “I infiltrated the Children of God to see if they knew anything,” she tells *Rolling Stone.* “They didn’t, and I left quickly.”  
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-Despite extensive local media coverage, their efforts were to no avail, as the families struggled to understand law enforcement’s snub. Without police help, “I never really understood what we were supposed to do,” said Kagen.
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-The failure of law enforcement to help in missing-persons cases is not atypical, experts say. “Running up against roadblocks — just getting some simple questions answered — is something that a lot of people deal with,” says Jones, the host of the podcast on missing persons.
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-The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children was created in 1984 as a federally-funded, non-profit agency to assist local police and families. They say 30,000 children are reported missing every year. The National Missing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs), an arm of the U.S. Department of Justice, was launched in 2007 and estimates that 4,400 unidentified bodies are recovered each year, and that there are 14,461 open cases of unidentified persons and 15,796 unclaimed persons.
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-But in 1973, Mitchel’s and Bonnie’s families had nowhere to turn. With no help from police and no private groups to support them, the families soon ran out of money and resources. Bonnie’s mother, Raye, anguished and exasperated, sought help from psychics. (One told her she “saw” the teens lying in a gravel pit.)
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-The hunt for Mitchel and Bonnie soon faded, as heartbroken friends and family tried to move on with their lives. Inevitably, the story faded from the public and the press.
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-In 1984, Mitchel’s parents moved to Arizona due to his father’s asthma. But they continued to pay $2.39 every month to New York’s telephone company to keep their name and Arizona telephone number in the Brooklyn phone directory — for when their son would return. 
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->   
->  “There was never really an investigation.”
-> 
-> Sheryl Kagen
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-IN 1998, ON THE 25th anniversary of their disappearance, I was an investigative reporter in New York looking to find out what happened to the teens. The [subsequent article](https://mitchelandbonnie.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/jewish_weekly.pdf) discovered a pattern of incompetence and misfeasance, including the Sullivan County Sheriff’s Office and the New York City Police Department’s Missing Persons Squad losing original case files alongside a list of potential witnesses, investigators notes, and the teens’ dental records, which could have been used to identify bodies.
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-“It’s an embarrassment for us,” admitted former NYPD Missing Persons Squad commanding officer Philip Mahoney, who attended Summer Jam as a teenager, during a 1998 interview. He said the teens’ files were lost early on in the investigation.
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-Former Sullivan County detective Anthony Suarez admitted he made no attempt to find any lost witnesses since being given the case in 1994 and never tried to contact the case’s original investigator. (Suarez died in May 2020.) 
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-![](https://www.rollingstone.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/police-and-traffic.jpg?w=683)
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-July 28, 1973. Concertgoers and police at Summer Jam at Watkins Glen. Richard Corkery/NY Daily News Archive/Getty Images
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-Schuyler County Sheriff Michael Maloney expressed regret over the failure of police to do their jobs, including not entering the couple’s names in the FBI’s national data bank. “I feel kind of bad things weren’t followed up on,” Maloney said during a 1998 interview. (Maloney died in March 2023.) 
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-The newspaper investigation sparked outrage from family and friends. They publicly called for New York’s governor and attorney general to step in and reopen the case. “We were so angry,” says Weiser Liebegott. “I was very disturbed by their incompetence and lack of concern.” 
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-In 2000, on the 25th-anniversary high school reunion for Mitchel’s class, friends took up a collection and planted a Norwegian red crimson maple, a hardy tree indigenous to Brooklyn, in memory of their lost schoolmates. They also erected a plaque, an unpolished pale-gray granite stone with rough chiseled sides, inscribed with “Mitch Weiser. Bonnie Bickwit. We Still Miss You. Classes of ’74 & ’75.”
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-Bonnie’s friend Festa says much of the reunion was spent talking about how much the disappearance affected their lives. “And as we all started to talk about the past, this was a recurring subject: The pain and the mystery of it was still with us,” she told MSNBC in 2000. “The world changed very much for all of us after that summer. We thought it was a safe place to live in this world, and we realized that it’s not.”
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-In June 2000, the pleas of the teens’ families and friends were answered. New York Gov. George Pataki appointed state police investigator Roy Streever, a resident of Sullivan County, and Attorney General Eliot Spitzer assigned New York City detective William Kilgallon to reopen the case.  
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-Suddenly, there was momentum.
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-Meanwhile, then-fledgling cable station MSNBC was preparing a new original true-crime series called *Missing Persons*, with Mitchel and Bonnie’s story among its first cases. In July 2000, they sent a video crew up to Camp Wel-Met, accompanied by myself and a psychic named Maurice Schickler, who claimed he had received visions about the teens: They were dead and buried in a rock quarry near the Wel-Met campgrounds.  
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-While walking in the woods near the camp, Schickler announced his alleged revelation: “I believe that the murder took place up on the hill. Mitchel was murdered by a man who was a Vietnam War veteran. He then murdered Bonnie in another location several days later, I believe.”
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-Schickler said he believed the murderer’s name “is Wayne, Wade, or Willie, and that he is still alive.” 
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-THREE MONTHS LATER, in October, Allyn Smith, a 51-year-old Rhode Island resident who worked at a jewelry-manufacturing company, was channel surfing when he stumbled onto the *Missing Persons* episode.
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-When Smith saw scenes of a rock concert, he was intrigued and stayed on the channel. When he saw photos of Mitchel and Bonnie, described as the only two possible attendees who disappeared, he got excited and called to his wife: “Honey, you’re not going to believe this.”
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-Smith dialed the phone number provided at the end of the episode but had trouble getting through. He kept trying. He made several long-distance calls from Rhode Island to New York — no small expense in those days — until he reached the right office. “He went to a lot of trouble to get to me,” Streever recalls. 
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-Smith didn’t know the teens, meeting them randomly when they hitchhiked home because they could not get anywhere near the concert, he said. Smith recalled they looked young and “scrawny” and heard them talk about a summer camp. He said the girl wore a bandana or scarf on her head. (Kagen confirmed that her sister often did wear a scarf.) “She looked so cute and trendy,” Kagen says.
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-A driver in an orange Volkswagen bus with Pennsylvania license plates picked up the three hitchhikers, Smith told investigators. It was hot, he said, and the group stopped to cool off in the Susquehanna River, a 450-mile body known to sometimes have treacherous currents.
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-Smith claimed he stood about 100 feet from the river’s edge as the teens went in. He suddenly heard the girl scream and saw her flailing in the water. The boy jumped in to save her, he claimed, but both were quickly swept around a bend in the river and, Smith claimed, accidentally drowned.
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-His first reaction was to do nothing. “I ain’t jumping into that, that’s for sure,” he thought. After the teens were out of sight, Smith and the driver decided there was nothing they could do. They were in a secluded area. There was nowhere to call for help, so they returned to the van and drove off. “\[The driver\] said, ‘I’m going to be turning off to head for Pennsylvania soon. I’ll call the police from a gas station,’” Smith said in 2000**.** “If he did \[call\], there might be a record.”
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-Believing the driver would call the police, Smith himself never reported the incident. He was also stoned on marijuana and didn’t want to deal with the cops, he told Streever.  
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->   
-> “I infiltrated the Children of God to see if they knew anything.”
-> 
-> Susan Weiser Liebegott
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-Following what detective Kilgallon termed “a one-in-a-million call,” the two state investigators proceeded to try and corroborate Smith’s story. Streever emphasized that Smith came to New York on his own dime to help the investigation. “We spent all day looking at every possible bridge … because he had a vivid recollection of the bridge structures,” Streever tells *Rolling Stone*. “He showed obvious disappointment when we would get to one and looked at it and he would say, ‘It’s not that.’”
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-Kilgallon interviewed Smith’s longtime friends, who confirmed that Smith had been talking about the drowning since his return from Summer Jam in 1973. (Kilgallon died in 2010.) Ultimately, the detectives believed Smith’s account. “I think we came up with a likely conclusion,” Kilgallon said at the time. 
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-“We found Mr. Smith to be a credible witness,” Streever agreed. (Numerous attempts to reach Smith were unsuccessful.)
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-Here, finally, was the big break in the case that families and friends had been praying for.
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-Or was it?
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-A gaping hole still existed: No bodies were found.
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-In a drowning, a body builds up gasses over several days, pushing it to the surface. But sometimes it can get tangled underwater. “It’s possible they could have gotten caught up in debris and never been able to come up,” says technical sergeant Kevin Gardner, a 22-year veteran of the New York State Police Underwater Recovery Team. It’s rare that two bodies would not surface, but not impossible, he explains. It’s also possible, Gardner says, that the bodies were carried into another state and ended up as unidentified remains. “Water can move bodies pretty far, and I know the Susquehanna can really get moving when there’s a lot of rain,” Gardner said. 
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-In 2000, Streever and Kilgallon checked three county coroner’s offices located along the Susquehanna for unidentified bodies without success. Sixty-three other counties in the Susquehanna River basin have never been checked. “In the absence of positively identifying bodies, unfortunately you don’t have complete closure,” Streever admitted.
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-Reaction to Smith’s story was split. Bonnie’s mother and sister said his account provided them with comfort and a measure of peace. “I’m going to make closure with this,” Kagen said at the time. But Mitchel’s sister and friends were not convinced, saying there were still a lot of unanswered questions, including trying to find the mysterious driver of the Volkswagen bus. “I have some lurking doubts, and I want some confirmation,” Marion said at the time.
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-There was still more work to do to corroborate Smith’s story. Smith had yet to undergo a polygraph test — Streever did not want to do it immediately as Smith was cooperating in the investigation. And more coroner’s offices needed to be checked in counties along the river. Other theories also sprouted up around this time, including serial killer Hadden Clark’s claim that he killed the pair. (Police quickly dismissed his claim.)
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-But before the next steps could be taken to verify Smith’s story, two hijacked planes flew into the World Trade Center, killing 3,000 New Yorkers and triggering a national emergency. Streever and Kilgallon were reassigned. The case of Mitchel and Bonnie was again put in cold storage.
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->   
-> “It doesn’t matter how old the case is. All leads should always be followed up on and treated as though they potentially could be the lead that will close the case.’’
-> 
-> Marissa Jones
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-IN 2013, TWO YEARS after being handed the now 40-year-old cold case, Sullivan County detective Cyrus Barnes received an unexpected phone call from a 51-year-old woman in Florida.
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-The woman grew up with her parents and siblings in the town of Wayne, about 20 miles from Watkins Glen. She told Barnes she believed her father was involved in Mitchel’s murder.
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-She told police that as an 11-year-old girl, she was with her father in a local restaurant when she approached a boy sitting at a table and asked him his name. He said it was Mitchel. She recalled the boy being uncomfortable and agitated.
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-As a result of her information, Barnes asked state police and the Steuben County Sheriff’s Office for assistance with the investigation, including securing digging equipment, sonar, and cadaver-sniffing dogs to try to corroborate her information.
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-Steuben County Sheriff’s Office investigator Don Lewis tells *Rolling Stone* that the daughter’s information was “detailed,” with the woman alleging her father and other men sexually assaulted her and other kids.
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-“She was actually pretty explicit,” Lewis says, adding that the father was considered “a person of interest” at the time. The joint state-county police search team excavated at two locations in Wayne: the family’s nearby cottage, and a decommissioned New York State Electric and Gas (NYSEG) Power Plant adjacent to  a private residence.
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-Sarah Saunders, a neighbor, recalls the day in October 2013 when investigators knocked on her door saying they needed to dig behind her property. “They were vague about it. ‘Oh, we’re just investigating missing people.’ The area behind our house where teens hung out and they dug for bodies was called ‘No Man’s Land,’” she says. 
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-Coincidentally, Saunders had just consulted with a psychic after losing her parents and her grandmother. “She asked me out of the blue, ‘Do you have dead bodies around your house?’ And I almost fell out of the chair. But she was like, ‘You know, they’re good. They’re not bad. They’re not there to hurt or scare you.’ I was so freaked out.”
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-Saunders was then informed what psychic Schickler had said 13 years before: His vision of the letter W, standing for Wayne. She gasped: “I live in the town of Wayne.” Despite Barnes’ search operation, assisted by NY State Police Troop E and the Steuben County Sheriff’s Office, the excavations turned up nothing. 
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-Barnes wanted to interview the woman’s father, referring to him as a suspect, but he was directed to the father’s lawyer. “I have a person to interview, but until you get some physical evidence, you’re wasting your time interviewing a person, especially when the first thing they say is ‘I want an attorney,’” Barnes told *The Vanished* podcast. 
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-It’s unclear how the daughter made the connection to the teens’ case after 40 years, or how she knew to contact the Sullivan County Sheriff’s Office. 
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-![](https://www.rollingstone.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/MB-Stone-Enhanced.jpg?w=1024)
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-The commemorative stone placed at the base of the tree. www.mitchelandbonnie.com
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-Barnes had already rejected the conclusions of the two state investigators in 2000 who believed Smith’s story that the teens had drowned. “We think he made the whole story up,” Barnes said in 2016. “I guess he said they drowned and all that, but meanwhile he was in the Navy. It just made no sense.… And then they got to the Pennsylvania line, the guy dropped him off and he assumed that guy was going to report it. It just didn’t make any sense. And then nothing ever surfaced.” 
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-When recently informed of Barnes’ comments, Streever was surprised, especially since Barnes had never reached out to him. (Barnes did not respond to numerous requests to be interviewed for this article.) Nevertheless, the retired state police investigator, who is a polygraph expert and lead guitarist in a local bluegrass band, stood by his original conclusion.
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-“Allyn Smith didn’t have anything to gain by coming forward,” Streever says. “He did not want any publicity. He just was blown away by seeing this news show. He sees a picture of Bonnie and Mitch, and he was 100 percent sure that was them.” Still, without recovering the bodies, “there’s always room for doubt.”
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-The woman caller from Florida, now 61, who spurred the excavations in Wayne declined to talk for this article, and the family has requested they not be named. As there has never been any charges filed in this case against the father, who died last year, *Rolling Stone* has agreed to their request. 
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-The case was handed to Sullivan County detective Jack Harb 18 months ago. Harb did not respond to numerous requests to discuss the case or provide requested reports. He didn’t want to cooperate, Mitchel’s sister says he told her, because he believes publicity could prompt responses from new sources that he would have to track down and investigate.
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-Law-enforcement officials, missing-persons experts, and friends of Mitchel and Bonnie are bewildered by the dismissive attitude in Sullivan County, eerily reminiscent of how the office originally handled the case in 1973. They agreed that the 50th anniversary is the last best chance to jog the memories of anyone who might have information about the teens.  
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-“On a case like this, the best practice would be to cooperate,” says Jones. “It gets to the point, especially with a case like this that’s 50 years old, where you have to wonder: What do we have to lose by speaking to the media?”  
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-“I’m a big fan of getting information out there,” adds New York State Police Troop E senior investigator John Stubbe. 
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-The NCMEC says media outlets play a powerful role in solving cold cases. “It keeps the story alive,” says Kahng-Sofer. “We know that it takes one person with an observation or information to break a case.” 
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-Despite claiming to have “hundreds of pages of information” on the pair, the organization declined to provide any details on the case, citing “confidential information and personal information of minors.” Mitchel would be 66 and Bonnie 65 today. Spokeswoman Rebecca Steinbach then referred all questions about the files to the Sullivan County Sheriff’s Office and declined to disclose the last time they had contacted NCMEC.
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->   
-> “I ask myself why I am obsessed with this for all these years. It’s because if the tables were turned, that’s what Mitchel would do.”  
-> 
-> Stuart Karten
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-STUART KARTEN, MITCHEL’S best friend, feels that the Sullivan County Sheriff’s Office should be taking advantage of the 50th anniversary of Summer Jam and contacting all relevant social media and websites, posting photos of Mitchel and Bonnie and asking the public for help. 
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-“As far as we can see, they have not done this,” says Karten, who [operates a website](https://mitchelandbonnie.com/) devoted to the couple. He says the Sullivan detectives should also be adding the multiple websites and podcasts focused on missing persons that would allow thousands of self-proclaimed “web sleuths” to use their informal methods to connect dots and perhaps uncover things the authorities might have missed. 
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-There are other key steps that could be taken, according to missing-persons experts, family, and friends:
-
-Smith can be asked to undergo a polygraph test. “This could strengthen the credibility of his story,” says Streever. A federal-state task force could coordinate a search for unclaimed and unidentified bodies in all the counties along the Susquehanna River, which crosses three states. New York state officials could investigate the background of the now-dead suspect, who was brought to the attention of Barnes in 2013. A mysterious photo that Barnes thought was Bonnie could be analyzed using cutting-edge technology. 
-
-Jones notes that Mitchel had a nice camera that may have been given to someone as a gift, though authorities never released its exact model to use as a clue that could help corroborate a potential witness. “What if someone remembered receiving a camera with a partial roll of film with pictures of Mitchel and Bonnie?” Jones asked in the *Vanished* podcast. 
-
-“It doesn’t matter how old the case is,” she adds. “All leads should always be followed up on and treated as though they potentially could be the lead that will close the case.’’
-
-*Rolling Stone* has learned that earlier this week, based on a tip, law enforcement performed a new excavation in Wayne at a site where they dug 10 years ago. Authorities recovered a 55-gallon metal drum, though the container was only filled with stones.
-
-MANY OF MITCHEL’S and Bonnie’s families and friends are deceased or advancing in age as memories fade. After 50 years of seeking answers, Karten, now 66, had planned on July 27 — the actual anniversary of their disappearance — to finally allow himself to grieve. But he decided to hold off, hoping for new responses from any publicity the 50th anniversary may generate. He has planted two trees in his backyard, where he will erect plaques with Mitchel’s and Bonnie’s names. “I ask myself why I am obsessed with this for all these years,” he confides. “It’s because if the tables were turned, that’s what Mitchel would do.”  
-
-Bonnie’s mother, Raye, had developed Alzheimer’s disease in her final years. “One day, while walking on the pier in Coney Island, my mom asked me if she had any other children,” says Kagen. “I told her all about Bonnie. She said, ‘I don’t remember, but it’s just as well. It’s too sad.’”
-
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-TimeStamp: 2023-02-12
-Link: https://www.thedailybeast.com/tyler-gallagher-of-regal-assets-took-their-millions-for-gold-and-vanished
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-```button
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-&emsp;
-
-# Tyler Gallagher of Regal Assets Took Their Millions for Gold and Vanished
-
-From the outside, Tyler Gallagher had it all: a $3.5 million house in Beverly Hills, two cars, a gorgeous wife, a flourishing business, and one of the hottest esports teams in the country.
-
-A high-school dropout who lived in a homeless shelter at age 16, Gallagher told anyone who would listen about how he took $5,000 and turned it into a successful company investing his clients’ retirement accounts in precious metals. Within a decade, he claimed to have done nearly $1 billion in investments, and boasted celebrity clients including [Laura Ingraham](https://www.thedailybeast.com/laura-ingraham-dumps-guest-for-throwing-foxs-scandals-in-her-face) and [Lars Larson](https://www.thedailybeast.com/fox-news-guest-lars-larson-breaks-network-rule-against-naming-alleged-whistleblower).
-
-His company, Regal Assets, earned top ratings on review sites, and Gallagher himself was a cited expert, publishing articles online for *[Forbes](https://www.thedailybeast.com/forbes-enters-exclusive-talks-with-a-buyer-after-failed-public-offering)* and *[Rolling Stone](https://www.thedailybeast.com/obsessed/rolling-stone-best-singers-list-that-snubbed-celine-dion-is-nonsense)*. *Inc.* magazine rated his company one of the fastest growing in the country—an honor previously bestowed on the likes of Microsoft and Jamba Juice. According to its website, the company had offices in Los Angeles, London, and Dubai, and was the first company licensed to sell cryptocurrency in the Middle East.
-
-“Today is a milestone on my journey as the CEO of Regal Assets and I could not be more proud of our unbelievable team,” Gallagher said in a press release about the *Inc.* 500 announcement. “To come from Canada and create the success I have with Regal Assets in the heart of the financial collapse truly shows that the American dream is still alive.”
-
-And then one day last October, Tyler Gallagher—and his gold—disappeared.
-
-## ‘I thought that it was real’
-
-Nancy O’Hara first invested with Regal Assets in 2021. The frank, fast-talking 70-year-old had run her own business for more than 20 years, but had lost her motivation to work since her daughter’s death from cancer a few years earlier. She was mulling retirement options when she found Regal Assets and its “Gold IRA,” which let customers convert their retirement accounts into metals like gold and silver. The company advertised the program as a hedge against stock market downturns and inflation, and O’Hara, concerned by talk of a coming recession, figured it was a safe bet.
-
-Like any good businesswoman, O’Hara did her research. She read articles that recommended Regal Assets for first-time buyers, she said, and was encouraged by the positive reviews on the company website. But she was most impressed by Gallagher, who featured his membership on the *Forbes* Finance Council and *Rolling Stone* Culture Council on his LinkedIn, and whose articles popped up immediately when she Googled the company.
-
-“He showed up as a contributor to *Forbes*,” she said. “So I thought, ‘Well, they’re making sure this guy is legit.’”
-
-So in November 2021, O’Hara transferred $499,350—about a third of her retirement savings—to Regal Assets. An emailed receipt O’Hara shared with The Daily Beast confirmed the company would ship five 1-kilo gold bars, 53 100-ounce silver bars, and 24 Palladium American Eagle coins in her name to a Delaware depository, under the custody of Community National Bank. (CNB did not respond to multiple requests for comment.) O’Hara said the Regal salesman, Christian Howard, told her she could expect the bars and coins to arrive at the depository in six to eight weeks.
-
-But eight weeks came and went without any sign of the metals. In March, O’Hara called Howard, who apologized profusely and passed her along to the company’s president, Leah Donoso. Donoso seemed a little scattered, she said, but promised to help, even offering O’Hara her personal cellphone number.
-
-For weeks, O’Hara said, Donoso offered up a range of excuses for the tardiness: The depository was backordered, the bank was implementing a new system, the metals were on their way. Eventually, O’Hara received confirmation that about half of the metals had arrived. “I just thought it was taking a little while,” she said. “I thought that it was real.”
-
-But in June, five months after making her purchase, O’Hara received a letter from CNB alerting her that the rest of her metals had still not arrived. By this point, O’Hara said, Donoso’s excuses were starting to wear thin, and other Regal Assets customers were complaining to the Better Business Bureau that they hadn’t received their purchases, either. O’Hara opened her own case with the bureau, she said, but the most they could tell her was that they were “working on it.”
-
-Finally, in August, O’Hara received a call from Gallagher himself. His tone was jocular, she said, like they were two friends sharing an inside joke. He told her he had fired Donoso, that she had been lying to clients and mixing up their money—excuses she said she struggled to believe.
-
-“What story did she tell you?” he asked, according to O’Hara. “Did you hear about the one where her mother died?” Gallagher promised her the metals were there, just in another customer’s account, and that it would take a little while to get sorted out.
-
-“I think I was supposed to be impressed that he was calling me,” she said. “He said, ‘Christian wanted me to call you, to let you know we’re working on it.’”
-
-That was the last thing O’Hara heard from Gallagher.
-
-What O’Hara didn’t know was that dozens of other Regal Assets customers were experiencing the same thing. The Daily Beast spoke to seven customers who say they invested with Regal Assets between 2020 and 2022 and received only some of their investment, or none at all, and who provided documentation. All told a similar story of their interaction with Regal Assets: an enthusiastic sales pitch, a six-figure investment, months of delays and excuses, and finally, over the summer, radio silence. None of them have been able to get in touch with Gallagher since October.
-
-The customers are overwhelmingly people in their sixties or seventies who invested money from their retirement accounts through the company’s “Gold IRA” program. One couple from North Carolina, a retired auto mechanic and janitor in their seventies, said they lost more than $300,000—their entire life savings. Another couple, a public school teacher and a military veteran who works for the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, said they pinched pennies for decades to afford a comfortable retirement, then lost half of it with Regal Assets.
-
-The teacher, who asked not to be named, is up for retirement next year but said she won’t be able to afford it now.
-
-“I never took a vacation, I never got a new car, I don’t wear fancy clothes,” she said. “We saved and saved, and now it’s gone.”
-
-Rick Brest, a 65-year-old from Ohio, invested with Regal in February 2022, hoping it would protect his savings from inflation. He had lost his wife—the primary earner for the family—to pancreatic cancer in 2017. Without her, he said, “I was trying to take what I did have and make the best of it.”
-
-According to emails with Regal Assets he provided to The Daily Beast, Brest purchased $103,750 in gold bars on Feb. 16. Less than half were ever deposited into his account.
-
-“I think it’s elder abuse,” he said. “These guys targeted people who were trying to look out for their future, and looking for a way to guarantee that.”
-
-“It’s well beyond an investment scam,” Brest added. “It’s just flat-out theft.”
-
-At least three lawsuits have been filed against the company in the last year by customers alleging they never received their purchases. One couple, John and Joanne Gburek, claim they lost more than $624,000 in undelivered coins and gold bars in 2020. A Michigan federal court recently entered a default judgment in their favor for that amount.
-
-Another customer, Stephen Newland, claimed he bought $15,000 worth of coins from the company in August 2018. At the time, he alleges, he received confirmation from the depository that his metals were delivered. But this summer, when he asked to withdraw the coins and have them delivered to him personally, Regal Assets allegedly failed to produce them and then stopped answering his calls. When Newland finally got in touch with the depository in October, they told him they had sent the coins to Regal Assets months earlier.
-
-Matt McAllister, a Waco, Texas, police sergeant, has spoken to more than 20 Regal Assets customers and taken formal reports from 10 of them. He estimated those 10 customers lost a combined total of $4.6 million, the largest of which was a $1.6 million investment.
-
-“The Bernie Madoff thing is the first thing that comes to mind,” he said. “Seems pretty much like a case of that, with gold.”
-
-## ‘I have no idea where he is. He’s disappeared’
-
-Regal Assets customers weren’t the only people looking for Gallagher. In early 2021, the businessman started an “esports team”—a group of young adults paid to compete in video game tournaments. Gallagher’s team, Team33, specialized in Fortnite and quickly made waves in the crowded space for one reason: its size.
-
-![](https://img.thedailybeast.com/image/upload/c_crop,d_placeholder_euli9k,h_384,w_512,x_0,y_0/dpr_1.5/c_limit,w_690/fl_lossy,q_auto/230204-shugerman-gallagher-embed-2_q5wbg1)
-
-Gallagher and some friends gaming online.
-
-#### Courtesy of Chernack
-
-While most esports teams have three to four players, Team33 had more than 30, and dominated championship leaderboards due to their sheer number. Many of the players were well known—and expensive: big names like Fatch, Snacky, PaMstou, and Weston, who could easily command thousands of dollars a week. In February of that year, the team bragged that it had signed an 8-year-old Fortnite prodigy named Joseph Deen, sealing the deal with a $33,000 bonus.
-
-Dominic Lamantia, a professional video editor from North Carolina, started editing highlight reels for the team in early 2022. Because there were so many players to produce for, he said, he could easily rack up $400 to $500 in a month—the steadiest work he’d found in the industry. He and the players weren’t entirely sure where all the money came from, he said, but Gallagher always paid on time and was generous with bonuses. One player, who goes by the screen name Middi, said in a [YouTube interview](https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2395&v=TE6PCqmaEI4&embeds_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fesports.gg%2F&feature=emb_logo) that Gallagher would “always surprise people with money—it was his favorite thing to do.”
-
-Then, in September, Gallagher went silent. At first, players and managers said he was on a business trip in Dubai, Lamantia said, but after a few weeks with no word from him, they started to get nervous. With no one to commission videos, the team stopped posting on YouTube. After a few weeks, its Twitter account settings were changed so that no one could reply to its tweets. Lamantia, who usually spoke with Gallagher daily, couldn’t even get him to answer a text.
-
-After a few months of this, Team33 players started declaring themselves “free agents” and signing with other teams, and Lamantia started taking on other, more traditional editing jobs. He says Gallagher still owes him for 10 to 15 videos he produced before his disappearance, but he hasn’t been able to track him down.
-
-The last text he sent Gallagher, at the beginning of January, showed up green on Lamantia’s iPhone—a sign that it had not been delivered.
-
-“It’s a very weird ending,” Lamantia said. “He loved the team, loved doing everything, and one day just disappears.”
-
-He added: “It was all good, and then he just randomly drops.”
-
-In February 2021, around the time he started the esports team, Gallagher got married—to a 22-year-old he met on a night out in Los Angeles the year before. The woman, who asked not to be named, told The Daily Beast that Gallagher seemed “authentic,” and “deeply spiritual” at the time. “I thought he was a genuine guy,” she said. “He was very deep with the universe and spiritual \[and\] charming.”
-
-But once they married, she said, everything changed. He started drinking more and throwing what she called “tantrums,” especially when she brought up his alcohol use. One night last June, she says, he flew into a rage, kicked her out of the house, and changed the locks. When she returned later with a police deputy to collect her belongings, she says, they were all gone.
-
-“He stole all my clothes, all my personal belongings that were in the house,” she said. “All my childhood stuff, my files, everything gone… I literally had to start over from nothing.”
-
-The woman says she hasn’t spoken to Gallagher since. She filed a report about the missing clothes with the Los Angeles Police Department and filed for divorce shortly thereafter. (The LAPD declined to release the report but did confirm that one existed.) But when she tried to serve him with divorce papers, she says, he was nowhere to be found. She tried calling and texting with no response; none of his friends or neighbors had heard from him, either.
-
-Without anyone to serve, and without enough money to pay for an annulment, the woman says she’s stuck in a legal limbo.
-
-“I have no idea where he is. He’s disappeared,” she said. “It’s been very difficult, and the whole legal process is very difficult as well.”
-
-Her voice sounded choked, like she was about to cry.
-
-“I just want to move on, you know,” she added.
-
-## ‘I turn people’s money into gold’
-
-This was not the first time Tyler Gallagher had disappeared.
-
-At age 16, according to an interview he gave on the “Damn Good Day” podcast, Gallagher fled his home in Calgary, Canada, for Toronto, where he lived out of a homeless shelter for several weeks.
-
-To avoid spending time in the shelter, he said, he camped out at the local Barnes and Noble, gobbling up books by self-help guru Robert Kiyosaki, author of the “Rich Dad” series. (Kiyosaki’s company went bankrupt in 2012 following a long-running lawsuit accusing it of failing to pay royalties to a seminar promoter.)
-
-Gallagher said he eventually moved out of the homeless shelter and worked an array of odd jobs—a stint at a multilevel marketing company called World Financial Group, a brief foray into acting—until 2005, when he met the man who changed his life.
-
-Gallagher was living in Los Angeles at the time, working at a tanning salon and looking for acting jobs after the end of the Lifetime limited series *Beach Girls*. The man arrived at the salon driving a Bentley, wearing a smart suit, and carrying a large cardboard box. They started talking about business, and—in Gallagher’s telling—he so impressed the man with his knowledge of global financial systems that the man offered him a peek inside the box. Inside was nearly $500,000 in Canadian gold maple leaf coins.
-
-“That’s what I do,” he says the man told him. “I turn people’s money into gold.’”
-
-Gallagher said he knew he’d found his life calling. He took the man’s business card and sent him an email asking for advice, to which the man responded with an offer of employment. He started as an assistant making $300 a week, but claims he was quickly promoted to broker and made $10,000 in his first month. Eventually he saved up enough money to buy a car, rent an office, and form a corporation. “It was me in a room with a computer, trying to make the phone ring,” he told the “Damn Good Day” host. Regal Assets was born.
-
-Or at least, that’s how Gallagher tells it.
-
-Ron Fricke, an actor-director turned venture capitalist, told The Daily Beast that Regal Assets was *his* idea. Fricke says Gallagher rented a room from him in Los Angeles while he was working for the man with the Canadian gold coins. Fricke took one look at the checks Gallagher was bringing home and suggested they launch their own metals company instead.
-
-Fricke says he built the company’s website and went with Gallagher to a precious metals convention in Long Beach; the two later hired one of their other roommates to do graphic design. The first registration document for Regal Assets lists Fricke as the registered agent.
-
-“He’s right about him and I just sitting there on the computer—that’s all we did,” Fricke said. “But it definitely wasn’t a one-man shop.”
-
-After a few years, Fricke said, he got tired of the metals business and offered to let Gallagher buy him out—money that he says Gallagher still hasn’t paid in full. Gallagher would call him occasionally for help or advice, he said; Fricke even came back to Regal Assets for a few years as a consultant in 2012. Once, he said, Gallagher called to ask for recommendations on brokers who could get $1 million in equity out of his house.
-
-But Fricke said he wasn’t surprised that his one-time friend had written him out of their story.
-
-“Tyler cared so much about his reputation and what he looked like, and he wanted to be rich more than anything,” Fricke said. “Sometimes when you give people a little bit of power or money, they turn into a whole different person.”
-
-![](https://img.thedailybeast.com/image/upload/c_crop,d_placeholder_euli9k,h_756,w_1008,x_0,y_0/dpr_1.5/c_limit,w_690/fl_lossy,q_auto/230204-shugerman-gallagher-embed_z2kqhh)
-
-Gallagher and his second wife buying rings at Cartier.
-
-#### Courtesy of Chernack
-
-In 2009, the same year Gallagher says he founded Regal Assets, he married his first wife, an actress named Ashley Brinkman. Brinkman did not respond to requests for comment, but in 2014, court records show, Gallagher was charged with simple battery and battery of a spouse. He was convicted of the simple battery charge and sentenced to two days in Los Angeles County jail and three years supervised probation. The couple divorced the next year.
-
-By the time he met his second wife, in 2021, Gallagher’s life had seemingly changed. According to his “Damn Good Day” interview, Regal Assets had done more than $500 million in investments and ranked 20th for financial services on *Inc.* magazine’s list of 500 fastest-growing firms in the United States. He’d purchased the home in Beverly Hills—a three-bed, four-bath mansion with a swimming pool, movie theater, and four-story glass elevator—and was apparently using it to host some impressive parties.
-
-In the podcast episode, the interviewer recalled the last time they’d hung out together as “one of the best experiences of my life,” telling Gallagher: “You had some of the biggest studio producers, rappers, management, top marketers, all hanging out at your house.”
-
-Kyle Chernack, a professional chauffeur whom Gallagher hired in 2016, said the entrepreneur owned two luxury vehicles he rarely drove himself. The first, a green Aston Martin Vantage Coupe, he called “the James Bond.” The second was a Ford Excursion that Gallagher had decked out like a limousine, with a bulkhead and captains’ chairs in the back. He called that one “the Tom Cruise.”
-
-Chernack said Gallagher wasn’t the kind of rich person to go flashing his money in the club, but he treated his friends and family well. Once, when Chernack was driving his boss from Los Angeles to Salt Lake City, they stopped in Las Vegas for the night. Chernack says Gallagher rented him his own suite. “Not a room,” he clarified. “A suite.”
-
-![](https://img.thedailybeast.com/image/upload/c_crop,d_placeholder_euli9k,h_960,w_1280,x_0,y_0/dpr_1.5/c_limit,w_690/fl_lossy,q_auto/230204-shugerman-gallagher-embed-1_hxilf9)
-
-The suite that Kyle Chernack, Gallagher’s chauffeur, says Gallagher treated him to in Las Vegas.
-
-#### Courtesy of Chernack
-
-But it was when his second wife came along that Gallagher really started throwing down, Chernack said. Less than a month after the couple met, he recalled, Gallagher sent him to the mall to buy his new girlfriend a Rolex. The next week, they were in Cartier buying matching rings. Chernack had never seen his boss like this before, and it made him nervous. Gallagher was drinking more, Chernack said, and behaving strangely. In 2020, after four years of driving for him, Chernack resigned.
-
-Two years later, Chernack spotted a YouTube video about a vanished esports team owner and realized his former boss was gone.
-
-## ‘There were just a lot of false promises’
-
-For those paying attention, there were warning signs. Starting in 2013, competitors began suing Regal Assets for false advertising, alleging the company had created—or paid others to create—misleading websites to promote its product.
-
-The websites, which Regal referred to as “affiliates,” purported to be independent review sites, but inevitably redirected readers to Regal Assets. One of the sites, IMFsite.org, advertised itself as a “independently owned, professional organization,” but was actually owned by Regal co-owner Kelly Felix, according to a complaint filed by competitor American Bullion. (Regal Assets denied this.) The site’s review section disparaged American Bullion’s “elaborate fee structure” and “many” negative customer reviews, and redirected readers to its review of Regal Assets—“our #1 recommended gold dealer online”—according to the complaint.
-
-Another site, “Reeves Jameson’s The Gold IRA Reviewer,” allegedly featured a photo of a “distinguished looking gentleman” who offered his reviews of several gold investment companies, ultimately listing Regal as his top pick. But according to a complaint filed by competitor Lear Capital, “Reeves Jameson” was actually a Regal affiliate named Andrew Egoroff, and his photo was a stock photo called “Mature Businessman Wearing Striped Blue Shirt With His Arms Folded.”
-
-“Upon information and belief,” the complaint states, “there simply is no Reeves Jameson.”
-
-Regal acknowledged that the website owners were compensated by the company, but claimed they were independent contractors, not employees. Most of the cases appear to have been settled or voluntarily dismissed; “Reeves Jameson” appears to have taken down his site.
-
-In 2017, Regal Assets expanded its offerings to include crypto. Gallagher hired three crypto-specific salespeople and—according to a lawsuit the employees later filed—promised them between $20,000 to $100,000 a month, plus an in-office chef and free access to a premium suite at the Staples Center for Laker games. (The company claimed there was no such contract.)
-
-Within a month, two of the salespeople were gone, claiming Gallagher failed to pay them at all. The third, Kevin Snyder, stayed at the company for the better part of a year, though he eventually left and joined the lawsuit filed by his coworkers. (Regal Assets settled with the three of them in 2021.)
-
-Reached by phone earlier this month, Snyder told The Daily Beast he was swept up in the hype around crypto and the mystique around his new boss.
-
-“He definitely owned assets, a nice car; we were in a nice building complex in Studio City,” Snyder recalled, adding that Gallagher took him to fancy dinners and bought him tickets for a pricey New Year’s show.
-
-“The glamour was there,” he said.
-
-Snyder says Gallagher did pay him—though it was more like $4,000 a month rather than the $20,000 he allegedly promised. The personal chef and Lakers seats also failed to materialize, according to the suit, and Snyder said Gallagher would often get drunk at the office. He was starting to get antsy when someone from HR called and told him he was being fired.
-
-“I don’t want to sit here and say I got completely scammed, I did get paid,” said Snyder. “But there were just a lot of false promises, a lot of shady behavior.”
-
-“You could just tell a lot of things he said, they weren’t coming to fruition,” he added. “It wasn’t real. Whatever he was selling wasn’t real.”
-
-Just before hanging up, Snyder stopped himself. He had one more thing he’d forgotten to mention. Toward the middle of his time at Regal Assets, he said, Gallagher started seeing a new girlfriend and taking her on lavish vacations. He also stopped coming to the office. He was available via phone and email, Snyder said, but never came back to their Studio City office space.
-
-After a few months of this, Snyder and his coworkers grabbed their computers and started working from home. Gallagher swung by the office once and was confused to see no one there, Snyder said, but when his employees told him they were working remotely, he didn’t seem to care.
-
-“I was employed there another eight to nine months,” Snyder recalled. “I never saw Tyler again. Ever.”
-
-## ‘I feel embarrassed to even be associated with this’
-
-Without any response from Gallagher, customers of Regal Assets have started looking for answers themselves. They filed dozens of complaints with the Better Business Bureau in the last year, though most of them were closed when the nonprofit couldn’t get a response from Regal. Others posted reviews on TrustPilot claiming the company “steals your money,” and some have even commented on Gallagher’s Facebook page. (One woman commented on a post announcing Gallagher’s marriage by saying he and his company were “not trustworthy at the best; crooks at the worst.”)
-
-The teacher who lost half of her retirement savings recently started a Facebook group for frustrated customers called “Victims of Regal Assets.” She said she started it as a kind of “support group,” but it has grown into something of a vigilante army. Members—of whom there are now more than 40—were the first to speak to Chernack, the chauffeur, and to a bed and breakfast owner in Mexico who says Gallagher skipped out on his bill. (The owner sent a photo of Gallagher’s passport to the teacher as evidence.) Members were also the first to notice that Gallagher’s Beverly Hills home went up for sale at the end of November. The listing agent, Josh Altman of Bravo’s *Million Dollar Listing*, declined to comment.
-
-Group members have also reached out to every consumer protection and law enforcement agency they can think of, including the FBI, Federal Trade Commission, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Securities and Exchange Commission, Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, and attorneys general from Pennsylvania, Michigan, Washington, California, and North Carolina. None were much help until the customers connected with McAllister, the Waco police detective, who offered to take their reports and forward them to the relevant federal agencies. (McAllister declined to name the agencies, but multiple customers told The Daily Beast they had been interviewed by the CFTC. The agency declined to comment.)
-
-Several customers said they wanted to hire attorneys to sue the company, but without the savings they’d invested with Regal, they couldn’t afford to pay one.
-
-“There’s nothing we can do,” said Claude Mereau, the auto mechanic who said he lost his entire life savings. “We can’t afford suing unless someone is willing to do it on contingency, but so far no one has wanted that.”
-
-Some customers have tried reaching out to other contacts at the company, like Donoso and Howard. One customer, Jay Moreau, emailed and texted with Donoso about his deceased parents’ accounts so much that he “kind of befriended her,” he said. (He admitted he may have accelerated the process by sending her photos from her Facebook and other personal information he acquired.) The two now text regularly; he says she’s expressed remorse and a desire to help. He still doesn’t know if she’s telling the truth.
-
-Nancy O’Hara recently sent an email to Howard, hoping to make an emotional appeal to the salesman. She said she trusted Howard because she heard a baby crying in the background on their first phone call, and that it reminded her of her son, who is also a young father. In her email, she told Howard about how she was in a “vulnerable place” after the death of her daughter and about how she regretted “act\[ing\] with my heart instead of my head.”
-
-“Christian, I hope you decide to facilitate the repayment of all the clients you were involved with and then make sure no one else goes through this nightmare,” she wrote. “Then get as far away from this company as you can. Do it for your sake and your family’s sake.”
-
-Howard never responded. In an interview with The Daily Beast, he said he had resigned on Sept. 9—more than two weeks before O’Hara sent her email—because of a lack of communication from Gallagher and rumors that other employees were not getting paid. “My heart goes out to them,” he said of the customers. “I feel embarrassed to even be associated with this.”
-
-A retired medical salesperson named Holly Miller may have gotten the furthest. From August to October, Miller says she talked or texted with Gallagher almost every day. She first connected with him over the summer, after months of badgering Donoso and Howard for her metals and getting nowhere. Eventually, Gallagher got on the phone and promised to wire her more than $800,000 of her $1,219,000 investment—which he did, within two weeks.
-
-In order to ensure she got the rest of the money, Miller said, she set up weekly phone calls with Gallagher to discuss his progress. Despite herself, she said, she grew close with the “kid,” bonding over their shared faith and love of Hallmark movies. She started texting him uplifting daily messages and photos from her vacation. He sent her snippets from the journal he kept while living in the homeless shelter; pages of prayers and messages to God. To prove his love for the holidays, he sent her a photo of the Christmas tree he kept up year-round.
-
-Miller said that—at the time—she believed what Gallagher was telling her: that Donoso had scammed him and defrauded the company; that he was working on getting her money back. She sent him messages of support; he sent back his apologies and appreciation. “Just wanted to make sure you knew I was here,” he texted her once. “Not many people care you do I appreciate.”
-
-Then, on Oct. 23, the day before their scheduled weekly call, he texted her at 11 p.m.
-
-“Are you free?” he wrote. “Had a meeting that went overtime.”
-
-He followed up: “Never mind it is late just let me know when free.”
-
-Miller responded in the morning, asking when he was free and sending him a photo overlaid with an inspirational message.
-
-She never heard from him again.
-
-Miller knows she is one of the lucky ones, since she recouped the majority of her investment. Still, she can’t seem to stop chasing the remaining nearly $400,000. She’s reported the issue to a raft of agencies, and her notes on the subject fill three file folders. She said she spent so much time on the case over the summer that it left her bedridden with migraines.
-
-These days she is working on letting go, she said, on “‘giv\[ing\] it up to God” and accepting that Gallagher is gone. Still, she keeps texting him everyday, just in case. Her last message included another hopeful saying, this one typed over a bright watercolor background.
-
-“Your life is a canvas,” it said. “Make sure you paint yourself a whole lot of colorful days.”
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
----
-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
\ No newline at end of file
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-Tag: ["🤵🏻", "💸", "🇺🇸", "🇭🇹", "🎤"]
-Date: 2023-03-05
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-03-05
-Link: https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2023-us-china-tensions-scandal-fugees-1mdb/
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-03-06]]
-
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-
-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-US-China1MDBScandalNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# US-China 1MDB Scandal Pits FBI Against Former Fugee Pras Michel
-
-![Pras Michél](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/imcancAHEnr0/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-Photographer: Marc Baptiste for Bloomberg Businessweek
-
-## The Fugee, the Fugitive and the FBI
-
-How rapper Pras Michél got entangled in one of the century’s great financial scandals, mediated a high-stakes negotiation between global superpowers and was accused of major crimes.
-
-March 2, 2023, 12:01 AM UTC
-
-## 1
-
----
-
-The phone call awoke Pras Michél in the middle of a spring night in 2017. His “cousin from China” needed to meet, the woman on the line said. The caller was an ex-girlfriend who Michél, a rapper, producer and member of legendary hip-hop group the Fugees, hadn’t spoken to in years. He grew up in a Haitian family in New Jersey and doesn’t have a cousin from China, but he knew what the message meant.
-
-Michél dressed and called a car to take him to the Four Seasons Hotel on 57th Street in Manhattan. The front desk clerk handed him a note. It instructed him to exit the hotel and circle the block twice, scanning to see if he was being tailed. Michél did as he was told and returned to the clerk, who gave him a room key. He went up to an empty suite and waited.
-
-After about 25 minutes there was a knock on the door. An austere-looking Chinese security agent in a suit gave Michél a second room key and told him to go to the penthouse. Inside, another agent took Michél’s phones and placed them in a pouch. A table and two chairs sat in the middle of the room.
-
-“They can’t kill me in the Four Seasons,” Michél said to himself.
-
-Soon a short, chubby man with wavy hair arrived, surrounded by more security personnel. Michél had met him before. He was Sun Lijun, China’s vice minister of public security. Sun began shouting in Chinese. An interpreter translated for Michél: “Who the f--- do the US government think they are?”
-
-Sun said he’d come to the US for sensitive negotiations with President Donald Trump’s administration but had failed to secure a high-level meeting. For three years, Beijing had been targeting Chinese nationals living in America who it viewed as threats. Agents had surveilled emigrés, visited their houses and detained family members still in China, aiming to persuade the targets to return home, where some would be charged with serious crimes. Called “Operation Fox Hunt,” the covert repatriation strategy had infuriated US officials.
-
-Of particular concern to Sun was Guo Wengui, a real estate billionaire living on a temporary visa in New York. From his home overlooking Central Park, Guo had [enraged the Chinese government](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/30/world/asia/china-guo-wengui.html "The Billionaire Gadfly in Exile Who Stared Down Beijing - The New York Times") by making a series of scandalous claims to the media, purporting to reveal the assets of top Communist Party officials. China was prepared to release two American citizens—one of them pregnant—being kept in the country under a so-called exit ban if the US deported Guo.
-
-Behind the scenes, the US government had been agitating for their return. But when Sun and his entourage arrived in Washington, hoping to make a deal, Attorney General Jeff Sessions was traveling and unable to meet with them, according to an email Sessions wrote in May 2017. Unsure what to do next, Sun sought Michél’s help. (The Department of Justice declined to comment.)
-
-“This is way above my pay grade,” Michél said after Sun laid out the situation. “But if I were you, I would at least send the pregnant woman back as a token of good faith.”
-
-“You think so?” Sun asked, now calmer and speaking in English. An agent handed Sun a telephone. After a brief conversation, he turned again to Michél. “When do you want her back?”
-
-Michél, who’d won two Grammys with the Fugees before going on to a solo career, was unsure about the usual time frame for international hostage repatriations. “Tomorrow?” he asked.
-
-“The weekend is no good.”
-
-“Monday? Tuesday?”
-
-By Tuesday the woman was back in the US.
-
-![The Fugees—Wyclef Jean, Lauryn Hill and Pras Michél—in New York in 1994.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iZ3rg8bd70s4/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-The Fugees—Wyclef Jean, Lauryn Hill and Pras Michél—in New York in 1994. Photographer: David Corio
-
-About two months later an FBI special agent interrupted Michél at brunch near his apartment in SoHo. The agent had 12 photos of Chinese officials and many questions: Who did Michél meet at the Four Seasons? Who else had contacted him from the Chinese government? And of course: How had a famous rapper and record producer found himself in the middle of a high-stakes negotiation between global superpowers?
-
-Michél’s audience with a top Chinese security official, reported here for the first time, was a flashpoint in one of the most unusual political influence campaigns in recent memory. His involvement began by chance, around 2006, when he met a baby-faced Malaysian businessman named Jho Low. Low was a globe-trotting financier whose lavish spending would put him on familiar terms with dozens of A-list entertainers. But by 2016, US investigators believed he’d masterminded the embezzlement of billions of dollars from the Malaysian sovereign wealth fund 1MDB, blowing much of it on [artwork, real estate and gifts for celebrity friends](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-03-02/leonardo-dicaprio-kim-kardashian-grilled-for-1mdb-secrets-fbi-documents-show "Leonardo DiCaprio, Kim Kardashian Grilled for 1MDB Secrets, FBI Documents Show") including Leonardo DiCaprio and Kim Kardashian. Few were as close to Low as Michél: Prosecutors seized $95 million that they alleged originated with Low from Michél’s accounts.
-
-[![Image of Leonardo DiCaprio and Jho Low](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iJirvbVSGLs4/v0/640x-1.jpg)](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-03-02/leonardo-dicaprio-kim-kardashian-grilled-for-1mdb-secrets-fbi-documents-show)
-
-With US authorities closing in and moving to confiscate his assets, Low needed help. He turned first to Michél, hoping to cash in on the star’s connections to President Barack Obama, for whom Michél had raised money during the 2012 campaign. Next, Low turned to China, one of the few countries that could protect him from the long reach of American law enforcement. (Low didn’t reply to requests for comment. China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs said in a statement that it was “unaware” of the events described in this story. Sun, who received a suspended death sentence for corruption offenses last year, couldn’t be reached.)
-
-To investigate this wild tale of celebrity and political intrigue, *Bloomberg Businessweek* drew on legal filings, interviews with people close to the case and a cache of previously undisclosed FBI and Justice Department documents. The records show how Michél, at Low’s request, helped assemble a team of Republican influencers—including fundraiser Elliott Broidy, businesswoman Nickie Lum Davis and casino magnate Steve Wynn—capable of reaching the highest levels of the Trump administration as it took hold of the US government. Soon, all would be targeted by agents from the FBI’s international corruption division as well as federal prosecutors from Honolulu to New York.
-
-The US didn’t catch Low, but it did squeeze his associates. Many agreed to cooperate and pursue plea deals with prosecutors. Michél declined, and the consequences for him could be dire. Federal prosecutors [charged him in 2021](https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/united-states-seeks-recover-more-1-billion-obtained-corruption-involving-malaysian-sovereign "United States Seeks to Recover More Than $1 Billion Obtained from Corruption Involving Malaysian Sovereign Wealth Fund  | OPA | Department of Justice") with 10 offenses stemming from his dealings with Low, ranging from conspiracy to witness tampering and acting as an unregistered agent of a foreign government.
-
-[![Image excerpt of legal document.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i56h.AgF_KFs/v0/640x-1.jpg)](https://assets.bwbx.io/documents/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/rZEhKQ11g4wo/v0)
-
-Michél maintains his innocence and has decided to fight the charges. “The common thread that runs through this is that Pras was trying to get the benefits for the United States that were being offered by Minister Sun,” says his attorney, David Kenner. “Pras’s motivation was to try to assist the United States.” Kenner adds that Michél’s relationship with Low was rooted in a desire to secure investment for entertainment projects.
-
-The trial is scheduled to begin in Washington in late March. If convicted, Michél could go to federal prison for decades.
-
-## 2
-
----
-
-All Michél knew about Low, the Malaysian guy he’d been asked to meet in 2006, was that he was loaded and liked to hang out with celebrities. The venue was a nightclub in Manhattan’s Meatpacking District. A couple of other patrons that night, Wall Street types, paid the club for a chance to get on the microphone. They announced that they were the richest people in the room and planned to buy everyone a drink. Not to be outdone, Low paid even more to use the mic and said he’d be buying every bottle the nightclub had on hand—and that staff should go to the club across the street so he could buy their bottles, too.
-
-Later, around 2011, Michél and Low became close friends. He was just one of many celebrities Low cozied up to during a whirlwind of yacht vacations, club nights and gambling, lubricated by his vast financial resources. Kardashian would later tell the FBI she’d bought a Ferrari using $305,000 Low gave her in cash. The supermodel Miranda Kerr, whom Low briefly dated, received about $8 million in jewelry. Low was especially generous with DiCaprio, donating a $3.2 million Picasso and a $9.2 million Basquiat to his charity. He also financed *The Wolf of Wall Street*, a film DiCaprio had been trying to develop for years. (DiCaprio and Kerr later turned over items they’d received from Low to the US government.)
-
-![Jho Low on a boat](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iPAlauSsv2eQ/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-Low on a boat.
-
-In Michél, Low had found a friend who was no less than music royalty. Born Prakazrel Michél, he’d been raised in a strict home in New Jersey, [telling an interviewer in 2007](https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/pras-is-back-1.196482 "Gulf News: Pras Is Back") that his parents forbade him from watching TV or even wearing sneakers. He met his future collaborator Lauryn Hill in high school, later forming the group that became the Fugees with one of his friends, Wyclef Jean. Their second album, *The Score*, was one of the most influential records of the 1990s, a double Grammy winner that sold more than 18 million copies.
-
-The Fugees disbanded not long after releasing The Score, and apart from one hit, *Ghetto Supastar (That Is What You Are)*, Michél’s solo career never took off. But he continued to earn money from the band’s songs and maintained a lavish lifestyle, including a $30,000-a-month New York apartment. His tastes tended toward the flashy: Patek Philippe watches and a Lamborghini SUV, which he [showed off on social media](https://www.instagram.com/prasmichel/?hl=en "Pras Michél (@prasmichel) • Instagram photos and videos"). According to email records, Michél’s financial adviser periodically admonished him for spending beyond his means, complaining at one point that he’d gone $250,000 over budget in a two-month period alone. His lawyer, Kenner, says Michél’s financial situation wasn’t strained, however. “Some have advanced the notion that Pras was hurting for money and that might \[show\] a motive to become involved in those matters that led to this indictment,” he says. “Nothing could be further from the truth.”
-
-Michél was different from the other celebrities in Low’s coterie. He saw himself as something more than a rapper and producer, and he’d become what Kenner calls a connector—a man with a thick Rolodex of friends in politics, entertainment and finance. Beyond music, Michél took on a range of projects, often focused on social-justice or political issues: spending nine days on Skid Row in Los Angeles for a documentary; traveling to the Somali coast in search of high-seas pirates for another film; serving as an adviser to Michel Martelly, the performer who became Haiti’s president in 2011.
-
-Closer to home, Michél was a passionate supporter of President Obama. Government documents show that he wanted to become a more serious player, even mentioning a desire to be considered for an ambassadorship. (Kenner says Michél quickly dropped the idea “once he was told that he would have to live in the country where he was an ambassador.”) Michél bankrolled a political action committee called Black Men Vote PAC and, in the runup to the 2012 US election, told a Democratic official in an email that he was “thinking about doing a fundraiser … looking to raise anywhere from 5-10 million.” A mutual friend forwarded the email to Low and told him—erroneously—that “being a foreigner is not a problem.” (In fact, foreign nationals are prohibited from donating to US campaigns, including via PACs.)
-
-Low wanted in. Federal prosecutors say he sidestepped the law by sending more than $21 million to Michél, who then used his own accounts and various “straw donors” to contribute about $2 million to Obama’s reelection effort. It’s not clear what happened to the rest. (Kenner says Michél depended on a lawyer and advisers to manage his financial activities.)
-
-![Low at a White House holiday party in 2012.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i8u2DTG4562c/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-Low at a White House holiday party in 2012.
-
-Low was preoccupied with projecting an image of success, and after Obama won, he received some of what he craved. Another Democratic donor, tech executive Frank White Jr., told the FBI that in late 2012 he brought Low to a holiday party at the White House, where Low posed for a photo with the president and first lady. (A representative for the Obamas declined to comment.) But if Low thought his donations would buy him political cover in Washington, he was mistaken. In 2015, as press reports about the graft at 1MDB multiplied, the FBI and the DOJ opened an investigation, led by Robert Heuchling, a special agent with the bureau’s international corruption unit in New York. According to a later FBI memo, the lines of inquiry included investigating the theft of embezzled funds and their laundering into the US, as well as potential violations of banking rules and anti-bribery laws by Low’s network of enablers. Agents soon identified Michél as a Low ally—and a potential cooperating witness.
-
-About a year after the investigation was opened, federal prosecutors in California filed a sprawling forfeiture action, seeking to seize more than $1 billion in assets that Low and his associates had accumulated. The filings spoke to the lifestyle of astonishing glitz they’d built since 1MDB’s establishment in 2009: in New York, a penthouse in the Time Warner Center and luxury condos in Chelsea and SoHo; in Los Angeles, a boutique hotel and multiple mansions; a Bombardier Global 5000 jet; a material stake in EMI Music Publishing, the rights holder for songs by Drake, Queen and other artists. The rights to *The Wolf of Wall Street* were also the subject of a seizure complaint.
-
-#### Dramatis Personae
-
-In the summer of 2016, Michél was in St-Tropez, on France’s sun-soaked Côte d’Azur, when he ran into Low’s brother, Szen. Szen asked Michél to speak to Low, who explained his issues with the DOJ and dismissed the US allegations as “all lies.” Low complained that his legal team was moving too slowly to resolve the cases, which were making it difficult for him to operate. He wondered if Michél had ideas about who could help.
-
-## 3
-
----
-
-After the Democrats’ defeat in the 2016 election, halting a case as large as the one against Low required pull with the freshly installed Trump administration. Michél didn’t have any, but he knew someone who might.
-
-In early 2017 he spoke with an old friend, Nickie Lum Davis. A TV producer who split her time between Los Angeles and Hawaii, Lum Davis had an unusual political pedigree. Her parents, Eugene and Nora Lum, had been major fundraisers for Bill Clinton and had eventually pleaded guilty to arranging illegal donations. Lum Davis’s own connections were weighted toward Republicans. She’d [converted to Judaism](https://jewishjournal.com/cover_story/70359/meet-mr-and-mrs-jdate/ "Meet Mr. and Mrs. JDate") after meeting her now ex-husband, Jdate co-founder Joe Shapira, and become hawkishly pro-Israel. On the coffee table at their home in Beverly Hills, the couple kept busts of Rudy Giuliani and George W. Bush.
-
-Lum Davis suggested a name: Elliott Broidy, one of Southern California’s most prolific Republican fundraisers. Michél asked her to send supporting materials he could relay to Low, including photos of Broidy with Trump, as well as a brief bio and notes about his connections to the president. “Has long standing relationship with Sec of Justice Dept – Jeff Sessions that goes back 15 years,” the material read. Broidy was also “One of two people who are close to the boss that were instrumental in boss getting there – that did not take a job in the administration.” (A representative for Broidy declined to comment; Lum Davis didn’t respond to a detailed request for comment.)
-
-Early one morning in mid-March, Michél, Lum Davis and Broidy met at Broidy’s Los Angeles office to hammer out a potential deal to work for Low. According to a later FBI interview summary, Michél told the others that Low was “not a bad guy,” but rather a smart businessman who simply wanted to deal with his legal issues. Securing Broidy’s help would be expensive. A draft agreement the group prepared called for Low to pay a retainer of $8 million. If the team succeeded in resolving the DOJ’s forfeiture actions within six months, he’d pay a $75 million success fee; if it took six months to a year, the amount would drop to $50 million. (Kenner says Michél mistakenly thought Broidy was a lawyer and wanted him to represent Low—“not to influence government policy,” as the US government later asserted.)
-
-To ensure he received what he felt was fair, Michél insisted that the money, and all communications with Low and his associates, go through him. He, in turn, would deal with Lum Davis, who would pass on information to Broidy. He was “concerned about being cut out,” Lum Davis would later say. About a week after the meeting, a financial adviser set up two Delaware companies on Michél’s behalf, Anicorn LLC and Artemus Group LLC. By the end of the month, both companies had accounts at Los Angeles-based City National Bank.
-
-The next step was to meet with Low, who was for obvious reasons avoiding the US. He proposed they gather in Thailand. Broidy told Lum Davis he’d need $1 million to get on the plane, from “untainted” funds. Reluctantly, Michél fronted it himself. The group landed in Bangkok at the beginning of May. A few hours after they arrived at their hotel, Low showed up at Lum Davis’s suite.
-
-[![Excerpt from the <a href="https://assets.bwbx.io/documents/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/rCXDLT9qvaf0/v0" target="_true">July 2017 FBI interview summary for Michél.</a>.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iPt0u72kCDfk/v0/640x-1.jpg)](https://assets.bwbx.io/documents/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/rCXDLT9qvaf0/v0)
-
-According to court filings and grand jury testimony, Broidy told the group he believed he could use his ties to Sessions, Trump’s attorney general, to persuade the US government to drop its pursuit of 1MDB-related assets. But before any of that, there was the matter of money. “You’ve had so many of your assets forfeited, so how are you going to pay?” Broidy asked.
-
-Low told his visitors not to worry. “I have a friend who’s helping me to pay for my bills,” he said. The financier didn’t identify the generous friend.
-
-Before the meeting ended, Michél raised another matter, one that revealed another interested party: the Chinese government. He told Broidy and Lum Davis that Low was interested in Guo, the businessman living in New York, who was making increasingly bold claims about corruption among high-ranking Chinese leaders.
-
-![Exiled Chinese businessman Guo Wengui poses for a portrait at the Sherry Luxembourg hotel in Manhattan where he lives.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iZ6MITVws80k/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-Guo in Manhattan in 2017. Photographer: Natalie Keyssar
-
-China had issued a notice seeking his arrest through Interpol weeks earlier, claiming Guo was wanted for bribery. It wasn’t clear why Low would care about Guo’s status, but he had reasons to seek favor from Beijing. According to the *Wall Street Journal*, China in 2016 had [offered to bail out](https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-china-flexes-its-political-muscle-to-expand-power-overseas-11546890449 "WSJ Investigation: China Offered to Bail Out Troubled Malaysian Fund in Return for Deals - WSJ") 1MDB, which owed billions more than it could repay. And with US criminal charges a possibility, being useful to the Chinese government might provide Low a measure of protection.
-
-As the Bangkok meeting drew to a close, Low said that he was willing to move forward with the Americans and that information on payment would follow. He was leaving town, and Lum Davis, Broidy and Michél returned to their rooms to book flights home. They had work to do in Washington.
-
-## 4
-
----
-
-Within days of the Bangkok meeting, Low started to demonstrate that he could pay. On May 8, 2017, $2.8 million landed in an account belonging to Anicorn, one of the companies Michél had incorporated. An additional $3 million arrived less than 10 days later. The wires originated with a Hong Kong corporation called Lucky Mark (HK) Trading Ltd. Although it had no obvious connection to Low, US prosecutors allege that he used the company to move money.
-
-As the payments came in, Low told Michél he wanted the group to meet again, in Hong Kong. They agreed. “When someone sends you a large sum of money and then wants to see you, you have to go to them,” Lum Davis would later tell the FBI. As Michél, Lum Davis and Broidy arrived, the rapper received some news by phone. Their appointment had been moved. The new venue, he told Lum Davis, was “just outside Hong Kong,” on the Chinese mainland.
-
-Lum Davis was alarmed. “We don’t have visas to go into China,” she said. “How are we going to be able to go?”
-
-“I think they’ll take care of it. Don’t worry, we’ll be able to get over the border,” Michél replied.
-
-At the boundary, the group handed over their US passports and were waved through to Shenzhen. Soon Lum Davis, Broidy and Michél were sitting in another hotel suite with Low. There was someone he wanted his visitors to see. They walked to a different room, where Sun—the Chinese security official whom Michél would later meet in New York—was waiting with his entourage, all of them smoking. After some pleasantries, Sun began talking through an interpreter about Guo and what China was willing to do if the US facilitated his return.
-
-![From left: Sean Penn, Bill Clinton and Pras Michél](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iKiBAkWV3qrs/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-Michél with Sean Penn and Bill Clinton.
-
-![A fundraising event Pras put together and held in September 2012 at the Washington, DC home of Frank White Jr, an Obama campaign official. Jho Low's father is sitting next to Obama on our right, seated next to Pras is Mohamed Al Husseiny, the CEO of a large sovereign wealth fund in the Middle East.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ipbm68LARSR0/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-Michél and Low’s father flanking Obama at a fundraiser in 2012.
-
-![Pras Michél with President Joe Biden](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i7xxw1AecpY8/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-Michél with Biden.
-
-As a first step, Sun said, the government would release Americans it was holding and take back Chinese nationals convicted of crimes in the US whose deportations it had previously refused to accept. It would also consider new cooperation on cybersecurity issues. It sounded like an attractive trade. “Maybe you’re just not getting the message to the right person,” Broidy suggested, according to court filings. He said he could help arrange a meeting between Sun and Sessions, to “try to get your message through, that you really want this fugitive returned to China and what you guys are willing to offer.”
-
-The three Americans went to Broidy’s room with Low and ordered lunch. Before leaving, Michél pulled out a USB drive and uploaded a file onto Lum Davis’s computer, asking her to pass its contents to Broidy. It listed the purported legal allegations against Guo—including wire fraud, money laundering and even kidnapping. (Guo has denied wrongdoing; he didn’t reply to requests for comment.)
-
-Soon after, Broidy sent an email to Rick Gates, who’d been a top figure on Trump’s campaign. He attached a memo addressed to Sessions, as well as the Interpol arrest notice for Guo. Broidy didn’t mention Low in the document, saying only that he’d been “asked by my Malaysian business contacts” to meet with Sun. (Sessions later told prosecutors he didn’t recall seeing it; he didn’t reply to a request for comment.) After listing steps the Chinese official had offered to take to “improve law enforcement relations,” Broidy got to the ask: “The one request China will make is that Chinese national, Guo Wen Gui,” be deported or extradited, “so he can be charged with these violations and go through regular criminal proceedings.”
-
-## 5
-
----
-
-Less than a week after the Shenzhen discussion, Sun was in Washington trying to secure an agreement from Sessions that Guo would be removed. When Sessions couldn’t meet with him, prompting Michél’s late-night summons to the Four Seasons in New York, Sun took the rapper’s advice and authorized the release of the pregnant woman China was blocking from leaving.
-
-The woman’s mother was a target of Operation Fox Hunt, Beijing’s pressure campaign against expatriates. She was [described in a DOJ filing](https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1488681/download "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. SUN HOI YING, a/k/a “Sun Haiying,” Defendant.") as an American citizen who previously worked at a Chinese state-owned enterprise and was accused by the government of embezzlement. Her daughter had traveled to China to visit relatives in 2016; officials were keeping the daughter there under the exit ban until she persuaded her mother to return.
-
-Within a few days of Michél’s intervention, the pregnant woman was on a flight to John F. Kennedy International Airport. Yet the Trump administration didn’t budge on Guo. Michél wanted to gather information for Low on the reasons for the government’s resistance, official documents show, and in late June he made a bold gambit: He contacted the FBI directly and asked for a meeting. Agents soon came to see him at a restaurant in Manhattan.
-
-Michél told the agents he’d been working with a friend named “Jon”—a thinly veiled reference to Low—to help China get Guo back. According to an FBI summary of the conversation, he “probed the interviewing agents,” trying to understand whether Guo had some relationship with the bureau that would explain the government’s reluctance to deport him. Although they assured Michél that the FBI didn’t have any arrangement with Guo, he “did not believe the interviewing agents and repeatedly asked if the FBI was meeting” with the businessman. When the agents asked Michél why Chinese officials would be interested in his assistance, he said, “They believe that I can provide intelligence.” He also noted that he’d be reporting back to “Jon” on the discussion and said he’d be interested in keeping in touch about Guo.
-
-It often takes years of painstaking work for FBI agents to identify people collaborating with foreign governments. But now, Michél had come to them, happy even to identify some of his contacts abroad. He spoke to the FBI a second time in July, when Heuchling, the agent overseeing the sprawling probe into 1MDB corruption, turned up unannounced during Michél’s SoHo brunch. Looking at photos from the FBI, Michél identified Sun as the minister he’d met at the Four Seasons and pointed out Sun’s security guard. (Kenner says Michél thought he was “operating in the best interest of the US” by providing assistance to the FBI and hoped the US could benefit from increased cooperation from China.)
-
-In Washington, Broidy and Lum Davis were continuing to work their Trump administration contacts, stressing that China was willing to release more Americans in return for Guo. With Guo’s visa soon to expire, Broidy also reached out to Steve Wynn—a major Republican donor who’d founded Wynn Resorts Ltd., which operates large casinos in the Chinese territory of Macau—to ask for help. It “is critically \[sic\] that his new visa application he \[sic\] immediately denied,” Broidy texted. Wynn took the matter directly to Trump, bringing up the case at a White House dinner with the president and dropping off a copy of Guo’s passport with Trump’s secretary. Wynn relayed an update to Broidy: “This is with the highest levels of the state department and defense department. They are working on this.”
-
-To Lum Davis, it appeared victory was imminent. “You are the man right now,” she texted Broidy. “They are going to give you the President’s medal of freedom award after what you will accomplish for this \[sic\]the country.”
-
-Broidy was determined to finish the job. “I am going to slam until it’s done,” he texted back.
-
-## 6
-
----
-
-On a Saturday in mid-July 2017, Michél called another old friend. A lawyer by training, George Higginbotham had helped Michél with dozens of legal matters over the years; he’d later describe his work for the rapper as ensuring nothing got “f---ed up.” Even after Higginbotham took a job at the Department of Justice, in an office responsible for liaising with members of Congress, internal government documents show he continued doing work for Michél, including some related to Low. Higginbotham helped move Low’s payments into US banks and edited contracts to ensure there were no references to Low or to companies that could be traced to him.
-
-This time, Michél had an especially unusual request. He wanted Higginbotham to go to China’s Embassy the next day, a Sunday, and meet with the ambassador. Higginbotham asked why Michél couldn’t go himself. “George, you’re an attorney,” Michél responded. “You’re more well-spoken than I am. He’ll have more respect for you.”
-
-[![Excerpt from the <a href="https://assets.bwbx.io/documents/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/rZEhKQ11g4wo/v0" target="_true">January 2018 FBI interview summary for Michél.</a>](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i1ZdcBGa4n7s/v0/640x-1.jpg)](https://assets.bwbx.io/documents/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/rZEhKQ11g4wo/v0)
-
-Higginbotham, a veteran bureaucrat, knew that meetings between the US and foreign powers were tightly choreographed. A DOJ staffer showing up at a Chinese compound in Washington could trigger alarms among America’s spy hunters. Higginbotham asked Michél if they could hold the discussion at a different venue—a restaurant, a coffee shop, anywhere but the sovereign diplomatic territory of America’s main strategic rival. Michél said no—it had to be at the embassy.
-
-Michél came to Washington to help Higginbotham prepare. They met at the Four Seasons in Georgetown on Sunday morning. Legal documents indicate Michél wanted to show Low that his American representatives were advancing his priorities, even if that wasn’t necessarily true. He told Higginbotham to deliver a straightforward message to the Chinese: The White House was working on a solution for the Guo matter, and details on the logistics of extradition would follow. It was a simple job, Michél assured Higginbotham.
-
-That afternoon, Higginbotham walked to the Chinese Embassy off Connecticut Avenue. Michél had given him a number for one of the ambassador’s aides, and Higginbotham called as he approached, asking for directions to the entrance. He was escorted into a conference room decorated with pictures of Chinese leaders meeting US presidents.
-
-The ambassador, Cui Tiankai, entered after a short wait. “I’m here on behalf of my private client,” Higginbotham told Cui. “This has nothing to do with the Department of Justice, and I am here in absolutely no official capacity.” After Higginbotham relayed the information instructed by Michél, Cui peppered him with questions: When would the deportation happen? Who would be getting in touch to make the arrangements? But Higginbotham had nothing more to tell him. Still, the ambassador seemed appreciative, and Michél later told Higginbotham Low was pleased with how the meeting had gone.
-
-Higginbotham didn’t know he’d triggered a diplomatic tripwire before setting foot inside the compound—the previous night, police officials from the Chinese Embassy had called their American counterparts to verify his identity. The matter soon landed with the DOJ’s Office of the Inspector General, the agency’s internal watchdog. Upon being summoned, Higginbotham explained that he’d gone to the embassy on Michél’s instructions.
-
-Higginbotham had just become another piece in a growing set of US investigations into Low’s and China’s activities. By now, American officials were looking into Lum Davis and Broidy, too, as the pair continued working to get the DOJ to back away from Low and dislodge Guo from the US.
-
-Wynn’s involvement was also increasing. With Lum Davis as facilitator, he spoke by phone with Sun at least eight times, beginning in June 2017. During the same period, according to legal filings and internal government documents, Wynn spoke about the Guo case with US officials including White House Chief of Staff Reince Priebus and his successor, John Kelly. And that August, while yachting with Broidy and his wife off the coast of Italy, Wynn called Trump and asked about the status of Guo’s potential extradition. Trump replied that he’d be happy to “have them”—Sun and his team—“come to see us at the White House” to discuss the issue. (Lawyers for Wynn said his role was as a “messenger conveying information,” rather than a lobbyist. In October a federal judge [dismissed a DOJ suit](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-12/steve-wynn-wins-dismissal-of-doj-foreign-lobbying-case "Steve Wynn Persuades Judge to Toss US Foreign-Lobbying Case") that sought to compel him to register retroactively under the Foreign Agents Registration Act, which requires anyone lobbying for a foreign client to notify the government. Wynn didn’t respond to a request for comment.)
-
-Soon afterward, according to a DOJ interview with Kelly last year, a Chinese delegation showed up at the White House, claiming they’d been told Trump had agreed to a meeting about Guo’s extradition. Kelly recalled that he blocked them from seeing the president, directing his staff to connect the group with the DOJ and the Department of State, which ultimately denied the request. He said the Chinese seemed stunned, because they were under the impression that the meeting was a “done deal.” (Trump and Kelly didn’t respond to requests for comment.)
-
-![Donald Trump speaks with Steve Wynn before boarding Air Force One at the McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas, April 6, 2019.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i6440wztKEKs/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-Trump and Wynn in Las Vegas in 2019. Photographer: Al Drago/New York Times/Redux
-
-Even with little progress being made toward Low’s goals, he was encouraged enough that large sums of money kept coming into the US from Lucky Mark. In early August, $12.8 million arrived in an account belonging to one of Michél’s companies. (Kenner says the US government hasn’t proven that Low controlled or directed the funds sent by Lucky Mark.) Michél then sent about $3 million to Broidy’s wife’s law firm, which in turn sent $900,000 to Lum Davis. A further payment of $10 million came to Artemus, the other Michél-controlled company, later in the month.
-
-## 7
-
----
-
-“George,” the agent asked, “you’re a smart guy, right? … Help me understand why you’re in the middle of all this. Why do they need you?”
-
-It was Jan. 3, 2018, and Higginbotham was seated in a DOJ meeting room across from Harry Lidsky, a senior special agent from the inspector general’s office with responsibility for investigating “insider threats,” and one of his colleagues. Lidsky made a point of telling Higginbotham the door was unlocked. He was free to leave if he wanted.
-
-Internal DOJ and FBI messages and memos reveal that Michél had by now become a key target of their investigation into Low. FBI agents considered him the “current best opportunity to get a co-operating witness” and were seeking ways of “getting leverage on Michél for the 1MDB investigation.” Higginbotham, who was a DOJ employee and thus in Lidsky’s jurisdiction, was a smaller fish, but he had played a role in getting money from Asia into Michél’s accounts.
-
-At the time of the January interview, Higginbotham and Lidsky had spoken on several occasions, with Higginbotham insisting that nothing he’d done for Michél amounted to espionage or improper involvement in national security issues. He said it was all just business, with Michél helping Low for a “financial motive.”
-
-Lidsky began his questions, focusing on the payments from Lucky Mark and an additional $41 million sent from a different Hong Kong company. Higginbotham had helped facilitate the transfers on Michél’s behalf, going as far as meeting with Low in Macau to discuss how best to move money into the US. Weeks later he told inquiring executives at Michél’s bank that Lucky Mark was a souvenir manufacturer that had hired Michél for a “complex civil litigation matter” too sensitive to discuss. He made no mention of Low.
-
-“You’ve had discussions with an individual by the name of Jho Low overseas in Southeast Asia,” Lidsky said. “Is that correct?”
-
-“I have had discussions with him, yes.”
-
-“And those discussions have included transferring money?”
-
-“Yes.”
-
-Higginbotham told Lidsky he’d said Lucky Mark made souvenirs based on a description he found online. Lidsky replied that that was wrong. Lucky Mark’s name was similar to a real souvenir manufacturer’s, but the government had concluded that the two entities were unconnected. Lidsky said to Higginbotham that this was a common Low tactic, intended to create confusion about where funds originated.
-
-“George, there’s a problem here,” Lidsky told Higginbotham. “We have a bank fraud issue. We have false statements.” The Lucky Mark sending money to Michél “was started last year. They don’t sell anything. They don’t make anything. They don’t have services. They don’t do shit. They’re a shell company for money laundering.”
-
-“OK,” Higginbotham replied.
-
-“And don’t say, ‘Yeah, you’re right.’ Don’t say, ‘No, I disagree.’ Just take it all in for right now,” Lidsky said. “You’re a good guy at heart. So we’ve got to work to get you out of this.”
-
-Continuing to squeeze Higginbotham, Lidsky laid out his case: “You’re creating paperwork and doctoring up contracts that facilitate money from this guy’s company, which you know—whether you knew before, you certainly know now—is a shell,” he said. “In a matter of weeks, millions of dollars start flowing” to Broidy, Lum Davis and Michél. “What did you get?”
-
-“A buck seventy”—$170,000.
-
-“Peanuts in the grand scheme of things.”
-
-Lidsky continued: “You have a huge opportunity to make your position a lot better, but you can also make it worse.”
-
-Days later, Lidsky and Heuchling met with Michél in Los Angeles. After the agents asked him about the money he’d been receiving from Asia, according to Heuchling’s written summary of the interview, Michél said the funds came from a Thai businessman who was investing in his entertainment projects. He held that Low had “nothing to do” with his financial arrangements. When the agents asked Michél to account for Higginbotham’s visit to the Chinese Embassy, he had an explanation ready, Heuchling wrote. Michél said he’d been working to promote Chinese investment in Haiti and had asked Higginbotham to update China’s ambassador in his stead.
-
-The agents didn’t buy it. When they told Michél they were aware he’d been doing business with Low, his story changed, according to Heuchling’s summary. He acknowledged working with Low since early the previous year. (Kenner disputes Heuchling’s summary and says Michél didn’t change his account.)
-
-Still, Michél didn’t believe he’d done anything wrong. Heuchling wrote that Michél “wanted the interviewing agents to understand that because of his celebrity status and his connections, he travels all over the world and meets with all sorts of people.”
-
-The FBI tried to convince Michél that it was in his best interest to cooperate with its 1MDB investigation. Later in January, Heuchling sent a text to his supervisor: “If Pras comes around, and he’s not there yet, he’s going to realize he has a lot of time to work off.” Federal prosecutors in Washington were laying the groundwork to charge him with acting as an unregistered agent of a foreign government, an offense that carries a prison sentence of as much as 10 years. He also faced potential charges for election-law violations relating to Low’s alleged political donations. According to people familiar with the matter, the government wanted Michél to plead guilty to a felony, forfeit the bulk of his wealth and agree to assist with other prosecutions to avoid a broader indictment.
-
-Michél decided to reject the plea—for a number of reasons, Kenner says. “One of the most significant is that it would make him a felon by admitting to willful acts he didn’t believe were true.”
-
-In late February, Heuchling wrote to another colleague to say that Michél’s then-attorney “pretty much told us he’s not comin back in.”
-
-“Dang,” the colleague replied. “He knows what’s coming, right?”
-
-## 8
-
----
-
-Michél’s trial is set to begin on March 27 in Washington. It will feature a rare convergence of superpower rivalry, Beltway politics and Hollywood glamour. Kenner, who’s previously represented rap artists such as Snoop Dogg and Suge Knight, is seeking to call Obama and Trump—both targets of Low’s influence efforts—as witnesses, though it’s uncertain whether either former president will appear. Meanwhile, DiCaprio is also on the witness list for the government, as is Higginbotham, who filings show is cooperating with prosecutors. His testimony will be crucial; Kenner says he’ll argue that Higginbotham is violating his professional obligations as Michél’s former attorney by disclosing their interactions.
-
-If convicted, Michél is likely to be treated far more harshly than the other Americans involved in Low’s lobbying campaign. Higginbotham pleaded guilty in 2018 to a single count of conspiracy to make false statements to a bank, with any sentence to be determined later. (A representative for Higginbotham didn’t respond to a detailed message seeking comment.)
-
-Lum Davis was sentenced to two years in prison for her own guilty plea to one count of aiding and abetting violation of the Foreign Agents Registration Act. In October 2020, Broidy pleaded guilty to a count of conspiracy to violate FARA stemming from his work for Low, but he was pardoned by Trump three months later. The following April he signed a cooperation agreement with the DOJ, which promised not to prosecute him for other crimes that may arise in its investigation, in exchange for his testimony and other assistance.
-
-And for the time being, there’s little chance that the man who brought them all together will see a prison cell. Wanted on a range of charges by the US as well as Malaysia, Low is believed to be living in China with his family. Although he’s keeping a low profile, he’s occasionally spotted in public. One of the last sightings was in 2019, [at Shanghai Disneyland](https://twitter.com/TomWrightAsia/status/1564824047896080384 "@TomWrightAsia tweet").
-
-## More On Bloomberg
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
----
-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
\ No newline at end of file
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-
-Tag: ["🤵🏻", "🚓", "❤️", "🤥", "♟️"]
-Date: 2023-04-30
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-04-30
-Link: https://jeffmaysh.substack.com/p/undercover-lovers
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-05-01]]
-
----
-
-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-UndercoverLoversNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# Undercover Lovers
-
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc57a5ce0-4cec-424d-bf8e-bb8f2ff12b98_1154x1524.jpeg)
-
-Photo credit: Robert Golden, handout
-
-During the pandemic, Donna Metrejean realized she had lost her self-esteem. At fifty-one she had raised three children and enjoyed a career as a substitute teacher, but now her life seemed to be in a downward spiral. She was miserable in her job scrubbing office buildings in Pierre Part, a small Louisiana town, and each night she returned home to a controlling husband. “It felt like I was walking through a minefield,” she says. “It’s called emotional abuse.” To make herself feel better, she liked to dye her hair blue, purple, or silver. At night she scrolled through social media, hoping to connect with people from happier chapters in her life. One night she looked up an old girlfriend’s younger brother, Robert Golden.  
-
-They had met back in 2006. Donna had just stepped out of a friend’s truck wearing a white shirt and cowboy boots. When Robert laid eyes on her, he thought she was the very image of the American dream. He recalls that, three years earlier, he had returned from a tour in Somalia with the U.S. Army’s 75th Rangers Division, and was ready to settle down. He thought he’d found his future wife.
-
-“She walked up on the porch and the first thing I told her, I said, ‘I love you,’” he says.  
-
-Donna thought he must be joking. Then Robert asked her to marry him. 
-
-“Hell no!” she replied, and marched into the house.  
-
-Donna said she was already taken. Robert was crestfallen. 
-
-“I was a dish. I was handsome,” he says. His body was toned from his job as a certified tree climber, working in the fourth deadliest industry in the United States. He wore his copper-colored hair in a military cut; he was spontaneous; a romantic. Her rejection stung. “I thought I was all sexy and stuff, and just wasn’t good enough,” he recalls. “But I knew I loved her instantly.” 
-
-Donna friendzoned Robert, and over the years, she neglected to follow his journey, knowing only that he was a man of mystery with multiple Facebook accounts. Occasionally they flirted online, but the smoldering embers of a romance often fizzled out. Sometimes, Donna had a hard time finding Robert when she needed excitement or comfort. In October of 2020, as her marriage unraveled, she saw he was living in Portland, Oregon. “I need you to get in touch with me, it’s important,” she typed. 
-
-“Why don’t you come up here? Just as friends,” Robert replied. Her heart leapt. She says she was frightened of her husband and had no friends to rely on. She needed an escape. “I can get you away from all that,” he wrote. “Let me take care of you for a minute. I’m just getting into something that I’ve always wanted to do. It’s in the Justice Department.”
-
-Donna was intrigued. She had told Robert about her obsession with television cop shows, how she had watched endless hours of “Kojak” and “Jake and the Fatman,” with her father as a teenager. She loved to chat with her relatives in law enforcement, and had even toyed with the idea of joining the police herself, perhaps as a probation officer or counselor. “Back home in Louisiana, there were just so many drug overdoses,” she says. “I was just the type of person…I wanted to see if I can make a difference…I have a good heart. That’s what I’ve been told.”  
-
-Donna knew so little about Robert, or what he had become, and leaving behind her entire life to hook up with a man ten years her junior seemed insane. But at the end of January, she packed up her life, and a dog named Harley, and drove two and a half thousand miles across the country. As her car rumbled along the freeway, from beneath a canopy of mist and towering pines, emerged the skyscrapers of Portland, the city of roses. Robert was waiting for her at a truck stop in Troutdale. She felt a flutter of excitement in her stomach.  
-
-“She was supposed to just be my friend when she showed up,” Robert recalls. “When she got out of the car and came around the corner, we put our arms around each other. I kissed her for the first time. First time in seventeen years, I actually got a kiss.” 
-
-“I wasn’t expecting it,” Donna admits. But she was thrilled. 
-
-Robert led her up to his fifth-floor apartment not far from Portland’s Art Museum. They had so much to discuss. Robert said he hadn’t been able to tell her for security reasons, but he had just taken a new job as a Special Agent with the Drug Enforcement Administration, tasked with tackling the drug epidemic. Portland was awash with fentanyl: one hundred times stronger than morphine and fifty times stronger than heroin, pressed into pills designed to look like OxyContin. Between 2019 and 2021, unintentional fentanyl overdose deaths in Oregon had jumped by 617 percent.
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33013574-2485-4ac0-8044-4267910837e5_953x330.png)
-
-Donna settled into Robert’s apartment and her new life in a chilly new city. Portland was two hundred times more populous than her small hometown, and overwhelmed by people living on the streets. She was nervous around strangers, even the pumpjackers who filled her car (Oregon law prohibits people from pumping their own gas). Robert was her savior. When he drove Donna through the city he pointed out the dangerous spots where drug deals go down. He wore regular clothes, but his silver Dodge Charger had blue and red lights concealed in the grilles. When traffic snarled in Old Town, he gave his siren a *whup*, and the sea of cars magically parted. Robert was a gentleman who always held open the car door, the polar opposite of her husband. His gold D.E.A. badge glistened on his hip, like the detectives Donna watched on TV. Soon, she was falling in love. 
-
-Donna wanted to start a new life, and a new career. One day in March, Robert casually asked Donna if she wanted to join him in law enforcement. He encouraged her to start a degree in criminal science at the Colorado Technical University, an online school, with a view to applying for a position at the D.E.A.’s Portland field office. Though he was still a new hire, Robert said he could help land her a job in which she could make a difference. He even promised to give her a head start with some informal training.
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadfd08be-da3b-4bfc-84a0-3730da46e940_20x24.png)
-
-On his days off, Robert drove Donna into the forests outside Portland for target practice. He slipped on a bullet-proof vest and taught her how to shoot a 9mm Beretta on full auto, and a Glock 9mm. Donna had never even fired a gun at a range, Robert recalls, and she was a nervous shooter. “She didn’t know how to shoot tactically, shoot from a car,” he says. When she told Robert how men intimidated her, he taught her hand-to-hand combat.
-
-“I loved it,” Donna says. She learned how to use a car door as a shield, and fired hundreds of rounds into the forest at invisible enemies, while Robert rattled off police code into his radio—checking in with the guys at work. Donna’s aim improved. One day, Robert set up two Red Bull cans and filmed Donna taking aim with the Glock. “The bullet actually ricocheted and it split the two cans,” she says. Robert looked up from his phone, astonished. “She was incredible,” he says.  
-
-He was completely smitten.
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7fa53c5c-41d6-4e3d-b9ea-5f7ccea48300_270x480.gif)
-
-Robert, who said his D.E.A. career began as a confidential informant, or “C.I.,” educated Donna on the war on drugs. It was all about information, he told her. “C.I. work is, basically, they pay you to inform on other people. Any big deals, anything that you hear on the ground, anything that comes through the grapevine.” Drug addicts, he said, were the first to know when big shipments of narcotics or “weight” hit the streets. “Prices go up, prices go down,” he explained. “A dopehead always wants to know if the price is going down.” 
-
-Desperate to spend every minute together, Robert invited Donna to join him on “ride-alongs” in his tricked-out Charger. In the afternoon, when the traffic thinned and the drug dealers hit the streets, he pointed out suspects as they slipped drugs to customers with subtle handshakes. Donna had a knack for spotting this odd behavior in the street. “She even saw some things that I didn’t catch,” Robert told me. He had to watch his dash cam footage to see exactly what had happened.
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0208fee0-16ac-4f79-b3f6-c757e05302ef_2046x1536.jpeg)
-
-Photo credit: Robert Golden, handout
-
-Even when Robert was off duty, he was always fighting the war on drugs. “We had a bunch of drug dealers in our apartment building. We had a bunch of people doing drugs in front of a bunch of kids,” he recalls. One time he saw someone shooting heroin in a grocery store’s parking lot. He flashed his D.E.A. badge and handcuffs. “You have two choices,” he barked. “You can go to fucking jail or you can get the fuck off and go somewhere else and do your shit.” The addict broke down his rig and scampered away. 
-
-Donna felt safe with Robert around. He took care of her just like her father had, and his mere presence seemed to fend off troublemakers. His Charger, even without the flashing lights, conveyed authority. “People love to slow down because they think you’re gonna pull them up. It was a pain in the ass to get where you’re going,” he admits.  
-
-At home, Robert eagerly helped Donna with her studies. He knew his criminal law, chapter and verse. In return, Donna soothed him when he complained about office politics, and the dangers he faced on the streets. Still, he often told Donna, he’d found his true calling. “I love wearing my suit. I love wearing a badge,” he said. “I’m good at being a cop. I’m good at putting those sons of bitches away that need to be.”  
-
-Then how to account for the odd things Donna witnessed, the strange quirks in Robert’s behavior? Sometimes he appeared to be “wired” while playing “Call of Duty” for hours on end without a break. He lit his cigarettes with the kind of industrial butane lighter normally used by addicts to light up glass pipes. “I didn’t know how to confront him about it,” she says. 
-
-Each night, as darkness descended, Robert gave Donna a tender kiss goodbye, and headed off to work. He preferred to work undercover than behind a desk, he said, embedding himself among the homeless community in downtown Portland. He didn’t mind the night shifts, he said. He liked to move among the broken men and women who called the streets their home. He knew how to become one of them. 
-
-“I’d rub dirt on my face, put on raggedy clothes, I’d have a regular shirt on that kind of smells a little bit,” he explains. “If you’re too raggedy, they won’t talk to you. You just gotta act homeless. Look homeless.” Robert knew the language of street dealers and junkies. He’d ask users if they knew where to find “that clear”—methamphetamine, or “that P.T.”—amphetamine, “brown”— heroin, or “snowflake”—cocaine.
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ed8c587-f293-4eec-8823-ca60d9dd8ce6_953x399.png)
-
-Robert says he was so believable as a homeless person that other street people introduced him to their dealers. “I’d give ‘em thirty bucks, \[and say\] ‘let’s go take a walk.’ And they would say, ‘man y’all got anything.’ And whatever they would buy, they buy with my money. But they get to keep it. I just needed to know who had it.” He says he quickly built up a network of informants, including “Cuz,” an African American dealer, and “L,” a sketchy addict-dealer.  
-
-“I recruited them. Paid them,” Robert explains. “They kept me informed about big weight coming through and so forth. She also kept her eye on them.” During the day, Donna hid in the Charger with Robert and scribbled notes about drug buyers and their dealers, to assist Robert with his night work. “What’s funny is that she gave me their weight, size, height. What they were wearing, everything down to a T,” he says. Detective work had given Donna’s life meaning. She felt alive with Robert, like they were making a difference. Life was fantastic, because Robert and Donna were head over heels in love. “Have you ever seen her shoot a gun?” Robert says. “It’s hot. She’s hot!”  
-
-Under Robert’s tutelage, Donna became an unlikely law enforcement machine, and a master of self-defense. She learned to twist a suspect’s arm to the point of breaking, and how to bring a man to his knees, Robert says proudly. Every night was like an episode of “COPS.” Robert told Donna she had all the skills needed to be a law enforcement agent. “She will catch you in a lie in a heartbeat,” he says. He promised that if Donna continued with her studies, he would fast-track her to a job with the D.E.A., and that she’d soon be training with his colleagues, Special Agents Anderson, Luis and Garcia.  
-
-Robert was always evasive when Donna asked to meet his colleagues, and in her mind, questions began to form: Why was he undercover one minute, then the next parading around town in full combat uniform with an embroidered D.E.A. badge that read: “GOLDEN”?  But her suspicions vanished when she discovered his pay stubs from the D.E.A. She saw that he was drawing a handsome salary, enough to support them both while she studied at home. 
-
-Meanwhile, Robert had become a *de facto* lawman for their apartment building. He recalls: “I’ve had people knock on my door at three in the morning. *My boyfriend’s beat me up*. I mean, literally three in the morning, we’ll hear a knock on my apartment door. *Hey, I got this guy over here. He’s got a knife*.” 
-
-“I felt responsible for my community,” he says. As word spread about the gung-ho cops living on the fifth floor, drug dealers stopped selling pills in the lobby. Homeless people crossed the street to avoid walking past the building, in case they got popped. But other people had suspicions about Robert too. One night he intervened in a dispute between two residents.  
-
-“I’m D.E.A.!” Robert yelled. 
-
-“Oh yeah?” the man shot back. “And I’m a Supreme Court justice.” 
-
-In October, Robert surprised Donna by paying for her loved ones to fly in from Louisiana. “They were very impressed…I remember when I pulled up to pick them up. I hit my lights to stop traffic so I could put them in the car.” Robert had been excited all day, like he had been planning something. They drove out to the coast in convoy, and pulled onto the beach just as the sun was setting. One of Donna’s children slipped on Robert’s D.E.A. sweatshirt for warmth, and when Robert started making an emotional speech, her eldest son called the rest of the family on FaceTime. 
-
-“I’ve been waiting for this moment for seventeen and a half years,” Robert told Donna, as he dropped to one knee in the sand and fished out an engagement ring. “I want you to be my partner, not just in marriage, but my *partner*,” he said. The children cheered. 
-
-Then he handed Donna a D.E.A. badge. He had done it, he said. He had got her into the D.E.A. She felt on top of the world—she had finally achieved her dream of joining the police. “I’m gonna be somebody,” she recalls thinking. As they roared off into the sunset, Donna felt more confident in herself than she had ever before. Then Robert flipped on red and blue emergency lights he had installed on her car. She was now officially his partner in crime fighting.  
-
-But it was all a lie.
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42162ee6-d2b2-4fbf-90b5-e4cd2e24ff9e_768x662.jpeg)
-
-Photo credit: Robert Golden, Handout
-
-Robert Edward Golden was not a Special Agent with the D.E.A. He was an ex- con who had served time in a Texas prison for drug possession. In 2016, he had been arrested again, in Kilgore, Texas, for possession of a small amount of narcotics, and decided to skip town instead of going to jail. He fled to Portland, hoping to get into the legal marijuana industry, but quickly ran out of money. All those times Donna couldn’t reach him, Robert was either in jail, flipping Whoppers at Burger King, or sleeping rough in a flatbed truck.  
-
-Sometimes he used hard drugs to escape the pain of life on the streets, and reached his rock bottom at a Portland rescue mission, where he vowed to do anything to get back on his feet. “The only way you’re going to do anything in life is to get off your ass and do it,” Robert says. He went back to tree climbing, and worked odd jobs for cash. He lived in a tent, then a hotel room, then a Honda Odyssey, and finally scraped together enough to rent an apartment. He got a real job at an Amazon warehouse. Then the pandemic hit. 
-
-“I filed for unemployment during the Covid crisis. Well, they didn’t give me nothing for almost two years,” Robert says. “And then all of a sudden, they approved my case.” He says he got a benefits check for over $9,000. That was around the time Donna arrived back in his life, and Robert hatched a plan to win her over for good. 
-
-“Since she told me no, seventeen and a half years ago, I was worried about her saying no again,” he says. Robert insists that he really had once been a confidential informant for the D.E.A., and had the idea to tell Donna he had been “promoted” to a Special Agent. Though applicants need a college degree and a clean criminal record to join, Robert had told Donna, correctly, that the agency hires informants from all backgrounds, often under secretive circumstances.  
-
-“There was an element of deception. I deceived her…I didn’t want her to think she was coming up here for just a tree climber. I wanted to give her a better life than that,” he explains. What had started as a casual lie on Facebook quickly grew into a massive web of deceit. “I knew in the moment that she kissed me that I wanted to spend the rest of my life with her. I just didn’t want her to think, what’s this man bringing to the table? That’s one reason why I kept doing what I was doing. And not just to impress her, but so she could say that she had a good, hard-working man.” 
-
-As well as seeking validation, adoration, and sympathy, people who pretend to be figures of authority experience a need to feel special, says Dr. Scott Musgrove, a forensic psychologist specializing in law enforcement. “Particularly in the cases of stolen valor, that drive is very strong. We use a term in psychology called counter conformity. It’s an overwhelming need to be unique and stand out. The idea of being an average Joe is really anathema to them,” he says. Dr. Musgrove added that imposters are often inspired by current events: “In the weeks after the raid that killed Osama bin Laden, Google search results for ‘Navy SEAL imposter’ went through the roof.”  
-
-In the middle of Portland’s fentanyl epidemic, Robert found himself searching the internet for replica D.E.A. equipment. “I bought a bulletproof vest…the identifications I got from Australia. It was an Army friend of mine. Got it from him.” He bought his used Charger for $6,500 and installed the police lights himself. He bought them on Amazon along with the D.E.A. patches for his bulletproof vest. He invented colleagues and even a demanding boss. The cop codes he barked into his radio were mumbo-jumbo. No one was listening. And his D.E.A. payslips? Forgeries.  
-
-Every day he lived in fear of Donna finding out the truth about his fake career. “I didn’t want to give it up,” he says. “And I ended up spending $16,000 on not giving it up.” Soon he had spent his entire unemployment and his life savings on impressing Donna. He was also spending a lot of money on methamphetamine.   
-
-“Nobody knew about it, not Donna, or her kids. It was hard not to tell her everything,” Robert says. “Especially about the drug use.” He says he bought meth from a family member and never smoked it. He silently swallowed pills in the bathroom, used it to focus on video games and escape his lies. “I never scored drugs from anybody on the streets,” he insists. “Some people thought I was a crooked cop willing to make deals on the side and make a living,” he says, adding that those rumors were false. 
-
-The more Donna excelled at her “training” the harder it was to tell her the truth. “I didn’t want to break her heart,” he says, “because I knew that she loved doing what she did. Getting out there investigating things. Writing down information, taking facts. Making a difference in your community.”
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-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a98314b-01b3-4521-ac94-2903f2aed543_768x1024.png)
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-Photo credit: Robert Golden, handout
-
-I was onto one of the biggest shipments of fentanyl in Portland,” Robert says, and it was all thanks to Donna. “You know, big time, she has the nose of a bloodhound,” he says. But the streets were a dangerous place. 
-
-One night, Robert and Donna were cruising past a needle exchange in downtown Portland when a figure waved down their car. An injured woman jumped out from the shadows, screaming that a man was following her. “He’s trying to walk towards her aggressively,” Robert recalls. “I got in between them. And I didn’t draw my weapon. I said, ‘You need to stop right there.’” Suddenly they were surrounded. “Well, they had about fifteen homeless people with knives and shivs,” he recalls.  
-
-The scene reminded Robert of his time in the Army, he says. “The Somalians come at you with like fifty thousand of them,” he recalls. Donna jumped out of the car, ready to grab her gun, and ordered everyone to freeze. People scrambled for cover.  
-
-“They were about to stab this guy to death,” Robert says. “They had their knives out, baseball bats and everything.” He says he threw the suspect against the car. “I put him in handcuffs…we put him in the back of the car. And we took him down to the Portland police department.” Donna adds: “We took him away because we didn’t want him to get beaten up.” 
-
-As they raced through the city, Robert explained to Donna that the D.E.A. didn’t have jurisdiction for stuff like this, and when they arrived at the Justice Center, he took off the handcuffs and threw the suspect out into the street. “I threatened his life,” Robert adds. Then they screeched away. 
-
-Donna was buzzing. She had regained her self-esteem. “That’s what was taken away from me back in Louisiana, by my ex-husband,” she says. “I’m in my fifties. I never thought this would happen to me. Where I could do these things…I finally broke away from what I was coming from. And I started to become my own person. I mean, getting to shoot guns and stuff. I’m loving it because it’s like, alright, this is cool.” 
-
-Robert’s ruse was expensive and he was burning through cash fast. He was struggling to pay the rent while spending all his time keeping up appearances as a D.E.A. agent instead of getting a job. He devised a plan: “I thought if I could do a major bust...just inform the police right at the last minute. Tell them what’s going on. Tell them I got all this information. We’ve got a video. This is what you need, do you want to be a part of it? I thought that they would let me into the fold.” 
-
-One night, Donna fell ill, and told Robert she needed to go to the hospital. “I feel like I’m gonna pass out,” she moaned. He helped her into the car, and flashed the red and blue lights to cut through the traffic. They burst into the emergency room at Portland’s Providence Medical Center. Robert pushed Donna in a wheelchair, wearing his badge and holster. A passing nurse looked at him, and said: “Inmate?” 
-
-“What? No, I’m his fiancée!” Donna cried.  
-
-Donna learned that she had kidney stones, and as she waited for treatment, a hospital security guard, Nick Meli, found Robert outside smoking a cigarette. He asked him about his occupation. “Basically, we catch bad guys. Bad drug dealers. That’s what the D.E.A. does,” Robert explained. “Anything that goes across state lines is D.E.A.”
-
-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0431d493-4a26-41e9-b8f1-6a72335e25d8_953x399.png)
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-“I was like, this dude is 100 percent fake,” Meli later told the *Oregonian*, adding that lots of patients claim to be undercover F.B.I., C.I.A., or other federal agents. “But this guy was the only one to go full-blown everything. Badge, handcuffs, I.D. tag...the whole nine yards,” he told a reporter. Hospital security officials contacted the F.B.I. and the D.E.A., and finally the cops, but no one turned up. 
-
-In December, Robert and Donna exchanged gifts under a Christmas tree in their apartment. He posted a photo of himself with Donna’s sons to his Facebook, writing: “I love my family.” He even wore his D.E.A. badge on Christmas Day. “It was the perfect Christmas,” he recalls. 
-
-Not long after that, Robert arrived home one evening wearing a full tactical outfit to find two Portland cops in the lobby. This, he feared, was the end of his ruse: surely, they had come to arrest him for impersonating a police officer, and he would lose everything. He says the cop asked if he was on duty.  
-
-“I’m on personal,” Robert replied. 
-
-“And the cop says, ‘Can you do me a favor? My partner is going upstairs to grab this person. Can you stay right here just in case he tries to come down?’”  
-
-“Sure,” said Robert, snapping into his role. 
-
-“What radio channel are you on?” the cop asked.  
-
-“Channel four,” he replied.  
-
-The officers elevatored to the sixth floor. Robert’s radio crackled with real police work for the first time.  
-
-“We have him,” said a voice. “He’s in custody.” 
-
-It was a lucky escape, and Robert decided he needed a faster way out of his lie. “I decided I was going to ‘retire,’” he says. “I was going to tell her, ‘let’s go into the private sector.’” He complained that he was sick of kissing ass at work. Sick of Anderson and Luis. “There’s a bunch of politics in any federal work,” he told Donna, and anyway, money was better if you go solo. Robert planned to set up their own detective agency. But he wouldn’t have a chance. 
-
-When Donna woke up on February 2, 2022, she had a sense that something wasn’t right. She went downstairs, and as she left the building, she found a police officer pointing a gun at Robert’s head. “He was shaking,” she says. Portland police Sergeant Matt Jacobsen had been driving through downtown when he spotted a silver Charger with its trunk open. He saw a tactical vest inside with a D.E.A. patch, and, on a hunch, he asked the man standing beside the car if he was a narcotics agent. 
-
-Donna flashed the sergeant the D.E.A. identification Robert had given her, assuming it was a mistake. She’d seen enough cop shows to know about the conflict between local cops and the feds, but she had started to realize something was wrong. “I was kind of freaking out a little bit,” she recalls. More cops arrived and handcuffed her. “The officer said ‘I don’t want to do this. It’s just a procedure,’” she recalls. Another officer asked what music she wanted to listen to in the squad car. Donna chose Christian rock. “I’ve never been in the back of a police car,” she said. 
-
-Officers searching the Charger discovered police lights, firearm holsters, two armor plate carriers, including one that had a D.E.A. POLICE patch, a tactical vest with a D.E.A. patch, handcuffs, badges, credentials and what looked like an AR-15 style rifle that turned out to be a BB gun. 
-
-Eventually a real D.E.A. Special Agent showed up, Robert recalls. “He came up to me and he goes, ‘I can’t find you in our records.’ And I said, ‘I know you can’t.’ And then they put the handcuffs on.” 
-
-Back at the station, Donna recognized the interrogation scene from television. “Good cop, bad cop, I’m thinking, because there were two guys,” she recalls. They asked why she was studying criminal justice.  
-
-“Because I’m interested in that type of field,” she told them. “I want to be somebody. I want to do something.”  
-
-“Have you been coerced?” the officer asked, carefully.  
-
-“No!” she said. *Coerced*?  
-
-“And so the other one—the good cop—was like, ‘So tell me about your family? You have many mental issues?’” When police called Donna’s family they heard that she had fallen in love with a D.E.A. agent, and figured out that she had been duped. When they told her Robert was an imposter, she was stunned. 
-
-“It was almost like a ‘Criminal Minds’ type situation,” she says. “You know how they sit there and they analyze, analyze, analyze?” Soon, Robert’s strange behavior became clear in her head. “It didn’t take me too long. I was looking around, like, *Am I in a movie or something*?” 
-
-Donna missed the red flags due to love-blindness, she explains. “You’re trusting the person that you love. I really had no reason not to trust him.” She recalls a similar experience with an ex. She had invited a girl into their home. Treated her like a daughter. “And all this time under my nose they were having an affair,” she says. “And that’s the same thing with this.” She didn’t think she had to check that her boyfriend wasn’t a make-believe cop. 
-
-After agents dropped her at home, they asked Donna to surrender her D.E.A. badge, the one Robert had given her during his proposal. It was junk, they said. “They told me to go back to Louisiana because he’s nothing but bad news,” she recalls.   
-
-Agents were less kind to Robert. Some peered into his interview room with genuine intrigue. One guy flipped him off, he says. “What’s funny is when they brought my vest and stuff, one guy said, ‘Damn, he’s got better gear than we do.’” In a criminal complaint, the D.E.A.’s Portland office wrote that it “does not have any Special Agents in employment” named Donna Metrejean and Robert Golden, and added that the D.E.A. does not provide ‘ride-alongs.’” They also confirmed that agents Anderson, Luis, and Garcia were figments of Robert’s imagination. 
-
-News of the arrest spread from Portland newspapers around the world, making headlines in London and even in Jordan. “Good Morning America” called, Robert says, adding that he was in no mood for television appearances: He read in the press that he faced a maximum fine of $250,000 and up to three years in prison. He would almost certainly lose the most precious thing in his life—Donna.
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-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadfd08be-da3b-4bfc-84a0-3730da46e940_20x24.png)
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-The Assistant U.S. Attorney offered Robert a pre-trial release, allowing him to avoid jail if he agreed to find a real job, not leave Oregon, take a mental health evaluation, and take care of a pending warrant in Texas. He also had to submit to regular drug testing. “That was when Donna found out about my drug use,” he says. He started treatment straight away and vowed to stay clean.  
-
-After a night in the cells, Robert arrived home just in time to see his Charger towed away by cops. Inside, Donna demanded a talk. Her daughter had begged her to stop seeing Robert. “She’s like, ‘Mama, he’s not real,’” Donna says. But real or not, no one had ever gone to the lengths Robert had to win her heart. And after all, who hasn’t told a fib on their resume?  
-
-Incredibly, she agreed to give him a second chance, if only he would tell her the truth. “No more lies,” she demanded. “I’m fifty-two years old, and I have been through a lot of stuff…I’ve been through marriages, I have been through this rodeo before and I’m not going through it again.”  
-
-It took Robert three days to tell her all of it. When he told her about his real past, she was blown away. She heard about his homelessness, how he pulled himself up by the bootstraps, how he worked his way from sleeping under a bridge to the day he got the keys to his apartment. That was her definition of a real man, she said, as they held each other tightly.  
-
-“You didn’t have to impress me from the get-go,” Donna told Robert. He didn’t need a police badge or a gun, she said. “You didn’t need any of that…you could have been a pumpjacker.” And anyway, Robert still treated her like a princess, held open the car door, and listened to her problems. “Sometimes you have to go through a couple of bad things just to get to your right thing,” she explains, adding that their fake cop caper had somehow given her back her self-esteem. “I can hold my head high, I don’t have to hold my head down. I actually have a backbone,” she says. It was all because of Robert. “I knew I wanted to spend the rest of my life with him. I accepted him for who he was.” 
-
-As they talked, Donna nervously fiddled with tiny pieces of pretzel on the kitchen table. When Robert looked down he noticed that she had arranged them into words: “Will you marry me?” 
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-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0da60473-ff72-4e22-8bf3-1015a6998295_953x399.png)
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-Robert said yes, but they decided to wait until after his sentencing, in February 2022. In court he offered to produce receipts for the $16,228.95 he spent on police equipment to prove he had not stolen anything. When the judge heard that Robert did it all to impress a woman, she asked why he didn’t just buy her a diamond ring. Donna recalls the judge telling Robert: “Make sure you marry that woman and make sure she doesn’t get away.”  
-
-Robert was sentenced in federal court to time served (less than a month), and agreed to undergo drug treatment with Volunteers of America. “He was away for months. Ninety days seemed like forever,” Donna recalls. As for his light sentence, the court determined he had not posed a risk to anyone or stolen any property. People in law enforcement have a saying for this type of imposter: 
-
-“Not worth the gunpowder.” 
-
-Robert admits that a year was a long time to deceive anyone, but he insists they did some good—that they really “made a difference.” He says that he identified Portland’s major street dealers of fentanyl, and captured hundreds of hours of dash cam footage showing drugs and money changing hands near the city’s docks. “I know for a fact that my dash cam got seized, all my video, they seized some of our notes that was in the car.” Those suspects, Robert says, were rounded up and arrested shortly after he was caught.
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-![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4952125b-445d-4e69-a9c4-50bc219b0823_1953x3279.jpeg)
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-Photo credit: Robert Golden, handout
-
-When I met Mr. and Mrs. Robert Golden in Portland in January of 2023, Donna had dyed her hair the bright blue color of police emergency lights. Robert is much more convincing as a down-and-out than a cop, I thought. He and Donna are adorably inseparable. By day they work together for a delivery app. He slings packages around the warehouse; Donna is a driver. The couple are not giving up on their dream of becoming a law enforcement duo, and making a difference. Donna faced no charges and is still working on her criminal science studies. In a year she’ll have her bachelor’s degree and still hopes to work in law enforcement. At night they play “Call of Duty,” running together into digital battlefields, shooting at enemies.  
-
-Their apartment building is like a warzone again. In the shadows, men battle invisible demons; others stagger in the street like marionettes missing strings; every five minutes or so, a woman lets out a primal scream. As I walked with Robert one night past a burned-out church, an old man pushing a busted shopping cart noticed Robert, and said: “Thank you for everything.”  
-
-I watched him swell with pride, and asked if he missed being a cop. “Actually, the rumor that’s going around is that we were crooked cops, and we got caught,” Robert told me, shooting me a conspiratorial look. Earlier, he had hinted that he had actually worked for the D.E.A., and that they made him “disappear.” When he showed me his dog tags from his time with one of the Army’s most elite regiments, I wondered if he had bought them online. I started to look into his credentials, but I realized it wouldn’t matter to Donna.  
-
-Sometimes, when trouble breaks out, Donna has to remind him: “We’re not cops! We’re not cops!” But I had come to believe that in his mind, Robert is still undercover. Deeper undercover for now, but always ready to save the world and get the girl, just like the cops Donna loves to watch on TV. Then, just before he melted away into the cold Portland night, Robert pulled me aside, flipped open his wallet, and flashed an I.D. card that said: “D.E.A.”
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-Date: 2023-08-10
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-Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/07/28/fordlandia-brazil/
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-# Utopia to blight: Surviving in Henry Ford’s lost jungle town
-
-
-FORDLÂNDIA, Brazil — When he was a young man, Luiz Magno Ribeiro felt nothing but pride in his city. It was, he believed, the most miraculous town in Brazil, a place of many firsts. The first settlement deep in the Amazon rainforest to have running water and electricity. The first to treat patients in a modern hospital. The first to build a swimming pool, a cinema, street lamps — an oasis of civilization in a remote jungle: Fordlândia. Where Henry Ford tried to defeat the Amazon and was instead defeated.
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-But one recent morning, as he set out to inspect the community, it wasn’t awe that the 49-year-old felt. It was frustration and grievance.
-
-Despite all of Magno’s efforts, despite the community’s backing, despite the help of federal attorneys and a recent order by a judge, the remarkable history of Ford’s conquest to harvest Amazon rubber was being lost, historic building by historic building. And the roughly 2,000 people still here, many of them impoverished descendants of Ford workers, were being forgotten — again.
-
-Now came another sign of neglect.
-
-As Magno, the town historian, walked through the neighborhood where Ford’s executives once enjoyed the comforts of a Midwest suburb — wide-screened balconies, concrete sidewalks, porcelain bathtubs — he smelled something acrid. There, inside one of the stately houses, he saw it: bat guano. Mounds of it. The elegant home had been taken over by a squatter — and a colony of bats.
-
-“He didn’t even clean it up,” said Magno, furious at the squatter. “There must be 20 pounds of guano here. And no one does a thing. I’ve never seen this city in worse condition.”
-
-Nearly a century ago, the Ford Motor Co. spent heavily in blood and coin to construct what became, practically overnight, one of the Amazon’s largest cities. Thousands of acres of forest were razed. Millions of dollars were spent. Hundreds of workers died.
-
-But neither Ford nor the Brazilian government, which assumed control of the property when the company departed in 1945, has done much of anything to preserve this historic town whose brief heyday came at so high a cost. William Clay Ford Jr., Henry’s great-grandson and now the company’s executive chairman, reportedly supported in 1997 the opening of a rubber museum here, but nothing came of it. Meanwhile, the Brazilian government, according to federal attorneys, has for more than 30 years ignored pleas to endow the town with historical protections.
-
-Ford didn’t respond to requests for comment. Neither did Brazil’s National Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute, which is charged with safeguarding the country’s historic sites.
-
-In recent years, Fordlândia’s collapse has only accelerated. The hospital, designed by Ford architect Albert Kahn and the first to perform complicated surgeries deep in the Amazon, was ransacked a decade ago and stripped of its roofing and walls. Down came a historic home where Ford executives had lived. The cinema, where American poetry was read in Portuguese, was condemned as a safety hazard in 2020 and knocked down.
-
-And this year, the last resident who had worked for Ford died, at 102.
-
-“There won’t be a Fordlândia in 30 more years,” Magno lamented. “It will all be lost.”
-
-He has come to think of it as two towns. There’s the Fordlândia that’s been portrayed in the media: a ghost town whose story ended when Ford left. Then there’s the reality: Fordlândia never suffered an exodus. If it’s not quite thriving, it remains a community with schools, shops and churches.
-
-What connects the two Fordlândias is failure. First, the failure to conquer the jungle. And now, the failure to preserve.
-
-### 
-
-Building the Midwest in the Amazon
-
-Henry Ford had a problem. He had revolutionized factory assembly work and made the automobile affordable for the masses. But he didn’t have direct control of a rubber supply that would guarantee the company’s continued success.
-
-Most rubber was produced by European colonial plantations in Southeast Asia. By the 1920s, there was talk of a rubber cartel.
-
-Ford feared that such a group could dictate rubber prices worldwide, giving it the power to cripple his company. So the pioneering industrialist, an early believer in vertical integration, looked for a way to outflank them and produce his own rubber. He settled on the region where it was first harvested: the Amazon.
-
-He found willing partners in Brazil, which was keen to revitalize the rainforest’s moribund rubber industry. Brazil, in an early example of the extraordinary incentives it would offer multinational corporations to set up in the Amazon, granted Ford in 1927 a parcel nearly the size of Connecticut.
-
-The prospect was attractive to Ford for several reasons. Increasingly disillusioned by an America turning toward urbanism, he saw in the Amazon an opportunity to start over. He wanted to build not just factories and plantations, but a pastoral utopia, transporting a bucolic Midwestern town, imprinted with his own idiosyncratic tastes and interests, to the heart of the Amazon. He discouraged drinking, gambling, Catholicism, yuca flour and … cows.
-
-“The crudest machine in the world,” Ford called the animal. At the maternity ward, infants would be given soy milk.
-
-“He thought this was the perfect way to save rural life,” said Greg Grandin, a historian and the author of “[Fordlandia: The Rise and Fall of Henry Ford’s Forgotten Jungle City](https://amzn.to/44PbtHz).”
-
-By some measures, Ford succeeded. By the 1930s, a new town had risen out of the forest. On one side extended fire-hydrant-lined streets: Riverside Avenue, Hillside, Main Street. At the center were massive, Detroit-style warehouses. And on the other side was the “American Village.”
-
-Built for American executives, the neighborhood had it all: a clubhouse, hotel, tennis court, swimming pool, golf course, swing sets, a movie theater and five stately homes furnished with wooden American furniture and paintings of rural Midwestern landscapes.
-
-Ed Townsend, 81, grew up inside one. “I remember it being a very pleasant environment,” recalled Townsend, now a banker in Oklahoma. “An enjoyable, pleasant, beautiful, clean city.”
-
-But there was a dark side. Hundreds died in the town’s construction, according to Florida State University researcher Marcos Colón, most of them from disease. “The sanitary situation in Fordlândia is terrible,” the newspaper Diario Carioca reported in 1929, “making victims every day.”
-
-And in its fundamental purpose — to harvest rubber — the experiment was a disaster. Ford’s buffoonish executives did virtually everything wrong. Planting in the wrong season, in the wrong terrain, with the wrong seeds. Clustering *Hevea brasiliensis*, a rubber tree that grows best when naturally dispersed.
-
-Plagues struck. Pests invaded. When Ford workers introduced ants to kill them, the ants became yet another pest.
-
-“Like dropping money into a sewer,” Ford executive William Cowling wrote to his superiors.
-
-In 1945, after nearly two decades and $20 million spent, Ford wanted out. The company sold its properties and everything on them — the hospitals, houses, factories, manufacturing equipment — to the Brazilian government for a pittance, then departed.
-
-The Brazilians, as if to punctuate that Ford’s strange experiment was over, turned Fordlândia into a cattle ranch.
-
-### 
-
-A dream warped by decay
-
-More than 70 years later, in the spring of 2016, a young judge named Domingos Moutinho accompanied his wife on a work trip to the nearby gold-mining town of Itaituba. One day, when his wife busy at work, he decided to visit a place whose history had always fascinated him. Fordlândia was just up the river.
-
-Riding up the Tapajós, Moutinho watched as verdant forest blurred past, each bend indistinguishable from the last. Then the unusual spectacle came into view: Sprawling rusted warehouses. A 150-foot water tower — once the Amazon’s tallest structure. A water treatment facility. Stepping ashore, Moutinho asked if anyone could give him a tour.
-
-That was when he met Magno. The historian was just finishing up his day job as a schoolteacher.
-
-The pair spent hours touring the town. Moutinho was stunned. One of the warehouses looked suspended in time, as if the workers had dropped their tools mid-shift and never returned. It was filled with dust-lacquered machinery, lugged from cities as distant as Cincinnati and stamped with the manufacturers’ insignia: Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Brown & Sharpe, Westinghouse.
-
-Looking down, Moutinho spotted an antiquated calculator on the floor.
-
-“If I had wanted to put it into my backpack and leave, I could have,” he recalled. “There wasn’t any kind of real security.”
-
-Magno told Moutinho that Fordlândia had been left to rot. Despite pledges to preserve the town, no Brazilian authority had done much. Not the federal government, and not the city of Aveiro, which included Fordlândia within its borders.
-
-In 1990, state officials, responding to the lamentations of townspeople, submitted a request for historical recognition. The designation, granted by the National Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute, protects historic properties and incentivizes restorations with tax write-offs. Fordlândia’s leaders considered the recognition a crucial step toward resurrecting the town and drawing tourists. But the request, which typically takes about five years to be processed, languished without explanation for more than 25.
-
-“An abusive delay,” federal attorneys said in a 2015 lawsuit. They alleged that every level of the Brazilian government had been negligent in its duty to maintain the town. While the request for historical recognition sat pending, the hospital had been ransacked and stripped of its valuable tiling. Some of the houses in the American Village had suffered an “invasion” of squatters, they said. Another had been demolished.
-
-Late that afternoon, Magno walked Moutinho back to the port. The historian had enjoyed the visit, but didn’t think much would come of it. Moutinho seemed like just another curious passerby.
-
-Neither knew that before long Moutinho would become a central player in the town’s struggle to survive.
-
-### 
-
-‘We were born rich, then became poor’
-
-Early one morning in December 2021, Magno stepped out of his house and into the rain, hopeful for the first time in a long while.
-
-Fate had placed Moutinho in charge of the court deciding the city’s case. Moutinho had called a meeting for that morning that drew officials from throughout Pará state. For the first time, the people of Fordlândia would have an opportunity to urge authorities publicly to preserve the city, and Magno had been selected as their representative.
-
-Magno felt as if he’d prepared for decades for this day. The son of the chauffeur of an American doctor, he’d been raised to respect what Ford built here. Studying the town’s history for his college thesis, his admiration for Ford had only deepened. In a time when slave labor dominated much of the Amazon, the company had paid workers well and treated them with relative dignity. Then it had left it all behind — the makings and technology of a mighty Amazon city.
-
-All the people had to do, Magno believed, was rise up and seize the opportunity.
-
-But rather than race ahead, Fordlândia somehow slipped behind. In what promised to be an automotive capital, not a single road is paved. Electricity can go out for days at a time. None of the water is treated. Four in 5 people in the broader city of Aveiro live in poverty, and 1 in 4 adults are illiterate. So much potential, Magno often found himself thinking, and none of it went fulfilled.
-
-“We were born rich,” he liked to say, “then became poor.”
-
-Now was a chance, at least in one small way, to set things right. Standing in front of the audience, he tried to make his case for its historical designation.
-
-“This would be a declaration that would look, with great care, to the common good,” he said. Then, later: “There are larger cities. Cities with better infrastructure. But there is no city that has a history like Fordlândia.”
-
-Within days, Moutinho delivered his decision.
-
-“The historic value of Fordlândia is incontestable,” he wrote. “There remains to us no other measure but granting a historical designation.” He ordered Brazil’s heritage agency to finish the necessary paperwork and, by October 2022, to present to the community a “complete restoration plan.”
-
-But none of the deadlines were met. The designation was never awarded — and may never be. In a [January filling,](https://sei.iphan.gov.br/sei/modulos/pesquisa/md_pesq_documento_consulta_externa.php?9LibXMqGnN7gSpLFOOgUQFziRouBJ5VnVL5b7-UrE5RbWopdSc3tRJ9lOUSJVHsMCmkMs6OMpvCxy7Jvk6D4URRq2MMzPV983l7VkFuckIyON0NCRSru89xNyqf1jYiC) the agency doubted whether Fordlândia merited it. The community was found to have only “potential archaeological value,” the filing said. “Potential value” wasn’t enough for a historical designation.
-
-The request was filed away for additional review. No further action has been taken.
-
-### 
-
-A forgotten past, dissolving into the future
-
-Magno no longer gives tours to random visitors. Other than attending to questions about history from lawyers and academics, he tries to live in the present, rather than the past crumbling around him.
-
-But every now and then, he sees a sign of neglect so egregious he has to look away. So the day he saw the guano dirtying the American-style house, he didn’t go inside. Instead, he walked across the street, to where a newcomer had moved in, and witnessed what he’d come to believe was the birth of a new Fordlândia.
-
-Every year, more outsiders were coming to the town. Many were drawn by the promise of wealth that had nothing to do with its past. Shortly after Ford pulled out, a massive deposit — 350 million tons of high-grade gypsum, used in fertilizers and construction — was discovered nearby. For decades, the difficulties of reaching Fordlândia had kept miners away. But now two companies were busy at work. Some days, Magno would stop and marvel at the size of their barge, weighed with thousands of tons of ivory-colored earth.
-
-“A new economic cycle is opening,” said Moutinho, the judge.
-
-And here now, before Magno, was more evidence of it. The newcomer, a transplant from the southeastern state of Minas Gerais, had not restored the American-style home, which had been badly vandalized and shorn of its roofing. Instead, he demolished it entirely and rebuilt it Brazilian-style.
-
-“This is Brazil,” said José Joaquim, 68, admiring his house, painted teal blue. “And I’m Brazilian.”
-
-Magno listened as Joaquim spoke of his plans for his house — a fence over here, a pool over there — and nodded in resignation. This was the other Fordlândia, the real Fordlândia.
-
-“And of course,” Joaquim continued, “there will be a big barbecue grill.”
-
-Magno smiled. He said the plans sounded nice. Then he finished the conversation and walked back to the school, where he had work to do.
-
-*Marina Dias in Brasília contributed to this report.*
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
----
-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
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-Date: 2023-05-22
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-05-22
-Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/19/world/europe/greece-migrants-abandoned.html
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-05-31]]
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-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-VideoShowsGreeceAbandoningMigrantsatSeaNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# Video Shows Greece Abandoning Migrants at Sea
-
-## Greece Says It Doesn’t Ditch Migrants at Sea. It Was Caught in the Act.
-
-Video evidence shows asylum seekers, among them young children, being rounded up, taken to sea and abandoned on a raft by the Greek Coast Guard.
-
-The asylum seekers had already hopscotched countries for years to escape war in the Horn of Africa. They had barely set foot in Europe, hoping to start new lives, when masked men rounded them up and stripped them of their belongings.
-
-Now they were crammed into the dinghy, rocking on the open waters and trying to shield themselves from the bright sun as Naima Hassan Aden clutched her 6-month-old baby and wept.
-
-“We didn’t expect to survive on that day,” said Ms. Aden, a 27-year-old from Somalia. “When they were putting us on the inflatable raft, they did so without any mercy.”
-
-Their ordeal might ordinarily have remained largely unknown, like those of so many other asylum seekers whose accounts of mistreatment have been dismissed by the Greek government. Only on this occasion, it was captured in its entirety on video by an activist who shared it with The New York Times.
-
-A Times investigation verified and corroborated the footage. We also interviewed 11 of the asylum seekers from Somalia, Eritrea and Ethiopia whom we located at a detention center in Izmir, on the Turkish coast.
-
-Many were still wearing the same clothes they had on in the video. They gave detailed accounts of what happened to them that matched the events in the video — before Times reporters showed them the footage. The approximate height and size of the adults and children matched, too.
-
-Video
-
-![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/05/15/world/europe/Part-2-Clip-5-V2/Part-2-Clip-5-V2-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg)
-
-Sulekha Abdullahi and her six children were cast adrift. Michael Downey for The New York TimesCreditCredit...
-
-The Greek government did not respond to repeated requests for comment. But campaigning on Lesbos last week ahead of general elections on Sunday, Prime Minister [Kyriakos Mitsotakis](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/08/world/europe/kyriakos-mitsotakis-greece.html) defended his government’s “tough but fair” migration policies and boasted of a 90 percent drop in the arrival of “illegal migrants.”
-
-The government has consistently denied mistreating asylum seekers and points to the fact that it shoulders a disproportionate burden of managing new arrivals to Europe.
-
-But the video, provided by an Austrian aid worker, Fayad Mulla, who has spent much of the past two and a half years working on the island and trying to document abuses against migrants, may be the most damning evidence yet of the Greek authorities’ violation of international laws and E.U. rules governing how asylum seekers must be treated.
-
-In addition to interviewing the asylum seekers in Turkey, The Times verified the footage by doing a frame-by-frame analysis to identify the people in the video, geolocating key events and confirming the time and day using maritime traffic data, as well an analysis of the position of the sun and visible shadows.
-
-We showed the video in person to three senior officials from the European Commission in Brussels, describing how we had verified it. Later, in written comments, the Commission said that it was “concerned by the footage” and that, though it had not verified the material for itself, it would take the matter up with the Greek authorities.
-
-Greece “must fully respect obligations under the E.U. asylum rules and international law, including ensuring access to the asylum procedure,” said Anitta Hipper, the European Commission spokeswoman for migration.
-
-The Greek authorities declined requests to meet in person to review the video.
-
-Greece and the European Union hardened their attitudes toward migrants after the arrival in 2015 and 2016 of [more than one million refugees](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/29/world/europe/europe-migrant-refugee-crisis.html) from Syria, Iraq and elsewhere. The wave of newcomers reshaped European politics, igniting populist hard-right forces who played on nativist angst.
-
-Greece is far from alone in cracking down on migrants. Poland, Italy and Lithuania have recently changed their laws to make it easier to repel migrants and to punish those who help them.
-
-But the new videos suggest that the Greek authorities have gone still further, resorting to surreptitious extrajudicial expulsions that sweep up even the most vulnerable with the participation of its maritime forces.
-
-“Through the will of God, we managed to survive,” Ms. Aden said.
-
-## Anatomy of an extrajudicial deportation
-
-It was just after midday on April 11 that a white unmarked van drove down to a small cove with a wooden dock at the southern tip of Lesbos, according to Mr. Mulla’s video.
-
-As the van wound down to the coastline, two men waiting in a speedboat covered their faces with what appear to be ski masks. When the van stopped, three men emerged, unlocked the back doors — and out filed 12 people, several of them small children.
-
-The passengers included Ms. Aden and her baby, Awale, with whom she had originally fled Jilib, a small city in an area of Somalia controlled by Al Shabab, a militant group linked with Al Qaeda, she said. Ms. Aden said they had landed on Lesbos in a smugglers’ dinghy a day earlier and had spent a night hiding in the brush before being rounded up by masked men.
-
-Sulekha Abdullahi, 40, and her six children were crammed in the van, too.
-
-So were Mahdi, 25, and Miliyen, 33, who said they had also arrived on Lesbos by dinghy and sought cover in the brush. They were captured after a short pursuit, and Miliyen’s ankles still bore deep scratches when we interviewed him days later.
-
-They agreed to share their stories but asked to be identified only by their first names, fearful of retribution.
-
-A few minutes after the group was escorted out of the van, everyone was taken out on the Aegean waters in the speedboat. From a distance it looked like a tourist leisure ride. It was anything but.
-
-Video
-
-![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/05/15/autossell/Part-3-Clip-1-V4/Part-3-Clip-1-V4-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg)
-
-CreditCredit...
-
-Another three minutes passed and then the speedboat approached Coast Guard vessel 617, which was mostly paid for with E.U. funds, according to archived lists of Greek Coast Guard assets.
-
-One by one, the migrants were unloaded from the speedboat and taken to the stern of the Coast Guard boat, escorted by six unmasked individuals, some of whom appeared to be wearing the standard dark blue uniform.
-
-Video
-
-![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/05/15/world/europe/part-3clip2/part-3clip2-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg)
-
-CreditCredit...
-
-The Coast Guard craft then turned eastward toward Turkey and got underway. The boat was not sending out its location, according to Marine Traffic, a maritime live data platform that tracks vessels. But The Times was able to approximate its position using location data from other nearby commercial vessels visible in the footage.
-
-The Coast Guard boat stopped when it neared the edge of Greece’s territorial waters. The video Mr. Mulla shot from the Lesbos coast is blurry because of the distance, but a black object can later be seen floating beside the Coast Guard boat.
-
-Video
-
-![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/05/15/autossell/Part-3-Clip-3-V4/Part-3-Clip-3-V4-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg)
-
-CreditCredit...
-
-In interviews at the Izmir detention facility, all the migrants recounted being pushed onto a black inflatable life raft and set adrift. The use of these engineless rafts has been documented in the past, but the Greek authorities have denied leaving migrants afloat in them, because they are unnavigable and can overturn.
-
-The Greek authorities often use a fax message to tip off their counterparts to the presence of stranded migrants in Turkish territorial waters, according to Turkish officials, and an hour or so after the migrants were abandoned, two Turkish Coast Guard boats appeared.
-
-The Times was able to approximate the location of the rescue through the coordinates of the MSC Valencia, a large commercial ship anchored nearby, visible in the background.
-
-Video
-
-![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/05/16/world/europe/Part-3-Clip-4-V6/Part-3-Clip-4-V6-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg)
-
-CreditCredit...
-
-The April 11 rescue, like many others, was posted on a website regularly updated by Turkish authorities.
-
-Its Coast Guard said that it had rescued “12 irregular migrants on the lifeboat that was pushed back to Turkish territorial waters by Greek assets,” off the coast of Dikili, opposite Lesbos, at 14:30 local time.
-
-Video
-
-![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/05/15/world/europe/Part-3-Clip-5-V5/Part-3-Clip-5-V5-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg)
-
-Turkish Coast Guard video, independently verified by The Times, shows the migrants arriving at the port of Dikili after being rescued.CreditCredit...
-
-The Times analyzed video provided by the Turkish Coast Guard and was able to identify the individuals visible in Mr. Mulla’s footage in one of the shots, which shows the migrants arriving at the port of Dikili in Turkey. The Times was able to confirm it was the same group based on its composition, the physical attributes of its members and their clothing.
-
-## Fleeing War and Dictatorship
-
-The ordeal lasted just a few hours, but it forever changed the course of their lives.
-
-The shores of the islands of the eastern Aegean, just miles off the coast of Turkey, have long been chroniclers of misery and epic journeys. The stories told by the 12 asylum seekers involved in the April 11 episode were no exception.
-
-Video
-
-![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/05/15/world/europe/Part-2-Clip-4-V2/Part-2-Clip-4-V2-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg)
-
-Naima Hassan Aden and her 6-month-old boy, Awale. Michael Downey for The New York TimesCreditCredit...
-
-Before getting on a dinghy to Greece last month, all of those we interviewed had been in Turkey for at least a year, trying to earn enough money to attempt to get smuggled to Europe.
-
-For many, Turkey wasn’t even the first step in their long search for a safe home. Ms. Abdullahi and her older children had fled Somalia for Yemen before it, too, became a war zone. Miliyen had escaped Eritrea’s repression for Ethiopia, but it was soon consumed by civil war.
-
-After several failed attempts by Times reporters to track down the asylum seekers, a regional public official in Izmir said that the group had been taken to a detention center in Izmir, on the Turkish coast.
-
-The Turkish authorities, eager to highlight the Greek government’s poor treatment of migrants, granted rare access to the facility, and over three hours on April 20 and 21 we visited and interviewed the group, who confirmed that they were the people set adrift.
-
-When we spoke with Ms. Aden, she held Awale’s feet in her hands and said she had spent over a year in Turkey trying to see if she could make a life for herself and her baby, who was born there. When she got on a smuggler’s dinghy on the night of April 9, she thought she was heading to Europe for a better future.
-
-“Somalia is not a place we can return to,” she said.
-
-Video
-
-![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/05/15/world/europe/Part-2-Clip-1-V2/Part-2-Clip-1-V2-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg)
-
-Sulekha Abdullahi and her 2-year-old son, Marwan Abdi. Michael Downey for The New York TimesCreditCredit...
-
-A widow, Ms. Abdullahi, accompanied by her children, ages 2 to 17, hoped the same. Originally from Mogadishu, in Somalia, she said she had fled to Yemen in 2013. Her younger children — Mariam, 7, Majid, 5, and Marwan, 2 — had been born there, she said.
-
-She decided to move to Turkey as the war in Yemen raged on, and then on to Europe.
-
-After they all arrived in Greece, masked men approached.
-
-“They said they worked for M.S.F.,” Ms. Abdullahi said, referring to the medical charity Médecins Sans Frontières. It quickly became clear that wasn’t true.
-
-The women and some of the older children tearfully recounted having their hijabs torn off, and the men searching their bodies for belongings.
-
-“They took everything we had, cash, phones, everything,” Ms. Abdullahi said.
-
-Then they were locked in the white van and driven around for several hours.
-
-“We couldn’t see anything outside, we had nowhere to sit,” her oldest daughter, Ladan, 17, said. “We were all laying down.”
-
-Mahdi and Miliyen had been similarly uprooted by war, fleeing different parts of Ethiopia as the country descended into fratricidal conflict.
-
-Video
-
-![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/05/15/world/europe/Part-2-Clip-6-V2/Part-2-Clip-6-V2-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg)
-
-Mahdi, 25, at the detention center. Michael Downey for The New York TimesCreditCredit...
-
-Mahdi said he was an engineering student from Ethiopia’s Oromo region. His parents had borrowed $1,000 to fly him to Istanbul for a new start after his college, the Jimma Institute of Technology, temporarily closed because of the pandemic.
-
-“My parents were extremely worried about me because I was not at university and in our district, men were being recruited to fight,” he said.
-
-But, Mahdi said, it quickly became clear that Turkey was not going to offer the opportunities his parents had hoped for. The country’s economy was in free-fall, and Turks were souring on the migrants they had once relied on to do the jobs they spurned.
-
-His roommate, Miliyen, an only child from southern Eritrea, said he had left with his mother for Ethiopia, just over the border, when the two countries reached their landmark peace agreement in 2018.
-
-Mother and son resettled in Humera, in the Tigray region, where they opened a little cafe. But within a year, the Ethiopian government, aided by Eritrea’s dictator, unleashed a brutal war over the region’s independence aspirations.
-
-Miliyen, like thousands of others, [fled to next-door Sudan](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/09/world/africa/ethiopia-tigray-sudan.html), certain he would be killed or recruited to fight if he stayed. His mother was too frail to follow, he said, and stayed behind with neighbors.
-
-Now, he said, he has no idea how to contact his mother: The number of the neighbor looking after her was lost forever when the men in Greece took his phone on Lesbos.
-
-“I don’t know if my mother is alive,” he said through sobs, “and I don’t know how to find her.”
-
-## Stuck in Limbo
-
-Video
-
-![](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/05/15/autossell/Part-4-Clip-1-V2/Part-4-Clip-1-V2-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg)
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-Majid and Mariam Abdi play in a common room in the detention center. Michael Downey for The New York TimesCreditCredit...
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-The fate of the group is now unclear.
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-Mahdi, the young Ethiopian, was released in early May on court orders, but told The Times after his release that Miliyen and the Somali women and children were still in detention.
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-Video
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-Ms. Abdullahi and her family in the detention center. Michael Downey for The New York TimesCreditCredit...
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-When interviewed, the Somali women and some of the older children had described the Turkish facility as a prison and said they could not bear to stay any longer.
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-“I’m a mother raising children whose father is dead,” Ms. Abdullahi said. “I have heart issues and high cholesterol. I can’t continue to bear the conditions inside this jail.”
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-Ms. Aden and Awale. Michael Downey for The New York TimesCreditCredit...
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-Ozge Oguz, a lawyer who works with people at the detention center, said many languish there for months before a decision is made on whether to deport them.
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-“When people are taken to this facility because they were left by the Greeks in boats in the Aegean, they are already victims,” she said.
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-The Turkish authorities may rescue the migrants at sea, but they accord them only limited rights.
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-On paper, Ms. Oguz said, the asylum seekers have a right to apply for international protection in Turkey — but the chances are slim. “They do apply, but they’re rejected,” she said. The Turkish authorities did not respond to requests for comment.
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-By contrast, more than 80 percent of Eritreans and more than half of the Somalis who applied for protection in the European Union last year were successful, according to official statistics.
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-“I just wanted to go to a place where I can seek safety,” Ms. Aden said.
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-Matina Stevis-Gridneff reported from Brussels and Athens, and traveled to Izmir in Turkey with Nimet Kirac to interview the group of migrants. Sarah Kerr and Kassie Bracken reported from New York. Riley Mellen and Christopher F. Schuetze contributed reporting. Meg Felling contributed video production. Additional production by Michael Beswetherick and Rumsey Taylor.
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-Tag: ["🤵🏻", "💸", "🚫", "🇮🇳"]
-Date: 2023-01-15
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-01-15
-Link: https://restofworld.org/2023/youtube-scam-call-vigilantes/
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
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-&emsp;
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-```button
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-&emsp;
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-# Vigilantes for views: The YouTube pranksters harassing suspected scam callers in India
-
-It took several minutes for someone to notice the first cockroach scurrying across the carpet of Ansh Info Solutions, a call center in Kolkata, India, one day in April 2022. A worker covering the phones spotted the insect and jumped up from their desk chair. A second cockroach appeared, and another phone operator ripped off their headset and ran towards the nearest conference room. One by one, workers stood up and peered over their cubicle dividers to see what had caused the commotion. Unbeknownst to them, a black metal box had been hidden under a row of desks, brimming with dozens of live roaches. 
-
-By the time someone appeared with a mop in hand, several more cockroaches were already skittering around the office floor. A worker crushed one under the heel of their sneaker; another made a run for the elevator banks. But before the room could recover from the disruption, there was another surprise. Smoke began to rise from one of the cubicles. 
-
-A crowd gathered to investigate, and located the source: a small mechanical contraption. Next to it was another box, filled with squirming mice.
-
-Meanwhile, 1 mile away, behind the closed window shades of a hotel room in Kolkata’s residential Bidhannagar district, YouTubers Artsiom “Art” Kulik and Ashton Bingham watched the chaos unfold over a hacked feed of the call center’s security cameras.
-
-“Here we go, motherfuckers — take this!” Kulik yelled at the hotel room TV.
-
-From the hotel, the YouTubers coordinated the next phase of their assault. They dispatched a messenger to the office to deliver a concealed glitter bomb. With suspicions already high, workers took the large, unopened package to a garage, slowly opening it while trying to keep their distance. Hidden cameras inside captured their reactions as a siren went off and a pound of glitter went flying into the air. In a final joke, the box’s return address said the sender was the FBI. 
-
-Kulik and Bingham, together known as Trilogy Media, are part of the online “scambaiting” community — an increasingly popular internet subculture that involves hacking, pranking, and generally taking revenge on people they believe are conducting scam phone calls. Launched in 2016, Trilogy Media runs accounts on YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and Patreon, and operates a subscription streaming service called Trilogy Plus. On YouTube, its most popular platform, over 800,000 subscribers regularly tune in to the team’s antics.  
-
-Many of the YouTube creators who make scambaiting videos are from North America and Europe, and their most frequent targets are in India. Oftentimes, scambaiters simply annoy scammers: They might pretend they are falling for a scam call, for instance, only to waste the caller’s time with inane questions or inside jokes. In these videos, the scammers usually remain nameless and faceless, just a voice on the other end of the line. 
-
-But Trilogy has taken things up a notch. In April 2022, their team traveled from Los Angeles to Kolkata in order to prank workers at Ansh Info Solutions and two other call centers, which they claim conduct scam call operations that allegedly defraud victims in the U.S. and elsewhere. Naturally, they filmed the whole thing, hoping to pull it together into their newest viral video.
-
-Kulik and Bingham say their goal is to educate viewers about scams — a public service disguised as comedic entertainment. They talk about how they’re motivated by a sense of justice for victims of scams, and suggest that they’re stepping in where law enforcement has failed.
-
-But there are other advantages to being a scambaiting creator. In the month after the Kolkata videos were released, Trilogy Media’s YouTube channel added more than [140,000 subscribers](https://socialblade.com/youtube/c/trilogymedia/monthly), according to YouTube analytics site Social Blade. The videos from their trip, posted across their channel and those of several collaborators, collectively have over 60 million views.
-
-![](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Youtube-40x20.jpg)
-
-[https://www.youtube.com/@TrilogyMedia](https://www.youtube.com/@TrilogyMedia)
-
-Kulik and Bingham work full-time as creators, and they don’t shy away from the celebrity their increasingly outlandish stunts have brought them. “We want to just keep growing that brand awareness,” Bingham told *Rest of World*. “We want the channel to keep growing and keep doing huge collabs with A-list YouTubers.”
-
-“We want scam awareness to be much bigger than it is,” he continued. “But we’d also love to have more opportunities on mainstream networks.”
-
-Trilogy’s pursuit of vigilante justice has proved a hit with their many fans, whom they refer to as “the squad.” But for some, their antics lay bare an uncomfortable power dynamic in which YouTubers in Los Angeles gain viral fame at the expense of Indian call center workers, physically harassing people whose situation they may know little about. 
-
-Sourav Ghosh, a call center operator who used to work at a company targeted by Trilogy, told *Rest of World* that his department had sold website-building services and was never involved in scams. He says Trilogy’s videos humiliate workers, and warned of the potential lasting impact on individuals caught on camera. 
-
-“They’re doing all these things for the sake of likes and the sake of the publicity they are getting for a minimum time, but it might affect someone’s dignity,” he said. Beyond damaging the reputation of former colleagues, Ghosh is concerned that Trilogy’s videos may reinforce negative stereotypes about Indian people. “India is not a scam country,” he said.
-
-![](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/09.02.22_Rest-Of-World__Trilogy-Media_0508-40x27.jpg)
-
-Alex Welsh for Rest of World
-
----
-
-**Before launching Trilogy** Media in 2016, Bingham and Kulik were both aspiring actors living in LA and struggling to get a foothold in Hollywood. Bingham, a former professional child magician from Reno, Nevada, had gone through several day jobs, including renting boats on the docks of Marina del Rey, in between auditions for TV roles. Now in his early 30s, with a broad smile and a knack for over-the-top facial expressions, he landed minor stints on the U.S. sitcom *Parks* *and Recreation* and the 2008 revival of the teen soap *90210*, but could never quit his day jobs.
-
-Kulik was working at a rental car agency. Raised in Belarus, he’d spent years as a trainee in the basketball academy for the country’s Olympic team, followed by a stint as a sports telecaster in Moscow, before moving to the U.S. At six-foot-four, Kulik, who usually wears his shoulder-length hair slicked back into a bun, towers over Bingham. 
-
-Introduced by mutual friends, the two became roommates in 2016, and launched the Trilogy Media production company out of their apartment that August. They saw YouTube as a potential side door into the entertainment industry, and toyed with releasing short films and comedy sketches.
-
-Around this time, Bingham started receiving a barrage of scam calls purporting to be from the Internal Revenue Service, the U.S. tax authority. It wasn’t hard to spot the scam: The caller asked Bingham to buy gift cards from Target and other chain stores in order to pay off a supposed tax debt. 
-
-> “I’ll make like, a two- or three-minute video for Facebook and post it for our friends, and it’ll be funny.”
-
-Easy to brush off at first, the stream of inbound calls became unbearable, and Bingham had an idea: turning the tables on the scammers, by deceiving them himself. **“**Let me just run with it. I’ll make like, a two- or three-minute video for Facebook and post it for our friends, and it’ll be funny,” he recalled to *Rest of World*, during a visit to Trilogy Media’s Los Angeles production offices in September 2022*.*
-
-The next time Bingham received a scam call, he picked up and engaged, all the while recording himself on camera. In the video, Bingham spends 30 minutes wasting the caller’s time with fake names and disingenuous follow-up questions, before his tone of voice changes. No longer playing dumb to the con, he launches into an expletive-laden tirade. “You are an inbred, motherfucking piece of shit, stop fucking scamming people, you stupid, dumb son of a bitch,” he rages. 
-
-This moment, where the prank on the scammer pivots to an outright confrontation, is a signature of scambaiter content. In this instance, the scammer, who claims to be from Pakistan, yells back, mocking the 9/11 attacks and saying his father is Osama bin Laden. 
-
-![](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/09.01.22_Rest-Of-World__Trilogy-Media_1090-40x60.jpg)
-
-Alex Welsh for Rest of World
-
-After making the video, Kulik and Bingham set up a YouTube channel to upload it. The [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xG2s5yoD6mk), titled “IRS Scammer Gets OWNED – Then Threatens TERRORISM,” is still up on the channel. Picked up by digital outlets like [Yahoo News](https://sg.news.yahoo.com/man-expertly-wastes-irs-phone-145559409.html) and the [*Daily Mail*](https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4510186/Man-plays-tax-phone-scammers-game.html), the YouTube clip now has over 400,000 views.
-
-For Trilogy, the IRS scam video was a launching pad. “Over the course of the next year, it catapulted us into that space of like, oh shit, we can monetize this,” said Bingham. By 2017, after posting several more scammer call-out videos, they’d pivoted the entire Trilogy Media operation to scambaiting.
-
-Bingham and Kulik have since published over 400 videos to their channel, which now regularly receive hundreds of thousands of views. The channel’s largest following is in the U.S., followed by India, the U.K., Canada, and Australia.
-
-Alongside ad monetization on YouTube and Facebook, Patreon subscriptions, and tiered YouTube [channel memberships](https://www.youtube.com/trilogymedia/join), which cost from $1.99 to almost $500 [a month](https://www.youtube.com/trilogymedia/join), Bingham and Kulik say their largest source of revenue is fan donations. Trilogy Media declined to share exact figures on their revenue — Bingham said doing so often leads to criticism online.
-
-Their success has allowed them to hire a full-time creative director, director of operations, and editor. Most recently, Trilogy has been taking meetings with production companies in hope of landing a scambaiting show or docuseries on a mainstream cable network or streaming service. 
-
-More than just bringing in income, they say, scambaiting has offered them a chance to put their showmanship to use while doing a public good. “It’s more than just prank calls,” Kulik told *Rest of World*. “It’s prank calls to serve a purpose.”
-
----
-
-**The idea of** actually traveling to India to scambait a call center in person came to Bingham and Kulik in 2018, not long after they started Trilogy Media. While chasing down call centers, they built relationships with several employees who had either left the industry or were looking for a way out, and realized they could leverage this network to gain deeper access. But it ultimately took four years, more than a dozen people, and a hefty price tag — they estimate a total of more than $100,000 — to travel to India and pull off their most ambitious video yet. 
-
-To execute the project, Trilogy joined forces with other scambaiters, including U.K.-based Jim Browning — considered the godfather of the genre on YouTube — and popular creator and former NASA engineer Mark Rober. Rober [built custom devices](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsLJZyih3Ac) that could be timed to release the vermin, bugs, and glitter that Trilogy would unleash on the unsuspecting call center workers. Meanwhile, Browning hacked his way into the office CCTV systems months before the trip to conduct reconnaissance on the call centers and prepare to record the footage live.
-
-> “The feedback is generally that you either love \[Trilogy\] or hate them.”
-
-Browning told *Rest of World* that Bingham and Kulik’s unfiltered personas, and the lengths they were willing to go to for their scambaiting content, persuaded him to team up*. “*They’re prepared to show stuff that maybe doesn’t make it into other people’s videos. In a lot of ways, that’s why I like collaborating with them. They’re kind of an open book,” he said. 
-
-But he acknowledged that Trilogy Media’s approach is not to everyone’s taste. “The feedback is generally that you either love \[Trilogy\] or hate them,” he said. “A lot of people obviously love what they do … but they wind people up as well.” 
-
-Rober did not reply to requests for an interview or comment.
-
-The crux of the plan hinged on Trilogy’s network of former scam call center workers, several of whom are paid by the YouTube channel to assist with scambaiting projects. These informants helped identify the companies that Trilogy would go on to target in their videos. Two of the informants, who go by Jaani and Messi on the channel, infiltrated the office buildings to set up the pranks and place the hidden devices. One of them disguised themselves as a new call center recruit.
-
-“It was called ‘special operation,’” said Kulik. “For 12 months, every Sunday, religiously, everybody was on a 10 a.m. Zoom call.”
-
-![](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/09.01.22_Rest-Of-World__Trilogy-Media_1240-40x60.jpg)
-
-Alex Welsh for Rest of World
-
-Kulik and Bingham touched down in Kolkata in April 2022 with two cameramen. It was the first time any of them had set foot in India. Their first port of call was the city’s tourist attractions, but they soon realized they stuck out sorely. After their second day of sightseeing, they returned to their hotel rooms and found they’d been spotted. 
-
-According to Kulik and Bingham, Jaani noticed a message in a Telegram group that he said was a hub for the scam call center industry. One member of the group said their “boys” had seen the Trilogy team filming in a busy local market and warned others that they were in town. The group member pinpointed the YouTuber’s location to a neighborhood called Salt Lake, where they were staying at a hotel.
-
-“Might be they are with the FBI so I request all our brothers to do this and have a\[n\] eye in Salt Lake … wherever you see them you shot them and please do follow,” read one message in the group, according to screenshots shared with *Rest of World* by Trilogy Media. (The Telegram group is private and *Rest of World* was unable to independently verify these posts.)
-
-> “What we’ve been doing, wasting scammers’ time over the phone, over and over again … it’s becoming stale.”
-
-The reality of what Trilogy had planned — traveling to an unfamiliar country to prank unknown, alleged fraudsters — finally set in for Kulik and Bingham.  
-
-“​​We knew it was dangerous going in, but it’s a different feeling when something like that actually happens. I know I’ll be reeling with it for a while,” said Bingham. 
-
-But the risk also made the idea appealing, and gave it viral potential. “I don’t think we’re the first ones to confront crime face-to-face. I just think that’s what makes good content and that’s what we want to do and we’re willing to take risks because of it,” he said.
-
-Over the course of a week, they planned to target three different call centers in Kolkata, starting with Ansh Info Solutions. They decided against pranking the final two, but still collected surveillance footage from inside the call centers. They then headed to Kashmir, where they attempted to chase down someone they believed to be a scammer for a face-to-face confrontation, but couldn’t find them.
-
-Once back in LA, Trilogy spent several weeks editing the footage. They published their first video from the trip on May 9, in conjunction with the videos from Browning and Rober. Each of their videos appeared near the top of YouTube’s trending list, racking up tens of millions of views. The trip took Trilogy’s content — and their brand — to the next level. In December, YouTube named Rober’s video from their Kolkata collaboration one of its [top ten trending](https://blog.youtube/culture-and-trends/2022-top-trending-videos-creators-us/) videos of 2022.
-
-Speaking to *Rest of World* four months after the trip, Kulik reflected on the experience with characteristically expressive language. “There are so many different orgasms in the world, coming from love, coming from food, and as a content creator, you should have orgasm from what you’re doing*,”* he said. 
-
-“What we’ve been doing, wasting scammers’ time over the phone, over and over again … it’s becoming stale. You have to have that adrenaline. You have to. Like I cannot be comfortable. When you’re comfortable, you’re fucking dead.”
-
-Trilogy’s video from the collaboration with Mark Rober hit over 2.6 million views and Rober’s video was listed on Youtube’s top ten trending videos of 2022.
-
----
-
-**Back in Kolkata**, the pranks brought scrutiny to the local call center industry. A source familiar with the police investigations told *Rest of World* that Kolkata Police’s cybersecurity division raided all three call centers named in the videos: Ansh Info Solutions, MET Technologies, and VRM Business Solutions. In the days after Trilogy posted their videos, local media reports varied on whether the raids had taken place. According to [*The Times of India*](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/7-fake-call-centres-busted-3-with-help-from-us-netizen/articleshow/91453673.cms), all three were raided, while [The Quint](https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/tech-news/west-bengal-police-raids-fake-call-center-exposed-in-mark-robers-viral-video-arrests-15) reported that MET Technologies had been shut down and 15 people arrested. Kolkata Police refused to comment.
-
-*Rest of World* reached out to the three companies for comment via social media, email, and phone numbers displayed on their social networks. Ansh Info Solutions and VRM Business Solutions did not respond. MET Technologies answered an initial phone call, but did not return promised answers to questions. When contacted shortly before publication, all three phone calls led to messages saying the numbers were now unavailable.
-
-One evening in October 2022, *Rest of World* visited the area immediately surrounding the publicly available address of one of the call centers, MET Technologies, in a technology park on the outskirts of Kolkata. The complex is made up of skyscrapers, some of which seemed deserted. Access was closely monitored by security guards. Over the past year, police have [frequently](https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/44-arrested-in-raids-at-two-fake-call-centres-in-new-town/cid/1902594) [raided](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cops-seal-fake-call-centre-in-new-town-arrest-10/articleshow/92689366.cms) suspected fraudulent call centers there.  
-
-At dusk, half a dozen buses pulled up to the edge of the park, delivering workers from across the city. Many were preparing for a night shift. Most of the workers refused to speak with *Rest of World* on the record.
-
-The next morning, *Rest of World* visited an address listed for Ansh Info Solutions. Workers were similarly reluctant to talk. Some had only recently started working there; most claimed they didn’t know about the Trilogy Media videos.
-
-![](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/SSB_001-40x27.jpg)
-
-Soumya Sankar Bose for Rest of World
-
-Vivek Sharma, a Kolkata-based lawyer who said he currently represents more than 700 call center employees against criminal charges for scamming, told *Rest of World* that the humiliation caused by scambaiting videos can often push the police to conduct raids on call centers. But he questioned the impact of these raids. He also said such pranks can be indiscriminate, since many of the employees may not know what they are involved in.
-
-“They have been hired to make initial phone calls,” Sharma said. “They follow a script.” The calls are then usually transferred to a team of “closers,” who he alleges secure the financial transaction. “They are the ones who blackmail victims,” he added.
-
-But the police do not differentiate between different types of employees, Sharma claims. “They mostly go for the lowest hanging fruit: the youngsters from poorer backgrounds who know nothing,” he said. “I am currently representing a security guard at such a call center. His only job was to ensure no one stole hardware from the office. He doesn’t know anything about what kind of operations go on inside.”
-
-Sharma told *Rest of World* he disapproves of Trilogy Media’s videos because they target the lowest rung of employees. “When young boys and girls are whisked away by the police and charges filed, that remains on their record,” he said, adding that many of his clients have struggled to find other jobs because of their criminal records, and others have found it difficult to marry.
-
-Sharma also suggested some workers may take jobs at call centers because of economic precarity. “They come from families where it is tough to get two square meals a day. They need to survive. Government is not being able to provide any job or financial assistance,” he said.
-
-> “They come from families where it is tough to get two square meals a day. They need to survive.”
-
-In response to similar criticism, Trilogy’s founders claim that their impact is best understood in terms of the financial harm done to scam operations, and public awareness. 
-
-“Although \[the pranks\] are harmless, it still shuts down their operations. That doesn’t hurt the employees nearly as much as it hurts the bosses,” said Bingham. “The bosses lose money, and at the end of the day, it exposes it to the whole world.”
-
-Browning said that his goal is to humiliate the police. “If I continue to publish and embarrass \[the authorities\], maybe at some point there’ll be someone … who is prepared to take action,” he said. 
-
-Ghosh, the former MET Technologies worker who now lives in Dubai, said he finds Trilogy’s videos disturbing. “Not everyone is doing fraud over there. Some people are doing their own work, doing good work,” he said.
-
-After watching the viral video, Ghosh sent the link to former co-workers, many of whom had also moved on from MET Technologies. Their biggest complaint, he said, was how the videos portrayed India as a whole. “I’m not talking about any \[one\] company, because forget about the company. Some of the points when they are particularly targeting India — that’s the thing we don’t like.”
-
-Sharma agreed, pointing out that international call center scams often have actors in multiple countries, with earnings being routed to bank accounts in Europe and elsewhere in Asia. 
-
-Kulik and Bingham are familiar with accusations that their content profits off of, or encourages, racist stereotypes about Indians. The Trilogy Media comments section is, at times, filled with similar criticisms. They both dismiss those outright.
-
-“I think it would be dumb to to say what we do is racist by any means. We go where the calls take us*,”* said Bingham. “That’s just the way that it is. You can’t make commenters see that, all they see is a playlist of videos on a channel that all have Indian scammers in them. Sorry that doesn’t look good, but it’s true.*”*
-
-When asked whether he’d direct similar attention to scammers in the U.S., he said that while they occasionally make domestic scammer videos, it was impractical at scale. “For the sake of making content, you know, I’m sure there’s a million scams all over the United States. I just don’t know how to find them, you know?*”* he said, adding that phone scams are the easiest to identify. “The majority of Indians are amazing, good-hearted, amazing people that hate scammers like we do. And we would love to help those people remove that stigma from their country.”
-
-Kulik was less diplomatic: “For me, it’s like, we are not going after culture or religion. We’re going after a criminal. If the criminal is white, black, purple — I don’t give a shit. It’s a criminal and it just ends up being that Indians are very fucking smart people.”
-
--   ![](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/SSB_006-40x27.jpg)
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--   ![](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/SSB_011-40x27.jpg)
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-    Soumya Sankar Bose for Rest of World
-    
-
-New Town, a technology park on the outskirts of Kolkata where call centers featured in some of Trilogy’s videos are located.
-
----
-
-**For three years**, Messi, one of the former scam call center workers who helped Trilogy set up their Kolkata stunt, worked just a few floors above MET Technologies, conducting social security scams. Messi asked to be identified by his nickname only, owing to threats he has received as a result of his scambaiting work. 
-
-Over a phone call organized by Trilogy Media, Messi told *Rest of World* how his old scam worked. The call center would leave automated voicemails claiming that the recipient’s U.S. social security number had been compromised. When the target called back, Messi would tell them their identity had been used for illegal activities. In one scenario, he told callers a car rented in their name had been located by drug enforcement agents and had been used to smuggle cocaine. After convincing them their identity had been stolen, Messi would pass them along to a closer who would collect their bank account information.
-
-> “I scammed a 77-year-old lady, but I felt so bad since she gave me almost $27,000 through FedEx.”
-
-Messi said that the job was advertised as a sales position, but in practice, it was fraud. “I scammed a 77-year-old lady, but I felt so bad since she gave me almost $27,000 through FedEx,” he recalled. “My second sale was a 22-year-old boy. He gave me $50,000. His name was Dominic.”
-
-Guilt weighed on Messi, but he said the work paid up to $2,500 or $3,000 per month, compared to the $200 he had earned working other jobs.
-
-In 2020, he saw a Trilogy Media video on YouTube and reached out. He claims he also reported the scamming operation to local police authorities, to no avail. After eight months, Bingham and Kulik wrote back.
-
-“They told me that, ‘We are going to help you for sure. We just need your help as well,’” he recalled. Messi began secretly filming videos of his office to prove his credibility, using a spy camera he’d bought with money transferred from Bingham and Kulik. The footage he collected has regularly appeared in Trilogy Media’s videos.
-
-For the past two years, Messi has acted as a mole, infiltrating call centers to collect intel on their operations and help arrange pranks. But the Kolkata project was by far the most thrilling work he has done for the team. “​​It was full of happiness. It was full of everything. It was just full of joy, everything,” he said.
-
-Messi still has many friends in the industry, several of whom he has recruited for smaller Trilogy projects. He is quick to defend the integrity of some scam call center employees, like himself, who he says are forced into this line of work because of their economic situation. “I believe that, first of all, doing these scams is a need for them. If there are 100 people, it’s a need for almost 30 people. And then 70 of them are working because they’re getting much more \[money\],” he said.
-
-But when pressed about the potentially indiscriminate impact of Trilogy’s prank videos, his tone changed. He claimed that the people working in the call centers targeted in Trilogy’s Kolkata videos were not in need. “They are the sons of big families. They are the children of big families. So they are doing it not for their needs, but they are doing it to enjoy,” he said
-
-When Messi spoke to *Rest of World* in October, he was once again working undercover for Trilogy, at a new call center. Trilogy pays him around $800–$1,000 per project, which typically takes around a month. He also receives fan donations, which Trilogy collects for him through a PayPal link. “It’s up to them how much they can pay. But every time they ask the squad to support Messi, to support Jaani.”
-
-The relationship between Trilogy and their moles hasn’t always been smooth. In August 2022, Messi ran into financial difficulties. Trilogy initially supported him, but Bingham said they could not afford to cover all of his costs. Messi started reaching out to Trilogy contacts for financial support and also asked a “squad” member for legal advice. After receiving complaints, Trilogy told Messi he could not approach people directly again. Messi recalled his appeal to Bingham and Kulik at the time: “I am totally dependent on you. Because I left everything, everything bad. I left it behind, so I can expect something better if I am going to lead a good life. I just want your help to live it.”
-
-> “It’s very risky … if you are helping outsiders.”
-
-Messi said he feels a sense of purpose pursuing scammers, but has found himself in a precarious financial situation. “I’m also needy. I’m also poor. And I’m honest, and that’s why I’m helping \[these\] guys. And it’s very risky … if you are helping outsiders, it’s very risky to help them and it’s very risky to go inside a call center and do these types of things.” 
-
-Messi said that in the aftermath of the Kolkata operation, workers from one of the call centers came to his apartment looking for him. Now he has to take safety precautions when returning to the city.
-
-In this world of alleged scammers, former scammers, and anti-scammers, it can be difficult to parse who is exploiting whom. Trilogy has accused another contact — a former scammer who gave up his job during one of their livestreams and had appeared in their videos several times — of taking advantage of them by falsely claiming hardship in order to receive financial support. While in Kolkata last year, they surprised him and published a video of the encounter to their channel, under the title, “Confronting a Scammer In India (Face to Face).”
-
-“He’d been going behind our backs and asking for money from our supporters. ‘Hey, I need food to eat.’ And this and this. And he started lying,” said Kulik, adding that Trilogy gave him money for medical expenses, but then found out the medication was cheaper than he had claimed. 
-
-The video makes for uncomfortable viewing, with Bingham and Kulik confronting the emotional man, with the help of an interpreter, for over 30 minutes. Trilogy said they no longer have a relationship with this former contact.
-
-The ex-scammer told *Rest of World* he had tried to explain to Trilogy Media that he needed the money to pay off family debt, but that they did not seem to understand because of the language barrier. He added that he felt Trilogy Media did not support him enough after he quit his job at the call center during their livestream, and that the filmed confrontation had ruined his life, since many people in Kolkata still recognize him from it today. Since May 2022, the [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltxYTZURpUQ&t=14s) has been viewed over 400,000 times.
-
-As for Messi, he says that he and Trilogy remain on good terms, and that he’s as committed to scambaiting as ever. He has done small projects for other popular figures in the scene, including Browning and another YouTuber who goes by the name ScammerPayback. In fact, he says he sees Bingham and Kulik like family — a sentiment echoed by the YouTubers. “They are just like brothers. So I am helping them. They are paying me. It’s a good relation, not like of bosses and employees, but it’s a relation of brothers,” Messi said.
-
--   ![](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/09.01.22_Rest-Of-World__Trilogy-Media_1009-40x60.jpg)
-    
--   ![](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/09.02.22_Rest-Of-World__Trilogy-Media_0540-40x60.jpg)
-    
-    Alex Welsh for Rest of World
-    
-
-Kulik puts a bug into his mouth during a livestream.
-
----
-
-**One Friday in** September 2022, *Rest of World* visited Trilogy Media at their Los Angeles office. Kulik was the first to the door, offering a handshake and an office tour. He was also quick to offer a glass of vodka. It was ten o’clock in the morning. 
-
-The office decor spoke to Bingham and Kulik’s ambitions for the production company. At eyeline hung a silver play-button plaque from YouTube, sent to creators who have topped 100,000 subscribers. Couches were pushed into a corner and a green-screen curtain pinned up, ready for an upcoming Zoom karaoke session with loyal subscribers. 
-
-Around noon, Bingham and Kulik started preparing for a marathon livestream session — a mainstay of their work week. Lit by two studio lights against a green-screen backdrop, they spent the next three hours broadcasting live prank calls to suspected scam call centers, bickering, and collecting a stream of donations from their audience. It all culminated in the “punishment,” a regular feature of their streams in which they suffer for the enjoyment of viewers. That week, Kulik was tasked with eating a giant water scorpion. He took a melodramatic pause before scarfing the bug down whole.
-
-Off the back of the success of their viral Kolkata videos, Trilogy Media are now planning their next move. Bingham and Kulik say they have taken meetings with Hollywood production companies. They’ve also launched an independent streaming service called [Trilogy Plus](https://www.trilogyplus.com/browse). For a $9.99 monthly subscription, their most loyal squad members can watch original scambaiting series and other experimental formats that don’t air on YouTube.
-
-Kulik describes himself and Bingham as the next Ben Affleck and Matt Damon. Two friends, almost brothers, on track to reach the pinnacle of the entertainment industry. In the center of his office is a gold ornament inside a glass case — a fake Oscars statue with the inscription “Trilogy Media: Best Picture.”
-
-![](https://149346090.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/09.02.22_Rest-Of-World__Trilogy-Media_0242-40x60.jpg)
-
-Alex Welsh for Rest of World
-
-They are already planning their next overseas adventure. “That trip to India, and that whole experience, set the course for us to continue busting scammers now internationally,” Shawn Boone Jr., Trilogy Media’s creative director, told *Rest of World.*
-
-Their six-part investigation into a cash mule from Texas, called “Malice in Dallas,” has led them to a scammer operating overseas. They’ve traced some receipts to banks in Uganda, some to Nigeria. In 2023, they are planning to travel to the continent to find the culprit. 
-
-After the livestream, the team set up the final shot of their “Malice in Dallas” series, which they had been filming for a year. Bingham and Kulik stood in front of a corkboard — a prop, like one you might see in a detective movie. Pinned to the board were bank transfer receipts and a map of Africa. Each piece of evidence was connected with red twine, all leading back to a printout of a black silhouette representing the alleged scammer.
-
-The team rehearsed the scene, workshopping how they should look at the board and introduce their next trip. Should they fist bump? 
-
-Bingham’s eyes drifted to a flag on the board — the flag of South Africa. “What flag is that?” he asked the room. “Is that Nigeria?”
-
-“I don’t know, but I believe it’s from Africa,” said Boone.
-
-“It’s 100% an African flag,” confirmed Bingham. 
-
-In the final take, later uploaded to Trilogy Plus, Bingham and Kulik studied the corkboard evidence, then left the offices with an air of intention, seemingly off to bust their next scammer. 
-
-The video ends after the camera pans to a framed painting of Leonardo DiCaprio holding up a $100 bill. It’s a portrait of DiCaprio playing the role of disgraced stockbroker Jordan Belfort in the 2013 film *The Wolf of Wall Street.* Bingham and Kulik told *Rest of World* that the painting, which hung in the apartment where they had launched Trilogy, provides a source of inspiration and is a mascot of sorts for their audience. 
-
-DiCaprio’s character seems like an unlikely muse for a team of scambaiters: Belfort pled guilty to committing stock market manipulation in 1999. As part of his criminal operation, he ran a “boiler room”— a call center that convinced unwitting investors to make shoddy investments. It’s estimated that he scammed traders out of $200 million.
-
-Bingham explained that they certainly don’t wish to glorify Belfort’s wrongdoings — but they still admire his perseverance, and his hustle.
-
-“Of course we’re not condoning his crimes,” he said. “It’s more about the chase.”
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
----
-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
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-Date: 2023-02-05
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-TimeStamp: 2023-02-05
-Link: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/03/wall-street-muddy-waters-activist-short-sellers-tesla-gamestop/672774/
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-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-WallStreetShortKingsNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# Wall Street's Short Kings
-
-![Black-and-white illustration of small figure casting long shadow in open doorway of large grid wall with stock data](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/NOeSHODk_b0xsWcNr4YLUHysBhU=/0x0:2000x1125/1440x810/media/img/2023/02/01/WEL_Hughes_ShortSellers/original.jpg)
-
-Concept by Seb Agresti; Illustration by The Atlantic
-
-## The Man Who Moves Markets
-
-Carson Block uses covert techniques to uncover fraud for profit. Now he’s under investigation himself. Is he the hero of Wall Street, or the villain?
-
-*This article was featured in One Story to Read Today, a newsletter in which our editors recommend a single must-read from* The Atlantic*, Monday through Friday.* [*Sign up for it here.*](https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/sign-up/one-story-to-read-today/)      
-
-When the investor Carson Block arrived for an appointment at the Pierre hotel, in Manhattan, in 2017, he knew he was about to meet with an impostor. In the elegant Rotunda Room, surrounded by marble columns and a sky-blue mural, Block sat across from the dark-haired man who had extended the invitation. A security team that Block had brought with him fanned out around the hotel. After fielding a few pointed questions from the man, Block turned the conversation around. He raised his phone to film the encounter and said, “I’d like to know who you really are.”
-
-## Explore the March 2023 Issue
-
-Check out more from this issue and find your next story to read.
-
-[View More](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/toc/2023/03/)
-
-For more than a year, the mystery man, who spoke with a French accent, had presented himself in emails as a Paris-based reporter at *The* *Wall Street Journal* named William Horobin. But Block had already made an approach to the real Horobin, who has an English accent, and learned that he hadn’t sent those emails.
-
-Based on the impostor’s inquiries, Block had a strong suspicion about why he was there. Beginning in 2015, Block’s hedge fund had published a series of highly critical research reports about Groupe Casino, an international retailer based in France. Block believed that Groupe Casino had sent this man on a spying mission to suss out his next moves.
-
-Confronted on camera, the man denied it. He looked around the room and flashed an awkward smile that quickly fell from his face. Then he ran for the door, managing to evade Block’s security team.
-
-The man was soon identified as Jean-Charles Brisard, a prominent corporate-security-and-intelligence consultant who had, in fact, regularly performed work for Groupe Casino, [according to reporting by the actual *Wall Street Journal*](https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-a-meeting-with-short-seller-carson-block-impersonator-caught-on-video-1509901548). (The company has disputed Block’s reports and denied any role in the episode at the Pierre. Brisard did not respond to a request for comment.)
-
-Carson Block lives for showdowns like this. He’s a short seller: a stock-market investor who looks for troubled companies and places bets against their share price. While most investors root for every uptick in the market, a short seller cuts the other way, making his profits when everyone else is failing. And in Block’s case, he can single-handedly tilt the odds in his favor. He is what’s known as an activist short seller, a newer and more aggressive variant. After activist shorts conclude that a company is headed for peril, they don’t quietly wait for the share price to fall. They try to make it happen.
-
-About five times a year, Block unveils his latest campaign. In tweets and TV appearances, he announces that his hedge fund, [Muddy Waters Capital](https://www.muddywatersresearch.com/), has taken a short position in a particular stock, and he simultaneously publishes a research report about the company online, often alleging deception or outright fraud. He stands to profit if the share price plunges in response—and it frequently does.
-
-Activist shorts see themselves as fraud busters. Their reports are like oppo-research dossiers, informed by document dives, intelligence from outside sources, and, often, firsthand detective work. A man hired by Muddy Waters once smuggled a watch outfitted with a secret camera into a high-security facility by hiding it in a body cavity. Back when he did his own fieldwork, Block lined up a meeting in Singapore under an assumed name and hired a makeup artist to disguise him as an older man. (The ruse was totally unconvincing, he admitted: With fake wrinkles and a cotton-ball mustache that flapped around when he breathed, he felt like “fucking Colonel Sanders” and found himself speaking with a southern accent.)
-
-![black-and-white photo portrait of Carson Block against black background](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/TTWZ8Md2ECrKphBXu8o4Wiu-W34=/0x0:1200x1800/655x982/media/img/posts/2023/02/WEL_Hughes_ShortSellersPortrait/original.jpg)
-
-Activist short sellers like Carson Block see themselves as fraud busters. (Brandon Thibodeaux for *The Atlantic*)
-
-Regardless of their methods, short sellers are regularly condemned by everyone from ordinary investors to members of Congress to Elon Musk. The practice is widely seen as a predatory attempt to profit from the stumbles of companies that employ hardworking people and support the economy. The typical response from the activist-short world is, in essence, a raised middle finger. On Twitter, they relish in trolling their enemies. A company deemed to be worthless is a “shitco,” a “zero,” a “bagel.” They’re constantly sniping at Musk, whose company Tesla they’ve long considered outrageously overpriced.
-
-I recently met with Block at the Muddy Waters offices, in Austin, Texas. At 46, he has the air of a bright fraternity guy who reluctantly behaves himself around grown-ups only when necessary. He has a linebacker’s physique, with massive upper arms. At the office, he looked most at home in a law-school sweatshirt, throwing around profanities and chewing on Life Savers. He drank an afternoon beer, joked about circumcision, and used the jerk-off gesture while recording an episode of his streaming show, *Zer0 Fucks Given*.
-
-But despite the outsider posture, Block and a handful of similar activists have gained real influence. After years as an independent operator, Block was able to open his hedge fund in 2015 because representatives of an Ivy League university’s endowment approached him at a conference and soon offered a $100 million initial investment. He appears regularly on CNBC to opine on the markets. The Securities and Exchange Commission and the Department of Justice have cracked down on misconduct that Block and his competitors have exposed. Robert Jackson, a former SEC commissioner, said onstage at a conference last summer, “Carson Block has uncovered more fraud and saved investors more money than me or anyone else who’s had the job I had as an SEC commissioner.” In March 2022, after a Muddy Waters report sparked a successful case, the SEC granted Block a [$14 million whistleblower award](https://news.bloomberglaw.com/securities-law/carson-block-sued-over-14-million-sec-whistle-blower-award).
-
-This latest accolade came with a dose of incredible irony, however: The SEC is investigating Block himself, and so is the Department of Justice. On a Friday morning in October 2021, Block was putting his young son in the car when three strangers approached wearing blue windbreakers with yellow lettering on the back—FBI. They showed him a search warrant authorizing them to seize two phones and a computer. This was how Block learned that he was a focal point of a sprawling criminal investigation. The DOJ is probing a number of prominent short sellers, with special scrutiny on the activist crowd. The investigation, which is still unfolding, has given an electric charge to a long-running dispute: Are activist short sellers the heroes of Wall Street, or the villains?
-
-There was a time when short sellers generally preferred to stay behind the curtain. If they wanted to move the market with a hard-hitting story, they went through the press. Investors would quietly approach reporters with suspicions of corporate deceit or even bring them a stuffed research file, on condition of anonymity: *If you call this scientist, he’ll tell you why this drugmaker’s claims about its product don’t make sense.* In 2000, the investor James Chanos famously detected an odor at a Wall Street darling called Enron, shorted the stock, and spoke with Bethany McLean at *Fortune*. She ran with the story and [eventually co-wrote a best seller about the energy giant’s epic downfall](https://bookshop.org/p/books/the-smartest-guys-in-the-room-the-amazing-rise-and-scandalous-fall-of-enron-bethany-mclean/7678702?ean=9781591846604).
-
-Today’s activist short sellers want to write the exposé themselves. For them, the press is too stingy for deep investigations, too scared of litigation, too slow. Andrew Left, one of the field’s pioneers, told me, “I’m not going to wait for *The* *Wall Street* fucking *Journal*.”
-
-The activist shorts trace their origins to the wilds of the early consumer internet, amid the first dot-com boom. On the message boards of Silicon Investor, RagingBull.com, and Yahoo, a few contrarians would set out to deflate overhyped start-ups, usually under pseudonyms. The funnier and more brazen voices gained a following, and Left was inspired to join in.
-
-Left had once been sanctioned for defrauding customers during a youthful stint in a boiler room, where he cold-called easy prey to sell them on scammy investments. Later, he started shorting the types of dubious stocks he used to tout over the phone. On his rudimentary website, StockLemon.com, he wrote takedowns in the emerging lingua franca of the internet, riffing on pop culture and quoting rap lyrics. He initially went after penny stocks that were being heavily promoted online, and a growing list of his targets ended up facing regulatory penalties. After a while, he started hunting bigger game and gave StockLemon the more dignified name [Citron Research](https://citronresearch.com/). In 2015, he [helped unravel a scandal at Valeant Pharmaceuticals](https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-short-who-sank-valeant-stock-1445557157) that tanked the share price and led to prison time for two executives connected to the company. Left embraced the role of a guy of modest origins crashing the gates of blue-blood Wall Street. In one report about a company called Medbox, he wrote, “You have to be smoking crack to buy this marijuana stock.” He issued a dare to the founder and CEO: “Your first reaction will be to want to sue me. I hope you do!”
-
-Carson Block entered the picture almost accidentally. He grew up in New Jersey, the son of an alcoholic parent (he won’t say which one). As a student he talked back to teachers, blew off tests, and set the school record for time served in detention. His father was an analyst on Wall Street who promoted stocks he liked, and Block did enough work for him to grow suspicious of the whole scene: CEOs, bankers who took companies public, PR people—he thought they seemed like a bunch of liars. He went to the University of Southern California and law school; did stints as a banker and a lawyer; and lived for years in China, where he opened a self-storage business that failed.
-
-In January 2010, he was an angry 33-year-old expat with debt when he visited a remote factory in a snow-covered area of Hebei province. He was there on behalf of his father, to conduct some due diligence on a publicly traded paper manufacturer called Orient Paper.
-
-Block and a friend who accompanied him found a business that bore no apparent resemblance to the thriving operation that Orient Paper purported to be. The country road leading to the factory couldn’t support the truck traffic the plant ought to have been producing, they thought. According to Block, the building was filled with steam and dripping water, posing obvious hazards for paper products. A stock of raw material allegedly worth millions was a heap of scrap cardboard sitting outside in the snow. After seeing even more red flags in Chinese public records, Block used a credit-card advance to place a $2,000 short bet and sent out a brutal analysis under a new banner, Muddy Waters, in an email to a few dozen Wall Street contacts he barely knew. “We are confident,” [the report said](https://www.muddywatersresearch.com/research/orient-paper-inc/initiating-coverage-onp/), that Orient Paper “is a fraud.” It was forwarded all over Wall Street and got a mention on CNBC. Although the company denied the allegations, the stock fell by as much as 24 percent within two weeks, and it has never recovered. Block completely bungled his trading in the aftermath of the report and ultimately lost money, he told me, but he had found a career.
-
-[From the September 2015 issue: How Wall Street’s bankers stayed out of jail](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/09/how-wall-streets-bankers-stayed-out-of-jail/399368/)
-
-People started contacting Block with their suspicions about other companies operating in China, and he and a small group of collaborators dug in. They soon took on a much bigger target: Sino-Forest, a timber producer. The outfit had a prominent backer, John Paulson, who had recently made a fortune by effectively shorting the housing market ahead of the global financial crisis. The [Muddy Waters report](https://www.muddywatersresearch.com/research/tre/initiating-coverage-treto/), packed with photos and on-the-ground analysis, stated that Sino-Forest was a “near total fraud,” claiming to buy and sell vast tracts of timber that simply didn’t exist. The $4 billion company collapsed into bankruptcy within a year, and a Canadian regulator validated many of Block’s findings. Paulson took an enormous loss, and this time Block won big—a “life-changing” trade, he said.
-
-The Muddy Waters headquarters is a loftlike space a few blocks from the Texas capitol and governor’s mansion, with exposed beams and brick and a wall decorated with mementos ridiculing Block’s enemies. In an office bathroom, a poster bearing the letterhead of the consulting giant McKinsey & Company gives instructions on masturbation. To Block, McKinsey helps companies get away with things they shouldn’t be doing, just like the elite law firms he’s often pitted against.
-
-In a conference room, one of Block’s analysts walked me through a draft report that Muddy Waters was preparing, on the condition that I not reveal the target. Block is obsessive, even paranoid, about preventing leaks, which can jeopardize his ability to profit from a big reveal. The document used a code name for the company—a fake ticker symbol—in case of prying eyes. It had been heavily annotated by at least four people.
-
-Block describes what he does as “investigative journalism married to a different business model” and is trying to rebrand activist shorts as “journalist investors.” During my visit, he joined, via remote video, a Delaware court hearing, in which Muddy Waters’ counsel contended that the fund should be protected from a subpoena by the state’s shield law for journalists.
-
-The argument is a stretch. Aside from the fact that attempting to profit from an article would make objectivity impossible for a reporter, much of what activist shorts do would have no place in a newsroom. Their reports are more like prosecutorial briefs than news stories, with little to no airing of opposing views. Any reputable reporter will approach a company before publishing damning allegations, to offer a chance to respond or correct errors. Activist shorts don’t generally do this, because the target could mess up the trade. Block and his competitors have also used muckraking tactics that would be forbidden at most news organizations: undercover work, paid sources, covert recordings. They’ll spy on factories and trick security guards into revealing precious information. Block maintains that if you want the ugly truth, you can’t go in through the front door.
-
-Short activism’s borderline methods became a focus of last fall’s criminal trial of Trevor Milton, the former CEO of the electric-vehicle maker Nikola Corporation, who was convicted of fraud and has since moved for a new trial. In a 2020 report, Nate Anderson, of Hindenburg Research, accused Milton of a series of lies and [revealed a delicious detail](https://hindenburgresearch.com/nikola/): In a promotional video that showed a prototype of Nikola’s hydrogen-fuel-cell truck cruising across a desert landscape, the truck was not in fact traveling on its own, because it didn’t work. It had been towed up a hill, and the only thing powering it was gravity.
-
-Jurors watched the video over the protestations of defense attorneys, who later emphasized that Anderson had rewarded his source, a former Nikola contractor. A paid source has an incentive to exaggerate, and Anderson had cut his in on the short bet, resulting in a $600,000 payout. Anderson said it was appropriate to compensate the whistleblower for his efforts and risk, and that all allegations had been vetted by Hindenburg.
-
-In early 2022, Anderson got particularly creative on another project. His team was investigating a suspected Ponzi scheme involving an investing firm called J and J Purchasing. To get a meeting with J and J’s principals, they enlisted a man with experience in improv comedy to pose as a prospective client. A meeting occurred at a private airport in Nevada, aboard a jet that Hindenburg had chartered for the occasion to lend the impression of fabulous wealth. The plane was outfitted with hidden cameras and microphones.
-
-Anderson told me that when a friend first proposed using a jet as a baited trap, “I thought it was a pretty insane idea. And it took me about five seconds to really love it.” There was no way to short J and J, because it wasn’t publicly traded, but Anderson’s company filed a whistleblower claim with the SEC, putting it in a position to be paid should the agency recover significant funds in a case.
-
-The FBI had the secret recordings from the jet when its agents paid a visit in March 2022 to a lawyer who helped run the scheme, looking to execute a search warrant at his Las Vegas home. Then the tale of a vigilante caper gave way to something more grave. The attorney, Matthew Beasley, came to the door holding a gun to his head. He swung the weapon toward the agents, a prosecutor later said, and was shot in the chest and shoulder before retreating into the house. During an hours-long armed standoff, Beasley spoke of suicide and confessed to an FBI negotiator that he had scammed investors out of some $300 million. He was finally taken into custody. The SEC has [brought charges against 15 people](https://www.sec.gov/litigation/litreleases/2022/lr25434.htm) allegedly connected to the operation, and court filings indicate that Beasley is negotiating a possible plea deal. Anderson has submitted [Hindenburg’s report](https://hindenburgresearch.com/jj-purchasing/) for consideration for the Pulitzer Prize in investigative journalism.
-
-At a conference called Fraud Fest this past summer in Manhattan, Andrew Left, 52 and well tanned, took the stage wearing white-leather shoes with tassels and a crisp pink shirt. The annual event attracts academics, lawyers, and journalists with an interest in corporate misconduct, but short sellers are a big draw, because they can be counted on to throw a few grenades. During Left’s appearance, he lobbed one at Sam Bankman-Fried, the founder of the cryptocurrency exchange FTX. This was months before Bankman-Fried’s meltdown, but Left ridiculed him as a shifty guy posturing as the “Federal Reserve of crypto” in the Bahamas. “I think crypto—it’s just a *complete* fraud,” Left said.
-
-The usual suspects were in attendance. Nate Anderson was there, along with some of the older generation of big leaguers who don’t publish their research, such as Jim Carruthers and Jim Chanos, of Enron fame. Block was set to join the proceedings remotely for the conference finale.
-
-The shorts are a small circle who refer to one another by first name. There are a few bitter rivalries, but the group is united by a deep conviction that just about everyone else is corrupt or clueless. Within this crew, Chanos is something like the elder statesman—he has gray hair and teaches a class at Yale—but even he tweets “LOL” and “AYFKM” from [a pseudonymous account](https://twitter.com/WallStCynic) that everyone knows is his.
-
-Soren Aandahl, of Blue Orca Capital, compared the short world to the bizarro cantina in *Star Wars*—a “motley collection of ridiculous characters” who exist “on the outer rim, at the edge of the empire.” This club has fewer Ivy League types than the rest of Wall Street, and more guys with tattoos. To be a short is to swim against the current of history, especially since the global financial crisis, the era of short activism’s ascendancy. Despite the bear market of the past year, if you zoom out on the timeline of the financial markets, the charts go up and to the right—the bulls win.
-
-Membership also involves maniacal levels of risk. If you “go long” by buying stock, like most investors, the worst you can do is lose the money you put down in the first place. To short a stock, you borrow shares and then immediately sell them. The hope is that later you can buy the shares for cheaper, return them to the lender, and pocket the difference. But at some point, you need to make your move and “cover”—buy back those shares you owe. And because there is no limit to how high the price can go, there’s no limit to how much you can lose. If you shorted Enron too early, you faced serious paper losses as the share price soared. Unless you had steely conviction and a large balance sheet, you likely gave up before the plunge proved you right. After the mega-investor Bill Ackman made [a big bet against Herbalife](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/wall-streets-6-billion-mystery/361624/) and waged a public battle that didn’t pay off, he declared that activist short selling was “not worth the brain damage.”
-
-At the Fraud Fest conference, there was a lot of talk, as usual, about Elon Musk, who was then in the midst of his doomed attempt to back out of buying Twitter. In private huddles and onstage, the shorts were grinning at the prospect that he’d be forced to close a raw deal. If the shorts have an Enemy No. 1, it’s Musk.
-
-About a decade ago, short sellers began zeroing in on Tesla. They saw the company as just another fanciful tech “story,” propped up by credulous investors and fanboys. The idea that a start-up would beat established automakers by selling millions of electric cars was a pipe dream. Plus, Tesla was burning through cash. In 2017, Chanos said he thought the stock was “worthless.” Most prominent short sellers have bet against the company at some point. Musk has responded with characteristic attitude over the years, arguing that short selling should be illegal and calling its practitioners “jerks who want us to die.”
-
-The feud heated up in 2018, when Musk teased that the “short burn of the century” was coming. Weeks later, he [tweeted](https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1026872652290379776?lang=en) that there was “funding secured” to take Tesla private. The share price predictably rose; the buyout never happened. Left lost money and sued over the tweet, alleging that Musk had violated securities law by making a false statement. “I think Elon is a criminal,” Block told me. Musk [reached a settlement](https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/10/elon-musk-tesla-sec-twitter/572230/) with the SEC, or, as he called it, the “Shortseller Enrichment Commission.”
-
-[Read: Elon Musk mocks SEC on Twitter days after settlement](https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/10/elon-musk-tesla-sec-twitter/572230/)
-
-Despite Block’s antipathy for Musk, over the years he has concluded that the mogul plays “the public-company game” better than anyone. Musk understands the power of rallying your fans and investors against an enemy in a fight that feels righteous. What better enemy than short-selling hedge funds? In recent months, Tesla has finally had the precipitous fall that the shorts had long predicted. Unfortunately for them, most had already closed their positions in despair. In 2020 and 2021, with considerable help from everyday traders who idolize Musk, Tesla’s stock skyrocketed, costing the shorts oceans of money. A delighted Musk announced a new product: Tesla-branded red-satin “short shorts.” A rush of fans crashed the website.
-
-Those years, during the worst of the coronavirus pandemic, were rough for short sellers. The government pumped trillions into the economy to prop it up, sending markets to the sky. Companies that shorts believed were “bagels” got a ride on the froth. Block thought it was obscene: Bogus crypto schemes were running rampant, COVID was killing people by the tens of thousands, “and the markets were ripping!” A custom sweatshirt hangs on the wall at Muddy Waters. It reads 2020: Does Anything Matter Anymore?
-
-And then came GameStop. On Reddit boards and other social media, day traders argued that Wall Street pros were undervaluing unglamorous stocks such as GameStop, a brick-and-mortar retailer of video games. Other users gleefully pointed out that these stocks were heavily shorted, which presented an opportunity: If enough people banded together to bid up the price, they could induce the #MOASS, the mother of all short squeezes. In a short squeeze, a spiking price causes panicking short sellers to close their position by buying the shares they owe—which only drives the price higher still.
-
-Forming a stampede, the Reddit crowd sent GameStop and other widely shorted stocks [to unimaginable heights](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/why-everybody-obsessed-gamestop/617857/). They called themselves “degenerates,” casting themselves as the riffraff of the market. Left tried to push back, telling GameStop buyers they were “the suckers at this poker game.” The mob ran him over. Left took an eight-figure loss on his trade. He and his family were inundated with hacking attempts, threatening texts, and prank pizza deliveries in the middle of the night, he said. Musk, already an idol to many degenerates, tweeted a link to the Reddit board and invoked the in-crowd lingo: “Gamestonk!!”
-
-[Derek Thompson: The whole messy, ridiculous GameStop saga in one sentence](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/why-everybody-obsessed-gamestop/617857/)
-
-The Redditors painted the shorts as enemies of the people, and it worked. “Private funds engaged in predatory short selling to the detriment of other investors must be stopped,” Representative Maxine Waters of California said, [announcing an investigation](https://twitter.com/FSCDems/status/1354901344704991232?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw) following the GameStop episode. For the shorts, it was absurd. They had just been left for dead in a coordinated short squeeze—and they were the bad guys? Left had always thought of himself as David to the Wall Street establishment’s Goliath. Now he was Goliath.
-
-Days after taking a beating on GameStop, on January 29, 2021, Left announced his indefinite retirement from activist short selling in [a video posted online](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPoVv7oX3mw). An incredible coincidence followed, although it didn’t become public at the time. Minutes after he recorded the video, federal agents executed a search warrant at Left’s house in Beverly Hills, seizing electronic devices. According to Block, Left called him, sounding shaken. Left told him that a whole crowd of agents was at his house and that the government wanted all his communications with dozens of short sellers about certain stocks. The list included Muddy Waters. Nine months later, the FBI showed up in Block’s driveway.
-
-Both Block and Left told me that they are guilty of nothing, and expressed frustration that they don’t understand exactly what crime they are suspected of committing. “I don’t even know what I’m innocent about!” Left said. The DOJ probe began several years before the two men learned of its existence. They both said they have turned over tens of thousands of pages of records to the government.
-
-Not everyone would talk with a journalist while being investigated by the Department of Justice. Although Block and Left may never be charged, they are living under the threat that they could be arrested at any time. Two of Block’s co-workers were also served with warrants, as was at least one other activist short, an associate of Block’s. (Nate Anderson hasn’t received a subpoena or a warrant and is not a current focus of the investigation.)
-
-Despite Block’s perilous situation, during many hours of interviews he rarely declined to answer a question. With his methods and trading under legal scrutiny, he described them in detail. He called it “unforgivable” that federal agents served him in front of his young son, and said he suspects that his fate is in the hands of “horrific people” in government. Faced with broad subpoenas naming numerous prominent funds, he and Left have interpreted the investigation, correctly or not, as an attack on the entire practice of short activism, and Block has taken the lead in fighting back. (He complained to me that his fellow short sellers weren’t being more vocal in their own defense.)
-
-For decades, public companies contending with short reports have countered by accusing them of making false or misleading statements, which can constitute securities fraud or defamation. Block and Left have each been sued over their published claims numerous times. But in cases of that kind, First Amendment protections typically prevail. The current DOJ investigation, which carries much higher stakes than a civil suit, has taken a different approach. According to sources familiar with the matter, the investigation is probing possible coordination surrounding the publication of short reports, looking for signs of market manipulation or other trading abuses. The focus is on trading activity, not the content of the reports. In this respect at least, prosecutors have taken a page from an unusual source: the research of a 37-year-old professor at Columbia Law School named Joshua Mitts.
-
-Mitts looks young enough to be in college. He has a studious air, a nasal voice, and a doctorate in finance and economics. His work expresses a range of views, including in support of short selling. But he is best known as the author of a paper called “[Short and Distort](https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2782/).” He posted it as a preprint in June 2018 and soon became a public voice on the issue. Drawing on trading data, he had reached the conclusion that when short reports were followed by a steep plunge, often the cause wasn’t revelations of purported fraud or mismanagement. Instead, he argued, the drop was more typically prompted by some suspiciously well-timed trades that “mechanically crash” the share price. Mitts noted that traders who appeared to know about a report ahead of time made highly leveraged short bets that were, in a sense, spring-loaded—they triggered automated trading by others that could accelerate a downward move. During the short-term plunge, by his interpretation, the price didn’t reflect true supply and demand. Instead, it was the result of a handful of people gaming the system.
-
-![Black-and-white illustration of person peering through jagged downward-trending white line on black grid background](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/Qwi5tDk7cGXGSpAXGbaOW2U2oJU=/0x0:2031x2191/655x707/media/img/posts/2023/02/WEL_Hughes_ShortSellersSpot/original.jpg)
-
-Concept by Seb Agresti; Illustration by *The Atlantic*
-
-This theory was exactly what targeted companies wanted to hear. They invariably faced shareholder suits accusing them of covering up misconduct alleged in short reports. Mitts’s research would allow them to argue in court that the shareholders’ losses were somebody else’s fault.
-
-Mitts started doing some consulting. He made his first approach to Farmland Partners, a small Colorado firm that invests in agricultural land. It was reeling from a short report that had prompted a 39 percent sell-off, and hired Mitts to help with a lawsuit against the pseudonymous author. Within months, Mitts was advising several companies that had met with the SEC about short activism. He wrote in a column, “Public companies are under attack from manipulative short sellers.”
-
-Block jousted with Mitts on Twitter, proposing a debate. He believed Mitts was swinging wildly with his allegations and hadn’t proved that short sellers were manipulating the market. He visited one of Mitts’s classes at Columbia and sat down with him to discuss his methods. Then Mitts became a consultant to a company that was seeking to discredit Block after he had shorted it. Block saw this as a betrayal. Within a year, Mitts also began advising the Department of Justice. The activist short sued by Farmland, Quinton Mathews, later came under government scrutiny as well and was questioned multiple times by DOJ officials. Investigators broadened their probe into the wider network of short sellers, including Block and Left. The Justice Department engaged Mitts as an expert in that effort.
-
-To Block and other activist shorts, the picture suggests a suspicious coziness between the government and corporate America. In their interpretation, companies weren’t having much luck getting regulators to go after short sellers who’d made them look bad. Then along came an Ivy League academic to provide the credentials and intellectual underpinning for an escalating series of legal offensives. On Twitter, Block called Mitts “the tip of the spear in the War Against Shorts.” He argues that shady companies used Mitts’s faulty ideas to advance their agenda—and Mitts managed to gain the trust of the Justice Department. (The DOJ declined to comment.)
-
-At Fraud Fest, in a recorded interview aired from the stage, Mitts rebutted criticisms that [Block had laid out in detail](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4041541). Block appeared on-screen immediately afterward. He likened Mitts’s comments to “a typical management response to being busted,” prompting laughter from the seats where the short sellers had congregated. Mitts’s scholarship, Block said, was “a pile of shit from top to bottom.” (Block has also accused the professor of academic fraud, and wrote a letter of complaint to Columbia’s human-resources department. The university took no action against Mitts; he was granted tenure during Block’s offensive.)
-
-Mitts told me that his aims and motives have been badly mischaracterized. If he has been helpful to government officials, he said, “I am very proud of that fact.” But he disputed the idea that he’s the tip of any spear: “The notion that a law professor is directing a federal investigation is as ridiculous as it sounds.” He also questioned the notion that an academic paper would lead a judge to find probable cause to authorize a search warrant. Indeed, the prominent former federal prosecutor Eric Rosen describes a search warrant as a message from the government that says, “We have strong evidence to believe that both a crime occurred and that you were a part of it.” What exactly made the Justice Department arrive at that belief about Block and Left is not yet clear.
-
-By now, Block has accumulated the kind of power that seems easy to exploit. When he attended the Hong Kong edition of the Sohn Conference in 2017, he was constantly shadowed by a crowd of reporters as the market feverishly tried to guess what new short he would announce onstage. A lot of people guessed wrong; stocks that weren’t even on his radar fell sharply. They bounced back once he revealed his actual target: a furniture maker in Hong Kong, whose stock immediately plunged. In 2020, when Block announced a short position in the company eHealth during a CNBC interview, the network [showed a real-time graph](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/08/carson-blocks-muddy-waters-takes-short-position-in-ehealth.html) of the share price next to his face on-screen. The stock fell by 15 percent inside of a minute.
-
-[From the February 1930 issue: Selling short: The morals and economics of margins](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1930/02/selling-short-the-morals-and-economics-of-margins/650864/)
-
-The mere fact that Block has made a short bet can be enough to pummel a stock, allowing him to profit regardless of the merits of his claims. It is widely believed that traders have developed algorithms to scrape his Twitter feed and website for new mentions of stock tickers in order to beat the rush for the exits. Because the market is now largely an arena in which computers trade with other computers, the downward move can be exacerbated by high-frequency and other algorithmic traders. When the price crosses thresholds that trigger shareholders’ “stop-loss orders,” selling begets even more selling. Was Block right? It barely matters.
-
-Celebrating a short seller’s campaign is easy when it proves to be on the side of justice. The world benefited when Block revealed that Sino-Forest was riddled with fraud. But many short reports produce a messier outcome—an initial dive in the stock price followed by months of arguments over the author’s allegations, in the markets and sometimes in court. By the time the truth is sorted out, the activist short is long gone: He probably cashed out his winning bet on day one, during the collapse he catalyzed. Block himself doesn’t deny that he starts closing his position right after a report is published, as a means of managing his risk.
-
-In that scenario, short activism can look more like a get-rich-quick scheme. Take the Farmland case. Mathews, the short seller, ultimately [admitted in a settlement](https://seekingalpha.com/instablog/47800059-rota-fortunae/5605955-mathews-settlement-press-release) that he had made serious misstatements in his report, yet he and other shorts still profited on the initial drop. If you cover your trade immediately, Farmland CEO Paul Pittman told me, “you’re not selling into the fact that you have discovered something negative about a public company. You’re selling into the panic that you created yourself.”
-
-The Farmland episode drew attention to another unadvertised practice: Often the author of a short report is only one participant in a coordinated campaign, and the biggest player is usually invisible. Mathews had targeted Farmland only after a hedge fund that was paying him a monthly fee, Sabrepoint Capital Management, alerted him to the stock. To Pittman, Mathews was a “dupe” and Sabrepoint was the true mastermind. (Sabrepoint insists that it didn’t pay Mathews to publish a report, only to do research, and denies any wrongdoing.)
-
-Partnerships like this are an open secret in the business, and typically they’re even more direct. An activist short who doesn’t have the capital to fully exploit his idea will often link up with a “balance-sheet provider”—a larger hedge fund that puts on a big trade and gives the author a piece of the proceeds. Block had a silent backer early in his career (and once sold a report to several funds ahead of time). Now, in addition to publishing its own reports, Muddy Waters is the undisclosed balance-sheet provider behind other activist shorts.
-
-It is unclear whether any of this conduct can be construed as illegal, absent a false statement. But the government could possibly bring a case alleging that activist shorts are guilty of, in essence, a reverse pump and dump. If you tout an investment when your own intention is to sell, you can be charged with a crime—you’ve broadcast a fraudulent opinion in an attempt to manipulate the price. Now invert the scenario. Imagine there’s a stock at $10 and an activist short publicly claims that it’s worth $2 at best. If he starts covering by buying back shares at $7, the theory goes, hasn’t he lied to the market? If you truly believe that the stock is worth $2, why aren’t you waiting for it to fall that far?
-
-Block shakes his head ruefully at that kind of thinking—if only the world made that much sense. Like many shorts, he has long seen himself as a force of reason, someone who grabs the market by the lapels and says, *This company is selling you a fairy tale. Snap out of it.* His fierce demeanor grows out of an idealistic belief that if he can show that a company is doing something wrong, the market ought to respond.
-
-But as the markets have become divorced from economic reality, Block’s idealism has curdled into a kind of nihilism. Sure, he thinks, it would be terrific if a shitco worth $2 a share actually went to $2. But what if a bunch of Reddit degenerates decide to shoot it to the moon because *LOL, nothing matters* ? When you’re operating in an anarchic multiplayer video game, his logic goes, you need to protect yourself somehow.
-
-To the shorts, Mitts and perhaps the DOJ live in a dreamworld where short sellers have somehow figured out how to control the video game. If you think short activism is a get-rich-quick scheme, they say, *you* try it. You’ll learn it’s a get-poor-quick scheme too. Last summer, Block lost more money than he ever has in a single trade, he said, due to an epic case of bad timing. He had shorted a solar company, Sunrun, and was preparing to publish his report the next day, when Senator Joe Manchin [unexpectedly announced a deal](https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/27/politics/schumer-manchin-deal-build-back-better/index.html) on legislation that would boost the whole solar industry. Sunrun’s stock shot up, too late for Block to back out, and Muddy Waters lost eight figures. “We got Manchined,” he said.
-
-In Block’s worldview, all you can do is accept the chaos and keep looking for an edge, no matter what kind of ridiculous situations you find yourself in. He recounted to me what happened when, in early 2020, Muddy Waters [published a deep dive into Luckin Coffee](https://www.wsj.com/articles/coffees-for-closers-how-a-short-sellers-warning-helped-take-down-luckin-coffee-11593423002), a company with hundreds of locations in China that was making a run at Starbucks. The analysis drew on more than 11,000 hours of video surveillance and more than 25,000 customer receipts to conclude that some of the sales numbers had to be faked. (Luckin later acknowledged this to be true.)
-
-Block’s team members hadn’t done the research or writing, but after spot-checking the report, they decided it was credible and tweeted it out. The stock began to tumble. Then, hours later, Andrew Left tweeted that despite his “respect for Muddy,” he took the opposite view: On Luckin, he was a buyer. Boom, the shares rebounded. The truth about Luckin Coffee wouldn’t be known for some time, but for now, the stock had become the plaything of two men. Fortunes would be won and lost based on tweets. It was a farce, but what can you do? Block smiled broadly, like a child, and laughed: “Fuckin’ Andrew.”
-
----
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-*This article appears in the [March 2023](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/toc/2023/03/) print edition with the headline “The Short Kings.” When you buy a book using a link on this page, we receive a commission. Thank you for supporting* The Atlantic*.*
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-```button
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-# We Are All Animals at Night | Hazlitt
-
-**I’ll tell you a secret about working in a massage parlour:** it’s a lot of waiting around, usually late at night. We’d wait, half a dozen of us, in the dressing room as the evening wore on. On edge and exhausted in equal parts, we perched on the low-slung couch, adjusted the straps of our babydolls, listlessly fluffed our hair, ready to spring into action.
-
-*Girl, I’m going insane.*
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-*Oh please, I’m already there.*
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-Then, we’d hear the front door open, the low murmur of a man’s voice, the chirp of the receptionist from the parlour’s reception desk. Some of us would circle the dressing room door, ready in case he wanted to see the lineup, curious if he had booked someone specific. Then, the methodical thwack of the receptionist’s pumps would sound down the long hallway as the girls swivelled towards her from their respective stations—pulling towels from the dryer, applying lipstick at the vanity, melting into the couch in a cloud of cigarettes and Pink Sugar perfume.
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-The receptionist would thrust four twenty-dollar bills into someone’s hand; maybe mine, maybe not. “You’re up. Sixty minutes in room four.” For the rest of the girls, the night wore on, dark and still.
-
-Honestly, that’s most of working in a massage parlour: waiting around, wondering how much money you will—or won’t— make on any given shift. I know because I made my living that way for five years.
-
-**\***
-
-I was a university dropout in my early twenties when I started that gig, struggling to find my place in Toronto, a city where squalor and decadence collided behind the glass and steel of the downtown skyline. To get by, I took a job at a massage parlour in the northwest corner of the city, a place where factories stretched several blocks, separated by the odd strip mall full of nail salons, carpet dealers, banquet halls that morphed into after-hours clubs if you knew the right people. The garish yellow “M” of McDonald’s arched high over everything, like a gateway to another world. Because of the way Toronto zoning bylaws work, most body rub parlours are relegated to this part of the city, and after dark, “massage” signs wink and flash from almost every corner. *Finch Alley*, some people call it.
-
-My regular shift at the parlour ran from 2 p.m. to 2 a.m., and I worked anywhere between three and six shifts a week, depending on how the cash was flowing. It was a job that was unbearably tangible at times, an onslaught of surgical scars and sun-damaged chests I rubbed oil over, the soft pallor of flesh under my hands that rarely saw the light of day. Yet it was also predicated on a precariously suspended reality, one I had to maintain with absolute precision to do my job well, to pretend that a profound mutual desire could be found for the low, low price of $80 in a strip mall off a freeway. In real life I wouldn’t dare be so giving. I can’t say I was particularly good at any of this by the time 2 a.m. rolled around, makeup melting off my face, puffiness blooming under my eyes, a rapidly dwindling patience for the reassurance some men desperately sought: *So, how was it for you?*
-
-The rabbit warren of hallways and thinly-walled rooms felt insular at that hour, the click of stilettos on laminate less urgent than during the day. A dampness I always associated with the night shift hung in the air, mingling with the smell of smoke and coconut air freshener. Night shift did not discriminate, and the men who wandered in after dark were as varied as they come: they were travelling on business or headed home from factory shifts, students taking a break from all-nighters, bros on their way back from the bar. They were tall and short and young and old, of every race and cultural background imaginable. You could never predict who would come in, except to say with certainty that they would want a level of womanly validation I was simply too tired to give. Half-dressed and exhausted, I often didn’t have the patience for their hands on me, the array of intimate requests they crept in seeking—*touch me, kiss me*, *make me an entirely different world than the one outside these doors*—when all I craved was the privacy of my own bed. My world outside the parlour was small—just a ground floor apartment in midtown Toronto that overlooked an alley, while a radiator clanked and hissed at all hours of the night and day. But it was a place where my thoughts, and my body, were my own.
-
-Despite the demands of the job, there was a stillness to the nights I found alluring. There was a poise to the velvety darkness of parking lots, the soft buzz of neon lights shaped like palm trees, as if they were also waiting at attention for the inevitable flurry of activity that punctuated those long periods of quiet. People’s needs at 2 a.m. are equal parts fervent and fundamental, somehow stripped of all pretense by the cover of darkness. What do you need if you’re out seeking services at night? Food, sex, shelter. The staunch of a wound. Being part of that felt like a reprieve from the day’s complexities, a world which launched a steady barrage of information and demanded endless analyses, caring little for our overstimulated brains. The days were full of subway delays and deferred student loan payments, of agonizing small talk and headlines about inflation.
-
-At night we’re just animals, I was reminded. The clients, yes, seeking release they couldn’t admit during daylight hours, but also the workers who manned the various portions of the strip mall after dark. The way we cared for each other, sometimes more in silent gestures than anything else, felt connected to our deepest instincts as pack animals. No matter how much I wanted to go home, there was some comfort in the simplicity of that connection.
-
-\*
-
-Memory has a way of smoothing jagged edges, leaving us with a haze of nostalgia that overlooks the most painful parts of our past lives, so I can’t be sure how much I really miss the nights themselves and how much my brain is playing tricks on me. It defies logic that any part of me longs for the precarious earnings and long hours of massage parlour work, the exhaustive level of physical and emotional intimacy required, the shame that grew exponentially the farther away I slipped from what was once a promising journalism career. I do, however, know I miss the community it gave me membership to, the pack we inadvertently travelled in. I miss the silent language we developed, the way nothing was asked of me by other night shift workers, the sense that I was enough just by showing up.
-
-Cab drivers—who are also paid in cash and depend on volume for their livelihood—would pick me up at the end of shift and commiserate, rosary beads swinging from their rearview mirrors as we pulled onto dark freeways. *How was* *work? Busy?* They would ask. *No, not really*, I would say. *You*? As the cab whizzed down an eerily empty Gardiner Expressway, we’d laugh, try to unpack what made a slow shift or a busy one, what made people need us—or not. *A dearth of sports games. The end of the month. Tax refund season. Inertia*. Once, a cab broke down in a snowstorm on the highway while taking me home and the driver immediately phoned his friend, another driver, and gently walked me over to his cab, parked farther down the highway when it arrived. Snow hurled sideways at us, my driver’s tie flapping in the squall, his bare forearms braced against the cold. *Get home safe*, he told me, *please*.
-
-Women filled my Styrofoam cup at the twenty-four-seven coffee shop across the street from the parlour, glancing wordlessly at the strip of bare skin between my coat and the tops of my stockings, but still making sure my cup was full to the top, passing me extra packets of sugar, sometimes a muffin from the day-old basket. Kids in their early twenties manned the counter at all-night fast-food joints, where I’d go between clients on slow shifts, needing something to wake up my neurons: salt, heat, grease. The shock of cold air on my legs at midnight. We knew so little about each other’s lives—how could we?—but forced into this strange cohort of ragged work hours, I felt we sometimes shared a look of recognition: of people whittling time away as we tended to the incessant hungers of others.
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-\*
-
-When I finally did leave the sex trade after finishing my bachelor’s degree as a mature student, I spent seven years working in “good” jobs in the corporate sector. This meant, as I understood it, that I didn’t work nights, that I was a salaried employee, and that I had dental benefits. I had a shiny access card that opened doors—to a gleaming, marble elevator bank, to planters full of plastic ferns, to blocks of cubicles illuminated by fluorescent lighting, a land of perpetual daytime.
-
-Unlike sex work, my “good” jobs didn’t threaten to overthrow traditional power structures. Many sex workers, including myself, have long hypothesized that the reason so many people in power work to keep the commercial sex trade marginalized is because they’re threatened by it—by the idea that it’s the only field where women outearn men, that it’s an industry where women get to call the shots, and that women profit off something that men have been told they’re entitled to for free: sex and attention in equal parts. In my experience of the corporate landscape, there was none of this radical power structure, only an upholding of the traditional: men talking and women listening, men in powerful positions getting both credit and profit for the labour of women beneath them. *Is this what I worked so hard for?* I wondered daily.
-
-As I moved through this new world, merging into the throng of daytime professionals that swelled throughout the downtown core, absorbed by their smartphone screens, and proffering the barest morsels of small talk, I felt little of the camaraderie I once did while working night shifts. I’m unsure why I felt this dissonance, and it occurs to me now that it could have been more self-imposed than anything. Perhaps my experience in the parlours of Finch Alley felt so removed from what I perceived as the experience of my corporate colleagues and their “good life choices” that I created that distance myself, imposter syndrome as thick as the steam that rose from the downtown subway grates during the winter. When I was assigned a crisis communications task, which was often part of my job, I would try to cheer myself up by silently joking that after everything, my livelihood somehow still depended on men employing bad judgement. But there was nobody around who would understand, so the joke fell flat, even in my head.
-
-Sometimes when I headed home from the office, stuffed onto a packed streetcar, I remembered nights when our strip mall felt like a kingdom, where we scurried from block to block like savvy woodland creatures, coats zipped over our lingerie, faces alight under the weak yellow streetlamps, dispatching coffee orders or supplies from clerks at the late-night convenience stores. Condoms. Baby oil. Hot Cheetos. “We know where *she* works,” their faces said, but it felt less like a judgement and more like an acknowledgement. We were in it together; an ecosystem of tending to each other’s needs, brazen and intimate at the same time.
-
-Once I sat on the leather couch in the dressing room, which was just an extension built onto the massage parlour that housed an industrial-sized washer and dryer, a makeup table, and a precarious utility shelf crammed with supplies: towels, mineral oil, rubbing alcohol, Kleenex. Nursing a black tea, I steeled myself before my last appointment of the night. It was booked as an hour-long shower session, which I hated. Sixty minutes with a regular who would never say a word to me, who just wanted to touch my breasts as we slowly turned to prunes under the tepid water, while I tried to make each stifled yawn look like it was, in fact, a shiver of ecstasy. “I don’t know if I can make it,” I said, half joking but half imploring the five other girls who sat wedged on the couch with me, or sprawled on threadbare Ikea chairs.
-
-“Baby, come sit by me,” said Cheryl, an attendant from Newfoundland in her early fifties with sun-crinkled skin the colour of almonds and a voice like gravel. I plodded over to where she sat at the makeup table and pulled up a stool.
-
-“At least let me fix your hair,” she said. I complied.
-
-Cheryl brushed my hair extensions out with her fingers, acrylic nails flashing, pink as Malibu. Then she took out a wide-barrel curling iron and meticulously worked my unruly hair into waves, smiling and humming periodically at her handiwork. “There,” she said when she was finished. “So pretty.”
-
-I felt so much care in that moment I could barely breathe, and it occurred to me that I’d never had a woman, before or since, handle my hair so tenderly.
-
-Once, the fire alarm went off in the office tower where I worked downtown. We crammed into the stairwell, lurching down dozens of flights. It was the most unscripted moment I had encountered since starting that office job and for a moment I marvelled at the chaos of it all: the unvarnished panic and confusion on people’s faces, the small gesture of kindness when I dropped my elevator card and someone picked it up for me. *Maybe this is it*, I thought. *Maybe this is when the adrenaline and uncertainty give way to something more human, where we seek relief in collective company*. *Maybe we’ll all go out for a drink and watch the fire trucks tend to the real emergency.* But when the final door banged open on ground level, spitting us out into the alley behind a steakhouse, everyone dispersed in separate directions, scattering as far as the eye could see.
-
-\*
-
-Last year, [New York mayor Eric Adams was quoted](https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/06/what-experts-say-eric-adams-gets-wrong-about-low-skilled-workers.html#:~:text=%E2%80%9CMy%20low%20skill%20workers%20%E2%80%94%20my,We%20are%20in%20this%20together.%E2%80%9D) referring to cooks, fast-food workers, dishwashers and messengers as “low-skill workers,” proclaiming they simply don’t have the skills to “sit in a corner office.” Like Toronto, New York relies on a variety of minimum wage and night shift workers to keep its culture “vibrant”—a term often used in city-building and real estate circles—or at least convenient. In fact, according to the [Bureau of Labor Statistics](https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2015/article/night-owls-and-early-birds.htm), more than fifteen million Americans work night shifts. [In Canada](https://www.carexcanada.ca/profile/shiftwork-occupational-exposures/), it’s closer to 1.8 million, or 12 percent of the working population. Could not a single one of those people have the “skills” to work in a corner office? When I read Adams’ quote, I was back, for the briefest of seconds, in that dark parking lot under a red-lit “massage” sign, watching the outline of a coffee shop server across the street as she wiped down the midnight counter, over and over. I thought of her thankless work and the comfort she provided to so many people moving through that transient space, the way she may have wanted to do something—anything—else with her time, but perhaps was not afforded the opportunity to. What a world in which her labour went unvalued, perhaps unnoticed altogether.
-
-Adams’ comments ricocheted through social media for months, at one point resulting in a tweet about how most corner office professionals wouldn’t be able to handle even one overnight shift at Waffle House. But Adams isn’t alone in his simplistic view; many of the jobs that require overnight shifts are considered “low skill” roles by those in power, regardless of how essential they might be. How quickly the discourse moves from “frontline workers” to “low-skilled labourers” as soon as the concepts of unions or minimum wage increase make an appearance. This idea of night shift jobs being less desirable, work people do because they “have to,” not because they want to, is true sometimes. It was obvious to me that many in my night shift network were working gigs as a stopgap on the way to something else, but to me that never made any of us less deserving. In reality, I thought of us as some of the strongest, the most resourceful, the most skilled at defusing confrontations that often come with late-night interactions.
-
-“You’re better than this job,” clients sometimes said to me while I was working nights. Often they’d say it in the awkward and delicate moments immediately after a session, as we towelled off together and I stripped the massage table—moments where men were often fraught with shame, resignation, and satiation in equal parts, and words tumbled clumsily from their mouths. They meant it as a compliment, but it was a sentiment I hated. *You’re better than this*. As though somewhere, there was a woman who wasn’t.
-
-I’ve seen security guards diffuse a knife fight. I once watched a fast-food server placate a violent customer with nothing more than her voice and a stale honey cruller at her disposal. I’ve met few professionals since who I think could handle those wearying hours and even fewer who could still react with tact and effectiveness under pressure, especially considering the low, precarious wages these gigs often pay. Plus, there’s a danger to working jobs with these hours and demands on a long-term basis. Statistics have long shown that [people who work night shifts are more likely to battle stress, illness, even premature death](https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797%252814%252900623-0/fulltext). Whether those late-night needs—for food, for sex—are real or perceived, as long as there’s a demand, profit-driven businesses will want to capitalize on it, perhaps at the very expense of the workers who take those shifts. The price we pay to keep cities thrumming and hungers satiated at all hours of the night and day is steep.
-
-\*
-
-It’s been years since I held a job requiring those kinds of late-night shifts. I woke recently at exactly 2 a.m., as I often do, pulled from slumber by some unnameable cue. I poured a glass of water and stood at my apartment window, suspended high above a ribbon of expressway. From behind the glass, everything was hushed at that hour. Then I reminded myself that an entire ecosystem still hums and clanks and keeps the world stitched together quietly: the municipal salt truck scattering brine down the street. The yellow sign of the twenty-four-seven grocery down the block advertising milk, bread, cigarettes. The wink of a red taillight as it trails across the expressway and flashes out of sight. I can’t, of course, know who it might be; perhaps another aimless man not ready to go home yet, rootless and restless and looking for validation in all the wrong places; perhaps another night shift worker on her way home, forming an unspoken understanding with her cab driver. Sometimes I think I have nothing to show for those years spent tending to people’s needs after hours, a period of my life as brief and transient as the red glow of that receding taillight. But I know the stories of the city after dark, and I keep those with me, always.
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-Date: 2023-04-03
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-TimeStamp: 2023-04-03
-Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/03/24/journalism-objectivity-trump-misinformation-marty-baron/
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-```button
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-^button-WewantobjectivejudgesWhynotjournaliststooNSave
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-# We want objective judges and doctors. Why not journalists too?
-
-(Video: Michelle Kondrich/The Washington Post)
-
-*Martin Baron was executive editor of The Post from January 2013 through February 2021 and, before that, editor of the Boston Globe for more than 11 years. His book, “Collision of Power: Trump, Bezos, and The Washington Post,” is to be published in October. This essay is adapted from a speech he gave March 16 as part of the Richman Fellowship at Brandeis University.*
-
-Objectivity in journalism has attracted a lot of attention lately. It also is a subject that has suffered from confusion and an abundance of distortion.
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-I’m about to do something terribly unpopular in my profession these days: Defend the idea.
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-Let’s step back a bit. First, a dictionary definition of objectivity. This is from Merriam-Webster: “expressing or dealing with facts or conditions as perceived without distortion by personal feelings, prejudices, or interpretations.”
-
-That’s of some, but limited, help in understanding the idea. Let me suggest thinking about objectivity in the context of other professions. Because as journalists, and as citizens, we routinely expect objectivity from professionals of every sort.
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-We want objective judges. We want objective juries. We want front-line police officers to be objective when they make arrests and detectives to be objective in conducting investigations. We want prosecutors to evaluate cases objectively, with no preexisting bias or agendas. In short, we want justice to be equitably administered. Objectivity — which is to say a fair, honest, honorable, accurate, rigorous, impartial, open-minded evaluation of the evidence — is at the very heart of equity in law enforcement.
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-We want doctors to be objective in their diagnoses of the medical conditions of their patients. We don’t want them recommending treatments based on hunches or superficial, subjective judgments about their patients. We want doctors to make a fair, honest, honorable, accurate, rigorous, impartial, open-minded evaluation of the clinical evidence.
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-We want medical researchers and government regulators to be objective in determining whether new drugs might work and whether they can be taken safely. We want scientists to be objective in evaluating the impact of chemicals in the soil, air and water. In short, we want to know with confidence that we can live in healthful conditions, without injury to our children, our parents, our friends or ourselves.
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-Objectivity among science and medical professionals is at the very heart of our faith in the food we eat, the water we drink, the air we breathe and the medicines we take.
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-In business, too, we want objectivity. We want applicants for bank loans to be considered objectively, based on valid criteria about collateral and borrowers’ capacity to repay debt — not on biases about race and ethnicity. The same goes for credit cards, where access to the consumer marketplace should rest on objective standards and not on prejudices or flawed assumptions about who qualifies as a good risk and who does not.
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-The concept of objectivity in all these fields gets no argument from journalists. We accept it, embrace it, insist on it. Journalists investigate when we find it missing, particularly when it leads to acts of injustice.
-
-And today — in an era of misinformation, disinformation and crackpot conspiracy theories that poison our politics and threaten the public health — we rightly ask leaders of all sorts to face up to “objective reality,” or what we commonly call truth.
-
-Of course, objectivity is not always achieved. Judges, police and prosecutors don’t always act without bias. Scientists sometimes succumb to wishful thinking or manipulate data in a dishonest pursuit of professional glory. In business, bias has inflicted profound, enduring damage on marginalized communities by barring full participation in the economy.
-
-But failure to achieve standards does not obviate the need for them. It does not render them outmoded. It makes them more necessary. And it requires that we apply them more consistently and enforce them more firmly.
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-Most in the public, in my experience, expect my profession to be objective, too. Dismissing their expectations — outright defying them — is an act of arrogance. It excuses our biases. It enshrines them. And, most importantly, it fails the cause of truth.
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-Increasingly now, journalists — particularly a rising generation — are repudiating the standard to which we routinely, and resolutely, hold others.
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-These critics of objectivity among journalism professionals, encouraged and enabled by many in the academic world, are convinced that journalism has failed on multiple fronts and that objectivity is at the root of the problem.
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-Various arguments are made:
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-First, that no one can be truly objective — that we all have opinions. Why not admit them? Why hide them? We’re not being honest if we do.
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-Second, that true objectivity is unattainable. Our views shape every choice we make in practicing journalism — from the stories we select to pursue, to the people we interview, to the questions we ask, to the ways we write stories. So, if genuine objectivity is beyond reach, the argument goes, let’s not pretend we’re practicing it and let’s not even try.
-
-Third, that objectivity is just another word for false balance, false equivalence, neutrality, both-sidesism and “on the one hand, on the other hand” journalism. According to this argument, objectivity is nothing more than an effort to insulate ourselves from partisan criticism: When the evidence points overwhelmingly in one direction, we deceitfully suggest otherwise.
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-Ultimately, critics consider the idea of objectivity antithetical to our mission overall: The standard is a straitjacket, the argument goes. We can’t tell it like it is. The practical effect is to misinform. Moral values are stripped from our work. The truth gets buried.
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-Many journalists have concluded that our profession has failed miserably to fulfill its responsibilities at a perilous moment in history. Their evidence is that Donald Trump got elected in the first place, despite his lies, nativism, brutishness and racist and misogynistic language; that Donald Trump still maintains a strong grip on Republican politicians and so much of the American public; and that so many American voters refuse to accept basic facts, that they reject reason and logic and evidence, and get swept up in outlandish conspiratorial thinking.
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-Had we not been constrained by standards like objectivity, critics believe, we would have been more faithful to our profession’s truth-telling mission. American politics might be different. People could better sift truth from lie.
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-There is also the view that we have never actually been reliable truth-tellers. That what we call “objective” is, in fact, *subjective*.
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-Objectivity’s detractors note, with merit, that American media have been dominated by White males. Historically, the experiences of women, people of color and other marginalized populations have not been adequately told — or told at all. What White males consider objective reality isn’t that at all, they say. It’s really nothing more, in their view, than the world seen from the White male perspective.
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-That’s the criticism. So, where did this idea of objectivity come from? And how did it become a journalistic standard in the first place? The origins are a bit murky, but they are typically traced to about a century ago.
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-In 1920, Walter Lippmann, a renowned American journalist, published “Liberty and the News.” He was one of the most influential advocates for the idea of “objectivity” in journalism. In that brief collection of essays, he sought to advance the concept.
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-For context, here is what he had to say about his own era. It should have a familiar ring.
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-“There is everywhere an increasingly angry disillusionment about the press, a growing sense of being baffled and misled.” He saw an onslaught of news that comes “helter-skelter, in inconceivable confusion” and a public “protected by no rules of evidence.”
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-He feared an environment where people, as he [put it](https://cdn.theatlantic.com/media/archives/1919/11/124-5/132353920.pdf), “cease to respond to truths, and respond simply to opinions … what somebody asserts, not what actually is.”
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-“The cardinal fact,” he said, “is the loss of contact with objective information.” And he worried that people “believe whatever fits most comfortably with their prepossessions.”
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-His diagnosis was much like what causes us so much worry today: Democratic institutions were threatened. He saw journalism as essential to democracy. But to properly serve its purpose, journalism — in his view — needed standards.
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-“Without protection against propaganda,” he wrote, “without standards of evidence, without criteria of emphasis, the living substance of all popular decision is exposed to every prejudice and to infinite exploitation. … There can be no liberty for a community which lacks the information by which to detect lies.”
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-Lippmann was seeking a means for countering the propaganda of his time. He well understood the tools for manipulating public opinion. He himself participated in the propaganda machine of the Woodrow Wilson administration. He saw how propaganda of the early 20th century carried the world into the slaughter of World War I, and how public sentiment could be influenced and exploited through calculated effort. And he called this propaganda emanating from government the “manufacture of consent.”
-
-[Leonard Downie Jr. counterpointNewsrooms that move beyond ‘objectivity’ can build trust](https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/01/30/newsrooms-news-reporting-objectivity-diversity/?itid=cn)
-
-Lippmann recognized that we all have our preconceptions. But he wrote that “we shall accomplish more by fighting for truth than by fighting for our theories.” And so he called for as “impartial an investigation of the facts as is humanly possible.” Which is where the idea of objectivity came in: as impartial an investigation of the facts as is humanly possible.
-
-Our job as journalists, as he saw it, was to determine the facts and place them in context. The goal should be to have our work be as scientific as we could make it. Our research would be conscientious and careful. We would be guided by what the evidence showed. That meant we had to be generous listeners and eager learners, especially conscious of our own suppositions, prejudices, preexisting opinions and limited knowledge.
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-So, when I defend objectivity, I am defending it as it was originally defined and defending what it really means. The true meaning of objectivity is not the straw man that is routinely erected by critics so that they can then tear it down.
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-Objectivity is not neutrality. It is not on-the-one-hand, on-the-other-hand journalism. It is not false balance or both-sidesism. It is not giving equal weight to opposing arguments when the evidence points overwhelmingly in one direction. It does not suggest that we as journalists should engage in meticulous, thorough research only to surrender to cowardice by failing to report the facts we’ve worked so hard to discover.
-
-The goal is not to avoid criticism, pander to partisans or appease the public. The aim is not to win affection from readers and viewers. It does not require us to fall back on euphemisms when we should be speaking plainly. It does not mean we as a profession labor without moral conviction about right and wrong.
-
-Nor was the principle of objectivity “meant to imply that journalists were free of bias,” as Tom Rosenstiel, a professor of journalism at the University of Maryland and former executive director of the American Press Institute, and Bill Kovach, a former top editor, wrote in their book, “The Elements of Journalism.” “Quite the contrary,” [they noted](https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/journalism-essentials/bias-objectivity/lost-meaning-objectivity/). The term arose “out of a growing recognition that journalists were *full* of bias, often unconsciously. Objectivity called for journalists to develop a consistent method of testing information — a transparent approach to evidence — precisely so that personal and cultural biases would not undermine the accuracy of their work.”
-
-As Rosenstiel and Kovach pointed out, “*the method* is objective, not the journalist,” and “the key was in the *discipline* of the craft.”
-
-The idea is to be open-minded when we begin our research and to do that work as conscientiously as possible. It demands a willingness to listen, an eagerness to learn — and an awareness that there is much for us to know.
-
-We don’t start with the answers. We go seeking them, first with the already formidable challenge of asking the right questions and finally with the arduous task of verification.
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-It’s not that we know nothing when we embark on our reporting. It is that we don’t know everything. And typically we don’t know much, or perhaps even most, of what we should. And what we think we know may not be right or may be missing important pieces. And so we set out to learn what we do not know or do not fully understand.
-
-I call that reporting. If that’s not what we mean by genuine reporting, what exactly do we mean?
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-I believe our profession would benefit from listening more *to* the public and from talking less *at* the public, as if we knew it all. I believe we should be more impressed with what we don’t know than with what we know — or think we know. In journalism, we could use more humility — and less hubris.
-
-We of course want journalists to bring their life experiences to their jobs. The collective life experiences of all of us in a newsroom are an invaluable resource of ideas and perspectives. But every individual’s life experience is, inescapably, narrow. Life experience can inform us. But, let’s be honest, it can also limit us. There is an immense universe beyond the lives we ourselves have lived. And if there are constraints on our ability to understand a world beyond our own, we as journalists should strive to overcome them.
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-I made a statement in my retirement note to staff in early 2021 that reflects my belief: “We start with more questions than answers, inclined more to curiosity and inquiry than to certitude. We always have more to learn.”
-
-This gets at a point that my longtime friend and competitor, Dean Baquet, then executive editor of the New York Times, eloquently articulated in a speech in 2021. I wholeheartedly embrace his perspective.
-
-Dean said: “My theory, secretly shared by many editors I know and respect, is that one of the major crises in our profession is the erosion of the primacy of reporting.”
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-“There is not enough talk about the beauty of open-minded and empathetic reporting and the fear that its value will fade in an era where hot takes, quick analysis and riffs are held in such high esteem. …”
-
-“Certainty,” Dean said, “is one of the enemies of great reporting.” And he called upon reporting to be “restored to the center.”
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-Dean quoted Jason DeParle, the New York Times’s superb reporter on poverty in America: “The great lesson of reporting,” Jason said, “is that the world is almost always more complicated and unlikely than it seems while sitting at your desk.”
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-None of these statements argues for false balance. They argue for genuine understanding of all people and perspectives and a receptivity to learning unfamiliar facts.
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-None argue for ignoring or soft-pedaling the revelations of our reporting. They are arguments for exhaustively thorough and open-minded research.
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-None of them are arguments against moral values in our work. Of course, we as a profession must have a moral core, and it begins with valuing truth, equal and fair treatment of all people, giving voice to the voiceless and the vulnerable, countering hate and violence, safeguarding freedom of expression and democratic values, and rejecting abuses of power.
-
-All of them, however, suggest we avoid self-appointment as moral authorities. All are arguments against stories that are precooked before a lick of research is conducted, where source selection is an exercise in confirmation bias and where comment is sought (often at the last minute) only because it’s required and not as an essential ingredient of honest inquiry.
-
-All argue against a madcap rush to social media soapboxes with spur-of-the-moment feelings or irrepressible snark and virtue signaling.
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-All of them are arguments for acknowledging our limitations — for simultaneously opening the aperture of journalism and going deeper. That is the simple demand of objectivity and what, to me, is its unarguable point.
-
-To those today who say that the media needs to be explicitly pro-democracy, I would say this: Every newspaper I’ve ever worked for always has been. They have been vigorously protecting democracy for decades. How is it possible that you failed to notice?
-
-One of the ways those news organizations protected democracy was by holding government and other powerful interests accountable.
-
-When The Washington Post broke open the Watergate scandal in the early 1970s, President Richard Nixon, along with his aides and allies, portrayed The Post’s journalists as liars and political opponents. In the end, their reporting was vindicated, and ultimately the Nixon administration was held to account for abuse of power, criminal behavior and obstruction of justice.
-
-When the New York Times first published the Pentagon Papers, the secret official history of the Vietnam War, it was accused of treason and threatened with criminal prosecution on the grounds that it had revealed classified information. So was The Washington Post, which began publishing the Pentagon Papers shortly afterward. But what was the government really trying to conceal from the public? How it had deceived American citizens about the war and its progress. The Times and The Post stood their ground on behalf of informing the American public.
-
-When the Boston Globe in 2002 exposed a decades-long coverup of sexual abuse by clergy in the Catholic Church, we were taking on what was then the most powerful institution in New England. There was every chance that the large Catholic population of the region would react by canceling subscriptions. But we did our work anyway, exposing how the Church had betrayed parishioners and its own principles. The repercussions continue today — within dioceses throughout the world and within the Vatican itself.
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-Today, the question is commonly asked: Was the media, in adhering to traditional standards, up to the task of covering a government led by Donald Trump, with his pattern of mendacity and anti-democratic impulses?
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-And yet virtually everything the public knows about his lies and his abuse of power is because of the work of mainstream news organizations.
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-There is no profession without flaws. There is not one that always fulfills its highest ideals. Journalism is by no means an exception. We have often failed, embarrassingly and egregiously. We often did harm: Through errors of commission and errors of omission. Because of haste and neglect. Because of prejudice and arrogance.
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-But our failures were not ones of principle. They were failures to live up to principle.
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-We can — and should — have a vigorous debate about how a democracy and the press can serve the public better. But the answer to our failures as a society and as a profession is not to renounce principles and standards. There is far too much of that taking place in today’s America. The answer is to restate our principles, reinforce them, recommit to them and do a better job of fulfilling them.
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-Date: 2023-01-26
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-Link: https://www.thecut.com/2022/12/on-approaching-midlife-middle-age.html?utm_source=sailthru&utm_medium=email_acq&utm_campaign=fullpricetote_nymag&utm_term=Smart%20List%20-%20All%20NY%20Mag%20Editorial%20Lists
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-&emsp;
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-# We’re Getting Midlife All Wrong
-
-## The Mindf\*ck of Midlife
-
-By
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/3e1/afd/10dbf3cffb295dc98d64dfeff8ec3ecacd-mindful-midlife.rsquare.w700.jpg)
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-Photo-Illustration: The Cut; Photo: Getty
-
-I didn’t want to dread 40, so I decided early on to celebrate and welcome it. Most women I know declare it their favorite decade, when they finally started to feel like themselves. I wanted to embrace this attitude — it’s going to happen either way; might as well welcome it. But there’s a kind of [perverse duality](https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/are-you-aging-correctly.html) at play with [aging](https://www.thecut.com/2020/11/turns-out-its-pretty-good-aging.html), especially [as a woman](https://www.thecut.com/2022/11/menopause-celebrity-business-stacy-london-naomi-watts-judy-greer.html), that encourages us to be both joyful at the inevitable (“40 is the new 30!”) and yet fearful of the same (“Here’s 10 Ways to Never Look Your Age After 40!”). And our obsession with [getting older](https://www.thecut.com/2022/11/julia-fox-embraces-aging-tiktok.html) is so focused on the physical, on how it looks, that we don’t end up prepared for what it *feels* like to truly contend with middle age in an honest and empathetic way.
-
-A few months before my [40th birthday](https://www.thecut.com/2021/09/beyonc-really-loves-being-40.html), my Instagram “Explore” page was taken over by “makeup tips for older women.” At first, I scrolled past these posts and Reels without a second thought; I don’t even wear makeup. But eventually curiosity and insecurity got the best of me, and I started watching for clues about how to — I don’t even know — look younger? Look less old? One insisted I apply blush at the top of my cheeks so they would look less droopy. Another said I shouldn’t line my lips all the way to the edge, and even though I don’t own a lip liner, I watched a few times just to make sure I understood exactly what *not* to do in case I ever bought one. Other Reels extolled the power of retinol and sold me on jelly and milky skin. What exactly was I gleaning from these videos that I’d suddenly started consuming voraciously? It became impossible to ignore that most things in my corner of the internet wanted me to feel, if not bad about my age, then at least wary of looking it: shouting offers for Botox and filler, begging me to click on photos of actresses who (shocker, crowed the headlines) [still look good at 35!](https://twitter.com/DailyLoud/status/1600245527542919168?s=20&t=owgvmuI1q4T_KySxteeLsQ) *Oh shit*, I thought. *Was it already too late for me?*
-
-Of course, it’s not a new idea to venerate youthfulness, but social media has flattened our experience of time so that our cultural understanding of age has collapsed in on itself. “[Instagram face](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/decade-in-review/the-age-of-instagram-face)” had already urged us to be smooth, snatched, free of any telltale lines or suggestions of feeling, to remain trapped in amber at 25 or 35. And then the pandemic pushed us over the edge. With Facebook increasingly seen as a “digital retirement home” and Instagram little more than a virtual shopping mall, we went flocking to TikTok in search of human connection. And even though [26 percent](https://wallaroomedia.com/blog/social-media/tiktok-statistics/#:~:text=80%25%20are%20between%20the%20ages,the%20largest%20generation%20of%20all.) of the app’s users are now between 25 and 44, the majority of the “trends” on TikTok, which often make their way IRL, are created by teens and young 20-somethings. COVID-19 hastened our dependence on social media to act as a divining rod, to tell us how we should look and act and dance, and suddenly all culture became youth culture.
-
-Even the tech bros who created this landscape are desperate to hack it, [pouring millions](https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/feb/17/if-they-could-turn-back-time-how-tech-billionaires-are-trying-to-reverse-the-ageing-process) into [anti-aging technologies](https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/billionaires-anti-ageing-research/), drowning themselves in seeds and supplements to shave a year or three off their age. They don’t want to live forever; they want to be young for as long as they possibly can. Jeff Bezos and Mark Zuckerberg understand how much of their power lies in their ability to present themselves as perpetually youthful, if not young. They’ve helped create a system that idolizes youth, and now they’re trying to outrun it.
-
-But what you can’t outrun — what we don’t talk about enough — is what it means to really age, how time reshapes us. No amount of Botox, cryo baths, or epigenetic age-reversing can stop that heartbreaking moment when you have to decide how to care for an elderly parent, racking your brain to negotiate the puzzle pieces of working, parenting your little kids, and bringing your dad to his now-frequent doctors’ appointments. Friends you haven’t seen in a while will pop up on Instagram announcing a cancer diagnosis, an occurrence that feels all of a sudden more regular than not. You’re counseling another friend through a divorce, pinch-hitting as child care now that she’s suddenly, at 38, on her own with three kids. Your career is stalling, and it feels too soon to give up and too late to start again. It’s real, it’s hard, it’s beautiful, and it’s happening so fast you can’t even remember how you ended up here in the first place. Weren’t you just 30 a minute ago? Before she died last year, my mother-in-law confided in me that she still felt 35 in her mind, that her insides didn’t match her outside, and how much she hated the disparity. You can fill all the creases in your face, erase every wrinkle, and still not escape that looming mismatch. How you look can’t change what’s coming for you.
-
-I recently tweeted about wanting to go back to school at 40, assuming it was a silly thought, that the time to take on something new had passed. My replies were full of stories of friends and family who had done exactly that or taken on an entirely new career in their 40s and 50s. We rarely talk about the possibilities, experiences, and value of middle age, instead focusing on how to avoid looking like it or on the hopeful exploits of the young scratching at our heels. I don’t want glossy affirmations about how I can still look good at 40; I want to know how to navigate a career change without spending another decade in school while caring for school-age kids and still paying my steadily mounting bills. I want to have conversations that contend with the loneliness that sometimes comes with this stage of life and how to make friends when you’re starting over. I want someone to admit out loud how much of our culture and society is geared toward the pursuit and presentation of youth and how that maybe kinda sorta fucks with your head a little the older you get.
-
-I was laughing with some friends at my 40th birthday party about how the fuck we got so old, about the occasional (and embarrassing) discomfort we sometimes feel revealing our age to very young co-workers. How did that become us, when so recently we were the eye-rolling newbies? It felt refreshing, honestly, a relief from having to always pretend that this was easy, that entering this decade is a mental breeze. It also felt great to be standing and joking with people I’ve known for decades now, friends whom I’ve seen through big life changes and who have seen and held me through the same.
-
-Aging is a privilege, a measure of fullness, a gift of time, even when it takes as much as it gives. Yet we focus our conversations about this inevitable process entirely on the physical. If we made more space for people to age in a generous way, free of the external pressures to wear the right jeans or part our hair in the most youthful way, how much more pleasurable could it be?
-
-We’re Getting Midlife All Wrong
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-Link: https://www.curbed.com/2023/01/george-santos-roommate-nightmare.html?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=One%20Great%20Story%20-%20January%2025%2C%202023&utm_term=Subscription%20List%20-%20One%20Great%20Story
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-# What George Santos Was Really Like as a Roommate
-
-By , features writer at Curbed  who reports on housing in New York City. She has been at New York magazine since 2019.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/7e4/d84/24cf9fc89c8cf864a32881c38cfe94d643-george-santos-roommate.rhorizontal.w700.jpg)
-
-Photo: Courtesy of Yasser Rabello
-
-Enduring a bad roommate is as essential a New York experience as a Yankees game. Everyone has a horror story, often a few of them. But imagine your bad roommate turned out to be about a grifter of historic proportions who rose to power while reportedly lying about [nearly every aspect of his biography](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/01/the-everything-guide-to-george-santoss-lies.html) as well as allegedly stealing from a homeless veteran’s dying dog. This is the turn of events in which Yasser Rabello, a pharmacist living in Florida, finds himself after living for a few months in 2013 and 2014 with George Santos (who went by Anthony Devolder at the time) — as well as Santos’s sister, Tiffany, and mom, Fatima — in a Queens two-bedroom. During his stay, he would lose an Armani shirt and an Ikea dresser. Now he’s glad it wasn’t more.
-
-Rabello and I chatted about that strange period in his life and the version of George Santos he knew as a very bizarre roommate. Reps for George Santos did not reply to Curbed’s request for comment.
-
-*Our conversation has been condensed and edited.*
-
-**How did you meet?** 
-
-I met Anthony in the movie theater in the mall in 2013 — we were seeing *Beautiful Creatures*, about witches. I was new in town, and I heard him talking in Portuguese. We clicked and exchanged numbers. We became friends. We went to the beach and out on Halloween. I moved into his apartment with his mother and his sister in December of that year.
-
-**What was the living situation?**
-
-The rent was $500, and I paid a security deposit before I saw it. It was only a two-bedroom and one bathroom, but they promised to make a partition in the living room that could become my bedroom because the living room was huge. But when I got there, they said they couldn’t do the partition, that they had bought the materials but it was impossible, so they had lost money, blah, blah, blah. But there were no signs at all that they’d attempted to do the work — no marks on the walls from pencils, no dust or anything like that. They ultimately gave me Anthony’s bedroom, and Anthony slept in the living room. There wasn’t even a sheet on the couch; he slept on it with no cover.
-
-**So he was always in the common space. What did he do all day?**
-
-He was home all day on his computer, just browsing the web, probably chatting with people. He said he was a reporter at *Globo* in Brazil.
-
-**Which was a** [**lie**](https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/george_santos_brazil_coverage_bolsonaro_brasilia.php)**, it seems.** 
-
-Then he told me he was a model and that he worked at New York Fashion Week and that he met all the Victoria’s Secret models and would be in *Vogue* magazine.
-
-**Someone else eventually moved in, right?**
-
-It was only the four of us in the beginning. And then Greg moved in January, sleeping on a mattress in the living room. They didn’t even tell me.
-
-**Really?**  
-
-It was a crowded situation. They had a lot of people visiting all the time — friends, family members — and only the one bathroom to share. It was always loud. Then Anthony’s boyfriend moved in, too, and stayed on another mattress.
-
-**That’s a lot of surprise roommates. How did everyone generally get along?** 
-
-I was working a catering job, and it was really busy, so I barely stayed there. They cooked, and sometimes they would offer me some, but eventually they said the groceries were getting expensive and I couldn’t eat with them. So I was like, *Okay, I’m not gonna eat here anymore*. Even the water — they started putting cases of water inside his mother’s bedroom.
-
-**Wait, they hid water bottles in her bedroom so you couldn’t have any? Did they hide anything else?**
-
-You mean aside from food?
-
-**This all sounds like a lot. What was the final straw that made you move out?**
-
-None of them carried their own keys, which is stupid. I don’t know who does that. So I wake up one day with my phone next to me ringing. They were yelling at me to let them in. They had been ringing the buzzer for the intercom, but it was broken, so I didn’t hear it. I let them in, and Fatima starts shouting in Portuguese for me to get out of her apartment. So I stopped staying there. But I had one more month on my lease, so I kept going in day by day to get my stuff.
-
-**How did that go?** 
-
-I arranged with my friend who has a driver’s license to rent a truck so we could get my Ikea dresser. I arranged with Anthony a time to come. He said, “Okay.” I tried to take my dresser, and a fight started. His mother said, “You’re not gonna take my dresser.” I was like, “Excuse me, how come this is yours? Did you buy it? Do you have the receipt? The neighbors were coming to their doors because of the disturbance. It wasn’t that expensive, so I let it go. Later on, my friend with the truck helped me to write a letter to the property manager explaining that they were putting a lot of roommates in the apartment, which is illegal.
-
-**They were eventually evicted. Where do you think the dresser is now?**
-
-I don’t know. Ikea furniture is not sturdy enough for multiple moves. It probably broke a long time ago.
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-What George Santos Was Really Like as a Roommate
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-# What Happened in Vegas
-
-Lasting for three straight days, the grand opening of Caesars Palace in August of 1966 was a spectacle unlike any the city of Las Vegas had ever seen. The owners of the casino, a brash Southern hotelier and gambler named Jay Sarno and his straight-laced partner Stan Mallin, dropped over a million dollars on food and booze, doling out fifty thousand glasses of champagne and two tons of filet mignon to their fourteen hundred guests. Nearly every high-rolling gambler and bookmaker in America, as well as a veritable who’s-who of celebrities, were in attendance. John Wayne, Johnny Carson, Maureen O’Hara, Eydie Gorme—even Grant Sawyer, the governor of Nevada, was on hand. The guest of honor, however, was someone who didn’t drink, didn’t gamble, and didn’t much care for lasciviousness or ostentatious displays of wealth. Yet here he was in the middle of a three-day bacchanal christening a $24 million Roman palace, the most expensive casino ever built up to that point in history, anywhere. His name was Jimmy Hoffa, and he was the president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, the 1.7 million-member trucking and transportation union.
-
-“We needed a guy like Jimmy,” said Sarno from the stage during the celebration. “Only someone with his class, his integrity, could have added a little Greco-Roman class to Vegas.” Hoffa added a lot more than that. His union’s Central States Pension Fund loaned Sarno and his partners $10.6 million for the construction of Caesars Palace. Later that night, as Hoffa slept in room 1066, the nicest suite in the hotel, gamblers threw dice and pulled the arms of the slot machines, and the casino roared with excitement. Before long, the guests had won more money than the casino had in the cage. An emissary was sent to wake Hoffa up and let him know the casino was in the hole. According to Stan Mallin, “He gave us a couple million to tide us over.”
-
-Eventually the amount the Teamsters would loan to Sarno and Caesars Palace would balloon to more than $20 million, and even more in 1968 for Sarno’s next casino, Circus Circus. Within a decade the Teamsters would invest over $272 million in Nevada, mostly in casinos. By 1976 the Teamsters had become the gaming industry’s largest financial backer and the largest creditor in the state of Nevada.
-
-The relationship between the Teamsters union and casinos was born of necessity. Nevada had legalized gambling in 1931, but it had never produced more than some sawdust joints and roadhouse saloons in desert backwaters, save for the city of Las Vegas, which served to entertain the scores of workers sent to Nevada to build the Hoover Dam. During World War II, the Army built an airfield outside of Las Vegas, bringing a new influx of visitors to the oasis. In the postwar years, as the soldiers decamped from the desert, Nevada wanted more than mining as its economic driver, so it leaned into its status as the only state where gambling was legal and embraced tourism. Entrepreneurs arrived in the early 1950s to the fledgling town that was Las Vegas, hoping to build casino resorts on the highway to Los Angeles. They needed money. Traditional banks, however, were skeptical of investing in gambling outfits. Casinos were, by their very nature, risky. But it wasn’t just too many dice landing seven on the come-out roll that banks worried about. What if the state government changed course and criminalized gambling again? What would collateralize the loans? Decks of cards?
-
-Add to these concerns the fact that the only people in America qualified to run a casino were those who had run illegal gambling operations—their professional resumes being essentially their arrest records—and one begins to see how unusual the challenge of trying to scale up an economic base from gambling would be. Nevada would need criminals to run their casinos, and someone even more unorthodox to post up the money to get those criminals started. That’s where the Teamsters came in.
-
-### Friends in Low Places
-
-In 1955, Jimmy Hoffa was the leader of the Michigan Teamsters and the Central States Drivers Council, which included locals in many of the Midwest and Southern states and had more than one hundred seventy-seven thousand members. He began negotiating with trucking companies to set aside two dollars per member into a pension fund each week. Within a year that fund grew to almost $10 million. Ten years later the fund was bringing in over $6 million a month.
-
-> Whatever Hoffa and Dalitz cooked up introduced Hoffa to the idea that the underworld could be as much of an asset as an obstacle to his union.
-
-Hoffa saw this pension fund’s utility not only as it was originally intended—to insure the futures of the members of the union in their retirements—but also as a tool to build power for the Teamsters, as well as himself. The way Hoffa described it, the pension fund offered the union a way “to reward friends and to make new ones.”
-
-To accomplish this, Hoffa took control of the pension through stacking the board of trustees with loyalists and moving the money from government bonds, which were the standard conservative investment vehicle for most pension funds at that time, and into real estate loans that the fund would hold directly—by comparison a much riskier investment. By 1963, 63 percent of the Central States Pension Fund’s $213 million was in real estate and only 3 percent was in government bonds. The Teamsters were essentially now operating one of America’s largest banks, and Hoffa had virtually sole discretion over who the bank did business with. Many of those customers were organized crime figures, and not without good reason. In addition to the aforementioned necessity of the mob’s expertise in Las Vegas’s burgeoning gambling industry, the Teamsters Union had other uses for friends in low places.
-
-“Every strike we have with employers who really want to fight, they revert to hiring hoodlums,” said Hoffa, “and unless we know who our enemy is, and unless you’re in a position to do something about it, you’ll lose your strike.” In the 1930s, during Hoffa’s early days as an organizer, employers in Detroit often turned to the mob to break strikes. “I knew guys in the Purple Gang in Detroit,” Hoffa recalled in his autobiography. “We fought them with bombs and billy clubs in 1935 and both sides got hurt bad. We made up our mind to meet them, get to know them, and work out an agreement under which they’d stay out of our business and we’d stay out of theirs.”
-
-One of the leaders of the Purple Gang, a Jewish bootlegging mob, was a young man named Moe Dalitz, who met Hoffa through a girlfriend. Dalitz eventually left Detroit for Ohio, where his Mayfield Road Mob rose to underworld prominence running illegal gambling in Ohio in the 1940s. Dalitz’s family was in the industrial laundry business; in 1949 Hoffa’s Teamsters had organized Detroit’s laundry and dry cleaner workers into the union, and they were prepared to strike the whole city. The consortium of owners reached out to Dalitz, now a powerful underworld figure, to return to Detroit and help them negotiate with his old pal. The two put their heads together and came up with a settlement that avoided a strike (some have said it involved a payoff to Hoffa, though he denied it, and it was never proven). “We got a contract” Hoffa said in his autobiography, “a good contract, and the Dalitz laundries lived up to it.” Whatever Hoffa and Dalitz cooked up introduced Hoffa to the idea that the underworld could be as much of an asset as an obstacle to his union. And it introduced to Dalitz the idea that the union, a strong union anyway, could be useful to the underworld as well.
-
-[![A magazine features a photograph of Jimmy Hoffa reflected in the long side-view mirror of a truck. The tagline reads “A National Threat: Hoffa’s Teamsters.”](https://thebaffler.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/B69-Hill-2.jpg)](https://thebaffler.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/B69-Hill-2.jpg)
-
-Jimmy Hoffa on the cover of *Life*, 1959. (PunkToad)
-
-### Rolling the Dice
-
-Ten years later, Dalitz would come to Hoffa asking for a favor that would not only change both of their lives but change the history of Las Vegas. Dalitz was trying to set up shop in the city and needed a loan. But not for a casino. Dalitz was building a hospital.
-
-In 1959 Moe Dalitz was approached by Las Vegas realtor Irwin Molasky and Merv Adelson. (Adelson would later start Lorimar Productions, which produced hits like *The Waltons* and *Dallas*; he also married and divorced Barbara Walters, twice.) The two had been working to develop a hospital on a tract of land near the Las Vegas Strip. They needed new investors, and they knew Dalitz had connections to Hoffa. Together, the four of them concocted a plan that couldn’t fail: the Teamsters would loan them a million dollars for the hospital, and the Teamsters and Culinary Union health funds in Las Vegas would send their members to the hospital for treatment. This gave the hospital a guaranteed influx of patients, ensured the Teamsters would be paid back on their investment, and provided a needed benefit to the growing number of union members in the city.
-
-“It was seen as a real move forward because it was a major hospital, which they hadn’t had in Las Vegas before,” says University of Nevada, Las Vegas history professor and author David Schwartz. “And this is when Las Vegas really was expanding from being a small town to being a small city at the time.”
-
-Nevada was then the fastest-growing state in the nation, fueled by the rapid growth of Las Vegas. From 1950–1960, the city grew from twenty-five thousand to one hundred thirty thousand people, more than a third of the state’s population. People flocked to the city on the promise of good jobs in the casino resorts, which were going up in rapid succession, many of them financed by the Teamsters. The initial loan to Sunrise Hospital was a trial balloon. It demonstrated that pension fund financing could enable much larger developments than had been possible before, perhaps even a casino.
-
-“I think it did have a role in the transition period from the ‘syndicate-with-a-small-s’ funding of casinos, where you basically get a group of fifty or sixty people together and have them all pool their money, and build your casino that way, to more mainstream lenders,” says Schwartz. He says that having a large-scale and regulated financial institution like the Teamsters Central States Pension Fund backing these projects brought a sense of legitimacy to casino development that helped attract the attention of more mainstream financial institutions. “At the time, the Teamsters were a major union, a major financial force. These things could be audited.”
-
-However, just because they could be audited, that didn’t mean they necessarily were, or that their findings were heeded. The Teamsters put up the money to finance the Stardust, the Fremont, the Desert Inn, the Dunes, the Landmark, the Four Queens, the Aladdin, and eventually Caesars Palace and Circus Circus, with organized crime leaders involved either overtly or covertly in every single one of them. Many of these loans, according to Steven Brill, author of the 1978 book *The Teamsters*, were often made if “a debt for a past ‘organizing’ favor could be settled.” Hoffa used the fund to work out a quid pro quo with underworld figures in a position to help the union elsewhere, and he added strings to the loans in Las Vegas that helped the unions there as well.
-
-These projects were bold in scale and ambition, and required tens of thousands of employees, to say nothing of the scores of building trades workers who built the massive resorts. And as they built each property and hired the workers to staff them, the casinos signed union contracts. According to University of Hawaii history professor James Kraft, author of the book *Vegas at Odds*, “The Teamsters made loans to entrepreneurs who provided jobs for its members, not to groups that resisted unions.”
-
-Those union contracts, both with the Teamsters, who represented valets, taxi and limo drivers, and front desk clerks, and the Culinary Union, who represented the hotel and restaurant staff, were mostly negotiated by Sidney Korshak, a Chicago labor lawyer with ties to organized crime. Korshak was frequently used to settle disputes between unions and employers whenever one or both sides of the negotiations involved organized crime interests. He worked both sides of the fence, and often his tactics involved bringing in a friendlier union to undercut a more militant one, or to negotiate a weaker contract. Still, every negotiation always ended in a contract. While some corporate lawyers advised their clients to do all they could to break the union, Korshak tried to help expand the ranks of labor and thereby the pension funds that were bankrolling America’s gambling industry. “Why does a guy out of the bartenders’ union or the janitors’ union like him?” asked Herman “Blackie” Leavitt, a vice president of the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union, the parent union of the Culinary. “I’ll tell you why: because whoever Sidney Korshak represents, the union officials know that they’re going to come away with an agreement. He doesn’t believe in breaking unions.”
-
-The contracts weren’t complex, merely six pages with five or six articles of boilerplate. And rank-and-file workers played little to no role in their negotiation. But the power of the union was evident. Housekeepers in Las Vegas had a base pay of sixteen dollars a day, while that was the ceiling in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles. Las Vegas bartenders made twenty-seven dollars a day, compared to seventeen to twenty-one dollars in the same three other major cities. In the postwar years, as Las Vegas grew, the average earnings of Nevada’s workers also grew at a rate faster than the national average. By 1969 there were an astounding two hundred seventy-five thousand people living in Las Vegas, and in the twenty-year period from 1955–1975, casino employment grew from about eight thousand to forty thousand, by far the city’s largest industry.
-
-### The Mob Squad
-
-The Teamsters and Jimmy Hoffa played a bigger role in Las Vegas’s story than just bankrolling casinos. Of the first nine loans the Teamsters made in the city, four went to Moe Dalitz and his partners. After Sunrise, they used Teamster money to develop Maryland Parkway, the two-lane road that Sunrise Hospital was built on, into a commercial thoroughfare anchored by Boulevard Mall, the first modern shopping mall in Las Vegas, as well as later developing the Las Vegas Convention Center. Their company, Paradise Development Co., built hundreds of homes around Las Vegas. “Much of the mob’s multibillion-dollar take is reinvested in legitimate businesses such as real estate,” reads a 1985 *Reno Gazette-Journal* investigation into organized crime’s influence in Nevada. “Cloaking themselves in legitimacy and unabashedly doling out huge contributions to charitable causes, their largess \[*sic*\] has brought the respect of many quarters of the state’s power forces as they wedge their way to respectability.” The paper bemoaned the “benign indifference” shown to the mob by Las Vegans, saying the locals viewed the mob as “a mysterious benevolent force that has helped build the state to what it is today.”
-
-> People flocked to Las Vegas on the promise of good jobs in the casino resorts, which were going up in rapid succession, many of them financed by the Teamsters.
-
-The feds, however, were immune to this mysterious force. The election of John F. Kennedy to the presidency also elevated his brother Bobby to attorney general, who sought to do what the FBI and the Senate committees that he once staffed failed to do: rein in the mob. In the 1960s organized crime had infiltrated every level of civic life in America, from control of major industries to the corruption of public officials from the White House to the dogcatcher, creating what Tennessee senator Estes Kefauver had described in 1950 as “a secret international government-within-a-government.” Bobby Kennedy knew that the mob’s main source of money was gambling and that they had grown their industry from backroom dice games to full-fledged luxury resorts in Nevada where mob leaders were skimming millions of dollars every year from the profits. Kennedy also knew they couldn’t do any of it without the Teamsters, so he assembled the best lawyers and investigators he could find into what was dubbed the “Get Hoffa Squad.”
-
-Their mission was made difficult by Hoffa’s immense national popularity. Despite widespread perceptions of corruption, Hoffa was still seen as a champion of the underdog. When Hoffa was first elected Teamster president in 1957, his predecessor Dave Beck had already been indicted for misusing union funds and would eventually go to prison in 1962 for filing a false income tax return. Hoffa was considered a continuation of Beck’s corrupt leadership by the rest of the labor movement, and AFL-CIO president George Meany led a vote to oust the Teamsters from the AFL-CIO (it passed by a margin of five to one). Over time, Hoffa did little to change the impression that he was corrupt, and even less to ingratiate himself to the broader labor movement. Under Hoffa, the Teamsters raided other unions and swooped in to negotiate sweetheart contracts with companies that had been organized by AFL-CIO unions. But Hoffa also grew the Teamsters into the largest union in America, and he had helped to make over-the-road trucking, one of the most dangerous and low-paid jobs in the country, a well-paid middle-class job that afforded drivers their own homes, automobiles, and the luxury of a pension in retirement. Across the country, and especially in Las Vegas, Hoffa was seen as someone who used his power, however corrupt, to beat the bosses and win for the workers.
-
-Ronald Goldfarb, a member of the Get Hoffa Squad, wrote in his memoir, *Perfect Villains, Imperfect Heroe*s, that “civil libertarians—and, it seemed, most outside of Justice I knew—all thought Hoffa was being stalked unfairly.” But Goldfarb and the rest of Kennedy’s team knew there was no other way to take down the mob if they didn’t go through Hoffa, however popular he might have been. “If gambling was the multibillion-dollar bank for organized crime,” he wrote, “Las Vegas must have been its Federal Reserve.” Las Vegas was the engine that drove the mob, and the Teamsters were the engine that drove Las Vegas.
-
-Over the course of the 1960s, Hoffa battled Bobby Kennedy’s investigations in multiple jurisdictions. He was investigated for misuse of the pension fund, bribery of jurors, violence and intimidation of union enemies, defrauding members, payoffs to criminals, and everything else Kennedy and his squad could find. In 1967 they finally got the charges to stick, and Hoffa was sent to the Lewisburg federal penitentiary in Pennsylvania to do thirteen years for bribery, fraud, and jury tampering, a mere seven months after he attended the opening of Caesars Palace.
-
-### The Last Days of Stardust
-
-Putting Hoffa in prison didn’t stop the mob. Las Vegas continued to grow, and the Central States Pension Fund continued to loan out more and more money. In fact, Hoffa’s successor, Frank Fitzsimmons, was more accommodating to the mob than Hoffa had ever been. Under Fitzsimmons, the Central States Pension Fund was loaning out more money than ever before. It wasn’t Fitzsimmons’s doing, however. As Hoffa prepared to go away, he made it clear that Allen Dorfman, an employee of the pension fund with ties to the mob, would make decisions on who would get loans. Three weeks after Hoffa went to jail the fund passed a resolution making Dorfman a “special consultant.” In the ten years after Hoffa went to prison, the Central States Pension Fund tripled in size. The high-water mark for the pension fund’s investment in Las Vegas came in 1976, with $272.3 million in loans, $249.4 million of which was in casinos. The Teamsters held 56 percent of loans in Clark County, including perhaps the most famous loan the pension fund ever made: $62.7 million to a thirty-two-year-old real estate agent named Allen Glick to buy the Stardust. The story of Glick, the Stardust, and its unravelling is dramatized in Nicholas Pileggi’s book *Casino* and in Martin Scorsese’s film of the same name. In many ways, the Stardust was the last stand for the mob and the Teamsters Central States Pension Fund in Las Vegas. Glick, armed with what eventually totaled $160 million in Teamster loans, bought four casinos for a consortium of Midwest mob leaders and allowed them to skim the casinos for untold millions of dollars.
-
-> Bobby Kennedy knew the mob couldn’t skim casino profits without the Teamsters, so he assembled the best lawyers and investigators he could find into what was dubbed the “Get Hoffa Squad.”
-
-Since the election of Kennedy and the ascension of his brother to the country’s “top cop,” the federal government had tried and failed to pry the mob from the gambling industry for more than twenty years. They would lock up mob leaders and union leaders, and others would simply take their place. Instead, the government needed to prevent the flow of money, to starve the mob out. It would take decades, and a number of laws were passed during that time to give them the tools to do it. The Corporate Gaming Act opened the door in 1969 for publicly traded corporations to purchase casinos, which in turn brought attention to the skimming operations at mob-held casinos where profits were lower. The following year, the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act enabled the government to investigate and charge fifteen people for conspiracy in the skimming operation at the Stardust, including the leaders of the Kansas City, Chicago, and Milwaukee mobs. And the 1974 Employee Retirement Income Security (ERISA) Act enabled the Justice Department to more closely monitor the Central States Pension Fund. After discovering a shady deal involving the purchase of a private jet by the fund in 1979, the government and the Teamsters worked out a consent decree that would allow the government to assume control and oversight over the Central States Pension Fund. The lid was quickly tightening on the cookie jar.
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-The government turned the Central States Pension Fund over to Morgan Stanley in 1983. Within two years Morgan Stanley had completely divested it from Las Vegas, declaring that casinos “were not the investment grade assets that we wanted.” They shifted the investments to 49.7 percent stock, 46.2 percent bonds and only 2.3 percent real estate.
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-In the 1970s, before the fund was taken over, the fund still took in more in contributions from employers each year than it paid out in benefits to its four hundred fifty thousand members. At the time the government took control of the fund, it was the largest private multi-employer pension plan in America, with $6.4 billion in assets. That all started to change after the passage of the Motor Carrier Act in 1980. Deregulation of the trucking industry was a goal of every presidential administration since Kennedy, Republican and Democrat alike. The Teamsters had broken ranks with the majority of the labor movement in 1960 to support Nixon and had kept a much cozier relationship with Republicans throughout Hoffa’s tenure. That closeness may have bought Hoffa the executive clemency from Nixon in 1971 that got him out of prison (with the condition that Hoffa “not engage in direct or indirect management of any labor organization”), but it didn’t do much to slow down deregulation. Nixon and his successor Gerald Ford both signaled their support for deregulation, which would eliminate price controls and force trucking companies (and thereby truck drivers) to return to competing over who could pay the lowest wages, undoing decades of wage increases and membership growth sparked by Hoffa’s National Master Freight Agreement.
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-Roy Williams, who succeeded Fitzsimmons as Teamsters president, saw the writing on the wall after Jimmy Carter’s election in 1976 and the Motor Carrier Act made its way through Congress. Williams didn’t know what else to do. He called up his friends in the mob for help. They suggested they bribe Nevada senator Howard Cannon to hold up the bill. The plan didn’t work. Williams and Joey “the Clown” Lombardo ended up in prison for their role in the scheme. Allen Dorfman, the mob’s man in the pension fund, was also indicted in the attempted bribery. He served no prison time because he was murdered three weeks before his sentencing. The law passed and was signed by Carter in 1980, and the results for rank-and-file drivers were calamitous. In the first five years of deregulation, 6,740 carriers went out of business, and by 1991 only five of the fifty largest carriers remained. From 1977 to 1987, wages declined by 44 percent. In the 1970s the Teamsters represented more than two million truck drivers. In the first ten years of deregulation they lost almost five hundred thousand members. Today their number has dwindled to around seventy-five thousand drivers.
-
-The Teamsters have rebounded somewhat, organizing in different sectors like warehouses, distribution centers, and even health care and education to make up for their losses in the trucking industry. The Central States Pension Fund, however, hasn’t fared as well. In 2017 the fund was projected to be insolvent by 2025. “That fund did fine until the government took over,” says Bruce Raynor, former president of UNITE HERE and an expert and consultant to unions on pension funds and capital strategies. “They hired stock pickers, who were paid high fees to manage it, and it was totally mismanaged to hell because they could care less about whether the workers had pensions.”
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-When the 2008 housing crisis hit, the Central States Pension Fund lost 42 percent of its assets in fifteen months, which amounted to about $11.1 billion. The median allocation by all union pension plans at that time was just under one-half stocks, and the median among plans with over $2 billion in assets was still only 59 percent. By comparison, the Central States Pension Fund’s portfolio was two-thirds stocks and one-third bonds, as the “stock pickers” put in charge of the fund made big bets on stocks as a way to solve the problem created by the dwindling number of Teamster-represented employers contributing to the fund. As a result, the plan was hit much harder than any other pension plan during the crisis.
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-The fund’s appointed managers’ proposed solution to this shortfall? Cut benefits to retirees. They requested special permission from the Treasury Department to slash the pensions of more than four hundred thousand Teamsters and their families. The department denied their request. Teamster leaders then spent years lobbying for help in Washington, which finally arrived in 2021 when the Biden administration and Congress included a $36 billion bailout for the fund as part of the American Rescue Plan Act.
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-“Had Biden not stepped in, a lot of Teamster retirees would have had their pensions cut,” says Raynor. Raynor believes the story of the Central States Pension Fund is an instructive one for labor today. He argues that Hoffa’s use of the pension fund as a tool is something more unions should emulate. “There are numerous unions who have assets over a billion dollars. We’ve got massive resources.” He explains that institutional investors that account for roughly 90 percent of the public markets are trading money that belongs to pension and retirement plans like the UAW or public sector workers. That money, in Raynor’s view, would be of far better use to the labor movement if it was moved out of public markets and into private ones. Unions could then adopt a set of labor standards for companies their funds finance, managing their money the way Hoffa managed the Central States Pension Fund, that is, investing with strings attached.
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-### The City Hoffa Built
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-Jimmy Hoffa left prison in 1971 after Nixon commuted his sentence, with a stipulation he not run for Teamster office again until at least 1980, a stipulation Hoffa fought unsuccessfully in court. In 1975 he vanished, presumed to be murdered by the mob, a case that still puzzles and fascinates the public to this day. His disappearance and his crimes have defined him. His greatest achievements within the Teamsters, like negotiating the union’s first nationwide master contract for truck drivers, have long come unraveled. His union, once powerful enough to bring industry and government to its knees, is a shadow of its former self.
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-The Las Vegas of today, however, towers in comparison to the Las Vegas of the 1960s and 1970s. The Las Vegas metropolitan area has over two million residents. There are sixty major casinos, and nearly all of the top casino resorts are still union shops, with wages that are anywhere from 14 to 39 percent above the national average, depending on the job. The casino resorts today are owned by major corporations that are publicly traded, and gambling companies are no longer considered “not investment grade assets” or too risky to get a loan from a traditional bank. In fact, Americans spent $54.9 billion on gambling in 2022, more than ever before in history. In Nevada, gamblers wager over a billion dollars a month.
-
-Visit Las Vegas today and you will likely ride from the airport in a union taxi (Hoffa loaned the Checker Cab company $225,000 in 1962, and Vegas is one of the few cities that still has union cabs); be checked in by a Teamster front desk clerk; be served wine by a union sommelier (the Culinary, a once-mob-run union that is the largest and most powerful union in Nevada, runs a fine dining and hospitality training program for members); have your room cleaned by union housekeepers and your drinks served by union cocktail waitresses and bartenders. Despite Nevada’s anti-union right-to-work laws and a declining union density across America, Las Vegas is still very much a union town, particularly in the casino industry.
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-While Hoffa would likely be crestfallen at the state of the American labor movement today, he probably wouldn’t be surprised to learn of the success of Las Vegas. As Jack Goldsmith writes in *In Hoffa’s Shadow*, even in those days before the grand opening of Caesars Palace, as he awaited word on his impending prison sentence, Hoffa roamed the halls of the vast casino, “chatting with and encouraging the laborers who were putting on finishing touches, and occasionally getting on his knees to help.” Goldsmith quotes Chuckie O’Brien, Hoffa’s foster son: “He would go in and help the electricians screw in wall lights and plug covers and shit because he wanted the hotel to open properly. He was so proud.” Caesars Palace is still in operation on the Las Vegas Strip, still a union shop. From good union jobs to the hospitals, parks, and neighborhoods built with Teamster money, perhaps Las Vegas is Hoffa’s most lasting legacy of all.
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-# What Happened to Ana Mendieta
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-She wanted to be known for her art. But first she became famous for her death.
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-Ana Mendieta, *Untitled, Silueta Series, Mexico*, 1976. Photo: © 2022 The Estate of Ana Mendieta Collection, LLC. Courtesy Galerie Lelong & Co. / Licensed by Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York
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-![Ana Mendieta, Untitled, Silueta Series, Mexico, 1976.](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/49b/127/92f0623d80d23eaa59d49b497695f912c9-ana-crop.rvertical.w570.jpg)
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-Ana Mendieta, *Untitled, Silueta Series, Mexico*, 1976. Photo: © 2022 The Estate of Ana Mendieta Collection, LLC. Courtesy Galerie Lelong & Co. / Licensed by Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York
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-This article was featured in [One Great Story](http://nymag.com/tags/one-great-story/), *New York*’s reading recommendation newsletter. [Sign up here](https://nymag.com/promo/sign-up-for-one-great-story.html?itm_source=vsitepromo&itm_medium=articlelink&itm_campaign=ogs_tertiary_zone) to get it nightly.
-
-**He called 911 after it happened.** “My wife is an artist and I am an artist and we had a quarrel about the fact that I was more, eh, exposed to the public than she was,” he told the dispatcher between sobs, “and she went to the bedroom and I went after her and she went out of the window.”
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-It was the early morning of September 8, 1985. When police arrived at Carl Andre and Ana Mendieta’s apartment on the 34th floor of a Greenwich Village high-rise, Andre told them, “I think she jumped. I just know.” A few hours later, when he made a statement at the precinct, he said Mendieta either jumped or fell: They’d been watching a movie at around 3 a.m. She went to bed first. When he followed half an hour later, she was gone and the bedroom’s sliding-glass windows were open. Decades later, in an [interview with the *New Yorker*](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/12/05/the-materialist), Andre remembered the night this way: He said that he was half-awakened by a woman’s voice yelling “No, no, no!” The temperature had dropped in the small hours, he said, and his hunch was that his wife, Mendieta — who was only four-foot-ten — had climbed up to close the high windows, lost her balance, and plummeted to her death.
-
-After a two-and-a-half-year investigation, Andre was charged with Mendieta’s murder. By early 1988, he had been acquitted. The trial drove battle lines through the New York art world, and stories about Mendieta’s death tended to emphasize the star-crossed nature of the union: Mendieta was a 36-year-old charismatic Cuban exile. Less famous than her husband at the time, she’s now remembered through documentation of her visceral, site-specific performances using mud, flowers, feathers, fire, and blood. Andre, a New England Marxist 13 years her senior, was then a god of the avant-garde — one of the first minimalist sculptors to work with industrial materials like bricks and tiles and, as a onetime leader of the labor-organizing Art Workers’ Coalition, a rare militant among the blue-chip set. Both were drinkers. Andre’s defenders said he wouldn’t have been capable of killing his wife, while Mendieta’s said she wouldn’t have jumped: Not only was she terrified of heights, she was starving for art-world fame and felt she was *this close* to attaining it. One onlooker at Mendieta’s memorial described the event as being like a wedding from hell, with attendees divided into families who avoided eye contact.
-
-Carl Andre in court, 1988. Photo: Monica Almeida/NY Daily News Archive via Getty Images
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-Whether she would have liked it or not, Mendieta’s death made some people see her as a martyr. And though he was not found guilty of causing it, it made Andre a pariah, at least in some circles. When a traveling retrospective of his work opened at L.A.’s Museum of Contemporary Art in 2017, protesters came to hand out postcards that read, [“Carl Andre is at MoCA Geffen. *¿Dónde está Ana Mendieta?*”](https://hyperallergic.com/372600/protesters-honor-ana-mendieta-at-la-opening-of-carl-andre-retrospective/) — where is Ana Mendieta?
-
-At the time, the art historian Helen Molesworth was MoCA’s chief curator. Now she’s the host of [*Death of an Artist*](https://www.vulture.com/2022/10/art-world-scandal-podcasts.html), a podcast about the Mendieta-Andre story by Pushkin Industries and the Sony studio Somethin’ Else. The show doesn’t draw conclusions about what happened that night at 300 Mercer Street, #34E. Instead, it lays out the puzzle pieces of Mendieta’s death for listeners to assemble, weighing the scenarios that could have led to that moment. The podcast’s most novel element is its analysis of what came after Mendieta died: the war of ideas waged by lawyers, artists, journalists, critics, and activists that turned her from flesh and blood into the loaded symbol she is today.
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-Few people have had a better bird’s-eye view of this conflict than Molesworth. When I asked her what it felt like to be at MoCA during the Andre protests — to be seen as a defender of the status quo — she paused, then said, “I wish I’d been braver.” The curator didn’t respond to the protests publicly at the time; the next year, she was fired from the museum. (She signed an NDA on her way out, but sources close to the museum told [Artnet](https://news.artnet.com/art-world/moca-helen-molesworth-tension-1246358) that Molesworth and other colleagues objected to the show behind closed doors. The artist Catherine Opie, who is also a MoCA board member, said that the museum director told her they had fired Molesworth in part for [“undermining the museum”](https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-moca-fires-molesworth-vergne-20180313-story.html) — a decision Opie disagreed with.)
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-When Molesworth took on the assignment of hosting the podcast, she waded into the controversy directly. “I assumed enough time had passed, and that I was trusted enough that people would talk,” she said. “Wrong.” According to her, Mendieta’s family members have a no-comment policy when it comes to projects that focus on the artist’s death. (Mendieta’s niece, Raquel Cecilia Mendieta, told Vulture that Mendieta “felt the work should speak for itself, and this has been my beacon when it comes to decisions on whether or not to participate in conversations about her and her work.”) Andre’s approach has been to say as little about the incident as possible. Molesworth and her producer, Maria Luisa Tucker, attempted to get in touch with him anyway, without success — they even waited in the lobby of his apartment building and passed a note to his doorman. (I also contacted Andre for comment and received no reply.) Failing that, they reached out to people close to him, such as his influential longtime dealer, [Paula Cooper](https://nymag.com/news/articles/reasonstoloveny/2012/paula-cooper/); she didn’t want to talk either. Most of the people who appear on the podcast — including Mendieta’s best friend, Natalia Delgado — believe that Andre killed Mendieta. As the reporter Joyce Wadler, who [covered the case for *New York*](https://books.google.com/books?id=8skBAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA40&dq=Ana%20Mendieta&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q=whisper&f=false), told me, “In crime stories, the family of the victim is eager to talk. The family of the accused tries to push you off the porch.”
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-In order to reconstruct the New York art world of the 1970s and ’80s, Molesworth and Tucker worked with archival interviews as well as new ones, plus clips from Mendieta’s letters read by the Cuban artist Tania Bruguera. The tapes from the trial were sealed in 1988, under a law that protects defendants who are acquitted of crimes. Luckily, the journalist Robert Katz, who [published a book about the trial in 1990](https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/10/books/a-death-in-the-art-world.html) and died in 2010, had copied the tapes while they were still accessible and left his archive of notes and recordings with a library in Tuscany.
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-An excerpt from Joyce Wadler’s 1985 *New York* story about Carl Andre’s trial, including a photo of Mendieta taken in Manhattan when she was a rising star in the art world. Photo: Cynthia Larson
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-Even before the trial, Andre’s supporters, at nightclubs and cocktail parties, began to gossip about Mendieta. In her [1985 *New York* story](https://books.google.com/books?id=8skBAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA40&dq=Ana%20Mendieta&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q=whisper&f=false), Wadler quoted an unnamed woman in the art world who said there was a “whisper campaign” coordinated by art-world illuminati to make Mendieta seem like a “loony Cuban.” On Molesworth’s podcast, former *Village Voice* critic B. Ruby Rich — Mendieta’s friend and one of Andre’s most outspoken accusers — discusses how Mendieta was framed at the time. “It was totally blame the victim, but with an extra twist,” she says. “It was completely racist. It was constructing this idea of the hot-blooded Latina who drank and misbehaved and quote-unquote went out a window.” One unnamed source in Katz’s book, identified as a friend of Andre’s, said the artist’s accusers were a “feminist cabal” blinded by their vindictive resentment toward men. Artists like Frank Stella were among those who put up money for bail.
-
-One of the most shocking takeaways from the podcast is that lawyers and art critics alike used Mendieta’s work against her. Mendieta pioneered a genre of her own called body-earth art and is often remembered for her “*Silueta*” (Silhouette) series: photographs and films depicting life-size angel shapes that she dug, carved, or burned into nature. For one [untitled photo from 1976](https://museemagazine.com/features/2017/11/20/w413qtz3xpqjl0lc2yzm1aar30395l), she inscribed one of these silhouettes — a seemingly ancient symbol, like a Mesopotamian goddess — on the shoreline of a Mexican beach, then filled it with magnificent red paint and let the tide wash it away; for [another, from 1973](https://sites.google.com/site/womeninperformancefall2011/ana-mendieta), she lay prone on a rooftop covered in a blood-spattered sheet, with a cow heart sitting on her chest. Mendieta herself said that, with these works, she hoped to visualize the hidden continuities between our bodies and the natural world: “These obsessive acts of re-asserting my ties with the earth are really a manifestation of my thirst for being.”
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-Installation works by Mendieta in Rome, 1984. Photo: © 2022 The Estate of Ana Mendieta Collection, LLC. Courtesy Galerie Lelong & Co. / Licensed by Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York
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-However, during the trial, Andre’s defense lawyer, Jack Hoffinger, called witnesses to the stand — including hotshot critics and curators — to testify that Mendieta’s art practice indicated a ritualistic death wish. Some of Hoffinger’s questions focused on her interest in Afro-Cuban Santeria. Mendieta had named one of her *Siluetas* after the deity Yemayá, and Hoffinger solicited one friend of the artist’s to explain its significance. When the friend said that Yemayá was known for taking flight, Hoffinger asked when Yemayá took flight. September 7, the witness said — the day before Mendieta’s death. Never mind that this testimony was flat-out wrong, as Molesworth points out in the podcast: Yemayá is a water spirit and a protector of women, with no relationship to flying or flight. It was enough to suggest that Mendieta had a dark side. “It’s as if the art critic were some two-bit dime-store psychologist,” Molesworth told me.
-
-While Mendieta’s work is often mentioned in the same breath as her tragic end, her art has also continued to speak for itself. It has enjoyed numerous revivals over the past two decades, including survey shows at the [Chicago Institute of Art](https://hyperallergic.com/43697/ana-mendieta-art-institute-of-chicago/) and [the Hirschhorn in D.C](https://hirshhorn.si.edu/exhibitions/ana-mendieta-earth-body-sculpture-and-performance-1972-1985/). She was one of the main attractions at the blockbuster show [*Radical Women: Latin American Art, 1960–1985*](https://www.thecut.com/2018/04/radical-women-latin-american-art-brooklyn-museum.html), which made it to the Brooklyn Museum in 2018. In the years before she died, the New York art world was dominated by two gangs: minimalists like her husband, with their experiments in the metaphysics of form, and Pop artists like [Andy Warhol](https://www.vulture.com/2018/11/andy-warhol-whitney-retrospective.html), with their cynical ideas about the commodity fetish. Mendieta, meanwhile, was making art about the interconnectedness of things, the restoration of our place in the cosmos, and the embodied experience of womanhood. She showed it was possible to engage spiritual or ancestral knowledge and high-art intellectualism without seeming unserious, and her work continues to resonate with those who feel excluded from certain strains of Western rationalism.
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-“If you believe in Mother Nature,” Molesworth said, “if you believe in Mother Earth — no matter what your religious or spiritual affiliations are — if you have that kind of sense that nature is a fecund, gorgeous giver of life, then Mendieta’s work has some answers in it for us.”
-
-She is far from the first to point this out. The podcast follows years of scholarship by and inspiration from other art historians — including Genevieve Hyacinthe’s 2019 book, [*Radical Virtuosity: Ana Mendieta and the Black Atlantic*.](https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262042703/radical-virtuosity/) Hyacinthe describes Mendieta’s work as a much-needed intervention into the Land Art movement, which is dominated by men who terraformed landscapes: “She was able to establish the awesomeness and the sublimity of monumental land works like Robert Smithson’s *Spiral Jetty* on a small and intimate scale.”
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-When Hyacinthe was working on her book, she felt that in order to understand it, she had to re-create it. So she and her assistant flew from New York to Mexico City, caught a connecting flight to Oaxaca, then drove a rental car to an archaeological site called Yagul. This 2,500-year-old settlement, home to now-empty ceremonial tombs, is where Mendieta created her first *Silueta*, [*Imagen de Yagul*](https://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/93.220/) (Image of Yagul), in 1973: The photograph depicts the artist lying naked in a tomb, covered by bushels of tiny, white baby’s-breath flowers. When Hyacinthe and her assistant arrived, they asked the groundskeepers if they happened to know the spot where Mendieta took the photo. One worker remembered that other visitors had also come asking questions about a woman artist who had died — and when the attendants walked away, a nervous Hyacinthe quickly undressed and lay down in a tomb under a blanket of flowers.
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-Ana Mendieta, *Tree of Life*, 1976. Photo: © 2022 The Estate of Ana Mendieta Collection, LLC. Courtesy Galerie Lelong & Co. / Licensed by Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York
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-*So this is what Mendieta must have felt,* she thought: the cold, damp ground, the irksomeness of bugs crawling around her, the struggle to hold her pose so that it matched what was in her mind’s eye. “I actually wanted it to be done very quickly,” Hyacinthe told me. If Mendieta was feeling any of those things, it doesn’t come across in the resulting photo. Its peaceful tenor suggests not death but the healing restoration of some long-lost life force.
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-Mendieta’s sustained popularity could be attributed as much to the profound yet approachable messages in her work as to its visual beauty. But it’s also easy to project on her the roles one may want her to take: an empowered Latina, a spiritual healer, a tragic victim of the patriarchy. “The biggest push-pull was how to tell the story respectfully,” said Molesworth, “how not to fall into either the angry or defensive postures, not to prejudge while still knowing one thought, and how to avoid treating the story like a spectacle. Even though, of course, it is a spectacular story.”
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-What Happened to Ana Mendieta
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-```button
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-```
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-# What Really Happened to JFK?
-
-## The Secrets of the JFK Assassination Archive
-
-## How a dogged journalist proved that the CIA lied about Oswald and Cuba — and spent decades covering it up.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/f74/4fb/bd195f4a639d3cf0bfb13b6c138d61ac02-diptych-01.rhorizontal.w1100.jpg)
-
-Lee Harvey Oswald and CIA officer George Joannides. Photo: JFK Assassination Records Collection (Oswald) & CIA FOIA files (Joannides)
-
-In 1988, in an elevator at a film festival in Havana, the director Oliver Stone was handed a copy of [*On the Trail of the Assassins*](https://www.amazon.com/Trail-Assassins-Murder-President-Kennedy/dp/1620872994), a newly published account of the murder of President [John F. Kennedy](https://nymag.com/tags/jfk/). Stone admired Kennedy with an almost spiritual intensity and viewed his death on November 22, 1963 — 60 years ago this month — as a hard line in American history: the “before” hopeful and good; the “after” catastrophic. Yet he had never given much thought to the particulars of the assassination. “I believed that [Lee Oswald](https://nymag.com/tags/lee-harvey-oswald/) shot the president,” he said. “I had no problem with that.” *On the Trail of the Assassins*, written by the Louisiana appellate judge Jim Garrison, proposed something darker. In 1963, Garrison had been district attorney of New Orleans, Oswald’s home in the months before the killing. He began an investigation and had soon traced the contours of a vast government conspiracy orchestrated by the CIA; Oswald was the “patsy” he famously claimed to be. Stone read Garrison’s book three times, bought the film rights, and took them to Warner Bros. “I was hot at the time,” Stone told me. “I could write my own ticket, within reason.” The studio gave him $40 million to make a movie.
-
-The resulting film, [*JFK*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=daAd1EMyqtk), was a scandal well before it came anywhere near a theater. “Some insults to intelligence and decency rise (sink?) far enough to warrant objection,” the Chicago *Tribune* columnist Jon Margolis wrote just as shooting began. “Such an insult now looms. It is *JFK*.” *Newsweek* called the film “a work of propaganda,” as did Jack Valenti, the head of the Motion Picture Association of America, who specifically likened Stone to the Nazi filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl. “It could spoil a generation of American politics,” Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan wrote in the Washington *Post*.
-
-Critics objected in particular to Stone’s ennoblement of Garrison, whose investigation was widely viewed, including by many conspiracy theorists, as a farce. And yet some of the response to the film looked an awful lot like a form of repression, a slightly desperate refusal to acknowledge that the official version of the Kennedy assassination had never been especially convincing. One week after the assassination and five days after Oswald himself was killed by nightclub owner Jack Ruby, President Lyndon Johnson convened a panel of seven “very distinguished citizens,” led by Chief Justice Earl Warren of the Supreme Court, to investigate. Ten months later, the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald, firing three shots from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository, had killed Kennedy entirely on his own for reasons impossible to state. Notwithstanding *JFK*’s distortions — “It’s a Hollywood movie,” Stone pointed out — the film noted quite accurately that the Warren Commission seemed to be contradicted by its own evidence.
-
-In a famous courtroom scene, Garrison, played by Kevin Costner, showed the Zapruder film, the long-suppressed footage of the shooting, rewinding it for the jury as he narrated the movement of Kennedy’s exploding cranium — “Back, and to the left; back, and to the left” — which suggested a shot not from behind, where Oswald was, but from the front right, in the direction of the so-called Grassy Knoll, where numerous witnesses testified to having seen, heard, and even smelled gunshots. (Stone had offered the role of Garrison to Harrison Ford and Mel Gibson, who both passed, but Costner, the very symbol of wholesome Americana, was actually the more subversive choice.) In another courtroom scene, Garrison appeared to dismantle the “single-bullet theory,” according to which the same round had been responsible for seven entry and exit wounds in Kennedy and Texas governor John Connally — an improbable scenario made all the more so by the alleged bullet itself, which was recovered in near-pristine condition. The simplest explanation would have been that all those wounds were caused by more than one bullet, but this would have meant either that Oswald had fired, reloaded, and again fired his bolt-action rifle in less than the 2.3 seconds required to do so or, more realistically, that there was a second shooter.
-
-President Kennedy’s limousine shortly after he was shot. The Grassy Knoll is visible in the background. Photo: APTN/AP Photo
-
-Three of the seven members of the Warren Commission eventually disavowed its findings, as did President Johnson. In 1979, after a thoroughgoing reinvestigation, the House Select Committee on Assassinations officially concluded that Kennedy “was probably assassinated as a result of a conspiracy.” But such findings seemed not to penetrate. “In view of the overwhelming evidence that Oswald could not have acted alone (if he acted at all), the most remarkable feature of the assassination is not the abundance of conspiracy theories,” Christopher Lasch, the historian and social critic, remarked in *Harper’s*, “but the rejection of a conspiracy theory by the ‘best and brightest.’” For complex reasons of history, psychology, and politics, within the American Establishment it remained inadvisable to speak of conspiracy unless you did not mind being labeled a kook.
-
-Stone ended his film in the style of a documentary, with a written text scrolling beneath John Williams’s high-patriotic arrangement for string and horns, that deplored the official secrecy that still surrounded the assassination. Large portions of the Warren Report, Kennedy’s full autopsy records, and much of the evidence collected by the HSCA had never been cleared for public release. When *JFK* came out in December 1991, this ongoing secrecy quickly supplanted the movie itself as a subject of public scandal. Within a month, the New York *Times* was editorializing, if begrudgingly, in Stone’s defense. (“The public’s right to information does not depend on the integrity or good faith of those who seek it.”) By May 1992, congressional hearings about a declassification bill were underway. Stone, invited to testify before the House, declared, “The stone wall must come down.” CIA director Robert Gates pledged to disclose, or at least submit for review, “every relevant scrap of paper in CIA’s possession.” “The only thing more horrifying to me than the assassination itself,” Gates said, “is the insidious, perverse notion that elements of the American government, that my own agency had some part in it.”
-
-The President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992 mandated that “all Government records related to the assassination” be provided to the [National Archives](https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk) and made available to the public. The historian Steven M. Gillon has called it the “most ambitious declassification effort in American history.” It has done little to refute Gates’s “insidious, perverse notion.” On the contrary, for those with the inclination to look and the expertise to interpret what they find, the records now in the public realm are terrifically damning to the Warren Commission and to the CIA.
-
-Among the first visitors to the JFK Assassination Records Collection was Jefferson Morley, then a 34-year-old editor from the Washington *Post*. Morley had made a name for himself in magazines in the 1980s. He helped break the Iran-Contra scandal for *The New Republic* and wrote a much-discussed gonzo essay about the War on Drugs for which he’d spent an evening smoking crack cocaine. By that time, he’d become Washington editor of *The Nation*. He drank with Christopher Hitchens, with whom he was once deported, after a gathering with some Czech dissidents, by that country’s secret police. “He was a little out there,” a colleague at the *Post* recalled. “But you want some people like that in the newsroom.” Morley had read about the Kennedy assassination for years as a hobby, but it never occurred to him that he might report on it himself. “I never thought I had anything to add,” he told me. “Until 1992.”
-
-I visited Morley in Washington in September. He is now 65 and somewhat more demure than his younger self, if still combative, with a sweep of gray hair, a high brow, and a sharp nose that together lend him a vaguely avian aspect, an impression heightened by his tendency to cock his head quizzically, like an owl, and speak into the middle distance. We met at the brick rowhouse that he still shares with his second wife, with whom he is in the midst of a divorce. She will keep the house, and Morley was not yet certain where he would go, but they agreed that he could stay through “the coming JFK season,” as he put it. His small office is there, as is his personal file collection, three decades of once-classified records culled from the National Archives and stored in worn banker’s boxes, tens of thousands of photocopy sheets arranged chronologically and, in duplicate form, by subject matter. “If you use what we’ve learned since the ’90s to evaluate the government’s case,” he told me, “the government’s case disintegrates.”
-
-Morley, the author of three books on the CIA and the editor of a Substack blog of modest but impassioned following called *JFK Facts,* has made a name for himself among assassination researchers by attempting to approach Kennedy’s murder as if it were any other subject. “Journalists never report the JFK story journalistically,” he said. Early on, when Morley was still at the *Post*, editors would frequently ask, “What does this tell us about who shot JFK?” “I have no idea!” he responded. “I have to have a fucking conspiracy theory?”
-
-He did not set out to make a career of the JFK Act, but the declassification process has taken longer than expected. At the urging of the CIA and other agencies, President Donald Trump twice extended the original 2017 deadline. In 2021, President Joe Biden pushed it to 2022 before extending it once again. At least 320,000 “assassination-related” documents have been released; by one estimate, some 4,000 remain withheld or redacted, the majority belonging to the CIA.
-
-Morley’s serious interest in the assassination had begun in the early 1980s, prompted by Christopher Lasch’s attack on the conspiracy taboo in *Harper’s*. (He’d helped edit the essay.) He began to read the available literature. Some of the “conspiracy” books were highly suppositious, in his view, but some he found to be impressively thoughtful, documented, even restrained. Sylvia Meagher’s 1967 critique of the Warren Commission, *Accessories After the Fact,* based on a close reading of the commission’s report and its appendices, was particularly influential. The report “didn’t hang together,” Morley said, “didn’t make sense on its own terms.”
-
-In 1992, during passage of the JFK Act, he was hired by the Washington *Post* to work for “Outlook,” the paper’s Sunday opinion section, an outpost of impertinence and boundary-testing in an otherwise buttoned-down newsroom. By Morley’s recollection, he pitched a piece about the JFK archive during his job interview. “They didn’t realize all these records were coming out, they weren’t really paying attention, and I was on the ball,” Morley said.
-
-Morley visited the new archive after work, prospecting for stories, and began contacting researchers of the assassination to ask for guidance. Among them was John Newman, a U.S. Army major who had spent 20 years in Army intelligence and written a widely praised history of Kennedy and Vietnam. Newman, who also served as a consultant on *JFK*, was then at work on a book about Oswald and his connections to the CIA.
-
-The possibility of such a tie had been floated since almost the moment Kennedy was shot. The mutual detestation between Kennedy and the Agency, especially after the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion, was widely known in Washington. It is a measure of the paranoia of the era, and also of the Agency’s reputation for lawlessness, that on the afternoon of his brother’s murder, Robert Kennedy summoned the director of the CIA to his home to ask “if they” — the CIA — “had killed my brother,” Kennedy later recalled. (The director, John McCone, said they had not.) The Agency assured the Warren Commission that, prior to the assassination, it had had no particular interest in Oswald and almost no information on him whatsoever. This had always seemed implausible. Oswald was only 24 when he died, but his life had been eventful. He had served as a radar operator in the Marine Corps, stationed at an air base in Japan from which the CIA flew U-2 spy missions over Russia; had then defected to Moscow, where he told American diplomats that he planned to tell the Soviets everything he knew; had been closely watched, if not recruited, by Soviet intelligence services; and had then, in 1962, after more than two and a half years in the USSR, returned, Russian wife in tow, to the United States. One would think the CIA might have taken somewhat more than a passing interest.
-
-Early on, Newman had photocopied the entirety of Oswald’s pre-assassination CIA file at the archive and brought it home. Morley came often to study it. “I had read something that said, you know, they only had five documents on him,” Morley said. “And it was like, ‘No, there were *42.*’”
-
-Whatever mystique may attach to it, the CIA is also a highly articulated bureaucracy. Newman encouraged Morley to focus less on the documents themselves than on the attached routing slips. “When you start getting into spy services, everybody lies,” Newman told me. “And so how do you know anything?” The answer was “traffic analysis.” Even if the information contained in an intelligence file was false, Newman believed an account of how that information flowed — who received it, in what form, from whom, when — could be a reliable source of insight.
-
-Via cryptic acronyms, the Agency’s routing slips recorded precisely who had been receiving information on Oswald in the period leading up to the assassination. “It was, when you saw it, a *lot* of people,” Morley recalled. “I just remember being in John’s basement and thinking, *Oh my God*.” A large number of senior CIA officers at the Agency’s headquarters had evidently been tracking Oswald, and tracking him closely, since well before November 22, 1963. “The idea that this guy came out of nowhere was self-evidently not true,” Morley said. “That was a door swinging open for me.”
-
-An October 1963 cable from CIA headquarters to its station in Mexico City stating, falsely, that the most recent information it had on Oswald was from May 1962. Photo: NARA
-
-Oswald’s file contained press clippings, State Department archives, and FBI reports detailing his activities in Fort Worth, Dallas, and New Orleans, where he’d been arrested in the summer of 1963 and interviewed at length, in jail, by an agent of the bureau*.* Of particular interest to Morley, however, was a series of CIA cables from October 1963, the month before the assassination, pertaining to a trip Oswald took to Mexico City.
-
-By the Warren Commission’s determination, Oswald arrived in Mexico City on September 27. Before his return to the U.S. six days later, he seemed to have made several visits to the embassies of both the Soviet Union and Cuba. But there were problems with the evidence. The Warren Commission could not definitively establish that the man who presented himself at the embassies as Oswald was, in all instances, Oswald. A surveillance photograph of a man outside the Soviet Embassy, purportedly of Oswald, was clearly not. This “Mexico Mystery Man” has never been positively identified; no photographs of Oswald in Mexico City have ever surfaced. A CIA wiretap had also picked up someone presenting himself to the Soviets as “Lee Oswald,” but those who later heard the recording, including FBI agents and staff lawyers for the Warren Commission, reported that the caller was not him.
-
-In the file, Morley found a cable from the CIA’s Mexico City station to headquarters in Langley reporting the phone call. “AMERICAN MALE WHO SPOKE BROKEN RUSSIAN SAID HIS NAME LEE OSWALD,” it read. Headquarters responded in a cable dated October 10, recounting Oswald’s defection and his time as a factory worker in Minsk. But it seemed to indicate that the CIA had lost track of him. “LATEST HDQS INFO” was a State Department report from May 1962 before Oswald had returned to the U.S. from the Soviet Union, the cable said. Having seen the CIA file, Morley knew this was not true: The CIA held extensive information on Oswald’s activities in the U.S. from as recently as just a few weeks earlier, including his arrest in New Orleans. Had CIA headquarters acted intentionally, Morley wondered, when it misled the Agency’s people in Mexico City about the man who six weeks later would be accused of killing the president?
-
-He and Newman checked the routing slips. The October 10 cable had received the sign-off of several notably senior officials, including the No. 2 in the Agency’s covert-operations branch. But of particular note was a lesser-known signatory, Jane Roman, a top aide to James Jesus Angleton, the Agency’s famous counterintelligence chief. Just days before approving the October 10 cable, Roman had, in her own hand, signed for FBI reports that placed Oswald unequivocally in the U.S.
-
-Morley and Newman found Roman’s address and visited her at her ivied bungalow in Cleveland Park, a tony D.C. neighborhood favored by CIA officials. Roman, then 78, was reserved but cordial, “a correct, smart, Wasp woman,” Morley said. She seated her visitors at a dining table beneath the dour portrait of a forebear.
-
-Newman asked most of the questions. (Newman and Morley are still friendly, but each has a tendency to present himself as the central protagonist in the story of Jane Roman. Roman died in 2007.) He spread documents on the table and walked Roman through them, beginning with a routing slip from shortly after Oswald’s return from the USSR. It had been signed by officials of the Soviet Realities branch, of counterintelligence, of covert operations, and elsewhere. Newman asked, “Is this the mark of a person’s file who’s dull and uninteresting?” “No, we’re really trying to zero in on somebody here,” Roman said. Newman showed her the FBI report on Oswald’s arrest in New Orleans, for which Roman had signed on October 4, 1963. Newman then produced the October 10 cable, according to which the Agency had received no information on Oswald in over a year.
-
-“Jane,” Newman said, “you read this file just a couple of days before you released this message. So you knew that’s not true.”
-
-Roman protested that she had “a thousand of these things” to handle. But she soon conceded, “Yeah, I mean, I’m signing off on something that I know isn’t true.” Newman asked if this suggested “some sort of operational interest in Oswald’s file.”
-
-“Well, to me, it’s indicative of a keen interest in Oswald, held very closely on the need-to-know basis,” Roman said. She speculated that there had been an “operational reason” to withhold information about him from Mexico City, though she herself had not been read into whatever “hanky-panky” may have been taking place.
-
-After the interview, Morley and Newman stopped their recorders, thanked Roman, and stepped outside. “John and I looked at each other and said, ‘Oh my fucking God,’” Morley told me. They had coaxed from a highly placed former CIA official, on tape and on the record, an acknowledgment that top CIA officers in Washington had been keenly interested in Oswald before the assassination, so much so that they had intentionally misled their colleagues in Mexico about him for reasons apparently related to an operation of some kind.
-
-Later, Morley spoke with Edward Lopez, a former researcher for the HSCA, where he had been tasked with investigating the CIA. Lopez said, “What this tells people is that somehow the Agency had a relationship with Lee Harvey Oswald prior to the assassination and that they are covering it up.” At the *Post*, Morley brought the story not to “Outlook” but to the more prestigious “National” section. “And naïve as I was, I thought, *This is a great fucking story, and they’re going to love it!*” Morley told me.
-
-“National” editors did spend several months working with him, but it was decided that the story could not run in the paper’s news section. There was no explicit prohibition on Kennedy-assassination stories, an editor told me, but if ‘National” was going to publish something “on such an explosive topic,” the paper’s leadership “would’ve wanted it nailed down real tight.”
-
-Morley took the piece to “Outlook,” “an implicit downgrading” in his view. It ran in the spring of 1995. A senior editor took him aside afterward to say, “Jeff, this isn’t good for your career.” “And to me,” Morley recalled, “that was like, ‘Wow, this really *is* a good story!’”
-
-The “Mexico Mystery Man,” whom the CIA tentatively identified as Oswald. Photo: Corbis/Getty Images
-
-One of the more damning revelations of the past few decades is that the Warren Commission very likely reached its lone-gunman verdict, or rather received it from on high, before it had begun its investigation. This conclusion emerged from later statements by the commissioners; from recordings of the phone calls of President Johnson, in which he made clear that it was of paramount importance to show that Oswald had no ties to either the Soviets or their Cuban allies, so as to avoid “a war that can kill 40 million Americans in an hour”; and, most famously, from a declassified memo prepared for the White House by Assistant Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach on November 25, one day after Oswald’s death.
-
-“The public must be satisfied that Oswald was the assassin; that he had no confederates who are still at large; and that evidence was such that he would have been convicted at trial,” Katzenbach wrote. “Speculation about Oswald’s motivation ought to be cut off, and we should have some basis for rebutting thought that this was a Communist conspiracy or (as the Iron Curtain press is saying) a right-wing conspiracy to blame it on the Communists.” This evidence certainly does not prove that the Warren Commission was a fraud, or that its conclusions were necessarily wrong, but it does suggest quite strongly that, at its highest levels, the commission was not interested in discovering anything other than Oswald’s sole and apolitical responsibility for the assassination.
-
-Likewise, the Senate’s Church Committee, convened in 1975 to study abuses by the intelligence services, found that the Warren Commission had not received the honest cooperation of the FBI or CIA, which withheld “facts which might have substantially affected the course of the investigation.” The CIA in particular avoided mention of its various plots to assassinate Fidel Castro, one of which had involved a Cuban high official who had, in a meeting in Paris on the very day of Kennedy’s killing, received from a CIA handler the poison pen with which he was supposed to carry out his task. These activities were, in addition to being closely held secrets, patently illegal, and it is understandable that the CIA would not want to disclose them. But it is just as obvious that a thorough investigation of the assassination would have required their disclosure. Castro had stated publicly, for instance, that he would retaliate if he ever discovered that the U.S. was trying to have him killed; the fact that the Agency had been doing precisely this at the time of the assassination would have been a clear investigative lead.
-
-Allen Dulles, a former director of the CIA who sat on the Warren Commission, could have informed his fellow commissioners of the plots. He elected not to. Dulles hated Kennedy, whom he considered a pinko and an interloper and who had unceremoniously fired him as CIA director after the Bay of Pigs. Arlen Specter, who became a senator 15 years after serving on the Warren Commission, used to tell a story about Dulles, which was recounted to me by Carl Feldbaum, Specter’s Senate chief of staff. The commissioners were at one point solemnly passing round Kennedy’s bloodied necktie from November 22; a bullet hole was clearly visible. When the garment came to him, Dulles, puffing on his pipe, examined it for a moment and then, passing it along, remarked, “I didn’t know Jack wore store-bought ties.”
-
-In addition to the Castro plots, the Church Committee was particularly severe with the CIA for its lack of curiosity over “the significance of Oswald’s contacts with pro-Castro and anti-Castro groups for the many months before the assassination.” Oswald’s behavior in the summer of 1963 looked to many critics like that of some sort of spy or agent provocateur. Senator Richard Schweiker, who chaired the Church subcommittee on the Kennedy assassination, said of Oswald, “Everywhere you look with him, there are the fingerprints of intelligence.”
-
-The HSCA investigation, begun in 1977, took a special interest in Oswald’s Cuban contacts, and in particular his interactions with an anti-Castro group known as the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil, or DRE. The Warren Commission had reported on the DRE but had never been informed that the group was founded, funded, and closely managed by the CIA.
-
-Prior to the investigation, the HSCA’s lead counsel, G. Robert Blakey, obtained a formal agreement for extensive access to the Agency’s files. “They agreed to give us everything,” Blakey, who is now professor emeritus at Notre Dame, recalled recently. “At some stage, they decided that that was not a good idea.” In 1978, after the HSCA had begun seeking information about the DRE, the CIA named a new liaison to the committee, a notably severe, sharp-dressing senior officer named George Joannides. “He kind of gave the impression of brooking no lightheartedness,” Dan Hardway, a lawyer who dealt extensively with Joannides as an HSCA researcher, told me. Hardway recalled seeing Joannides smile only once, when he brought out a record that was almost entirely redacted. Hardway was furious. “And George was just bouncing,” he said, “just bouncing on his toes.”
-
-Joannides was presented as a “facilitator,” but his actual function seemed to be to “give as little as possible, as slow as possible, and basically wait us out,” Blakey said; the committee’s investigation into the DRE in particular was “frustrated.” “Not ‘frustrated’ because we didn’t get what we wanted,” Blakey said. “We didn’t get *anything*.” “Joannides screwed us,” Hardway told me.
-
-Joannides’s stonewalling has never been explained by the CIA. It may be instructive to note, however, that not long ago the Agency admitted, albeit not publicly, that it intentionally misled the Warren Commission. A report prepared in 2005 by CIA chief historian David Robarge and declassified in 2014 claimed that Agency officials engaged in a “benign cover-up” in order to prevent the discovery of the Castro plots. It is entirely possible that the CIA’s apparent efforts to keep the HSCA away from the DRE were similarly “benign.” But the purpose would not have been to cover up the Castro plots: The Castro plots had by then been publicly acknowledged. If the CIA was using Joannides to prevent the discovery of some damaging secret, it was evidently something else.
-
-Before meeting Jane Roman, Morley was “still kind of in lone-gunman-land,” he told me. But the story of the October 10 cable convinced him that the Agency had perhaps been using Oswald in some way and that it might bear some responsibility for the assassination, though whether by design or mistake — “complicity” or “incompetence,” in Morley’s words — he could not say. He began to look into Oswald’s connections to the DRE.
-
-In the early 1960s, the CIA supported a number of Cuban exile groups, helping them to conduct psychological warfare, gather intelligence, and run paramilitary operations in Cuba. The DRE, based in Miami, was among the largest and most influential; at one point, it was receiving $51,000 from the Agency every month, the equivalent of about half a million dollars today. Its leaders were profiled in *Life*.
-
-In 1962, the CIA’s deputy director for operations, Richard Helms, summoned the DRE’s young secretary-general, Luis Fernandez-Rocha, to his office in Langley. “You, Mr. Rocha, are a responsible man,” Helms said, according to a memo released under the JFK Act. “I am a responsible man. Let’s do business in a mature manner.” Helms assured Fernandez-Rocha of his “personal interest in this relationship” and said he would be appointing a new case officer for the DRE, a capable man who would report directly to him.
-
-Oswald encountered the DRE the following year in New Orleans. His behavior during that period was, as the Church Committee noted, perplexing. He presented himself publicly as a member of the New Orleans branch of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, a controversial pro-Castro group, carrying a membership card signed by the branch president, A.J. Hidell. And yet no such branch existed, nor any such person. (When he was arrested in Dallas, Oswald carried a forged identification card bearing his picture and the name of “Alek James Hidell.”) At the same time, he seemed to be in contact with various opponents of the Castro regime. In August, Oswald approached a man named Carlos Bringuier, presenting himself as a fellow anti-Communist and offering his military expertise to help train rebel Cuban fighters. Bringuier was the DRE’s delegate in New Orleans.
-
-A few days later, a friend told Bringuier that Oswald was nearby, on Canal Street, handing out pro-Castro leaflets (“HANDS OFF CUBA!”). Bringuier went to confront Oswald; the men were arrested for fighting. Before his release from jail, Oswald asked to speak with an FBI agent, to whom he took pains to explain that he was a member of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. In a radio appearance shortly thereafter, Oswald debated Bringuier on the topic of Kennedy’s Cuba policy. Following the debate, a coalition of anti-Castro groups issued an “open letter to the people of New Orleans” warning that Oswald was a dangerous subversive.
-
-Oswald handing out pro-Castro leaflets in New Orleans. Photo: Corbis/Getty Images
-
-Three months later, the DRE distinguished itself as the source of the Kennedy assassination’s very first conspiracy theory. On November 22, DRE operatives called their contacts in the media to report that they knew the alleged assassin and that he was quite obviously an agent of the Cuban regime. Bringuier made the front page of the next morning’s *Washington Post*.
-
-At the archive, Morley found monthly progress reports on the DRE that spanned the full era of CIA backing, from 1960 until 1966, except for a conspicuous 17-month gap around the assassination. Morley did find a DRE memo from the missing period, however. It was addressed simply “To Howard.” He assumed this referred to the DRE’s case officer. “So I thought, *Well, this guy Howard, if he’s around like Jane Roman was around, that would be a really good story,*” Morley said. Morley was able to convince the *Post*’s investigations editor, Rick Atkinson, to send him to Miami, where he hoped to ask the former leaders of the DRE who Howard was. He flew down from Washington in the fall of 1997.
-
-The DRE men remembered Howard distinctly. He dressed in tailored suits, wore a pinkie ring, and was memorably uncongenial. Fernandez-Rocha, the DRE’s former secretary-general, recalled meeting him as frequently as a few times a week for coffee at a Howard Johnson’s. The group’s previous case officer had been a lovely man, “but he was a sergeant,” Rocha told Morley. “When I was dealing with this guy Howard, I was talking to a colonel.”
-
-When Morley returned to Washington, he brought the question of Howard to the Assassination Records Review Board. The JFK Act had created the ARRB, an independent commission with a staff of about 30 lawyers and researchers, to oversee the initial phase of declassification. The board’s primary task was to identify all assassination-related records in the possession of the CIA, FBI, and other government entities. To the displeasure of some of those bodies, its interpretation of “assassination-related” proved to be sweeping. “We didn’t just dabble in records,” John Tunheim, who chaired the review board until its conclusion in 1998, told me. “We tried to answer as many questions as we could.” The ARRB had in fact already been pressing the CIA for information about the DRE for a year; it added Howard to its request in 1997, asking that the CIA identify him.
-
-In a memo, the Agency responded that the “missing” reports had likely never existed, and that “Howard” was neither a known pseudonym, nor a “registered alias,” nor the true name of any DRE case officer. “The use of ‘To Howard’ might have been nothing more than a routing indicator,” the Agency suggested.
-
-Morley found this explanation wanting. (“A routing indicator with a pinkie ring!” he joked to me.) The ARRB soon issued its final report and disbanded. Shortly thereafter, however, Morley got a call from T. Jeremy Gunn, the board’s lead investigator and chief counsel. An ARRB analyst had apparently managed to identify Howard by reviewing the personnel file of an operations officer known by the pseudonym Walter D. Newby. Newby had become the DRE’s handler in December 1962 and served for 17 months — precisely the period of the missing records. Five of Newby’s job evaluations, or “fitness reports,” had been declassified. The National Archives faxed them to Morley.
-
-The man in the reports certainly seemed to correspond with the “Howard” described by Fernandez-Rocha and the other DRE men. One evaluation from 1963 made note of his “firmness” and his ability “to render a decision without waste of motion.” A later report commended Newby’s “distinct flair for political action operations” — he was by then chief of the covert-action branch at the CIA’s Miami station — but acknowledged a “tendency to be abrupt with subordinates.” Of most interest to Morley, however, was an evaluation from many years after the Kennedy assassination when Newby had been called out of retirement for an assignment of a different sort under his real name. In 1978 and 1979, this report indicated, Newby had served as liaison to the HSCA, where he was lauded for “the cool efficacy with which he handled an unusual special assignment.” His true name was George Joannides.
-
-Correspondence between a member of the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil and the group’s handler at the CIA, known to it only as Howard. Photo: NARA
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-At the HSCA, Joannides had been specifically assigned to handle queries about the DRE and its relations with the CIA. The Agency had assured the committee that he had no connection whatsoever to the matters under investigation; that, in fact, he was merely an Agency lawyer and had not been “operational” in 1963. These assurances were self-evidently false. At one point, Joannides informed the committee that the identity of the DRE’s case officer at the time of the Kennedy assassination — Joannides himself — could not be determined.
-
-Morley called Blakey, the committee’s chief counsel and lead investigator. “He went ballistic,” Morley recalled. “They flat-out lied to me about who he was and what he was up to,” Blakey told me. “I would have put him under subpoena and put him in a hearing and talked to him under oath.” Blakey released a written statement arguing that Joannides and his superiors were guilty of obstruction of justice. “I no longer believe,” it said, “that we were able to conduct an appropriate investigation of the Agency and its relationship to Oswald.”
-
-Twenty years after the CIA lied about Joannides to the HSCA, the Agency seemed to have done the same to the ARRB. I asked Tunheim, the board’s chair, if he believed that the Historical Review Group, the CIA office assigned to work with the ARRB, had taken part in the deception. “I think they were very truthful with us on what *they* knew,” he said. “But whether they knew the whole story or were told the whole story, or were even misled by people within the Agency, I can’t answer that.”
-
-Morley brought the Joannides story to the *Post* but had no luck. I asked Rick Atkinson, the editor who paid for his trip to Miami, if he remembered anything about it. “I vaguely recall Jeff having an interest in the assassination,” Atkinson, a three-time Pulitzer winner, wrote in an email. “Frankly it bored me.” Morley’s career at the *Post* had begun to stagnate. He became a metro reporter and then a web editor at a time when newspaper websites were widely viewed by newspaper employees as hopeless backwaters. He eventually managed to publish a piece on Joannides in the Miami *New Times*, a South Florida alt-weekly.
-
-In his spare time, Morley continued his reporting. Joannides had died in 1990. (His obituary in the *Post* claimed he was a “retired lawyer at the Defense Department.”) But Morley was able to reach several of his aging former colleagues. They recalled a self-possessed and cultivated gentleman operator, with connections at the highest levels of the Agency, “not one of the wild men,” in the words of Warren Frank, who knew Joannides in Miami. There, Joannides managed an annual budget of $2.4 million, the equivalent of ten times that today.
-
-In July 2003, Morley sent the CIA a request, under the Freedom of Information Act, for all records pertaining to Joannides. “The public has the right to know what he knew,” he wrote. The CIA responded with a letter encouraging him to contact the National Archives. With the help of the FOIA lawyer James Lesar, Morley sued.
-
-The 500 pages of documents that ultimately emerged from *Morley* v. *CIA* went well beyond the scope of the five fitness reports released under the JFK Act. Morley was given the Agency’s personnel photograph of Joannides — a menacingly well-kempt man of middle age, dark eyes recessed in shadow, jaw set in an ambiguous glower — as well as documents suggesting that he had spent time in New Orleans and that he had been granted access to a particularly sensitive intelligence stream in June 1963. Many of the documents were heavily redacted; the Agency also acknowledged the existence of 44 documents on Joannides from the years 1963, 1978, and 1979 that it refused to release in any form. “The CIA is saying very clearly, ‘This is top secret, please go away,’” Morley told me. “So that’s where the story is, right? I mean, they’re telling me what’s important, and I believe them.”
-
-Until recently, if asked what happened in Dallas on November 22, 1963 — the “cosmic question,” as he once put it — Morley deflected. In his writing, he tended to address it only obliquely and declined to articulate an overarching theory, except to say the Warren Commission got it wrong. Over the years, he had made all manner of damning discoveries; what they added up to, beyond a cover-up, Morley professed not to know.
-
-Increasingly, though, he has been willing to theorize. Last year, he published an article on *JFK Facts* under the headline, “Yes, There Is a JFK Smoking Gun.” “Now, after 28 years of reporting and reflection, I am ready to advance the story,” he wrote. “Jane Roman was correct. A small group of CIA officers was keenly interested in Oswald in the fall of 1963. They were running a psychological warfare operation, authorized in June 1963, that followed Oswald from New Orleans to Mexico City later that year. One of the officers supporting this operation was George Joannides.”
-
-Morley believes Oswald was an “agent of influence,” he told me, or, as at least one CIA officer put it at the time, a “useful idiot” of the Agency. In New Orleans, perhaps he’d been encouraged to prove his leftist bona fides by claiming to be a member of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. The trip to Mexico seems to have been part of “some kind of probing intelligence operation,” Morley said. But why go to all this trouble? Why hide the operation for so long? Why Oswald?
-
-The parsimonious explanation, Morley believes, is that a “public legend” was being constructed: Someone in the Agency was setting Oswald up to take the fall for the coming assassination. Morley’s suspicion falls most heavily on Angleton, whose office controlled Oswald’s file from the moment it was opened. “Was Angleton running Oswald as an agent as part of a plot to assassinate President Kennedy?” Morley wondered in *The Ghost*, his 2018 biography of Angleton. “He certainly abetted those who did. Whoever killed JFK, Angleton protected them.” Morley told me he wonders about Bill Harvey, the Agency’s assassinations chief, as well as David Atlee Phillips, who helped found the DRE and was allegedly once seen in Dallas with Oswald. Joannides would have been an “unwitting co-conspirator,” Morley believes, oblivious to what his superiors were doing with him until the moment Kennedy was shot, and then brought in as the cleanup man.
-
-This is all possible but also extremely speculative. Why risk speaking it aloud? Certainly he has been criticized for it. In a review of *The Ghost*, the author and intelligence historian Thomas Powers submitted that Morley had “suffered a kind of mid-life onset of intellectual hubris,” convincing himself that he knew the truth of the assassination even if the evidence had yet to materialize. A number of Morley’s friends and fellow researchers expressed some version of this concern to me as well. “Sometimes I worry for Jeff,” said the journalist Anthony Summers, the author of a respected assassination book called *Not in Your Lifetime*. “Commitment to a story is a virtue. But sometimes, I think, his writing goes beyond what the facts justify. He surprises me with his certainties.” The assassination has been known to drive people to unreason. “They tend to be smart people who are wide readers and trust their ability to figure things out,” Powers, the intelligence historian, told me. “It’s a subject that people get lost in. And sometimes they’re seen again, and sometimes not.”
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-Morley’s rigor has unquestionably eroded a bit in recent years. In August, he published a short post on *JFK Facts* about a Kennedy-administration memo proposing a “drastic” reorganization of the CIA. He’d just discovered the document; 60 years after the fact, it was still partially redacted. Why? “To protect the CIA’s impunity,” Morley declared. Fred Litwin, an anti-conspiracist assassination buff and blogger, pointed out that Morley’s new document was merely an alternate copy of a famous memo by Kennedy adviser Arthur Schlesinger Jr. “Will Jefferson Morley correct this error?” Litwin wondered. He never did.
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-A few weeks earlier, Morley had convinced Peter Baker, the prolific New York *Times* White House correspondent, to write about Ruben Efron, a CIA officer who had once been tasked, as part of an illegal program run by Angleton, with reading Oswald’s mail. Efron’s name seemed to have been the sole remaining redaction in Oswald’s pre-assassination CIA file, but it had just been released. “People say there’s nothing significant in these files?” Morley told Baker. “Bingo! Here’s the guy who was reading Oswald’s mail, a detail they failed to share until now. You don’t have to be a conspiracy theorist to think it’s suspicious.” (“I keep a very open mind,” Baker told me.) But Efron’s name had in fact been released a few times over the years in documents elsewhere. Paul Hoch, who is widely viewed as the doyen of serious assassination research, saw no meaning in the new release. “Knowing his name doesn’t add anything,” Hoch told me. Certain colleagues have begun referring to “good Jeff” from the first 25-odd years and “bad Jeff” from more recently.
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-On the one hand, Morley’s new willingness to speculate strikes me as a natural and reasonable evolution. Like all investigations, his has always been driven by hypothesis, and he has now been improving and refining his theory of CIA involvement for three decades. On the other, advancing a theory of the Kennedy assassination is what the nuts do. When I asked him what had caused the change in approach, he grew testy. “The evidence,” he said.
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-We were drinking coffee on the back porch of the house he would soon have to leave. “Do my critics have another explanation for what Joannides was doing and who he was working for?” he asked. “People bitch about my interpretation. I brought new facts to the table which they can’t explain, or have not explained, and those facts are indisputable.” The twinkly music of an ice-cream truck floated up from somewhere. “People will wonder, ‘Why did you devote all this time and effort to it?’” Morley said. “I was very careful because I’ve seen it drive so many people crazy. This is not going to drive me crazy.”
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-Despite his best efforts, since 2008 he has not extracted any further documentation on Joannides from the CIA. His FOIA lawsuit came to an end in 2018, when then–District Judge Brett Kavanaugh and a colleague ruled that his attorney, Lesar, would not have his fees paid by the CIA. The Agency and a lower court deserved “deference piled on deference,” the judges held. (On the same day, Trump nominated Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court.) There are scarcely any CIA officers from Joannides’s time left to talk to. The DRE men have begun to die.
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-This summer, President Biden endorsed “Transparency Plans” proposed by the CIA and a handful of other agencies, effectively delegating oversight of any additional declassification to the agencies themselves. “He’s washing his hands of it,” Tunheim, the ARRB chair, told me. No clear mechanism exists to compel the release of any further documents, ever.
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-In its executive session of January 27, 1964, the Warren Commission took up a rumor, passed on by the attorney general of Texas, that Lee Harvey Oswald had been working undercover for the FBI or perhaps the CIA. The commissioners did not seem to take the claim very seriously, but they did wonder how one might verify such a thing. Having on hand a former director of the CIA, the group naturally sought his insights. Allen Dulles told his fellow commissioners, to their apparent disbelief, that one could not expect an intelligence service to be knowledgeable in such matters or truthful if it were.
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-The recruiting officer would of course know of an agent’s recruitment, Dulles said, but he might be the only one, and “he wouldn’t tell.”
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-“Wouldn’t tell it under oath?” asked Justice Warren.
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-“I wouldn’t think he would tell it under oath, no,” Dulles responded. “He ought not tell it under oath.” Nor could one expect to find any written record of such an agent. “The record might not be on paper,” Dulles said, or might consist of “hieroglyphics that only two people knew what they meant.” He clarified later, “You can’t prove what the facts are.”
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-The impulse to try may be stronger than reason. I asked the CIA if Oswald had ever been “an agent, asset, source, or contact” of the Agency. A spokesperson replied, in writing: “CIA believes all of its information known to be directly related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in 1963 has already been released. Likewise, we are not aware of any documents known to be directly related to Oswald that have not already been made part of the Collection.” I confess to finding it striking that the Agency did not say, “To the best of our knowledge, no.” Morley would call this, to use the *Post*’s famous Watergate phrase, a “non-denial denial.” He would no doubt apply the same term to the Agency’s “decline to comment”s on my questions about why Joannides had concealed his role in 1963 from Congress and about whether the CIA had “cooperated fully and faithfully” with the Warren Commission, with the HSCA, or with the ARRB. But then, why take the Agency at its word, whatever it may be?
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-Assuming for the sake of argument, however, that the CIA did generate a record of Agency activity around Oswald, and that this record was faithful, would it be reasonable to hope to one day find it? Though he has spent most of his adult life in precisely this pursuit, Morley told me he does not believe it would. During the 17-month gap in reporting on the DRE, for instance, he suspects Joannides produced regular reports and that those reports mentioned Oswald; he suspects the reports were sent directly to Helms at headquarters; and he suspects Helms destroyed them in 1973, when he left the Agency. There are in fact numerous instances of ostensibly “assassination-related” documents being irregularly destroyed. I find this devastating myself. Burning records is not an especially subtle method of concealing the past, but the bluntness is what is so distressing. If this is the way the CIA has been playing, the game has been all but hopeless from the start.
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-And yet the archive pulls at you, irresistible, irrational, a form of gravity upon the mind. I visited the National Archives in September. The President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection is held in a glassy modern building in the woods beyond the University of Maryland in College Park. The collection now holds about 6 million pages, kept in gray, five-inch, acid-free paperboard Hollinger boxes, maintained at constant temperature and humidity in stacks accessible only to archivists with the requisite security clearance. I sat in the airy reading room, afternoon sun streaming in over the treetops, and leafed through the CIA’s pre-assassination file on Oswald.
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-I found the October 10 cable, bearing Jane Roman’s name and reporting, falsely, that “LATEST HDQS INFO” was from May 1962. I found a small photograph of the Mexico Mystery Man. I found a typewritten letter addressed to Allen Dulles, dated November 11, 1963, from a man who wished to infiltrate the American Communist Party for the CIA; it was accompanied by a slip marked “FOR MR. ANGLETON” with a handwritten note reading, “Some useful ideas here — you will have many more,” and signed, “Allen.” I found, on paper gone gauzy and translucent with time, a memorandum to the Warren Commission from the CIA about redactions. There were things in the files sent over by the Agency that, in the Agency’s estimation, the commission did not need to know. “We have taken the liberty,” Richard Helms advised, “of blocking out these items.”
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-Earl Warren, born in the 19th century, died trusting in the good faith of men such as Helms, Angleton, and Dulles and of institutions such as theirs. “To say now that these people, as well as the Commission, suppressed, neglected to unearth, or overlooked evidence of a conspiracy would be an indictment of the entire government of the United States,” he wrote in his memoirs. “It would mean the whole structure was absolutely corrupt from top to bottom.” Warren evidently found the idea of a plot of any sort too monstrous to contemplate. Dulles, of all people, had once tried to make him understand that the world wasn’t quite as honest as he thought. The proof was there, if only one could see it.
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-What Really Happened to JFK?
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-Date: 2023-02-14
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-TimeStamp: 2023-02-14
-Link: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/kyrie-irving-traded-to-dallas-mavericks-brooklyn-nets.html?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=One%20Great%20Story%20-%20February%2013%2C%202023&utm_term=Subscription%20List%20-%20One%20Great%20Story
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-```button
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-^button-WhatWasKyrieIrvingThinkingNSave
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-&emsp;
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-# What Was Kyrie Irving Thinking?
-
-He arrived in Brooklyn a bona fide weirdo. He left for Dallas on even stranger terms.
-
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/db8/15d/ee3e58cb1762cee27a939f20433712286b-Ho20-BB-Kyrie7-Athlete-Portraits-Stills-.rvertical.w570.jpg)
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-Photo: Ellington Hammond.
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-**Last fall,** September 11 fell on a Sunday, and [Kyrie Irving](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/11/kyrie-irving-was-finally-suspended-whats-next.html) spent much of it at home in West Orange, New Jersey, playing video games. It was rainy and quiet, and his life was uncharacteristically lacking in drama. Irving had won an epic standoff with the [Brooklyn Nets](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/01/after-all-that-the-nets-are-great-again.html) and the mayor of New York over his refusal to get vaccinated for COVID-19. His teammate and fellow oddball superstar [Kevin Durant](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/02/kevin-durant-traded-from-brooklyn-nets-to-phoenix-suns.html) had withdrawn a recent trade request to stick by his side. Nike was preparing to release the ninth edition of his best-selling sneaker. On his Xbox, Irving fired up *NBA 2K23* and activated a geeky, khaki-clad, one-inch-taller avatar of himself. He also began to livestream on Twitch, monologuing dreamily for three hours and 40 minutes to an audience of a few thousand total strangers.
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-9/11: a notable date for suspicious thinkers in general and an emotional one for Irving in particular. In 2001, when the first plane hit, his father, Drederick Irving, a financier and former basketball player, was on an escalator beneath the World Trade Center and had to fight his way through a jam at the revolving doors to escape. At school in New Jersey, 9-year-old Kyrie, who’d already lost his mother, spent hours not knowing if he had become an orphan. “Your life is worth living,” he told his Twitch audience, advising those struggling with loss to seek help. He addressed the crowd repeatedly as a “tribe” and a “family,” thanking them for providing a “safe space for me to speak” on their shared “journey.”
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-While he promised not to give up his day job as a point guard — eight-time All-Star; arguably the most skilled ball handler and finisher ever to play basketball; launcher of maybe the biggest shot in NBA history — Irving indulged the possibility of a new career playing video games professionally, in which he could commune in quietude with his digital followers. He had mused before about buying a rural 200-acre plot where he could live and farm with friends and family, where everything they needed would be obtainable from a “wooden store.” (“Are you familiar with the Jonestown Massacre?” a teammate asked him.) This gamer society sounded something like that society, except it would exist on the internet, where increasingly Kyrie Irving seemed to live.
-
-## on the cover
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-### —
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-During postgame press conferences, Irving often comes off as curt, defensive, and bored, as if to make himself even less scrutable to what he calls the “pawns” in the media. But on Twitch, where Irving could ask big questions, rather than answer annoying ones, he was loose: doing voices, humming, giggling. One NBA source, who knows him from Irving’s unhappy two years as a Boston Celtic, described his general demeanor to me as “lost in the canyons of his own mind.” Well, here he was, leading us around the dark parts of the map.
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-Irving talked about astrology, burning sage, bodily autonomy, holistic health, being “socially awkward for mad long,” and his faith. This he described as “omnist,” drawing on Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. “I’m genreless,” he said. “I don’t mind being in this position as one of the liberators and one of the consciousness shifters. And I don’t say it as if I’m this guru with all the answers and you can come to me for everything. I just know the world is shifting.”
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-He moved on to heavier subjects, like the subjugation of Indigenous and African American people. “When you hear about genocide and you hear about people getting murdered for lands, that’s what happened in my family,” he said. “I had to go through some transformational changes to forgive the people that murdered my ancestors.” Irving’s alienation from the mainstream was evident and also indiscriminate. “What’s going on now in our world is blatant. What’s going on now in Jackson, Mississippi — a lot of stuff is blatant.” He was referring to news of the city’s tainted water supply. “They’re not hiding it anymore,” he continued. “Movies that praise all these demonic forces. And video games. And all these symbols.”
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-Deep into the livestream, Irving took a call from his wife, Marlene Wilkerson, a YouTuber who posts about health and spirituality. She was pregnant with their second son, whom they would name Elohim. Irving joked that he couldn’t be disturbed. “When *2K* comes out, I’m on the journey with the fellas,” he told her.
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-“Who’s on the chat?” Wilkerson asked.
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-“Nah, it’s just Twitch chat,” Irving said a little sheepishly, as if he’d been caught talking to an imaginary friend. She mumbled something about maybe spending “less than two hours on the virtual reality” and hung up.
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-Kyrie switched from *NBA 2K23* to *Call of Duty: Black Ops,* and as he picked off Nazi zombie hounds, he told his viewers to put an infinity sign in the chat to connect with one another. “I’m built to lead a tribe,” he said. “Yes, I’m going to be one of the greatest basketball players ever to do it. That’s cemented. But I’m also going to be remembered as having a great community … I’m going to impact way more people when I’m done playing basketball than I will playing it.” Less than five months later, Irving would immolate the Nets.
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-**From left:** 2007: At his first high school … Photo: Steve Tober/Sideline Chatter2009: … And his second. Photo: Steve Boyle
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-**From top:** 2007: At his first high school … Photo: Steve Tober/Sideline Chatter2009: … And his second. Photo: Steve Boyle
-
-**The crisis began** in late October, when Irving tweeted a link to a documentary titled *Hebrews to Negroes: Wake Up Black America.* The 2018 film puts forward the belief system of a group called the Hebrew Israelites, who claim that Africans and other people of color were the real chosen people of the Old Testament and that their identities have been appropriated by modern-day Jews. It includes some Holocaust denial and quotations from the likes of Adolf Hitler and Henry Ford, a few of them fabricated. Facing intense criticism, Irving distanced himself from the film’s “unfortunate falsehoods” but balked at denouncing it unequivocally. [The Nets suspended him](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/11/kyrie-irving-was-finally-suspended-whats-next.html), and Nike dropped him.
-
-As with his vaccine holdout, during which he missed nearly half a season, Irving had inflamed a wider debate about the bounds of acceptable behavior in pro sports; about whether public figures should be reprimanded for platforming fringe ideas; about whether, on a galactic scale, RTs = Endorsement. Celtics star Jaylen Brown called his suspension “uncharted territory,” marveling that no distinction was being made “between what somebody says versus what somebody posts.”
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-Irving eventually apologized and returned to the bleak gray-on-gray of the Barclays Center hardwood in late November. The Nets beat the Grizzlies that night and continued to pulverize their opponents, winning 12 in a row at one point to vault into the league’s elite ranks. But signs of his discontent were visible, as he started blacking out the Swooshes on his sneakers and scrawling on messages like I AM FREE THANK YOU GOD … I AM. Durant tweaked his knee — the latest in an endless series of injuries that had kept the team’s stars from playing together much — and the Nets began to founder. Irving’s contract was set to expire at the end of the season, and the antisemitism furor gave the team further reason to doubt his stability. Management resisted offering him the fat four-year contract extension he wanted. Irving, insulted, demanded a trade.
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-The news rocked the NBA. “Well, what do you make of this disaster?” said a longtime team executive when I called him. Another front-office figure texted that when it comes to Irving, “it’s never rational.” Out of spite or self-interest or both, the Nets shipped Irving to the Dallas Mavericks instead of the destination he reportedly preferred, the Los Angeles Lakers. The New York tabloids said good riddance: YOU CAN MAV HIM, brayed the *Post.*
-
-Irving explained himself at his first press conference as a Maverick. “I want to be places where I’m celebrated and not just tolerated,” he said. A source close to Irving parsed the breakup in similarly emo terms, comparing the Nets to a friend who might use you to get ahead in their career, rather than a “ride or die” to whom “you can tell your deepest, darkest secrets.”
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-The Nets, cooked, immediately dealt Durant too, officially ending the superfriends era in Brooklyn and leaving fans as baffled as ever by one of the most talented and self-destructive athletes they’ve known. Irving was probably the Nets’ most dazzling showman since Julius Erving half a century ago; he also played in just 143 of 270 regular-season games. In four seasons, he produced bottomless agita and a single playoff-series win. A year and a half ago, the *Times* announced the Nets in a headline as “(Possibly) the Greatest Basketball Team of All Time”; this month, *The Wall Street Journal* was eulogizing them as “basketball’s strangest, most desolate” franchise.
-
-If Irving is a once-in-a-generation talent on the court, he’s also deeply of his generation off it — fed by algorithms, drawn to conspiracy, distrustful of a machine even as it makes him rich, more alienated than ever. Irving arrived in Brooklyn considered one of the most enigmatic figures in the NBA, with a mind so internet-pilled and recondite as to be unclassifiable. But he left as a familiar archetype: the loner, the dot-connecting freethinker, clicking around the internet. The kind of person who feels most comfortable when he’s talking to strangers online.
-
-**From left:** 2011: With his father at the NBA draft. Photo: Jesse D. Garrabrant/NBAE2014: *Protesting police brutality.* Photo: Tim Clayton /Sports Illustrated
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-**From top:** 2011: With his father at the NBA draft. Photo: Jesse D. Garrabrant/NBAE2014: *Protesting police brutality.* Photo: Tim Clayton /Sports Illustr... **From top:** 2011: With his father at the NBA draft. Photo: Jesse D. Garrabrant/NBAE2014: *Protesting police brutality.* Photo: Tim Clayton /Sports Illustrated
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-**Irving’s first years** in the NBA could hardly have gone better, and yet they led him to misery. Drafted No. 1 overall by the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2011, he was Rookie of the Year; he signed with Pepsi and Nike; he dated a pop star and a beauty queen. “I really mean this when I say it: I’ve never seen in person a more skilled player,” says Daniel “Booby” Gibson, who shared the backcourt with Irving. “I’ve guarded Kobe. Elbow, iso, post-up, fadeaway, switch-pivot — Kobe got all of it. Kyrie’s got that *and* the handle.” It’s practically telekinetic. Irving doesn’t so much keep the ball on a string as operate a magnet right above it — the basketball equivalent of Lionel Messi snaking impossibly through packs of defenders.
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-In the deciding game of the 2016 Finals, with the score tied and just over a minute left in the fourth quarter, Cleveland’s coach drew up a play not for LeBron James but for Irving. Marked by the Warriors’ Steph Curry, he stutter-stepped, rose up, and drilled a three from the wing. Never so late in an elimination game had a shot so swung a team’s fortunes: According to statistical models, Irving’s basket increased the odds of his team’s winning the NBA title by a greater margin than any other in league history.
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-Victory only opened up a void. “It was like climbing up one of the tallest mountains in the world, winning a championship,” he said on a podcast years later. “It feels good, it feels great to add that to the career, but I felt empty. After I done traveled, after I done partied, after I done spent a bunch of money, after I done asked for more deals — you know, we all been through it. So feeling on top of the mountain, after a while, I just felt like I didn’t really know who I was.”
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-Irving has, by anyone’s standards, a complex origin story. His father grew up in the Mitchel Houses, a public-housing project in the Mott Haven neighborhood in the Bronx, and got a basketball scholarship to Boston University, where he became the all-time leading scorer. His mother, Elizabeth Larson, was part of the Standing Rock Sioux tribe. When she was a few weeks old, she was adopted by a white couple — a Lutheran minister and his wife, a nurse, who raised her in a suburb of Tacoma, Washington. Larson gave birth to Kyrie in Australia, where Dred was playing professionally, but when the marriage broke up, she decided to live in Washington State while Dred took Kyrie and his sister, Asia, to New York. Working as a bond broker for Cantor Fitzgerald and Thomson Reuters, he raised the children in the New Jersey suburbs.
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-When Kyrie was 4, Elizabeth died in a Tacoma hospital. Throughout his career, the cause of death has been reported as sepsis. But Irving said on his 9/11 Twitch stream that he had lost his mother, his “native queen,” to “drugs in the streets.” After the championship in Cleveland, Irving began to inquire about his mother’s Indigenous roots. “It shook my world up,” he once said. “When you find your identity, you’re not walking confused out here, trying to piece yourself together from other peoples’ knowledge of who you are.” Irving began to voice support for the anti-pipeline protests at Standing Rock and traveled to South Dakota for a naming ceremony. He was granted the name Hélà — “Little Mountain” in Lakota — which he still uses to sign his posts on social media. That awakening seemed to bleed into an all-purpose distrust of the Establishment.
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-In early 2017, Irving’s teammates Channing Frye and Richard Jefferson created *Road Trippin’,* a podcast they’d record while flying on the team plane. Irving regularly joined in, providing the wider world with an unfiltered window into his free-associative mind. He riffed on the possibility of a faked moon landing and noted that JFK’s murder took place just days after he tried to “end the bank cartel.” He recommended a book by the Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, who would gain notoriety as an alleged cult leader via the Netflix documentary *Wild Wild Country.* Most famously, he posited that the Earth might be flat. Irving was 24 and sounded exactly like the person he probably was: staying up too late, riding the YouTube algorithm. “Did you ever grow up with a guy in high school who smoked a ton of weed, who is constantly *thinking about shit* all the time?” says one NBA agent. That was Irving.
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-Just months into the Trump years, Irving was advocating for the merits of extremely open-ended inquiry at the exact moment the country’s mainstream institutions began to question the wisdom of doing so. In one podcast episode, Jefferson and Frye began debating the Illuminati. Another host, the sideline reporter Allie Clifton, tried to change the subject, but Irving stopped her. “It’s okay, this feeling you’re getting in your stomach,” he said.
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-Irving was spending his time with a pretty small circle. He lived in a Cleveland high-rise with his best friend and all-purpose business manager, a high-school classmate with the portentous name of Alex Jones, and didn’t have many friends in the locker room. In March 2017, the Cavaliers got rid of a role player named Jordan McRae, whom Irving described as “one of the few people I hung out with.” Talking to Jefferson and Frye, he described a dream he had upon hearing the news: McRae entered his hotel room to say good-bye, but Irving couldn’t wake up to tell him he loved him.
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-Irving wanted out. The Cavs were James’s team, and Irving itched to lead one of his own. In 2017, he requested a trade and landed in Boston, the city where his parents had met. In Irving’s first year, the Celtics got off to a scorching 16-2 start, but he missed the end of the season and the playoffs with an injury. Not long after, his maternal grandfather died. Irving later said that it spun him into depression and “some of the worst mental-health issues of my life.”
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-Jones had moved to Boston to live with him, and there was concern that the two were spending the dark Massachusetts winters isolated at home, bingeing YouTube. Someone who knew Irving at the time brought up the flat-Earth theory with him and Jones. “Alex is like, ‘I don’t know, man. We don’t know the Earth is round. Kyrie and I have been watching stuff,’” the source said. “Kyrie kept asking if we knew for sure that it was ‘constitutionally’ round.” The conclusion: “Oh, shit. They really believe that.” (To be fair to Irving, it’s never been entirely clear he does. He once gave an onstage apology to “all the science teachers … coming up to me like, ‘You know I’ve got to reteach my whole curriculum?!’”)
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-In February 2019, footage emerged of Irving chatting up Durant at the NBA All-Star game, and internet sleuths wondered if they were plotting to play together somewhere the following season. They were right. On the first day of free agency, both signed with Brooklyn, instantly transforming the Nets into a powerhouse. Irving had grown up a Nets fan in New Jersey and couched his decision to return home in nostalgic terms. Celtics fans were incensed; Irving had reneged on a public pledge to stay for the long haul. The move also recast his decision to leave Cleveland: Here was a potential killer of teams.
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-But how could Brooklyn say “no”? Ever since LeBron James had assembled his championship squad in Miami, teams had embraced multi-superstar rosters, whatever the risks of divahood. Irving had essentially knocked on the door of the Barclays Center arm in arm with one of the NBA’s other indescribable talents. Their promise was enough to persuade the Nets to sign yet another friend, the declining DeAndre Jordan. If the team could keep them happy, there was no limit to how much they could win.
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-**From left:** 2019: As a Brooklyn Net. Photo: Bart Young/NBAE2022: His avatar on NBA 2K23. Photo: Kai11xirving/Twitch
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-**From top:** 2019: As a Brooklyn Net. Photo: Bart Young/NBAE2022: His avatar on NBA 2K23. Photo: Kai11xirving/Twitch
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-**Irving’s first** season in Brooklyn saw the arrival of a pandemic and a racial-justice reckoning. Newly elected as a vice-president of the players union, he attempted to organize a boycott of the league’s zero-COVID “bubble” at Disney World to raise awareness about police killings. His colleagues shot it down. Irving was injured at the time, so he wouldn’t be in Florida anyway; he also had more financial wherewithal than most to weather lost paychecks. “It’s easy to say that when you’ve made what you’ve made and you’ve got the Nike money,” his journeyman teammate Garrett Temple told Matt Sullivan, a journalist who was writing a book about that year’s Nets team.
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-Irving defended his bubble-busting gambit, repeating Maya Angelou’s quote that “one person standing on the Word of God is the majority,” and ramped up his activism. That summer, he co-produced a TV special on the death of Breonna Taylor, bought a home for the family of George Floyd, and pledged a seven-figure donation to supplement the lost income of WNBA players sitting out their own COVID bubble. Irving kept Forrest Gump–ing himself into political consciousness. In January 2021, on a night the rest of the Nets were playing the Nuggets, he showed up on a campaign Zoom for the progressive Manhattan DA candidate Tahanie Aboushi, appearing in a little window under Cynthia Nixon.
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-Increasingly consumed with social justice, he was following a familiar arc of online polarization. A tweet from August 2012: “This is cool, I just did it, you should too. Donate $10 to @BarackObama, text GIVE to 62262.” Nine years later: “Only a matter of time until all Natives Africans Asians completely stop producing and entertaining for Racist America and Racist Europe. Only a matter of time … God judges all of their evil actions.”
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-When he was on the court, Irving was thriving. Having painstakingly assembled a squad of scrappy, likable, team-first, analytically sound underdogs, general manager Sean Marks jettisoned them to land a third superstar to play alongside Irving and Durant, the cold-blooded scoring machine James Harden. It was a joyless move, and it worked really well. Up two games to none against the eventual champion Milwaukee Bucks in the 2021 playoffs, the Nets were an offensive juggernaut rolling to a title. But then Irving hurt his ankle, a potentially series-winning shot by Durant was ruled a two-pointer, not a three, and they were out. The season was over, and soon, so was the fantasy that Irving’s mercurial tendencies could be kept from derailing the team.
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-That August, then-Mayor Bill de Blasio mandated that private-sector workers in the city be vaccinated against COVID. Irving refused to get the shot. He resisted unpacking his stance in public, though has said on livestreams that his position came from “questioning the Establishment.”  
-He was barred from playing home games at Barclays.
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-Depending on one’s perspective, he was either a martyr to bureaucratic absurdity (under the rules, unvaccinated athletes from visiting teams were free to play) or a knucklehead torpedoing his team. Under the controversy was a familiar cultural scaffolding: the Trump-to-pandemic-era flourishing of internet bullshit and the corresponding neurotic vigilance of those absorbed with rooting it out. For Irving, that tension fed on itself. He believed himself to be excavating and exposing hidden truths, and any effort by a corrupt elite to police his beliefs must have felt like validation. He was taking counsel from a shrinking pool of people: He’d recently fired his agent and hired his former stepmother, Shetellia Riley Irving, to represent him.
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-Harden got so frustrated that he half-joked that he wanted to give Irving the injection himself. (He ended up asking for a trade.) But many other NBA players saw something to admire. The Warriors’ (vaccinated) Draymond Green praised Irving for “standing his ground.” Doing so cost him about $11.4 million in uncollected pay. “So many players just love Kyrie as a player and love what he represents,” says ESPN’s Nets beat reporter Nick Friedell. “He’s this rebel. He’s not going to conform.”
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-2021: Anti-vaxx protesters outside Barclays Center. Photo: Eren Abdullahogullari/Anadolu Agency
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-**What, exactly,** is in Irving’s head? In late January, I got a call from Drederick Irving, who had become concerned by my efforts to find out. Retired from finance, he said, he dabbles in real estate but is largely occupied with overseeing aspects of his son’s career. The two are extremely close. Dred frequently sat courtside at Barclays, and Irving, when asked to name the best player he’s faced, invariably names his father.
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-Dred had heard that I’d emailed a Baltimore man named Anthony Browder, an author who runs an Afrocentric educational institute. He also gives tours about the supposed hidden influence of Egypt on the buildings of Washington, D.C. Kyrie Irving met up with Browder last year while in town to play the Wizards and has publicly cited his work and ideas. This past May, recording a podcast episode, he brought the host a copy of Browder’s self-published 1996 book, *Survival Strategies for Africans in America: 13 Steps to Freedom.*
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-It’s easy to see why someone with Irving’s tendencies would gravitate toward Browder. The gist of the 1996 book is that western culture was built on Egyptian and other Pan-African contributions, appropriating them as its own. American society, Browder says, is invested in diminishing that fact and thus paints Black identity in a malevolent light. That’s where the book begins to get weird. In addition to delving into the political and economic disenfranchisement of African Americans, Browder engages in tenuous close readings of pop-culture symbols, like an ABC sitcom called *Good & Evil* in which *Good* is written in white text and *Evil* in black. An impossible-to-follow eight-page stretch begins by analyzing the eye on the pyramid on the dollar bill and concludes, “When you add 1776 (one plus seven plus seven plus six), you get 21, the age of reason and adulthood as acknowledged in the United States of America.”
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-Browder’s interests make appearances in Irving’s late-night rambles and posts, from numerology to Egyptian culture. Even Browder’s health tips (e.g., avoid exposure to electromagnetic fields) fit within the New Age tab of Irving’s ideological portfolio.
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-Browder is only one of several unconventional scholars Irving has been reading. Last spring, while streaming *Grand Theft Auto* on Twitch, he name-checked the late Frances Cress Welsing. “She’s one of those GOATs for me,” Irving said. “One of those authors that represents a new paradigm of surviving the world of white people versus nonwhite people.” Welsing’s stuff, imbued with psychosexual dart-throwing, is even wilder than Browder’s. In one of her books, she writes about Black people dominating sports with “large, brown balls” such as basketball and football, with white people favoring those with small, white ones, like golf. Welsing also floats a theory about white men who give their mothers boxes of chocolates on Valentine’s Day because of a latent desire to ingest “chocolate with nuts.”
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-Irving may not endorse, or even be aware of, every aspect of her work. But his interest in such authors helps explain why he would soon gravitate to a more infamous piece of content, positing the African roots of Eurocentric culture. “Kyrie is an inquisitive person, right? He lost his mother at a very young age,” someone close to Irving told me. “He’s constantly trying to find his lineage, looking for information to satiate this burning desire to understand himself.”
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-By his own account, Irving went online one day last fall to research the meaning of his first name. “It’s a title given to Christ,” he told an interviewer. “Philippians 2:11. And my name translates into Hebrew language as ‘Yahweh.’ So I went on to Amazon Prime, and I was like, ‘You know what? Let me see if there are any documentaries on Yahweh.’” Up came *Hebrews to Negroes.*
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-Until Irving tweeted out the film’s URL on Amazon Prime, hardly anyone had seen it. Made for $8,000 by Ronald Dalton Jr., who wrote a 2014 book by the same name, it draws heavily from the margins of the Hebrew Israelite movement. Some early adherents were late-19th-century African Americans who identified, spiritually and/or ancestrally, as Jewish. Much of the connection stemmed from a hyper-specific reading of Deuteronomy 28:68 and a line about slaves being sent “in ships” to Egypt. In the 1960s and ’70s, more radical Harlem-based Israelites known as One Westers began breaking away from their version of Judaism, identifying with Jesus Christ and accusing Jews of usurping their identity; they also overemphasized the minute Jewish role in slavery and generally said Jews were attempting to undermine people of color.
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-Dalton’s take on it all is as inchoate as it is offensive, as likely to confound as it is to radicalize. A quotation claiming the Holocaust is one of “five major Jewish falsehoods” is attributed to a Jewish man who never said it; a hot take by Adolf Hitler that “Negroes Are the Real Children of Israel” is also invented. Much of the film consists of interminable analyses of linguistic patterns and Bible verses backed by gravelly voice-overs and stock imagery.
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-After Irving shared it with his 4.7 million Twitter followers, the blowback was immediate. He’d tapped into a gale-force news cycle that began with Kanye West, who’d recently tweeted “I’m a bit sleepy tonight but when I wake up I’m going death con 3 on JEWISH PEOPLE” and then “I actually can’t be Anti Semitic because black people are actually Jew.” At a postgame press conference on October 29, a *Post* reporter threw Irving a lifeline: Maybe he hadn’t actually watched the documentary? Irving, stubbornly, said he had, in addition to reading a “whole bunch of good and bad about the truth of our world” while he was sidelined during his vaccine holdout.
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-The furor kept growing. Irving reiterated his ecumenical omnist beliefs, but in combative media appearances, he seemed to gesture at some of the documentary’s themes. “Am I going out and saying I hate one specific group of people?” he said. “I’m not comparing Jews to Blacks. I’m not comparing white to Black. I’m not doing that. That conversation is dismissive and it constantly revolves around the rhetoric of ‘Who are the chosen people of God?’”
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-During a scrum at the Nets practice facility in Sunset Park, ESPN’s Friedell cut to the chase and told Irving that people wanted to hear “a yes or no” on whether he was antisemitic. Irving replied, “I cannot be antisemitic if I know where I come from.” The answer immediately entered the pantheon of failed sports non-denial denials, alongside Mark McGwire’s steroid-era “I’m not here to talk about the past.” The Nets suspended him that day.
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-Kyrie’s defenders explain his stonewalling as exasperation. “Kyrie felt almost insulted, like, ‘Man, you guys think I’m racist? I’m not even entertaining that,’” says Phil Handy, a mentor from his time with the Cavaliers, now an assistant coach with the Lakers. (Ethan Sherwood Strauss, an NBA writer on Substack, compares Irving to Herman Melville’s “Bartleby, the Scrivener.” Vaccines, public apologies: He prefers not to.) Irving eventually met with Nets owner Joe Tsai and NBA commissioner Adam Silver, who publicly declared their confidence that Irving did not harbor antisemitic beliefs. Eight games after his suspension, Irving was reinstated.
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-After the scandal had blown over, a close ally of Irving’s gave me his side of the story. For one, the documentary appealed to his interest in ancestry. “It’s like, *Oh my God, we were the original tribes of Israel?* This seems even *more*, like, *We’re kings and queens.*” They also suggested Irving hadn’t seen the entirety of the nearly four-hour film. “He watched little parts of it and probably fell asleep,” they said. “It is not a really good, put-together film. At one point, you really do go, ‘There’s something fucked up with this documentary,’ and that’s when they quoted Hitler. But that happened toward the end of the movie!”
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-A number of agents, executives, and assorted NBA figures professed their nonchalance about the saga. “Was I surprised that he tweeted out a random antisemitic documentary? Yeah, a little bit. Then again, if you know the YouTube or Instagram algorithm, what kinds of things get fed to a conspiracy-minded guy like him …,” said one team front-office figure, who happens to be Jewish. “I feel like the antisemitism thing is such a footnote to the whole Kyrie story, another example of him spouting off on things he doesn’t know about. He thinks he’s discovered something nobody else knows.”
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-Before returning to the Nets, Irving offered an apology during a televised SNY interview. When he had claimed he couldn’t be antisemitic because “I know where I come from,” he said, he wasn’t referring to a lost tribe of Israel. He said he meant suburban New Jersey.
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-Irving’s sneakers after he was dropped by Nike. Photo: Dustin Satloff/Getty Images (I AM + Logo Here) ; Layne Murdoch Jr./NBAE (Ancestors); Jamie Squire/Getty Images (Afrakan); Michael Reaves/Getty Images (Moorish); Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images (Free)
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-**On a recent Sunday,** I drove to the gym in North Jersey where a teenage Kyrie Irving spent four years honing his game: the Young Men’s and Women’s Hebrew Association of Union County. In the parking lot, Orthodox Jewish families were exiting minivans, and inside, I passed wall paintings of Israel and a portrayal of Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern Zionism.
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-Irving trained here for countless nights, playing one-on-one games to 100 with a legendary AAU coach named Sandy Pyonin, who has guided some three dozen players to the pros. Dressed in sweatpants and purple high-top sneakers, Pyonin, who never gives his age, led me to his photo-filled wall of fame to show who Irving used to hang out with. “This is one of his close friends — that’s Alex Rosenberg, who is Jewish,” he said. “He used to stay over at his house. Alex played at Columbia University, also played for Israel.” Pyonin motioned to a picture of another of Irving’s buddies, who went on to be the basketball coach at Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy, a Yeshiva day school in Livingston named after Jared Kushner’s grandfather.
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-Pyonin was being trailed by two locals, Chris Markowitz and Joshua Green, who are producing a documentary about him. Markowitz was wearing a pair of Kyries. Green’s older brother played in high school with Kyrie, and their family was something of a surrogate unit for him. Kyrie often ate dinner and stayed over at the Greens’ home in nearby Elizabeth. Green, whose father is a Baptist preacher, told me he once asked Kyrie why he kept referring to his mother — Ms. Green — as “Mom.” Kyrie replied, “Your mom is basically my mom.”
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-Pyonin, who is Jewish, was bothered when Irving tweeted about *Hebrews to Negroes* but was certain he wasn’t antisemitic. “He’s a little bit of a genius. Geniuses can’t understand the simplest thing,” he said. “So he made a mistake with the Jewish community and realized how big it is.” Pyonin’s own story gets at an important dynamic underlying the controversy. He was raised working class in Elizabeth in the 1950s and ’60s and began developing his basketball program in the wake of the 1967 Newark riots. It made him a small link between Jewish and Black communities that were being pulled apart.
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-An urban, northeastern sport with roots in New York–area YMHAs going back to the late-19th century, basketball can be understood as a cultural common ground for both groups. Pyonin suggested that his program, or his class, or his Jewish identity, or some combination of the three, has allowed him to transcend racial barriers. “When I go to the Newark kids’ homes,” he said, referring to former pupils, “I’m not white.”
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-I get what he’s trying to say. But with all due respect to New York Knick Ossie Schechtman, who scored the first two points in what later became the NBA, Jewish representation in the sport is concentrated not among players but more managerial figures: owners, agents, and executives, as well as its last two commissioners, who have presided for a combined 39 years. Today, roughly 70 percent of players are Black, while only one team has a Black majority owner — Michael Jordan.
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-If there’s a film that explores this tension, it’s not the crackpot documentary Irving tweeted but rather Josh and Benny Safdie’s *Uncut Gems.* The 2019 drama concerns a rare opal mined by Ethiopian Jews, which a Diamond District jeweler named Howard Ratner sells to the Celtics star Kevin Garnett (who plays himself). In a film absorbed with questions of race and exploitation, it is telling that their power struggle over the opal is set against the backdrop of the NBA. Ratner wears a 1973 Knicks championship ring, as if he had somehow been involved in winning the title. “What the fuck is it with you Jewish niggas and basketball, anyway?” his Black associate asks him. Ratner venerates and resents Garnett’s talent, comparing a bet he places on the Celtics to the actual contest. “KG, this is no different than that,” Ratner says. “I’m not a fucking athlete. This is my fucking way. This is how I win.”
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-The affinities and frictions of the Black and Jewish communities in New York are well documented. “The hymns, the texts, and the most favored legends of the devout Negro are all Old Testament and therefore Jewish in origin,” James Baldwin wrote 75 years ago. Yet because Harlem’s tradespeople were often Jews, they were associated with “the American business tradition of exploiting Negroes.” In 1991, the year before Irving was born, a car in a prominent rabbi’s motorcade struck and killed the 7-year-old child of a Guyanese immigrant in Crown Heights. The riots that ensued dominated the next mayoral election. In 1996, the year after Louis Farrakhan’s Million Man March, Cornel West and Michael Lerner published *Jews and Blacks,* a series of dialogues that became a national best seller. “To be a Jew means to be oppressed, to be struggling, to be a certain moral conscience of the nation and so forth,” West argued. “Certain elements of the black world are saying, ‘Is it not the case that in the United States, Black folk more readily meet these criteria than Jews of European descent?’”
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-The Barclays Center sits a single neighborhood over from Crown Heights. Early in Irving’s tenure, a Rockland County rabbi was stabbed by a reportedly mentally ill Black assailant and later died. The Nets partnered with the Anti-Defamation League to distribute HATE STOPS HERE T-shirts to players. According to Sullivan, the journalist writing a book on the team, only one of the squad’s Black players, a benchwarmer named Theo Pinson, put one on. “There are a lot of things that have been happening over the course of this entire country’s history,” Garrett Temple told Sullivan in the locker room, referencing police brutality. “And there were no shirts specifically for that.” Irving, sitting nearby, said, “That’s what’s up.”
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-In November, as the *Hebrews to Negroes* controversy was still boiling*,* LeBron James wondered why reporters weren’t asking him about photos that had recently surfaced of Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones at a 1957 desegregation protest in Arkansas. I don’t know if Irving has read *Jews and Blacks,* but at one point, speaking to reporters, he echoed a version of West’s argument: “I’ve been growing up in a country that told me I wasn’t worth anything, that I came from a slave class, that I come from a people that are meant to be treated the way we get treated. Every day. So I’m not here to compare anyone’s atrocities, or tragic events that their families have dealt with for generations.”
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-The Anti-Defamation League’s Jonathan Greenblatt, who rejected a $500,000 pledge from Irving, was unmoved. “This is not some guy playing for a team in any random city. This is Brooklyn. This is ground zero,” he said. “It’s also Kyrie Irving! My kids have his jersey and his shoes. He’s *Kyrie*.”
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-2023: As a Dallas Maverick. Photo: Dallas Mavericks/YouTube
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-**At his first** press conference as a Dallas Maverick, Irving seemed to characterize his time in Brooklyn as a success. “I left them in fourth place. I did what I was supposed to do,” he said. (The team went 5-9 in games that Durant missed.) “I was incredibly selfless in my approach to leading.”
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-Since 2017, Irving has contributed to the disruption of three teams in increasingly dramatic fashion. He has tested the boundaries of permissible athlete behavior in ways that have begun to repeatedly keep him off the court. And to judge by his social-media output, his mind is only moving in a stranger direction. Mark Cuban, the owner of the Mavericks, who is Jewish, looked at that track record and said: *Yes, please!* (Plenty of other franchises would have traded for him too.) One way to interpret this is that nothing matters — that Irving’s talent will always seduce teams into looking past his eccentricities. In a similar vein, there’s a gap between Irving’s portrayal in much of the media — as a kind of trollish internet villain and kook for late-night hosts to make fun of — and his reputation among fans. They seem less scandalized by Irving’s attraction to alternative facts and maybe even hostile to the scolding he gets because of it. Two months after the conclusion of a saga many predicted would end his NBA career, Irving was selected as a starter for the 2023 All-Star Game. Players, fans, and members of the media all get to vote with a weighted scoring system. Journalists put Irving at No. 4. Players and fans — 4.4 million of them — put him at No. 1.
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-The people who love watching Irving play extend him a lot of sympathy. One longtime agent surmises that Irving is forever searching for the love of the mother he never knew: “Sometimes you do terrible things to test people, to see if they still love you. That’s all it is.” A front-office executive who knows him says it’s more basic: “This is a guy who is feeling things a lot, but he doesn’t understand why he’s feeling them. Then he finds an external reason for *Why do I have so much angst and unhappiness?*”
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-There’s another way to look at Irving too. He’s often treated as a Neptunian, but many of his qualities are, at heart, pretty familiar for a 30-year-old American who spent much of the pandemic staring at a screen: a borderline solipsistic obsession with his identity, a vague distrust of the country’s political Establishment, a radicalization on matters of social justice. With a background like Irving’s, who wouldn’t ask questions? The problem is that sometimes the internet doesn’t give you the right answers. Off the court, at least, Irving is far from unknowable. In his own way, he can even be considered — and here’s a word no one has ever used to describe him — ordinary.
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-What Was Kyrie Irving Thinking?
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-Date: 2023-04-23
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-Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/18/magazine/twitter-dying.html
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-# What Was Twitter, Anyway?
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-![A color photograph of a nest filled with trash, including cigarette butts, a soda tab, wire, chewed-up bubble gum and a blue feather in the middle.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/04/23/magazine/23mag-twitter1/23mag-twitter1-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
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-Credit...Photograph by Jamie Chung. Concept by Pablo Delcan.
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-The Great Read
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-Whether the platform is dying or not, it’s time to reckon with how exactly it broke our brains.
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-Credit...Photograph by Jamie Chung. Concept by Pablo Delcan.
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--   April 18, 2023
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-### Listen to This Article
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-Audio Recording by Audm
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-The trouble began, as it usually does, when I saw something funny on my computer. It was the middle of the morning on a Wednesday, a few years back, and I came across news that Le Creuset, the French cookware brand, had made a line of “Star Wars”-themed pots and pans. There was a roaster made to look like Han Solo frozen in carbonite ($450) and a Dutch oven with Tatooine’s twin suns on it (“Our Dutch oven promises an end result that’s anything but dry — unlike the sun-scorched lands of Tatooine”; $900). A set of mini cocottes had been decorated to resemble the lovable droid characters C-3PO, R2-D2 and BB-8.
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-I was also looking at Twitter that day, something that I can say for sure not only because of what happened next, but also because I look at Twitter just about every day. (This is not terribly unusual in my profession — I am an editor at The New York Times Magazine — but I think it should be stated clearly upfront that I have something of an acute problem with it.) I took a screenshot of the cocottes and uploaded it to the site. I wrote, as an accompanying caption, “The Star Wars/Le Creuset pots imply the existence of a Type of Guy I find genuinely unimaginable...” — just like that, ellipsis and all. I hit send. I guess I went back to work after that. My email records show that I sent a big edit memo to a writer. Then, around lunchtime, things started happening.
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-If you don’t use Twitter — which is perfectly normal; about three-quarters of Americans don’t — you should know that the platform has a function called quote-tweeting, which was introduced in 2015. It allows users to show a tweet they’ve encountered to their own followers, while adding their own text or image to comment on it. You often see people use this function to respond to some contrived prompt that crosses their feed (“What’s a great song that features an impressive horn section?”). Less often, though often enough that the practice has its own name, quote-tweets are used to roast and clown on people — to trot them out in front of a new audience, drop their pants and spank them. This is referred to as “dunking.”
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-At some point in the early afternoon, someone dunked on me by quote-tweeting my observation and adding, in The Onion’s headline style: “Area Man Has Never Heard of Women.” My post was now in front of a new audience, and that audience was now reading it framed by what I would consider an uncharitable interpretation of my point.
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-New quote-tweets started to pour in, each one putting me in front of another audience of followers, some minuscule and others quite large. “I enjoyed that this tweet manages to be sexist on multiple levels”; “#newsflash WOMEN cook and like Star Wars”; “Imagine a woman”; “Hi, have you met women?”; “Women like Star Wars. Men cook.”; “My husband is a huge Star Wars fan and is the cook in the house. He bakes too. Sorry to blow your mind.”; “i luv a good dose of homophobia and toxic masculinity in the year of our lord 2019 🙄.” My notifications flooded for the next 24 hours as the tweet continued to find its way into new corners of the site. Some people replied directly: “... are you aware that girls can like star wars too”; “Willy, get a better imagination, and cut it out with the gatekeeping”; “Men cook. Women like Star Wars. If you can’t imagine those things, that’s about you, not other people.”; “Showed my son, he’s trying to find them to order them now. Btw, he’s a Marine.” Other replies can’t be printed here.
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-None of these people were *wrong*, exactly. It was true that in the split second between learning of the pots and posting about them, I had imagined a stereotypically geeky and slovenly guy as the customer, and Le Creuset as the kind of thing you put on your wedding registry — that is indeed why I thought the products were funny. It’s not as if this was a terribly original thought; I didn’t wake up and introduce to our culture, on a random Wednesday, the idea that male nerds like to buy “Star Wars” memorabilia. Nor had these broader gender corollaries — that men don’t cook, that women don’t like “Star Wars” — so much as crossed my mind. In any event, I no longer have any trouble imagining what “Star Wars”-Le Creuset customers are like.
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-I was wrong on another level, too: The pots and pans were, as many Twitter users would find time to inform me, wildly popular, and are now available only on the secondary market, in some cases for multiple times their retail value. Still, wrong as I may have been, the responses I managed to provoke were stunning to me — for their volume, their woundedness, their consistency and the way the “Star Wars”-liking issue was so salient that I was called sexist for *not* associating cookware with women. Luckily, the sheer inanity of the topic offered a measure of safety you don’t typically get when you bring negative attention to yourself on Twitter. I could afford to take the anthropological view. I felt like Bill Paxton at the end of “Twister” — strapped in and able to see down the barrel of this thing and admire its beautiful, treacherous contours.
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-Twitter is both short-form and fast-moving, which together make it feel conversational. Like all conversations, it’s highly context-dependent, and like all *good* conversations, it’s guided by the pleasure principle. That’s what makes it fun: Who doesn’t want to be the person who can make everyone laugh at a dinner party? But Twitter also puts your dinner-party remarks in front of people who were not invited to the dinner party, showing them exactly how little you considered them before chiming in. And, of course, no one involved is having fun at a dinner party at any point in this process; everyone is, like you, probably alone, on the computer, experiencing the feeling we used to know as boredom.
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-Though it didn’t feel this way at the time, as I look back now, it’s clear that no one was actually *upset* about the “Star Wars” thing, not in any meaningful sense. A couple of people tried to draw a connection between my retrograde outlook on novelty Dutch ovens and my employer — always an alarming development — but mostly it was low-effort clowning that felt charged only because it was traveling along such high-energy vectors (sexism, homophobia, “Star Wars” fandom). The platform can coax this exact sort of response out of its users with an incredibly small amount of effort. It’s only on the receiving end, where all these messages collect in one place, that it feels oppressive.
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-This sort of thing is happening to dozens of people at any moment on Twitter, routinely enough that it’s more than some unfortunate externality, though not so often that you’d say it’s the *point* of the platform. (It, too, has a name: “getting ratioed.”) You have a few options when this happens. In theory, you can just log out and wait for it to end, but no one does that, because who knows what might happen when you’re not watching. You can go private, which basically ends it, though in a way that looks like admitting defeat. (I did this, briefly, so I could go to sleep that night.) You can delete the tweet, or even delete your whole account. But you can also do what I chose to do the next morning, which is to continue posting about it, because it’s fun, and because it really doesn’t take much effort at all. That’s basically the whole problem right there.
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-This all happened on and around Dec. 4, 2019. Though none of us knew it at the time, a mysterious new respiratory disease had just begun circulating in central China. This would set in motion a spectacular series of events that would make Twitter the focal point of pitched battles about freedom of speech, community health, racial justice and American democracy. At the same time, the pandemic and the federal response to it would create bizarre macroeconomic dynamics that would help one man grow his net worth *tenfold* in two years, transforming him from a high-profile but middle-of-the-pack billionaire into the wealthiest man in human history. For a time, anyway. It appears that [Elon Musk was troubled enough by Twitter’s role](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/27/technology/elon-musk-twitter-deal-complete.html) in the discourse battles that he felt he should control it himself, and $44 billion later — nearly double his entire net worth at the outset of the pandemic — he has his wish.
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-> ## What exactly have we been doing here for the last decade and a half?
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-Musk has done many things to Twitter, both the app and the business, during his six months as chief executive and owner. He has laid off more than half the staff, changed the interface and functionality of the product and aggressively pushed users to sign up for a paid subscription version of the service. He says that usage has gone up, but because he has taken the company private, we only have his word on that. According to most estimates, ad spending has plummeted. Musk himself has reportedly estimated that the company is now worth about $20 billion, a negative 55 percent return. He has, meanwhile, enlisted a small group of journalists — many of whom have taken a political journey similar to Musk’s in recent years — to sift through company emails and Slacks in an effort to reveal overreach on the part of the old regime in its management of the global conversation. They published reams of lightly redacted emails, showing regular correspondence between Twitter’s trust-and-safety team and the F.B.I., and other organs of the state, which apparently spend a considerable amount of time scrutinizing individual Twitter accounts.
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-Musk’s takeover of the platform has not only strained the dinner-party metaphor (a new host comes in and dominates the conversation, demanding money from you and accusing the hosts from before of being F.B.I. stooges?); it has also strained the sense of conviviality that made Twitter feel like a party in the first place. The site feels a little emptier, though certainly not dead. More like the part of the dinner party when only the serious drinkers remain. Whiskey is being poured into wineglasses, and the cheese plate has become an ashtray. It’s still a great time — indeed, it’s a little looser — but it also feels as if many of us are just avoiding the inevitable. Eventually, we’ll scrape the plates, load the dishwasher and leave the pans to soak (“Hey, cool Dutch oven — are those the twin suns of Tatooine?”). It’s possible the party will stretch on until sunrise, when the more sensible guests will return. But for now, someone just turned up the lights, and it’s probably time to ask ourselves: What exactly *have* we been doing here for the last decade and a half?
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-**A number of** narratives have developed over the years to explain what Twitter has been doing to us. There was, in the wake of Trump’s election, the focus on Russian “bots” and “trolls” — two words often used interchangeably, though they mean totally different things — sowing discord and amplifying divisive rhetoric. As the Trump years progressed, this evolved into a broader concern about “disinformation,” “misinformation” and whether and how Twitter should seek to stop them. And behind all this lurked vague concerns about “the algorithm,” the exotic mathematical force accused of steering hypnotized users into right-wing extremism, or imprisoning people in a cocoon of smug liberalism, or somehow both.
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-Those narratives all express fears about what happens when people *consume* information online, but they have little useful to say about how or why all that information is produced in the first place. After all, everything you read on Twitter, whether it comes from the president of the United States or your local dogcatcher, is a result of the process known as posting. And only a small proportion of users post. There is a lot of research on this topic, and it can be bracing reading for the Twitter addict. In 2021, the Pew Research Center took a close look at about 1,000 U.S.-based accounts, plucked out of a bigger survey of the site. This sample was split into two — the “most active users,” who made up just 25 percent of the group, and the rest. Statistically speaking, no one in the bottom 75 percent even posted at all: They produced a median of zero posts a month. They also checked the site far less frequently and were more likely to find it uncivil.
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-There’s also some data about the heavy users, and though Pew would not approve, let’s pretend, for our purposes, that it can be used to make a composite sketch of one. We’ll call him Joe Sixpost. Joe produces about 65 tweets a month, an average of two a day. Only 14 percent of his output is his own material, original stand-alone tweets posted to the timeline; half of his posts are retweets of stuff other people posted, and the remainder are quote-tweets or replies to other tweets. None of this stuff travels far. Joe has a median of 230 followers, and on average his efforts earn him 37 likes and one retweet a month. Nevertheless, it is heavy users like this — just the top quartile — who produced *97 percent* of the larger group’s posts.
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-Let me be frank: These are pathetic numbers. Over the last 48 hours, I have made 14 posts. Five were “original” posts to the timeline. I also retweeted a writer I work with, my twin brother and Grover Norquist, and replied to tweets replying to my own. Thus, in two days, I put myself on track to make 210 posts a month. (I won’t mention the like and retweet numbers, but suffice it to say I had individual posts that absolutely *rinsed* Joe Sixpost’s monthly counts.) And this was a period during which I took care of my young child, did garbage duty in my building, tried to go grocery shopping but discovered I had a flat tire, walked to a different store, cooked dinner (that’s right), read, watched “Party Down,” slept, got my kid to day care, changed the flat tire and worked on this article. I didn’t even think I was on Twitter very much. But because my posts go out to so many more accounts than even an “active user” like Joe Sixpost’s do — by a factor of 100 — I’d still do more to shape reality on the platform even if I posted less frequently than he did. Which, as we’ve established, I don’t.
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-People afflicted with this unyielding desire to post are rare enough that we probably aren’t easily captured in studies like Pew’s. If you pick a thousand people at random, you might not find many of us, and if you do, our derangement will be smoothed out into averages and obscured by medians, blinding you to the fact that the bulk of your Twitter reading comes from a tiny minority of the population that shares this peculiar deficiency with me. When we talk about the problems created by Twitter, we focus on what happens when people read the wrong sort of post, like disinformation from a malign actor. If we consider the posting side of things at all, it is to lament the excesses of cancel culture — typically from the receiving end. But if we really want to understand what Twitter has done to us, surely it would make more sense to account for the millions and millions of more ordinary posts the platform generates by design. Why has a small sliver of humanity taken it upon themselves to heap their thoughts into this hopper every day?
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-Part of answering this question involves realizing that a tweet isn’t just a matter of one person speaking and others listening. Kevin Munger, an assistant professor of political science and social data analytics at Penn State — he also happens to be an acquaintance of mine — thinks of this confusion as the overhang of the “broadcast paradigm” in an era when it is no longer relevant. Many people conceive of tweets as analogous to TV or newspaper or radio — that “there are people who tweet, there are people who read the tweets,” as Munger puts it. “And the tweet is just text, right, and it’s static.”
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-But there is no such separation between creator and consumer, and that’s not what a tweet is. “If you look at a tweet, it’s always already encoding audience feedback,” Munger points out. Right beneath the text of the tweet is information about what the network thinks of it: the numbers of replies, retweets and likes. “You can’t actually conceive of a tweet except as a synthetic object, which contains both the original message and the audience feedback,” he explains. In fact, a tweet contains layers of information beyond that: not just how many people liked it or replied, but who, and what they said, and how *they* present themselves, and whom they follow, and who follows them, and so on. Every post contains within it a unique core sample of the network and its makeup. And whether they admit it or not, Munger says, all of this helps users build mental models of the platform.
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-Munger is highly pessimistic about our ability to use Twitter to debate or deliberate anything of importance. Instead, he suggests, we use the site as a “vibes-detection machine” — a means of discovering subtle shifts in sentiment within our local orbits; a way to suss out, in an almost postrational way, which ideas, symbols and beliefs pair with one another. (If this sounds fanciful to you, ask a heavy Twitter user what set of political commitments is signified by using a Greek statue as an avatar.) But it’s hard to detect vibes unless you put a signal out there first; there’s no way to grasp the thing from outside looking in. “In order to understand how it works,” Munger says, “you have to act on it and allow it to act on you.” You have to post.
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-![A color photo illustration of a blue bird holding an extinguished match in its mouth.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/04/23/magazine/23mag-twitter2/23mag-twitter2-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
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-Credit...Photo illustration by Jamie Chung. Concept by Pablo Delcan.
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-**Nick Bilton’s 2013** book, **‘**‘Hatching Twitter,” was disorienting reading for me, because it took me back to a place I thought I knew well: San Francisco, 2006. I was in college at the time, but I grew up in the city and went back for all my breaks. The summer he founded Twitter, Jack Dorsey was hanging out in the Mission and working South of Market. So was I. We both had recently learned how to send text messages and enjoyed visiting Dolores Park. The difference between us was that Dorsey was about to take a central role in the industry that would remake our city and convulse the entire planet in the bargain, and I was mostly just hanging out with my friends.
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-Back then, the social internet was a more naïve and hopeful place. Just look at Dorsey, whose Flickr account from the era is still up and public. You can see all sorts of relics from Dorsey’s prebillionaire social life in and around the city: trips to Coachella and Point Reyes, arty photographs of street signs. And in the mix, you can find [screenshots of early Twttr,](https://www.flickr.com/photos/jackdorsey/188430472/) as it was known. The logo is green, bubbly and sweaty; it looks like a new flavor of SoBe. [The very first layout](https://www.flickr.com/photos/jackdorsey/182614595/) looks nearly identical to Craigslist. “What’s your status?” it asks at the top, and below you can see Dorsey’s colleagues responding. “Preparing a pizza,” writes Florian Weber, one of the project’s first engineers. “having some coffee,” offers Biz Stone, another founder. “so excited about new odeo ideas,” writes Evan Williams, whose start-up Odeo employed Dorsey and was helping develop this new concept that would swallow it whole.
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-Dorsey had nurtured the basic idea of Twitter for years — a site that would be like AOL Instant Messenger’s “away message” for anywhere, or “a more ‘live’ LiveJournal,” as he put it in a post on Flickr. He wanted to call it Status, and it was important to him that the service be principally social. In his book, Bilton recounts how Dorsey initially considered and dismissed using audio as a medium because it would be impossible to use at a nightclub. That was, in Dorsey’s mind, a key use case. But Williams, who created Blogger and sold it to Google for millions, came to see something else in Twitter: To him, its potential lay in its ability to create a running record of what was going on in the outside world. The book recounts a somewhat absurd, but revealing, philosophical argument between the two founders. If one of them were to see a fire on Market and Third, in downtown San Francisco, and tweet about it, would he be tweeting that there was a fire on Market and Third? Or would he be tweeting that he was witnessing a fire on Market and Third? Dorsey was insistent that it was the latter: “You’re talking about your status as you look at the fire.”
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-To Dorsey, the fact that Twitter creates a record of the world would be an incidental byproduct of all this status-sharing. But as time went on, and more people joined, the Williams view came to look prophetic. It would be vindicated on a January afternoon in 2009, when an Airbus A320 taking off from LaGuardia collided with a flock of geese over the Bronx, losing power in both engines and forcing the quick-thinking pilot to ditch the plane in the Hudson. A businessman named Janis Krums was on a ferry to New Jersey when the boat’s captain announced that a plane was down in the water, and they were going to see if they could help. Krums figured it was a small single-engine craft, and was stunned when they pulled up to a commercial airliner. He had an iPhone, and he took a picture of the plane in the icy water, with passengers crowding onto life rafts. He posted it to Twitter with a brief caption. Krums handed the phone to one of the rescued passengers, who wanted to call his loved ones, and forgot about it amid the rescue efforts. By the time he and his phone were reunited, about 30 minutes later, it had exploded with messages and missed calls from news agencies. “The tweet had gone around the world,” he told me. “And I had no idea.” The biggest story of the day had been broken by some random guy with a smartphone. Reporters called it so many times that they drained Krums’s battery within an hour. He was finally able to make it back to Jersey by nightfall, at which point he was being interviewed on morning radio in Australia.
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-Later that year, Williams, having ousted Dorsey to become Twitter’s chief executive, would change the site’s prompt from “What are you doing?” to “What’s happening?” as it remains to this day. But if that seems like a clean victory for Williams, it wasn’t quite. Because what Krums wrote was exactly what *Dorsey* had imagined; it was about not just the plane but also the fact that he, Krums, was looking at it. “There’s a plane in the Hudson,” [he wrote](https://twitter.com/jkrums/status/1121915133?lang=en). “I’m on the ferry going to pick up the people. Crazy.”
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-Twitter could never be just about the outside world or about our internal ones; it would always have to be both. Dorsey and Williams were correct to identify this as a conflict, even if they could not design or engineer it away. These two repellent magnets were fused together and left under the platform’s floorboards. More and more people joined, hoping to learn what was happening in the world and to share what was happening in theirs. Eventually, the situation that obtained was altogether stranger than Williams or Dorsey could have imagined.
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-**Twitter took off** first with geeks in San Francisco, and then with people in the tech-media-music orbit at South by Southwest in 2007. From there, it continued to annex populations prone to graphomania (reporters, rappers, academics) and those that just had more things to say than opportunities to say them (comedians, editors, TV writers, lawyers). Twitter quickly figured out that its value lay in its ability to surface conversations: What was the world talking about? In 2008, it began plumbing its depths to identify trends. These were the early days of the Big Data era, and the idea was that within all the chatter could be found some hidden rhythm, a form of crowd wisdom. It wasn’t long before people got the idea that they could harness Twitter’s firehose of information to do things like trade stocks — one hedge fund, started in 2011, promised 15 to 20 percent returns based on its algorithmic ability to divine market movements. It shuttered after a month.
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-Twitter’s takeover of the media class was rapid. In April 2009, Maureen Dowd [interviewed Williams and Stone](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/22/opinion/22dowd.html), telling them that she “would rather be tied up to stakes in the Kalahari Desert, have honey poured over me and red ants eat out my eyes than open a Twitter account”; she signed up three months later to promote her column. Later that spring, [a Time cover story](https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,1902818,00.html) noted that Twitter users had begun using the site as a “pointing device” and sharing longer-form content. (“It’s just as easy to use Twitter to spread the word about a brilliant 10,000-word New Yorker article as it is to spread the word about your Lucky Charms habit.”) This would make it an incredible way to keep up on the news — and absolutely irresistible to journalists. By the next year, the Times media reporter David Carr was writing [an ode to the site](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/03/weekinreview/03carr.html), correctly predicting it was more than a fad and lauding it for both its relative civility and its “obvious utility” for information-gathering. “If all kinds of people are pointing at the same thing at the same instant,” he wrote, “it must be a pretty big deal.”
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-I am told by my superiors here at The Times that there was a time when journalists would talk about what they’d been reading at the bar, or at cocktail parties. One of these people told me, and I don’t think he was kidding, that an article of his went viral by *fax machine*. I’ll have to take his word for it, because I’ve never known a life in journalism free from the gravitational pull of Twitter. In fact, I probably owe my career to it. In 2011, I wrote an essay for a website called The Awl, and the very thing that Carr described happened: The article, which was [about the McRib](https://www.theawl.com/2011/11/a-conspiracy-of-hogs-the-mcrib-as-arbitrage/), went viral on Twitter, putting my work in front of editors at places like The Times. A few months earlier, I was at the precipice of giving up on writing; within about a year, I would be regularly freelancing. After a while, I had a full-time job as an editor.
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-There was, around this time, an enormous expansion in web media, with BuzzFeed, Vice and others pouring truckloads of venture capital into the field. And though Twitter never drove much traffic, it was nevertheless important for journalists to be there, because everyone else was there; this was where your articles would be read and digested by your peers and betters (as well as, theoretically, the reading public). It was doubly important because of how precarious these new jobs were. Your Twitter profile was also your calling card, potentially a life raft to a new job. The platform was an extremely fraught sort of LinkedIn, one you would use to publicly waste company time.
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-Looking back, it’s hard not to see this as a tragic bargain. Twitter took the wild world of blogging and corralled the whole thing, offering writers a deal they couldn’t refuse: Instant, constant access to an enormous audience, without necessarily needing to write more than 140 characters. But they would never again be as alone with their thoughts, even when they were off the platform. Twitter follows you, mentally, and besides, anything can be brought back there for judgment. Perhaps worst of all, they would be gently cowed into talking about whatever it was everyone else was talking about, or risk being ignored, and replaced by someone who would.
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-But this journalistic swarming instinct made Twitter an ideal place for activists to get a message out. If there is one good thing that can be said about Twitter, it’s that it really was democratizing: It allowed the previously voiceless to walk right up to the powerful and put stuff right in front of their faces, at any time of day. The Green Revolution in Iran, the Tahrir Square protests and Occupy Wall Street — all of these made use of Twitter in creative ways. Two of the biggest social movements of the last decade are often rendered as one word with a hashtag attached to it. The real action of Black Lives Matter may have taken place in the streets, and the long-delayed consequences of Me Too delivered in boardrooms or courtrooms, but these movements couldn’t have begun if they could not corral and excite latent political energies via social platforms.
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-Really, Twitter was good for getting *any* sort of message out there. Governors and senators, Shaquille O’Neal and Sears; Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the American Enterprise Institute and Chrissy Teigen; the Dalai Lama, Rachel Maddow and the guy who does “Dilbert” — all could use the same exact tools to be heard, and to hear, at all hours of the day. For some, it was their job to get a message out; for others, an ancillary goal; for others still, a reluctant undertaking done in the name of relevance. In any event, the barrier between work and goofing around grew dangerously thin, especially as more influential people and entities arrived.
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-Because as soon as Twitter began bringing all these people together, it amounted to an irresistible target. Twitter was an exceptional tool, above all else, for making jokes. Some groups elevated it to an art, profoundly transforming the folkways and language of the platform — “Black Twitter” chief among them. There was also “Weird Twitter,” an unfortunate label that refers as much to a specific group of people as to the sensibility they shared. What Weird Twitter posters had in common, beyond being (mostly) funny, was a special brain damage that granted them access to the hidden frequencies of the internet.
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-In 2010, a young Canadian named Stefan Heck joined Twitter in search of Vancouver Canucks news but soon fell in with what would become the Weird Twitter crowd. Lots of corporations had come to Twitter to offer quick customer service, and Heck and his friends enjoyed messing with them. (Like tweeting at PetSmart: “if my turtle stops moving after i smoke it out its just sleeping right?”) One hashtag that often trended in those days was `#tcot`, the “Top Conservatives on Twitter,” and Heck and his friends often found their way there in search of a good time. Heck recalls it being full of “you know, 70-year-old guys, like, retired boat salesmen and dentists.” He can’t remember for sure, but he believes this is where they eventually found the 1980s TV star Scott Baio, who was and remains a conservative culture warrior.
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-Unlike other celebrities on the platform, Baio would actually respond to people. “He felt like a real guy who posted,” Heck says. “He was in it for the love of the game.” In 2011, when Heck and friends started asking him if he was an adult-diaper fetishist, Baio snapped, blocking everyone who asked him about diapers and tweeting to complain about it. Heck and others started posting “#RIPScottBaio,” and apparently did so with enough volume that it became a trending topic, persuading some untold number of people that the actor had died. Someone reportedly edited Wikipedia to certify his death from “diaper-related illness.” By the next day, NBC’s “Today” show was debunking the claim on its website.
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-To Heck, the Baio episode showed how small and wide-open the site was — how it could be gamed. (The incident was brought to my attention when I asked Mike Caulfield, a research scientist at the University of Washington’s Center for an Informed Public, if he could think of any watershed moments in Twitter history; he thought it was interesting for more or less the same reasons.) A small conspiracy could capture the platform’s homuncular version of reality and tickle it until it shouted nonsense. Indeed, Twitter’s own insistence that it could connect the whole world and surface the most engaging conversations amounted to an enormous “KICK ME” sign on its back. It had grown from a place where people shared *what they were having for lunch* to one that was either changing the world or purely self-contained, a pearl of heightened reactions accreting around a tiny grain of provocation. No one was ever really sure which.
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-But if you were good at the game, it could be good for you, both on Twitter and off. People got commissions and book deals — not many, but enough. Some people lost their jobs — not many, but enough. A couple of people got TV shows out of it. Once, someone told a story so wild it was turned into a feature film. Hell, one guy even went and got himself elected president.
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-Credit...Photograph by Jamie Chung. Concept by Pablo Delcan
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-**The election of** Donald Trump made Twitter an extremely fraught environment. Did you hate the way the media reported on him? They were all there to tweet at about it. Did you blame everything that was happening on people slightly to your left? Slightly to your right? A random podcaster? Someone you didn’t know existed until five seconds ago? They were there, too. And, of course, so was the president. Some of his opponents suspected his election might be the fault of the platform itself. This idea gave us a solid six years of discourse on Russian bots and trolls and disinformation, though none of this, according to a recent study in Nature, had any meaningful effect on voters’ 2016 decision-making. In all the bickering, it was easy to lose track of what was keeping us on Twitter in the first place.
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-One compelling theory comes from Chris Bail, a sociology professor at Duke, who began studying Twitter in the years when these debates were raging. Bail was especially curious about the “filter bubble,” the idea that social media platforms encircle users with opinions they share, causing them to be less amenable to arguments from the other side. Bail had read research showing that social media has actually given people a more diverse information diet. “Even convincing people that that’s true is really hard,” he told me, because there is an enormous apparatus of talking heads telling them otherwise.
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-So Bail and his colleagues designed an experiment to test the filter bubble: They exposed partisan Twitter users to a bot that would retweet counterpartisan speech 24 times a day, for a month, and interviewed participants before and after. In the end, they showed that the reality was stranger than the theory: The more attention respondents paid to the bots, the more entrenched they became in their beliefs. These results were especially true of conservatives. Bail even saw some participants yelling at the experiment’s bots. “This happened so often that three of the most extreme conservatives in our study began following each other,” Bail writes in his book “Breaking the Social Media Prism.” “The trio teamed up to attack many of the messages our liberal bot retweeted for an entire week, often pushing each other to make increasingly extreme criticism as time passed.”
-
-Bail argues that Twitter is a “prism” that bends both the depiction of reality you see through it and your own efforts to show who you are to the world. The platform, Bail writes, taps into the human desire to “present different versions of ourselves, observe what other people think of them and revise our identities accordingly.” People like to think of social media as a mirror, he told me: “I can see what’s going on, and I can see my place in what’s going on.” But Twitter is not a random sampling of reality. Almost all the feedback you receive on the site comes from its most active users. “And the most active social media users,” Bail says, “are a weird group of people.” Somehow this fact doesn’t override our desire to fit in, which is then pointed in strange directions: “We see this distorted reality,” Bail says, “we understand it as reality, and we react accordingly.” As we all do this, together, we create feedback loops that further warp the projection of reality. (You could see this dynamic especially clearly at the height of the pandemic, when Twitter’s feed was some people’s primary porthole to the outside world.)
-
-One thing Kevin Munger pointed out to me is that Twitter users are running Bail’s experiment on one another constantly. Pervasive quote-tweet dunking, for example, is often used to highlight the most galling ideas coming from one’s political foes, feeding users outrageous caricatures of the other side. There are also numerous accounts — Libs of TikTok most notorious among them — that exist for this sole purpose: to drag speech out of its intended context in another gamified discourse, across the partisan divide, to make people mad. Bail ran his experiment for only a month; imagine doing this for about a decade.
-
-Bail told me that before he settled on the prism, he considered sonar as his central metaphor, because of the way Twitter allows users to send out a message and see what bounces back. This is a helpful way of thinking about Trump, whose Twitter habit was largely seen as a sideshow, a means of circumventing the press or just evidence of his terrible impulse control. It was all those things, of course. But this is also the man who discovered, lurking within the rot of the two-party system, a strange new shape in the electorate. Should we regard it as pure coincidence that he spent all those years on Twitter, with an enormous following and the sonar capabilities of an Ohio-class submarine? Even Trump’s campaign rallies and governing style had this highly provisional, posting-like rhythm to them: He tried things out, saw what worked and pocketed those moves. Is it so hard to believe that the image-obsessed salesman, up in his gilded cockpit in the vibes-detection machine, was learning something about what people wanted to hear?
-
-We could ask similar questions about Musk, whose increased exposure to the site has coincided with his transformation from beloved entrepreneur to substantially less beloved culture warrior. One of Bail’s chief observations about Twitter is that its prismatic qualities generate a strong effect on users: Its feedback makes very clear who your friends and enemies are. This can act as a sort of centrifugal force, pushing people deeper into the belief structures of their “team,” and pushing moderates out of the conversation entirely. We can’t know exactly why Musk seems to have become so engaged with culture-war topics, but Bail’s ideas suggest one explanation: Through the prism, he saw the most disingenuous arguments from both sides over the most contentious issues of the day, his own behavior very much included. And one side welcomed him while the other rejected him.
-
-Now that Musk owns the site, he has repeatedly stated that his goal is to bring back “free speech,” and he has tweeted several times about the “woke mind virus” that he believes threatens civilization. It seems he thinks it might live within his new plaything, and can be dislodged if he turns it upside-down and shakes it just right. But it’s not clear he knows where it is: Was it in the staff? He has laid off most of them now; many others have left of their own volition. Was it in their content-moderation team? He has treated Twitter’s San Francisco offices like Stasi HQ, revealing the inner workings of the previous regime. Is it in the algorithm or the UX? He has changed all that too, and continues to tinker with them, seemingly based on passing whims and grudges — or sometimes inscrutable urges. He added more metrics to every tweet, briefly changed the site’s logo to a shiba inu and obscured the “W” on the sign that hangs from the company’s Market Street headquarters. (Musk did not respond to a request for comment; Twitter’s press email autoreplied, as it apparently does to all incoming messages, “💩.”)
-
-The net effect of all of this has been a buggy site — and one that feels less alive. Not just because so many influential people have departed but also because Musk broke the spell. You can no longer believe that this platform offers an unobstructed view to the outside world, if you ever did, now that his hands have so thoroughly smudged up the glass.
-
-It’s hard to look back on nearly a decade and a half of posting without feeling something like regret. Not regret that I’ve harmed my reputation with countless people who don’t know me, and some who do — though there is that. Not regret that I’ve experienced all the psychic damage described herein — though there is that too. And not even regret that I could have been doing something more productive with my time — of course there’s that, but whatever. What’s disconcerting is how easy it was to pass all the hours this way. The world just sort of falls away when you’re looking at the feed. For all the time I spent, I didn’t even really put that much into it.
-
-There is a famous thought experiment in thermodynamics called Maxwell’s Demon, named for the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell. Musk certainly knows it; he’s a big admirer of Maxwell’s. (He once tweeted “[Maxwell was incredible](https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1443268776930119680?lang=en),” but that was right around the time a cricketer named Glenn Maxwell did something impressive in an Indian Premier League match, so he just ended up confusing much of South Asia.) Maxwell proposed a means of circumventing the second law of thermodynamics, which basically states that in a closed system, disorder will increase naturally unless energy is used to stop it; heat will always dissipate into cold. What if, Maxwell asked, you had a box split in two by a wall, and a tiny being sitting atop the wall, operating a little door, and this being was clever enough to track individual molecules and know how fast they were moving? If he let only faster-moving molecules go from Chamber A to Chamber B, and only slower-moving molecules pass the other way, then, without any new energy being introduced, Chamber B would become very hot.
-
-This is basically a thought experiment about information overcoming the limits of the physical world, so it naturally found fans in the world of computing. The “mailer-daemon” that returns bounced emails to your inbox, for example, is one of many background processes that takes its name from Maxwell’s concept. Dorsey was enamored of the idea; he had a tattoo that read “0daemon!?” and once wrote a poem about a “jak daemon,” a cyberpunk hacker type who manipulates “the background process in small ways to drive various aspects of the world.”
-
-I thought about Maxwell’s Demon as I reconsidered the “Star Wars”-Le Creuset thing, and how clear it was that no one involved had even been especially angry. It’s in episodes like this that Twitter manages to violate the discursive law that, until quite recently, prevented random Australians from yelling at you when you’re trying to go to bed. In the real world, you can go 30-some years without ever encountering the sensitivities of the “Star Wars” cookware community. But Twitter can, if you tell it just the right thing, shoot every last one of them at you through a little door, creating a pocket of extreme heat without anyone having meant to do much at all. This is perhaps the central paradox of Twitter: It can produce enormous outcomes without meaningful inputs.
-
-I happen to know about Maxwell’s Demon only because it makes an appearance in Thomas Pynchon’s “The Crying of Lot 49,” a 1966 novella centered on a clandestine communications network that is used by a baffling array of people (anarcho-syndicalists, tech geeks, assorted perverts and cranks) and seems particularly popular in San Francisco. Instead of mailboxes, it operates through a system of containers disguised to look like trash cans; the only one of these the protagonist finds is somewhere South of Market, just blocks from where Twitter would be born. It’s a book I read 20 years ago. If I’d come to it more recently, I doubt the mention of Maxwell would have stuck in my mind, thanks to either normal aging or some irreversible damage I’ve done to my brain by staring at Twitter.
-
-But I’m glad I remembered it, because what I read when I pulled my copy down off the shelf was the best way of thinking about Twitter I’ve encountered. In the novella, an East Bay inventor named John Nefastis has designed a box, complete with two pistons attached to a crankshaft and a flywheel, that he claims contains the molecule-sorting demon. It can be used to provide unlimited free energy, but it doesn’t work unless there is someone sitting outside, looking at it. There was, Nefastis believed, a certain type of person, a “sensitive,” capable of communicating with the demon within as it gathered its data on the billions of particles inside the box — positions, vectors, levels of excitement. The sensitive could process all that information, telling the demon which piston to fire. Together, the demon and the sensitive would move the molecules to and fro, creating a perpetual-motion machine. The box was a closed system, separate from the outside world, but it could nevertheless do work on anything it was connected to.
-
-Pynchon’s protagonist tries, and fails, to operate the Nefastis Machine. But when I open Twitter, I see a lot of people who *can* talk to that demon; who can process, intuitively, the positions and attitudes of unimaginable numbers of others; who know just what to tell the demon to make things move; who are happy, or close enough, spending hours sitting with the box, watching the pistons pump. Activists, politicians, journalists, comedians, snack-food brands and Stephen King — all have taken their turn at the box. Union organizers, venture capitalists, grad students and amateur historians — they could make the flywheel turn. No one even has to do much of anything to make it move. But none of us have the power to stop it, either. And at some point — back before we really knew what we were doing — we hooked those pistons up all over the place.
-
-And though it seems unlikely that Twitter itself will disappear, the powerful mechanism it became over the years — the one that made an often unprofitable company so valuable in the first place; the one that allowed a collectively conjured illusion to transform the real world — seems to be sputtering and squealing, and all the noise is making it hard to communicate with the demon within. The platform could continue to operate in some form, even as the mechanism slowly rusts or eventually grinds to a halt. If that happens, the world would feel exactly the same — and utterly transformed. And I, and others, and maybe you, too, would have to contend with what we’d really been doing the whole time: staring into a box, hoping to see it move.
-
----
-
-Prop stylist: Ariana Salvato.
-
-**Willy Staley** is a story editor for the magazine. He has written about the effort to [count the country’s billionaires,](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/07/magazine/billionaires.html) the [TV show “The Sopranos,”](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/29/magazine/sopranos.html) the [writer and director Mike Judge](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/13/magazine/mike-judge-the-bard-of-suck.html) and [the professional skateboarder Tyshawn Jones.](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/29/magazine/tyshawn-jones.html) **Jamie Chung** is a photographer who has worked on nearly a dozen covers for the magazine. He won awards this year from American Photography and the Society of Publication Designers. **Pablo Delcan** is a designer and art director from Spain who is now based in Callicoon, N.Y. His work blends traditional and modern techniques across mediums like illustration, print design and animation.
-
-&emsp;
-&emsp;
-
----
-`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.03 News/What a Leading State Auditor Says About Fraud, Government Misspending and Building Public Trust.md b/00.03 News/What a Leading State Auditor Says About Fraud, Government Misspending and Building Public Trust.md
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 Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: 🟥
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-
-Tag: ["🤵🏻", "🛩️", "💥"]
-Date: 2023-04-30
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-04-30
-Link: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/04/dana-hyde-accident-when-flying-private-kills.html
-location:
-CollapseMetaTable: true
-
----
-
-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-05-07]]
-
----
-
-&emsp;
-
-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-WhenFlyingPrivateKillsNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# When Flying Private Kills
-
-## The freak accident that killed a D.C. power broker.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/8f4/eed/cc3393a2eeb4685ed0e7d7700d6ff94220-private-jet.rsquare.w700.jpg)
-
-Photo-Illustration: Intelligencer; Photo: Getty Images
-
-As it took off from Dillant-Hopkins Airport in Keene, New Hampshire, on the afternoon of March 3, the Bombardier Challenger 300 business jet provided an apt illustration of why private flying is so popular among those who can afford it. Dana Hyde, a 55-year-old Beltway lawyer who had served in the Obama White House, had flown up from Virginia the day before with her husband, Jonathan Chambers, and their son Elijah to visit colleges in New England.
-
-The three passengers were able to spread out in a cabin that accommodates [up to 16](https://www.libertyjet.com/private_jets/Challenger%252520300). The trip, which would have taken more than eight hours by car, would be less than an hour, with no hassles at airport security, waiting in line to board, or juggling their schedules to match the airline’s — they just told the pilots when they wanted to go, where they wanted to go, hopped on, and left. After a brief delay due to an aborted takeoff attempt, the plane lifted off from Keene at 3:36 p.m., according to publicly available location data. It was a good day for flying: Winds were calm, the temperature a seasonally mild 44 degrees. Given the jet’s cruising speed, the family could expect to be on the ground at Leesburg Executive Airport by 4:30 p.m. From there, it would be a 30-minute drive to their home just across the state line in the affluent riverside village of Cabin John, Maryland.
-
-A two-day private jet trip like this costs about $25,000 to book from a charter company, but the family had the plane at its disposal because Chambers is a partner in Conexon, the consulting company that owns the plane. A onetime Republican [staffer](https://csreports.aspeninstitute.org/Dialogue-on-Public-Libraries/2014/participants/details/195/Jonathan-Chambers) for the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, Chambers had joined the Federal Communications Commission in 2012 and assisted in [rewriting the rules](https://www.bbcmag.com/bios/chambers-johnathan) for how the government helps [subsidize telephone and cable services](https://www.fcc.gov/news-events/blog/2014/12/24/notes-sandbox-rural-broadband-experiment-auction-results) in rural communities. In [2016](https://www.linkedin.com/in/jonathan-chambers-a016339/), he left government service and co-founded Conexon to help cable companies take advantage of the rules he had written.
-
-Hyde had an even more impressive résumé. Born to a single teenage mother, she grew up in rural eastern Oregon, then attended [UCLA](https://alumni.ucla.edu/class-notes/dana-hyde-89/) and got her law degree at Georgetown. From there, her star rose quickly. She worked as a White House special assistant during the Clinton administration, then served on the 9/11 Commission. After a spell at the State Department, she was picked by the Obama administration to head the Millennium Challenge Corporation, an independent agency set up during the Bush years to fight global poverty by funding projects in countries that follow free-market economic policies. Having come from modest means herself, “working to fight global poverty” was important to her, Hyde said at her [Senate confirmation hearing](https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Hyde_Testimony.pdf), but so was efficiency. “I believe in data-driven, cost-effective policies. I want the American people to always get their money’s worth from anything their government does on their behalf,” she testified. Confirmed [unanimously](https://www.congress.gov/nomination/113th-congress/1104), she steered the agency and its billion-dollar budget from 2013 until 2017. She thereafter worked as a partner at a Jerusalem-based venture-capital firm and was co-chair of the Aspen Partnership for an Inclusive Economy.
-
-Dana Hyde with the president of Ghana and then-Secretary of State John Kerry in 2014. Photo: PAUL J. RICHARDS/AFP via Getty Images
-
-A gentle breeze was blowing from the south as the plane rose from the 6,000-foot runway. It banked to the left as it climbed over the foothills of the White Mountains, then leveled its wings to follow the course of the Connecticut River southward. What happened next can be pieced together from a report released a month later by the National Transportation Safety Board.
-
-At 3:44 p.m., the plane was eight minutes into its flight and 23,000 feet over Amherst, Massachusetts, when, without warning, it [pulled up so violently](https://www.flightradar24.com/blog/severe-turbulence-kills-passenger-aboard-challenger-300/) that those sitting were pressed down into their seats with a force of four times their weight. Then the plane porpoised downward with nearly as much force. Anyone not belted into their seat would have been flung onto the ceiling. Cups, plates, briefcases, and even the hair on heads rose as if summoned by static electricity; then all, people and debris alike, slammed onto the floor as the plane arced skyward again. By the time the pilots regained control, it looked as though a hurricane had passed through the cabin.
-
-Chambers told the flight crew his wife was injured. The co-pilot went back to check on Hyde and provided what first aid he could, then returned and reported that her condition was serious. They had to divert.
-
-“We need to descend,” one of the pilots [radioed](https://www.liveatc.net/recordings.php) to air-traffic control, his voice audibly tense. “We need to descend. We need to go to an airport.”
-
-“Okay. You know where you need to go?”
-
-“We need to go to an airport that has medical facilities nearby.”
-
-The air-traffic controller offered a number of options, and the pilot chose Bradley International Airport, which at that point lay 20 miles directly ahead. As the plane began its descent, the air-traffic controller asked, “What’s the nature of the emergency?”
-
-“Uh, passenger is, has a concu — uh, a laceration.”
-
-“Laceration, roger, we’ll make sure there’s medical there for you.”
-
-The plane landed at 4 p.m. and taxied to the private aviation ramp where an ambulance was waiting. Hyde was rushed to the Saint Francis Medical Center in Hartford, where she died of her injuries later that evening. Connecticut’s [Office of the Chief Medical Examiner](https://portal.ct.gov/OCME/Press) reported that the immediate cause of death was blunt force trauma to the head, neck, torso, and extremities.
-
-Hyde’s death made [headlines](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/05/us/turbulence-passenger-death.html). “Former White House official dies of injuries after jet turbulence,” declared the [Washington *Post*](https://www.washingtonpost.com/transportation/2023/03/06/dana-hyde-airplane-turbulence/). It wasn’t just that such a high-ranking official had died but that she had seemed to succumb to a phenomenon that everyone who flies hates but few think of as life threatening.
-
-To be sure, dangerous turbulence is far from rare. Just two days before, a [Lufthansa flight](https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/lufthansa-flight-diverted-turbulence/index.html) en route from Texas to Germany encountered severe clear-air turbulence while flying over Virginia and had to divert to Washington, D.C. Passengers reported that the plane seemed to be in free fall for five seconds and that plates, glasses, and food from the dinner flew up to the ceiling and then crashed down throughout the cabin. Seven people were later hospitalized. As scary as such episodes are for passengers, they rarely result in death. In fact, while 146 passengers and crew were [injured by turbulence](https://www.faa.gov/newsroom/turbulence) in the United States between 2009 and 2021, none of them died.
-
-The unusual nature of Hyde’s death, together with her connections to the Clintons, set conspiracy theorists’ imaginations [spinning](https://www.newsweek.com/ex-clinton-lawyer-death-plane-conspiracy-theories-1786321). “The Clintons strike again,” wrote one commenter on [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/AviationAccidentsThisDayInHistory/posts/pfbid0XEixV1LuhaJGk5UWWcanqNbp5gBfrRYpoDNK8vDxnouWuchG7wCVG96irARGGkZwl). Wrote another, “Next you will mysteriously see this crew die over the years from ‘accidents.’” There were some reasons to wonder about the accuracy of the media’s coverage. Apart from the rarity of turbulence fatalities, there was the fact that weather conditions at the time of the incident had been calm and not conducive to turbulence. Indeed, no other aircraft operating in the area had reported it.
-
-As they began to look into it, investigators from the NTSB quickly realized that turbulence most likely hadn’t played a role at all. Instead, the likely causes seemed partly mechanical and partly human in nature.
-
-An early sign of trouble had occurred during the takeoff roll. As the plane accelerated down the runway, one of the pilots noticed that an airspeed indicator wasn’t working. Concerned, they braked to abort the takeoff and taxied back to the ramp, where they discovered they had failed to remove the cover from one of the airspeed probes. Generally brightly colored so they can be more easily seen, these covers are put over the probes to keep out dirt and insects between flights; removing them is part of the preflight ritual, so one being inadvertently left in place suggested the inspection of the aircraft had not been done with much care. The pilots decided to press on anyway.
-
-As the plane started its second takeoff roll, they noticed yet another problem: They had forgotten to enter into the plane’s computer the correct speed at which the pilot at the controls should pull back to initiate the takeoff climb. Rather than abort the takeoff a second time, they continued since the co-pilot knew the correct speed from memory. Again, the thing itself wasn’t such a big deal, but it seems indicative of a sloppy mind-set. “There just seemed to be a lot of misses,” says aviation consultant Brian Foley.
-
-Just two minutes into the flight, as the plane was completing its initial climbing turn to the south, warning messages began sprouting on the display panel: “AP STAB TRIM FAIL,” “MACH TRIM FAIL,” “AP HOLDING NOSE DOWN.” They popped up so quickly that, looking back on it later during interviews with the NTSB, neither pilot could remember what order they had appeared in or whether other messages had come up as well.
-
-A diagram from the Bombardier Challenger 300 manual. Graphic: BOMBARDIER
-
-These messages relate to systems that control the pitch of the aircraft — that is, whether the nose points up or down. The horizontal stabilizer (STAB) consists of two small wings at the top of the tail, like the top of a capital *T*, that keep the pitch steady. To move the nose up or down, the pilot (if flying manually) or autopilot moves a hinged slat on the back of the stabilizer, called an elevator. Moving it can require a lot of force, so once the plane’s nose is in the desired position, the stabilizer can be rotated to neutralize this force, a process called “trimming” (TRIM). The “AP STAB TRIM FAIL” alert meant that, due to some unknown failure, the autopilot couldn’t trim the stabilizer so was having to exert continuous force to hold the pitch steady. Specifically, it was having to push the nose down, as indicated by the “AP HOLDING NOSE DOWN” alert.
-
-When emergencies occur in flight, pilots are trained to immediately refer to the appropriate checklist that will tell them what to do step-by-step. So the co-pilot took his iPad and opened the Primary Stabilizer Trim Failure checklist. He showed it to the captain, who agreed it was the right one to run. The first item on the checklist was to shut off the stabilizer trim switch. The co-pilot did so and all hell broke loose. The plane jerked up so violently that the captain, who was flying the plane with one hand, had to grab the controls with both.
-
-Apparently, when the autopilot was turned off, it suddenly stopped holding the nose down against the force of the out-of-trim horizontal stabilizer. The effect was like a tug-of-war team that lets go of its rope: With no opposing force, the other team jerks in the other direction. As the plane bucked up, the captain aggressively pushed down on the controls, forcing the plane back toward the horizon. But he overcompensated and swung into a dive, then into a climb again. The captain told the co-pilot to put the stabilizer trim switch back in its original position. He did, and they were able to regain control of the plane. But for Hyde, it was already too late.
-
-The funeral was held five days later at Temple Micah, a D.C. synagogue where Hyde and her family worshipped. [Hundreds of people](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ex-political-aide-cause-death-170451957.html) attended, including a former Treasury secretary and a national security adviser. Afterward, her remains were flown to Israel for burial. Chambers issued a written statement eulogizing his wife, but the family has otherwise been private in the aftermath. (Conexon declined to comment for this story, and said in a statement it is “deeply saddened by this tragic event. We extend our sincerest sympathies to all those affected by this accident.”)
-
-The NTSB is continuing its investigation. It usually takes about a year for the board to issue a final report detailing its full findings. While much about the case will remain mysterious until then, it’s likely the accident will be found to involve a dynamic that has made up an increasing share of aircraft accidents in recent years: the unpredictable interplay between flawed automation and the vagaries of human behavior. The most famous cases are [the two fatal 737 MAX crashes](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/11/boeing-737-max-flying-blind-peter-robison.html) that together killed 346 people in 2018 and 2019. In each accident, surprised pilots struggled to deal with autopilots whose behavior they didn’t expect and didn’t know how to restrain.
-
-A lesser-known incident that more closely parallels the accident that killed Hyde [took place in 1999](https://reports.aviation-safety.net/1999/19990914-2_F900_SX-ECH.pdf). A Falcon 900B carrying ten passengers from Athens to Bucharest was descending toward its destination when one of the pilots inadvertently disengaged the autopilot. That plane too had been badly out of trim, and as soon as the autopilot switched off, the plane’s nose swung violently upward. One pilot pushed the nose back down but overcompensated, leading to a sequence of violent oscillations. The aircraft’s porpoising was so violent that seven of the ten passengers were killed. The accident report noted that “the cabin was destroyed … most of the armrests were torn off or broken.” The aircraft’s roof was punctured by the corner of a metal catering locker.
-
-Photo: Romania Ministry of Transport
-
-The plane that killed Hyde had well-known issues involving the stabilizer trim system. Just nine months before, the Federal Aviation Administration had [issued a directive](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/06/06/2022-12242/airworthiness-directives-bombardier-inc-airplanes) regarding Bombardier Challenger jets owing to “multiple in-service events” in which the plane had engaged in unexpected behavior after “STAB TRIM FAULT” messages appeared on the flight display. The directive called for operators to revise the procedures for pilots to follow, including “expanded preflight check of the pitch trim,” and warned that “uncommanded horizontal stabilizer motion could result … in loss of control of the airplane.”
-
-David Sullivan-Nightengale, a systems-safety engineer who has worked at Honeywell and Lockheed, says the best way to avoid aviation accidents like these is to work out flaws at the design level. The problem is that overhauling a system’s design may make changes so expensive as to become uneconomical. So companies attempt to calculate the probability that a design flaw will cause something to go wrong in the future — and how dangerous or damaging the result will be.
-
-“Unfortunately, they don’t consider the probability correctly sometimes,” Sullivan-Nightengale says, “and the occurrences are much higher than expected.” If a manufacturer chooses not to fix an underlying safety issue, a less expensive way to mitigate any ensuing risk is to adapt training protocols so that pilots know what to do if things go haywire. Unfortunately, that doesn’t always work out. “The least effective means of dealing with a hazard is training the pilots to mitigate it,” he says.
-
-The danger is especially acute when pilots are relatively inexperienced. Neither of those in the Hyde case had more than 100 hours in the Challenger 300. That may be one reason why the checklist they ran after getting the “AP STAB TRIM FAIL” warning turned out to be the incorrect one. On the [right checklist,](https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2023-03-28/multiple-eicas-alerts-preceded-fatal-challenger-flight-upset) the first item is to turn on the “fasten seat belt” sign. If they had, and Hyde had complied, she likely would still be alive today.
-
-Until the NTSB completes its investigation, we won’t know for sure what led to Hyde’s death. But even if poorly designed automation and inadequate pilot training are found to have been at play, that doesn’t mean the finding will lead to any major changes. Aviation regulators accept different degrees of risk depending on the kind of flying that’s going on. The strictest rules apply to commercial airlines, where hundreds of lives may be at risk on every flight. For recreational aircraft that carry only one or two people, the regulations are quite relaxed. Private jets fall somewhere in between.
-
-This shading of risk is why you’re far more likely to die on a millionaire’s jet or helicopter than in a seat in economy class. In the past 14 years, not a single passenger has died in a U.S. airline crash, but [dozens](https://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/NR20211117.aspx) die every year on chartered and private aircraft. Among the recent notable victims were Alaska senator Ted Stevens, billionaire Chris Cline, French businessman and politician Olivier Dassault, and basketball great Kobe Bryant.
-
-If a private aircraft goes haywire once in a while and slams some of its passengers to death, that’s an outcome no one is happy about. But it’s not necessarily, from a regulatory perspective, an unacceptable risk.
-
-When Flying Private Kills
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-&emsp;
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-# Who Murdered Apotex Pharma Billionaire Barry Sherman and Honey?
-
-![](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i0KLSCPgA.fY/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-Photo illustration by Mike McQuade; photos: Barry and Honey Sherman: George Pimentel. House: Fred Lum/the Globe and Mail
-
-## Murder, Money and the Battle for a Pharmaceutical Empire
-
-Almost six years after Barry and Honey Sherman became two of the wealthiest people ever to be murdered, police still haven’t identified the killers. But along the way, they’ve turned up no shortage of potential suspects—and a bare-knuckle family drama.
-
-August 3, 2023, 12:01 AM UTC
-
-The call came in to the Toronto police homicide squad on a chilly December afternoon. A man and woman had been found dead at a home in an upmarket suburban neighborhood, posed in a horrifying tableau. They were side by side at the edge of an indoor pool, held up by leather belts looped around their necks and tied to a metal railing. By the time the first officers arrived, in response to a 911 call from a real estate agent who was showing the house, rigor mortis had set in, indicating they’d been dead for hours.
-
-Brandon Price, a young homicide detective with sharp features and close-cropped brown hair, drove to the scene. The house was thick with people: uniformed constables to establish a perimeter, forensic specialists to comb for evidence, a coroner to prepare the remains for transport to an autopsy. An officer took photos, documenting the location and condition of the bodies as well as the state of the many other rooms.
-
-![Exterior of 50 Old Colony Rd. in Toronto](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i5tkZzRwS7uc/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-The Shermans' house at 50 Old Colony Rd. in Toronto. Photographer: Fred Lum/the Globe and Mail
-
-Outside was a growing number of journalists, dispatched as word filtered out about the identities of the deceased. They were Barry and Honey Sherman, one of Canada’s wealthiest and best-known couples and the residents of the house. Barry, 75, was the founder and chairman of [Apotex Inc.](https://www.apotex.com/global "link to Apotex website"), a large generic pharmaceutical producer. His net worth was estimated at $3.6 billion at the time of his death in 2017. He and Honey, 70, used that money to become major philanthropists, donating generously to charities, cultural institutions and Jewish causes. They weren’t the richest people in Canada, but they were as prominent as anyone, appearing at seemingly every charity gala in Toronto and known to have strong connections to the Liberal Party of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. Autopsies would determine that both of the Shermans had died from “ligature neck compression”—strangulation. They were among the wealthiest murder victims in history.
-
-Price and his colleagues have been investigating the Shermans’ deaths for more than five years, alongside private detectives hired by the couple’s adult children: Lauren, who’s now 47; Jonathon, 40; Alexandra, 37; and Kaelen, 32. In that time no one has been arrested, let alone charged. A representative for the Toronto Police Service declined to comment on the specifics of the investigation but said that it remains active and that it would be inaccurate to describe the murders as a cold case. They’re nonetheless an enduring mystery. Who had a motive to kill both Sherman and his wife? Why would that person choose such a gruesome method? And how did they cover their tracks so effectively?
-
-Even though the police and the private team haven’t identified suspects, they have turned up a great deal about the Shermans and their world. Most of their findings were unknown when *Bloomberg Businessweek* [last covered the case](https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2018-apotex-billionaire-murder/ "Who Killed the Billionaire Founder of a Generic Drug Empire?"), in 2018. They’ve been revealed for this story through legal filings, private documents, interviews with people familiar with the relevant events—who declined to speak on the record about private matters—and a cache of police materials released following petitions from the *Toronto Star*. As investigators dug into the Shermans’ past, they uncovered a family drama rife with vendettas and grudges, accusations and rumors, centered on a dominant patriarch and a next generation vying for his favor.
-
-With Barry Sherman gone, that drama entered a new, bare-knuckle phase. Suddenly inheriting his empire, his children made it clear that their priorities differed from their father’s. They broke with his and Honey’s closest confidants and began making plans to sell off Apotex, the company Sherman had devoted his life to building. Then, some of them turned on each other.
-
-In the summer of 2017, Apotex had a liquidity problem. A [judge in Ottawa](https://canlii.ca/t/h6mf3 "AstraZeneca Canada Inc. v. Apotex Inc., 2017 FC 726 (CanLII): Ruling") had just ruled against the company in a legal battle with AstraZeneca Plc, the UK-based pharma giant, which had accused it of infringing on patents for the heartburn drug Prilosec. The decision would require Apotex to pay about C$300 million ($227 million), equivalent to its entire annual budget for developing new products. To some extent, such courtroom losses were a hazard of doing business. Generic drug makers routinely introduce new products “at risk,” putting them on sale while they seek to invalidate the original drug’s patent in court. If the generic producers fail, they’re ordered to pay damages. If they win, they keep the revenue from the initial sales.
-
-Sherman had engaged in dozens of similar legal battles in his long career. He was neither a lawyer nor a drug scientist. Rather, he had a doctorate in aeronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. But after an uncle died suddenly, leaving behind a small generic drug company called Empire Laboratories, Sherman returned to his hometown of Toronto and took over. He sold Empire after six years and used the proceeds to set up Apotex in 1974.
-
-Heavyset and bespectacled, Sherman turned out to have a ferocious talent for the generics industry, and particularly for patent challenges. He spent much of his time on litigation, astonishing his attorneys by reading every brief they prepared. When Apotex lost a case, an appeal was a foregone conclusion: Sherman almost always fought to the end. He built the company into Canada’s top drug manufacturer, responsible for filling 1 in 5 domestic prescriptions, without going public or taking outside investment, leaving him in complete control.
-
-Sherman didn’t always act like the billionaire he was. His and Honey’s home, while large and comfortable, wasn’t in a particularly prestigious neighborhood. He drove a series of beat-up cars, wore ancient, frayed dress shirts and often ate at Swiss Chalet, a chicken chain where combo meals cost less than 15 bucks. What he enjoyed most was work, and he had an almost bottomless capacity for it, rarely taking a day off and dispatching emails at all hours. At the downtown charity functions he attended with Honey, the main decision-maker for the couple’s philanthropic endeavors, he mostly talked business.
-
-Although Sherman wasn’t Apotex’s chief executive officer—that was a British scientist named Jeremy Desai—he had the final say on big decisions. His style could be idiosyncratic. When a publicly listed company is engaged in a major legal case, it often makes a provision for the potential loss and plans its finances accordingly. Sherman preferred to wait until defeat was certain. Only then would he instruct his lieutenants to get the cash together, tapping his personal holdings if necessary. It was a risky strategy, but Sherman was confident he’d never be short.
-
-Still, the AstraZeneca judgment represented a huge hit, and it came at a time when Sherman faced significant demands on his funds. Apotex was planning a $184 million research and manufacturing [hub in Florida](https://www1.apotex.com/global/about-us/press-center/2017/03/08/apotex-announces-dollars-184-million-investment-to-grow-u.s.-manufacturing-presence-expansion-plan-comprises-companys-largest-investment-in-the-united-states "Apotex Announces $184 Million Investment to Grow U.S. Manufacturing Presence; Expansion Plan Comprises Company's Largest Investment in the United States: press release") while simultaneously considering a costly expansion of its Canadian production lines, something the patriotic Sherman considered a legacy project. He and Honey were also working with designers to plan a new house in tony Forest Hill, just north of downtown Toronto, where she wanted to move. Another line item related to Honey, too: Despite Sherman’s great wealth, she had relatively little in her own name, leaving her dependent on her frugal husband. Sherman was moving toward transferring a significant portion of his assets to Honey, which she’d be free to use as she wished.
-
-![Barry Sherman in 2006](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i83M7hSuFuo4/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-Sherman in a lab at his pharmaceutical company, Apotex. Photographer: Jim Ross/the New York Times/Redux
-
-One of Apotex’s most powerful competitors, Israel’s Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., had also opened a new and potentially expensive legal front. In a lawsuit filed in Pennsylvania federal court in July 2017, Teva claimed that Desai, the Apotex CEO, had been having an affair with a Teva executive who’d passed him confidential documents about products. Apotex and Desai denied acting improperly. The matter was still enough of an embarrassment that Sherman’s advisers urged him to get rid of Desai, but he refused, and it appeared no one at Apotex could change his mind.
-
-A further drain on Sherman’s resources was the multitude of relatives, friends and hangers-on who’d tapped him for money over the years. For the most part he was happy to oblige, underwriting everything from homes to dubious investment ideas. According to police documents, Sherman bought a house for a daughter’s brother-in-law and a C$1 million savings bond for her mother-in-law. For his son’s boyfriend, he bankrolled a real estate business and provided a monthly stipend that continued even after the couple broke up. Sherman also gave about C$8 million in assistance to a cousin, Kerry Winter, whose late father had founded Empire Laboratories. ([Winter later sued Sherman](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/at-apotex-a-family-feud-comes-to-the-fore/article1069800/ "At Apotex, a family feud comes to the fore: Globe and Mail"), claiming unsuccessfully that a long-dormant financial provision entitled him and his siblings to 20% of Apotex.)
-
-Then there were the four children themselves. Sherman was often absent when they were young, missing family dinners and sports events to be at the office. He was more generous with his money than his time, and he funded the lifestyles and business ventures of all four kids. Despite Sherman’s wishes, none was interested in working for Apotex, and he could be uncharitable in assessing their characters, telling friends and colleagues he was disappointed by their choices. (He was slightly less critical of Alexandra, who’d trained as a nurse.) After the Shermans were killed, a relative would tell police that the couple “had some frustrations with their children because of their lack of work ethic, because the children were raised in and exposed to a lot of money.”
-
-Honey’s relationship with the kids could be particularly strained. She was outspoken to the point of abrasiveness. After Jonathon came out as gay in high school, she struggled to hide her discomfort with his sexuality. Sherman was more accepting. Honey periodically urged him to cut back on his financial support for the children, to encourage them to be more independent. But he generally refused.
-
-![Jonathon Sherman speaks during the memorial service for his parents](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iNbki_3mdewA/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-Jonathon Sherman speaking at the memorial service for his parents. Photographer: Nathan Denette/the Canadian Press/AP Photo
-
-Some of Sherman’s largest checks went to two people: Jonathon, who had more of an interest in business than his siblings, and [Frank D’Angelo](https://www.linkedin.com/in/frank-d-angelo-95a60828/ "LinkedIn page for Frank D'Angelo"), a flamboyant entrepreneur whom Sherman met in the early 2000s. For Jonathon, Sherman backed Green Storage, a self-storage operation Jonathon ran with a childhood friend. Land-title records show that at the time the Shermans died, Green Storage had received C$135 million in low-cost loans from a company called Hour Holdings, which, according to a person with knowledge of the matter, Sherman had entirely funded.
-
-D’Angelo had investments in restaurants, brewing, energy drinks and film production; most were unprofitable. An internal tally prepared by Sherman’s colleagues and reviewed by *Businessweek* shows that Sherman extended hundreds of low-interest loans to D’Angelo’s company from 2003 to late 2017. Almost nothing was repaid. The individual loans were typically small, often only a few hundred thousand dollars, but the document shows that by the end of Sherman’s life, the total sum was more than C$268 million, including interest.
-
-D’Angelo, who didn’t respond to a detailed list of queries from *Businessweek*, is something of a comic figure in Toronto, with a persona that seems drawn in equal parts from *Goodfellas* and *Slap Shot*. Among other endeavors, he’s known for a late-night TV vehicle called *[The Being Frank Show](http://beingfrank.ca/ "link to Being Frank Show website")* and for producing B movies with names such as *Real Gangsters* and *Sicilian Vampire*. What Sherman saw in D’Angelo was a matter of speculation for those around him. Some concluded that Sherman, an archetypal nerd, relished hanging out with a back-slapping guy’s guy who was friendly, in turn, with figures such as Phil Esposito, the legendary Boston Bruins center. (In Canada, NHL players qualify as meaningful name drops.)
-
-According to people familiar with the situation, Jonathon tried for years to persuade his father to stop supporting D’Angelo, who, he argued, was taking advantage of Sherman—not to mention squandering money that might have gone toward the children’s inheritance. Others, including Jack Kay, Sherman’s longtime right-hand man, also urged him to cut off D’Angelo. But Sherman bristled at Jonathon’s criticism, describing him as “petulant” for questioning his decisions. Matters became tense enough that at one point, Jonathon suggested he might seek a medical determination that his father—viewed as an intellectual titan by virtually everyone who worked with him—was incompetent to manage his own affairs. Sherman found the idea ridiculous, and the confrontation blew over. (A representative for Jonathon declined to comment, apart from a statement that Jonathon “remains committed to working with his siblings, furthering his parents’ legacy of charitable giving and community service, while also supporting the ongoing criminal investigation.”)
-
-The mid-2017 AstraZeneca defeat forced Sherman to reevaluate his spending. Right after the ruling he emailed Jonathon and his business partner, telling them he was “reluctant” to advance more money to their ventures in the short term. In a message later that year he urged the pair to quickly arrange bank mortgages, “to enable repaying 50-60 million.” But Sherman emphasized that the constraints were temporary: “I am certain that we will be able to advance further substantial funds to you, if wanted for further investments, beginning in 2019.”
-
-With D’Angelo, Sherman took a harder line. “Losses of 500,000 per month appear to be endless. Despite endless assurances that we are now doing well. Where is it all going??” he asked in a September 2017 email. D’Angelo wrote that business “is just coming around. It’s on a tight rope.” Less than two weeks later, D’Angelo copied Sherman on a discussion of revenue shortfalls in his film and drinks businesses. “Our timing is beyond brutal!” he complained. “Our Movie Sicilian Vampire is No. 1 movie on Mexican t.v. & we are in this situation. I’m reading Fox the f---en riot act this Thursday.”
-
-In response, Sherman said he’d had enough of D’Angelo’s requests for cash. “I have been providing funds month after month for years, averaging close to $1 million per month,” he wrote. “Approximately every 2 weeks, I get another request for funds, because some expected revenue is late, but in reality it is to cover endless losses. There have been countless assurances of various good things that were imminent, but almost nothing has materialized.” He continued: “I will not be able to provide further funding beyond the end of this year, so we need to decide what to do with each division individually.”
-
-![Police outside the Shermans’ house after their bodies were discovered.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iZnvj3QWGqvA/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-Police outside the Shermans’ house after their bodies were discovered. Photographer: Chris Helgren/Reuters
-
-From the moment the Shermans’ housekeeper, Nelia Macatangay, arrived at 50 Old Colony Rd., early on Friday, Dec. 15, 2017, she started noticing unusual things. In the three years she’d worked for the couple, the burglar alarm had always been on when she arrived in the morning. Now it was off. Nor was there any sign of Sherman, whom Macatangay usually found in the kitchen. He and Honey didn’t appear to be home, and Macatangay began cleaning.
-
-The Shermans’ real estate agent, Elise Stern, arrived and began giving a tour of the house to a couple who were considering buying it. Stern was leading everyone into the basement pool room when she saw the bodies slumped on the far side of the deck. She later told police she initially thought the Shermans might be doing “some sort of weird meditation or yoga,” but she soon realized something was amiss and hustled the prospective buyers out. Stern then asked Macatangay to go down and look. “I am sure I saw them in the basement,” she said. “Something happened.” Frightened, Macatangay refused. The family gardener, who was also in the house, offered to go down instead. She came back upstairs shaking.
-
-The Sherman case landed that afternoon with a team led by Detective Sergeant Susan Gomes, a veteran cop of almost 30 years. But it was Price, a much younger detective, who went to the scene and was assigned as the primary investigator, under Gomes’ supervision. Speaking to reporters outside the Sherman home that night, Price made a comment the Toronto police would come to regret. “I know that an event such as this can be very concerning to the community,” he said. “I can say that at this point in the investigation, though it is very early, we are not currently seeking or looking for an outstanding suspect.” Partly, according to a person familiar with the investigation, Price made the statement to calm fears in the neighborhood. There’d been a number of recent break-ins, and police wanted to avoid panicking residents. But the implication of his remarks was clear, and local papers [began reporting](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/police-investigating-deaths-of-toronto-billionaire-barry-sherman-and-wife-as-murder-suicide/article37357096/ "Family urges 'thorough' investigation into deaths of Apotex CEO Barry Sherman, wife Honey: Globe and Mail") that detectives suspected Sherman could have murdered Honey, then killed himself.
-
-Gathered with their loved ones at Alexandra’s house, the Shermans’ children refused to accept this notion. Their parents were rich, in relatively good health and delighted by their expanding ranks of grandkids. Sherman sometimes joked that he intended to live forever, because the world couldn’t go on without him. The children decided the police were heading down the wrong path. Within a day they’d hired [Brian Greenspan](https://15bedford.com/profiles/greenspan/ "Brian Greenspan website"), a celebrated Canadian criminal lawyer, who initiated a private investigation. Its first goal was straightforward: to prove Sherman wasn’t responsible for his and Honey’s deaths. Over the weekend, Greenspan began assembling a team of retired police led by [Tom Klatt](https://www.klattinvestigations.com/about "link to Klatt Investigations website"), a former Toronto homicide officer, and made plans for second autopsies of the bodies.
-
-Whatever Toronto police suspected early on, they weren’t dismissing the possibility that both Barry and Honey had been murdered. Officers fanned out across the city, even searching the sewers around 50 Old Colony. They applied for warrants to search the Shermans’ electronic devices—Honey used a white iPhone; Barry, somewhat eccentrically, a BlackBerry—and compared crime-scene images with photos taken for the real estate listing, to determine whether anything valuable was missing. An officer lifted fingerprints from Honey’s Lexus SUV. Others sought seven years of the Shermans’ medical billing records, partly to determine whether either was “suffering from any undisclosed, terminal illness or any substantial pain which could alter their outlook on life,” as officers described their aim in a warrant document.
-
-![Brian Greenspan](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ibHSf0NMC7wI/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-Sherman family lawyer Brian Greenspan. Photographer; Chris Young/the Canadian Press/AP Photo
-
-![Detective Brandon Price](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ivzPJ_Cmcp2U/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-Detective Brandon Price. Photographer: Rene Johnston/Toronto Star/Getty Images
-
-![Det. Sgt Susan Gomes](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/il9pTwJvtkAM/v0/640x-1.jpg)
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-Detective Sergeant Susan Gomes. Photographer: Chris Young/the Canadian Press/AP Photo
-
-Detectives also attempted to reconstruct the couple’s final hours. They’d last been seen on the evening of Dec. 13, after a meeting with the team designing their new house. Sherman sent a routine email to colleagues shortly afterward, then went silent. No one heard from him or Honey the next day, a Thursday, even as their phones lit up with messages: photos from Alexandra, a holiday party invitation from Jonathon and notes from various Apotex executives. The unresponsiveness was extremely unusual, especially for Sherman, who tended to reply to emails right away.
-
-The police interviewed a cross section of relatives, friends and associates. Price met early on with Kay, who was the vice chairman of Apotex and Sherman’s closest colleague. Kay rejected the suggestion that Sherman could be a killer. “Barry would never harm anyone,” he said, according to police notes. Alexandra told two other detectives that even though her parents had often quarreled when she was younger, in the past few years they were “a lot more in love and not arguing and spending more time together.” Jonathon provided a similar assessment and added that, to his knowledge, they’d never experienced mental health issues. At the same time, he said, “there are people out there who would have a grudge against them and would have a reason to hurt them.”
-
-Just how abnormal a probe this was became even clearer after police visited Sherman’s office and removed his hard drive as evidence. The following day the Toronto force received an email from [Goodmans](https://www.goodmans.ca/ "Link to Goodmans law firm"), Apotex’s longtime law firm, warning that the computer and Sherman’s other electronics contained documents that were “highly confidential and proprietary to the company.” The lawyers demanded that the devices “be segregated and sealed” until they could establish a process for protecting corporate information. After discussions with government legal advisers, the police consented to a remarkable arrangement: Goodmans attorneys would get to read Sherman’s files first, then provide access only to material they’d determined wasn’t legally privileged.
-
-The parallel private investigation was also highly unusual. Almost from the start, people familiar with the matter said, the family’s investigators believed the police were mishandling their inquiry. Most glaring was the suspicion of murder-suicide. The pathologist who conducted the first autopsy of the Shermans’ bodies had told Price that murder-suicide, double suicide and double homicide were all possibilities. And initial police warrant applications listed only Honey as a murder victim, while the nature of Sherman’s death was “unclear.”
-
-For their own autopsy the private team hired David Chiasson, a doctor who’d formerly served as chief forensic pathologist for the province of Ontario. The day before the Shermans’ funeral, he examined their remains at the Toronto coroner’s complex while Klatt and others from Greenspan’s group looked on. According to the people familiar with the matter, Chiasson noted wide markings on the Shermans’ necks—the imprint of the belts that had tied them to the pool railing. But the belts, he thought, might not have been used to strangle them. Chiasson also observed another set of markings, which were narrower, as though from a cord or rope. No such item had been found. If Sherman had hanged himself from the railing, he would obviously have been unable to dispose of whatever had left the second set of markings. It was far likelier that someone had put him in that position. Greenspan’s team told the homicide squad about Chiasson’s findings right away and offered to have the pathologist brief police. But it was more than a month before Gomes, Price’s superior, met with Chiasson. Shortly after that, [she announced in a press conference](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpbaNRmoiiw "Toronto Police Homicide News Conference: YouTube video") that the police now believed both Shermans were the victims of a targeted murder.
-
-#### Basement Plan of 50 Old Colony Rd.
-
-Source: 731, Houssmax
-
-The force completed its searches of 50 Old Colony in late January, six weeks after the discovery of the bodies. Klatt was standing by with a group of retired forensic investigators to take over the scene. They conducted a fresh search for fingerprints and palm impressions and used a specialized vacuum to gather fibers that might not be visible to the naked eye. At more than 12,000 square feet, the home presented a complicated puzzle. For one thing, the pool wasn’t necessarily where the killings had occurred. The Shermans drove home separately on the night of Dec. 13, with Honey arriving first. It appeared that Sherman dropped his belongings just past the side door he’d used to enter from the sunken garage—perhaps the location where he was attacked. Honey’s iPhone, which she usually kept close at hand, was found in a ground-floor powder room that family members had never known her to use.
-
-![The pool at the Shermans’ home](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iy59IbZ51KJw/v0/640x-1.jpg)
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-The pool at the Shermans’ home. Source: Realtor.ca
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-The private team didn’t have access to the same picture the police did. Its relationship with the force was chilly, with officers declining to provide even basic information. At the second autopsy, the pathologist who’d conducted the original postmortem had given Greenspan’s team a binder of crime-scene photos. When police officials learned of it, they demanded the images be returned. (Greenspan did so, though his group had already reviewed them.) It wasn’t merely that the Toronto cops resented being second-guessed; they saw no legal way to share evidence they’d gathered, and a defense lawyer would be sure to seize on any hint of an improper relationship. Using evidence from the outside investigators, they also feared, might leave them open to legal challenge.
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-Undeterred by the risks, the Sherman children continued to fund the investigation. For them, money wasn’t a problem.
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-Barry Sherman’s finances were complex. He had two wills, both executed in 2005. The first dealt with personal assets such as real estate, their value estimated by his trustees at around C$69 million. The second was for certain shares in privately held companies, including the entities that controlled Apotex. (The wills were made public after a reporter for the *Star*, Kevin Donovan, [sued to force their disclosure](https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/supreme-court-unseals-barry-and-honey-sherman-estate-files-paves-way-for-access-in-toronto/article_e04782b2-f48d-5941-8360-8276edb1f51f.html "Supreme Court unseals Barry and Honey Sherman estate files, paves way for access in Toronto Star legal win"), in a case the Sherman estate appealed all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada.) But the bulk of Sherman’s wealth resided in a pair of trusts, set up to transfer money to family members over time. One listed only his and Honey’s children as beneficiaries; the other allowed for discretionary distributions to additional relatives and their descendants. In most scenarios, however, the four Sherman kids would receive the largest portion of the assets.
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-It was clear Jonathon would play a role in managing the family’s riches. In addition to being the most business-oriented of his siblings, he was one of four trustees of his father’s estate, along with Kay; Alexandra’s then-husband, Brad Krawczyk; and Alex Glasenberg, who managed the family’s holding company, Sherfam. With Sherman gone, the trustees were formally in charge of Apotex.
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-One of the first major changes there came in late January 2018, when Desai, whom Sherman had refused to fire after Teva’s corporate espionage allegations, left the company. Desai would tell police that without Sherman he “did not have the protection or support” to continue in his role.
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-That left the question of broader corporate strategy. Focused on long-term growth, Sherman had maintained research and development spending at a considerably higher level than industry peers. And his plans for expanded manufacturing, including the new plant in Florida and more production lines in Canada, would require major commitments of capital. Although it was a big drugmaker in Canadian terms, Apotex didn’t have the global scale of rivals such as Teva, and according to colleagues, Sherman had figured he’d have to sell his company eventually. But he’d wanted to do so only after implementing his vision.
-
-By March 2018, Jonathon and his sisters had made a formal determination to sell Apotex much sooner. In a memo to the trustees, they said their wish was to exit the business “as quickly as possible (9-18 months max), and for the highest possible value,” so they could free up cash to “fully fund” their future charitable endeavors. As a prelude to executing those instructions, Apotex slashed R&D expenses, looked for assets to unload and put investment plans on hold. It would ultimately sell the Florida site at a loss.
-
-Not all the trustees were happy with the strategy. Kay had worked alongside Sherman since the early 1980s. They had adjacent offices, separated by a short hallway, and had spent thousands of hours together, often in good-natured debates about religion and other topics. Kay wanted to stick to Sherman’s plans, people familiar with the matter said, convinced that the idea of selling earlier would have horrified his friend. Meanwhile, the people said, Jonathon bristled at Kay’s decision, some months after the murders, to move down the hall into Sherman’s former office. Kay presented the change as practical, allowing Apotex to free up space. But Jonathon interpreted it as overreach.
-
-In December 2018, shortly before the first anniversary of the killings, Jonathon asked Kay for a meeting. He was polite but firm, informing Kay that his employment at Apotex was over. The next day his office access would be gone. Although Kay was clearly upset, he seemed resigned to the situation; he and Jonathon had been at odds for months. He soon walked out to his car.
-
-That wasn’t the only close relationship that didn’t survive the Shermans’ deaths. At their [memorial service](https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=10154971508191175 "Video of Service"), held in a cavernous convention hall and attended by about 6,000 people, Jonathon had announced a plan to honor his parents’ philanthropic legacy. “We would like to announce the creation of the Honey and Barry Foundation of Giving,” he said in his eulogy. He envisioned a role for Honey’s sister, Mary Shechtman: “We would also like to ask our Aunt Mary … to help guide this foundation in a way that best honors our parents.”
-
-But the children ended up severing links with Shechtman, their mother’s closest confidant. Money was one of the main causes of the estrangement. Soon after the murders, according to people with knowledge of the matter and correspondence seen by *Businessweek*, Shechtman began claiming that Honey had intended to leave her hundreds of millions of dollars—much or even all the money Sherman had been moving to transfer to his wife. Shechtman repeated the claim over the following months and also requested other assets, including jewelry and real estate. Honey “wanted me and my children to get everything of hers,” Shechtman wrote in one email. “She knew the value of her entire estate would be minimal compared to what you and your siblings would inherit and none of you would need it financially.” (A representative for Shechtman declined to comment.)
-
-Even if the transfer to Honey had occurred, she appears not to have had a will; none has been located. The money Shechtman said she was due was part of what the children were inheriting. Not surprisingly, they declined to give it to her. “I cannot willy-nilly give my sisters’ inheritance away simply because Mary claims it is hers,” Jonathon wrote in a message to his siblings.
-
-![photo illustration](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iqgAsmlYI8Go/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-Clockwise from top left: Price, D’Angelo, Shechtman, Greenspan and Jonathon Sherman, with Gomes in the center. Photo Illustration by Mike McQuade; photos: Price: Getty Images; Shechtman, Sherman: Nathan Denette/the Canadian Press/AP Photo; Greenspan: Chris Young/the Canadian Press/AP Photo; D’Angelo: Allison Jones/the Canadian Press/AP Photo
-
-As the Sherman children tried to make sense of their new situation, police were investigating their parents’ financial relationships. With his combative style and a business model centered on grabbing revenue that would otherwise go to big drugmakers, Sherman had accumulated his share of enemies in the pharma industry. In an interview for *Prescription Games*, a 2001 book by Jeffrey Robinson, Sherman had said he wondered why a big drug company didn’t “just hire someone to knock me off.” He’d continued: “Perhaps I’m surprised that hasn’t happened.”
-
-That was a touch dramatic—publicly traded corporations tend to prefer lawsuits to contract killings. And according to a person with knowledge of their investigation, no one in Sherman’s industry dealings stood out to police as a potential suspect. Nor were they certain, based on the crime scene, that the murders were the work of hired professionals. Paid hits in Canada, as in other Western countries, are typically carried out with a quick bullet or two to the head.
-
-Several people in Sherman’s orbit instead became of considerable interest to detectives. The most obvious to them was Winter, the cousin who’d sued Sherman for a stake in Apotex. He was an early focus of the police investigation, the person with knowledge of it said, and Price interviewed him at length. Winter had made no secret of his anger toward Sherman, who, he claimed, had concealed an option agreement intended to benefit him and his siblings. A judge in Ontario’s Superior Court of Justice had [thrown out Winter’s suit](https://canlii.ca/t/h65n0 "Winter v. Sherman, 2017 ONSC 5492 (CanLII): Judgment") about three months before the Shermans were killed. Soon after their deaths, Winter told the Canadian Broadcasting Corp. that he’d previously fantasized about killing his cousin, saying Sherman would “come out of the building at Apotex … and I’d [just decapitate him](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ov7SCivAo5A "Link to CBC Interview: YouTube video").” Winter added, “I wanted to roll his head down the parking lot.” (He declined to comment.)
-
-Price and his team also looked into D’Angelo, whose unprofitable brewing, restaurant and film ventures Sherman had funded before threatening in late 2017 to end his support. (The Sherman estate would eventually write off D’Angelo’s debts, concluding there was no way to recover the money.) And they scrutinized Jonathon, who’d moved to put his mark on the family empire and was one of the main financial beneficiaries of his parents’ demise.
-
-To establish whether any of the three could have been involved, police analyzed the records of phone numbers they were known to use, mapping their communications and whereabouts before and after the Shermans were killed. Officers also obtained “tower dumps”—data that show every device connected to a cell tower in a given period—for the area around Old Colony Road, as well as the places where the couple had been in the hours leading up to their deaths. Police could then check whether numbers came up that were linked to Winter, D’Angelo, Jonathon or other individuals on detectives’ radar—for example, by being registered to a business address associated with one of them. But the phone analysis and other police inquiries into the men didn’t turn up hard evidence, the person familiar with the probe said. Even if each of the three had a potential motive, detectives couldn’t link them to the crime.
-
-In the autumn of 2018, more than 10 months after the murders, Greenspan called a press conference. Its purpose was partly to announce that the Sherman family had set up a tipline and was [offering a reward](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-26/murdered-billionaire-s-family-offers-7-6-reward-for-information "Family of Murdered Billionaire Posts $7.6 Million Reward") of as much as C$10 million for information leading to charges. Greenspan indicated that he hoped the money would induce someone with inside knowledge to come forward. “And as they become wealthy, their colleagues who were engaged in this crime \[will\] become the subjects of a prosecution,” he said.
-
-Greenspan also used the occasion to [slam the police](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwrDSvRZwkM "Sherman murder investigation update: CBC News YouTube video"), citing the findings of his own investigators. Toronto officers, he said, had “failed to properly examine and assess the crime scene” and had “failed to recognize the suspicious and staged manner in which \[the Shermans’\] bodies were situated”—leading to the discarded suspicion of a murder-suicide. He claimed police had neglected to check all points of entry into 50 Old Colony and had missed “at least 25 palm or fingerprint impressions.” Greenspan said he was delivering his remarks in part “to light the fire” under the Toronto force, which was still refusing to cooperate with his group. He urged it to accept a “public-private partnership,” in which the external investigators would augment the resources of city detectives, and said his team’s evidence would stand up to scrutiny in a future trial.
-
-Contrary to Greenspan’s wishes, the two investigations did not begin working more closely after his comments. If anything, the chasm widened. Out of view, the police did have an intriguing lead. Early in their investigation, officers had canvassed the Shermans’ neighborhood for surveillance footage taken around the time of the murders. (The couple had no working cameras on their own property.) Residents recognized everyone who turned up in the videos, with one exception: a lone figure in a winter coat and hat or hood who’d spent a curious amount of time close to the Shermans’ home.
-
-![Police surveillance video still.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iUimBKyAS6N8/v0/640x-1.jpg)
-
-A surveillance video still made public by police. Source: YouTube
-
-The images were maddeningly poor, though. The person looked vaguely male—police began calling him the “walking man” in judicial documents—and appeared to stand between 5 feet 6 inches and 5 feet 9 inches. But it was impossible to make out his face or other details. His only distinctive feature was the way he walked, with a habit of kicking up his right foot with each step. Detectives found his behavior extremely suspicious—so much so that they said in warrant paperwork that their “investigative theory \[is\] that this individual is involved in the murders.” But they were unable to determine his identity.
-
-By 2019 their investigation had been underway for more than a year, still with no arrests. The private probe was similarly inconclusive. The tipline Greenspan had set up did receive a large volume of calls. Inevitably, many were from cranks and purported psychics. Some were from people offering useful information. None was from the insider Greenspan had speculated might break the case open.
-
-In early 2019, Alexandra stopped replying to calls and messages from Jonathon. Before then the siblings, who’d been close since childhood, had been in regular communication. For example, while Greenspan represented all four children, it was Jonathon and Alexandra who were functionally his clients, holding regular meetings with him. The eldest and youngest children, Lauren and Kaelen, weren’t deeply engaged with the private investigation.
-
-Jonathon sent Alexandra a long email in April, headed “I miss you, please read.” He told her he’d “always counted you as my closest confidant, and I’m feeling pretty hurt that you don’t want to talk to me.” Jonathon continued: “If there is something I’ve done to upset you to the point that you won’t answer the phone when I call, could you please explain it to me?” Eventually he learned what had changed. Alexandra, four people with knowledge of her views said, had begun to think Jonathon might have been involved in their parents’ deaths. It’s unclear what drove her to that suspicion, and the police, according to the person with knowledge of their investigation, didn’t view it as being based on any evidence.
-
-Alexandra hired her own lawyer, [John Rosen](https://rosenlaw.ca/index.php/staff-member/john-rosen/ "Link to bio"), known for his work defending serial murderer and rapist Paul Bernardo. In August 2019, Rosen sent a letter to Greenspan. He wrote that Alexandra wanted Greenspan to “cease the parallel investigation and to deliver forthwith to the Toronto Police Service investigators a copy of your complete file.” In the meantime, Rosen said, Greenspan was “no longer authorized to publicly claim to represent her.” Although Jonathon wanted to keep working with Greenspan, the lawyer concluded it would be inadvisable to continue. His probe ended officially in December 2019, and its findings were turned over to the police. (A representative for Alexandra declined to comment beyond a statement that she remains “hopeful that the case will be solved” and urges anyone with relevant information to contact the homicide squad.)
-
-At the same time as Jonathon’s relationship with Alexandra broke down, tensions were emerging between him and Glasenberg, the Sherfam manager. Originally from South Africa, Glasenberg had worked for Sherman since the 1990s and knew more about his business activities than virtually anyone. Jonathon, according to documents reviewed by *Businessweek*, argued that Glasenberg was refusing to share information to which he was entitled and was making key decisions without his input. (A representative for Glasenberg denied these claims and said he “has at all times acted fairly and appropriately in his dealings with Jonathon Sherman and has abided assiduously by his fiduciary and other duties.”)
-
-Alexandra and her sisters sided with Glasenberg in what soon became a major rift. The situation worsened steadily through 2020, to the point that Jonathon threatened to go to court to press his grievances—litigation that would be sure to attract enormous media attention. Through their lawyers, the sisters suggested that if he did so, they might sue to remove Jonathon as an estate trustee. Before anyone filed a lawsuit, the four siblings agreed to professional mediation. The process eventually resulted in the appointment of a new board for Sherfam, including one representative nominated by each of the siblings. After being installed in mid-2021, the new board’s first task was to finally implement the decision the children had made three years earlier, and start a formal effort to sell Apotex.
-
-Meanwhile the police kept investigating, offering no public updates about their progress. They were still trying to determine the identity of the walking man and getting nowhere. Price [broke the silence](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVsn4zPBTKE "Toronto Police Homicide Update: Investigation into Murders of Barry & Honey Sherman: YouTube video") in late 2021, releasing a brief video of the mysterious individual and appealing for citizens’ help in identifying him. Given that detectives had been aware of the person’s presence near 50 Old Colony since 2018, why had they waited this long to disclose the video? To critics, it appeared the force was trying to show that its investigation into a crime that remained a subject of fascination in Toronto hadn’t been completely fruitless. A more charitable interpretation would be that Price hoped to revive public interest and prompt some hitherto-unknown witness to reveal themselves.
-
-Hank Idsinga, the current head of the homicide squad, has publicly emphasized that it’s not uncommon for complex murder cases to be resolved years after the fact. While the Sherman investigation remains live, it’s not nearly as active as before. Gomes, the original supervising detective, has been promoted and no longer works in homicide. Price was also promoted and is now a detective sergeant, with responsibility for the overall management of the Sherman file. Only one detective, Dennis Yim, is assigned to it full time. According to a person with knowledge of his work, Yim has recently been focused on probing Sherman’s financial dealings in the US, including through various shell companies and offshore entities. Still, the person said, detectives’ best hope at this point is that someone, somewhere, will come forward with information that leads to a breakthrough.
-
-While the Shermans were alive, their children were part of a tight network of extended family, coming together for elaborate Jewish holiday celebrations that Honey threw at their home. Many of those bonds have now been broken. Although Jonathon and Alexandra live within a short drive and both have young kids of their own, they haven’t been on speaking terms since 2019. When they communicate, it’s through their attorneys. Alexandra has also split from her husband, and Kaelen divorced the man she married after the murders.
-
-The efforts by the new Sherfam board to find a buyer for Apotex were successful, and last year the company announced it was being [acquired by SK Capital Partners](https://www.apotex.com/ca/en/about-us/press-center/2022/09/28/sk-capital-to-acquire-apotex-a-global-leader-in-affordable-pharmaceuticals "SK Capital to Acquire Apotex, a Global Leader in Affordable Pharmaceuticals: Press release"), a private equity firm based in New York. The price wasn’t disclosed, but people with knowledge of the transaction said it valued Apotex between C$3 billion and C$4 billion. Soon, Sherman’s principal asset would be turned into cash to be divided by his heirs. As the rest of Sherman’s estate is unwound, the financial affairs of his children will be increasingly unconnected from one another. (Lauren lives in British Columbia with her family. Kaelen has been active in Israel; according to the financial newspaper *Globes*, she spent [$41 million](https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-kaelen-sherman-buys-50-herzliya-ritz-carlton-stake-1001386841 "Kaelen Sherman buys 50% Herzliya Ritz Carlton stake") for a 50% stake in a seaside Ritz-Carlton hotel in 2021.)
-
-Jonathon has used some of his money to retain a second private investigator, a former Manhattan prosecutor named [Robert Seiden](https://www.confidentialglobal.com/wordpress/robert-seiden-esq/ "link to bio"), who’s said he chose a career in law enforcement because of the killing of his brother, a bystander in a 1980s mob hit. According to a person familiar with the assignment, however, Seiden is mainly on standby in case new information emerges, rather than leading a fresh probe.
-
-In December, Alexandra marked the five-year anniversary of her parents’ murders with a press release, attributed only to her, that reiterated that the C$10 million reward “remains available and is still unclaimed.” A few days later, Jonathon made a separate announcement through the CBC. He said he was adding an additional C$25 million. *—With [Manuel Baigorri](https://www.bloomberg.com/authors/AQG_Xc2b4Lg/manuel-baigorri "link to bio page") and [Riley Griffin](https://www.bloomberg.com/authors/ATsVc8UbABc/riley-griffin "link to bio page")*
-
-## More On Bloomberg
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-Date: 2023-02-22
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-TimeStamp: 2023-02-22
-Link: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/02/chicago-mayor-lori-lightfoots-struggle-to-be-reelected.html
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-```button
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-^button-WhoWantstoBeMayorNSave
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-&emsp;
-
-# Who Wants to Be Mayor?
-
-Chicago’s Lori Lightfoot is in danger of being thrown out in a warning sign for other big-city Democrats.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/e55/790/232354dd0f8a3dd7aee614c48f7322d7c5-lori-lightfoot.rsquare.w700.jpg)
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-Lori Lightfoot is the first big-city mayor to face voters after the grinding years of the pandemic. Photo: Jose M. Osorio/Chicago Tribune/Tribune News Service via Getty Images
-
-On a recent tour of Chicago’s Austin neighborhood, a heavily Black district on the West Side, Mayor [Lori Lightfoot](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/04/lori-lightfoot-chicago-activists.html) arrived with a [familiar message](https://twitter.com/danielmarans/status/1624457388509077505): She had done far more for the neglected enclaves of the city than any of her recent predecessors.
-
-“Where did we come to?” she asked the crowd.
-
-“West Side!” they cried back.
-
-“Where did we start?”
-
-“West Side!”
-
-“And the money’s been flowing to … ?”
-
-“West Side!”
-
-Lightfoot was touting one of her signature initiatives, Invest South/West, which [aims to marshal](https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct-lightfoot-invest-south-west-chicago-20230113-ibywnqtse5bt5o5lplpbwlupee-story.html) more than $2 billion in public and private investments to revitalize working-class communities in the historically disinvested West and South Sides. If she were a typical Chicago mayor, she would be able to count on another four years, at minimum, to see the plan through, reveling in splashy ribbon-cuttings for new affordable housing complexes, firehouses, and parks.
-
-Instead, she may become the first Chicago mayor in 34 years to lose an election. And even that may undersell the rarity of Lightfoot’s predicament—that defeated mayor, Eugene Sawyer, had been appointed to his position, not elected. The voters of Chicago have not turned back an incumbent *elected* mayor in 40 years, not since Jane Byrne, the first woman to lead Chicago, was defeated in a Democratic primary in 1983. It’s the sort of city where two men named Richard Daley, father and son, could last in City Hall for more than four decades combined.
-
-Lightfoot is in danger of not only losing but not surviving the first round on February 28, when the top-two vote getters will advance to a spring runoff if no one wins a majority of votes. The Democrat *should* reach the top two in a field that features at least four viable candidates, but nothing is assured. One [recent poll](https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/poll-lightfoot-miss-runoff-chicago-mayoral-race-rcna70783) showed her running in third place, behind Paul Vallas, the former Chicago public-schools chief, and Jesús “Chuy” Garcia, a congressman who ran an unsuccessful but high-profile bid for mayor in 2015.
-
-It’s a warning to mayors elsewhere, including [Eric Adams](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/02/eric-adams-once-again-goes-to-town-on-woke-democrats.html), that incumbency advantage will only go so far in this new, uneasy age for big cities.
-
-“It’s hard to imagine a worse time for being a mayor of a major American city,” said Anthony Fowler, a professor at the Harris School of Public Policy at the University of Chicago. “On one hand, it’s easy to sympathize with her. She’s been mayor during a really challenging time, governing a city that is historically very difficult to govern.”
-
-A former federal prosecutor and member of the city’s police oversight board, Lightfoot rose to fame when she chaired a special task force to investigate the 2014 police murder of Laquan McDonald, which then-Mayor Rahm Emanuel was accused of covering up. The task force issued a scathing report, finding pervasive racism within the department. Emanuel decided against running for a third term in 2019, and Lightfoot entered the race, winning all 50 wards in the runoff by uniting Black, Latino, and white voters on a promise of reform. She became the third Black mayor in the city’s history and the first who is openly gay. Though critical of the police department, she [never embraced](https://www.chicagomag.com/news/june-2020/lori-lightfoot-police-reform/) the activist view that the size and scope of the department had to be drastically reduced. (One of her great reform accomplishments, the establishment of an independent civilian oversight body for the police, came [after delays](https://news.wttw.com/2022/07/25/long-delayed-push-create-police-oversight-board-stalls-without-lightfoot-s-interim-picks) and activist pressure.)
-
-Lightfoot took office less than a year before the pandemic struck. The toll for large cities was immense; like New York, Chicago saw thousands of deaths and its vibrant downtown emptied out, as office workers fled and business migrated elsewhere. In May 2020, George Floyd was murdered, and Chicago endured a long, hot, and violent summer of protest. Through it all, crime exploded. Homicides rose sharply in 2020 and 2021, tailing off slightly in 2022. Still, the level of bloodshed remains at a level [last seen](https://news.wttw.com/2023/01/04/chicago-homicides-declined-2022-total-still-among-highest-90s) in the 1990s, unnerving a shrinking city where there is little debate that crime is *the* pressing concern. In 2022, 695 people were murdered in Chicago, far more than the 433 homicides recorded in New York, a city three times as large.
-
-No mayor could dramatically reverse these numbers in a few short years, and Lightfoot is the rare big city mayor to face the judgment of voters seek re-election after governing through the heart of the pandemic. Bill de Blasio of New York and Eric Garcetti of Los Angeles were term-limited. Boston Mayor Marty Walsh resigned in 2021 to become Joe Biden’s Labor secretary. Lightfoot, in a telephone interview, defended her record, pointing to her effort to curb crime and reform the notoriously brutal police as well as her managing of the city’s debt and its enormous — and historically underfunded — [pension obligations](https://news.wttw.com/2022/08/16/mayor-lori-lightfoot-touts-glow-end-chicago-s-pension-debt-tunnel).
-
-“I think no sane person wants to try to govern through, hopefully, a once-in-a-lifetime global pandemic, an economic meltdown, a civic unrest following the murder of George Floyd, and an increase in crime across the country,” Lightfoot said. “Even through strong headwinds, we’ve made a lot of concrete progress on behalf of the city.”
-
-But Lightfoot’s many critics, while acknowledging her inordinate challenges, point to an alienating management and leadership style that has steadily eroded her support. Like her predecessor, the imperial Emanuel, Lightfoot has clashed with progressives and the powerful Chicago Teachers Union, which has endorsed one of her rivals, Brandon Johnson. She battled with the Democratic governor, J.B. Pritzker, over a plan to bring an elected school board to Chicago and warred with Democrats on the city council, even [losing out](https://www.chicagobusiness.com/politics/pat-dowell-endorses-brandon-johnson-mayor) on an endorsement from the chair she handpicked for the body’s powerful budget committee. Many on the left [remain embittered](https://inthesetimes.com/article/chicago-mayor-lori-lightfoot-chuy-garcia-brandon-johnson-paul-vallas-election) because Lightfoot, who decided to flood public transit with police, never reopened mental-health clinics shuttered under Emanuel and Daley. The leader of Chicago’s police union, John Catanzara, reviles her. “Lawlessness has ruined this city,” said Catanzara, who himself is enough of a Donald Trump supporter to [openly defend](https://abc7chicago.com/chicago-police-union-president-john-catanzara-donald-trump-riot/9448446/) the motivations of the January 6 rioters. “It has shattered our morale.”
-
-The police union is backing Vallas, who also recently won the support of the Chicago *Tribune*’s conservative editorial board. A lifelong Democrat, Vallas is [courting](https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/elections/ct-paul-vallas-mayor-republican-20230213-rjl6fmiri5ftbjheqxehovkop4-story.html) moderate and conservative voters in a bid to reach the runoff with Lightfoot or one of the other top candidates. Vallas has carved out a clear lane for himself as the most obvious and viable [law-and-order candidate](https://www.paulvallas2023.com/publicsafety) in the field, decrying criminal-justice reforms, promising to hire more police, and fuming that Chicago “has been surrendered to a criminal element.”
-
-He has plainly gotten under Lightfoot’s skin. In our interview, she accused him of “scaring the bejeezus out of white Chicago” and “borrowing a page from the so-called southern strategy.” Voters, she told me, “will see him for what he is, someone who wrecked our city schools” — an apparent reference to his controversial tenure as the leader of the city’s schools. (Vallas’s campaign did not return a request for comment.)
-
-Jesus “Chuy” Garcia after conceding his loss to Rahm Emanuel in 2015. Photo: Jonathan Gibby/Getty Images
-
-Lightfoot, Garcia, and Johnson all hope to reach the runoff, preferably against Vallas, who could offer a sharp-enough contrast to unite various liberal voting blocs against him. But Lightfoot is struggling to get there, in part, because she’s shed so much support in four years. (One [recent poll](https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__abc7chicago.com_chicago-2Dmayoral-2Delection-2D2023-2Dcandidates-2Dpaul-2Dvallas_12833296_&d=DwMFaQ&c=7MSjEE-cVgLCRHxk1P5PWg&r=K2Lt38BudOuvcS_ifT0mpI1eQ87Rq8BLF4Ar7jnnLE8&m=HChuDcJ0MgVn-SGkFKXew26-cEt-Kjq_oyt-sghqwWsRlmVzwcDr0li1y3HTiwez&s=DVF-ND1D4gjo9X02yvEgRolY7KUdkFd2lf6c9UM8JTQ&e=) showed her trailing Vallas in a hypothetical runoff.) Since she never held elected office before assuming the mayoralty, her base, a mix of white liberals and Black voters, has always been fragile. More moderate voters are furious that crime has not come down fast enough. Progressives, in turn, feel Lightfoot has mostly abandoned them, pitching a Daley-esque neoliberalism vision for the city. Her defenders are still adamant she is the best option for Chicago: “You watch the debates, you see a lot of people throwing out talking points, sound bites — she’s actually led,” said Craig Carlson, a labor leader backing Lightfoot. But she’s fallen far from the heights of the 2019 election.
-
-Johnson, a Cook County commissioner, is competing with Lightfoot, along with businessman and perennial candidate Willie Wilson, for votes in the Black community. He has been hoovering up support from many of the progressives who detest her. “The last few years have been a time of colossal loss and grief and horror,” said Emma Tai, the executive director of United Working Families, a Working Families Party affiliate that is supporting Johnson. “We’re realizing how little people’s lives have meant to the political Establishment.”
-
-Johnson is a progressive favorite because he backs raising taxes on the rich and non-police solutions to violent crime, like year-round youth employment and new mental-health clinics. He also wants to aggressively hold the police department accountable for complying with its [federal consent decree](https://news.wttw.com/2022/03/25/chicago-police-extending-consent-decree-timeline-3-additional-years). He won the backing of the influential union that represents Chicago public-school teachers, who have resented Lightfoot at least since a teacher [walkout](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/01/lori-lightfoots-chicago-teachers-union-covid) last year, after COVID cases surged in the public schools. In recent days, Lightfoot has taken direct aim at Johnson, [lashing him](https://chicago.suntimes.com/elections/2023/2/14/23600160/mayor-lori-lightfoot-attacks-brandon-johnson-taxes-rich-forum-west-side-polls-february-election) for wanting to raise taxes that could, in her view, drive businesses out of Chicago.
-
-Garcia, though, may pose the greatest threat to Lightfoot’s reelection of any of the Democrats. The congressman, who represents Chicago’s western half and suburban areas of Cook County, is hoping for a strong turnout from the city’s Latino voters as well as progressives and more center-left Democrats who might see Johnson as too liberal. Garcia is one of the most left-wing members of Congress — on [many votes](https://www.congress.gov/member/jesus-garcia/G000586), he aligns with the Squad, and he backed Bernie Sanders for president — but he’s distanced himself from the rhetoric of the “defund the police” movement and lost progressive endorsers from 2015, when he ran for mayor and forced Emanuel into a runoff. That year, he was the candidate of the teachers union and a broad coalition of activist groups. (In Congress, he [drew scrutiny](https://www.wbez.org/stories/chuy-garcia-steps-down-from-committee-overseeing-crypto/dc5a3989-2f60-481d-94cf-a31bbcf5529a) for taking donations from disgraced cryptocurrency mogul Sam Bankman-Fried.)
-
-Garcia endorsed Lightfoot in 2019, though he’s since repudiated her. His backers see the longtime Chicago Democrat, who previously served on the Cook County Board of Commissioners, as a successor to the city’s first Black mayor, Harold Washington, who was hailed for weaving together multiracial coalitions before he died in office in 1987. “I believe Harold Washington was the greatest mayor our city ever had,” said Andre Vasquez, an alderperson supporting Garcia. “Chuy has that same kind of spirit.”
-
-All the campaigns agree that the race remains incredibly volatile. As many as a quarter of Chicago voters may be undecided, and turnout, in the dead of winter, is not expected to be robust. Unflattering headlines have continued to dog Lightfoot — ethics complaints arose after her campaign [emailed](https://news.wttw.com/2023/01/11/lightfoot-campaign-asks-cps-teachers-encourage-students-help-her-win-reelection-return) Chicago public-school teachers to tell them they could encourage students to volunteer for her — and the growing likelihood that the Bears [may leave](https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/sports/chicago-football/chicagos-mayor-releases-statement-as-bears-announce-purchase-of-arlington-park-property/3073646/) Soldier Field for the suburbs could, in theory, inflict further political damage. But Lightfoot is hopeful, in the final week before the runoff, that Chicagoans will decide she’s the steady hand needed to guide the city out of its pandemic-induced rut.
-
-“We’re telling the story of our accomplishments,” Lightfoot said, “and reminding them of everything we’ve done.”
-
-Lori Lightfoot and the Agony of Big-City Mayors
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-Link: https://www.theamericanconservative.com/why-bill-watterson-vanished/
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-# Why Bill Watterson Vanished - The American Conservative
-
-Books
-
-The creator of *Calvin and Hobbes* is back, but the mystery is why he disappeared in the first place.
-
-![1280px-Calvin_Runs_Through_the_Streets_of_London_(4913938447)](https://www.theamericanconservative.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/1280px-Calvin_Runs_Through_the_Streets_of_London_4913938447.jpg)
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-(cogdogblog/WikiMedia Commons)
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-When Bill Watterson walked away from *Calvin and Hobbes* in 1995, he was exhausted. The comic strip had consumed ten years of his life, the latter half of which were spent fighting his syndicate for creative control and warring with himself as he fitfully came to realize that he had nothing left to say about a six-year-old boy and his stuffed tiger. And the decision couldn’t have come at a worse time: *Calvin and Hobbes* was at the height of its popularity. To quit then seemed like career suicide. 
-
-It *was* suicide, the intentional, ritualistic sort. Watterson wasn’t just done with daily newspaper cartoons; he was finished with public life. After his last Sunday strip ran on December 31 of that year, he retired to his home and resolved never again to publish cartoons. Watterson described the experience as a sort of death: “I had virtually no life beyond the drawing board,” he said of the years leading up to the decision. “To switch off the job, I would’ve had to switch off my head.” 
-
-For the next five years, he did not so much as touch his drawing board. With each day that he did not draw, he acquired the reputation of a latter-day J.D. Salinger, a tortured minor genius, who, having carried off the highest honors available to a newspaperman, turned from the admiration that haunted his steps and sought for a better and quieter satisfaction in secluded work around the Cleveland suburbs.
-
-Too frequently, however, was his seclusion interrupted by nosy fans. In 1998, a reporter from the Cleveland *Plain Dealer* staked out Watterson’s house in Chagrin Falls. He caught the cartoonist on the front lawn and the two debated, off the record, the nature of privacy. Watterson made his points forcefully. “He wanted to debate,” the reporter recalled. “It was almost collegiate.” In 2003, *Cleveland Scene* sent another reporter to Watterson’s neighborhood, who also returned empty-handed. That same year, Gene Weingarten, then as now the *Washington Post*’s resident nerd, flew to Cleveland and posted up in a hotel room, with a message sent through Watterson’s parents, accompanied by the bribe of a rare comic book, declaring that until he was granted an interview, he would not leave. But Watterson had no interest in comics, rare or otherwise. The next day, his editor at Andrews McMeel, Lee Salem, told Weingarten to fly back to Washington.
-
-Only one time did Watterson directly answer his pursuers. In 2008, the superfan Nevin Martell repeatedly attempted to corner him at home—grasping, like all the others, for contact through his parents—and received this message in reply: “Why is he doing this? Who cares?”
-
-So it came as some surprise earlier this year when Watterson’s publisher announced his first new book in nearly thirty years. *The Mysteries* is a “modern fable” with illustrations by the caricaturist John Kascht. At seventy-two pages, the book itself is a slight thing, in no way a return to the daily grind of the funny pages. It is being sold exclusively in print. And, typical of Watterson, press access is limited. Andrews McMeel is not sending review copies until the week of its publication in early October.
-
-In all promotional material, publicists take pains to stress—sometimes rather awkwardly—that *The Mysteries* is emphatically not *Calvin and Hobbes*. This marketing choice was no doubt made at the request of Watterson, who for years has required that Andrews McMeel post a notice at the bottom of its website informing fans that he will not autograph their books and he will not read their correspondence if it at all relates to *Calvin and Hobbes*. Of course, people try anyway, and, according to the publisher, if it forwarded correspondence to Watterson, “he would be unable to keep up with the overwhelming demand.”
-
-All of this predictably left me more curious about *Calvin and Hobbes* than it did about *The Mysteries*. Watterson’s retirement is understandable; most people grow old and no longer find delight in their work. Besides, at a certain age, other goods in life tend to take precedence: children, grandchildren, and, in more reflective minds, contemplation of death. But this is not exactly the course that seems to have led Watterson away from *Calvin and Hobbes*.
-
-In the years since the strip’s end, Watterson has indicated that there was something false inherent to *Calvin and Hobbes*, some impurity either in his approach or encoded in the strip itself that made it impossible to continue in good faith. That, combined with the fight over licensing with his syndicate, crushed him. “I lost the conviction that I wanted to spend my life cartooning,” he remembers realizing in 1991, four years before he ended the strip. Beyond stray comments such as this one, he has never forthrightly explained where exactly he went wrong. But I think I have an explanation.  
-
-The trouble with *Calvin and Hobbes* started at the very beginning, when Watterson was a year out of college. In those days, he was nothing if not earnest. He was working at the *Cincinnati Enquirer* as a political cartoonist, a job he had scored through Jim Borgman, a school connection on the paper’s staff. (Borgman is better known now for illustrating *Zits*.) The job was a bad fit: Watterson had no feel for horse race politics. At Kenyon College, he had studied political science under the school’s resident Straussians, reading Plato, Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Locke—but decontextualized theories of political life did him little good in the 1980 presidential primaries, which he had been assigned to cover. Watterson recalls absentmindedly doodling George H.W. Bush in an editorial board meeting as the rest of the staff drilled the future vice president on Ronald Reagan’s fitness for office. He felt totally lost. Within a few months, he was fired.
-
-Then came a long period of bitterness. Watterson moved back in with his parents and took a job designing layouts for a weekly free ad sheet which was handed out at his local grocery store. He received minimum wage and slaved in a windowless basement office. His boss shouted at him frequently. His car was in constant need of repair. During his lunch break, he read books in a cemetery. He did this job for four years. 
-
-And he developed a monomania that would become the force behind his life’s work. He had failed at politics. He could feel himself failing at advertising. There was only one other career he could envision, and it was in humor. But there was nothing funny about how he achieved it. *Calvin and Hobbes* was conceived in desperation and executed in panic.
-
-By the time Watterson secured syndication for the strip (it debuted in thirty-five newspapers), he had devised a system of work that he describes as “pathologically antisocial.” His editor advised him at the outset not to quit his day job immediately; strips often fail within the first year, and it would be discouraging for him to leave one gig only to lose another. But Watterson didn’t listen. He decided that he would rather be destitute than ever do anything besides *Calvin and Hobbes*. As the years rolled on and the strip grew in its popularity, his wish was granted. 
-
-“Work and home were so intermingled that I had no refuge from the strip when I needed a break,” Watterson recalls. “Day or night, the work was always right there, and the book-publishing schedule was as relentless as the newspaper deadlines. Having certain perfectionist and maniacal tendencies, I was consumed by *Calvin and Hobbes*.”
-
-By Watterson’s own admission, he cannot accurately recall a whole decade of his life because of his “Ahab-like obsession” with his work. “The intensity of pushing the writing and drawing as far as my skills allowed was the whole point of doing it,” he says. “I eliminated pretty much everything from my life that wasn’t the strip.” While Watterson’s wife, Melissa Richmond, organized everything around him, he furthered his isolation, burrowing ever more deeply into the strip’s world. There was no other way, he believed, to keep its integrity absolute. “My approach was probably too crazy to sustain for a lifetime,” he says, “but it let me draw the exact strip I wanted while it lasted.” 
-
-When crises arose, it often seemed like the end of the world. First, there was the fight with the syndicate. It looks like a piddling matter now, when few newspapers turn a profit, but in the Reagan era, there was still some money to be made in print media—particularly in licensing the rights to popular cartoons. Watterson wasn’t opposed to licensing in principle, but he felt that nearly all the merchandising proposals presented to him would devalue his strip of its artistic merit. He fought with his syndicate for years and expressed his dissatisfaction with the business side of the comics industry in speeches, in interviews, and, eventually, in court. At last, he won a renegotiated contract and the right to draw bigger, more complex Sunday strips, something Watterson had wanted since he began. The victory was pyrrhic. “For the last half of the strip, I had all the artistic freedom I ever wanted, I had sabbaticals, I had a good lead on deadlines, and I felt I was working at the peak of my talents,” he says. But Watterson had designed a world for himself so self-contained that any disruption could mean its destruction: “I just knew it was time to go.” 
-
-This much became clear in the middle of the licensing fight. It took up so much of his energy that he lost his lead time on the strip and found himself in a situation where he was drawing practically every single comic on press night. After a few weeks of this, he broke down. “I was in a black despair,” he says. “I was absolutely frantic. I had to publish everything I thought of, no matter what it was, and I found that idea almost unbearable.” His wife saw him spiraling out of control and drew up a schedule that helped him slowly, over the course of six months, rebuild his lead time.
-
-Not long after, Watterson crashed his bike, bruised a rib, and broke a finger. He was so afraid of losing his lead again that he propped his drawing board on his knees in his sickbed and drew anyway. That freaked him out, too, and so gradually he scaled his life down to the point where nothing unpredictable could happen. Even as he harnessed every waking second for *Calvin and Hobbes*, some malignant force within pushed him to dizzying heights of anxiety. “I would go through these cycles of despair and elation based on the perceived quality of the strip—things that I doubt anyone else could see in either direction,” Watterson says. “It was all a bit manic.”
-
-Needless to say, Watterson had no children throughout the entire run of *Calvin and Hobbes*. He wasn’t particularly interested in that sort of thing, and, anyway, in his guarded world there was no time for children. This is odd to consider, especially since the strip is putatively about childhood and family life, and its reputation rests largely on the fact that kids still love it. 
-
-For my own part, *Calvin and Hobbes* consumed much of my childhood, as I am sure is the case for many other people who came of age at the turn of the millennium. But the attraction, I think, derived mainly from the fact Calvin thinks, speaks, and acts like no child in existence. Everything about his character is utterly alien to an actual six-year-old; yet his environment is so fully realized and the adults in his world so true to life that his own reality is almost completely convincing. To the clever child, however, it becomes clear quickly that in the mind of his creator, Calvin is a tiny adult surrounded by large adults, confined to the strictures of childhood only by accident of his age and size. This is why the strip often appeals most to the lonely and unhappy, to children who do not think of themselves as such and to adults who are better thought of as children.
-
-Watterson admits freely that he falls into that latter category. “Calvin reflects my adulthood more than my childhood,” he says. “I suspect that most of us get old without growing up, and that inside every adult (sometimes not very far inside) is a bratty kid who wants everything his own way.” Of course, Calvin and Hobbes aren’t the only characters who reflect Watterson. Calvin’s mom, his dad, Susie Derkins, Rosalyn the babysitter, even Moe the bully—they’re all Watterson’s creations; his own personality is present in all of them. “Together, they’re pretty much a transcript of my mental diary,” he says. “I didn’t set out to do this, but that’s what came out, and frankly it’s pretty startling to reread these strips and see my personality exposed so plainly right there on paper. I meant to disguise that better.”
-
-Watterson is right that he didn’t disguise himself very well, and the way his monomania practically screams off the page can be rather unsettling. I have before me now the three-volume, complete *Calvin and Hobbes*, which, at twenty-three pounds, is the heaviest book ever to have appeared on the *New York Times* bestseller list. I have read it multiple times in its entirety. For every delightful Sunday strip about dinosaurs or Spaceman Spiff or Calvin’s wagon careening into a pond as Hobbes covers his eyes in mock horror, there are five daily strips about the evils of television, the depravity of advertising, the sorry state of modern art, and, of course, the four last things: death, judgment, heaven, and hell—all placed in the mouth of six-year-old who with each passing year seems to become more cynical, more pissed-off, more bitter.
-
-I can flip to almost any page in this set and find something that reveals its creator’s inner anguish. The most famous example—often cited by Watterson himself—is a Sunday strip that appeared in February 1991. It is drawn almost entirely in black-and-white ink and depicts an argument between Calvin and his dad. In the last panel, the only one drawn in color, Calvin’s dad says, “The problem is, you see everything in terms of black and white.” Calvin replies: “SOMETIMES, THAT’S JUST THE WAY THINGS *ARE*.” Watterson says that the strip was a “metaphor” for the battle with his syndicate. It is a blatant reference to Watterson’s own life, and anyone following *Calvin and Hobbes* closely would have picked up on it.
-
-But many of the other individual strips don’t refer to anything specific outside Calvin’s world at all. They read like the work of someone struggling to make it through the day. For instance, in early March 1992, we find Calvin in the classroom, asking a question to his teacher, Miss Wormwood:
-
-> **Wormwood:** If there are no questions, we’ll move on to the next chapter.
-> 
-> **Calvin:** I have a question.
-> 
-> **Wormwood:** Certainly, Calvin. What is it?
-> 
-> **Calvin:** What’s the point of human existence?
-> 
-> **Wormwood:** I meant any questions about the subject at hand.
-> 
-> **Calvin:** Oh. Frankly, I’d like to have the issue resolved before I expend any more energy on this.
-
-Then, a week later, here’s Calvin talking to his mom:
-
-> **Calvin:** Mom, can I have some money to buy a Satan-worshiping, suicide-advocating heavy metal album? 
-> 
-> **Mom:** Calvin, the fact that these bands haven’t killed themselves in ritual self-sacrifice shows that they’re just in it for the money like everyone else. It’s all for effect. If you want to shock and provoke, be sincere about it.
-> 
-> **Calvin:** Mainstream commercial nihilism can’t be trusted?!
-> 
-> **Mom:** ’Fraid not, kiddo.
-> 
-> **Calvin:** Childhood is so disillusioning.
-
-I could go on like this for pages, flipping back and forth at random through the entire collection. But the point is, save for the first few months of the strip, which, for easily forgivable reasons, veer more toward lame, canned jokes, *Calvin and Hobbes* reads like a ten-year-long experiment in hysterical realism. Fans often mistake these outbursts for philosophy (a characterization that Watterson vigorously resists), but the truth is much more mundane. These are simply the natural thoughts of a man chained to his desk. “Comic strips are typically written in a certain amount of panic,” Watterson sometimes reminds fans. “I just wrote what I thought about.”
-
-What then to do when there is nothing left to think about? Watterson compares ending *Calvin and Hobbes* to reaching the summit of a high mountain. He had ascended slowly, covering much rough ground, and when he had reached the crest of that lofty peak, he paused to survey his surroundings. Anyone who has climbed a mountain knows exactly what happens in this moment: You look up and see nothing but pale blue sky. You look down, and the whole world is laid out before you, seemingly complete. In that rarified air, it is easy to imagine that there is nothing else beside. People go crazy on mountaintops. Which is exactly what happened to Watterson. He had no desire to return whence he came. And he couldn’t go any higher; no one can ascend into the air itself. So he took his next best option. He jumped.
-
-Watterson had no choice. The world that he built was by its nature finite, and he had reached its limits. This much becomes clear in the last few weeks of the strip. It’s almost apocalyptic: the ancillary characters all disappear. There are no more elaborate flights of fancy. And by the last week of the strip, there is nothing left but Calvin and Hobbes themselves, trudging through a thick Ohio snow. The famous final Sunday strip, “Let’s Go Exploring” is dominated by a massive white space in the center of the page, spreading outward toward the margins. It is often said that “Let’s Go Exploring” ends *Calvin and Hobbes* on an upbeat note, exhorting readers to remember that life, after all, is a tabula rasa, and you can make it whatever you wish. But this gets it backward. The end of *Calvin and Hobbes* is not about filling a blank sheet. It is about taking a colored sheet and making it blank again.
-
-#### Subscribe Today
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-##### Get weekly emails in your inbox
-
-In the years following the strip’s end, Watterson has done his best to make sure that the sheet remains entirely blank. He of course stopped drawing comics after retiring. But he also emptied himself of all physical attachment to *Calvin and Hobbes*. In 2005, he donated the bulk of his original proofs to the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library and Museum in Columbus. Once he had unburdened himself of the madness that had consumed him for practically his entire adulthood, he embarked upon the project of actually living. In the early 2000s, he and his wife, then in their forties, adopted a daughter who became, Watterson says, his first priority. And fatherhood, it seems, altered the way he views his old obsession. When asked by a fan in 2005 if there is anything he would change if he were to restart *Calvin and Hobbes* now, Watterson laughed at the impossibility of such an idea and said, “Well, let’s just say that when I read the strip now, I see the work of a much younger man.”
-
-A strange episode in that younger man’s career, I think, reveals the impetus behind Watterson’s desire to completely remove himself from past projects. There is an often-told story about how, midway through his sophomore year at Kenyon College, Watterson decided to paint a reproduction of Michelangelo’s “Creation of Adam” on the ceiling of his dorm room, in imitation of the Sistine Chapel. He undertook the project in secret and painted for hours at a time, lying on his back, copying the fresco from an artbook. His reproduction was no masterwork, but that wasn’t the point of doing it. It was “done out of some inexplicable inner imperative,” he recalls, and the very fact of him doing the work “lent an air of cosmic grandeur to my room, and it seemed to put life into a larger perspective.”
-
-What Watterson recalls most clearly about the episode is its end. When the dorm masters discovered the work, they allowed him to finish, so long as he returned the room to its normal state at the end of the semester. Watterson was more than happy to comply. When the work was complete, he didn’t even have the option to leave God and Adam to decay; he had the satisfaction of erasing it all, covering the creation in a shining white coat.
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]], [[Crypto Investments|Crypto Investment]], [[@Investment master|Investment]]
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-# Why Does Crypto Matter? Matt Levine on BTC, ETH, Blockchain
-
-There was a moment not so long ago when I thought, “What if I’ve had this crypto thing all wrong?” I’m a doubting normie who, if I’m being honest, hasn’t always understood this alternate universe that’s been percolating and expanding for more than a decade now. If you’re a disciple, this new dimension is the future. If you’re a skeptic, this upside-down world is just a modern Ponzi scheme that’s going to end badly—and the recent “crypto winter” is evidence of its long-overdue ending. But crypto has dug itself into finance, into technology, and into our heads. And if crypto isn’t going away, we’d better attempt to [understand it](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-10-25/10-takeaways-from-matt-levine-s-the-crypto-story). Which is why we asked the finest finance writer around, Matt Levine of [Bloomberg Opinion](https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion), to write a cover-to-cover issue of *Bloomberg Businessweek*, something a single author has done only one other time in the magazine’s 93-year history (“[What *Is* Code?](https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-paul-ford-what-is-code/),” by Paul Ford). What follows is his brilliant explanation of what this maddening, often absurd, and always fascinating technology means, and where it might go. —*Joel Weber, Editor,* Bloomberg Businessweek
-
-![Bloomberg Businessweek cover image](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iKwsFM2Qox1Y/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Featured in *Bloomberg Businessweek*, Oct. 31, 2022. [Subscribe now](https://www.bloomberg.com/subscriptions).
-
-## I  
-Ledgers, Bitcoin, Blockchains
-
-![vintage photo of man typing on computer](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ioIz_KLlfJpY/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-MODERN LIFE CONSISTS IN LARGE PART OF ENTRIES IN DATABASES.
-
-If you have money, what you have is an entry in your bank’s database saying how much money you have. If you have a share of stock, what you have is generally an entry on a list—kept by the company or, more likely, some central intermediary1—of who owns stock.
-
-If you own a house, things are slightly different. There’s a house involved. But your ownership of that house is probably written down in some database; in the US this often means there’s a record of you buying the house—your title—in a filing cabinet in the basement of some county clerk’s office. (It’s not a very *good* database.) In many ways the important thing here is the house: You have a key to the front door; your stuff is there; your neighbors will be unsurprised to see you leaving the house in the morning and would be surprised to see someone else coming back in. But in many other ways the important thing is the entry in the database. A bank will want to make sure you have the title before giving you a mortgage; a buyer will want to do the proper procedures to that record before paying you for the house. The key will not suffice.
-
-Lots of other stuff. Much of modern life occurs online. It’s not quite true that your social life and your career and your reputation consist of entries in the databases of Meta Platforms and Google and Microsoft, but it’s not quite false, either.
-
-Some of this stuff has to do with computers. It’s far more convenient for the money to be computer entries than sacks of gold or even paper bills. Some of it is deeper than that, though. What *could* it mean to own a house? One possibility is the state of nature: Owning a house means 1) you’re in the house, and 2) if someone else tries to move in, you’re bigger than them, so you can kick them out. But if they’re bigger than you, now they own the house.
-
-Another possibility is what you might think of as a village. Owning a house means you live there and your neighbors all know you live there, and if someone else tries to move in, then you and your neighbors combined are bigger than them. Homeownership is mediated socially by a high-trust network of peers.
-
-![photo of suburban neighborhood](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iZC0KjPmJ89I/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Neighborhoods, where everybody knows your name.
-
-A third possibility is what you might think of as a government. Owning a house means the government thinks you own the house, and if someone else tries to move in, then the government will kick them out.2 Homeownership is mediated socially by a government. The database is a way for the government to keep track. You don’t have to trust any particular person; you have to trust the rule of law.
-
-Money is a bit like that, too. Sacks of gold are a fairly straightforward form of it, but they’re heavy. A system in which your trusted banker holds on to your sacks for you and writes you letters of credit, and you can draw on those letters at branches of the bank run by your banker’s cousin—that’s pretty good, though it relies on trust between you and the banker, as well as the banker and the banker’s cousin. A system of impersonal banking in which the tellers are strangers and you probably use an ATM anyway requires trust in *the system*, trust that the banks are constrained by government regulation or reputation or market forces and so will behave properly.
-
-Saying that modern life is lived in databases means, most of all, that modern life involves a lot of trust.
-
-![Jamie Dimon](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iW7vesxsTfGU/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-WE TRUST THE KEEPERS OF THE DATABASES.
-
-Sometimes this is because we know them and consider them to be trustworthy. More often it means we have an abstract sense of trust in the broader system, the system of laws and databases and trust itself. We assume that we can trust the systems we use, because doing so makes life much easier than *not* trusting them and because that assumption mostly works out. It’s a towering and underappreciated achievement of modernity that we mostly do trust the database-keepers,
-
-  ![Mark Zuckerberg, Sundar Pichai, Christine Lagarde, Cathie Wood](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iksjnh_pk2O4/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-and that they mostly are trustworthy.
-
-  ![Bernie Madoff](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iJrb_PVyQqIg/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-B.
-
-What If You Don’t Like It?
-
-i. Distrust
-
-But we don’t always trust them, and they’re not always trustworthy.
-
-Sometimes they just aren’t. There are banks you can’t trust to hold your money for you and places where you can’t trust the rule of law to regulate them. There are governments you can’t trust not to seize your money from the banks, or falsify election results, or change the property registry and take your house. There are social media companies you can’t trust not to freeze your account arbitrarily. Most people in the US, most days, live in a high-trust world, where it’s easy and reasonable to trust that the intermediaries who run the databases that shape our lives will behave properly. But not everyone everywhere lives like that.
-
-Even in the US, trust can be fragile. The 2008 financial crisis caused huge and lasting damage to a lot of people’s trust in the banking system. People trusted banks to do nice, safe, socially productive things, and it turned out they were doing wild, risky things that caused an economic crisis. After that it became harder for many people to trust banks to hold their savings.
-
-Also, though, you might have a philosophical objection to trust. Even if your bank has an absolutely unblemished record of keeping track of your money, that might not be good enough for you. Your bank is, to you, a black box. “How do I know you’ll give me my money back?” you could ask the bank. And the bank will say things like “Here are our audited financial statements” and “We are regulated by the Federal Reserve and insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.” and “We have never *not* given back anyone’s money.” And you’ll say, “Yes, yes, that’s all fine, but how do I *know*?” You don’t. Trust is built into the system, a prerequisite. You might want proof.3
-
-![City skyline](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iU04YGFs0xjk/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Can you name this bank? Doesn’t matter, it’s still a black box!
-
-ii. Composability
-
-Even if you’re generally cool with trusting the keepers of modern databases, you might have a more technical objection. These databases aren’t always very good. Lots of the banking system is written in a very old computer language called Cobol; in the US people still frequently make payments—electronic transfers between electronic databases of money—by writing paper checks and putting them in the mail. US stock trades take [two business days](https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2017-68-0) to settle: If I buy stock from you on a Monday, you deliver the stock (and I pay you) on Wednesday. This isn’t because your broker has to put stock certificates in a sack and bring them over to my broker’s office, while my broker puts dollar bills in a sack and brings them over to your broker’s office, but because the actual process is a descendant of that. It’s slow and manual and sometimes gets messed up; lots of stock trades “fail.”
-
-Don’t even get me started on the property registry. If you buy a house, you have to go to a ceremony—a “closing”—where a bunch of people with jobs like “title company lawyer” mutter incantations that let you own the house. It can take hours.
-
-If your model of how a database should work comes from modern computers, the hours of incantations seem insane. “There should be an API,” you might think: There should be an application programming interface allowing each of these databases to interact with the others. If your bank is thinking about giving you a mortgage, it should be able to query the property database automatically and find out that you own your house, rather than send a lawyer to the county clerk’s office. And it should be able to query the Department of Motor Vehicles registry automatically and get your driver’s license for identification purposes, and query your brokerage account automatically and examine your assets.
-
-Modern life  
-consists of entries  
-in databases:
-
-![filing cabinet](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iS2K7d_jy6b8/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-What if we  
-updated  
-them?
-
-What if we rewrote all the databases from scratch, in modern computer languages using modern software engineering principles, with the goal of making them interact with one another seamlessly?
-
-If you did that, it would be almost like having one database, the database of life: I could send you money in exchange for your house, or you could send me social reputation in exchange for my participation in an online class, or whatever, all in the same computer system.
-
-That would be convenient and powerful, but it would also be scary. It would put even *more* pressure on trust. Whoever runs that one database would, in a sense, run the world. Whom could you trust to do that?
-
-![solar eclipse](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iw3rwYgRkGb8/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-What if there was one database, and everyone ran it?
-
-In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto published a method for everyone to run a database, thus inventing “crypto.”
-
-Well, I’m not sure that’s what Satoshi thought he was doing. Most immediately he was inventing *Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System*, which is the title of his famous [white paper](https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf).
-
-What Satoshi said he’d invented was a sort of cash for internet transactions, “an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party.” If I want to buy something from you for digital cash—Bitcoin—I just send you the Bitcoin and you send me the thing; no “trusted third party” such as a bank is involved.
-
-When I put it like that, it sounds as if Satoshi invented a system in which I can send you Bitcoin and *nobody* else is involved. What he actually invented was a system in which *lots* of other people are involved.
-
-i. Digression: What are you even reading? Why are you reading it? Why am I writing it?
-
-Hi! [I’m Matt](https://twitter.com/matt_levine). I’m a former lawyer and investment banker. Now I’m a columnist at Bloomberg Opinion. In my day job, I write about finance. I like finance. It’s fun to write about. It’s a peculiar way of looking at the world, a series of puzzles, a set of structures that people have imposed on economic reality. Often those structures are arcane and off-putting, and it’s satisfying to understand what they’re up to. Everything in finance is accreted on top of a lot of other things in finance. Everything is weird and counterintuitive, and you often have to have a sense of financial history and market practice to understand why anyone is doing any of the things they’re doing.
-
-For the past few years the most polarizing thing in finance has been crypto. Crypto is a set of ideas and products and technologies that grew out of the Bitcoin white paper. But it’s also, let’s be clear, a set of lines on charts that went up. When Satoshi invented Bitcoin, one Bitcoin was worth zero dollars: It was just an idea he made up. At its peak last November, one Bitcoin was worth more than $67,000, and the total value of all the crypto in circulation was something like $3 trillion. Many people who got into crypto early got very rich very fast and were very annoying about it. They bought Lamborghinis and islands. They were pleased with themselves: They thought crypto was the future, and they were building the future and being properly and amply rewarded for it. They said things like “Have fun staying poor” and “NGMI” (“not gonna make it”) to people who didn’t own crypto. They were right and rich and wanted you to know it.
-
-Many other people weren’t into crypto. They got the not-entirely unjustified impression that it was mostly useful for crime or for Ponzi schemes. They asked questions like “What is this for?” or “Where did all this money come from?” or “If you’re building the future, what is the actual *work* you’re doing?” or “If you’re building the future, why does it seem so grim and awful?” And the crypto people, often, replied: “Have fun staying poor.”
-
-And then, this year, those lines on charts went down. The price of one Bitcoin fell below $20,000; the total value of crypto fell from $3 trillion to $1 trillion; some big crypto companies failed. If you’re a crypto skeptic, this was very satisfying, not just as a matter of schadenfreude but also because maybe now everyone will shut up about crypto and you can go back to not paying attention to it. For crypto enthusiasts, this was just a reason to double down on grinding: The crash would shake out the casual fans and leave the true believers to build the future together.
-
-In a sense it’s a dumb time to be talking about crypto, because the lines went down. But really it’s a good time to be talking about crypto. There’s a pause; there’s some repose. Whatever is left in crypto is not *just* speculation and get-rich-quick schemes. We can think about what crypto means—divorced, a little bit, from the lines going up.
-
-I don’t have strong feelings either way about the value of crypto. I like finance. I think it’s interesting. And if you like finance—if you like understanding the structures that people build to organize economic reality—crypto is amazing. It’s a laboratory for financial intuitions. In the past 14 years, crypto has built a whole financial system from scratch. Crypto constantly reinvented or rediscovered things that finance had been doing for centuries. Sometimes it found new and better ways to do things.
-
-![Matt Damon at chalkboard in Good Will Hunting](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iRmRaizNH7Ik/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Often it found worse ways, heading down dead ends that traditional finance tried decades ago, with hilarious results.
-
-![Matt Damon](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ivmbaBpAOdFg/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Often it hit on more or less the same solutions that traditional finance figured out, but with new names and new explanations. You can look at some crypto thing and figure out which traditional finance thing it replicates. If you do that, you can learn something about the crypto financial system—you can, for instance, make an informed guess about how the crypto thing might go wrong—but you can also learn something about the traditional financial system: The crypto replication gives you a new insight into the financial original.
-
-Also, I have to say, as someone who writes about finance, I have a soft spot for stories of fraud and market manipulation and smart people putting one over on slightly less smart people. Often those stories are interesting and illuminating and, especially, funny. Crypto has a very high density of stories like that.
-
-And so, now, I write a lot about crypto. Including quite a lot right here.
-
-I need to give you some warnings. First, I don’t write about crypto as a deeply embedded crypto expert. I’m not a true believer. I didn’t own any crypto until I started working on this article; now I own roughly $100 worth. I write about crypto as a person who enjoys human ingenuity and human folly and who finds a lot of both in crypto.
-
-Conversely, I didn’t sit down and write 40,000 words to tell you that crypto is dumb and worthless and will now vanish without a trace. That would be an odd use of time. My goal here is not to convince you that crypto is building the future and that if you don’t get on board you’ll stay poor. My goal is to convince you that crypto is interesting, that it has found some new things to say about some old problems, and that even when those things are wrong, they’re wrong in illuminating ways.
-
-Also, I’m a finance person. It seems to me that, 14 years on, crypto has a pretty well-developed financial system, and I’m going to talk about it a fair bit, because it’s pretty well-developed and because I like finance.
-
-![A crowd at a Bitcoin conference in Miami, April 2022](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/igkMd6UJklHY/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-BUT NO ONE SHOULD CARE *THAT* MUCH ABOUT A FINANCIAL SYSTEM.
-
-Riveted: A crowd at a Bitcoin conference in Miami, April 2022.
-
-A financial system is, well, a series of databases. It’s a way to shuffle around claims on tangible stuff; it’s an adjunct to the real world. A financial system is good if it makes it easier for farmers to grow food and families to own houses and businesses to make awesome computer games, if it helps to create and distribute abundance in real life. A financial system is bad if it trades abstract claims in ways that enrich the people doing the trading but don’t help anyone else.
-
-I … ehhh … uh. A salient question in crypto, for the past 14 years, has been: What is it good for? If you ask for an example of a business that actually uses crypto, the answers you’ll get are mostly financial businesses: “Well, we built a really great exchange for trading crypto.” Cool, OK. Sometimes these answers are plausibly about creating or distributing abundance: “Crypto lets emigrants send remittances cheaply and quickly.” That’s good. Often they’re about efficient gambling. Gambling is fun, nothing against it. But a financial system that was purely about gambling would be kind of limited.
-
-Meanwhile, crypto’s most ardent boosters say crypto is about building real, useful things. Crypto will redefine social relationships, and gaming, and computers. It will build the metaverse. Crypto is the vital component of the next leap in the internet; crypto will build “web3” to replace our current “web2.” Maybe? If you ask for an example of a business that actually uses crypto, you’ll get a ton of real, lucrative financial businesses, then some vague theoretical musings like “Well, maybe we could build a social media network on web3?”
-
-It’s still early. Maybe someone will build a really good social media network on web3. Maybe in 10 years, crypto and blockchains and tokens will be central to everything that’s done on the internet, and the internet will be (even more than it is now) central to everything that’s done in human life, and the crypto early adopters will all be right and rich while the rest of us will have fun staying poor, and schoolchildren will say, “I can’t believe anyone ever doubted the importance of Dogecoin.”
-
-I don’t want to discount that possibility, and I do want to speculate about it a little bit, maybe sketch a picture of what that might mean. I’m not going to give you a road map for how we’ll get there. I’m not a tech person, and I’m not a true believer. But it is worth trying to understand what crypto could mean for the future of the internet, because the implications are sometimes utopian and sometimes dystopian and sometimes just a modestly more efficient base layer for stuff you do anyway. Plus the finance is cool, and it’s cool now.
-
-ii. Digression: Names and people
-
-Before we go on, let me say some things about some names. First, “crypto.” This thing I’m writing about here: There’s not a great *name* for it. The standard name, which I’ll use a lot, is crypto, which I guess is short for “cryptocurrency.” This is not a great name, because 1) it emphasizes *currency*, and a lot of crypto is not particularly about currency, and 2) it emphasizes *cryptography*, and while crypto *is* in some deep sense about cryptography, most people in crypto are not doing a ton of cryptography. You can be a crypto expert or a crypto billionaire or a leading figure in crypto without knowing much about cryptography, and people who *are* cryptography experts sometimes get a bit snippy about the crypto people stealing their prefix.
-
-There are other names for various topics in crypto—
-
-   ![“blockchain” “DeFi” “web3” “tokens” “the metaverse”](https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2022-the-crypto-story/svg/BW-CRYPTO-P1-TERMINOLOGY-CLOUD-DESKTOP.svg)
-
-—and they’re sometimes used broadly to refer to a lot of what’s going on in crypto, but it’s not like they’re great either. So I’ll mostly stick with “crypto” as the general term.
-
-Second, “Satoshi Nakamoto.” That’s a pseudonym, and whoever wrote his white paper has done a reasonably good job of keeping himself, herself, or themselves pseudonymous ever since. (There’s a lot of speculation about who the author might be. Some of the funnier suggestions include [Elon Musk](https://medium.com/@sahil50) and a random computer engineer named, uh, [Satoshi Nakamoto](https://www.newsweek.com/2014/03/14/face-behind-bitcoin-247957.html). I’m going to call Satoshi Nakamoto “Satoshi” and use he/him pronouns, because most people do.)
-
-A related point. Other than (maybe?) Satoshi, basically everyone involved in cryptocurrency is a hilariously outsize personality. It’s a good bet that if you read an article about crypto, it will feature wild characters. ([One story in *Bloomberg Businessweek*](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-10-07/crypto-mystery-where-s-the-69-billion-backing-the-stablecoin-tether) last year mentioned “sending billions of perfectly good US dollars to the *Inspector Gadget* co-creator’s Bahamian bank in exchange for digital tokens conjured by the *Mighty Ducks* guy and run by executives who are targets of a US criminal investigation.”) Except this one! There won’t be a single exciting person in this whole story. My goal here is to explain crypto, so that when you read about a duck guy doing crypto you can understand what it is that he’s doing.
-
-iii. Digression: The “crypto” in crypto
-
-Cryptography is the study of secret messages, of coding and decoding. Most of what I talk about in this article won’t be about cryptography; it will be about, you know, Ponzis. But the base layer of crypto really is about cryptography, so it will be helpful to know a bit about it.
-
-The basic thing that happens in cryptography is that you have an input (a number, a word, a string of text), and you run some function on it, and it produces a different number or word or whatever as an output. The function might be the [Caesar cipher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_cipher) (shift each letter of a word by one or more spots in the alphabet, so “Caesar” becomes “Dbftbs”), or [pig Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_Latin) (shift the first consonants of the word to the end and add “-ay,” so “Caesar” becomes “Aesar-say”), or something more complicated.
-
-   ![“pig latin”](https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2022-the-crypto-story/svg/BW-CRYPTO-P1-CRYPTOGRAPHY-DESKTOP.svg)
-
-A useful property in a cryptographic function is that it be “one-way.”4 This means it’s easy to turn the input string into the output string, but hard to do it in reverse; it’s easy to compute the function in one direction but impossible in the other. (The classic example is that multiplying two large prime numbers is quite straightforward; factoring an enormous number into two large primes is hard.) The Caesar cipher is easy to apply and easy to reverse, but some forms of encoding are easy to apply and much more difficult to reverse. That makes them better for secret codes.
-
-One example of this is a [“hashing” function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function), which takes some input text and turns it into a long number of a fixed size. So I could run a hashing function on this article—a popular one is called SHA-256, which was invented by the National Security Agency5—and generate a long, incomprehensible number from it. (To make it more incomprehensible, it’s customary to write this number in hexadecimal, so that it will have the digits zero through 9 but also “a” through “f.”) I could send you the number and say, “I wrote an article and ran it through a SHA-256 hashing algorithm, and this number was the result.” You’d have the number, but you wouldn’t be able to make heads or tails of it. In particular, you couldn’t plop it into a computer program and *decode* it, turning the hash back into this article.
-
-The hashing function is one-way; the hash tells you nothing about the article, even if you know the hashing function. The hashing function basically shuffles the data in the article: It takes each letter of the article, represented as a binary number (a series of bits, 0s and 1s), and then shuffles around the 0s and 1s lots of times, mashing them together until they are all jumbled up and unrecognizable. The hashing function gives clear step-by-step instructions for how to shuffle the bits together, but they don’t work in reverse.6 It’s like stirring cream into coffee: easy to do, hard to undo.
-
-Applying a SHA-256 algorithm will create a 64-digit number for data of any size you can imagine. Here’s a hash of the entire text of James Joyce’s 730-page novel *Ulysses*:
-
-3f120ea0d42bb6af2c3b858a08be9f737dd422f5e92c04f82cb9c40f06865d0e
-
-It fits in the same space as the hash of “Hi! I’m Matt”:
-
-86d5e02e7e3d0a012df389f727373b1f0b1828e07eb757a2269fe73870bbd044
-
-But what if I wrote “Hi, I’m Matt” with a comma? Then:
-
-9f53386fc98a51b78135ff88d19f1ced2aa153846aa492851db84dc6946f558b
-
-There’s no apparent relationship between the numbers for “Hi! I’m Matt” and “Hi, I’m Matt.” The two original inputs were almost exactly identical; the hash outputs are wildly different. This is a critical part of the hashing function being one-way: If similar inputs mapped to similar outputs, then it would be too easy to reverse the function and decipher messages. But for practical purposes, each input maps to a *random* output.7
-
-What’s the point of a secret code that can’t be decoded? For one thing, it’s a way to verify. If I sent you a hash of this article, it wouldn’t give you the information you need to re-create the article.8 But if I then sent you the *article*, you could plop *that* into a computer program (the SHA-256 algorithm) and generate a hash. And the hash you generate will exactly match the number I sent you. And you’ll say, “Aha, yes, you hashed that article all right.” It’s impossible for you to *decode* the hash, but it’s easy for you to *check* that I had *encoded* it correctly.
-
-This would be dumb to do with this article, but the principle has uses. A simple, everyday one is passwords. If I have a computer system and you have a password to log in to the system, I need to be able to check that your password is correct. One way to do this is for my system to store your password and check what you type against what I’ve stored: I have a little text file with all the passwords, and it has “Password123” written next to your username, and you type “Password123” on the login screen, and my system checks what you type against the file and sees that they match and lets you log in. But this is a dangerous system: If someone steals the file, they would have everyone’s password. It’s better practice for me to *hash* the passwords. You type “Password123” as your password when setting up the account, and I run it through a hash function and get back
-
-008c70392e3abfbd0fa47bbc2ed96aa99bd49e159727fcba0f2e6abeb3a9d601
-
-and I store *that* on my list. When you try to log in, you type your password, and I hash it again, and if it matches the hash on my list, I let you in. If someone steals the list, they can’t decode your password from the hash, so they can’t log in to the system.9
-
-There are other, more crypto-nerdy uses for hashing. One is a sort of time stamping. Let’s say you predict some future event, and you want to get credit when it does happen. But you don’t want to just go on Twitter now and say, “I predict that the Jets will win the Super Bowl in 2024,” to avoid being embarrassed or influencing the outcome or whatever. One thing you could do is write “the Jets will win the Super Bowl in 2024” on a piece of paper, put it in an envelope, seal the envelope, and ask me to keep it until the 2024 Super Bowl, after which you’ll tell me either to open the envelope or burn it. But this requires you and everyone else to trust me.
-
-Another, trustless thing you could do is type “the Jets will win the Super Bowl in 2024” into a cryptographic hash generator, and it will spit out:
-
-64b70b0494580b278d7f1f551d482a3fb952a4b018b43090ffeb87b662d34847
-
-and then you can tweet,
-
-  ![Matt Levine’s tweet “Here is a SHA-256 hash of a prediction I am making: 64b70b0494580b278d7f1f551d482a3fb952a4b018b43090ffeb87b662d34847.”](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i5T6YoMHh.A8/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Not a real tweet! But you can follow me on Twitter at [@matt\_levine](https://twitter.com/matt_levine).
-
-Everyone will say, “Well, aren’t you annoying,” but they won’t be able to decode your prediction. And then in a while, when the Jets win the Super Bowl, you can say, “See, I called it!” You retweet the hashed tweet and the plain text of your prediction. If anyone is so inclined, they can go to a [hash calculator](https://xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator) and check that the hash really matches your prediction. Then all the glory will accrue to you.
-
-![a key](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ixwTgtMyCcGE/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Aside from hashing, another important one-way function is public-key encryption. I have two numbers, called a “public key” and a “private key.” These numbers are long and random-looking, but they’re related to each other: Using a publicly available algorithm, one number can be used to lock a message, and the other can unlock it. The two-key system solves a classic problem with codes: If the key I use to encrypt a message is the same one you’ll need to decode it, at some point I’ll have to have sent you that key. Anyone who steals the key in transit can read our messages.
-
-With public-key encryption, no one needs to share the secret key. The public key is public: I can send it to everyone, post it on my Twitter feed, whatever. The private key is private, and I don’t give it to anyone. You want to send me a secret message. You write the message and run it through the encryption algorithm, which uses 1) the message and 2) my public key (which you have) to generate an encrypted message that you send to me. Then I run the message through a decryption program that uses 1) the encrypted message and 2) my *private* key (which only I have) to generate the original message, which I can read. You can encrypt the message using my public key, but nobody can *decrypt* it using the public key. Only I can decrypt it using my private key. (The function is one-way as far as you’re concerned, but I can reverse it with my private key.)
-
-![mini keychain](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/intM5537HirU/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-A related idea is a “digital signature.” Again, I have a public key and a private key. My public key is posted in my Twitter bio. I want to send you a message, and I want you to know that I wrote it. I run the message through an encryption program that uses 1) the message and 2) my private key. Then I send you 1) the original message and 2) the encrypted message.
-
-You use a decryption program that uses 1) the encrypted message and 2) my public key to decrypt the message. The decrypted message matches the original message. This proves to you that I encrypted the message. So you know that I wrote it. I could’ve just sent you a Twitter DM instead, but this is more cryptographic.
-
-Imagine a simple banking system in which bank accounts are public: There’s a public list of accounts, and each one has a (public) balance and public key. I say to you: “I control account No. 00123456789, which has $250 in it, and I’m going to send you $50.” I send you a digitally signed message saying “here’s $50,” and you decode that message using the public key for the account, and then you know that I do in fact control that account and everything checks out. That’s the basic idea at the heart of Bitcoin, though there are also more complicated ideas.
-
-![big keychain](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/id5_Y0wW26pg/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-iv. How Bitcoin works
-
-The simple form of Bitcoin goes like this. There’s a big public list of addresses, each with a unique label that looks like random numbers and letters, and some balance of Bitcoin in it. An address might have the label “1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa”10 and a balance of [68.6](https://www.blockchain.com/btc/address/1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa) Bitcoin. The address acts as a public key.11 If I “own” those Bitcoin, what that means is I possess the private key corresponding to that address, effectively the password accessing the account.
-
-Because I have the private key, I can send you a Bitcoin by signing a message to you with my private key. You can check that signature against my public key and against the public list of addresses and Bitcoin balances. That information is enough for you to confirm that I control the Bitcoin that I’m sending you, but not enough for you to figure out my private key and steal the rest of my Bitcoin.
-
-That kind of means I can send you a Bitcoin without you trusting me, or me trusting you, or either of us trusting a bank to verify that I have the money. “We define an electronic coin as a chain of digital signatures,” Satoshi wrote. The combination of public address and private key is enough to define a coin. Cryptocurrency is called cryptocurrency because it’s a currency derived from cryptography.
-
-![interdepartmental envelope](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iIl4IFMS_uV0/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Satoshi said a Bitcoin is essentially a chain of signatures.
-
-You’ll notice that all we’ve done here is exchange a message, and somehow called the result of that a currency. The traditional financial system isn’t so different: Banks don’t move around sacks of gold or even very many paper bills. They’re keepers of databases. What happens, roughly, when I make a $100 payment to you is my bank sends a message to your bank telling it to update its ledger.
-
-Similarly, in Bitcoin the messages change a (public) ledger of who holds what. But who maintains *that*? The rough answer is that the Bitcoin network—thousands of people who use Bitcoin and run its software on their computers—keeps the ledger, collaboratively and redundantly. There are thousands of copies of the ledger; every node on the network has its own list of how many Bitcoin are in each address.
-
-Then, when we do a transaction—when I send you a Bitcoin—we don’t just do it privately; we broadcast it to the entire network so everyone can update their lists. If I send you a Bitcoin from my address, and my signature on the transaction is valid, everyone will update their ledgers to add one Bitcoin to your address and subtract one from mine.
-
-The ledger is not really just a list of addresses and their balances; it’s actually a record of *every single transaction*.12 The ledger is maintained by everyone on the network keeping track of every transaction for themselves.13
-
-That’s nice! But now, instead of trusting a bank to keep the ledger of your money, you’re trusting thousands of anonymous strangers.
-
-What have we accomplished?
-
-Well it’s not quite as bad as that. Each transaction is provably correct: If I send a Bitcoin from my address to yours and sign it with my private key, the network will include the transaction; if I try to send a Bitcoin from someone else’s address to yours and don’t have the private key, everyone on the network can see that it’s fake and won’t include the transaction. Everyone runs open-source software to update the ledger for transactions that are verifiable. Everyone keeps the ledger, but you can prove that every transaction in the ledger is valid, so you don’t have to trust them *too* much.
-
-Incidentally, I am saying that “everyone” keeps the ledger, and that was probably roughly true early in Bitcoin’s life, but no longer. There are thousands of people running “full nodes,” which download and maintain and verify the entire Bitcoin ledger themselves, using open-source official Bitcoin software. But there are millions more not doing that, just having some Bitcoin and trusting that everybody else will maintain the system correctly. Their basis for this trust, though, is slightly different from the basis for your trust in your bank. They could, in principle, verify that everyone verifying the transactions is verifying them correctly.
-
-  ![](https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2022-the-crypto-story/svg/BW-CRYPTO-P1-TRUST-PHILOSOPHY.svg)
-
-Notice, too, that there’s a financial incentive for everyone to be honest: If everyone is honest, then this is a working payment system that might be valuable. If lots of people are dishonest and put fake transactions in their ledgers, then no one will trust Bitcoin and it will be worthless. What’s the point of stealing Bitcoin if the value of Bitcoin is zero?
-
-This is a standard approach in crypto: Crypto systems try to use economic incentives to make people act honestly, rather than *trusting* them to act honestly.
-
-That’s most of the story, but it leaves some small problems. Where did all the Bitcoin come from? It’s fine to say that everyone on the network keeps a ledger of every Bitcoin transaction that ever happened, and your Bitcoin can be traced back through a series of previous transactions. But traced back to what? How do you start the ledger?
-
-Another problem is that the *order* of transactions matters: If I have one Bitcoin in my account and I send it to you, and then I send it to someone else, who actually has the Bitcoin? This seems almost trivial, but it’s tricky. Bitcoin is a decentralized network that works by broadcasting transactions to thousands of nodes, and there’s no guarantee they’ll all arrive in the same order everywhere. And if everyone doesn’t agree on the order, bad things—“double spending,” or people sending the same Bitcoin to two different places—can happen. “Transactions must be publicly announced,” wrote Satoshi, “and we need a system for participants to agree on a single history of the order in which they were received.”
-
-That system, I’m sorry to say, is the blockchain.
-
-v. Oh, the blockchain
-
-Every Bitcoin transaction is broadcast to the network. Some computers on the network—they’re called “miners”—compile the transactions as they arrive into a group called a “block.” At some point, a version of a block becomes, as it were, official: The list of transactions in that block, in the order in which they’re listed, becomes canonical, part of the official Bitcoin record. We say that the block has been “mined.”14 In Bitcoin, a new block is mined roughly every 10 minutes.15
-
-The miners then start compiling a new block, which will also eventually be mined and become official. Here’s where hashing becomes important. That new block will refer to the block before it by containing a hash of that block—this confirms that the block before it 1) is correct and accepted by the network and 2) came before it in time. Each block will refer to the previous block in a chain—oh, yes, a blockchain. The blockchain creates an official record of what transactions the network has agreed on and in what order. The hashes are time stamps; they create an agreed order of transactions.
-
-You could imagine a simple system for doing this. Every 10 minutes a miner proposes a list of transactions, and all the computers on the Bitcoin network vote on it. If it gets a majority, it becomes official and is entered into the blockchain.
-
-Unfortunately this is a bit too simple. There are no *rules* about who can join the Bitcoin network: Anyone who hooks up a computer and runs the open-source Bitcoin software can do it. You don’t have to prove you’re a good person, or even a person. You can hook up a thousand computers if you want.
-
-![What mining looks like, in Nadvoitsy, Russia](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iQFvId5feKQw/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-What mining looks like, in Nadvoitsy, Russia.
-
-This creates a risk of what’s sometimes called a “[Sybil attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_attack),” named not after the ancient Greek prophetesses but, rather, after the 1973 book about a woman who claimed to have multiple personalities. The idea of a Sybil attack is that, in a system where the ledger is collectively maintained by the group and anyone can join the group without permission, you can spin up a bunch of computer nodes so that you look like thousands of people. Then you verify bad transactions to yourself, and everyone is like, “Ah, well, look at all of these people verifying the transactions,” and they accept your transactions as the majority consensus, and either you manage to steal some money or you at least throw the whole system into chaos.
-
-![Sybil (1973)](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iX0F5fW8YNkE/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-*Sybil* (1973).
-
-The solution to this is to make it *expensive* to verify transactions.
-
-To mine a block, Bitcoin miners do an absurd and costly thing. Again, it involves hashing. Each miner takes a summary of the list of transactions in the block, along with a hash of the previous block. Then the miner sticks another arbitrary number—called a “nonce”—on the end of the list. The miner runs the whole thing (list plus nonce) through a SHA-256 hashing algorithm. This generates a 64-digit hexadecimal number. If that number is small enough, then the miner has mined the block. If not, the miner tries again with a different nonce.
-
-What “small enough” means is set by the Bitcoin software and can be adjusted to make it easier or harder to mine a block. (The goal is an average of one block every 10 minutes; the more miners there are and the faster their computers are, the harder it gets.) Right now, “small enough” means that the hash has to start with 19 zeros. A recent successful one looked like this:
-
-It’s like a game of 20 questions where you’re constantly guessing a number that will work. Except you get no clues, and it’s many, many, many times more than 20 guesses. It is vanishingly, vanishingly unlikely that any particular input—any list of transactions plus a nonce—will hash to a number that starts with 19 zeros. The odds are roughly [75 sextillion-to-1](https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=16%5E19) against. So the miners run the hash algorithm over and over again, trillions of times, guessing a different nonce each time, until they get a hash with the right number of zeros.16 The total hash rate of the Bitcoin network is something north of 200 million terahashes per second—that is, 200 quintillion hash calculations per second, which is 1) a lot but 2) a lot fewer than 75 sextillion. It takes many seconds—600 on average—at 200 quintillion hashes per second to guess the right nonce and mine a block.
-
-This is a race. Only one miner gets to mine a block, and that miner gets rewarded with Bitcoin. To mine a block is also to “mine” new coins—to pry them out of the system after much computational work, like finding a seam of gold after picking through rock. Hence the metaphor.
-
-![An old-fashioned prospector, circa 1860](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iNq0_GEZdDVk/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-An old-fashioned prospector, circa 1860.
-
-When miners find the right number of zeros, they publish the block and its hash to the Bitcoin network. Everyone else reviews the block and decides if it’s valid. (“Valid” means all the transactions on the list are valid, the hash is correct, it has the right number of zeros, etc.) If they do, then they start work on the next block: They take the hash of the previous block, plus the transactions that have come in since then, plus a new nonce, and try to find a new hash. Each block builds on the one before.
-
-vi. Mining
-
-All of this is incredibly costly: Miners need special hardware to do all of these hashing calculations over and over again, and these days run [huge farms](https://www.google.com/maps/@30.5725011,-97.0775994,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m7!1e2!3m5!1sAF1QipOsjebRpr4JjgYrvCXS4BceKQ5uYMkao-YFd7ma!2e10!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipOsjebRpr4JjgYrvCXS4BceKQ5uYMkao-YFd7ma%3Dw462-h260-k-no!7i5280!8i2970?shorturl=1) of always-on computers. Mining Bitcoin uses as much electricity as [various medium-size countries](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/09/03/climate/bitcoin-carbon-footprint-electricity.html). This is not great for the environment. The most famous [description of Bitcoin](https://kottke.org/21/03/cryptocurrency-explained), attributed to a Twitter poster, might be:
-
-   ![“Imagine if keeping your car idling 24/7 produced solved Sudokus you could trade for heroin.”](https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2022-the-crypto-story/svg/BW-CRYPTO-P1-HEROIN-QUOTE-DESKTOP.svg)
-
-And it is in some sense purely wasteful. People sometimes say Bitcoin miners are, like, solving difficult math problems to do their mining, but they aren’t, really. They’re brute-force guessing quintillions of numbers per second to try to get the right hash. No math problems are being solved, and nothing is added to the world’s knowledge, by those quintillions of guesses.
-
-But the miners *are* solving an important problem for Bitcoin, which is the problem of keeping its network and its ledger of transactions secure. It’s *demonstrably costly* to confirm Bitcoin transactions, so it’s hard to fake, hard to run a Sybil attack. That’s why Satoshi, and everyone else, calls this method of confirming transactions “proof of work.” If you produce the right hash for a block, it proves you did a lot of costly computer work. You wouldn’t do that lightly.
-
-Proof-of-work mining is a mechanism for *creating consensus among people with an economic stake in a system*, without knowing anything else about them. You’d never mine Bitcoin if you didn’t want Bitcoin to be valuable. If you’re a Bitcoin miner, you’re invested in Bitcoin in some way; you’ve bought computers and paid for electricity and made an expensive, exhausting bet on Bitcoin. You have proven that you care, so you get a say in verifying the Bitcoin ledger. And you get paid. You get paid Bitcoin, which gives you even more of a stake in the system.
-
-These Bitcoin come out of nowhere; they’re generated by this mining, by the core Bitcoin software. In fact, all Bitcoin are generated by mining; there was never an initial allocation of Bitcoin to Satoshi Nakamoto or to early investors or anyone else. This is the answer to the question of where Bitcoin come from: They were all mined.
-
-Originally the mining reward, which is set by the software, was 50 Bitcoin per block; currently it’s [6.25 Bitcoin](https://www.blockchain.com/btc/block/00000000000000000008de28dab492b18fb4a50b9dabf1bc87f122d1ee5bd749). One important point about these mining rewards is that they cost Bitcoin users money. Every block—roughly every 10 minutes—6.25 new Bitcoin are produced out of nowhere and paid to miners for providing security to the network. That works out to more than $6 billion per year.17 This cost is indirect: It is a form of inflation, and as the supply of Bitcoin grows,18 each coin in theory becomes worth a little less, all else being equal. Right now, the Bitcoin network is paying around 1.5% of its value per year to miners.
-
-That’s lower than the inflation rate of the US dollar. Still, it’s worth noting. Every year, the miners who keep the Bitcoin system secure capture a small but meaningful chunk of the total value of Bitcoin. Bitcoin users get something for that $6 billion:19
-
-  ![Security and decentralization](https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2022-the-crypto-story/svg/BW-CRYPTO-P1-SECURITY-AND-DECENTRALIZATION.svg)
-
-If you can make a lot of money mining Bitcoin, a lot of people will want to mine Bitcoin. This will make it harder for one person to accumulate most of the mining power in Bitcoin. If one person or group got a majority of the mining power, they could do bad things: They could mine a bad block—double-spending coins, reversing recent transactions, etc. (This is called a “51% attack.”) When there are billions of dollars up for grabs for miners, people will invest a lot of money in mining, and it will be expensive to compete with them. And if you invested billions of dollars to accumulate a majority of the mining power in Bitcoin, you would probably care a lot about maintaining the value of Bitcoin, and so you’d be unlikely to use your powers for evil.
-
-## II  
-What Does It Mean?
-
-So, huh, that’s neat. OK, then. I’ve described in some detail the workings of the thing, Bitcoin, that Satoshi Nakamoto invented. But let’s take a step back: What exactly is it that he invented?
-
-The simplest answer is that he invented Bitcoin.
-
-![photo of Mount Everest](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i31bebrHBI7Y/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-BITCOIN IS A BIG THING.
-
-At its peak, the total value of Bitcoin in the world was more than $1 trillion. There are thousands of articles about it; it has lots of investors and fans and believers. Some of these people are called “Bitcoin maximalists”; they believe that the only really interesting and valuable thing in the world of crypto is Bitcoin. Those people could stop here, I guess. There it is, Bitcoin.
-
-Here, though, I want to keep going. I want to talk about different ways that you might *generalize* Satoshi’s invention. There are different ways to interpret what Satoshi was up to and what he accomplished, and each interpretation points you to a different direction for crypto.
-
-A minimal generalization of Bitcoin is something like: Satoshi invented a technology for people to send numbers to one another. That’s not nothing. Before Satoshi, I could’ve written you an email that said “132.51,” but you’d have no way of knowing whether I had the 132.51 on my computer or whether I’d already sent the 132.51 to someone else, and you’d have no way of proving to other people that you now had the 132.51 on your computer and could send it to them.
-
-I realize that paragraph sounds very stupid, because it is. You definitely have 132.51 on your computer, as well as every other conceivable number; computers can generate numbers arbitrarily and more or less for free. Open a spreadsheet, type “132.51,” and there you go. In a sense, the technological accomplishment of Bitcoin is that it invented a decentralized way to *create scarcity on computers*. Bitcoin demonstrated a way for me to send you a computer message so that you’d have it and I wouldn’t, to move items of computer information between us in a way that limited their *supply* and transferred *possession*.
-
-But the technological accomplishment is not the whole story, arguably not even the most important part. The wild thing about Bitcoin is not that Satoshi invented a particular way for people to send numbers to one another and call them payments. It’s that people accepted the numbers as payments.
-
-There’s nothing inherent in the technology that would make that happen. People might have read the Bitcoin white paper and said, “Huh, this is a cool way to send payments, but your problem is that you aren’t sending *dollars*, you’re sending this thing you just made up, and who wants that?” Well, most of them did say that, initially. But lots of people eventually decided that Bitcoin was valuable.
-
-That’s weird! Satoshi was like,
-
-![cartoon illustration: I have invented a payment system that works great, the only problem is that instead of getting paid in dollars, you get paid in this thing I just made up, is that cool?](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iCZcdpU7IFDc/v0/-999x-999.gif)
-
-And enough people were like,
-
-![cartoon illustration: Yeah, that’s cool.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/itAVV3.fODk8/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-*Illustration: C.W. Moss*
-
-that now crypto is a trillion-dollar business. That social fact, that Bitcoin was *accepted* by many millions of people as having a lot of value, might be the most impressive thing about Bitcoin, much more than the stuff about hashing.
-
-i. Shitcoins
-
-Here’s another extremely simple generalization of Bitcoin:
-
-1.  You can make up an arbitrary token that trades electronically.
-2.  If you do that, people might pay a nonzero amount of money for it.
-3.  Worth a shot, no?
-
-As Bitcoin became more visible and valuable, people just … did … that? There was a rash of cryptocurrencies that were sometimes subtle variations on Bitcoin and sometimes just lazy knockoffs. “Shitcoins” is the mean name for them.
-
-![Bloomberg Businessweek cover](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ignfSap4HpX8/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-See what we did there?
-
-In 2013 two software engineers threw together [a cryptocurrency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogecoin) and gave it a logo of Doge, the talking shiba inu meme. They called it Dogecoin, and it was a parody of the coin boom. It’s worth about $8 billion today. I’m not going to explain that to you. Nobody is going to explain that to you. Certainly the guys who invented Dogecoin don’t understand it; one of them has taken to Twitter to say he [hates it](https://www.marketwatch.com/story/dogecoin-co-creator-blasts-crypto-as-a-scam-to-help-the-rich-get-richer-11626310808). It’s just, like, if you’re making up an arbitrary token that trades electronically, and you hope people will buy it for no particular reason, you might as well make it fun. Slap a talking dog on it; give people stuff to make jokes about online.
-
-![Shiba Inu dog](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i9_KoxlyN7rE/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Incidentally, here’s a fun argument that was made against Bitcoin early in its life:
-
-1.  There’s a limited supply of Bitcoin.
-2.  But the Bitcoin software is open-source and can be cloned trivially.
-3.  So if the price of Bitcoin gets above, you know, $100, someone will just invent Blitcoin, which will be an exact copy of Bitcoin.
-4.  Bitcoin is arbitrary, and Blitcoin is arbitrary, so there’s no reason that Blitcoin should trade at much of a discount to Bitcoin.
-5.  This will dilute the value of Bitcoin: any sensible person would rather pay $90 for Blitcoin than $105 for Bitcoin, since they’re the same thing but one is cheaper.
-6.  Therefore, there’s an infinite supply of Bitcoin or things that are exactly like it, so the value of Bitcoin cannot get too high.
-
-This argument turned out to be mostly wrong. Socially, cryptocurrency is a coordination game; people want to have the coin that other people want to have, and some sort of abstract technical equivalence doesn’t make one cryptocurrency a good substitute for another. Social acceptance—legitimacy—is what makes a cryptocurrency valuable, and you can’t just copy the code for that.
-
-That’s a revealing fact: What makes Bitcoin valuable isn’t the elegance of its code, but its social acceptance.20 A thing that worked exactly like Bitcoin but didn’t have Bitcoin’s lineage—didn’t descend from Satoshi’s genesis block and was just made up by some copycat—would have the same technology but none of the value.
-
-ii. An uncorrelated asset
-
-Here’s another generalization of Bitcoin:
-
-1.  Satoshi made up an arbitrary token that trades electronically for some price.
-    
-2.  The price turns out to be high and volatile.
-    
-3.  The price of an arbitrary token is … arbitrary?
-    
-
-This may not sound that great to you. But it’s very interesting as a matter of finance theory. [Modern portfolio theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theory) demonstrates that adding an uncorrelated asset to a portfolio can improve returns and reduce risk. Big institutions will invest in timberland or highway tolls or hurricane insurance, because they think that those things *won’t* act just like stocks or bonds, that they’ll diversify their portfolios, that they’ll hold up even in a world where stocks go down.
-
-To the extent that the price of Bitcoin 1) mostly goes up, though with lots of ups and downs along the way, and 2) goes up and down for reasons that are arbitrary and mysterious and *not* tied to, like, corporate earnings or the global economy, then Bitcoin is interesting to institutional investors.
-
-![Adena Friedman and Larry Fink](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iAmQ8hMSn6Vg/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-There are variations. For instance:
-
-1.  Bitcoin is not just *uncorrelated* to regular financial stuff—it’s a *hedge to inflation*. If the Federal Reserve is printing money recklessly, the dollar will lose value, but Bitcoin is in limited supply and will maintain its value even as the dollar is inflated away.
-    
-2.  Bitcoin is like gold but more convenient. The value of gold is also somewhat arbitrary and mysterious, but it’s a store of value that’s not tied to corporate earnings and central bank policy. Investors who like gold should buy Bitcoin.
-    
-
-Well, those are some things that people said. In practice, it turns out that the price of Bitcoin is pretty correlated with the stock market, especially tech stocks. Bitcoin *hasn’t* been a particularly effective inflation hedge: Its price rose during years when US inflation was low, and it’s fallen this year as inflation has increased. The right model of crypto prices might be that they go up during broad speculative bubbles when stock prices go up, and then they go down when those bubbles pop. That’s not a particularly appealing story for investors looking to diversify. You want stuff that goes up when the broad bubbles pop!
-
-iii. GameStop
-
-![Shiba Inu dog with GameStop gear](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ilybpy8ZEH5o/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-The simple story of GameStop is that some people on the internet liked the stock.
-
-I’m not going to dwell on the meme-stock phenomenon here—I [dwelt on it in this publication](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-12-01/meme-stocks-gamestop-gme-amc-and-dogecoin-bloomberg-50-2021) last December. But one important possibility is that the first generalization of Bitcoin, that an arbitrary tradeable electronic token can become valuable just because people want it to, permanently broke everyone’s brains about all of finance.
-
-Before the rise of Bitcoin, the conventional thing to say about a share of stock was that its price represented the market’s expectation of the present value of the future cash flows of the business. But Bitcoin has no cash flows; its price represents what people are willing to pay for it. Still, it has a high and fluctuating market price; people have gotten rich buying Bitcoin. So people copied that model, and the creation of and speculation on pure, abstract, scarce electronic tokens became a big business.
-
-A share of stock is a scarce electronic token. It’s also something else! A claim on cash flows or whatever. But one thing that it is is an electronic token that’s in more or less limited supply. If you and your friends online want to make jokes and invest based on those jokes, then, depending on your sense of humor and which online chat group you’re in, you might buy either Dogecoin or GameStop Corp. stock, and for *your* purposes those things are not *that* different.
-
-B.
-
-A Distributed Computer
-
-Here’s another, very different generalization of Bitcoin. In its sharpest form, it’s mostly attributed to programmer Vitalik Buterin, another colorful character whom we won’t discuss.21 It goes like this:
-
-1.  Look, this thing you made is a big, sprawling *computer*. The blockchain is doing the functions of a computer. Specifically, it’s keeping a database of Bitcoin transactions.
-    
-2.  This computer has some fascinating properties. It’s *distributed*: The computer’s data aren’t kept on any one particular machine but spread out among lots of nodes. The blockchain creates a mechanism to make sure they all agree on what the database says. It’s *decentralized*: Different people run the database on their own separate machines. It’s *secure* and *final*: Because of how transactions are encoded into blocks, it’s more or less impossible for someone to reach back into the database and change a transaction from last week. And it’s *trustless* and *permissionless*: Anyone who wants to can download the blockchain or mine Bitcoin. The mining mechanism gives people incentives to collaborate and compete with one another to keep the database secure and up to date.
-    
-3.  But it’s not a very *good* computer. Mostly it just keeps a list of payments.
-    
-
-![Vitalik Buterin at ETHDenver in February](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i7wHSn0J8638/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-4\. LET’S DO THE SAME THING, BUT MAKE IT A GOOD COMPUTER.
-
-   Vitalik at ETHDenver in February. Told you he was colorful!
-
-i. Ethereum
-
-The computer that Vitalik22 invented is generally called Ethereum, or the Ethereum Virtual Machine: It’s a *virtual* computer, distributed among thousands of redundant nodes. Each node knows the “state” of the computer—what’s in its memory—and each transaction on the system updates that state.
-
-Ethereum works a lot like Bitcoin: People create transactions, they broadcast them to the network, the transactions are included in a block, the blocks get chained together, everyone can see every transaction, etc. The currency of the Ethereum blockchain is called … I dunno, it’s common to call it “Ether,” though sometimes people say “Ethereum,” and often they just write “ETH.” (Similarly, Bitcoin is sometimes written “BTC.”) In conversation it’s mostly shortened to “Eth,” pronounced “Eeth.”
-
-But whereas Bitcoin transactions are mostly about sending payments,23 actions on Ethereum are conceived of more generally: Ethereum is a big virtual computer, and you send it instructions to do stuff on the computer. Some of those instructions are “Send 10 Ether from Address X to Address Y”: One thing in the computer’s memory is a database of Ethereum addresses and how much Ether is in each of them, and you can tell the computer to update the database.
-
-But you can also write *programs* to run on the computer to do things automatically. One sort of program might be: Send 10 Ether to Address Y *if* something happens. Alice and Bob might want to bet on a football game, or on a presidential election, or on the price of Ether.24 They might write a computer program on the Ethereum Virtual Machine to do that. The program would have its own Ethereum account where it could keep Ether, and its programming logic would say something like “if the Jets win on Sunday”—or “if Joe Biden wins the election,” or “if Ether trades above $1,500 on November 1”—“then send the money in this account to Alice; otherwise send it to Bob.” Alice and Bob might then each send one Ether to the account, and it would whir along for a bit checking the football scores or the election results or the Ether price,25 and then when it had an answer to its question—who won the game or the election or is Ether above $1,500—it would automatically resolve the bet and send two Ether to the winner.
-
-Or you could have a program that says: “If anyone sends one Ether to this program, the program will send them back something nice.” “Something nice” is pretty hazy there, and frankly it’s pretty hazy in actual practice, but in concept anything that you can put into a computer program could be the reward here. So “send me one Ether and I will send you back a digital picture of a monkey” would be one possible program, and I guess it sounds like I’m joking, but for a while digital pictures of monkeys were selling for millions of dollars on Ethereum. Or there’s a thing called the Ethereum Name Service, or ENS, which allows people to register domain names like “matthewlevine.eth” and use them across various Ethereum functions. You send Ether to the ENS program, and it registers that name to you—you send in money, and it sends you back a domain.
-
-![Vending machine](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/isMTUt.EzW_0/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Funny, that doesn’t look like a contract.
-
-The standard analogy here is a vending machine: A vending machine is a computer in the real world, where you put in a dollar and you get back something that you want. You don’t negotiate with the vending machine, or make small talk about the weather while it rings you up. The vending machine’s side of the transaction is entirely automated. Its programming makes it respond deterministically to you putting in money and pressing buttons.
-
-In the crypto world, these programs are called “smart contracts.” The name is a bit unfortunate. A smart contract is a computer program that runs on the blockchain. Some smart contracts look like contracts: Alice and Bob’s bet on the price of Ethereum looks a lot like a financial derivative, which is definitely a contract. Some smart contracts look like vending machines: They sit around in public waiting for people to put money in, and then they spit out goods. A vending machine is not exactly a normal contract, but it is a *transaction*, and people who are into philosophizing about contracts like thinking about vending machines.
-
-But some smart contracts just look like, you know, computer programs. The concept is more general than the name. In the Ethereum white paper, Vitalik Buterin wrote:
-
-> Note that “contracts” in Ethereum should not be seen as something that should be “fulfilled” or “complied with”; rather, they are more like “autonomous agents” that live inside of the Ethereum execution environment, always executing a specific piece of code when “poked” by a message or transaction, and having direct control over their own ether balance and their own key/value store to keep track of persistent variables.
-
-There are limits: Ethereum is a distributed computer, but it doesn’t have a keyboard and a monitor. It would be hard to play *Call of Duty* on the Ethereum Virtual Machine. But Ethereum’s blockchain and smart contracts can serve as sort of a back end to other types of programs. Developers build
-
-or decentralized apps, on Ethereum and other blockchains. These are computer programs that mostly run on the web (perhaps on some centralized or cloud server) but keep some of their essential data on the blockchain. You play a computer game, and your character’s attributes are stored on the blockchain. A normal program on the game company’s servers renders the character’s sword on your screen, but the fact that she has the sword is stored on the blockchain.
-
-One other limit is that it’s a *slow* computer. The way Ethereum executes programs is that you broadcast the instructions to thousands of nodes on the network, and they each execute the instructions and reach consensus on the results of the instructions. That all takes time. Your program needs to run thousands of times on thousands of computers.
-
-Computers and network connections are pretty fast these days, and the Ethereum computer is fast *enough* for many purposes (such as transferring Ether, or keeping a database of computer game characters). But you wouldn’t want to use this sort of computer architecture for extremely time-sensitive, computation-intensive applications. You wouldn’t want, like, a self-driving car running on the Ethereum Virtual Machine. You wouldn’t want thousands of computers around the world redundantly calculating how far you are from hitting someone before you could brake.
-
-ii. Proof of stake
-
-This distributed computer, the Ethereum Virtual Machine, takes its basic design from Bitcoin. There are blocks, everyone can see them, they are chained together, transactions are signed with private keys, everything is hashed, etc. It’s just that, in addition to sending money to people, you can send computer instructions to the blockchain, and the blockchain will execute them.
-
-What that means is that there are thousands of computers each running nodes of the Ethereum network, and all those computers will agree about what happens on that network, who sent money to whom, and what computer instructions executed when. The fact that Ethereum is a distributed, virtual computer means that all those actual computers can come to a *consensus* about what operations executed when. And the reason this was possible is that Bitcoin showed how a decentralized computer network could reach consensus. The stuff with the hashing and the mining and the nonces and the electricity: That is Bitcoin’s consensus mechanism, proof of work (or PoW).
-
-Until last month, it was also Ethereum’s. There were some technical differences, but the basic mechanics were pretty similar. Miners did a bunch of hashes of block data, and whoever found the right hash first mined the block and got a reward. Because this was expensive and wasted a lot of resources, it demonstrated a commitment to the Ethereum ecosystem. But the waste itself was bad.
-
-And so, on Sept. 15, after years of planning, Ethereum switched to a new consensus mechanism: Ethereum now uses something called proof of stake (or PoS). The basic ideas remain the same. People do transactions and broadcast them to the Ethereum network. A bunch of computers—in PoW they’re called “miners,” in PoS they’re called “validators”—work to compile these transactions into an official ordered list, called the blockchain. Anyone with a computer can be a miner/validator; the protocol is open to everyone. But the miners/validators have to prove their commitment to the system to mine/validate blocks. In PoW, the way you prove that is by using a lot of electricity to do hashes. In PoS, the way you prove that is by having a lot of Ether.
-
-Oversimplifying a bit, the [general mechanics](https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/12/31/pos_faq.html) are:
-
-1.  ANYONE CAN VOLUNTEER TO BE A VALIDATOR BY “STAKING” SOME OF THE NETWORK’S CURRENCY, DEPOSITING IT INTO A SPECIAL SMART CONTRACT. THE STAKED CURRENCY CAN’T BE WITHDRAWN FOR SOME PERIOD.26 ON ETHEREUM, YOU NEED TO STAKE 32 ETHER—CURRENTLY $40,000 OR SO—TO BE A VALIDATOR.
-    
-2.  VALIDATORS GET TRANSACTIONS AS THEY COME IN AND COMPILE THEM INTO BLOCKS.27
-    
-3.  AT FIXED INTERVALS (SAY, EVERY 12 SECONDS), ONE VALIDATOR IS RANDOMLY CHOSEN TO PROPOSE A BLOCK, AND SOME OTHER SET OF VALIDATORS IS CHOSEN TO REVIEW THE PROPOSED BLOCK AND VOTE ON IT.
-    
-4.  THE RANDOMLY CHOSEN VALIDATORS AGREE ON WHETHER TO ADD THE BLOCK TO THE CHAIN. IF EVERYONE IS DOING THEIR JOB HONESTLY AND CONSCIENTIOUSLY, THEY’LL MOSTLY AGREE, AND THE BLOCK WILL BE ADDED.
-    
-5.  THE VALIDATORS GET PAID FEES IN ETHER.
-    
-6.  IF A VALIDATOR ACTS DISHONESTLY OR LAZILY—IF IT PROPOSES WRONG BLOCKS, OR IF IT FAILS TO PROPOSE OR VOTE ON BLOCKS, OR IF SOMEONE TURNS OFF THE COMPUTER RUNNING THE VALIDATOR—IT CAN HAVE SOME OR ALL OF ITS STAKE TAKEN AWAY AS A PENALTY.
-    
-
-I mean, [that’s the concept](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/), but when I write it out like that, it sounds more manual than it is. Nobody is sitting around reviewing every transaction and agonizing over whether it’s legitimate. The validators are just running the official open-source Ethereum software. It is all pretty automatic, and you can run it on a laptop with good backup power and a solid internet connection. The big outlay may be the $40,000 to buy Ether. It’s not hard to contribute to the consensus. It’s hard to *override* it. But being an honest validator is pretty easy.
-
-When we discussed proof-of-work mining, I said that crypto systems are designed to operate on consensus among people with an economic stake in the system. PoW systems demonstrate economic stake in a cleverly indirect way: You buy a bunch of computer hardware and pay for a lot of electricity and do a bunch of calculations to prove you really care about Bitcoin. PoS systems demonstrate the economic stake directly: You just invest a lot of money in Ethereum and post it as a bond, which proves you care.
-
-![historical illustration](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/idzRi7AOgcJw/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Making coins is a lot of work.
-
-This is more efficient, in two ways. First, it uses less electricity. Burning lots of electricity to do trillions of pointless math calculations a second, in a warming world, seems dumb. Proof of stake uses, to a first approximation, no electricity. You’re simply keeping a list of transactions, and you just have to compile the list once, not 200 quintillion times. The transition to PoS cut Ethereum’s energy usage by [something like 99.95%](https://blog.ethereum.org/2021/05/18/country-power-no-more).
-
-Second, PoS more directly measures your stake in the system. You demonstrate your stake in Ethereum by 1) owning Ether and 2) putting it at risk28 to validate transactions. To take control of the PoS system and abuse it for your own nefarious purposes, you need to own a *lot* of Ether, and the more you own, the less nefarious you’ll want to be. “Proof of stake can buy something like 20 times more security for the same cost,” Vitalik has argued.
-
-• Staking
-
-Here’s how a Bitcoin miner makes money:
-
-1.  Spend dollars to buy computers and electricity.
-    
-2.  Use the computers and electricity to generate Bitcoin.
-    
-3.  Sell the Bitcoin, or hold them and hope they go up.
-    
-
-![photo of closet](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iUKyIpuTm_9Y/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Here’s how an Ethereum validator makes money:
-
-1.  Buy Ether.
-2.  Lock it up.
-3.  Get paid fees in Ether that are, roughly, a percentage of the Ether you’ve locked up. Currently the fees are around 4%.
-
-![hammock on beach](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/isZwxoSRyZf4/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-There’s still some computer hardware involved—you have to run software to compile and check transactions—but not much of it; again, it can be a laptop. The capital investment isn’t in computers but in the relevant cryptocurrency. The transaction is very close to: “Invest a lot of cryptocurrency and then get paid *interest* on that cryptocurrency.”
-
-You can make it even easier on yourself. Instead of downloading the software to run a full Ethereum validator node, and depositing 32 Ether, you can hand your Ether over to someone else and let *them* be a validator. It doesn’t need to be 32 Ether: If you have 1 Ether, and 31 other people each have 1 Ether, and you all pool your Ether together, then you have enough to stake, validate transactions, and earn fees. And then you each can have a cut of the fees. The work of validating transactions can be completely separated from the actual staking of Ether.
-
-And in fact a lot of Ethereum validation [runs through crypto *exchanges*](https://www.coindesk.com/layer2/2022/05/18/will-a-proof-of-stake-ethereum-lead-to-more-centralization/) such as Coinbase, Kraken, and Binance, which offer staking as a product to their customers. (The biggest is a thing called Lido Finance, which isn’t an exchange but a sort of decentralized staking pool.) The customers keep their Ether with the exchange anyway, so they might as well let the exchange stake it for them and earn some interest.
-
-Yes: interest. If you’re putting crypto into a staking pool, what it looks like to you is simply earning *interest* on your crypto: You have 100 tokens, you lock them up for a bit, you get back 103 tokens. The stuff about validating transactions occurs in the background, and you don’t really have to worry about it. You just get a percentage return on your money—around 4% now, but maybe less after fees—from locking it up. (Before you compare that to the passive income you might earn on, say, a bond, remember this is paid in volatile Ether.)
-
-Crypto has found a novel way to *create yield*. We’ll talk about others later—crypto has a whole business of “yield farming”—but this is one. You can deposit your crypto into an account, and it will pay you interest. It will pay you interest not for the reason banks generally do—because they’re lending your money to some other customer who will make use of it—but because you are, in your small way, helping to maintain the security of the transaction ledger.
-
-iii. Gas
-
-Another difference between Ethereum and Bitcoin is that transaction fees are much more important in Ethereum.
-
-The basic reason is that every transaction in Bitcoin is more or less the same: “X sends Y Bitcoin to Z.” In Ethereum, though, there are transactions like “Run this complicated computer program with 10,000 steps.” That takes longer. Thousands of nodes on the Ethereum network have to run and validate each computational step of each contract. If a contract requires a lot of steps, then it will use a lot more of validators’ time and computer resources. If it requires infinite steps, it would crash the whole thing.
-
-To address this issue, Ethereum has “gas,” which is a fee that people and smart contracts pay for computation. Each transaction specifies 1) a maximum gas limit (basically a number of computational steps) and 2) a price per unit of gas. If the transaction uses up all its gas—if it takes more steps to execute than the gas limit—it fails (and still pays the gas fee). This deters people from sending superlong transactions that clog the network, and it absolutely prevents them from clogging the network forever.
-
-![Vintage image of gas station pump](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ioK5Pmqmz0HM/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-In early Ethereum, the gas fees, as well as built-in mining rewards, were paid to the miner who mined a block. Since the move to PoS, the built-in rewards are lower (because it’s much less expensive to be a validator than a miner, so you don’t need to get paid as much). And now [some of the gas fees are “burned”](https://notes.ethereum.org/@vbuterin/eip-1559-faq) (the Ether just vanishes) instead of being paid to validators. The basic result is that Ether as a whole is paying less for security under PoS than it used to.
-
-There are still gas fees, though, and some of them still go to validators. And generally speaking, the more you offer to pay for gas, the faster your transaction will be executed: If Ethereum is busy, paying more for gas gets you priority for executing your transactions. It is a shared computer where you can pay more to go first.
-
-iv. Tokens
-
-● ERC-20
-
-One thing a smart contract can do in Ethereum is create new cryptocurrencies. These cryptocurrencies are generally called “tokens.”
-
-Why would you want to do this? One reason we already talked about:
-
-1.  You can make up an arbitrary token that trades electronically.
-    
-2.  If you do that, people might pay a nonzero amount of money for it.
-    
-3.  Worth a shot, no?
-    
-
-This is extremely *easy* to do in Ethereum. (The Ethereum white paper includes a four-line code snippet “for implementing a token system” on Ethereum.) And so there’s the [Shiba token](https://shibatoken.com/), which calls itself “a decentralized meme token that evolved into a vibrant ecosystem.” It’s Dogecoin but on Ethereum, easy. It has a “Woof Paper.”
-
-But there are lots of other reasons to create cryptocurrencies. If you set up some sort of app that does a thing on the Ethereum system and you want to charge people money for doing that thing, what sort of money should you charge them? Or if you set up a two-sided marketplace that connects people who do a thing with people who want the thing done, what sort of money should the people who want the thing use to pay the people who do the thing?
-
-Dollars are a possible answer, though an oddly hard one: US dollars don’t live on the blockchain, but in bank accounts. Ether is the most obvious answer: You’ve set up an app in Ethereum, so you should take payment in the currency of Ethereum. But a persistently popular answer is: You should take payment in *your own currency*. People who add value to your service should be paid in your own special token; people who make use of the service should pay for it in that token. And then if the service takes off, the token might become more valuable.
-
-![coin](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/inyM0CgzMVpg/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-An asset class?
-
-We’ll discuss this idea in more detail later. For now, I’ll just say that Ethereum has a standard for how these sorts of tokens should be implemented, and it’s called [ERC-20](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/standards/tokens/erc-20/). And when there are decentralized apps on the Ethereum blockchain, there’s a good chance that they’ll say they have an ERC-20 token.
-
-One essential property of an ERC-20 token is that it’s fungible—like dollars, or Bitcoin, or Ether. If I create an ERC-20 token called Mattcoin and mint a billion Mattcoins, each of those billion tokens works exactly the same and is exactly interchangeable. They all trade at the same price, and nobody wants, or gets, any particular identified Mattcoin.
-
-● ERC-721
-
-There’s another way to do a token, though. You could have a series of tokens, each with a number. Token No. 1 in the series is different from Token No. 99, in the sense that Token No. 1 has the number 1 and Token No. 99 has the number 99. This is generally referred to as a nonfungible token, or NFT. The most popular Ethereum standard for NFTs is called [ERC-721](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/standards/tokens/erc-721/), and you’ll see that name sometimes.
-
-Let me quote a bit of the ERC-721 standard:
-
-> The ERC-721 introduces a standard for NFT, in other words, this type of Token is unique and can have different value than another Token from the same Smart Contract, maybe due to its age, rarity or even something else like its visual. Wait, visual?
-
-> Yes! All NFTs have a \[numerical\] variable called tokenId, so for any ERC-721 Contract, the pair contract address, \[numerical\] tokenId must be globally unique. That said, a dapp can have a “converter” that uses the tokenId as input and outputs an image of something cool, like zombies, weapons, skills or amazing kitties!
-
-Look how minimal this standard is, despite the zombies and kitties. An NFT consists of a series of numbered tokens, and the thing that makes it an NFT is that it has a different number in its tokenId field from the other tokens in its series.
-
-*If you’d like to imagine that this different number makes it something cool, like a zombie, or a kitty, you can! Go right ahead!* Or if there’s a computer program—or an Ethereum dapp—that looks at your number and says, “Ah, right, *this* number corresponds to a zombie with green hair and a fetching scar on his right cheek,” then the computer program is free to say that—and even serve you up a picture of that zombie—and you are free to believe it.
-
-We’ll come back to this.
-
-![Apefest billboard: It gets weird.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i2Cn0Euj2b3o/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-IT GETS WEIRD.
-
-v. An ICO
-
-Here’s another important difference between Ethereum and Bitcoin. Bitcoin never raised money; Ethereum did.
-
-You can think of Bitcoin as more or less the open-source passion product of one anonymous guy who really likes cryptography. The cost of building the basic system of Bitcoin was Satoshi’s time, which he donated. Then he mined the first Bitcoins and got super rich, probably, but that came later.
-
-Ethereum was a bit more complicated to build. Vitalik Buterin is the intellectual leader of Ethereum, but there were a bunch of co-founders. There were legal entities. There were programmers. They spent a lot of time on it. They had to pay for food deliveries.
-
-You could imagine Vitalik saying: “OK, we are a company, we’re Ethereum Inc., we’re going to start the Ethereum blockchain and make money from it, and we’ll sell shares in Ethereum Inc. to raise the money to build the blockchain. Sell 20% of Ethereum Inc. for cash, get the cash, build the blockchain and, I don’t know, collect royalties. Ethereum Inc. collects 0.01% of every Ethereum transaction forever.” Ethereum was a well-known and much-hyped project even before it launched, and they could easily have found investors.
-
-They didn’t do that, for philosophical and economic reasons. They wanted a decentralized blockchain ecosystem, and having it owned by a corporation would defeat the purpose.29 So they didn’t sell shares. They sold tokens. In July 2014 [they sold Ether](https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/#notes) “at the price of 1000-2000 ether per BTC, a mechanism intended to fund the Ethereum organization and pay for development,” according to Ethereum’s white paper. In all, they sold about 60 million Ether for about $18.3 million, all before the technology itself went live. Ethereum’s genesis block was mined in [July 2015](https://consensys.net/blog/blockchain-explained/a-short-history-of-ethereum/). Today there is a total of about 122 million Ether outstanding. Some of that, like Bitcoin, comes from mining or, now, validating. But almost half of it was purchased, before Ethereum was launched, by people who wanted to bet on its success.
-
-Camila Russo, in her book about Ethereum, [wrote](https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2020/07/11/sale-of-the-century-the-inside-story-of-ethereums-2014-premine/):
-
-> A whole new financing model had been tested. One where a ragtag group of feuding hackers with no business plan and no live product, let alone users or revenue, could raise millions of dollars from thousands of people from all over the world. Before, anyone who wanted to buy stock in big tech firms like Facebook or Google would need a U.S. bank account; things got even more complicated for those who wanted to invest in startups that hadn’t gone to the public markets to raise funds. Now anyone could be an investor in one of the most cutting-edge technology companies out there. All they needed was an internet connection and at least 0.01 Bitcoin.
-
-![screenshots of movie](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iqvUUPAzBtC8/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Which of these ragtag groups’ tokens would you choose?
-
-It worked out well for those investors; that 60 million Ether is worth billions of dollars today.
-
-But as a “whole new financing model,” it’s a mixed bag. Many people, particularly securities regulators, think it’s *good* that startups usually can’t raise money from the general public without at least a business plan. And there’s a sense in which this sale—the Ether “pre-mine,” or “initial coin offering” (ICO)—was the original sin of crypto as a financing tool. A lot of other crypto teams copied Ethereum’s approach, writing up vague plans to build some project and then raising money by preselling tokens that would be useful if the project ever happened. The [analogy](https://twitter.com/matt_levine/status/902617398620168196) I’ve tweeted is that ICOs are “like if the Wright Brothers sold air miles to finance inventing the airplane.”
-
-NOT EVERYONE GOT AROUND TO INVENTING THE AIRPLANE.
-
-There was a 2017 ICO boom in which a lot of projects raised a lot of money by selling tokens that never turned out to be useful. When ragtag groups of hackers with no business plan can raise millions of dollars from anyone with an internet connection, they all will. The odds that any particular one of those non-business-plans will succeed are low. The odds that any particular one will be a scam are high.
-
-vi. Other chains
-
-● Layers, trilemmas
-
-The basic ideas of Ethereum—a distributed computer, smart contracts, dapps, new tokens, etc.—caught on broadly within crypto. Ether is now the [second-biggest cryptocurrency](https://coinmarketcap.com/) (well behind Bitcoin, well ahead of everything else).
-
-But it has a lot of competition: If you’re building smart contracts, there are a lot of other blockchains where you can run them, including
-
-**BNB Chain,  
-Solana,  
-Avalanche,  
-Cardano,  
-Tezos,  
-Polkadot,  
-Algorand,  
-Tron,  
-and Terra 2.0.**
-
-These platforms, like Bitcoin and Ethereum, are called “Layer 1 blockchains,” meaning they’re entirely separate from one another; each Layer 1 blockchain maintains its own ledger. They compete with one another much like other tech platforms do, arguing that they offer better performance, a better environment for developers, a different programming style, better tools.
-
-A famous problem in crypto is the “[blockchain trilemma](https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/04/07/sharding.html)”: Blockchains want to be scalable (they can process a lot of transactions quickly), decentralized (they don’t depend on a few trusted parties), and secure (a minority of computers on the network can’t successfully attack it). But, says the trilemma, you can only choose two of those three.
-
-  ![Pick any two triangle](https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2022-the-crypto-story/svg/BW-CRYPTO-P2-TRILEMMA.svg)
-
-Bitcoin and Ethereum chose decentralization and security, which makes them fairly slow computers. Other blockchains are faster but more centralized: If your consensus mechanism is “We trust six computers to verify all transactions,” that’s going to be faster than Bitcoin’s proof-of-work algorithm. But if someone hacks those six computers, look out.
-
-People on the decentralized-and-secure blockchains spend a lot of time thinking about scaling. Often this involves so-called Layer 2 systems, which are built on top of Layer 1 technology such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. For instance, Bitcoin has the [Lightning Network](https://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf), a Layer 2 payment system that basically lets people on the Bitcoin blockchain set up payments to each other without running all of them through the blockchain. This makes the payments faster and cheaper, and they periodically settle on the blockchain for security.
-
-Much of the thought in Ethereum these days is about how to scale it so that it can execute large numbers of transactions quickly and cheaply—a prerequisite for building a universal world computer, or frankly even a payments system that can compete with credit cards. Much of the action here is about Layer 2 systems that specialize in doing some sorts of transactions off the main Ethereum blockchain (where space is somewhat scarce and expensive) and then saving the results to that blockchain (where transactions are secure and immutable).30
-
-● Bridges, wrapping
-
-Some people in crypto are faithful to a single blockchain: They are Bitcoin maximalists, or Ethereum or Avalanche or Solana loyalists. Many people are generalist dabblers, though. They like buying lots of tokens on lots of blockchains, because they see merit in many blockchain platforms, or because they like it when lines go up.
-
-![image of people with laser eyes](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iR.r6Z01EFhI/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-One result of this is that sometimes you will want to own the token of one blockchain on another blockchain. This comes up a lot in decentralized finance, or DeFi, the system of crypto exchanges and financial products that live on blockchains. If you’re writing smart contracts to trade tokens on the blockchain, those smart contracts—computer programs—will have to run on one particular blockchain. But you might not want to limit yourself to the tokens of that blockchain. (You are, after all, building an exchange.) You might want to write programs on the Ethereum blockchain that trade Bitcoin or write programs on Solana that trade Ether. Say you want to write a smart contract on Solana to swap some Ether for SOL (the Solana token). How do you do that?
-
-You don’t. Your Ether lives on the Ethereum blockchain. “You have Ether” is a fact about the ledger on that blockchain. The Solana blockchain has no record of that. Nor does Ethereum have any record of Solana tokens. It’s all incompatible, separate systems. It’s separate banks and property registers and DMVs all over again.
-
-That’s an annoying answer and can’t really be right, so there are workarounds. The principal one is called a “bridge.” A bridge is, generally, a smart contract on one blockchain, a smart contract on another blockchain, and some sort of trusted computer program that sits between them and passes messages. If you want to swap some Ether for SOL, you find a bridge. You send your Ether to the bridge’s smart contract in Ethereum, which locks it up: As far as the Ethereum blockchain is concerned, your Ether belongs to the bridge now. The bridge’s off-chain computer program sees this and alerts its Solana smart contract, which gives you the equivalent of the Ether on the Solana blockchain.
-
-“The equivalent of the Ether” could, I suppose, be some amount of SOL at whatever the current Ether/SOL exchange rate is. (The bridge could also be an exchange.) But the normal approach is to take Ether on Ethereum and give you back “wrapped Ether” (sometimes “wETH”) on Solana. Wrapped Ether is a token issued by the bridge’s smart contract on the Solana blockchain, representing a claim on the bridge’s Ether on the Ethereum blockchain. It is, as it were, Ether on the Solana network.
-
-![pig in a blanket appetizer](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i2zq9gEhk.m8/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-1+1=3?
-
-Bridges are notorious sites of risk in crypto: A big bridge contract will have a lot of crypto locked up in it, will need to regularly send and receive crypto from strangers, and will have to interoperate between different environments. If you can find a bug in a bridge, you can make a lot of money. People do that pretty regularly. An actual big Solana/Ethereum bridge is called Wormhole; it was [hacked this year](https://blog.chainalysis.com/reports/wormhole-hack-february-2022/) for about $320 million of wETH.
-
-![tightrope walker in the mountains](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i_6nkdj.N.44/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Here’s a slightly different generalization of Bitcoin:
-
-1.  Look, you’ve built a distributed *database*.
-    
-2.  This database has some fascinating properties. It’s distributed, decentralized, secure, trustless, and permissionless.
-    
-3.  Your database happens to track the ownership of electronic coins.
-    
-4.  What if we built a database like that to track the ownership of *other* things?
-    
-
-i. Map and territory
-
-“Modern life consists in large part of entries in databases,” I said, and then I listed a few, starting with money. There’s a reason I started with money, and why Satoshi did, too. A dollar *is* an entry on a list of dollars. If you have dollars, what you have is an entry in your bank’s database saying how many dollars you have. This entry is the dollars. The bank doesn’t have sacks of gold or a big box of paper currency that the database refers to. It just has the database.
-
-This is even more true for Bitcoin. There are no paper Bitcoins at all. If the Bitcoin ledger says you have a Bitcoin, then you have a Bitcoin. That’s all a Bitcoin is.
-
-Almost nothing *else* works quite that way, though. If you own a house, in some legal sense the main thing that you own is an entry in a property register. But in some much more important sense, the main thing that you own is *the house*. If your house burned down, you could not sleep in your deed.
-
-Conversely, if someone snuck into the property registry at night and slipped in a new deed saying that *they* owned your house, and then they showed up at your house to kick you out, you might reasonably raise objections like “But all my stuff is here,” or “But I have the keys to the locks,” or “But all my neighbors know I live here,” or “But this is the address on my driver’s license,” and you might convince everyone—the sheriff, the courts, your mortgage lender—that in fact you own the house and the deed is wrong. The property registry is not *definitive* for house ownership the way the Bitcoin ledger is definitive for Bitcoin ownership.
-
-But the idea of putting important databases of real-world stuff “on the blockchain”—for some reason the definite article is always used with this stuff, and one shouldn’t worry too much about *which* blockchain—has a lot of appeal. People are always talking about moving real estate registries or cargo manifests or carbon emissions onto the blockchain.
-
-This is appealing because, as a database, the blockchain has some nice properties. The important public blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum are secure, open, and permissionless. Anyone can prove they own a Bitcoin, and that ownership can’t be reversed arbitrarily.
-
-And anyone can *build* on these systems.
-
-![lego scene](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ishLA5BUfQNg/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-If you want to build an exchange for trading Ethereum, you can just do it; the blockchain is public, and the standards for building Ethereum programs are open. Building a new system for buying *houses* is overwhelmingly difficult. You’d need to get lots of banks and county property registries and appraisers on board. But if, somehow, the houses were moved to the blockchain, that would permanently allow for permissionless innovation: Everyone could build programs and exchanges and derivatives and interfaces for house buying, and the best ones could win.
-
-The problem is that houses can’t live on the blockchain. They live in the real world. They can burn down and stuff. Connecting the electronic artifact on the blockchain—the house token?—to its real-world referent—the house—is philosophically and practically tricky.
-
-How to make this connection is largely an unsolved problem, and quite possibly an *unsolvable* one, but also an important one. Crypto’s *financial* system is well-developed and has some advantages in openness and permissionless innovation over the traditional financial system. If you could ingest the physical world into that financial system, you’d have something cool.
-
-ii. Enterprise blockchain
-
-A less ambitious version of this is: Look, banks are already keeping lots of databases to track lots of things. Dollars in bank accounts but also loans, tradable securities, derivative contracts, trade financing, all sorts of stuff. Some of those databases are slow, some are written in Cobol, and some require an exchange of faxes to settle transactions. It would be nice if those databases were faster, if they could talk to each other efficiently. It would be nice if JPMorgan Chase’s database could talk to Goldman Sachs’s database, if there weren’t a manual and contentious process of reconciling trades between banks.
-
-In 2010, if you were a loan trader at a bank, and you thought,
-
-  
-
-**“Ugh, our systems for trading loans are so slow and kludgy,”**
-
-and you walked into the CEO’s office and said,
-
-  
-
-**“We should spend tens of millions of dollars hiring top-notch programmers to build a new loan-trading system, and we should start a consortium with our competitors and clients where we all agree to use the same loan-trading system, because that will make my life easier and eliminate a lot of back-office costs,”**
-
-the CEO would probably say things like
-
-  
-  
-  
-  
-
-But in 2017, if you were a loan trader at a bank, or a blockchain consultant, or frankly a person off the street, and you walked into the office of a bank CEO and shouted the word
-
-the CEO would hand you a sack of money. Lots and lots and lots of people took advantage of this. “Blockchain” was for a while the sexiest word in finance, and banks were tripping over themselves to announce blockchain initiatives.31
-
-The idea here was sometimes vague, to be honest, but broadly speaking we’re talking about *permissioned* blockchains, or *private* blockchains. Big public blockchains are generally not something a banker is going to like. Having all transactions be public is good for security (everyone can verify that everything is correct) but also bad (if your transactions are meant to be secret). It’s also just sort of *icky* for regulation. “Who makes sure that your transaction records are correct?” a bank regulator will ask, and the bank will answer, “Well, we don’t really know, but we think it’s some mining pools in Russia,” and the regulators will get nervous.
-
-But many of the basic ideas of a blockchain—a ledger of every transaction that’s demonstrably shared by every computer on the network—can be implemented *privately*. If you get together with 11 of your friends and agree that the 12 of you will do transactions with one another, keep a ledger, verify all the transactions, and use cryptographic hash functions to make sure the ledger isn’t changed, then you can just do that. If you all trust each other and don’t let anyone else join the network—or if you let only people you trust join the network—then you don’t have to worry about malicious miners taking over your network. It’s just you and your friends.
-
-This has advantages for security, particularly for *explaining* security to bank regulators. You also don’t have to make the blockchain public if you don’t want to, and there are efficiency advantages. It’s only 12 of you confirming transactions, so you can do it faster. Presumably you’re doing this for a reason—you want the ability to do these transactions with each other—so you don’t have to get paid for confirming transactions. You don’t need mining or staking: Those are ways for public blockchains to reach a consensus among people who have to prove they have a commitment to the system. The 12 of you all know one another and built the system, so your consensus is good enough without any further proof. You can just vote on it.
-
-![archival boardroom image](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iLQhRvXzGO9M/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
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-An important fact about Bitcoin is that it’s both a technological method of sending money and the money itself. That is, Bitcoin is a computer system for sending Bitcoins, and a Bitcoin is the thing that the Bitcoin system sends.
-
-Some of what goes on in crypto is *about the technology*: People use the ideas of blockchains and smart contracts and so forth to build software. Some of what goes on in crypto is *about the money*: People call up their brokers to place bets on the prices of crypto tokens going up.
-
-But a lot of what goes on in crypto is *about both*:
-
-  ![Crypto technology runs on crypto tokens, and crypto tokens get their value from crypto technology.](https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2022-the-crypto-story/svg/BW-CRYPTO-P2-TOKEN-VALUE.svg)
-
-Broadly speaking, the name for this is “web3.” The [idea](https://onezero.medium.com/why-decentralization-matters-5e3f79f7638e) is that the original web was the early development of the internet, when people built decentralized open community-controlled protocols for the internet. “Web 2.0,” or “web2,” was when big tech companies more or less took over the internet; now your experience of the internet is largely mediated through Facebook and Google and Apple and Amazon, and they make tons of money from controlling the internet. No open decentralized project is going to compete with them. But web3 will be when people build decentralized open community-controlled protocols for the internet again *and also make lots of money*. Because the decentralized protocols won’t be owned by big tech companies, but they won’t be free and owned by no one, either. They’ll be owned by their users.
-
-Just kidding: They’ll be owned by venture capitalists who buy tokens in these projects early on and who are the [biggest boosters of web3](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-28/web3-is-the-big-idea-customers-didn-t-ask-for). But also by their users.
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-![](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/imBRqyA3Q6WI/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
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-i. Tokens and tokenomics
-
-Think about what you get when you buy a Bitcoin. One thing you get is a unit of “digital cash”: You can send the Bitcoin to someone else to buy a sandwich or whatever. If this digital cash thing takes off, then lots of people will accept Bitcoin for sandwiches, and this currency that you bought will be very useful.
-
-But another thing you get is a *share* in the Bitcoin project. Not a share of actual stock, but still a chance to profit from the success of Bitcoin. If this digital cash thing takes off, then lots of people will want Bitcoin to use to buy sandwiches, and there will be a lot of demand for Bitcoin. But only 21 million Bitcoin will ever exist. So each Bitcoin will be more valuable as more people decide to use Bitcoin as their way to transfer digital cash.
-
-That logic never quite made sense. A convenient currency for digital cash transfer has a stable value, and the *rising* value of Bitcoin makes it *less* useful as a currency: If your Bitcoin keep going up in value, you should not spend them on sandwiches. Bitcoin as an appreciating asset will be a bad currency.32 Still, it worked well *enough*. Bitcoin is used enough for digital transfers of value that it became valuable, and early adopters got rich.
-
-This is a key financial innovation of crypto:
-
-Crypto built an efficient system to make *the customers of a business also its shareholders*.
-
-Lots of crypto projects have this basic structure. Filecoin is a decentralized system for storing files, where you can pay to store files or get paid for storing files for someone else. You pay, or get paid, in Filecoin. Helium is a decentralized system for wireless hotspots, where you can get paid for running a hotspot or pay for access. You pay, or get paid, in Helium’s tokens. And there are play-to-earn video games such as *Axie Infinity*, where you pay for tokens to play the game, and get rewarded in the game’s tokens. Participating—storing files, providing Wi-Fi, playing the game—makes you an investor as well as a user.
-
-This is potentially powerful because crypto is in the network-effects business. Many crypto projects are useful mainly if lots of other people use them. Bitcoin is a useful payment system if lots of people have Bitcoin and accept it for payments. Ethereum is a useful computing system if lots of people build apps on Ethereum. If you build a decentralized financial exchange or a peer-to-peer marketplace or whatever else on Ethereum, it’s useful if lots of people use it.
-
-It’s hard to build a network-effects business from scratch. Early users of a network-effects business won’t get much out of it, because there’s no network yet. You might as well just wait until there are more users. The economics of crypto tokens reverse that. Early users of a crypto network get tokens cheap, and if the network takes off later, then their tokens will be worth a lot. Now there’s an advantage to being early. “[Token effects](https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-21/there-s-inside-information-in-sec-filings?sref=1kJVNqnU),” people sometimes call this.
-
-Many claims made about web3 are just about taking this basic idea at face value, assuming that it’s good, and applying it in vague ambitious ways. One issue for web3 is that for most consumers, the process of even signing up is going to be baffling—you generally don’t just take out your credit card and start playing a game. You might need to buy Ether on an exchange, then use a bridge to connect to the game’s own special wallet, then trade your Ether for another token you need to buy characters or fight battles or whatever.
-
-Another problem is the urge to tokenize businesses with no obvious network effects. In July, *Esquire* [published an article](https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/books/a40654712/crypto-books-future/) about how “The Crypto Revolution Wants to Reimagine Books”:
-
-> What if you could own a stake in Harry Potter?
-
-> What if the book series functioned like a publicly traded company where individuals could “buy stock” in it, and as the franchise grows, those “stocks” become more valuable? If this were the case, someone who purchased just three percent of *Harry Potter* back when there was only one book would be a billionaire now.
-
-> Just imagine how that would affect the reading experience. Suddenly a trip to Barnes & Noble becomes an investment opportunity. Early readers could spot “the next big thing” and make a $100 contribution that becomes $10,000 or even $100,000 if the book’s popularity grows. If readers could own a percentage of the franchise, they might then be incentivized to help that book succeed. They could start a TikTok account to promote the book via BookTok, or use their talents as filmmakers to adapt it to the screen. All of this stands to increase the value of their original investment.
-
-You’d feel like a chump reading poetry, wouldn’t you?
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-![There’s grief of want, and grief of cold, – A sort they call ‘despair;’](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iaB4uw.jXM_Q/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-The bad way to put this is that every web3 project is simultaneously a Ponzi.33
-
-Why would you buy some tokens to join a web3 Facebook competitor? Well, if you like the product, go right ahead. But probably it’s at least in part because you want to get rich off the tokens by selling them to someone else. Why do you think someone else will buy the tokens? Is it because you think they like the product? Or is it because you think *they* are planning to get rich by selling to a bigger sucker? Where does that end?
-
-Dror Poleg, a writer on business and technology, [wrote a blog post about web3](https://www.drorpoleg.com/in-praise-of-ponzis/) that I think about all the time. The title is “In Praise of Ponzis.” It goes like this:
-
-   ![This is, essentially, a pyramid scheme. A Ponzi. But it makes sense. It will be the dominant marketing method of the next decade and beyond. “Nonsense,” you might say. “At the end of the day, you need to sell something; narratives are not enough.” But aren’t they? Another difference between the old world and ours is that we no longer sell things. In the past, the content was used to sell stuff: executives from manufacturing companies got their TV channel buddies to produce soap operas in order to see more soap. But today, content is not used to sell anything beyond itself. Everything is content, including your actions and behaviors. Why give them away for free?](https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2022-the-crypto-story/svg/BW-CRYPTO-P2-PYRAMID-MOBILEC.svg)
-
-ii. DAOs
-
-I should mention some other web3-ish concepts here. One is a DAO, usually pronounced “dow,” which stands for “decentralized autonomous organization.” DAOs aren’t decentralized autonomous organizations. In the early days, people sometimes thought that’s what they were. “This company runs automatically through smart contracts with no human intervention,” they would say. “It’s never been seen before in human history.” But, no. The thing that runs automatically through smart contracts with no human intervention is a *smart contract*. A DAO is a way for *people* to get together to *vote* to control a pot of money or a protocol on the blockchain.
-
-In other words, a DAO is a … company? Like, just a regular company? It has shareholders, who put in money and control it. (Actually, they put in money and get back tokens that give them rights to govern the DAO.) And the shareholders can vote. DAOs are unlike regular companies in that the shareholders (token holders) tend to vote on more stuff: Often there’s a chat room on an app called Discord, and people can propose ideas for the DAO, and there are procedures for holding a vote. Whereas US public companies let shareholders vote in only very constrained and symbolic ways, DAOs tend to let token holders vote on all sorts of stuff and often give them a fair amount of real control of the company. In this, DAOs look more like *partnerships* than public corporations.34
-
-  ![](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/itWwWhNxY_8k/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Some DAOs are the governance mechanisms for big decentralized finance, or DeFi, applications like crypto exchanges and are responsible for setting policies and parameters for how they work. Other DAOs are just weird larks. [ConstitutionDAO](https://www.constitutiondao.com/) made some headlines in 2021 for raising a bunch of money from crypto investors to buy a copy of the US Constitution. They failed to buy it, did some DAO voting stuff on what to do next, and ultimately returned most of the money (minus gas fees), and shut down. It was a quick way for people to pool their money online to have fun together. It was a Discord chat with a pool of money.
-
-iii. Identity, reputation, credentials
-
-In the Bitcoin white paper, Satoshi makes a privacy recommendation: “A new key pair should be used for each transaction to keep them from being linked to a common owner.” It’s free and easy to generate new Bitcoin addresses, so every time you accept a payment in Bitcoin, you should do it in a different address. The Bitcoin blockchain is public, sure, so everyone can see every transaction. But the goal is for all of *your* Bitcoin transactions to be separate, unlinkable, so no one can ever get a full picture of what you’re up to on the blockchain.
-
-Meanwhile, in Ethereum there’s the [Ethereum Name Service](https://ens.domains/), or ENS, which we talked about earlier. This lets you register a domain name like “matthewlevine.eth” and use it across various Ethereum functions. “Use your ENS name to store all of your addresses and receive any cryptocurrency, token, or NFT,” says its homepage. Venture capitalists sometimes use their ENS domain as their Twitter display name.
-
-These are very different philosophies about what you’re doing in the crypto world. Bitcoin is, philosophically, digital cash, anonymous and transactional. Ethereum is, philosophically, something like an open-source programming community, where *reputation* is what’s valued. And to accumulate reputation, you need a consistent identity. You do all your Ethereum stuff under your real name, or at least your vanity plate.
-
-![vanity plates](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iwBvoAR.uBfE/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Many of the grand claims that people make about web3 are about reputation and identity. The idea is that you can keep your identity on the blockchain in some immutable, decentralized, transparent, provable form, and then do good stuff with it. You have some crypto wallet that contains not just tokens that you *bought*, but also tokens you received for *doing* things. When you graduate from college, your college sends you a Bachelor’s Degree Token, or a series of tokens specifying the courses you took and your grades and maybe what you learned. When you pass your driving test, the DMV sends you a Driver’s License Token. When you go to a professional conference, the conference organization sends you an Attended a Conference Token. When you get promoted at your job, your employer sends you a Senior Blockchain Developer Token. When you help out on an open-source project, the leaders of the project send you a Thanks for Helping With Our Open-Source Project Token. When you post a lot on Reddit, other Reddit users send you Good Post on Reddit Tokens ([these exist](https://www.reddit.com/community-points/), and they’re called Community Points). When you help your friend move, your friend sends you a Thanks for Helping Me Move Token. All of these tokens are verifiably signed by their issuers (your college, the DMV, Reddit, your friend), and the issuers have varying degrees of credibility and importance. (These tokens will also, in the general case, be *nontransferable*: You can’t sell your college degree to someone else.)
-
-And then if you’re looking for a job, you’ll show prospective employers your degree tokens and conference tokens and Reddit tokens and whatever else seems relevant.35 And if you go on a decentralized dating app, perhaps you’ll show prospective romantic partners your degree tokens and your cool-hobby tokens and the I’m a Good Romantic Partner in Many Ways Tokens that your exes sent you when you were together.36 I don’t know. These things are more often described as loose utopian sketches than specific programs. When I write them down they sound extremely *dystopian* to me, but perhaps you disagree.
-
-Sometimes they’re spelled out a bit more. In May, Vitalik Buterin [published a paper](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4105763), with E. Glen Weyl and Puja Ohlhaver, called *Decentralized Society: Finding Web3’s Soul*. It called for a set of “non-transferable ‘soulbound’ tokens (SBTs) representing the commitments, credentials and affiliations of ‘Souls.’” A soul, in this terminology, is not quite a *person*, though it is more like a person than it is like a Bitcoin address. A soul could be a person, or an institution (a university, etc.), but a person could also have multiple souls for multiple contexts.
-
-“When issuing a tradeable NFT, an artist could issue the NFT from their Soul,” says the paper, beautifully. It would be amazing if theology could be replaced, or perhaps *solved*, by cryptography. A person’s soul is nothing more than the things and people that she loves, the people who love her, and the impact that she has on the world, and we’ve encoded it on the blockchain, here it is. It would be a bummer to lose the private key to your soul.37
-
-*For what shall it profit a man to gain a lot of Bitcoin and lose his own soul?*
-
-Here’s another way to describe what Satoshi did: He created a way to do *irreversible transactions* on computers.
-
-i. Censorship resistance
-
-Ordinarily, if there’s some database on a computer somewhere, and it changes some data field, it can just change that field back to what it was; those are equivalent, easy things for a computer to do. But the blockchain makes it *hard* to change things back. If a Bitcoin moves from one address to another address, and that transaction is included in a block, and then a few more blocks are added afterward “confirming” the transaction, then it would take an unfathomable amount of computer *work*—running hash functions trillions and trillions of times—to rewind the blockchain to remove that transaction. Blockchain is one-way; its ledger is permanent.
-
-This is nice if you want your ledger to be really secure, hard to hack, backed up in multiple places, though honestly it’s probably an overkill for those purposes. But it’s *really* nice if you want your ledger to be immune from *government meddling*. Or, really, anyone’s meddling. Crypto people call any interference with transactions “censorship.” Bitcoin is “censorship-resistant.” You might not trust the government, because, for instance, you live in a repressive dictatorship that controls the banking system and will seize your money from you unjustly.
-
-![security cameras](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iVXdY6JDtRlM/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Or you might have other objections. US banks, often though not always in conjunction with US government agencies, are very much in the business of *blocking payments*. They’ll block payments to organizations designated as terrorists by the government, or to countries sanctioned by the government. But they’ll also block payments to pornographic websites in response to [public pressure campaigns](https://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/mastercard-banks-consent-porn-sites). If you’d like to finance terrorism or do business in Iran or consume internet porn, this sort of thing might drive you to embrace crypto. But even if you don’t like terrorism or Iran or porn, this sort of thing might make you *nervous*. What *other* forms of commerce might be shut down by the government, or by banks acting independently of the government?38
-
-ii. Or not
-
-The practical problem with censorship resistance is that the crypto world touches the real world at various points, and those contacts make it hard to be totally free from the pressures of outside influence. A meme in crypto is the “$5 wrench attack,” named for an [*xkcd* web cartoon](https://xkcd.com/538/) pointing out that the way to steal someone’s cryptocurrency isn’t by using sophisticated methods to hack his laptop but rather by “hitting him with this $5 wrench until he tells us the password.”
-
-![wrench](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i2.YCCpcVGQA/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
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-The other problem is that, while crypto generally creates decentralized and irreversible transactions, it also creates a *permanent public record* of those transactions. The government can just look at that record! It can’t *reverse* the transactions, but it can do its best to make life unpleasant for the recipients.
-
-You can send Bitcoin to anyone without anyone’s permission. But at some point you’ll want to *do* something with Bitcoin. You’ll want to spend it; if you have a lot of it, you’ll want to spend it on real estate or yachts or jewelry or art.39 A financial system cannot be *entirely* self-contained; you have to be able to turn your money into actual stuff.
-
-And that’s where they get you. The normal way to turn your Bitcoin into dollars is through a centralized crypto exchange, such as the apps for buying and selling crypto that you saw advertised during the Super Bowl. They’re the main “fiat off-ramp,” the place that lets you sell your Bitcoin (which are hard to spend) for dollars (which are easy to spend). Centralized crypto exchanges are *extremely* censorable, since they tend to be run by wealthy CEOs who would prefer to remain wealthy and not in prison, and so they’ll do things like ask you for your driver’s license before letting you open an account. If you’re on the government’s “do not open an account” list, they won’t open an account for you.
-
-Also, if your *Bitcoin* are on a bad list, they won’t turn them into dollars for you. If you come by 100,000 Bitcoin in the wrong way—by hacking someone’s Bitcoin account, or by doing a ransomware attack, or by getting them from an address that the government has blacklisted for some good or bad reason—and transfer them into an exchange, the exchange will ask you where they came from. Also the government, and the exchange, can trace the provenance of your Bitcoin and see if any of them were involved in known bad transactions (hacks, ransomware, etc.). And if they were, the exchange can block you from taking your money out and can call the police.
-
-![courtroom sketch](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iLqY7doQwzUg/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-*Forbes* contributor and rapper (left).
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-Earlier this year [a couple were arrested](https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-02-09/business-rapper-was-bad-at-bitcoin-laundering) and accused of trying to launder 119,754 Bitcoin stolen from the Bitfinex exchange in a [2016 hack](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-06-30/how-the-world-s-biggest-bitcoin-btc-hack-at-bitfinex-got-botched). (She was a YouTube rapper and a *Forbes* contributor—colorful character!) That’s billions of dollars of Bitcoin at today’s prices. But these people were not living particularly large, because it turns out billions of dollars of stolen Bitcoin can be extremely difficult to spend and extremely easy to track. Most of the allegedly stolen Bitcoin never left the account where they first landed after the hack. Some were sent to crypto exchanges and converted into dollars, but the exchanges kept meticulous records of who was opening the accounts and withdrawing the money and quickly froze withdrawals. Some were exchanged for gold at a precious-metals dealer, but they had to show a driver’s license and give a real home address for that transaction, so the FBI saw who got the gold. Some of the money was spent on a Walmart gift card, and if you’re buying a Walmart gift card with your billions of dollars of stolen censorship-resistant currency, then your money laundering is not going well.
-
-We’ve talked about how Satoshi’s essential technological innovation was that he found a way to make numbers on computers *scarce*. And a weirdly important generalization of Bitcoin is that it is a way to create electronic scarcity.
-
-i. Wait, what?
-
-Is that good? For digital cash it is, sure. Dollars are electronic ledger entries that are scarce because a complicated system of banking regulation makes them scarce; banks *can* make new dollars just by changing a number in a database, but there’s a lot of ceremony involved in making sure they do that in the right way. If you want a decentralized permissionless system of money without trust or regulation, you need some way to limit how much money there is, and Bitcoin solved that problem.
-
-The broader idea of scarce digital assets is weirder, though. The normal condition of human existence is that good stuff is scarce, and companies make money selling it to us because we can’t get infinite amounts of it for free. This isn’t always true of everything, but it’s generally true of the things that you notice paying for. (In general you can breathe as much air as you want for free, though science fiction occasionally has fun imagining dystopian worlds where air is scarce, expensive, and controlled by corporations. Crypto people sometimes have fun imagining those worlds, too, but thinking they’re utopias.)
-
-It’s hard to mine coal
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-![coal mine](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iDDIH66n1MJ8/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
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-or make a chair
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-![designer chair](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iDz7VZrVHYs4/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
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-or train a tax accountant.
-
-![archival accountant photo](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iC09x8NMDvYw/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-There isn’t an unlimited supply of those things, so they cost money. Every so often a scarce thing becomes abundant—a vast oil field is discovered, a robot is invented that can make 100 chairs per hour—and prices drop, and the people who were previously in the business go broke.
-
-So there’s a natural intuition that scarcity creates value and abundance destroys it. This is, of course, wrong. You’d rather have more stuff than less. As a consumer, abundance is good. But you can’t get rich selling stuff that’s infinitely available for free. And you want to get rich.
-
-The modern world has developed ways to get rich by selling stuff that, in theory, is infinitely available because it’s electronic. Microsoft Word is not *really* scarce: The amount of physical resources (electricity, computing power, disk space) involved in making one more copy of that computer program and putting it on my computer is tiny in the scheme of things, and when I pay for a copy of Word, I’m paying Microsoft Corp. for the effort involved in coming up with Word in the first place, not for the marginal copy. And Microsoft is, in part, in the business of making those copies scarce—of making it *not* trivial to copy its programs, with copy-protection schemes and subscription plans—so that it can charge for them.
-
-Or, if you regularly read Bloomberg online, thank you for paying to get past our paywall. Some of your money is going toward paying for our servers to deliver one more impression of an article to your browser. Not very much of it, though. Most of it is going to me, haha, thanks!
-
-One possible future is that the world will be increasingly like that, at least for some people.40 Technological progress will make the basic necessities increasingly abundant and also less fun, the physical world will become more homogenous and boring, and everyone will spend more of their time online. Their friendships and romances and family life will occur on computers; their lives will get meaning from stuff that happens on computers.
-
-One possibility here is that this will just be nice and egalitarian: Everyone can find their own communities and live in the limitless abundance of the internet. The other possibility is that in an internet world the essential goods will be *positional*. Being in the *cool* internet chat room will be desirable the way living in a fancy house in a good neighborhood is desirable now. Having a *cool* online avatar will be desirable in the way that wearing a nice watch is desirable now. And if crypto is a way to make those things *scarce*, to make the desirable avatars a limited edition available only to trendsetting early adopters and rich people, then you can make money selling them.
-
-This all seems bad to me,
-
-***BUT WHAT DO I KNOW?***
-
-![video game](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iYYJR.wmmUfc/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-ii. Rare monkey JPEGs
-
-I guess we have to talk about NFTs again.
-
-Remember, an NFT is just a token with a number. If you buy a Bitcoin, your Bitcoin is identical to anyone else’s Bitcoin.41 If you buy an NFT, it has a number. There will be some series of NFTs—some ERC-721 token series with a name, let’s call them Tedious Tamarins—and each NFT in that series will have a number, and Tedious Tamarin No. 63 will be distinguished from Tedious Tamarin No. 64 by having a different number.
-
-I’m being as trivial as possible, but of course everything on the internet is distinguished from everything else on the internet by having a different series of numbers. That’s all internet culture is, numbers encoding pictures and sounds and text and arguments. There’s no reason in principle why the number 63 should not encode a tamarin who looks bored but *really cool*, while the number 64 encodes a tamarin who looks bored and kinda schlubby. And so you might pay more for No. 63 because he looks cooler.
-
-What this means *technically* is interesting. The paradigmatic NFT is some piece of digital art: Tedious Tamarins is a series of 1,000 digital drawings of slightly different monkeys with bored expressions, and different tamarins will be worth more depending on how cool they look. (Commonly an NFT series will have a handful of possible attributes—a tamarin might be smoking a cigarette, or wearing a funny hat, or yawning, or closing its eyes, and tamarins will be worth more depending on how many attributes they have and how rare those attributes are. You could imagine the value of different NFTs within a series being based on purely aesthetic considerations, but, mostly not.)
-
-But what does it mean to say that the NFT *is* a piece of digital art? The art does not live on the blockchain. As the well-known software engineer and hacker who goes by the name Moxie Marlinspike wrote in a [blog post](https://moxie.org/2022/01/07/web3-first-impressions.html):
-
-> Instead of storing the data on-chain, NFTs instead contain a URL that points to the data. What surprised me about the standards was that there’s no hash commitment for the data located at the URL. Looking at many of the NFTs on popular marketplaces being sold for tens, hundreds, or millions of dollars, that URL often just points to some VPS running Apache somewhere. Anyone with access to that machine, anyone who buys that domain name in the future, or anyone who compromises that machine can change the image, title, description, etc for the NFT to whatever they’d like at any time (regardless of whether or not they “own” the token). There’s nothing in the NFT spec that tells you what the image “should” be, or even allows you to confirm whether something is the “correct” image.
-
-If you buy an NFT, what you own is a notation on the blockchain that says you own a pointer to some web server. On that web server there’s *probably* a picture of a monkey, but that’s none of the blockchain’s business.
-
-![broken image](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iGVERZXhC4mY/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Meanwhile the intellectual-property rights to that picture of a monkey are *certainly* none of the blockchain’s business. It’s not uncommon for the person or company selling the NFT series to 1) own the IP rights to the pictures of the monkeys and 2) promise to transfer those rights, or some of them, to individual holders of the NFTs. But if that happens, it happens off the blockchain; those promises are or aren’t enforceable through the normal legal system. And it’s not all that uncommon for the person selling the NFT series *not* to own the IP rights. Early in the NFT boom, it was common for people to make NFTs “of” the *Mona Lisa* or the Brooklyn Bridge. It’s just a token with a number; why can’t that number refer to “the Brooklyn Bridge”?
-
-![magazine stand with Mona Lisa image](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iFVUXldFDHnk/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-In some ways this technical silliness makes NFTs more culturally interesting. If you buy an NFT, all you’re getting is a very thin signifier, some fragile pointer to some piece of digital art. And yet people do pay a lot of money for NFTs with the right sort of monkey picture. These NFTs may not represent ownership in any particularly binding sense, but they represent a *feeling* of ownership. And they also represent a form of *community*.
-
-![Bored Ape Yacht Club images](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i3snN4wAJEFg/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Worth a shot, no?
-
-The most famous NFT collection is of course the [Bored Ape Yacht Club](https://boredapeyachtclub.com/#/), a series of 10,000 JPEG images of monkeys on Ethereum, some of which sell for millions of dollars. There’s no physical yacht club, but there are (IRL) *parties* for Bored Ape owners. Various celebrities, art dealers, and venture capitalists own apes, and owning an ape is a way to join an exclusive club. And that club has its norms, and those norms include “It is cool to use a picture of your ape as your Twitter profile picture” and “It is *not* cool to use a picture of an ape you *don’t* own as your Twitter profile picture.” The technological and legal connections between blockchain and JPEG and ownership are a bit thin, but the connections are enforced culturally.
-
-iii. The metaverse
-
-I plan to go to my grave not knowing what “the metaverse” is, so I’m certainly not going to explain it to you. But one thing it is is that you can buy some real estate on the internet. Like, there will be a picture of a house on the internet, and you can have an avatar on the internet that lives in the house, and the avatar can walk from your internet house to the internet store, where it can buy some internet groceries. It will be like a computer game, but more all-consuming and much more boring.
-
-How much should your house in the metaverse cost? Two plausible answers might be “It should cost as much as a house, it’s a house,” or “It should be basically free, it’s just a file on a computer, there’s essentially infinite space in the metaverse, and nobody has to actually nail together the house.” The second answer strikes me as correct, but that’s no fun for the people selling houses on the internet.
-
-![Mark Zuckerberg avatar](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iehEuTJN4ols/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-So, scarcity. The internet houses are NFTs. The goal is to make some of them scarce and prestigious. Having an internet house next door to Elon Musk’s internet house is desirable, let’s assume, and only a couple of internet houses can be next door to Elon Musk’s internet house. Why? They’re all on computers; you could put a million internet houses next door to Elon’s internet house, but you don’t. You make the positional goods scarce.
-
-This is dumb, but, I mean, look at Facebook (Meta, now). What are the odds that, 50 years from now, the center of the world economy will be digital goods? What are the odds that we will all spend most of our time and money seeking status and romance and connection and entertainment on the internet? If most goods end up being digital, if most people make their money by producing digital goods, then monitoring and metering the distribution of those goods will be an important economic function. Digital scarcity.
-
-I’m sorry to be This Type of Guy, but it’s hard not to think of the movie *The Matrix*. You know the premise: Everyone is a sack of meat in a bath of nutrients with their brains plugged into a remarkably realistic simulation of late-’90s America. Why a remarkably realistic simulation of late-’90s America? Why does Neo, the main character, have to go work at a boring desk job if he’s just a brain in a vat being fed a soothing simulation by the machines? [Agent Smith explains](https://matrix.fandom.com/wiki/Paradise_Matrix):
-
-![Agent Smith](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ibDdqHWDUYL8/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-DID YOU KNOW THAT THE FIRST MATRIX WAS DESIGNED TO BE A PERFECT HUMAN WORLD WHERE NONE SUFFERED, WHERE EVERYONE WOULD BE HAPPY? IT WAS A DISASTER. NO ONE WOULD ACCEPT THE PROGRAM. ENTIRE CROPS WERE LOST. SOME BELIEVED THAT WE LACKED THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE TO DESCRIBE YOUR “PERFECT WORLD.” BUT I BELIEVE THAT, AS A SPECIES, HUMAN BEINGS DEFINE THEIR REALITY THROUGH MISERY AND SUFFERING. SO THE PERFECT WORLD WAS A DREAM THAT YOUR PRIMITIVE CEREBRUM KEPT TRYING TO WAKE UP FROM.
-
-So they simulated late capitalism instead. Even in a world where all the goods are digital and available in limitless abundance, you still have to have a (simulated) desk job to pay for them. Digital scarcity.
-
-## III  
-The Crypto Financial System
-
-Let’s step back a bit and abstract from what we’ve discussed so far. Crypto is:
-
-1.  A set of tokens, which are worth fluctuating amounts of money. We can say that these tokens are financial assets, like stocks and bonds.42
-    
-2.  A novel set of ways to create new tokens and distribute them and try to make them worth money.
-    
-3.  A novel way of *holding* financial assets: Instead of the databases that people use to hold stocks and bonds, you can own your crypto on the blockchain.
-    
-4.  A novel way to write contracts and computer programs (computer programs that are contracts, and contracts that are computer programs).
-    
-
-If you read only that description, you might object: “Yes, fine, but what is crypto *for*? What do these tokens *do*? *Why* are they worth money?” Nothing in that description answers those objections. I suppose the last one does, in a sense—“Crypto tokens are for building smart contracts for trading crypto tokens”—but it’s not a very *good* answer, because it’s entirely self-referential. “Yes, fine, but why are you trading the tokens in the first place?”
-
-![image of a mirror](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i3uqZsPI2_tY/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-What *are* you? What do you *do*?
-
-But for now I want to set this objection to the side. If you’re a certain sort of financial person—a financial engineer, an arbitrageur, a market-structure enthusiast, a builder of high-frequency trading systems—this abstract set of facts is incredibly, incredibly beautiful. You wake up one day, and there’s just a whole other financial system. It’s full of smart people building interesting things, and it’s full of idiots making terrible mistakes. People have built brilliant new ways to make financial bets that you can use, and they’ve built insane new ways to make financial bets that you can exploit. How can you not want to join in? It’s so *interesting*, so intellectually appealing, such a blank canvas for all of your aesthetic views about how markets should work. Also, *so many idiots are getting rich; why shouldn’t* *you?*
-
-There are other appealing properties when you compare this system to traditional finance. The crypto system is, philosophically, one of *permissionless innovation*. The workings of the major blockchains are public and open-source; if you want to build a derivatives exchange or margin-lending protocol or whatever in Ethereum, you just do it. You don’t need to set up a meeting with Vitalik Buterin to get his approval. You don’t need to negotiate access and fees with the Ethereum Corp.; there is no Ethereum Corp. Anyone can try anything and see if it works.
-
-  ![a grid](https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2022-the-crypto-story/svg/BW-CRYPTO-P3-GRID.svg)
-
-If you’re a smart young person coming from traditional finance, this feels liberating. If you’re used to spending months negotiating credit agreements with prime brokers and setting up direct access to trade on a stock exchange, the idea that you can just *do* stuff in crypto, with no preliminaries, is amazing. Obviously it’s a bit alarming as well: Some of those long, slow processes in traditional finance are there to prevent money laundering or fraud or ill-considered risk-taking. But, empirically, a lot of them aren’t really preventing any of those things, or aren’t doing so in an optimal way. A lot of them are just How It’s Always Been Done. Nothing in crypto is How It’s Always Been Done; it’s all too new.
-
-And so people invented a financial system for crypto. It runs alongside the traditional financial system, though they touch at many points. In some ways it looks a lot like a copy of the traditional financial system. In other ways it looks totally different. In some ways it’s a streamlined and modernized and innovative evolution of the traditional system. In other ways it’s a chaotic and stupid devolution of the traditional system, a version of traditional finance (“TradFi,” as crypto people call it) that unlearned important historic lessons about fraud and leverage and risk and regulation.
-
-   ![It’s so fun. Let’s talk about it.](https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2022-the-crypto-story/svg/BW-CRYPTO-P3-ITS-SO-FUN-DESKTOP.svg)
-
-A.
-
-Your Keys, Your Coins, Your Hard Drive in a Garbage Dump
-
-i. Holding crypto
-
-Maybe the first thing to say about the crypto financial system is that the traditional financial system is deeply *intermediated*, and the crypto system is not. If you have money, your bank tracks your money for you; if you have stock, your broker tracks your stock for you; etc.
-
-One dumb, simple thing that this means: If you have money in the bank, your bank has to give it to you. If you forget the PIN code for your ATM card or if you forget the password for your online banking, you’ll have a hard time taking out money, and that will be inconvenient for you. But the bank owes you the money; they can’t just be like, “Aha, got you, the money is ours now.” There’s some process by which you can go into the bank and prove that you are who you say you are, and they’re like, “Fine, we’ll reset your password, it’s Test1234, don’t forget this time.”
-
-![password word cloud](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iQGTtI.WZVU4/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Crypto doesn’t *necessarily* work like that. Owning Bitcoin means 1) having a public Bitcoin address with some Bitcoin in it and 2) possessing the private key to that address. If you have the public address/private key pair, then you own the Bitcoin; you can transfer them to someone else on the blockchain. If you don’t have that pair, then you can’t. If you lose your private key or lose track of your public address, there’s no one to recover your password for you or give you back your Bitcoin. They’re just gone.
-
-![a cloud](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iH0M.sDXT02A/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-There are ways to, you know, not lose your keys. Mainly people use “software wallets,” which generate and keep track of their addresses and private keys and allow them to sign transactions and send and receive crypto online. The wallets may be desktop or phone apps, or extensions on a browser. Most modern wallets require you to keep track not of private keys, but rather a “seed phrase” of, typically, 12 random-looking words. Maybe: “army truth speak average” and so on.
-
-The phrase can be used as a seed to generate lots of public-private key pairs, so the wallet can create lots of different addresses that can all be recovered from a single seed phrase. (People often speak of wallets “holding” crypto, but really what they have are these keys for various addresses; the crypto is only ever on the blockchain.) Then you write the seed phrase down on a piece of paper, which is easier to write than a long random number.
-
-![James Howells](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iTpfa5ZHXaUQ/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-There’s still hope, maybe?
-
-But this is a developing technology, and there’s a long history of people losing, forgetting, or throwing away their private keys or seed phrases. A guy in Wales named James Howells periodically pops up in the news, because he threw away a hard drive with the private key for 8,000 Bitcoin. He’s pretty sure he knows the garbage dump that has his hard drive, and for years he’s been waging a campaign to dig up the dump and sift through the garbage. If he finds the hard drive and if it still works, then he’ll have Bitcoin worth about $150 million, which he can use to pay all the garbage diggers. In one sense it would be much, much better to have a financial system in which the bank could reset his password and give him back the 8,000 Bitcoin, instead of digging up a garbage dump. In another sense
-
-![an image of garbage](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i6u_TxIkvDhk/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-THIS IS AN EXTREMELY FUNNY FINANCIAL SYSTEM, AND THERE’S A CHARM TO THAT.
-
-ii. *Not* holding crypto
-
-If you’re a portfolio manager at an institutional investor, and you want to buy Bitcoin, and you go to your compliance and operations people and say, “I want to buy Bitcoin, and I will write our private keys down on a Post-it that I will keep next to my computer,” they will say no. If you propose better security measures, they might still say no: This stuff is too new, too scary. If you say, “MegaBank Custody Services will hold our Bitcoin for us, and we’ll just have a book entry on their ledger saying we have Bitcoin,” then compliance might be a bit more comfortable, but that requires MegaBank to offer that service.
-
-But what if you go to compliance and say, “I’m just going to enter into a bet with a hedge fund on the price of Bitcoin. For every dollar that Bitcoin goes up, the hedge fund will pay us $5; for every dollar that it goes down, we’ll pay them $5.” Then you *don’t have to own crypto at all*. All you have is an over-the-counter derivative with a hedge fund. Compliance knows what that is; that’s an understandable thing. There are no weird custody issues there, because there’s nothing to keep custody of. There are no weird “coins” to worry about, just a contract with a hedge fund to pay you money. You can write contracts on the price of corn,
-
-![rows of corn](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ikA0DxsDJX08/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-on interest rates,
-
-![Jerome Powell walking through a door](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/imRswQu4hGoc/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-and on hurricane damage,
-
-![a hurricane](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/icLX2ZnvZRn8/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-so why not Bitcoin? You do due diligence on the hedge fund, you get comfortable with the credit and collateral terms, and then you sign the contract. And then, *economically*, you own some Bitcoin—your investment goes up when Bitcoin goes up, and down when Bitcoin goes down—without the worries of *really* owning Bitcoin. No keys to lose.
-
-And so, in traditional finance there’s a big business offering those instruments. CME Group Inc. offers [Bitcoin futures](https://www.cmegroup.com/markets/cryptocurrencies/bitcoin/bitcoin.contractSpecs.html), which are basically the bet that I outlined above: You pay me $5 for every dollar that Bitcoin goes up, and I pay you $5 for every dollar it goes down. It’s a trusted, centralized, traditional-finance way to bet on the price movements of Bitcoin.
-
-Still, not everyone can buy futures, which require a lot of money and are not offered by some retail brokerages. In the US financial system, pretty much the easiest thing to invest in is *stocks*. So wrapping Bitcoin in a *stock* would increase its appeal. The easiest way to do this would be a cash Bitcoin exchange-traded fund, a pot of money that trades like stock on a stock exchange and invests the money in Bitcoin. People keep trying to do this, but the US Securities and Exchange Commission remains skeptical and hasn’t approved cash Bitcoin ETFs, though they [exist in some other countries](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-22/mystery-surrounds-asset-plunge-in-biggest-canadian-bitcoin-etf). The US has, however, approved [Bitcoin *futures* ETFs](https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-10-15/bitcoin-etfs-are-almost-here), which invest in Bitcoin through futures contracts. Two layers of abstraction: a Bitcoin, wrapped in a futures contract, wrapped in a stock, and delivered to your brokerage account.
-
-![sushi](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iPKXu6l36Oiw/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-i. Fiat on-ramps
-
-OK, I said one way to own a Bitcoin is to write your private key on a Post-it note. But where did you *get* that Bitcoin?43 The main way people in most of the world get into crypto is that they exchange dollars (or euros, pounds, yuan, etc.—what crypto people call “fiat”) for crypto. And how they do that is a tricky question.
-
-![cars](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iMrhJAM80NMA/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-One simple way is for you to find someone with crypto and say, “Hey, can I buy some of your crypto?” They say sure, and you arrange a deal. In researching this article, I set up an Ethereum wallet and texted a friend to ask if he had any Ether that I could buy. He replied sure, and I said, “Send me $20 worth” and gave him my public address. He sent me $20 of Ether, and then he texted me to say, “Done, Venmo me $20.” I did, and our transaction was complete.44 He sent me the Ether before I sent him the dollars, so he took some credit risk, and in fact I was away from my phone when he sent it, so he ended up taking my credit risk for several hours. When I did get his text, I briefly considered that it would be *very* funny if, as part of my research for this article, I *stole* $20 of Ether from him, but that seemed mean.
-
-I’m not going to lie: This was fun to do and fun to write about—it felt sillier and more exciting than my automatic monthly Vanguard investments—but it’s not a good way to run a financial system.45 *In general*, if you get a text asking you to send crypto to a string of letters and numbers, you should throw your phone into the ocean.
-
-Instead, the main way that normal people buy crypto is through *crypto exchanges*, specifically *centralized* crypto exchanges. Crypto exchanges are companies—Coinbase, Gemini, Binance, FTX, Kraken, and Bitfinex are some big ones—that accept regular money for crypto. You wire an exchange $100, and it gives you $100 worth of Bitcoin, perhaps minus a fee.
-
-In the olden days, the stereotype was that a lot of crypto exchanges were run by criminals or incompetent teenagers, or incompetent teenage criminals. The standard crypto-exchange transaction was 1) you exchanged your dollars for Bitcoin to buy heroin, and then 2) the exchange got hacked and lost your Bitcoin before you could even buy the heroin.
-
-Modern crypto exchanges are less like that. For one thing, they’re more careful and technically adept, so they’re less likely to lose your Bitcoin. For another thing, though, they’re big companies, regulators are aware of them, and they try to be good corporate citizens. In their role as on-ramps and off-ramps between traditional currencies and crypto, they do the same sorts of anti-money-laundering and know-your-customer checks that traditional banks and brokerages do. If you show up at Coinbase—a US public company!—with a sack of dollar bills that you got from dealing heroin and try to convert them into Bitcoin, Coinbase will turn you away and probably report you to the police. The centralized exchanges are very much part of the regulated financial system these days. The days of crypto being a zone of utter lawlessness are mostly gone.
-
-This is a series of trade-offs. Roughly speaking, the crypto exchanges of the olden days let you trade dollars for Bitcoin without asking any questions, but they might steal your Bitcoin: When the exchanges were unregulated and crime-positive, the odds of them *doing crime to you* (or having crime done to them) were pretty high. The modern crypto exchanges ask a lot of questions and make it difficult for you to move tons of money in secret, but they probably won’t steal your Bitcoin.
-
-ii. Custodians
-
-So you’ve opened an account at an exchange and sent the exchange $100 to buy $100 worth of Bitcoin. What does the exchange give you for your $100? One possibility: It gives you 0.005215 Bitcoin. It sends you some instructions on how to set up a Bitcoin wallet, it asks you for a public Bitcoin address, it converts $100 to Bitcoin at the current market price, and it sends you that number of Bitcoin at your public address. And then you access those Bitcoin using your private key for that address.
-
-This is suboptimal for the exchange. For one thing, dollar and Bitcoin transactions have different time frames and finality. If you fund your account with a bank transfer or a credit card, and then you buy $100 of Bitcoin, and then you call your bank and say, “I’ve been defrauded, I don’t recognize that charge,” there’s a decent chance the bank will take the $100 from the exchange and give it back to you.46 Meanwhile, the Bitcoin transfer to your wallet is fast and irreversible.
-
-For another thing, you know the exchange will get some customers who don’t write down their wallet’s seed phrase (or lose it or forget it) and then can’t access the Bitcoin. And they’ll call the exchange’s customer service number and say, “I lost the password to my Bitcoin account, can you reset it?” And the exchange will say, “No, it doesn’t work that way, also we don’t have a customer service number.” And the customers won’t like it. “I paid you $100 for Bitcoin, and I don’t have the Bitcoin,” they’ll say, and blame the exchange and complain to regulators and law enforcement and the press.47
-
-![a woman using a headset](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i2vBlSm9lhq4/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Now, these problems are annoying but solvable, and modern crypto exchanges do some amount of this, acquiring crypto for “self-custodying” customers. But there’s a simpler possibility that is also quite popular. The exchange could hang on to your Bitcoin for you. Instead of sending you 0.005215 Bitcoin on the Bitcoin blockchain, it could go out and buy 0.005215 Bitcoin and put them into its own Bitcoin wallet. Being a professional Bitcoin exchange, it could put in the effort to keep these Bitcoin safe and not lose the keys.
-
-And then instead of sending you 0.005215 Bitcoin, the exchange just keeps a database of its customers and their account balances. And your entry in the database includes your name, your driver’s license number, your account number, your email address, your phone number, your password,48 your mother’s maiden name, and your account balance, and the exchange writes 0.005215 in the balance field.
-
-And then when you log in to your account, it displays “0.005215 Bitcoin” as your account balance, and you think you own 0.005215 Bitcoin. And you’re not exactly wrong. But really what you own is a claim on the exchange for 0.005215 Bitcoin. You don’t own them directly, and you don’t control the private key. You just have an entry on the ledger of the exchange.
-
-If you have a bank account, the bank owes you money, and you trust it to keep a record of that; if you have a crypto exchange account, it’s the same, but the exchange owes you Bitcoin. One thing this means is that if you lose your password, you can call the exchange, and it can reset it for you. The customer service can be a bit better.
-
-There are some obvious downsides. One big one: It’s like a bank! If you got into Bitcoin because you don’t trust banks and you want to be in control of your own money, it’s somewhat weird, philosophically, to just go and trust a crypto exchange to keep your money for you.
-
-These days the big crypto exchanges seem to be mostly law-abiding, and you can get rich enough running a legitimate crypto exchange that it seems silly to steal the money instead. But another downside is hackers. A crypto exchange has a giant pot of money, and it has to move that money around a lot to deal with customer transactions. It’s an appealing target for hackers looking to steal private keys. Again, modern crypto exchanges spend a lot of money on information security, but that wasn’t always the case, and there’s a long history of Bitcoin exchanges being hacked. Or “hacked.” When all the Bitcoin in an exchange’s wallet get stolen, it can be hard to tell, sometimes, whether they were stolen by outside hackers or by the exchange’s CEO.
-
-Also, while I suppose an exchange is less likely to lose its private keys than the average customer is, it can happen. In 2018 the CEO of Quadriga Fintech Solutions Corp. died in somewhat mysterious circumstances while on vacation in India. At the time, the company’s QuadrigaCX was Canada’s largest crypto exchange, and it was apparently run entirely off of its CEO’s laptop. When he died, he took all of Quadriga’s private keys with him, meaning its customers’ Bitcoin were lost forever. Or that’s what it would’ve meant, except that before he died he also stole all the customers’ Bitcoin, so the wallets whose keys disappeared with him were empty anyway. When crypto exchanges are bad, they tend to be bad in all ways at once.
-
-iii. Also exchanges, though
-
-Centralized crypto exchanges are on-ramps to crypto for people with dollars and other traditional currencies, but they’re also exchanges. If you have some Bitcoin in your Coinbase account, and you’d rather have Ether, you can sell your Bitcoin for Ether. If you want to actively trade among cryptocurrencies, to make bets on which will go up more, you can do that on an exchange.
-
-In traditional finance there tends to be a division between “exchanges” and “brokerages.” If you want to buy stock, you open an account at a brokerage such as Charles Schwab, Fidelity, or Robinhood, and you send your broker an order to buy stock. The stock exchange is a place for big brokerages and institutions to trade stock; retail customers need an account with a broker to access the exchange.49 There are many layers of intermediation.
-
-In crypto that’s not generally true: Big crypto exchanges such as Coinbase or FTX let anyone open an account and trade crypto directly on the exchange, and you wouldn’t normally connect to the exchange through a broker.50 Every step that goes into making a trade happen—getting your money into your account, taking your buy order, matching your order with someone’s sell order, settling the trade, putting the crypto in your account, keeping track of your account—is done by the exchange.
-
-Let me spend a bit more time on one of those functions: providing leverage. If Bitcoin isn’t exciting enough for you, you can find an exchange that will let you borrow money to buy more of it. You put in $100, the exchange lends you $900, you get $1,000 worth of Bitcoin. If Bitcoin goes up 10%, you double your money; if Bitcoin goes down 10%, you lose everything. Bitcoin goes up and down by 10% a lot, so this is an exciting way to gamble.
-
-![gambling](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iNOuoyyT6p6c/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
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-Traditional finance also provides leverage, but it’s a complex and intermediated system involving brokers and clearinghouses. Crypto exchanges are more integrated, so in many cases a crypto exchange is basically in the business of managing market risk. Say instead of Bitcoin going down 10%, it falls 15%; you’re not only down your original $100, but now you *owe* $50. Crypto exchanges have to decide when to make you post collateral—put up more money—to ensure that you’re good for your losses and when to liquidate your position so you don’t lose more than you can pay back.
-
-A crypto exchange may have customers with big leveraged bets on Bitcoin rising (they’re “long,” in the language of finance) and customers with big leveraged bets against Bitcoin (they’re “short”). If Bitcoin moves too far in one direction too quickly, then the long (or short) customers will be out of money, which means there won’t be money to pay back the short (or long) customers on the other side. The exchange has to think about how volatile its assets are, set leverage limits so blowups are unlikely, and monitor leverage levels to ensure no one is in imminent danger of blowing up. If someone *is* likely to blow up, the exchange has to seize their collateral and sell it, ideally in an intelligent way that doesn’t destabilize the market too much. And in periods of high volatility the exchange might shut down trading rather than deal with all this. That’s a lot of centralized decision-making.
-
-Bitcoin is good at keeping track of who has Bitcoin. This is technologically interesting and also useful insofar as Bitcoin are a store of wealth. And if Bitcoin were the dominant currency in the world—if it were “digital cash,” and you could use it to buy stuff and the prices of things were set in Bitcoin—then it would be even more useful. But it isn’t. You use dollars or pounds or yen or euros to buy stuff, and the price of Bitcoin in dollars (etc.) is very volatile.
-
-One thing that would be cool is if crypto could keep track of *who has dollars*. Then you could get the benefits of crypto (decentralization, smart contracts, skirting the law) along with the benefits of dollars (your bank account isn’t incredibly volatile, you can buy a sandwich). A stablecoin is a crypto token that’s supposed to always be worth $1.51 If you have a stablecoin, then you have $1 on the blockchain. You hope.
-
-i. Collateralized
-
-The simplest sort of stablecoin is what’s sometimes called a “fully backed” stablecoin; popular examples include USDC and Tether. The idea here is:
-
-1.  SOME REASONABLY TRUSTWORTHY INSTITUTION SETS UP A STABLECOIN FACTORY TO ISSUE STABLECOINS ON ONE OR MORE POPULAR BLOCKCHAINS.
-    
-2.  YOU GIVE THE ISSUER $1.
-    
-3.  IT GIVES YOU BACK ONE STABLECOIN.
-    
-4.  IT PUTS THE DOLLAR SOMEWHERE SAFE.
-    
-5.  IF YOU EVER WANT YOUR DOLLAR BACK, YOU GIVE THE ISSUER ONE STABLECOIN, AND IT GIVES YOU BACK THE DOLLAR.52
-    
-
-Your stablecoin lives on some blockchain53 and can be traded and used like any other token on that blockchain. If you have 10,000 dollar stablecoins on the Ethereum blockchain and you want to buy some Ether, you can buy $10,000 worth of Ether with your stablecoins without putting more dollars in. And if you have $10,000 worth of Ether, you can sell it for 10,000 dollar stablecoins. Having 10,000 dollar stablecoins is like having $10,000, but the stablecoins live on the blockchain—in your crypto wallet—rather than in a bank account.
-
-This is useful if, for instance, you don’t have a bank account. Or if you don’t live in the US, and it’s hard for you to set up a dollar-denominated bank account. Or if you plan to use the $10,000 to buy more crypto later, and you don’t want to move it back and forth between the regular and crypto financial systems. Or if you want to send the $10,000 to a smart contract, which can deal directly with your crypto wallet but which has a hard time talking to a bank. Banks are suspicious of crypto, and crypto is suspicious of banks, so it’s always a bit painful to connect the crypto system to a bank. “This smart contract will send me dollars if the Jets win this weekend”: no, bad, doesn’t work. “This smart contract will send me stablecoins if the Jets win”: yes, fine. Stablecoins are “wrapped” dollars, dollars that live on the blockchain.
-
-More generally, this is useful if you think the crypto financial system is *better* than the traditional one. If sending tokens over a crypto blockchain is faster and cheaper than sending dollars by interbank transfer, then stablecoins are a better way to send dollars. If the blockchain lets you develop interesting derivatives contracts and trading applications in a quick and permissionless way and the traditional financial system doesn’t, you’ll want to use stablecoins instead of regular old dollars.
-
-![a bank teller](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/itIfhNpuXBr0/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-One important point about the collateralized-stablecoin model is that it requires you to trust the issuer. The *dollar-ness* of the stablecoin happens, as it were, entirely off the blockchain. As a crypto matter, what you have is a receipt for $1 from some institution that you trust. If that institution incinerates all the dollars, that receipt shouldn’t be worth a dollar.
-
-![Brock Pierce](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iE3HzRe4VKgw/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-You may remember Brock Pierce as a young Gordon Bombay in *D2: The Mighty Ducks*.
-
-One of the longest-running and funniest controversies in crypto is about where Tether, the biggest stablecoin, keeps its money. Tether is replete with colorful characters (the *Mighty Ducks* guy, etc.), and they go around boasting about how transparent they are without actually saying where the money is. They also go around promising to publish an audit but never do it. They probably have the money, [more or less](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-19/tether-s-second-quarter-lays-bare-impact-of-terra-collapse#xj4y7vzkg), but they seem to be going out of their way to *seem* untrustworthy. Still, people trust them.
-
-● You can collateralize other things
-
-The collateralized-stablecoin model is a way to *wrap* noncrypto assets and put them on the blockchain. You could imagine all sorts of assets getting wrapped.
-
-For instance, what if you wanted to trade stocks, but in crypto? You might want to do this for reasons similar to why you might want to have dollars, but in crypto. You *like* the crypto system, the smart contracts, the permissionless innovation, the decentralized exchanges, frankly the lack of regulation. But you also like stocks, which represent ownership in productive enterprises and are also a very popular tool for speculation. The crypto system doesn’t talk all that well to the stocks system. Your broker is suspicious of crypto, and crypto is suspicious of your broker (less and less so, but still). Putting the stocks on the blockchain lets you trade the things you want (stocks) the way you want (in crypto).
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-![wrap sandwich](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i6EGtVeDjlnQ/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
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-Conceptually, one way to do this is that some fairly trustworthy institution buys a bunch of Tesla Inc. stock and holds it in its vault. And then it issues “wrapped Tesla” tokens on some blockchain: Each wTSLA token corresponds to one share of Tesla that the institution has in its vault, and you can trade them on the blockchain exactly as you would Ether.
-
-![wrap sandwich](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i7iEwOYuBg9Y/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
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-And in fact this exists. FTX, a leading centralized crypto exchange, offers “[tokenized stocks](https://help.ftx.com/hc/en-us/articles/360051229472-Equities)” on the [Solana blockchain](https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2021/06/24/ftx-follows-binances-lead-with-move-into-tokenized-stocks/), though not to US customers; Binance, another leading exchange, offered tokenized stocks for a while but then [stopped](https://www.binance.com/en/support/announcement/3a0304f3ee1c43668959c1b01f610d59). If you’re going to try this, you’ll want to run it by your [local securities regulator](https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/16/crypto-exchange-binance-halts-stock-tokens-as-regulators-circle.html). It’s legally sensitive to find new ways to sell people new, not-quite stocks.
-
-![wrap sandwich](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iqAKYtT7jw.k/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-But if it works it’s interesting. For a crypto exchange, it’s a way to keep your retail gamblers gambling on your platform: Someone who wants to bet on Bitcoin and Ether and Tesla stock can do all of it on one crypto exchange.
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-![wrap sandwich](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iBKqSKE6ICv8/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
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-More broadly, though, it’s a way for the crypto financial system to *ingest* the traditional financial system. Have a financial asset? Put it in a box and issue tokens about it. Now it’s a crypto asset. If the crypto financial system is *good*—if the computer programs, payment rails, and institutional structures of crypto have competitive advantages against the programs, rails, and structures of traditional finance—then some people will prefer to trade their stocks or bonds or other financial assets in the crypto system.
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-ii. Algorithmic
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-The fully backed stablecoin model has problems. One is that you might not trust the issuer of a backed stablecoin. Another is that you might not *want* to trust any issuer. An issuer of a fully backed stablecoin is, by necessity, using the US dollar financial system. It’s keeping the backing dollars in a bank or in other traditional-finance dollar instruments. It might be subject to the regulatory pressures of that system.
-
-What you want is something that’s worth a dollar but exists purely on the blockchain. Can that be done?
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-● Good algorithmic
-
-Sure! And with a fairly simple and traditional bit of financial engineering.
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-It starts with leverage, or just borrowing money. Leverage is a way to amplify the risks and returns of betting on crypto: Instead of putting in $100 and buying $100 worth of Bitcoin and making $10 if Bitcoin goes up 10%, I put in $100 and borrow $100 and buy $200 worth of Bitcoin and make $20 if Bitcoin goes up 10%. Or I lose $20 if Bitcoin goes down 10%. Or I lose everything if Bitcoin goes down 50%.
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-For me, that’s a high-risk, high-reward proposition. But what if I borrowed the money from you? What does that proposition look like for you? Well, if Bitcoin goes up 10%, you get back $100: I sell my Bitcoin for $220, give you back $100 and keep the rest. And likewise:
-
-If Bitcoin goes up 20%, you get back $100. (I sell for $240, give you back $100, and keep $140.)
-
-  
-
-If Bitcoin goes down 20%, you get back $100. (I sell for $160, give you back $100 and keep $60.)
-
-  
-
-If Bitcoin goes down 49.5%, you get back $100. (I sell for $101, give you back $100 and keep $1.)
-
-  
-
-Let’s stop there, for no particular reason.
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-At every point that I’ve named so far, you get back $100. You put in $100, and you get back $100, no matter what. For me this trade is very risky. (If Bitcoin fell 49.5%, I lost 99%.) For you this trade is very safe. Very stable. What you have is a stablecoin. You put in $100 and get back $100.
-
-This basic idea is called an “algorithmic stablecoin.” You put in $100 and get back a thing that’s worth $100, with that value guaranteed by a larger amount of a volatile cryptocurrency. I’ve described this as just a direct loan from you to me (a contract), but ordinarily this would be done as a smart contract, a computer program on a blockchain.
-
-Vitalik describes a rudimentary form of this in the original Ethereum white paper, calling it a “hedging contract.” Here’s a slightly different example that involves no dollars at all: Say you and I each put 1,000 Ether into a smart contract, and that when we do it, 1,000 Ether is worth $1 million. On some preset maturity date, the contract will send you $1 million worth of Ether, and I will get whatever Ether is left. If Ether doubled in value in that time, that means you’ll get 500 Ether worth $1 million, and I’ll get 1,500 Ether worth $3 million. On the other hand, if Ether’s dollar value fell 50%, you get all the Ether in the pool so you get your $1 million back, and I get nothing. You get back $1 million no matter what. The smart contract, though, *never held any dollars at all*. There’s no bank account, no Treasury bills, no trusted central intermediary, but you have a claim with a steady value in US dollars. We have in a way manufactured dollars purely out of crypto.
-
-A few points. First, I’m being far too cute here: In my original example, if the price of Bitcoin falls by 51%, my $200 worth of Bitcoin will be worth $98, and I won’t have enough money to pay you back. Your supposed stablecoin is worth 98¢.
-
-   ![Can the price of Bitcoin fall by more than 50%? Oh yes, absolutely; it did that this year.](https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2022-the-crypto-story/svg/BW-CRYPTO-P3-BITCOIN-CHART-DESKTOPB.svg)
-
-It’s not easy to manufacture stablecoins out of extremely unstable assets. Your algorithmic stablecoin has some risk of becoming unstable. But you can do a little better than the crude version I’ve proposed here. You could have margin calls, for instance, so that if Bitcoin falls by more than 20%, the smart contract sells the remaining Bitcoin to pay you back immediately.54 (Actual algorithmic stablecoins—Dai, the stablecoin of MakerDAO, is a big one—work this way.)
-
-Second, I am omitting *interest*. In the real world, if I’m borrowing $100 from you to buy Bitcoin, I’m not just paying you back $100; I’m paying you back with interest, $101 or whatever. An algorithmic stablecoin—much like a dollar in a bank account—can potentially generate interest.55
-
-Third, note that there are two sides to this trade. Some people want stablecoins and will put money (or Ether, Bitcoin, etc.) into this sort of smart contract to get stablecoins; others want leverage and will borrow money from this sort of smart contract to take leveraged positions in risky crypto assets. There are different appetites for risk, so there’s a trade to be done.
-
-![small dog and big dog](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iJgtBfZzitKI/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Fourth: Do you know what a bank is? Not in crypto, just in the world. Here’s what a bank is. Some people want to borrow money to make investments. The main investments are 1) starting or expanding a business and 2) buying real estate. They borrow money from a bank; they get leverage. If their business does well or their house’s price goes up, they pay back the money to the bank, with interest. The bank has the *senior claim* on their business or house—if there isn’t enough money for everyone, the bank gets paid first. Sometimes the bank loses money, but mostly it gets paid back on most of its loans.
-
-The bank, then, is just a pool of these loans, just a lot of senior claims on a lot of businesses and houses. These loans are called the bank’s “assets.” Then the bank itself goes and borrows money. A bank with $10 billion of assets—$10 billion of mortgages and business loans—might have $1 billion of its shareholders’ money (“equity” or, for a bank, “capital”) and borrow the other $9 billion. It borrows the $9 billion from its customers in the form of deposits. A bank deposit is, formally, a loan to the bank; if you deposit $100, the bank owes you that $100. And it uses that $100 to fund loans to businesses and homebuyers.
-
-Wait, though. I said (way, way) earlier that a dollar is just an entry in the bank’s database. When you have a dollar, what you have is an entry on the books of the bank—that deposit is the dollar. The deposit *is* the dollar, and yet it’s also the *debt* of the bank. Your entry on the bank’s database shows both that the bank owes you a dollar and *is* the dollar that you own. Isn’t that incoherent? How can the bank owe you the dollar, if you have it already, right there in your account?
-
-![a dollar bill](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i1tuAB8FJ9rs/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-[The modern banking system is a machine](https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-10-07/matt-levine-s-money-stuff-looking-for-tether-s-money) that takes in risky assets at one end, takes senior claims on them (lending money against those assets, with the right to be paid back first), repeats that move a few times (taking and issuing senior claims on the senior claims56), and spits out *dollars* at the other end. A dollar is distilled from risky assets.
-
-The stablecoin thing is nothing new. It’s just *banking*, but banking in a particularly clear way,57 purified in smart contracts on the blockchain.
-
-● Bad algorithmic
-
-To summarize the previous section: If you have a large quantity of risky tokens, you can with a little financial engineering issue a smaller quantity of claims on those tokens and call them stablecoins. But recall also one of the simplest lessons of Bitcoin, which is that you can make up an arbitrary token that trades electronically, and people might pay you money for it. (Worth a shot, no?)
-
-These two insights—you can make up a token and it will be worth money and you can use claims on risky tokens to make a stablecoin—can be combined in a natural way to create a disaster. Here’s the disaster:
-
-1.  I make up a cryptocurrency. Call it Sharecoin. I list it on exchanges and try to sell it to people for some money. (Maybe Bitcoin or Ether or dollars or Korean won—it doesn’t matter.)
-    
-2.  I make up another cryptocurrency. Call it Dollarcoin. I set up a smart contract saying that one Dollarcoin can always be exchanged for *$1 worth of Sharecoin*. I can do this, because I just made up Sharecoin, and the smart contract can issue any old amount of it. If Sharecoin trades at $20, the smart contract will give you 0.05 Sharecoins per Dollarcoin. If it trades at $0.001, the smart contract will give you 1,000 Sharecoins. It doesn’t care; it can make all the Sharecoins it wants.
-    
-3.  Conversely, if you want Dollarcoins, you buy $1 worth of Sharecoins and deliver them to the smart contract to get back a Dollarcoin.
-    
-4.  As long as there’s *some* price for Sharecoin, the smart contract can issue a dollar’s worth of Sharecoins for any Dollarcoin that someone brings to exchange.
-    
-5.  “See, a Dollarcoin should always be worth a dollar,” I say, “through the power of algorithms.”
-    
-
-The flaw in this logic is in Step 4: There’s absolutely no reason for Sharecoin to be worth anything at all—I just made it up!—and so no reason for a Dollarcoin to be worth a dollar. But of course everything in crypto was made up, by somebody, in the recent past, so this objection is not as compelling as you might think. People might believe in this story or just in the general vibe of Sharecoin and Dollarcoin. They might buy Dollarcoin and treat it as worth a dollar, and buy Sharecoin and treat it as a valuable component of a thriving ecosystem.
-
-At some point the process reverses. People start to want dollars rather than Dollarcoins, so some of them sell Dollarcoins for dollars on the open market. This pushes the price of Dollarcoin slightly below $1, perhaps to 99¢. Other people get nervous, so they go to the smart contract —which is supposed to keep the price of a Dollarcoin at $1—and trade Dollarcoins in for $1 worth of Sharecoins. Then they sell those Sharecoins, which pushes down the price of Sharecoin, which makes more people nervous. They trade even more Dollarcoins for Sharecoins and sell those. This pushes the price of Sharecoin lower, which creates more nervousness, which leads to more redemptions at lower Sharecoin prices and even more Sharecoin supply flooding the market. This is a well-known phenomenon in traditional finance (it happens when companies issue debt and commit to paying it back with stock), and it has the technical name “[death spiral](https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-06-17/titanium-got-crushed).” It’s as bad as it sounds.
-
-![historical photo of crowd standing outside bank](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ieEViEn6g6NE/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-A couple of algorithmic stablecoins have death-spiraled, the most famous one being TerraUSD. Terra was a blockchain ecosystem with a native currency (like our Sharecoin) called Luna and a stablecoin called TerraUSD. Billions of dollars of TerraUSD were issued, backed by algorithmic conversion into $1 worth of Luna. TerraUSD was popular, because stablecoins are popular and also, to be fair, because you could get [20% interest rates on TerraUSD](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-23/terra-s-promise-of-20-defi-return-raises-sustainability-concern). The total amount of TerraUSD reached $18.5 billion, the market capitalization of Luna rose above $40 billion, the system all worked, and then it didn’t. A [quick death spiral](https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-05-11/terra-flops) hit in May, and Terra unraveled completely. By the end of the month, TerraUSD was trading below 2¢, zillions of Luna had been issued and were trading at essentially zero, and the whole Terra blockchain had burned to the ground. Terra’s founder, Do Kwon (colorful character!), was tweeting in September that he wasn’t “on the run” from South Korean authorities. [Those authorities responded](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-17/luna-and-terra-s-do-kwon-not-in-singapore-local-police-say) that he was “obviously on the run.”
-
-The thing about centralized crypto exchanges is that they’re *centralized*. Broadly speaking, you have to trust the people running the exchange to run it in a good way: not to steal customer money, not to get hacked, not to take advantage of their knowledge of customer orders to trade ahead, not to blow up by allowing too much leverage, etc. Sometimes that trust is misplaced and the exchange does steal the money. Sometimes the exchange is honest, careful, and well-regulated by the responsible national authorities, but still, you’re in *crypto*:
-
-![crowded call center](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iMZINbqhDoPQ/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-YOU WANT TO *AVOID* TRUSTING CENTRALIZED INTERMEDIARIES AND NATIONAL REGULATION.
-
-Also, you’re in crypto: You want *smart contracts*. A financial-products exchange can be thought of as a computer program. Most stock exchanges long ago got rid of trading floors with human traders and are now just computer servers matching electronic buy and sell orders. Certainly every crypto exchange works like that. A centralized crypto exchange is fully electronic; it has computers that keep ledgers of customer assets and run the programs matching orders and moving assets between customers.
-
-The blockchain is already designed to keep a ledger of customer assets, so why keep your assets on an exchange’s ledger? And you can run computer programs on Ethereum or most other modern blockchains: Why not run the exchange programs there?
-
-A venue for trading tokens that isn’t a company but is instead a set of smart contracts on a blockchain is called a decentralized exchange, or DEX. And the broader idea—of having a financial system, with lending and derivatives and everything else, that runs as smart contracts on a blockchain—is called decentralized finance, or DeFi.
-
-A few more points of terminology. Decentralized finance is DeFi, so centralized finance—meaning specifically the bits of *crypto* that use centralized trusted intermediaries, mainly exchanges and lenders—is
-
-And I will sometimes refer to DeFi things as protocols. A protocol is a set of smart contracts—the computer programs that run on the blockchain and do stuff—or at least a set of rules for creating them. A decentralized exchange isn’t an exchange in the traditional sense: It certainly isn’t a building in New York where traders meet in person to shout orders at each other, and it also isn’t a data center in New Jersey where an exchange company keeps its computer servers to match orders with each other. It’s a protocol, a set of smart contracts that let people move cryptocurrencies around. There might be a company involved, and surely someone is making money somewhere. But even if the company goes away, the smart contracts will keep running as long as the blockchain does.
-
-i. Some background on exchanges and market makers
-
-● CLOB
-
-Here’s what an exchange is. People send it orders: “Buy 100 shares at $100,” “Sell 100 shares for $102,” etc. The exchange is, at its heart, a system for matching those orders, finding a buyer for each seller and vice versa. The orders come in at different times. When the exchange gets an order to buy 100 shares at $100, it puts the order on its order book—just an electronic list of orders that haven’t executed yet. When it gets its next order, to sell 100 shares for $102, it looks at its order book to see if there are any orders to buy 100 shares at $102. Nope, not yet; the $100 buyer doesn’t want to pay $102, and the $102 seller doesn’t want to accept $100. It puts the sell order on the order book, too. The $100 buy order and the $102 sell order “rest” on the order book. Then another order comes in, to buy 100 shares at $102. The exchange sees in the order book that, aha, yes, there’s an order to sell 100 shares at $102. So the matching engine matches the $102 buy and the $102 sell order; they pair off with each other and do their trade. And then the orders are removed from the order book—they’ve been filled—and the exchange waits for the next order.
-
-In general, a centralized exchange will have lots of orders resting on its order book at any time. All the resting buy orders will have lower prices than all the resting sell orders: If a buy order has a higher price than a resting sell order, those two orders will pair off and execute with each other. (If I want to pay $103 and you’ll accept $102, the exchange has found a mutually beneficial trade.) And this way of running an exchange is usually called a central limit order book, or CLOB.
-
-You could certainly build a smart contract to do this on the blockchain: The contract would take orders, keep them on a central limit order book, and execute them against each other. And smart contracts like this do exist. But most DEXes don’t work this way.
-
-● Market makers
-
-You may ask: “Where do all these resting orders come from—who’s going around thinking up these specific prices they want to pay for a stock or prices they want to sell for?” Ordinary people might not bother with this. If they think a stock is a good investment, they will often send in *market orders*, just: “Buy from whoever’s selling at whatever the best price is.”
-
-Resting orders come mainly from professional investors called market makers, who help make fast and efficient trading possible. Their job is to sell stock or crypto or whatever to people who want to buy, and buy from people who want to sell, and collect the “spread,” the difference between their bid (or buying) price and their offer (or selling) price. If you send a market order to buy, you buy immediately—but you pay a bit of money (the spread) to the market maker for that service. The market maker, meanwhile, is in the business of providing that service and collecting that spread; it’s not really betting that prices will go up or down.
-
-In modern stock and crypto markets, market makers are *also* largely computer programs, and their programs are pretty simple:58
-
-1.  POST A BID AND AN OFFER FOR A STOCK.
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-2.  IF SOMEONE SELLS YOU STOCK AT YOUR BID PRICE, LOWER YOUR BID AND OFFER SLIGHTLY: IF SOMEONE IMMEDIATELY “HITS YOUR BID,” THEN YOU MIGHT WORRY THAT YOUR BID WAS ACTUALLY TOO HIGH AND YOU COULD’VE PAID LESS. ANYWAY, NOW YOU OWN SOME STOCK AND WANT TO GET RID OF IT, SO YOU MIGHT AS WELL PUT IT ON SALE.
-    
-3.  IF SOMEONE BUYS STOCK FROM YOU AT YOUR OFFER PRICE, RAISE YOUR BID AND OFFER SLIGHTLY, FOR SIMILAR REASONS.
-    
-4.  KEEP DOING THIS. THE SYSTEM IS SELF-CORRECTING: THE MORE STOCK PEOPLE WANT TO SELL YOU, THE LESS YOU PAY THEM FOR IT; THE MORE THEY WANT TO BUY FROM YOU, THE MORE YOU CHARGE THEM. HOPEFULLY IT ALL BALANCES OUT, AND YOU END UP *FLAT*; YOU SELL ALL THE STOCK YOU BOUGHT AND BUY ALL THE STOCK YOU SOLD. AND YOU COLLECT THE SPREAD ALONG THE WAY.
-    
-5.  ALSO, YOU’RE PROBABLY KEEPING AN EYE ON GENERAL MARKET CONDITIONS, AND RAISING AND LOWERING YOUR BIDS AND OFFERS BASED ON WHAT’S HAPPENING IN OTHER MARKETS.
-    
-
-Market makers in US stocks are often called high-frequency traders, or sometimes even flash boys, and part of what that means is that they’re constantly changing the prices of their orders as their information changes. And the result is that, when you want to buy a share of stock, you can send in a market order, and you will quickly trade with a market maker at a price that’s pretty much the market price, one that’s updated continuously to reflect supply and demand and all available information.
-
-● Nope!
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-This [doesn’t work on the blockchain](https://twitter.com/FabiusMercurius/status/1452349324466089984). The problem with the blockchain is that it’s a slow computer: Ethereum runs computer programs by sending them to thousands of nodes to confirm transactions, and that takes time. You wouldn’t want to run a self-driving car on the Ethereum Virtual Machine. It turns out you wouldn’t want to run a high-frequency trading platform there either.
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-![do not enter sign](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iSttaFMCmz.Y/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
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-Centralized exchanges—in traditional finance and in crypto—have lots of very fast computers with very fast connections that allow market makers to constantly update their prices in response to trades and new information. Traders build fancy fiber-optic lines to get their orders to the exchange a few milliseconds faster than the competition. Speed matters, and they update their orders many times a second. This is harder when the computers are on the blockchain; it’s also more expensive. Every action in Ethereum requires gas fees, and sending a message to a smart contract saying, “Cancel my buy order at $100.001 and put in a new order at $100.002,” would use Ethereum’s computer power and cost gas.
-
-It turns out this is nearly fatal for CLOB market-making in Ethereum. “Market making is very expensive,” [Vitalik Buterin wrote](https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/55m04x/lets_run_onchain_decentralized_exchanges_the_way/), “as creating an order and removing an order both take gas fees, even if the orders are never ‘finalized.’”
-
-ii. Automated market makers
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-● Mechanics
-
-So Vitalik proposed a different idea. Here it is:
-
-> The mechanism would be a smart contract that holds A tokens of type T1, and B tokens of type T2, and maintains the invariant that A \* B = k for some constant k (in the version where people can invest, k can change, but only during investment/withdrawal transactions, NOT trades). Anyone can buy or sell by selecting a new point on the xy=k curve, and supplying the missing A tokens and in exchange receiving the extra B tokens (or vice versa). The “marginal price” is simply the implicit derivative of the curve xy=k, or y/x.
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-That’s just a comment that he wrote on Reddit; later a whole business model grew out of it. Here’s the simplified version. I decide to be a market maker in some token pair, say Ethereum and USDC (a dollar-denominated stablecoin). Let’s say one Ether currently trades for 1,600 USDC ($1,600). I set up a smart contract—again, that’s a computer program on the blockchain, but in this case it might be easier to think of it as a pot of money, *managed* by the computer program. I can deposit both Ether and USDC into this pot. Anyone who wants to buy Ether (with USDC) or sell Ether (for USDC) can come to my smart contract and make that trade with it, and the contract will adjust its prices to reflect supply and demand.
-
-But it will do it in an absurdly simple manner that doesn’t require much in the way of computation or updating prices. It will just try to keep one number constant.
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-When I set up the contract, I deposited *equal values* of Ether and USDC. If one Ether was worth 1,600 USDC, I put in 100 Ether and 160,000 USDC (each set of tokens worth $160,000). The program *multiplies* those two numbers: 100 times 160,000 is 16 million. And then it will just hold that product constant. That is, the number of Ether multiplied by the number of USDC will always be 16 million.
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-A trader will try to buy, say, 10 Ether. That would leave 90 Ether in the fund. Sixteen million divided by 90 is 177,777.78. The pot has 160,000 USDC now, so it will need 17,777.78 more USDC to keep the product constant. That’s what my smart contract charges. The trader has to pay me 17,777.78 USDC—1,777.778 USDC per Ether—to do this trade. Someone wants to buy Ether from my smart contract, so my smart contract automatically raises its price for Ether. But it doesn’t have to go around constantly updating prices and posting new prices on central limit order books: It just advertises its constant product, and that updates prices on its own.59 It’s an automated market maker (AMM).
-
-That’s cool! I don’t know, it’s cool. This isn’t a thing that really exists in traditional finance. It was developed, almost by accident, as a workaround to a novel *problem*—that the computers are too expensive—in decentralized finance.60
-
-● LPs
-
-In my description above, I assume that I want to be a market maker in some currency pair, so I set up a smart contract to do it on my own. In reality, the way DEXes normally work is that AMM smart contracts *pool* liquidity. If you want to be a market maker in stocks, it helps to be a large financial institution. In crypto, anyone who wants to be a market maker in a pair of tokens can contribute that pair to a liquidity pool (and get back “liquidity tokens” representing their stake in that pool); they’re called “liquidity providers.” They collect fees in crypto for providing liquidity in the pool.
-
-There’s a risk, though. In general, if you provide liquidity in an asset (in DeFi or centralized finance, in crypto or otherwise), and the asset price steadily goes down, you’ll find yourself buying more and more of it, and it will be worth less and less. In an AMM liquidity pool, if the price of one token keeps going up against the other token, the pool will have more and more of the token worth less and less. This is a risk that all market makers take; in traditional finance it’s sometimes called “adverse selection.”
-
-In DeFi, though, it delights in the name “impermanent loss.” I don’t know why, but I love it. There’s nothing particularly impermanent about it—unless the price bounces back, of course—but that’s what it’s called.
-
-![historical photo of kids playing at pool](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iriqlY2hWkMQ/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
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-CRYPTO IS SO OPTIMISTIC.
-
-HOW CAN YOU NOT BE CHARMED?
-
-iii. Lending
-
-Exchanges—providing liquidity between different tokens—are a key function of DeFi, but there are others. One important function is lending.
-
-● Secured
-
-Most DeFi lending is what you would call, in traditional finance, *margin lending*. You have a volatile asset (Ether, say), and you want to borrow some money (a dollarlike USDC stablecoin, say), using that volatile asset as collateral. Perhaps you’re borrowing that money to buy more volatile assets, or perhaps you’re borrowing against your Ether to buy a sandwich or a house without selling your Ether.
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-If you went to a broker for a margin loan against $100 of stock, the broker might lend you $50. It’s “overcollateralized,” because the stock is worth more than the loan, which makes the broker feel safe. If the stock then fell to $70, the broker might send you a margin call: “Pay down $15 of this loan, or I’ll liquidate your stock.” That way it’s less likely the broker will end up holding the bag for your loss if the stock keeps falling. If you failed to meet the margin call, the broker would sell your stock, clear, say, $65 for it, keep enough money to repay the loan, and give you what’s left.
-
-This is pretty straightforward to automate with smart contracts. There are robust DeFi lending systems, such as Compound: Lenders put up tokens and earn interest, borrowers borrow tokens (overcollateralized by other tokens) and pay interest, and automatic liquidation provisions make sure that if the value of the collateral goes down, it’s sold to pay back the loans.
-
-● Unsecured
-
-What’s much harder in DeFi are the main businesses of traditional finance: *unsecured* lending and lending secured by physical assets (such as houses). DeFi is good at lending crypto secured by crypto. The collateral lives on the blockchain; the loan lives on the blockchain; they’re connected by smart contracts on the blockchain. It’s all pretty neat.
-
-But this sort of lending crypto against crypto doesn’t *do* much. It’s mostly useful for crypto speculation—you lend Ether, get USDC, and use it to buy even more Ether. By contrast, a mortgage lets you buy a house and then pay for it with your future income. An unsecured business loan helps you build a business and then pay off the loan with the business’s future earnings.
-
-Finance, at its heart, is about moving future wealth into the present by borrowing, or moving present wealth into the future by saving.
-
-There are deep philosophical reasons that crypto is bad at this. An unsecured loan is essentially about *trust*. It’s about the lender trusting that she’ll be repaid not out of a pool of collateral but out of the borrower’s future income. She has to trust that the borrower will have future income and that he will pay.
-
-Relatedly, an unsecured loan requires *identity*. You need to know who’s borrowing the money, what their payment history looks like, what their income is. The default approach in much of crypto is pseudonymity: Anyone can set up any number of crypto wallets or Bitcoin account numbers, and they’re generally not tied to a name. If you borrow money against crypto collateral, all your lender needs to know is that the collateral is on the blockchain. If you borrow money against your future income, your lender needs to know who you are.
-
-![McLovin in Superbad](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/irozNfdLO.TA/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-That said, there’s nothing in principle to *prevent* unsecured lending in DeFi, and there are projects such as [Goldfinch](https://medium.com/goldfinch-fi/introducing-goldfinch-crypto-loans-without-collateral-fc0cad9d13e) that do it. You get together a smart contract, where people deposit money in exchange for tokens, and a DAO, a decentralized autonomous organization that controls the money. The tokens give them a share in the DAO’s profits and the right to vote on who gets the money. People propose potential borrowers, token holders consider them and vote, and if the holders vote yes then they make a loan. As with any DAO, the token holders can get together in a chat room and consider “off-chain” information if they want. (They could make the borrower send in a driver’s license and two bank statements.) You can build some incentive mechanism to punish members for proposing borrowers who default and reward them for proposing good borrowers. Decentralized finance is made up of smart contracts, but it’s also made up of people, and if they want to do unsecured lending, they can.
-
-We’ve talked about web3 as a source of online reputation, about “soulbound” tokens that could be used to verify a person’s actions, connections, and characteristics. A soul, in this terminology, is something close to a credit report: It’s a list of stuff that a person has done that should make you trust them, a decentralized and blockchained source of reputation information. The right assortment of degrees and endorsements might make you feel good enough about a person—or rather, a “soul,” an address on the blockchain—that you give them an unsecured loan. And then I suppose if they default you can take their soul.
-
-iv. Tokenomics of DeFi
-
-The basic mechanism of DeFi is that you put some tokens up in a smart contract to generate fees or interest. You put your tokens in an automated market-making contract to get liquidity-provider fees, you put your tokens in a lending protocol to get interest, etc. Generally this is referred to as “locking” your tokens—because they’re being used for lending or whatever, you can’t get them back for some period—and people often talk about DeFi protocols in terms of their TVL, or “total value locked.” Mechanically, the way this generally works is that you send your tokens to the smart contract, and it sends you back other tokens that are, basically, receipts for the tokens you locked up. Instead of having Ether and USDC, you have liquidity-provider tokens saying you’ve put some Ether and USDC into a smart contract.
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-What do you do with those liquidity-provider tokens? Well, in theory, you hold them until you want your locked tokens back, and then you hand them in and get back the underlying tokens. The liquidity-provider tokens are just a receipt. But at some point people realized that those tokens represent something of value; we can do something with them. If you have a token representing a receipt on some Ether that you locked into a smart contract, then that’s *almost* as good as having some Ether, and someone might give you some money for it. Now you can borrow against those receipt tokens in DeFi, too.
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-Everything is like this. In proof-of-stake Ethereum, you can stake Ether to earn staking rewards. A protocol called Lido runs a big staking pool. If you stake your Ether with Lido, it will give you back a token called [stETH](https://help.lido.fi/en/articles/5230610-what-is-steth), basically a receipt for your staked Ether. The Ether that you staked with Lido will earn staking rewards, while the stETH that you get back can be sold or invested in other DeFi protocols to earn more money.
-
-More broadly, the business of DeFi is about reusing tokens as much as possible. You have some tokens, you lock them up in a smart contract that does a thing and pays you a return, the smart contract gives you some sort of receipt token, and you turn around and lock up those receipt tokens in another smart contract that does another thing and pays you some more. People talk about “yield farming,” the process of bouncing between DeFi protocols to try to earn the maximum yield, reusing tokens, and getting paid in the protocols’ own tokens to make as much money as possible.
-
-![agricultural illustration](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i708ERa0lHHg/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
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-This can create a self-reinforcing cycle, by which I kind of mean a Ponzi. It goes like this:
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-1\. There’s a protocol that does some stuff with Ether or stablecoins or whatever.
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-2\. If you put your Ether or stablecoins or whatever into the protocol (for lending or liquidity provision or whatever), it will give you some of its own tokens. This is no problem; it can print those tokens for free.
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-3\. If you put *those* tokens back into the protocol, locking them up rather than selling them, it will give you even more of those tokens. It’ll pay you 10% interest every hour, if you want. Who cares, the tokens are free.
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-4\. “Buy this token, it pays 10% interest every hour,” the promoters of the protocol can say, more or less accurately. They can quote an APY—an annual percentage yield, a normal finance concept that’s much beloved in DeFi yield farming—with an enormous number of digits, and people will get very excited.
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-5\. So they’ll buy the token, and it will go up. Or they’ll put their Ether or stablecoins into the protocol to earn its tokens, and the protocol’s total value locked will go up.
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-6\. “Look at this protocol, its TVL is huge and rising, its token has doubled in price this week,” people will say, and they’ll buy more of it.
-
-7\. People keep getting paid comical interest rates \*in the token\*, which is fine as long as the token price keeps going up, or stays flat, or goes down at a slower rate than the interest rate. Even though the market is being flooded with tokens, people still seem to be making money, and will do so as long as new money comes in.
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-8\. The amount of tokens issued rises inexorably toward infinity, the amount of new money coming in does not, and tragedy ensues.
-
-The greatest of these protocols is probably OlympusDAO, which is run by a pseudonymous founder called Zeus (colorful character!), has a group of loyal investors called OHMies, and at its peak offered yields of 7,000% and was worth $3 billion, according to [a *CoinDesk* article](https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2021/12/05/olympus-dao-might-be-the-future-of-money-or-it-might-be-a-ponzi/) titled “Olympus DAO Might Be the Future of Money (or It Might Be a Ponzi).”61 Since then it’s [lost about 99% of its value](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/olympus/), so there’s your answer.
-
-![crumbling statue head](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/izypaxe3bYa0/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Olympus became particularly famous for the “(3, 3)” meme, based on the notation of game theory. The idea is that the payoff in a two-player game can be written as “(X, Y),” where X is what I get, and Y is what you get. These outcomes could be dollars, but often they’re written as abstract utility numbers: A payoff of (3, 3) is better for both of us than a payoff of (2, -1), without worrying too much about what those numbers mean. Olympus’s pitch was that if everybody buys OHM and locks it up, then everybody’s payoff will be good—i.e., (3, 3)—while if everybody does bad things like *sell* their OHM, then everybody’s payoff will be (-3, -3). (Those numbers are abstract and unitless, and actually the payoff was (-99%, -99%).)
-
-This, of course, exactly describes any Ponzi: As long as people keep investing new money and not withdrawing it, everyone will get richer (on paper), but it will unravel when people start taking their money out. Olympus always struck me as charmingly forthright about what it was up to. It’s the future of money, because as long as everyone keeps buying, it will keep going up! People have tried that one before.
-
-![painting of man with head in hand](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iamO_YbFW340/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-v. Some arbitrages
-
-In traditional finance, people devote their careers to finding arbitrages, circumstances in which they can buy something at a low price and instantly sell the same thing at a high price. This is hard to do, because traditional finance is very competitive, and people aren’t regularly leaving $20 bills on the sidewalk. Even if you think you’ve spotted an arbitrage—the same thing trading at different prices in different places—you have to worry about some legal or operational reason that you can’t actually move between those places. (Maybe there’s a 5% tax to move the stock offshore. Maybe short selling isn’t allowed, etc.)
-
-Most of what people call arbitrage in traditional finance is buying one thing at a low price, simultaneously selling a slightly different thing at a higher price, and hoping they turn out to be the same thing. Or buying one thing at a low price, selling the same thing a bit later, and hoping it turns out to be at a higher price.
-
-Meanwhile, decentralized finance is new enough that pricing anomalies exist, but efficient enough that everything happens visibly on a virtual computer running public code, so you can reliably exploit them. There are magical possibilities.
-
-● Flash loans
-
-Let’s say you’re a smart young person and you discover an arbitrage. Stock XYZ is trading at $10 on Exchange A and $11 on Exchange B. You can buy it on Exchange A for $10 and sell it on Exchange B for $11, making an easy $1 profit.
-
-That’s fine, now you have $1. But you want to buy 10 million shares on Exchange A for $100 million and sell 10 million on Exchange B for $110 million. Then you would have $10 million, which is much more worth doing.
-
-The only problem with this plan is, while you’re a smart young person, you don’t have $100 million. Why would you?
-
-In financial theory the solution is simple: You borrow the $100 million at the market rate of interest, buy the stock, sell it, pay back a little interest, and keep your profits. In practice no one is going to lend you $100 million. I mean, if you really have found a perfect arbitrage, maybe you’ll be able to raise $100 million. You can work your connections, cold-call some hedge funds, maybe get some meetings where you present your strategy and say, “See, it’s a perfect arbitrage. I just need $100 million. Are you in?” And they’ll just do the strategy and leave you out. Maybe they’ll pay you a small finder’s fee.
-
-Or you could start small—do your arbitrage for $1,000, make $100, do it again for $1,100, etc.—until you have a huge bankroll, but that’s not great either. The longer it takes you, the more likely it is that the clever arbitrage you’ve spotted will go away. In particular, the more you *do* the trade, the more likely someone else is to notice and do it in big size and make the arbitrage go away.
-
-In crypto finance the situation is different. If, say, you spot Ether trading at two different prices on different decentralized exchanges, you can just write a program that does the following:
-
-1.  Borrows $100 million from some decentralized lending protocol, [such as Aave](https://docs.aave.com/faq/flash-loans)
-    
-2.  Uses the $100 million to buy a token on Decentralized Exchange A
-    
-3.  Sells the token on Decentralized Exchange B for $110 million
-    
-4.  Returns the $100 million to the lending protocol (plus a small fee)
-    
-5.  Sends the leftover $10 million to you …
-    
-6.  *… all in the same transaction that executes all at once.*
-    
-
-The lender in Step 1 can make the return in Step 4 a *condition* of the loan; the loan and the payback occur simultaneously, in the same computer program executing in the same block of the blockchain. As far as the lending protocol is concerned, there’s no credit risk: If any of the intermediate steps fail—if it turns out you’re wrong about the arbitrage, and you can’t sell the token for more than you paid for it, etc.—then the whole thing never happens, and the loan isn’t made. The lending protocol isn’t evaluating your creditworthiness, your résumé, or your track record as an investor. It’s just making sure that the code works.
-
-This is clever and neat and feels like a good way to build a financial system. It’s an egalitarian, decentralized, permissionless, computerized way for anyone who spots an arbitrage to be able to exploit and close it. It should make markets more efficient and prices more accurate.
-
-The problem is, in crypto, “an arbitrage” often means “a mistake in a smart contract.”62 Somebody writes some contract that has some bug that occasionally lets a user put in one token and get back two. Then somebody notices and writes a program to use flash loans to put in 1 billion tokens and get back 2 billion tokens and blow up the smart contract entirely. People sometimes leave money lying around in crypto, and crypto has built very efficient ways for other people to [take their money](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-05-19/crypto-platform-hack-rocks-blockchain-community). It’s not clear that *that* is a good way to build a financial system.
-
-![$20 bill on street](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iGT6oVXfcQxs/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-● MEV
-
-It gets stranger. Let’s say you notice that a token is trading at $10 on Decentralized Exchange A and $11 on Decentralized Exchange B. So you send an order to Exchange A to buy 1,000 tokens for $10,000 and a simultaneous order to sell 1,000 tokens for $11,000. What happens to those orders?
-
-In the US stock market, [whole books](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/24724602-flash-boys) have been written about that question. People get really mad about it. Your order goes to your broker, who routes it to different exchanges at different times through different pipes. High-frequency electronic traders who see your order execute on one exchange might “race ahead” to another exchange to push up the prices. There are controversies about “co-location,” where the high-frequency traders pay fees to the stock exchanges to keep their computers in the same room as the exchange’s computers, so they can get a tiny speed advantage by connecting to the exchange through a fairly short wire.
-
-In crypto the answer is different. It’s easiest to understand if you start with how trades worked on Ethereum, before the switch to proof of stake. When you made a trade, your transaction would be broadcast to the entire network and included in the list of transactions that miners were working on executing but that hadn’t yet made it into a block.
-
-When a block was finalized, miners would include your transaction in the block. But the miners decided which transactions got included in a block and in what order, and they also earned gas fees for executing transactions. Users could specify how much they wanted to pay for gas, and transactions with higher gas fees were usually prioritized.63 This created a trade:
-
-1.  You find an arbitrage and send some orders to decentralized exchanges to do that arbitrage.
-    
-2.  I see those orders on the network and think, “Hey, that’s a good trade.”
-    
-3.  I send *the same orders* to the exchanges to do the same transaction.
-    
-4.  I pay a higher gas fee to get priority over you, so that I can do the trade ahead of you.
-    
-5.  By the time *you* get to do the trade, it’s no longer available. I bought everything available at the good price. Ha ha.
-    
-
-![superheros](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/in.r.VyHeeos/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-NOT these Flash boys.
-
-This is usually [called MEV](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/mev/), which originally stood for “miner-extractable value,” because one winner in this scenario was the miner who got to charge higher gas prices to people who wanted to front-run trades or avoid getting front-run. It’s the subject of a [2019 paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.05234.pdf), by Philip Daian et al., titled “Flash Boys 2.0,” a reference to the high-frequency traders in US stock markets who purportedly race ahead of other traders’ orders to extract value from them.
-
-Rather than *solve* this concern about traditional markets, crypto *made it explicit*: Time priority was subject to an explicit “gas auction,” where whoever paid the most to the transaction orderers got to go first. Sure, yes, in crypto you could get front-run all the time by more sophisticated electronic traders, but in a transparent and decentralized way.
-
-As Ethereum moved to proof of stake, MEV was rebranded “maximal extractable value.” There’s still money to be squeezed from traders by the people maintaining the network, but the mechanics have changed. In today’s Ethereum, there’s a division of labor between block builders (who compile and order transactions) and validators (the replacement for miners, who do the proof-of-stake work to make blocks official), and if you’re doing arbitrages you can send your transactions privately to block builders. You can still pay for speed and priority, but you can’t see everyone else’s trades to front-run them.
-
-In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto invented Bitcoin. One thing that seems to have motivated him was a distrust of banks and financial intermediaries. This was understandable, because it was 2008. The modern banking system was at a low ebb. Banks had taken risks that few people understood and ended up losing tons of money on supposedly safe investments. High levels of leverage in the banking system—and in the more opaque and less regulated “shadow banking” system—made those systems fragile; a bank that borrowed $30 for every $1 of shareholders’ equity would go bust if the value of its assets fell 4%.
-
-The high leverage and lack of transparency caused contagion. An asset’s price would fall, the highly leveraged banks and funds that held it would get margin calls, and they’d have to sell whatever they had on hand. That would cause more prices to fall, which would lead to more margin calls, which would bankrupt some of the banks and funds, which would lead to more fire sales and more price drops. Meanwhile, the lenders to those banks and funds, who thought their money was safe, would have losses; many were also highly leveraged and might go bust. All of this was opaque enough that even banks and funds that *hadn’t* taken big risks or lost a lot of money were treated with suspicion by lenders, which could cause them to fail, too. Ultimately the banking system was bailed out by massive infusions of money from central banks.
-
-![Hank Paulson, Ben Bernanke, Sheila Bair](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i2Z3LJ0sHBhQ/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
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-Satoshi didn’t like it, and he built a new payment mechanism that escaped the need to trust banks. It was irreversible and decentralized: Everyone was responsible for their own mistakes; no one could be bailed out by central banks printing money. It was transparent: Every transaction was recorded on the blockchain; there were no hidden chains of leverage.
-
-In a deep sense it wasn’t built on debt at all. To some Bitcoiners, the central sin of the banking system is that every bank deposit is a liability—it’s a debt, payable on demand, from the bank to its depositors—and so every dollar that you keep in the bank *necessarily* adds to the leverage of the system.64 Dollars *are* *debt*, and debt got kind of a bad rap after 2008. Meanwhile, Bitcoin are *not debt*. They’re just Bitcoin. They exist in themselves, on the blockchain, rather than being liabilities of banks.
-
-In early 2009, when Satoshi mined Bitcoin’s genesis block, this message resonated with a lot of people. A new financial system with transparent and irreversible transactions, with no special power for governments or big banks, had an appeal.
-
-Over time, though, there was another, much more obvious appeal to Bitcoin. Its price kept going up. If you bought a Bitcoin for $100, you could soon sell it for $1,000. This got a lot of people very interested in crypto, not for philosophical or monetary-structure reasons but because getting rich is nice.
-
-Many of these people came from traditional finance, because they saw that crypto finance was fun, it was wide open, it allowed for permissionless innovation, and everyone was getting rich.
-
-![](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i8JC3EaIEQF0/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-These people—the people who left TradFi for crypto because the money was better—didn’t necessarily have strong philosophical commitments to all that Satoshi stuff. They weren’t like, “Leverage is bad, banks are evil, monetary soundness is what matters.” Some came from banks. They were there to make money. One way to make money is by finding good trades, finding cheap ways to borrow money, and then borrowing as much as possible to put into those trades.
-
-![Bloomberg Businessweek cover](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iFdXTQl6ujD0/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Back in the ~$850 halcyon days.
-
-And so somehow crypto had itself a 2008! In 2022 the crypto financial system rediscovered what the traditional system had discovered in 2008. It was honestly kind of impressive.
-
-i. Terra
-
-In May 2022, you’ll recall, the algorithmic stablecoin TerraUSD collapsed. If you had money in Terra/Luna, odds are that you lost roughly all of it. Many of the people who lost money were regular retail savers who’d been suckered by TerraUSD’s promises of stability (and of a safe 20% interest rate) or regular retail cryptocurrency investors who speculated on Luna and lost. But not all of them.
-
-![Kyle Davies and Su Zhu](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ieJYERyPC3I8/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Kyle Davies and Su Zhu.
-
-One victim of the Terra collapse was a hedge fund called [Three Arrows Capital](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-07-13/how-crypto-hedge-fund-three-arrows-capital-fell-apart-3ac), run by two former Credit Suisse Group AG currency traders. (Colorful characters, and also former TradFi guys.) “Speaking from an undisclosed location” in July, [3AC’s founders explained to Bloomberg News](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-22/three-arrows-founders-en-route-to-dubai-describe-ltcm-moment) that what they’d “failed to realize was that Luna was capable of falling to effective zero in a matter of days and that this would catalyze a credit squeeze across the industry that would put significant pressure on all of our illiquid positions.”
-
-Meanwhile, the Federal Reserve was raising rates, and speculative assets generally were losing value. It turns out that crypto is basically a speculative asset and that it’s not particularly a hedge for stock market volatility. Everything in crypto went down. Bitcoin was worth more than $67,000 at the peak in October 2021; it fell below $20,000 in June 2022. Ether went from $4,800 to less than $1,000. The [total market value of all cryptocurrencies](https://coinmarketcap.com/charts/) fell from about $3 trillion in late 2021 to about $1 trillion in June 2022. Two-thirds of all crypto wealth just vanished.
-
-That’s just a very traditional story, isn’t it? Leveraged hedge funds piled into crowded trades that seemed, on the basis of a fairly short series of historical data, to be safe. This made the trades unsafe, so the hedge funds lost money. So their lenders sent them margin calls. So they were forced to sell off other, better assets—assets that were more liquid and could be sold to meet the margin calls—which made those better assets bad, too. “In a crisis, correlations go to 1,” traders say. Losses on bad trades force leveraged hedge funds to sell good assets, and so everything goes down at once.
-
-![rugby scrum](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iEAtYvAcvU2g/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-ii. Contagion
-
-3AC was a leveraged hedge fund. When it blew up, the people who loaned it money didn’t get their money back. 3AC went into a complicated cross-border insolvency process that will presumably *eventually* recover some money for its creditors, but they’ll lose at least some of their money, and it will take a while to get back the rest. Who are these creditors?
-
-Well! A little of everyone, really. Documents filed in 3AC’s [insolvency process](https://www.docdroid.net/xKIqrjq/20220709-3ac-bvi-liquidation-recognition-1st-affidavit-of-russell-crumpler-filed-pdf) reveal that the hedge fund was borrowing from DeFi platforms but also from an assortment of big-name centralized, or CeFi, crypto lenders, borrowing platforms, and exchanges.
-
-The DeFi platforms mostly did fine: They had collateral, they had automatic liquidation mechanisms, they liquidated the collateral, and they got their money back. The centralized lenders did less well. It turns out a lot were less strict about demanding collateral than you might have wanted. 3AC was one of the biggest and best-known hedge funds in crypto. Working with 3AC was a stamp of approval for many lending platforms. It was prestigious to say, “Our customers include Three Arrows.” Also, 3AC was viewed as a smart fund, doing clever low-volatility arbitrage trades with good risk management rather than taking wild gambles. So if 3AC came to a lending platform and said, “Hey, we’d like to borrow $500 million unsecured,” the platform might say yes.
-
-Oh boy, did they. Voyager Digital, a crypto brokerage that let customers buy, sell, borrow, and lend crypto, is a public company listed in Canada. It had $2.3 billion of assets at the end of June, about [$650 million of which](https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-07-06/voyager-has-some-tokens) was unsecured loans of USDC and Bitcoin to 3AC. Oops! It went bankrupt, too.
-
-Celsius Network is the same basic idea but worse. It offered customers willing to lend out their crypto up to 18% interest on deposits, with pretty vague descriptions of how it earned that yield. CEO Alex Mashinsky (colorful character) once explained to [*Bloomberg Businessweek*](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-27/celsius-s-18-yields-on-crypto-are-tempting-and-drawing-scrutiny#xj4y7vzkg) that it’s ridiculous that banks take deposits, use them to make loans, and then *don’t* pay 18% interest. “Somebody is lying,” Mashinsky said. “Either the bank is lying or Celsius is lying.” Only one possible answer! Celsius had also loaned 3AC money, though that was the least of its problems, and it was in some of the same trades as 3AC, which blew up when 3AC did. It also went bankrupt.
-
-The [leverage of these platforms](https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-06-29/crypto-loves-its-shadow-banks) is pretty astonishing. Celsius was levered about 19 to 1: It had almost $95 of debt (mostly customer deposits) and about $5 of equity for every $100 of assets. Voyager was levered 23 to 1. A fairly small loss could wipe it out entirely, and did. That some banks were levered 30 to 1 going into the 2008 financial crisis became a matter of intense scandal, and post-crisis reforms require much higher capital levels for banks. Also, banks mostly invest in mortgages and stuff! These guys were investing in crypto loans, hugely volatile stuff with nothing in the way of long-term, through-the-cycle history! And they were doing it with 5% capital ratios.
-
-iii. Non-contagion
-
-In many ways this looks like 2008. But it’s striking how *little* effect the loss of $2 trillion of crypto wealth had on anything else. The 2008 crisis in the banking and shadow banking system led to a global recession, a foreclosure crisis, and real political instability. The 2022 crisis in crypto seems to have been pretty walled-off from real-world effects. Two trillion dollars of market capitalization were lost without much of a visible impact outside crypto.
-
-![someone leaving office carrying box](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iRorvEyk1MN8/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Why? Part of the answer is about who lost money and how they thought of the money they lost. A lot of people who put money into crypto were using their gambling money, and when their bets didn’t pay off, they thought, “Ah, well, that was fun, too bad.” Almost everything about the world of crypto screams “high risk” to anyone who knows at all what to look out for. And so, if you do know what to look for, you take your crypto risks with money that you can afford to lose and in ways that account for the risks. You don’t take your life savings, lever them up 10 to 1, and invest everything in Dogecoin.
-
-The great lesson of 2008 is that the real systemic risk is in the *safest* assets. The problem isn’t banks and investors buying insane risky securities that promise 50% returns and then go to zero. The problem is banks and investors buying AAA rated bonds that promise an extra 0.03% of yield and borrowing 95% of the money they use to buy those bonds—then finding out those securities shouldn’t have been rated AAA. People invest money they can’t afford to lose—and often money they borrowed—in safe assets, and when those assets lose money, the system breaks.
-
-By 2022 the crypto financial system was working on creating safe assets. That’s what Celsius and Voyager and TerraUSD promised, safe and stable ways to earn high returns without a lot of volatility, but in crypto. Some people were taken in by those promises and invested their life savings; some hedge funds bet on those promises and levered up those bets. But mostly, look, the guy who promises 18% yields and says, “Either the bank is lying or Celsius is lying” isn’t going to persuade *that* many people to entrust him with their life savings.
-
-Part of the answer, though, is about the traditional financial system. Traditional big financial companies *have* been dipping their toe into crypto, but for the most part the traditional and crypto financial systems have stayed pretty separate. You don’t hear a lot about *banks* keeping 20% of their assets in Bitcoin, and in fact banking regulators [have been rather stern](https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-06-10/maybe-gamestop-is-good-now?sref=1kJVNqnU) about letting banks own crypto. So when crypto prices collapsed, banks and other financial institutions weren’t particularly harmed.
-
-This matters a lot. If you want to buy a house or open a store, you go to a bank for a loan. When banks are in crisis, as they were in 2008, they will be less likely to lend you money. So you won’t buy a house or open a store. There will be less credit, less economic activity, less growth in the real economy. Governments bailed out banks in 2008, not because they love bankers but because banks matter for the rest of the economy.
-
-The crypto financial system is very fun and cool and has invented a lot of interesting stuff. But it’s mostly not where people go to get money to buy a house or open a store. Bitcoin and Ethereum and DeFi could all vanish tomorrow without a trace, and most businesses that make stuff in the physical world would be just fine.
-
-## IV  
-Trust, Money, Community
-
-Let me tell a couple of stories about crypto and society.
-
-One story goes like this. We live in a world of trust. That trust pervades everything we do. We’re spoiled; the institutions we deal with every day are trustworthy. Not all of them, not all the time, not in every way, but quite a lot of them to a high degree. We put money in the bank, and when we go to take it out, it’s there.
-
-Crypto—Satoshi Nakamoto and his disciples—said:
-
-![No, No, No. Trust is bad. Don't trust your bank. Use immutable code. Verify every transaction for yourself, or download open-source code and verify that it works correctly, and then use it to verify every transaction for yourself, or at least use a network in which that's possible and in which economic incentives demonstrably make it likely that it will happen. And do all of this in a system that's resistant to changes, that can't be controlled by governments or banks, that's immune to the rules of wider society.](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i9m9NR9YOeNU/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-This had an appeal, and crypto became very valuable, and people looked to put their money to work in crypto—and they trusted people. Over and over again, they trusted Quadriga and Terra and Voyager and Celsius and dozens of other projects that failed or ran off with their money or got hacked. They just fell over themselves to trust people.
-
-![Gerald Cotten, Do Kwon, Stephen Ehrlich, Alex Mashinksy](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iss1ON_jPfzY/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Clockwise: Gerald Cotten (Quadriga), Do Kwon (Terra), Stephen Ehrlich (Voyager), and Alex Mashinsky (Celsius).
-
-Why did they do this? Well, there’s a common thread in these kinds of things. The people who are easiest to pull in are often the ones who think they’re the most independent-minded and cynical. “Either the bank is lying or Celsius is lying,” Celsius told people, flattering their unjustified belief that they knew the real score.
-
-But there’s something else, too. The people who trusted Celsius weren’t tripped up *only* by their belief that they were outsmarting the system, though there was that. They also…they thought Celsius was a bank? It looked sort of like a bank. It did things, with crypto, that were banklike. They were familiar with how banks work. They understood that *banks are safe*, that if you put money in a bank you can get it back. They looked at Celsius and thought, “Well, this is a big thing, it has a nice website, it’s available to Americans. Surely if it was a problem someone *would’ve done something about it*.”65
-
-There’s something a bit alarming about this. Crypto is in a way *about* rejecting the institutions of society, about being trustless and censorship-resistant. But it quietly free-rides on people’s deep reservoir of trust in those institutions. People are so used to trusting banks that, when Celsius told them not to trust banks, they said, “Ah, yes, OK,” then trusted Celsius to work like a bank, to be regulated like a bank. They didn’t worry about Celsius’s opacity and leverage. They didn’t do their own due diligence on its loans and audit its DeFi positions and demand irrefutable proof of its soundness. It promised to pay them back, and that was good enough for them.
-
-But there’s something hopeful about it, too. Trust in institutions is so strong and resilient that all of crypto’s bluster can’t stamp it out. “Not your keys, not your coins, put your trust only in verifiable code,” crypto evangelists yelled, and people heard them and said, “Yes, that is nice, but I’m busy, I’m going to trust these nice strangers with my Bitcoin.”
-
-Crypto, in its origins, was about abandoning the system of social trust that’s been built up over centuries and replacing it with cryptographic proof. And then it got going and rebuilt systems of trust all over again. What a nice vote of confidence in *the idea of trust*.
-
-![handshake](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/igQFNuRkqSKE/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-ONE THING CRYPTO HAS DONE IS SHOW JUST HOW VALUABLE TRUST IS.
-
-There’s a related story about money. One way to think of money is that it’s a system of social credit. Society has mechanisms—capitalism, politics, etc.—to allocate resources, with a rough heuristic of: “The more good stuff you do for society, the more good stuff you get for yourself.” Money is a rough way of keeping track of that. If you do good stuff for other people, they give you money, which you can use to buy good stuff for yourself.
-
-Another way to think about money is that it’s some sort of external objective fact. If you have money, it’s *your* money, and society has nothing to say about whether you can keep it or what you can do with it.
-
-Crypto starts from the second view: Your Bitcoin are yours immutably; they’re controlled only by your private key, and no government or bank can take them away from you. But the history of crypto since Satoshi has undermined this view. If you got your Bitcoin illegitimately, the government can trace them and stop you from spending them. There are still gatekeepers—crypto exchanges and fiat off-ramps and banks—that decide what you can do with your money. Crypto might be immutable and “censorship-resistant,” but its interactions with the real world are not.
-
-Not just that. Crypto isn’t even immutable, not really. In 2016 an important smart contract on the Ethereum blockchain called the DAO [got hacked](https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2016-06-17/blockchain-company-s-smart-contracts-were-dumb). (DAO is now a generic term, but this was *the* DAO, the first of its name.) There was a flaw in the contract that allowed a hacker to drain a lot of money from it, and he did. Ethereum was a new technology, so the hack was a big deal.
-
-This hack was controversial; there was controversy about whether it was even a “hack.” Some people said: “Look, if the code of the smart contract allowed the hacker to do this, then it was allowed. There’s no external standard of validity, just the code, and if it happened in the code, it’s fine. If we reverse this transaction, we will destroy the essence of the blockchain, which is the irreversibility of transactions.”
-
-Other people said: “No, that’s nuts. This was a big hack, and lots of people lost money.” It was clear enough—to humans, anyway—that this was not how people intended the smart contract to work, even if it was in fact how it worked. *Sometimes the code is wrong.*
-
-The Ethereum network decided to roll back the blockchain and reverse the hack. That’s hard to do. You couldn’t just amass a bunch of computer power yourself and hack the Ethereum blockchain and reverse transactions. But if *everyone in Ethereum* agrees to do it, they can.66 Cryptocurrency isn’t money that’s *totally immune to censorship*, that’s atomic and individual and immutable. It’s money that’s *controlled by consensus*, much like dollars are. It’s a different form of consensus—proof-of-work mining, proof-of-stake validation, decentralized communities, DAOs, Discord chats—but the thing that gives you the money and makes the money valuable is that consensus.
-
-![](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i0yl_tj2c4z0/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-MONEY IS A SOCIAL FACT, EVEN WHEN THE MONEY IS BITCOIN OR ETHER.
-
-Here’s another, more speculative story.
-
-The most valuable thing in human life, this story begins, is connection. Being with your friends, making friends, feeling esteemed by your peers: These are the things that give life meaning.
-
-“Sure, sure, sure, whatever,” you say, because this feels fuzzy and fake. But look how rich [Mark Zuckerberg](https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/mark-e-zuckerberg/) is! In 1999, if you’d said, “A giant contributor to US gross domestic product is the friends we made along the way,” that wouldn’t have made any sense. Now, Facebook is worth almost half a trillion dollars—though, to be fair, it’s changed its name to Meta Platforms Inc. to mark its pivot away from friendships.
-
-And to mark its pivot to the metaverse. I don’t know what the metaverse is. But I gather that it means something like: Our lives, our social lives, our intellectual lives, our professional lives, our aesthetic lives, the things that we do all day that give our lives meaning, will take place increasingly on interconnected computers. Our reality will be intermediated increasingly by computers and the internet.
-
-![Kim Kardashian and friend taking selfie](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iF7iwHOoElQY/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Human social life moving to the internet has economic value, it turns out, though if you explain the mechanism, it seems remarkably trivial. “If people talk to their friends about vacuums, and you show them an ad about vacuums, they’ll probably buy a vacuum.” “If we intermediate between people’s friendships, we can serve ads.”
-
-A key lesson of crypto is: A bunch of people can get together online and *make their community have economic value, and then capture that value for themselves.* If you explain the mechanism for *that*, it sounds even worse. “Well, see, there’s this token of membership in the community, and it’s up 400% this week. Also the tokens are JPEGs of monkeys.”
-
-But look, pretty soon, what *are* we going to sell to each other? Online communities are valuable. There’s money to be made.
-
-![Group of people dressed up as superheroes](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i9eMi5WGXP4s/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-WHY SHOULDN’T THE COMMUNITY MEMBERS GET THE MONEY?
-
-There are lots of online communities, though. One is Bored Ape Yacht Club, a self-selected club where you become a member by buying an expensive membership token. The value of that community is, I guess, you feel cool and exclusive? Maybe you befriend a celebrity or a venture capitalist, bonding over your apes.
-
-Or there’s social networking. Facebook is valuable; make a Neo-Facebook; give people a token; let them keep the value for themselves. “Advertisers can get your data only if they pay you in tokens,” you tell them, or “You can earn tokens for posting, which you can then use to pay other people for posting.” Why not?
-
-Or gaming. “If you buy a laser in this game, it’s an NFT, and it’s yours to keep forever. Maybe you can use it in another game.” Why not? These are standard claims about web3 that leave me mostly cold. I don’t want to be in the advertising-data-selling or computer-game-arms-dealing businesses.
-
-But other online communities are DeFi? Like, in some crude sense, what decentralized finance is is a big community of people who get together to pretend to trade financial assets—or, rather, who trade financial assets in a sort of virtual world. They’ve built derivatives exchanges and secured lending protocols and new ways to do market-making, but instead of trading stocks or bonds they trade tokens that they made up. And those tokens are valuable, in part because they’re linked to other online communities (you can use DeFi to buy Ether that you then use to buy NFTs to become a Bored Ape owner), but also in part because DeFi is itself an online community, or cluster of communities, and the tokens it trades are points in that community. If you build a cool trading platform or execute a cool trade, you’ll earn tokens, which you can spend on other cool trading platforms or trades. Talented financial traders are willing to work on projects to get those tokens. If you had some of those tokens, you could hire those traders.
-
-A problem, and an advantage, of crypto is that it financializes everything. “What if reading your favorite book made you an investor in its stock.” Feh, it’s a story that only a venture capitalist could love. On the other hand, it’s a story that venture capitalists love. A minimalist case for crypto is:
-
-***“It’s an efficient way to get venture capitalists to put money into software projects.”***
-
-Or it’s a Ponzi. The web3 vision of having the customers of every project also be its investors works well in times of speculative excess, but it’s disastrous in a crash. “All our customers have a stake in our success” is great when token prices go up, but it also means that all your customers become poorer when token prices go down, which makes it hard to attract customers.
-
-But we’ve only really seen the boom. The problem with making every product also a Ponzi is that you can’t be sure if your customers are there for the product or the Ponzi. When it collapses, you can. If they’re still there–if they still use your product without getting rich off the token–then that means your product is promising. If not, well, you ran a Ponzi.
-
-The great speculative frenzy of crypto and web3 over the past few years drew a lot of money and attention and talent into the crypto world. A great deal of that money and attention and talent went strictly to optimizing the speculative frenzy, to tweaking the tokenomics and leveraging the bets so people could make as much money as possible without actually building anything. Some of it probably went into building, though.
-
-Now the speculative frenzy has, if not disappeared, at least cooled. Now if you’re trying to raise money for a web3 project, it should probably do something, besides issuing a token that goes up. If it creates value for people, if the product is something people want, then the tokens will take care of themselves. Crypto people have a lot to prove on that front. One reason the 2022 crisis in crypto didn’t spark a contagion is that crypto has so few connections to things that matter to people. They play games and gamble on the blockchain, but they don’t have mortgages there.
-
-Perhaps this is all a self-referential sinkhole for smart finance people, but honestly it would be weird if that’s all it ever turned out to be. If so many smart finance people have moved into the crypto financial system, if they find it so much more enjoyable and functional and productive than the traditional financial system, surely they’ll eventually figure out how to make it, you know, *useful*.
-
-Here’s another way to tell this story. There’s the real world, and people do stuff in the real world. They grow food and build houses.
-
-![architectural drawing](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ihn2Szja..4E/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Over many centuries a financial system grew up, as an adjunct to the real world. That financial system enabled people to do more stuff in the real world. They could build railroads or semiconductor factories or electric cars, because they could raise money from strangers to fund their activities. They could buy bigger houses, because they could borrow money from banks. They could also trade out-of-the-money call options on GameStop, because that’s fun and you can make memes about it, but that’s an accidental feature of a financial system that mostly does serious stuff in the real world.
-
-By 2008, or 2022, that system looked pretty abstract. When you think about modern finance, you often think about things like those GameStop options, or the system of payment for order flow that enables their trading, or synthetic collateralized debt obligations referencing other CDOs referencing pools of mortgage-backed securities. There’s a house there somewhere, under the CDO-squareds. All the sophisticated modern finance can be traced back, step by step, to the real world. Sure, it’s a lot of steps now. But the important point is that sophisticated modern finance was built *up*, step by step, from the real world. The real world came first, then finance, then the more complicated epiphenomena of finance.
-
-![image of tornado approaching house](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iB3G5zynYF8Q/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-Crypto, meanwhile, has built a financial system from first principles, pure and pleasing on its own, unsullied by contact with the real world. (I exaggerate: The basic function of *sending money* using crypto, Satoshi’s original goal, is fairly practical. But, otherwise.) That’s interesting as an object of aesthetic contemplation, and I’ve enjoyed contemplating it, and I hope you have, too. And it’s attracted a lot of finance people who also enjoy contemplating it, and getting rich. And their task is to build back down, step by step, to connect the elegant financial system of crypto to the real world. You’ve built a derivatives exchange, cool, cool. But can a real company use it to hedge a real risk facing its real factory? You’ve built a decentralized lending platform, awesome. But can a young family use it to buy a house?
-
-And the answer is, you know, maybe, give it time. The crypto system has attracted a lot of smart people who want to solve these problems, in part because they’re intellectually interesting problems and in part because solving them will make these people rich.
-
-But another part of the answer might be that the real world—growing food, building houses—is a smaller part of economic life than it used to be, and that manipulating symbolic objects in online databases is a bigger part. Modern life is lived in databases. And crypto is *about* a new way of keeping databases (on the blockchain).
-
-If you build a financial system that has trouble with houses but is particularly suited to financing video games—one that lets you keep your character on the blockchain, and borrow money from a decentralized platform to buy a cool hat for her, or whatever, I don’t know—then that system might be increasingly valuable as video games become an increasingly important part of life. If you build a financial system whose main appeal is its database, it will be well-suited to a world lived in databases. If the world is increasingly software and advertising and online social networking and, good Lord, the metaverse, then the crypto financial system doesn’t have to build all the way back down to the real world to be valuable. The world can come to crypto.
-
-![roller coaster](https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iz6.CG9h7Y2o/v0/-1x-1.jpg)
-
-WORTH A SHOT, NO?
-
-[
-
-**Want more?  
-Subscribe to Matt Levine’s *Money Stuff*, a daily newsletter on all things Wall Street and finance.**
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-TimeStamp: 2023-02-05
-Link: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/01/why-does-it-feel-like-amazon-is-making-itself-worse.html
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-Why Does It Feel Like Amazon Is Making Itself Worse?
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/278/7b7/7e70b61098f7352672230bf549c66a49dd-amazon-2.rsquare.w700.jpg)
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-Photo-Illustration: Intelligencer
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-Let’s say you’re a regular [Amazon](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/07/amazon-fake-reviews-can-they-be-stopped.html) shopper in need of a spatula. You might start your journey by typing the word “spatula” into the search box with a qualifier or two (“silicone,” “fish,” “magenta”). In response, Amazon will produce a very large list presented in a large paginated grid or, on a phone, a bottomless scroll. You have, it is implied, thousands of options within immediate reach; Amazon presents them to you in a particular but mostly unexplained order. Some of the spatulas you encounter first will carry brand names you’ve heard of before, like KitchenAid or Rubbermaid, while others will have names like IOCBYHZ, BANKKY, or KLAQQED. Some of them will appear identical to one another or even share the same product photos with different names and prices. Other listings will disclose, usually in small gray text, that they’re “sponsored.” (Of the 81 clickable, buyable products on my first page of search results for “spatula” — product listings, banners, and recommendation modules — 29, or more than a third, were some form of ad.)
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-Many products will be described in SEO-ese: “Silicone Spatula Turner, VOVOLY 3-Pack Spatula Set for Nonstick Cookware, BPA Free Rubber Spatulas, Heat Resistant Kitchen Utensil, No Scratch or Melting, Ideal for Egg, Cookie, Crepe, Burger, Pancake.” Most, maybe all, will be eligible for Prime.
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-You’ll have options! So many options that, unless you have strongly held preferences about spatula brands — unlikely, given that you just typed “spatula” into Amazon — you’re going to need some guidance. BANKKY or KLAQQED? Should you give IOCBYHZ a look or just pay extra for the Oxo? Your eyes are drawn to the only relevant, useful information on the page: star ratings. On this first page, sponsored or not, they’re all hovering between 4 and 5 stars and mostly between 4.6 and 4.9: 403 ratings, 4.7 stars; 10,845 ratings, 4.8 stars; 27 ratings, 4.7 stars; 20,069 ratings, 4.7 stars. (Stars, according to Amazon, are calculated using “machine-learned models instead of a simple average.” Not that it matters — however they’re allocated, they’re what you’re working with. Efforts to find independent reviews of Amazon-exclusive products rarely turn up high-quality content; many sites just summarize Amazon reviews in an effort to collect search traffic from Google and eventually affiliate commissions from Amazon itself.)
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-You read a little feedback to quell your doubts or ease your mind, then eventually, or quickly, you pluck a spatula out of the cascade. There’s a good chance, however, that it won’t actually be sold *by* Amazon but rather by a third-party seller that has spent months or years and many thousands of dollars hustling for search placement on the platform — its “store,” to use Amazon’s term, is where you will have technically bought this spatula. There’s an even better chance you won’t notice this before you order it. In any case, it’ll be at your door in a couple of days.
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-The system worked. But what system? In your short journey, you interacted with a few. There was the ’90s-retro e-commerce interface, which conceals a marketplace of literally millions of sellers, each scrapping for relevance, using Amazon as a sales channel for their own semi-independent businesses. It subjected you to the multibillion-dollar advertising network planted between Amazon users and the things they browse and buy. It was shipped to you through a sprawling, submerged logistics empire with nearly a million employees and contractors in the United States alone. You were guided almost entirely by an idiosyncratic and unreliable reputation system, initially designed to review books, that has used years of feedback from hundreds of millions of customers to help construct an alternative universe of sometimes large but often fleeting brands that have little identity or relevance outside of the platform. You found what you were looking for, sort of, through a process that didn’t feel much like shopping at all.
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-This is all normal in that Amazon is so dominant that it sets norms. But its essential weirdness — its drift from anything resembling shopping or informed consumption — is becoming harder for Amazon’s one-click magic trick to hide.
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-Interacting with Amazon, for most of its customers, broadly produces the desired, expected, and generally unrivaled result: They order all sorts of things; the prices are usually reasonable, and they don’t have to think about shipping costs; the things they order show up pretty quickly; returns are no big deal. But, at the core of that experience, something has become unignorably worse. Late last year, *The* *Wall Street Journal* reported that Amazon’s customer satisfaction had fallen [sharply](https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazons-customer-satisfaction-slips-with-shoppers-11668986981) in a range of recent surveys, which cited COVID-related delivery interruptions but also poor search results and “low-quality” items. More products are junk. The interface itself is full of junk. The various systems on which customers depend (reviews, search results, recommendations) feel like *junk*. This is the state of the art of American e-commerce, a dominant force in the future of buying things. Why does it feel like Amazon is making itself worse? Maybe it’s slipping, showing its age, and settling into complacency. Or maybe — hear me out — everything is going according to plan.
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-Like most tech companies, Amazon’s corporate outlook at the beginning of 2023 wasn’t ideal: falling stock price, rising costs, geopolitical concerns, real inroads by labor organizers, the end of the “[pandemic shopping habits](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/28/technology/amazon-earnings.html)” that were, just two years ago, predicted to accelerate e-commerce adoption by leaps and bounds. On January 4, Amazon’s CEO, Andy Jassy, who was elevated to the top post in 2021 after Jeff Bezos stepped back, said the company planned to eliminate “just over 18,000 roles.” Cuts had begun last year with a focus on Amazon’s devices division, including Alexa. The expanded cuts would target Amazon’s stores division, which wasn’t much of a surprise. In 2022, Amazon announced it was pulling back on some of its physical retail plans, including bookshops and its uncanny “4-Star” stores, which stocked chaotic assortments of well-reviewed Amazon products.
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-In 2022, the company pulled back on some other plans as well. In July, it [reportedly](https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-has-been-slashing-private-label-selection-amid-weak-sales-11657849612) started trimming products from its private-label business through which it has long sold a range of its own products, some branded as Amazon Basics, others with house labels such as Solimo, Pinzon, and Wag. (The prevalence of house brands is arguably one of the ways in which the Amazon shopping experience is actually *normal.*) One concern was that Amazon’s own-brand expansion had started to draw antitrust attention with regulators accusing the company of using internal data to identify and then undercut competitors. Another issue — one deeply connected to Amazon’s fundamental weirdness — is that the traditionally lucrative business of selling cheap store-brand alternatives to popular products wasn’t especially profitable for Amazon.
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-One of the quickest ways to understand why Amazon is the way it is is to look at [this chart](https://www.statista.com/statistics/259782/third-party-seller-share-of-amazon-platform/):
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-For more than five years, a clear majority of products sold through Amazon haven’t been sold by Amazon but by third-party sellers through Amazon. These sellers number in the millions and work across virtually every category on the platform. Successful sellers, however, don’t just list their products on Amazon and pay the company standard fees or commissions. They also pay the company to warehouse and ship their products, making them eligible for Amazon Prime. Clawing your way to relevance on Amazon’s platform often involves spending a great deal of money on advertising with the company. It’s how new products get reviews, which are crucial to selling anything on Amazon, and it’s how established products maintain relevance. It’s also why 29 of those 81 spatula options are functionally ads.
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-“Seller services,” as Amazon refers to these and other sources of revenue, are a large and growing part of Amazon’s revenue — [larger than](https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazons-third-party-needs-to-keep-raging-1538917201) Amazon Web Services and quite profitable. They also mean that letting a seller market off-brand products on your platform is often going to be more profitable than selling your *own* discount brands: Undercutting an independent seller’s small [coffee-grinder](https://themarkup.org/amazons-advantage/2021/10/14/amazon-puts-its-own-brands-first-above-better-rated-products) business is, it turns out, a bad look and, in the big picture, maybe not worth the trouble.
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-Sellers serve a lot of purposes for Amazon and joke among themselves about the free labor they provide. In exchange for access to the largest sales channel on the internet, they do a lot more than just pay Amazon its fees. They perform market research, obsessively investigating review data and marketplace trends to figure out what’s going to be popular on the platform next. (Recent red-hot third-party product types include miniature waffle-makers, reading lights that drape around your neck, and dog puzzles.) They handle customer service. They exert downward price pressure on one another, and they absorb a lot of risk (dozens of dog-puzzle sellers fail so that one may thrive). No matter what happens to them, whether their own businesses succeed or fail, Amazon makes money.
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-This is a great deal for Amazon, and over the years it has become Amazon’s *main* deal — in 2021, the company estimated that activities on its marketplace created “more than 1.8 million U.S. jobs” and shared success stories from its hundreds of thousands of American sellers, some of whom had become millionaires. It was a slow and, in hindsight, astounding transformation in which the “everything store” substantially outsourced its *store*.
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-The proliferation of semi-branded discount goods on the platform is attributable to a few factors. One is that Amazon, for sellers, has a lot in common with a social-media network or a search engine in that its often intentionally inscrutable preferences must be catered to constantly, even when they don’t really make sense and even if they’re detrimental to the product itself. (Selling on Amazon is [notoriously cutthroat](https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/19/18140799/amazon-marketplace-scams-seller-court-appeal-reinstatement), and competitors often manipulate Amazon’s systems against one another.) Another is Amazon’s aggressive recruitment of sellers based in China, who, according to some estimates, accounted for nearly half of all businesses on the platform in 2020. Plenty of overseas sellers offer quality products, while many domestic sellers effectively run Chinese import businesses, but the factory-direct advantage is usually about price with (often acceptable and accepted!) trade-offs in quality control, customer service, and original design. (Amazon’s cross-border commerce arrangements have led to the creation of a delightfully weird branding language almost unique to Amazon, whose marketplace affords special privileges to brands with registered American trademarks. Strings of unpronounceable letters are intended to [move easily through](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/11/style/amazon-trademark-copyright.html) the trademarking process; on Amazon, where star ratings and search placement are king, their uselessness as conventional brands doesn’t really matter, so “IOCBYHZ,” “BANKKY,” and “KLAQQED” work just fine.)
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-The view of Amazon *from* China is worth considering everywhere. Amazon lets Chinese manufacturers and merchants sell directly to customers overseas and provides an infrastructure for Prime shipping, which is rare and enormously valuable. It also has unilateral power to change its policies or fees and to revoke access to these markets in an instant — as it has for thousands of Chinese sellers in recent years, with minimal process, because of [alleged review](https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3138151/amazon-bans-chinese-merchants-alleged-attempts-bribe-customers-write?module=inline&pgtype=article) fraud. It’s a lot of power for one firm to have. E-commerce analyst Juozas Kaziukėnas, founder of Marketplace Pulse, has [highlighted](https://www.marketplacepulse.com/year-in-review-2022#china) growing concerns in the country about Amazon’s dominance and trajectory, including an editorial in the *People’s Daily* critical of the company’s e-commerce “chokehold.” (The article is available in translation [here](https://www.pekingnology.com/p/amazon-is-a-chokehold-on-chinas-cross#:~:text=In%20order%20to%20defuse%20the,these%20websites%20to%20enhance%20their).)
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-Amazon’s position in the United States isn’t as different as it first looks. The company’s decades of aggressive investment and execution have resulted in the creation of a service without credible direct competitors: a commerce platform with more than 150 million subscribers, backed by a singular logistics empire that employs hundreds of thousands of people, with more market share than its [next 14 competitors](https://www.insiderintelligence.com/content/amazon-us-ecommerce-market) combined. Amazon isn’t the only way for American businesses to sell to Americans, but its channel is by far the biggest, and its gravity — even for brands that want to avoid the platform — is strong. Depending on what you’re trying to sell, there’s a decent chance the best way to find a lot of customers is through Amazon, which means agreeing to the company’s terms. It’s a double-edged peerlessness: Selling through Amazon gives you access to incredible customer acquisition and shipping capabilities you couldn’t otherwise find or afford; selling through Amazon binds your fate to a bunch of systems you can never fully understand operated by a company to which you are just another user.
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-Amazon doesn’t have a “chokehold,” but it’s in a good position to squeeze. After a [temporary increase](https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/16/amazon-to-raise-seller-fulfillment-fees-for-the-holidays.html) in the cost of certain fulfillment services during the 2022 holidays, Amazon merchants were treated in early 2023 to a long-term increase in fees. On Amazon’s SellerCentral forum, sellers [vented at length](https://www.google.com/search?q=amazon+new+fees+2023&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8) in response to the news and talked about feeling stuck and taken for granted. Few, however, threatened to leave.
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-Amazon is also looking to expand its reach and influence beyond its own platforms: This month, the company announced it was broadening access to a program called “Buy With Prime,” which allows third-party retailers to sell through their own sites while using Amazon for package fulfillment and shipping. It’s an ambitious vision in which Amazon doesn’t just control access to its own customers but to e-commerce customers in general, whether they intend to use Amazon or not.
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-At its logical conclusion, Buy With Prime is a vision of Amazon as a backbone to all e-commerce and of the company as an infrastructure provider. It’s ambitious! And it should sound familiar: It’s a bit like Amazon Web Services, which sells cloud-computing capacity to a wide range of companies across virtually every industry, including many competitors. AWS is the biggest service of its kind and Amazon’s [largest source of profit](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/28/technology/amazon-earnings.html). (It was also the [brainchild of](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/11/how-aws-reinvented-the-internet-and-became-amazons-cash-cow.html) Jassy, Amazon’s new chief executive.)
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-If you understand Amazon as an aspiring megascale infrastructure company — a provider of systems, services, capacity, and labor — its junkification makes sense. Amazon hasn’t been acting like a store for a while. In its ideal future, selling things to people is everyone else’s problem. And so is Amazon.
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-Why Does It Feel Like Amazon Is Making Itself Worse?
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-Date: 2023-02-12
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-Link: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/02/13/the-dubious-rise-of-impostor-syndrome
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-# Why Everyone Feels Like They’re Faking It
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-Long before Pauline Clance developed the idea of the impostor phenomenon—now, to her frustration, more commonly referred to as impostor syndrome—she was known by the nickname Tiny. Born in 1938 and raised in Baptist Valley, in Appalachian Virginia, she was the youngest of six children, the daughter of a sawmill operator who struggled to keep food on the table and gas in the tank of his timber truck. Tiny was ambitious—her photograph appeared in the local newspaper after she climbed onto a table to deliver her rebuttal during a debate tournament—but she was always second-guessing herself. After nearly every test she took (and usually aced), she would tell her mother, “I think I failed it.” She was shocked when she beat the football-team captain for class president. She was the first in her family to go to college—a high-school counsellor warned her, “You’ll be doing well if you get C’s”—after which she earned a Ph.D. in psychology, at the University of Kentucky. But, everywhere she went, Clance felt the same nagging sense of self-doubt, the suspicion that she’d somehow tricked everyone else into thinking she belonged.
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-In the early seventies, as an assistant professor at Oberlin College, Clance kept hearing female students confessing experiences that reminded her of her own: they were sure they’d failed exams, even if they always did well; they were convinced that they’d been admitted because there had been an error on their test scores or that they’d fooled authority figures into thinking they were smarter than they actually were. Clance began comparing notes with one of her colleagues, Suzanne Imes, about their shared feelings of fraudulence. Imes had grown up in Abilene, Texas, with an older sister who early on had been deemed “the smart one”; as a high schooler, Imes had confessed anxieties to her mother that sounded exactly like the ones Clance had to hers. Imes particularly remembered crying after a Latin test, telling her mother, “I know I failed” (among other things, she’d forgotten the word for “farmer”). When it turned out that she’d got an A, her mother said, “I never want to hear about this again.” But her accomplishment didn’t make the feelings go away; it only made her stop talking about them. Until she met Clance.
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-One evening, they threw a party for some of the Oberlin students, complete with strobe lights and dancing. But the students looked disappointed and said, “We thought we were going to be learning something.” They were hypervigilant, so intent on staving off the possibility of failure that they couldn’t let loose for even a night. So Clance and Imes turned the party into a class, setting up a circle of chairs and encouraging the students to talk. After some of them confessed that they felt like “impostors” among their brilliant classmates, Clance and Imes started referring to the feelings they were observing as “the impostor phenomenon.”
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-The pair spent five years talking to more than a hundred and fifty “successful” women: students and faculty members at several universities; professionals in fields including law, nursing, and social work. Then they recorded their findings in a paper, “The Impostor Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention.” They wrote that women in their sample were particularly prone to “an internal experience of intellectual phoniness,” living in perpetual fear that “some significant person will discover that they are indeed intellectual impostors.” But it was precisely this process of discovery that helped Clance and Imes formulate the concept—as they recognized feelings in each other, and in their students, that they’d been experiencing all their lives.
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-At first, the paper kept getting rejected. “Weirdly, we didn’t get impostor feelings about that,” Clance told me, when I visited her at her home, in Atlanta. “We believed in what we were trying to say.” It was eventually published in 1978, in the journal *Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice*. The paper spread like an underground zine. People kept writing to Clance to ask for copies, and she sent out so many that the person working the copy machine in her department asked, “What are you doing with all these?” For decades, Clance and Imes saw their concept steadily gaining traction—in 1985, Clance published a book, “[The Impostor Phenomenon](https://www.amazon.com/Impostor-Phenomenon-Overcoming-Haunts-Success/dp/0931948770),” and also released an official “I.P. scale” for researchers to license for use in their own studies—but it wasn’t until the rise of social media that the idea, by now rebranded as “impostor syndrome,” truly exploded.
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-Almost fifty years after its formulation, the concept has achieved a level of cultural saturation that Clance and Imes never imagined. Clance maintains a list of studies and articles that have referenced their original idea; it is now more than two hundred pages long. The concept has inspired a micro-industry of self-help books, ranging in tone from `#girlboss` self-empowered sass (“[The Middle Finger Project: Trash Your Imposter Syndrome and Live the Unf\*ckwithable Life You Deserve](https://www.amazon.com/Middle-Finger-Project-Imposter-ckwithable-ebook/dp/B07S2N5YP4)”) to unapologetic earnestness (“[Yes! You Are Good Enough: End Imposter Syndrome, Overthinking and Perfectionism and Do What YOU Want](https://www.amazon.com/Yes-You-Good-Enough-Perfectionism-ebook/dp/B086VSWHJL)”). “[The Imposter Syndrome Workbook](https://www.amazon.com/Imposter-Syndrome-Workbook-Confidence-Brilliance/dp/1685390080)” invites readers to draw their impostor voice as a creature or a monster of their choosing, to cross-examine their negative self-talk, and to fill a “Self-Love Mason Jar” with written affirmations and accomplishments.
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-The phrase “impostor syndrome” often elicits a fierce sense of identification, especially from millennial and Gen X women. When I put out a call on Twitter for experiences of impostor syndrome, I was flooded with responses. “Do you have room in your inbox for roughly 180,000 words?” a high-level publishing executive wrote. A graduate of Trinity College Dublin confessed that her feelings of fraudulence were so strong that she’d been unable to enter the college’s library for her entire first year. A university administrator said, “I grew up on a pig farm in rural Illinois. Whenever I attend a fancy event, even if it is one I am producing, I feel like people will still see hayseed in my hair.” An artisanal-cider maker wrote, “I’ve made endless ciders, but each and every time that I start fermenting, my mind goes, ‘This is the one when everyone will find out you don’t know what you’re doing.’ ”
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-The eminent are not immune. In fact, Clance and Imes argued forcefully in their original study that success was not a cure. Maya Angelou once said, “I have written eleven books, but each time I think, Uh-oh, they’re going to find out now. I’ve run a game on everybody, and they’re going to find me out.” Neil Gaiman, in a commencement address that went viral, described his fear of being busted by the “fraud police,” whom he imagined showing up at his door with a clipboard to tell him he had no right to live the life he was living. (Although men do report feeling like impostors, the experience is primarily associated with women, and the word “impostor” has been granted special feminized forms—“impostrix,” “impostress”—since the sixteen-hundreds.)
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-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a23569)
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-“If the clients want to put a pin in my idea, I’ll put a pin in them!”
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-Cartoon by Farley Katz
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-Clance and Imes remain stunned by how broadly their idea has circulated. “We had no idea,” Imes said. “We were just as surprised as everyone else.” But their ambitions were never small. “We saw suffering in a lot of people, and we hoped we could help,” Imes told me. “We wanted to change people’s lives.”
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-Clance lives in a craftsman bungalow in Druid Hills, a leafy Atlanta neighborhood. When I visited, the first thing that I noticed in the front hallway was a wooden statue of a naked woman triumphantly holding a mask above her head. Masks feature prominently in Clance’s writing on the impostor phenomenon. Her book has three main sections—“Putting on the Mask,” “The Personality Behind the Mask,” and “Taking Off the Mask”—and argues that impostor feelings come from a conviction that “I have to mask who I am.”
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-Now eighty-four years old, Clance has a slight, birdlike frame and is nimble-minded and affable. Draped in a wool blanket and sipping on a protein shake, she told me about years of therapeutic work with clients experiencing the impostor phenomenon, work that often focussed on early family dynamics. Clance and Imes’s original paper identified two distinct family patterns that gave rise to impostor feelings: either women had a sibling who had been identified as “the smart one” or else they themselves had been identified as “superior in every way—intellect, personality, appearance, talent.” The pair theorized that women in the first group are driven to find the validation they didn’t get at home but end up doubting whatever validation later comes their way; those in the second group encounter a disconnect between their parents’ unrealistic faith in their capacities and the experience of fallibility that life inevitably brings. For both types of “impostors,” the crisis comes from the disjunction between the messages received from their parents and the messages received from the world. Are my parents right (that I’m inadequate), or is the world right (that I’m capable)? Or, conversely, are my parents right (that I’m perfect), or is the world right (that I’m failing)? This gap gives rise to a conviction that either the parent is wrong or the world is.
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-The impostor begins to do everything possible to prevent being discovered in her self-perceived deficiencies. Clance and Imes cite one client who, as a child, “pretended to be ‘sick’ for three consecutive Fridays when spelling bees were held. She could not bear the thought of her parents finding out she could not win the spelling contest.” Another client pretended to be playing with art supplies instead of studying whenever her mother walked into the room, because her mother had taught her that naturally smart people don’t have to study.
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-Clance and Imes describe the cycle that impostor feelings often produce—a sense of impending failure that inspires frenzied hard work, and short-lived gratification when failure is staved off, quickly followed by the return of the old conviction that failure is imminent. Some women adopt a kind of magical thinking about their pessimism: daring to believe in success would actually doom them to failure, so failure must be anticipated instead. The typical case hides her own opinions, fearing that they will be seen as stupid; she might seek the approval of a mentor but then believe it has been secured only because of charm or appeal; she may hate herself for even needing this validation, taking the need itself as proof of her intellectual phoniness.
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-Repeated successes usually don’t break the cycle, Clance and Imes emphasize. All the frenzied efforts and mental calculations that are directed into preventing the discovery of one’s inadequacy and fraudulence ultimately just reinforce the belief in this inadequate, fraudulent version of the self.
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-Clance has seen clients healed not by success but by the kind of resonance she found with Imes. Bolstered and sustained by group therapy with other women—it’s easier to believe *other* women aren’t impostors—they can then bring this recognition of others’ delusion back to themselves. Sometimes Clance asked clients to keep a notebook recording how they deflected compliments (reminding me of a woman who tweeted about reckoning with impostor feelings by creating a file on her computer called “evidence I’m not an idiot”). Clance also often gave clients “homework assignments,” such as asking them to study for only six hours for an upcoming test, rather than twelve. The mere idea of this gave me a pang of anxiety, and I ventured that it would be terrible if they ended up failing as a result. She nodded. “Yep. Then you really set them back.”
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-Clance and Imes have remained friends, and both relocated from Ohio to Atlanta nearly forty years ago—Clance to teach at Georgia State, Imes to get a Ph.D. there. For a while, they even practiced therapy in the same building, a stucco house tucked away at the end of a long, shaded driveway, where Imes still sees clients. I met her there the day after Stacey Abrams lost her second gubernatorial bid, and the neighborhood was peppered with lawn signs that now seemed elegiac. Imes’s office was a cozy den of soft couches and throw pillows, walls hung with quilts, and a Peruvian rice goddess dangling above us—necklace-draped, wings outstretched.
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-Imes has white curly hair and wore dark-red lipstick and bulky clogs that she slipped off immediately—“I think better without my shoes”—so that she could place her feet beside me on the couch. (Later, she told me she has written on the role of physical touch in therapy.) A bookshelf behind her featured family photos from her clients. Imes asked if I got anxious before interviews like this—confessing that she always does—and soon I was talking about how shy I’d been in junior high school, and how I still worried that the wrong interview questions would expose how little I knew about the subject, or somehow reveal that I’m not a “real” journalist. Run-of-the-mill impostor feelings.
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-Imes told me that her own impostor feelings flared up when she was applying for Ph.D. programs while studying at the Gestalt Institute of Cleveland. But as a therapist she found the Gestalt approach well suited to reckoning with such feelings; she explained that the Gestalt method involves owning all the various parts of yourself, accepting them instead of trying to get rid of them, and understanding their function in the larger whole. In this way, the approach offers not only an antidote to the belief in a shameful self at the core of one’s being, a kernel that must be concealed, but also an intrinsic understanding of the self as many selves, rather than static or overly coherent.
-
-Both Imes and Clance underwent Gestalt therapy, and Clance found that the work helped her recognize more fully what her mother—not always a deeply nurturing presence in her life—had done for her, and for their whole family. When I asked Clance if reckoning with delusions about her own deficiency had been connected to reckoning with the primal delusion of her mother as a “deficient” mother, she said yes, absolutely. Ultimately, she felt that her mother was able to appreciate the career she’d built, and the person she’d become. One time, she was visiting home and her mother called on her to talk to a relative in distress: “Tiny, you need to get down here, because he’s going to kill himself!” The request seemed like proof that her mother understood the importance of her work. In that moment, Clance felt some congruence between the messages she was getting from the world and the messages she was getting from her mother, a bridging of the gap she’d helped other women notice in their childhoods.
-
-As part of the process of understanding and accepting various aspects of the self, Gestalt often involves “empty-chair” work, in which you might have an imagined conversation with someone important—a dead mother, a former lover—and play out both parts of the conversation, sometimes switching chairs, in order to reckon with the lasting influence of the relationship. A philosophy pointed toward integration makes sense as an antidote to impostor feelings, which can fuel a selective self-presentation driven by shame: I can show only this part of myself and must keep that part of myself hidden.
-
-One of the cornerstones of the work Clance and Imes did with their clients was an empty-chair exercise in which they were asked to imagine having conversations with all the authority figures they’d ever “tricked” into thinking they were smarter or more competent than they actually were. Clance would gently invite them to consider the ways that their impostor feelings constituted, implicitly, a kind of solipsism—understanding everyone else as so easily tricked—telling them, “Line up all the professors you fooled and say, ‘I fooled you!’ ”
-
-The first time I used the phrase “impostor syndrome” about myself, I was—as it happens—describing experiences I’d had with my own professors. This was 2015, and I’d given a lecture at a small liberal-arts college in Michigan. At a dinner afterward, I found myself telling a professor about the anxieties I’d experienced as a Ph.D. student. In seminars, I often felt as if anything I said aloud would reveal that I did not understand the first thing about Heidegger; or that I had read only three chapters of “[Discipline and Punish](https://www.amazon.com/Discipline-Punish-Prison-Michel-Foucault/dp/0679752552).” Once, in a moment of panic, I’d said I *loved* Donna Haraway, afraid to confess that I’d never read her at all, and I was sometimes confronted with this fraudulent love, an impostor even in my affinities.
-
-The experience I was trying to describe was more specific than mere self-doubt; it was a fear of being *found out*, revealed for what I really was. And it was an anxiety that I felt complicit in, having produced these false fronts with my lies. I didn’t feel that I was saying anything particularly dramatic. By then, impostor syndrome was already something that people routinely confessed about their experiences in high-achieving environments. But it did feel like a genuine exposure of various low-key humiliations: the blooming circles of dark sweat under my armpits as I larded my sentences with jargon, the scrambled, panicked posturing of theoretical preferences.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a24016)
-
-“Then you make a little well in the middle for the water . . .”
-
-Cartoon by Evan Lian
-
-Once I’d finished this brief summary of my impostor syndrome—trying on the term, which wasn’t one I could remember using before—my dinner companion, another white female academic, replied curtly, “That’s such a white-lady thing to say.”
-
-In the wake of her comment, the table quieted a bit as people sensed—the way a constellation of strangers often can—the presence of some minor friction. My seatmate and I turned to the only woman of color at the table, a Black professor, so that she could, presumably, tell us what to think about the whiteness of impostor syndrome, though perhaps there were things she wanted to do (like finish eating dinner) more than she wanted to mediate a spat between two white ladies about whether we were saying white-lady things or not. She graciously explained that she didn’t particularly identify with the experience. She hadn’t often felt like an impostor, because she had more frequently found herself in situations where her competence or intelligence had been underestimated than in ones where it was taken for granted.
-
-In the years since then, I’ve heard many women of color—friends, colleagues, students, and people I’ve interviewed on the subject—articulate some version of this sentiment. Lisa Factora-Borchers, a Filipinx American author and activist, told me, “Whenever I’d hear white friends talk about impostor syndrome, I’d wonder, How can you think you’re an impostor when every mold was made for you? When you see mirror reflections of yourself everywhere, and versions of what your success might look like?”
-
-Adaira Landry, an emergency-medicine physician at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and a faculty member at Harvard Medical School, told me about her first day at the U.C.L.A. med school. Landry, a first-generation college student from an African American family, met a fellow first-year student, a man, who was already wearing a white coat, although they hadn’t yet had their white-coat ceremony. His mother was in health care and his sister was in med school, and they’d informed him that if he wanted to be an orthopedic surgeon, which he did, it would be beneficial to start shadowing someone immediately. Landry went home that night feeling dispirited, as if she were already falling behind, and a classmate told her, “Don’t worry, you just have impostor syndrome.”
-
-For Landry, this was only the first of many instances of what she calls “the misdiagnosis of impostor syndrome.” Landry understands now that what her classmate characterized as a crisis of self-doubt was simply an observation of an external truth—the concrete impact of connections and privilege. Eventually, Landry looked up Clance and Imes’s 1978 paper; she didn’t identify with the people described in it. “They interviewed a set of primarily white women lacking confidence, despite being surrounded by an educational system and workforce that seemed to recognize their excellence,” she told me. “As a Black woman, I was unable to find myself in that paper.”
-
-Since then, Landry has had countless conversations with students who feel they are struggling with impostor syndrome, and she usually senses a palpable relief when she suggests that they are feeling like this not because there is something wrong with them but because they are “enveloped in a system that fails to support them.” Ironically, her students’ relief at being liberated from the label of impostor syndrome reminds me of the relief that Clance and Imes witnessed when they first offered the concept to their clients. In both cases, women were being told, “You are not an impostor. You are enough.” In one case, an experience was diagnosed; in the other, the diagnosis was removed.
-
-In 2020, almost fifty years after Clance and Imes collaborated on their article, another pair of women collaborated on an article about impostor syndrome—this one pushing back fiercely against the idea. In “Stop Telling Women They Have Imposter Syndrome,” published in the *Harvard Business Review,* in February, 2021, Ruchika Tulshyan and Jodi-Ann Burey argue that the label implies that women are suffering from a crisis of self-confidence and fails to recognize the real obstacles facing professional women, especially women of color—essentially, that it reframes systemic inequality as an individual pathology. As they put it, “Imposter syndrome directs our view toward fixing women at work instead of fixing the places where women work.”
-
-Tulshyan started hearing the term a decade ago, when she left a job in journalism to work in the Seattle tech industry. She was attending women’s leadership conferences where it seemed that everyone was talking about impostor syndrome and “the confidence gap,” but no one was talking about gender bias and systemic racism. She got tired of hearing women, especially white women—her own heritage is Indian Singaporean—comparing notes on who had the most severe impostor syndrome. It seemed like another version of women sharing worries about their weight, a kind of communal self-deprecation that reiterated oppressive metrics rather than disrupting them.
-
-During the early pandemic, she met up with Burey—another woman of color working in Seattle tech—for an outdoor lunch, and they compared notes on their shared frustration with the idea of impostor syndrome. There was a tremendous feeling of relief and resonance. As Tulshyan put it, “It was like everybody is telling you the sky is green, and suddenly you tell your friend, I think the sky is blue, and she sees it this way as well.”
-
-Burey, who was born in Jamaica, didn’t feel like an impostor; she felt enraged by the systems that had been built to disenfranchise her. She also didn’t experience any yearning to belong, to inhabit certain spaces of power. “White women want to access power, they want to sit at the table,” she told me. “Black women say, This table is rotten, this table is hurting everyone.” She resisted knee-jerk empowerment rhetoric that seemed to encourage a damaging bravado: “I didn’t want to beef up myself to inflict more harm.”
-
-At their lunch, Tulshyan mentioned that she was writing a piece about impostor syndrome, and Burey immediately asked her, “Did you read the original article?” Like Adaira Landry, Burey had felt impelled to look it up and had been struck by its limitations. It wasn’t a clinical study but a set of anecdotal observations, she told Tulshyan, largely gleaned from “high-achieving” white women who had received much affirmation from the world. “I must have spoken for twenty minutes uninterrupted,” Burey recalled. After that, Tulshyan said, “It’s done. We’re collaborating.”
-
-Like Clance and Imes, Tulshyan and Burey recognized in each other versions of the feelings that they themselves had been harboring—only these were feelings about the world, rather than about their psyches. They were sick of people talking about women having impostor syndrome rather than talking about biases in hiring, promotion, leadership, and compensation. They came to believe that a concept designed to liberate women from their shame—to help them confront the delusion of their own insufficiency—had become yet another way to keep them disempowered.
-
-When I asked Clance and Imes about Tulshyan and Burey’s critiques, they agreed with many of them, conceding that their original sample and parameters were limited. Although their model had actually acknowledged (rather than obscured) the role that external factors played in creating impostor feelings, it focussed on things such as family dynamics and gender socialization rather than on systemic racism and other legacies of inequality. But they also pointed out that the popularization of their idea as a “syndrome” had distorted it. Every time Imes hears the phrase “impostor syndrome,” she told me, it lodges in her gut. It’s technically incorrect, and conceptually misleading. As Clance explained, the phenomenon is “an experience rather than a pathology,” and their aim was always to normalize this experience rather than to pathologize it. Their concept was never meant to be a solution for inequality and prejudice in the workplace—a task for which it would necessarily prove insufficient. Indeed, Clance’s own therapeutic practice was anything but oblivious of the external structural forces highlighted by Tulshyan and Burey. When mothers came to Clance describing their impostor feelings around parenting, her advice was not “Work on your feelings.” It was “Get more child care.”
-
-Tulshyan and Burey never anticipated how much attention their article would receive. It has been translated and published all over the world, and is one of the most widely shared articles in the history of the *Harvard Business Review*. They heard from people who had been given negative performance evaluations that featured euphemisms for impostor syndrome (“lacks confidence” or “lacks executive presence”) and even refused promotions on these grounds. The diagnosis has become a cultural force fortifying the very phenomenon it was supposed to cure.
-
-As the backlash against the concept of impostor syndrome spreads, other critiques have emerged. If everyone has it, does it exist at all? Or are we simply experiencing a kind of humility inflation? Perhaps the widespread practice of confessing self-doubt has begun to encourage—to *demand*, even—repeated confessions of the very experience that the original concept was trying to dissolve. The writer and comedian Viv Groskop believes that impostor syndrome has become a blanket term obscuring countless other problems, everything from long *Covid* to the patriarchy. She told me a story about standing in front of five hundred women and telling them, “Raise your hand if you have experienced impostor syndrome.” Almost every woman raised her hand. When Groskop asked, “Who here has *never* experienced impostor syndrome?,” only one (brave) woman did. But, at the end of the talk, this outlier came up to apologize—worried that it was somehow arrogant *not* to have impostor syndrome.
-
-[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a26413)
-
-Cartoon by Seth Fleishman
-
-Hearing this story, I began to wonder if I’d confessed my own feelings of impostor syndrome to Dr. Imes as a kind of admission fee, to claim my seat—like putting my ante into the pot at a poker game. Who had made it possible for me to play this game? When I asked my mother, who is seventy-eight, if the concept resonated, she said it didn’t; she’d struggled more with proving herself than with feeling like a fraud. She told me she suspected that most women in her generation (and even more in her mother’s) were likelier to feel the opposite—“that we were being underestimated.”
-
-For many younger women, there’s a horoscope effect at play: certain aspects of the experience, if defined capaciously enough, are so common as to be essentially universal. The Australian scholar and critic Rebecca Harkins-Cross—who often felt like an impostor during her university days, struggling with insecurities she now connects to her working-class background—has become suspicious of the ways impostor syndrome serves a capitalist culture of striving. She told me, “Capitalism needs us *all* to feel like impostors, because feeling like an impostor ensures we’ll strive for endless progress: work harder, make more money, try to be better than our former selves and the people around us.”
-
-On the flip side, this relentless pressure deepens the exhilarating allure of people—specifically, women—who truly *are* impostors but refuse to see themselves as such. Think of the mass fascination with the antiheroine Anna Delvey (a.k.a. Anna Sorokin), who masqueraded as an heiress in order to infiltrate a wealthy world of New York socialites, and the hypnotic train wreck of Elizabeth Holmes, who built a nine-billion-dollar company based on fraudulent claims about her ability to diagnose a variety of diseases from a single drop of blood. Why do these women enthrall us? In the television adaptations that turned their lives into soap operas—“Inventing Anna” and “The Dropout”—their hubris offers a thrilling counterpoint to beleaguered self-doubt: Anna’s extravagant cash tips and gossamer caftans, her willingness to overstay her welcome on a yacht in Ibiza, her utter conviction—even once she was in jail—that it was the *world* that had been wrong, rather than her.
-
-These stories gleaned much of their narrative momentum from the constant threat of revelation: when would these impostors be discovered? Paying for things on credit without being able to afford them literalizes a crucial facet of impostor syndrome: the anxiety that you are getting what you have not paid for and do not deserve; that you will eventually be found out, and your bill will come due. (Capitalism always wants you to believe you have a bill to pay.) Part of the lure of these stories is the looming satisfaction of seeing the impostors revealed and exposed. For some of us, it’s akin to the pleasure of pushing on a bruise, watching the community punish the impostor we believe exists inside ourselves.
-
-Ruchika Tulshyan told me, “If it was up to me, we would do away with the idea of impostor syndrome entirely.” Jodi-Ann Burey allows that the concept has been useful in corporate contexts, offering a shared language for talking about self-doubt and a “soft entry” into conversations about toxic workplaces, but she, too, feels it is time to bid it farewell. She wants to say, “Thank you for your fifty years of service,” and to start looking directly at systems of bias, rather than falsely pathologizing individuals.
-
-Is there some version of impostor syndrome that can be salvaged? Pulling back from the corporate world to look at the concept more broadly, it seems clear that the #girlboss branding of impostor syndrome has done a disservice to the concept as well as to the workplaces it has failed to improve. The tale of these two pairs of women—Clance and Imes formulating their idea in the seventies, and Tulshyan and Burey pushing back in 2020—belongs to the larger intellectual story of second-wave feminism receiving necessary correctives from the third wave. Much of this corrective work results from women of color asking white feminism to acknowledge a complicated matrix of external forces—including structural racism and income inequality—at play in every internal experience. Identifying impostor feelings does not necessitate denying the forces that produced them. It can, in fact, demand the opposite: understanding that the damage from these external forces often becomes part of the internal weave of the self. Although many of the most fervent critics of impostor syndrome are women of color, it’s also the case that many people of color do identify with the experience. In fact, research studies have repeatedly shown that impostor syndrome disproportionately affects them. This finding contradicts what I was told years ago—that impostor syndrome is a “white lady” problem—and suggests instead that the people most vulnerable to the syndrome are not the ones it first described.
-
-If we reclaim the impostor phenomenon from the false category of “syndrome,” then we can allow it to do the work it does best, which is to depict a particular texture of interior experience: the fear of being exposed as inadequate. As a concept, it is most useful in its particular nuances—not as a vague synonym for insecurity or self-doubt but as a way to describe the more specific delusion of being a fraud who has successfully deceived some external audience. Understood like this, it becomes an experience not diluted but defined by its ubiquity. It names the gap that persists between the internal experiences of selfhood—multiple, contradictory, incoherent, striated with shame and desire—and the imperative to present a more coherent, composed, continuous self to the world.
-
-The psychoanalyst Nuar Alsadir, in her book “[Animal Joy](https://www.amazon.com/Animal-Joy-Book-Laughter-Resuscitation/dp/1644450933),” explains impostor syndrome by drawing on D. W. Winnicott’s concepts of “false self” and “true self.” She sees the anxiety as stemming from “a False Self that is so fortified by layers of compliant behavior that it loses contact with the raw impulses and expressions that characterize the True Self.” Attempts to prevent the discovery of one’s “true self” end up compounding the belief that this self, were it ever discovered, would be rejected and dismissed.
-
-Impostor feelings often arise most acutely from threshold-crossing—from one social class to another, one culture to another, one vocation to another—something akin to what Pierre Bourdieu called the “split habitus,” the self dwelling in two worlds at once. The college library and the sawmill. The fancy parties and the pig farm. When I spoke to Stephanie Land, the best-selling author of “Maid,” her memoir about cleaning houses to support herself as a single mother, she described her own impostor feelings as an experience of class whiplash: occupying spaces of privilege after she’d grown famous for writing about economic hardship. When she flew first class with her teen-age daughter to see a Lizzo concert, and a stranger thanked her for her writing, Land felt that she’d been caught somewhere she didn’t belong—as if flying first class made her current self a fraud, or else her past self a fraud; or somehow both versions of her were fraudulent at once.
-
-Land’s sense of impostordom also stems from the fact that her personal story is frequently interpreted as a consoling fable of class mobility. “I’m very conscious that my story is the palatable kind of poor-person story,” she has written. “I am Little Orphan Annie skipping around in new shoes.” When people love her story, she told me, they are loving a version of the American Dream that she thinks of as the American Myth. When her life is distorted and misunderstood in this way, it becomes a kind of impostor plot—and it makes her feel like an impostor as well.
-
-Land’s observations helped me realize that the impostor phenomenon, as a concept, effectively functions as an emotional filing cabinet organizing a variety of fraught feelings that we can experience as we try to reconcile three aspects of our personhood: how we experience ourselves, how we present ourselves to the world, and how the world reflects that self back to us. The phenomenon names an unspoken, ongoing crisis arising from the gaps between these various versions of the self, and designates not a syndrome but an inescapable part of being alive. ♦
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-# Why Joe Biden’s Honeymoon With Progressives Is Coming to an End
-
-## Expect a lot more Democratic infighting.
-
-
-One of the most historically unusual aspects of the Biden administration has been the harmonious relations between the president and progressive activists. [Historically](https://nymag.com/news/politics/liberals-jonathan-chait-2011-11/), progressives generally spend most of their time complaining about Democratic presidents, both because they are temperamentally prone to negativity and because they believe in the tactical value of holding presidents’ feet to the fire. President Biden has enjoyed unusually warm support from the left. But that may be coming to an end.
-
-Reporters have [detected](https://www.politico.com/news/2023/03/17/biden-republicans-2024-election-strategy-00087562?nname=playbook&nid=0000014f-1646-d88f-a1cf-5f46b7bd0000&nrid=0000016b-1b31-d193-a5fb-7b7b684e0000&nlid=630318) a pattern in three of the administration’s recent moves. Biden is declining to block a bill in Congress overriding a liberalization of the D.C. criminal code, angering both advocates of D.C. sovereignty and anti-police activists. He approved a plan to allow ConocoPhillips to drill oil in Alaska. And he is signaling an intent to reinstate family detention along the southern border in order to deter migrants.
-
-Another perhaps even more significant sign comes from Biden’s budget proposal, which lacks a health-care public option and lower eligibility for Medicare. Of course, with a Republican House, Biden’s budget is merely a messaging vehicle, but the absence of these items signals a retreat in even his idealized ambitions.
-
-It’s possible these assorted facts have occurred due to a series of independent events, with no connection to each other. But what I think is happening is part of a broader pattern that we will recognize as an ideological turning point of sorts.
-
-Beginning in the second term of the Obama administration, the progressive movement — which barely existed in unified form before Barack Obama took office — gained coherence and influence within the party. Its overriding political strategy was that Democrats could and should adopt more forcefully progressive ideas, and that doing so would have no political cost. Indeed, many progressives believed these positions would help the party by mobilizing turnout among non-white voters.
-
-Obama’s reelection created a buoyant belief among progressives (which I then shared) that a [new majority coalition](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2012/11/has-the-emerging-democratic-majority-emerged.html) of minorities and college-educated whites had finally emerged. In 2016, Hillary Clinton ran on a platform that was, both in rhetoric and in substance, considerably to the left of what President Obama had run on four years earlier. That fact was largely obscured both during and after the election, in part because her main challenger had run even farther left.
-
-And so the party continued moving left during the Trump era. Even though the 2018 midterm elections saw the party’s House caucus move right — because its new members were largely moderates from battleground districts — both the mainstream media and the conservative media decided, for different reasons, to focus on the small number of left-wing Democrats who had won in deep-blue districts. Figures like Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, who briefly occupied an outsize role in political coverage, were presumed to embody the party’s future.
-
-That assumption drove media coverage of the Democratic presidential primary. Reporters and candidates alike treated attention and praise from progressive activists as a key metric of success. Analysts praised the “policy arms race” in which Democrats kept racing to outflank each other with bigger and bolder plans.
-
-In reality, the party’s voters had not moved as far left as either the press or most of the candidates assumed. This disconnect led to dynamics like [Elizabeth Warren](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/elizabeth-warren-book-persist-campaign-memoir-2020.html) scooping up media coverage and endorsements from progressive activists without gaining any headway among the voters those activists purported to represent.
-
-Joe Biden won the primary in large part because he had opted out of the race to the left. And yet the assumption of progressive ascendancy remained so deeply ingrained that most Democrats assumed he had won despite, rather than because of, his moderation. After winning the nomination, Biden confounded the normal practice of moving to the center and instead adopted a “unity platform” in conjunction with the candidates he defeated, taking positions to the left of those he had campaigned and won on.
-
-This was the pre-condition for the alliance between Biden and the progressive movement. Both believed Biden was putting himself in position to enact historic change [on the scale of the New Deal](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/05/joe-biden-presidential-plans.html). And polls, which showed him poised to win by close to double digits, indicated Biden stood to benefit from and exploit his bold platform.
-
-The basic assumption survived Biden’s surprisingly narrow victory. Yes, Democrats had fared worse than they expected, but Biden did not abandon the platform he had run on. He still confronted a deep economic crisis and pressed his domestic reforms as far as he could, until the party’s fiscally conservative wing forced him to settle for a rump version of Build Back Better.
-
-The alliance between Biden and the progressives still held firm during this period of retrenchment. Biden was pushing to the left on economic policy and making clear the limits to his ambitions lay elsewhere (mostly figures like Joe Manchin and Kyrsten Sinema). Progressives believed Biden was an effective messenger for their movement because he was old, white, male, and nonthreatening — and that his persona freed them from having to make substantive policy concessions.
-
-The mutual assumption that Biden would support the progressive policy agenda, and that progressives would in turn withhold criticism from him, appears to be coming apart. The dissolution of this alliance, if it is indeed happening, is in its early stages. Possibly this will come to be seen as just a brief period of turbulence in the middle of a smooth ride.
-
-The reason I believe recent events portend a change is that a series of underlying conditions that permitted the alliance between progressives and Biden is changing. Here are the four I have in mind.
-
-**Personnel**. Biden’s departed chief of staff, Ron Klain, attended fastidiously to progressive groups, making them not only feel valued but possess real influence. His successor, Jeffrey Zients, keeps much more distant relations with the professional left, which greeted his elevation by calling him a “[corporate stooge](https://prospect.org/power/2023-01-27-myth-of-jeffrey-zients/).”
-
-Progressives have treated the transition from Klain to Zients as the main cause of Biden’s moderate turn. And while it probably had a role, I believe underlying conditions played a more important role — it’s less that Biden is moving to the center because he replaced Klain with Zients, than he replaced Klain with Zients because he had to move to the center.
-
-**Political conditions**. The 2022 midterm elections gave more support to the value of winning the political center than it did to the strategy of base mobilization. The Democrats who overperformed most dramatically tended to be ones like Elissa Slotkin and Abigail Spanberger, who emphasized messages of bipartisanship and distanced themselves from their party’s left wing. Even Democrats who had somewhat more congenial ties with the left, like John Fetterman and Raphael Warnock, made cultural appeals to the center and renounced unpopular progressive ideas like defunding the police.
-
-The winning formula involved persuading small numbers of cross-pressured voters, rather than mobilizing turnout among the base. Indeed, in Georgia, a state that progressives had once held up as a laboratory of base-driven victory, Democrats prevailed by [flipping](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/08/upshot/georgia-voter-turnout-republicans.html) Republican voters, not by winning the turnout war.
-
-More broadly, the political landscape during Biden’s first two years has been dominated by the concerns of voters over crime and gasoline prices. Attending to those concerns has forced Democrats to take positions at odds with the goals of their own base.
-
-**Policy needs**. The deepest substantive break between Biden and progressives is likely to center on climate policy. In part, this is because the biggest area of overlap between Biden’s goals and those of the left — increasing subsidies for green energy — has been accomplished. With that off the table, what remains to be settled are matters that divide the administration from the progressive movement.
-
-One of those is gasoline prices. This is a change that began under Klain, who recognized the outsize role voters place on the cost of filling up their tanks. The progressive climate agenda of keeping fossil fuels in the ground is a plan that requires putting upward pressure on gasoline prices — that is the mechanism through which blocking fossil-fuel infrastructure advances the goal of decarbonization. Biden initially supported that strategy, but he has come around to believing that he can’t keep gas prices low and still block drilling.
-
-Biden still supports a rapid transition to green energy, even as he tries to keep energy prices low in the short term. But that transition plan, too, puts him at odds with the left. Centrist and liberal analysts have formed a new consensus that the biggest impediment to the green-energy transition is not a lack of funding, as many previously believed, but the [regulatory barriers](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/09/why-are-environmental-activists-trying-to-stop-green-energy.html) to building new infrastructure.
-
-A great many Democrats now believe the only way to actually deploy the green- energy funds that Biden wrung out of Congress is to overhaul the permitting process — even if that means allowing [fossil-fuel infrastructure](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/manchin-permitting-reform-progressives-pipeline-climate.html) to be built as well. But the climate movement remains largely attached to a keep-it-in-the-ground strategy that directly opposes any permitting reforms. Indeed, climate-justice activists want to give local groups even more tools to [block new infrastructure development](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/the-climate-justice-movement-is-bad-for-climate-and-justice.html).
-
-Progressives joined with conservatives to block permitting reform in the last Congress. (Progressives want to make permitting even harder; conservatives believed they would have more leverage after the elections.) Now, Biden may have the chance to strike a deal with Republicans to reform the permitting process. Doing so will open a breach with the movement.
-
-**Economic conditions**. A key foundation to Biden’s expansive domestic agenda was a long period of low inflation and interest rates and economic slack. Deficit hawks had lost the argument within the party because there was no cost to red ink. The government could simply borrow as much money as it wanted, and investors would lend it to them for very little cost.
-
-Meanwhile, the great recession had left a legacy of chronically slack labor markets and stagnant wages. The economy had just begun to approach full employment when the pandemic struck in 2020. The overriding economic imperative was to get back to full employment as fast as possible, even if it meant running high deficits.
-
-The stubborn return of inflation has flipped this dynamic. Whereas before almost any new spending could be seen as a good thing — more demand would coax more people back into the workforce and lift their pay — those effects are now harmful. Democrats are suddenly faced with an imperative to cool off economic demand rather than fuel it. That means they now need to consider trade-offs that, until recently, they could ignore.
-
-Biden’s budget is one indication of this fiscal retreat. He is still proposing new taxes on the wealthy, as before. But now he is framing those levies as a way to maintain existing Medicare benefits, rather than finding a stream to create new benefits. This still gives him a politically advantageous message, but he has retreated to a less ambitious posture.
-
-In the short run, relations between Biden and the progressives remain placid. His only primary opponent, Marianne Williamson, is a kook no one takes seriously. Progressive reservations remain subdued. But if I am right about this, the long honeymoon between Biden and the progressive movement has already ended, and days of angry infighting lay ahead.
-
-Why Biden’s Honeymoon With Progressives Is Coming to an End
-
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-Date: 2023-05-22
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-Link: https://www.wired.co.uk/article/suicide-prevention-falling-rates
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-&emsp;
-
-# Why Suicide Rates Are Dropping Around the World
-
-We may earn a commission if you buy something from any affiliate links on our site. [Learn more](https://www.wired.co.uk/article/affiliate-link-policy).
-
-![Photo collage showing  a girl crouched on the floor. the background shows images of people holding each other.](https://media.wired.co.uk/photos/644c1735096322f386af479c/16:9/w_2560%2Cc_limit/wired-30-science-suicide-rates.jpg)
-
-ILLUSTRATION: ANJALI NAIR; GETTY IMAGES
-
-Over the past couple of decades, global suicide prevention efforts have reduced deaths by a third—but some countries are falling behind.
-
-In post-World War II Britain, national records began to reveal a concerning trend. Deaths by suicide were rising in the war-battered nation, an increase that would continue from the end of the war into the early 1960s. Then, in 1963, that trend mysteriously reversed. The graphs began to teeter downward. Experts puzzled over the reasons behind this drop in the suicide rate. Was it the [birth of the Samaritans counseling services](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC478945/pdf/brjprevsmed00022-0018.pdf) in 1953? Was it [better psychiatric services](https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/272658/1-s2.0-S0037785600X00200/1-s2.0-003778567290039X/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEN%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIGtVGrkHr1FM1G2noQJYwj5IF4ReKrlCfkacTlaIzA%2525252525252BjAiEAvyWuttGyM8wzed1TcOPnOFhh6Qan%2525252525252BpJm15WqU3nPuY4qvAUI6P%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDDMIOzRVzauFxeUgBSqQBYZSv33tSYTtakiSn2gI5NaMKj440MNYTtQVdHpVC9kbXmg3F4YDSjfqEGiFI7XeBlVLnNP9NAu7nC5seaCkMoBZodVNi2bdZMHX5amKBvuYJd%2525252525252BAQxIFvH9ZkoBGX6bmCjxPJF0KCQ4r9%2525252525252FqKi2oDyuQdMFNQsVNXVn%2525252525252B9DpGF47Ck7H1YFEzvIOTEUtPmKvwzhuIsKzndBy4gnR58hKxzI1N70WaSbbJy7D8ZPT%2525252525252BNgfb33Py2E6N74qD8YI3ptfwubzohlci8ed2HoBkc6fiBQWsRcv%2525252525252FbocUWVAvZLouyJD2%2525252525252FOtH6Ne9qWlU1h72bU%2525252525252BSW5DJFStE6xJS%2525252525252FsJEifBzt5rBJZQsSI9vpAmg3pa%2525252525252B0alSB%2525252525252BAZXgj3cGZ7hbc3%2525252525252FoQouzhzvChROIt%2525252525252Bpwu%2525252525252BBhhQSJrFbbv5dfyPLdQp1oS7uLNv18jwl5B6wEI9CWo1kRp9g%2525252525252FJiodODDnRgvQipFJ3qzopGSQRbGtnYjYqfwgqBppOwTPOIaqkDvLco0dbf55TRfG6VbwhpjvJ3dHeOigR8JKUyW5vhu23PutiQkPHM3iaQhSr8Vv8IOhzzBNCCFp3gy3Q8ZH17UWhaolb6uCaIJjAH5%2525252525252FGaa9GjXvsY2NTH%2525252525252BFPPWeuxHNqOluQHmT94L1CD71LJIBtCZIQB2ZGJA7KETtpdQcq3xiARZQMLeM7ZNpZ7nWsqsCWAGfGxh%2525252525252F8e9zv22HuHfFyqi373j%2525252525252BAlSYltEN7Y3hZdOiI4RH%2525252525252F6VvjC%2525252525252FvYinx9tehHX%2525252525252F%2525252525252BALyLhfobxRcAxQv7N8ikqj68Jpt8XQlGk0MfuJt5iMNWZLDWgB2eaETHrGYFixu3gfEKgaMAjPWvir80UZDDakEpbcSswNLr6YKRVQIrzUkUmNDdMrWERK5MLqtzaIGOrEBOzTaABZsXwRv1c2LxobHwU9t%2525252525252FNW1zbhDtLUFgdU37yp51cda60uIhg1LvMhh3HBTk8L4ZVNHxJGojdDeTezDDgbcDIw%2525252525252B8yXwVodJATWQbm3PdM1qgDJn64OYtN3ultu2upqxy1X7th0T1uS9gMLTkhBo16duaSgx9pWlqSP0r3lO94gY71b6vyynxZn83%2525252525252BAEk7vRfr6WrW3rpSbMexPzc30IjcowKmCNAhvptOclYzUo&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20230504T074247Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYSG5ORCPM%2525252525252F20230504%2525252525252Fus-east-1%2525252525252Fs3%2525252525252Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=c926344daafd932a35fae01e1fead1f81782daa8e3e1d70541a71b792e81a285&hash=7e6680a4954d6aaba09a3c2c4c70b17b6f6d77bee5698c91f68f69a523b4224e&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=003778567290039X&tid=spdf-d5ecb396-8e54-4d9c-ac5d-6413ad055ab4&sid=918550fa6d2eb142ef7adfd1f068691b7976gxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=1d02530457065f000654&rr=7c1f1be7e897dd27&cc=gb) offered under the National Health Service? But the reality turned out to be something entirely unexpected.
-
-In the early 20th century, domestic gas that was used to warm British homes and cook people’s dinners was made almost entirely [by heating coal](https://www.britannica.com/science/coal-gas), which created a gas mixture imbued with a hefty dose of carbon monoxide. Consequently, ingestion of carbon monoxide poisoning from a gas oven became the most common method of suicide. In the early 1950s, new and cheaper methods of gas production were brought in—with a carbon monoxide content hovering near zero.
-
-Suicides by domestic gas poisoning in the UK began to fall rapidly, bringing down the national suicide rate. Between 1963 and 1970, deaths by suicide [fell by a quarter](https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/1/5802/717.full.pdf). By 1975, suicides by gas poisoning had pretty much disappeared. The experts were not quite sure what to make of this; could it really be that simple? A [1976 paper](https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/30/2/86.full.pdf) on the topic pondered how “the removal of a single agent of self-destruction can have had such far-reaching consequences.”
-
-This question gets to the heart of what’s called “means restriction”—reducing access to methods people use to take their lives. Across the world, means restriction has had a huge impact. Over the past three decades, suicide rates have [slowly and steadily dropped](https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l94); between 2000 and 2016, the global mortality rate from suicide dropped by about [33 percent](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6598639/). So while it may feel like the world is crumbling into a war-torn, authoritarian shit show ravaged by rising temperatures and politicians who stand idly by, we can take solace in knowing that we’ve become better at preventing suicides.
-
-It’s worth noting that all suicide numbers should be taken with a hefty grain of salt. Many countries underreport suicide deaths—due to data lags, as well as reasons related to stigma and religion. In some countries, suicide is still illegal. Nevertheless, it’s worth looking at the downward trend to see what lessons it can impart.
-
-A big chunk of that decrease can be attributed to suicide declines in the two most populous countries in the world. Between 1990 and 2016, suicide rates decreased by [15 percent](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6598639/) in India and by [over 60 percent](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8671725/) in China. A fast-growing Chinese economy resulted in far more people moving from the countryside to more urban areas. This meant that, in addition to more economic stability, they had [reduced access to pesticides](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8671725/), a common means of suicide in lower-income countries, especially among young women in rural areas.
-
-Banning or limiting access to dangerous pesticides has had astonishing effects in many other Asian countries too. In 1995, Sri Lanka had the highest suicide rate in the world. The same year, it banned dangerous pesticides, and the national suicide rate has since fallen by [70 percent](https://centrepsp.org/country-success-stories/). In Bangladesh, a similar ban led to a [65 percent](https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/47/1/175/4085319) reduction. Elsewhere, means restriction methods such as barriers on high structures, gun control laws, and [smaller medication packet sizes](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567205/) have been shown to considerably reduce suicide rates.
-
-Means restriction works in part because suicide is often an unplanned act. The time between a suicidal impulse arising and a person acting on that impulse can be as little as [five minutes](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11924695/). A person who dies by suicide has traditionally been represented as someone at the end of a long, tortured battle with depression, but this is generally not the case. While having a mental illness is a strong predictor of suicide risk, most people with mental illness will [never](https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-14-150) attempt suicide.
-
-Reducing access to means allows time for the impulse to pass, and the person may never want to try again. [One study found](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15106883/) that only about 7 percent of people who attempted suicide went on to take their own lives within the following five years.
-
-**SUICIDES AREN’T** evenly distributed around the world. According to the World Health Organization’s most recent estimates, nearly [80 percent](https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/data-research/suicide-data) of suicides occur in low- and middle-income countries, where most of the world’s population lives, but high-income countries tend to have higher suicide rates. The general global decline in suicides also hides pockets of the world where rates are climbing—countries like Zimbabwe, Jamaica, South Korea, and Cameroon.
-
-One high-income country is a particular exception to the downward trend: the US. Though rates in the country [declined](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1586156/) throughout the 1990s, at the turn of the century they began to rise again. Between 2000 and 2018, the suicide rate jumped [35 percent](https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db362.htm). Suicide is the [second-highest](https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/facts/index.html) cause of death among young Americans aged 10–14 and 20–35 years old. 
-
-You might be shouting: The answer is guns! And you’d be mostly right. In the US, over [half](https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/02/03/what-the-data-says-about-gun-deaths-in-the-u-s/) of all gun deaths are suicides. In 2021 alone, [over 26,000 people](https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/datarequest/D158;jsessionid=50AA62B53B0B1D535B5A50919DF6) died by suicide using a firearm, out of the just over 48,000 recorded suicide deaths in total. Research [has found](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6380939/) that the states with higher rates of household gun ownership also have significantly higher suicide rates. Limiting gun access remains the “most important actionable public health target for firearm suicide prevention efforts,” according to a [2022 paper](https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-051920-123206) looking at the country’s climbing suicide rate.
-
-Suicides linked to guns are “totally preventable,” says Alexis Palfreyman, an honorary research fellow at University College London who researches mental health, suicidology, violence, and sexual and reproductive health and rights. She points to Brazil, which enacted firearms restrictions in 2003, including making it illegal to carry or own an unregistered gun, raising the minimum age for purchase to 25 years old, and instituting background checks for purchase. It led to a [27 percent](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-021-02060-6) reduction in firearm suicides. “It’s just such a shame that we don’t seem to think that it’s worth the lives saved to actually do it,” Palfreyman says of the US. 
-
-Other factors may be contributing to rising suicide rates in the US, including [structural racism](https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-051920-123206#_i13), financial strain (driven by [income inequality](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16178697/), [personal debt](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33989465/), and [unemployment](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20652218/), to name but a few issues), the [opioid epidemic](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30601750/), and a societal structure that features significant [social](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32510896/) [isolation](https://academic.oup.com/ppar/article/27/4/127/4782506). Mental health disorders on the whole are [on the rise](https://ourworldindata.org/mental-health) in the US, which may also help explain the trend. But with firearms involved in over half of suicides, it’s impossible to deny that guns are playing an outsize role.
-
-**MEANS RESTRICTION,** it’s clear, has been hugely impactful outside of the US. But it won’t get the suicide rate down to zero anywhere. For one, it’s nearly impossible to fully restrict all means. But more importantly, means restriction doesn’t get to the root of the problem—why people feel the urge to take their lives in the first place. This has led to some researchers calling for suicide to be [treated](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1065912916636689) [as a social justice issue](https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/on-health/2019/10/08/suicide-prevention-is-a-social-justice-issueutm_sourcebmc_blogsutm_mediumreferralutm_contentnullutm_campaignblog_2019_on-health/), as opposed to one of a simply psychiatric nature.
-
-In the case of China, better economic stability had a massive impact on bringing the suicide rate down. There’s a strong link between [suicide and unemployment](https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/306534/1-s2.0-S2215036615X00034/1-s2.0-S2215036614001187/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEOb%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJGMEQCIBAFVzsfRyOjWeDu2Nh64YC2QzfhyqrHMmaXeDZtgYZjAiBGLTZeR4OphPOixxqSVkUpo3HQq5pWQO4UDbtclTvkwiq7BQjv%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F%2525252525252F8BEAUaDDA1OTAwMzU0Njg2NSIMUgtPF%2525252525252BxU9FHY%2525252525252BVjMKo8FElQczE1bx9U%2525252525252Bw%2525252525252F%2525252525252BZWgzaq%2525252525252BoMKSyozf2LjJFitgEL0qMJHqaR42GbiPEwSrC3yB6iKfto4GXpT%2525252525252F%2525252525252BO3kDUOJaPcOXQzFv7CEz8CyYdtJZkhRz5YforcFhesOVQiwJVFL2GtBM%2525252525252FakjKKNhTV4wmja3iblSrQAT3Hw88eGXxv25FjUUtAA3PPhjKIruux76mpWDn6hcNQxTgGNHiu7aOxtEGCuJwO81odSbLKWgrQWeZtjQYjq4SjfrkAKDFxmGvOEHliWRbMj5x5TpqVSid%2525252525252Fw5TPYyO%2525252525252FeJICzxAEz2nJinP3PEmii9gcmQZYGOEdb1JpdTX%2525252525252BBVUATObMrV0VsIQ9K%2525252525252FPyvc27C6f8Nz0PQ%2525252525252BpoyUVXC8%2525252525252FcmoUQ%2525252525252B1xgWost69AvaHoWaAPtJpO9a6GoomRhFMa8fP8HcsOTO2TabLcrXbYByCBf%2525252525252BHoH4Pf%2525252525252Fd0Kw87DwDI%2525252525252F0m0cUYeaXn7nnVov%2525252525252BNONLFkceHTufbKDcf98b9VktlB6UVK2gdn7Dsda0Mnw6JBjr8aovhgHQIdScFmrHvM1Zbz3YoP4Li3r8OQrdx%2525252525252BrHVOa338uhmg%2525252525252FPwuOysz1Nzhlv6XWA1bzFKCco4oZN1S2i8VMLIeDgrN6viEpMSgnYuAi4TlIso3YZmG2nddIIucBVf619e88eoIQTxGsNizlPzXQiklsSm4jOUt307bLstuUgzHgBBdi1LPFUYa%2525252525252Bh98WHNU6rpyHhIvc%2525252525252B7fiWbd7IrJYVaOYopIfO08jB2Wpou89rkK0GqC3eS0oe1PISIJa9%2525252525252BYBC5yOx88%2525252525252Bg4RyyCJ4JwONhWB6I3lLI1Qwiljg079gtcxhhZSXo7fVjXw5%2525252525252BcXOzDgqUA0JwITqntd%2525252525252BJKsBB6OJ6%2525252525252F6h%2525252525252BIWGshn19XjkLjCd486iBjqyASoJEK%2525252525252FIXqemKwFy8G0e8%2525252525252FQVBl%2525252525252FXTci2tzivbzZGN3783A0KmIDar5zXGa27bopSJ8ALibq4pZ3sKUk4gvca%2525252525252FhunpnV3hIjmEMpYHwbVLHLjwM3uzJ7a33Hr%2525252525252Fgkk6zszmdkQCpELCmnU6x1VKU4LCUj1y7KyWs0QXSSn8uckAKoOakhnBSxpKzrpAB6QUa92hkjiDh2gflJFm0h%2525252525252BO%2525252525252BMc9YAEXhMizm87%2525252525252F7679734bse9JDE%2525252525253D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20230504T150052Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYXL6K3MGN%2525252525252F20230504%2525252525252Fus-east-1%2525252525252Fs3%2525252525252Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=b81fccfaa646e34a114fac16bbe68f06781ba8108ac423af7ebcd989bfadccb1&hash=c455c98b5e16eee9308fba925c88b456641e60fbd5c3abefd07f96f097bbd99e&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S2215036614001187&tid=spdf-668778bd-9c42-473e-8644-fac5c65d152a&sid=918550fa6d2eb142ef7adfd1f068691b7976gxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=1d025304545157060252&rr=7c219da10b62770e&cc=gb), as well as economic crises, including the [2008 global financial crisis](https://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f5239.short). Social safety nets like universal basic income and universal health care could go some way toward bringing suicide rates down, says Gonzalo Martinez-Ales, a psychiatrist-epidemiologist at Harvard University. A 2022 study found that cash transfers targeted at low-income families in Brazil were found to lead to a [56 percent](https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004000#sec019) lower suicide rate among those who received them versus those who didn’t. Broad social improvements can have a significant effect on suicide rates.
-
-But beyond means restriction, what are the best bets for specifically targeting suicide rates? One method put forward is risk assessment, the idea that people can be trained to identify individuals most at risk. But Martinez-Ales is skeptical that this would make a real difference, as the time between impulse and action can be so brief. Plus, simply asking people about their suicidal thoughts is not a reliable way of predicting whether they are likely to die by suicide, a [2019 study](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6401538/) concluded.
-
-Antidepressant prescriptions, and certain forms of psychotherapy—such as cognitive behavioral therapy and dialectical behavior therapy—have been [shown](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221503661630030X) to be effective in treating suicidal ideation and behavior. Other measures that have a good evidence base include [school-based education programs](https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02525.x) and [better training](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221503661630030X#bib13) for clinicians. But Martinez-Ales wonders just how much impact targeted psychiatric care can have. “That doesn’t mean that I don’t think that providing good care for people who are suicidal is very important,” he says. But the benefits of such interventions are dwarfed by the gains that can be made through means restriction. Ideally, countries should be pursuing all these measures at once.
-
-Aiming solely to reduce the number of people who die by suicide also oversimplifies the larger issue. The number of suicide deaths can obstruct the overall picture of self-directed violence. Men make up the majority of people in the column of deaths, but women and girls dominate every other part of that spectrum, with women more likely [to self-harm](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735815000409) and to [attempt suicide](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00038-018-1196-1). The reason for this is that men tend to select methods with a higher chance of resulting in death; this is what’s called the [gender paradox](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9560163/) in suicide. But just because suicidal behavior doesn’t result in death—as is the case for many women—doesn’t mean it can be ignored. “While the deaths might be coming down overall, I think that’s not painting an accurate picture of the fact that a lot of people are in distress,” says Palfreyman. Rates of self-harm [are](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9791324/) [rising](https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/402623/rising-rates-of-youth-hospitalised-after-self-harming) [rapidly](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(19)30188-9/fulltext) [in](https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/yrbs_data_summary_and_trends.htm) young women and girls, in particular.
-
-While suicide rates have fallen in many parts of the world over the past decades, for the UN, this isn’t nearly enough. The organization’s Sustainable Development Goals aim to shrink suicide mortality by a third between 2015 and 2030—though hitting that goal may turn out to be [wishful](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9476842/) [thinking](https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/341728/9789240026643-eng.pdf). To increase the odds of success, however, lessons from countries that have succeeded in bringing their numbers down will prove invaluable.
-
-*If you or someone you know needs help, call* *1-800-273-8255* *for free, 24-hour support from the* *[National Suicide Prevention Lifeline](https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/). You can also text HOME to 741-741 for the* *[Crisis Text Line](https://www.crisistextline.org/). Outside the US, visit the* [*International Association for Suicide Prevention*](https://www.iasp.info/resources/Crisis_Centres/) *for crisis centers around the world.*
-
-[Grace Browne](https://www.wired.co.uk/profile/grace-browne) is a staff writer at WIRED, where she covers health. Prior to WIRED, her work appeared in *New Scientist*, *BBC Future*, *Undark*, *OneZero*, and *Hakai*. She is a graduate of University College Dublin and Imperial College London.
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-# Why nobody got paid for one of the most sampled sounds in hip-hop
-
-In late May, **Beyoncé’s** “America Has a Problem” remix with **Kendrick Lamar** did what every Beyoncé song does: blew up. The track, which built off the original version from Beyoncé’s 2022 album, instantly rose to No. 6 on Spotify’s “Hot Hits” and amassed more than 50m streams in the next couple months.  
-
-Hardcore hip-hop fans recognized the beat of “America Has a Problem” as containing elements of a 1990 song by **Kilo Ali**, [a pioneering Atlanta rapper](https://djbooth.net/features/2016-07-15-kilo-ali-atlanta-rap-history). But that wasn’t the only homage to retro hip-hop. 
-
-Every few seconds in “America Has a Problem,” a DJ scratch ties the rhythm together and inches it forward. And it’s not just any scratch. Contributors at the sampling database website WhoSampled recognized it as an iconic sound: the **“Ahh”** scratch.  
-
-Along with its equally famous sister scratch, **“Fresh,”** the sound comes from the closing seconds of the artist **Beside**’s 1982 song [“Change The Beat.”](https://youtu.be/Tn9QAAXVXEw?t=215) They’ve been an unheralded ingredient in 2.6k+ other songs, according to WhoSampled, connecting artists, eras, and genres across decades, from **Eric B.** and **Rakim** to the **Beastie Boys** to **Missy Elliott** to **Bad Bunny**. 
-
-Basically, any time you hear [a scratch](https://youtu.be/b6aAFkP0BGU?t=133) on a rap song there’s a decent chance you’re listening to a DJ or producer manipulate the word “Ahh” or “Fresh.”
-
-“Every DJ has some point where they were using that sample to add to a song,” **DJ Babu**, a producer and member of the rap group Dilated Peoples, told *The Hustle*. “So it’s sonically just part of our history.”
-
-*The Hustle*
-
-But outside the rap industry the details of the sample’s origin have largely gone unexplained. How *did* a couple of random words from an obscure rap song weave their way into hundreds of new tracks? 
-
-“Change the Beat” is a story that stretches on for decades, an eclectic tale about the first attempt to bring hip-hop overseas, the muddled economics of sampling, and the unfortunate music trope of not being fairly compensated for your work. 
-
-#### **A record exec’s catch phrase**
-
-The story begins in 1982 when **Roger Trilling** paid a visit to the president of Elektra Records, **Bruce Lundvall**, to gauge his interest in signing the band [**Material**](https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/01/arts/pop-jazz-material-a-band-of-many-faces.html), which Trilling managed, to an Elektra sub-label.
-
-Inside his Manhattan office, Lundvall popped on a pair of oversized headphones and leaned back in his swivel chair. 
-
-“I can’t tell you how unusual that was for the record business — a record exec actually listening to music,” Trilling told *The Hustle*.
-
-Lundvall had an odd catch phrase for when he liked something. As the music pulsed through Lundvall’s headphones, Trilling waited for it. And then Lundvall, a silver-haired New England patrician with no concept of 1980s slang, said the magic words in a formal tone: 
-
-*This stuff is really fresh*.
-
-In other words, he loved it. Lundvall said he would sign Material. 
-
-A few miles away in Brooklyn, Material band members **Bill Laswell** and **Michael Beinhorn** were at OAO Studios, housed in an old industry building near the Gowanus Canal. Somehow they’d gotten roped into producing a French rap song.
-
-Laswell knew little about rap music, which had reached downtown Manhattan’s mostly white club scene after developing for years in the Black communities of New York’s outer boroughs. But he did know **Bernard Zekri**, a French journalist who wanted to promote hip-hop in France. 
-
-And Zekri, who lived a couple blocks from the Manhattan clubs and routinely hosted musicians at his house, knew many up-and-coming hip-hop artists from the South Bronx.  
-
-Zekri formulated a plan to introduce hip-hop to Europe: 
-
--   Celluloid Records would release five 12-inch single records (similar to EPs) by artists **Fab 5 Freddy**, **GrandMixer DXT** (known at the time as Grandmixer D.ST), **Futura 2000**, **Phase II**, and **The Smurfs**. Laswell and Beinhorn would produce the records.  
--   Coinciding with their release, a collective of rappers, DJs, dancers, and graffiti artists would embark on a European tour.  
-
-*Fab 5 Freddy with members of EPMD in 1989. (Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images)*
-
-The day Trilling met with Lundvall, Laswell and Beinhorn were recording Fab 5 Freddy’s single. Trilling went to the studio to tell them Elektra wanted to sign Material, noting that Lundvall had even dropped his hilarious “this stuff is really fresh” signature.
-
-“Everyone was kind of on a high,” Trilling recalled. 
-
-But Laswell says Fab 5 Freddy, a far more experienced visual artist than rapper (and the future host of “Yo! MTV Raps”), struggled through his song, which contained French and English lyrics. The session went into the night, and they needed somebody else to rap on the record’s B-side. The group asked **Ann Marie Boyle**, an art student.
-
-She’d been teaching French to Fab 5 Freddy and knew most of the lyrics, which were written by Zekri. Because she was appearing on the b-side of the record, DXT gave her the performing name “Beside.” (She later went by **B-Side** on an album titled *Cairo Nights*.)    
-
-*The cover for “Change The Beat.” (Discogs)*
-
-What followed is one of the most eclectic songs you’ll ever [hear](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZqauvQkC6VQ): Beside raps in French as though she’s Fab 5 Freddy, referencing Adidas and graffiti and a club called The Roxy, and the producers distort her vocals and punch in sound effects ranging from spaceships to Japanese dialogue from *Godzilla*.  
-
-All they needed was a catchy outro. 
-
-Somebody suggested that Trilling “do the Bruce thing,” i.e. say Bruce Lundvall’s signature slogan of praise. Although Fab 5 Freddy, who couldn’t be reached for comment, has claimed ownership for what happened next, Zekri, Laswell, and Beside believe it was Trilling who uttered what would become a legendary phrase: [“Ahh, this stuff is really fresh.”](https://youtu.be/Tn9QAAXVXEw?t=215) 
-
-“Nobody…thought anything of that,” Laswell said. “Roger just did it and everybody’s response was, ‘that’s Roger being stupid again.’”
-
-They ran the recording through a vocoder, so it sounded staticky, like a voice infused with white noise, and put it at the end of the song. Then they went home.
-
-#### **A French flop at the Grammys**
-
-It didn’t take long to dash Zekri’s high hopes for “Change the Beat.” 
-
-The French radio station Europe 1, which broadcast music throughout the country, selected the track as record of the week for its debut ahead of the November 1982 [European tour](https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1137418347). But there were significant translation issues. Beside’s English chorus of “change the beat, change the beat” led to listeners doing a double-take.
-
-“Beat \[*bitte\]* in French means dick,” Zekri said. “So when they play the song the first week, people call the radio and say, ‘this is scandalous. Take this record off the air.’”
-
-*The New York Daily News followed The New York City Rap Tour in Europe, describing its impact as melting down borders “in the heat of the soul-sonic blast.” (New York Daily News via Newspapers.com)*
-
-But “Change the Beat” found some success in the New York City hip-hop clubs, where GrandMixer DXT gave a small portion of the song a second life. 
-
-DXT, among the first DJs to “scratch” records, played around with various sounds from the five Celluloid hip-hop records, seeking something that would really stand out. He found that Trilling’s “Fresh” and “Ahh,” distorted by the vocoder, had an ideal texture for scratching. 
-
-“It was just the right sound,” DXT [once said](https://youtu.be/HwmmDe53nSU?t=533). “It became like my bow. I refer to the turntable as a turn-fiddle, so my bow was the ‘Change the Beat’ record.”
-
-In the Manhattan clubs, he scratched to “Fresh” and “Ahh,” mixing it with soul and funk records to create [a danceable rhythm](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KaHTBGAsEOg). When Material produced a 1983 album for jazz star **Herbie Hancock**, Laswell asked DXT to perform scratching on the track “Rockit.” 
-
-The song reached No. 1 on Billboard’s dance charts, and Hancock and DXT performed at the 26th Grammys in 1984, a watershed moment for hip-hop.
-
-*GrandMixer DXT, right, performs at Camden Palace in London in 1983. (David Corio/Getty Images)*
-
-Suddenly, every musically-inclined kid with hip-hop dreams [was inspired](https://www.popcultmag.com/posts/qa-mixmaster-mikes-beastly-career-ultimate-turntabilist/) by DXT’s scratches, and “Ahh” and “Fresh” proliferated on records stocked with scratch-ready sound effects. Rap producers were enthralled, too.    
-
-In the early ‘80s, many producers, who were often DJs, made beats by looping percussive drum machine sounds, notes from earlier songs, and recordings of live instruments, and cutting them with scratches. The unmistakable “Ahh” and “Fresh” of “Change The Beat” ended up on a number of classic hip-hop songs.
-
--   **J.J. Fad**: “Supersonic,” 1985
--   **Slick Rick**: “The Show,” 1985 and “Hey Young World,” 1988
--   **Eric B and Rakim**: “Paid In Full,” 1987
--   **Beastie Boys**: “Sure Shot,” 1994
-
-It all meant that Trilling, Zekri, and others started hearing their work all over the place. But it didn’t mean they’d get credit.
-
-#### **The time before sampling**
-
-Anytime somebody takes a melody or lyrics from an existing song and repurposes it into something new, it’s called a **sample**. Anytime somebody takes a melody or lyrics from an existing song and re-sings or re-records the same notes or words directly into something new, it’s called an [**interpolation**](https://www.billboard.com/media/lists/best-interpolations-9651682/).  
-
-These techniques had been used before rap existed, but the genre has been entwined with sampling and interpolation since its inception at South Bronx house parties in 1973, when rappers dropped verses over isolated [“breaks.”](https://www.npr.org/2005/08/29/4821646/dj-kool-herc-and-the-birth-of-the-breakbeat) 
-
-In the ‘80s and early ‘90s, producers took sampling to another level, [layering](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nK0k-jwqWZk) several samples on top of each other. There were few concerns about copyrights because:
-
--   Hip-hop’s [communal culture](https://www.spin.com/2021/05/bite-this-1989-sampling-feature/) prided itself on borrowing and sharing and experimenting. ([“Sample snitching”](https://pitchfork.com/features/article/sample-snitching-how-online-fan-chatter-can-create-legal-trouble-for-rap-producers/) was frowned upon.)  
--   Sampling involved pulling small bits of art to create new art, leading to the belief that “fair use” extended to sampling. 
--   Labels, usually the greediest parties, were primarily independents in the genre’s early days. Some [figured](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-08-06-ca-454-story.html) being picky about samples would lead to mutually assured destruction by lawsuit.
-
-*The Hustle*
-
-But, as rap music rose in popularity, prolific samplers **De La Soul** were eventually [sued for **$1m+**](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/the-turtles-slap-siriusxm-with-100-million-lawsuit-56219/) by **The Turtles** in the late ‘80s, settling out of court. In 1991, **Biz Markie** lost [a landmark case](https://www.xxlmag.com/judge-finds-biz-markie-guilty-of-copyright-infringement-today-in-hip-hop/) to musician **Gilbert O’Sullivan**, setting a precedent for producers and labels to seek clearance from rights holders for basically any sample, no matter how small or obscure.
-
-Sampling is now “big business,” said **Deborah Mannis-Gardner,** president/owner of DMG Clearances and a renowned sampling expert. Publishing rights holders, who are typically the songwriters, reap a **~$2.5k** fee each plus royalties when they give permission to sample their songs. 
-
--   The share of royalties can be anywhere from **5%**–**50%**, depending on factors like the extent of the sample’s use. **Sting** [once said](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/qa-sting-2-234360/) his royalties from **Puff Daddy**’s sample in “I’ll Be Missing You” were enough to “put a couple of my kids through college.” 
--   Labels get paid for the master rights, Mannis-Gardner said, typically with a recoupable advance of a few thousand dollars against a cut of royalties.     
-
-But this infrastructure — or even the idea that big money could be made in hip-hop — didn’t exist in 1982 and wasn’t on anyone’s mind involved with “Change the Beat.” The artists and writers were young and inexperienced or, in the case of Beinhorn and Laswell, occupied with other projects.
-
-“It was like the record of everybody and nobody at the same time,” Zekri told *The Hustle*.  
-
-As Zekri recalls, the French sponsor of the tour and the albums offered him **~$40k** to develop the albums, and he had **Jean Karakos**, the head of Celluloid Records, set everything up financially. Those involved with “Change The Beat” say Karakos, whose nickname was “Grandmaster Cash,” made upfront payments but that there was a lack of clarity over the rights to the song.
-
-“Karakos is this guy that things wouldn’t get done if he wasn’t around,” Zekri said. “And then it gets done, but it doesn’t get done the right way.”
-
-*Bernard Zekri, at an event in Paris in 2014, worked as a journalist after producing rap music in the ‘80s. (Foc Can/Getty Images)* 
-
-Beside doesn’t remember if she signed a contract. (“It was really loosey goosey,” she said.) Because Trilling just happened to be at the recording studio when the record was produced, he didn’t get paid — not for his contribution in 1982, and not for anything since.
-
-“Would Karakos have paid me for that?” Trilling said. “Fuck no.”
-
-#### **An elemental sound of hip-hop**
-
-Laswell, who doesn’t have ill feelings toward Karakos, says the former Celluloid Records boss is the only person who might’ve made something off samples from “Change The Beat.” But it appears even Karakos, who died in 2017, didn’t cash in. 
-
--   Known for financial problems, he [claimed](https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2017/01/jean-karakos-feature) to have sold Celluloid to the mafia for a dollar in 1989 to pay back his debts. 
--   The label’s catalog was later licensed to Charly Records from 1995 until June 2023, and, according to Karakos’ son, Adam Karakos, a US company got control of Karakos’ share of the publishing rights to “Change the Beat” from 1987 to 2008 in a settlement.
-
-Since regaining control of the publishing rights in 2008, Adam Karakos said Celluloid has only received one sample clearance request for “Change the Beat.” It was from last June regarding an uncleared use of the sample from ~30 years ago.
-
-“To the best of our knowledge,” Adam Karakos said over email, “we didn’t make any royalties from the use of the sample.”
-
-Laswell and other musicians believe many people saw the use of “Ahh” and “Fresh” as part of turntablism and didn’t need to clear it, even when the industry started clearing samples. Plus, the rampant proliferation of “Ahh” and “Fresh” on break records separated them from their original source and put them into the hands of thousands of DJs. 
-
-*The Hustle* reached out to several artists and representatives for artists who appear to have used “Ahh” and “Fresh” from the 80s onward, including Beyoncé, to see if they cleared the sample. We didn’t hear back. But many of those artists don’t credit “Change the Beat” in their album liner notes, where artists often list samples. 
-
-DJ Babu considers “Ahh” to be less a sample than an elemental sound of hip-hop, with DJs and producers using it the way a guitarist would use a particular string on an acoustic guitar. 
-
-“It sounds like hip-hop,” he said. 
-
-With stronger copyright protection, that sound might be missing from the genre. 
-
-In the end, that’s one reason why Zekri is OK not profiting off the sample’s widespread prevalence. Throughout a decorated career as a producer and music journalist, people still ask him about “Change the Beat.”
-
-“We didn’t do this thing right,” Zekri said. “But I think, also, that’s what’s nice about it.”
-
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-Business and tech news in 5 minutes or less​
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-100% free. We don’t spam. Unsubscribe whenever.
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-# Will Ashley Biden’s Stolen Diary Take Down Project Veritas?
-
-After a decade of punking liberals with hidden-camera stings, James O’Keefe becomes the story.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/204/4e4/bf4e03681a3523a6a0ab90e0d1128e1175-Project-Veritas-Final-NY-Mag.rvertical.w570.jpg)
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-Photo-Illustration: Adam Maida/Photo: Joe Raedle/Getty Images
-
-This article was featured in [*One Great Story*](http://nymag.com/tags/one-great-story/), *New York*’s reading recommendation newsletter. [Sign up here](https://nymag.com/promo/sign-up-for-one-great-story.html?itm_source=vsitepromo&itm_medium=articlelink&itm_campaign=ogs_tertiary_zone) to get it nightly.
-
-**It all began** with a Florida man and his boat. Back in 2020, a Peruvian-born millionaire who resided in a marina development in Jupiter started fighting with neighbors who objected to a Trump flag he flew on the mast of his 40-foot Invincible. The local feud escalated into a series of nationally publicized pro-Trump boat parades. One of these Trumptillas, as the organizers called them, went from Jupiter to Mar-a-Lago on Labor Day. The night before the event, a Republican donor named Elizabeth Fago threw a campaign fundraiser at her dockside mansion. [Kimberly Guilfoyle](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/does-trump-family-dislike-kim-guilfoyle-eric-ivanka.html) and [Donald Trump Jr.](https://nymag.com/tags/donald-trump-jr/) were at the party, and so were a pair of local entrepreneurs, [Aimee Harris](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/08/pair-pleads-guilty-to-stealing-biden-daughters-diary.html) and [Robert Kurlander](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/08/pair-pleads-guilty-to-stealing-biden-daughters-diary.html), who came bearing items for sale.
-
-“You may have a chance to make so much money,” Kurlander, a businessman who had done time in federal prison for conspiring to launder drug money, texted Harris beforehand.
-
-“OMG,” she wrote. “I can’t wait to show you what Mama has to bring Papa.”
-
-Among the materials Harris had found — or, as she would later admit, stolen — was a small green notebook: a [diary that belonged to Ashley Biden](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/08/pair-pleads-guilty-to-stealing-biden-daughters-diary.html), the then-39-year-old daughter of Joe. Kurlander had introduced Harris to Fago, a nursing-home mogul who drove a white Bentley and was once in a cheerleading crew called the Nixonettes.
-
-Harris and Kurlander were hoping to show the diary to Don Jr. at Fago’s home that evening. A spokesperson for Don Jr. says he “never saw the diary,” but according to a source familiar with the events, some representatives of the [Trump campaign](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/donald-trump-running-for-president-2024.html) took the sellers to a private room to give it a closer look. Ashley’s diary entries, written in 2019 while she was in and out of treatment for substance abuse in South Florida, were searingly personal. Harris and Kurlander thought its contents could be damaging to the Democratic nominee’s image as a family man. Kurlander predicted it would be worth “a SHIT TON of money.”
-
-The next morning, an armada of pleasure craft set sail with Roger Stone aboard its flagship. Don Jr. and Guilfoyle waved from the stern of a blue Hinckley yacht. A few days later, Kurlander reported bad news from his contacts with the Trump campaign. “They want it to go to the FBI,” he texted Harris. He said there was “NO WAY” Trump could use the diary. “It has to be done a different way.” Luckily, Kurlander and Harris had a backup bidder, one in the habit of pushing the boundaries of journalism in pursuit of his idea of the truth.
-
-[**James O’Keefe**](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/04/what-james-okeefe-wont-say-about-ashley-bidens-diary.html) **III** is the 38-year-old founder of [Project Veritas](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/04/what-james-okeefe-wont-say-about-ashley-bidens-diary.html), a media organization whose methods he has described as “one-third intelligence operation, one-third investigative reporting, and one-third *Borat.*” He is a conservative sting artist whose hidden-camera investigations typically target people working for Democratic campaigns and liberal institutions. His subjects invariably cry foul, claiming that Project Veritas twisted their words. But O’Keefe’s information warfare enthralls his fans on the right and fattens his nonprofit organization’s bank accounts.
-
-The diary, though, was something different from the material he usually dealt with. It was a stolen document, the product of a crime. In time, it would become the object of an FBI investigation that has already resulted in [felony guilty pleas by Harris and Kurlander](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/08/pair-pleads-guilty-to-stealing-biden-daughters-diary.html) and reached inside Project Veritas, prying open its drawers and inboxes and peering into its unorthodox reporting practices. O’Keefe, in turn, has wrapped himself in the First Amendment, claiming the FBI probe into his newsgathering threatens legal protections journalists rely upon.
-
-Much meaningful journalism arises out of information that is stolen, hacked, or illegally leaked. The New York *Times* obtained [Donald Trump’s tax returns](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/09/key-takeaways-from-the-times-trump-tax-return-investigation.html) from a (presumably) unauthorized source, the [Panama Papers](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/05/how-mark-hollingsworth-got-access-to-the-panama-papers.html) contain private bank data, and [WikiLeaks](https://nymag.com/tags/wikileaks/) disclosed classified secrets. The [Pentagon Papers](https://nymag.com/tags/pentagon-papers/) — the subject of arguably the most important modern Supreme Court precedent on press freedom — were stolen by [Daniel Ellsberg](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/11/daniel-ellsberg-on-the-doomsday-machine.html) and passed to the *Times,* which went to elaborate lengths to copy and analyze them without alerting the government. O’Keefe contends that he is just as much a journalist as the reporters who broke those stories. And as agonizing as it may be for self-respecting journalists to admit, he may be right, at least from a legal perspective. In his fight with the Department of Justice and the FBI, O’Keefe has rallied some unusual allies, including the American Civil Liberties Union.
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-Ben Wizner, the director of the ACLU’s Speech, Privacy, and Technology Project, says the hard case of O’Keefe may result in bad law that hampers investigative reporting. “There’s a real danger,” Wizner says, “that the O’Keefes and the Assanges will result in a new rule book that makes public-interest journalism hard to do.”
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-O’Keefe first found fame in the early days of the Obama administration, when he conducted a sting that caused the implosion of the community-organizing group ACORN. He appears in those videos as a 145-pound beanpole in a pimp costume that incorporated his grandmother’s chinchilla shawl. These days, O’Keefe is muscled up, preferring slim, tailored suits and styling himself like a gonzo James Bond. And Project Veritas is no longer a small punk operation. In 2020, the 501(c)(3) had around 50 employees and a budget of more than $22 million, largely funded by anonymous donations from wealthy Republicans eager to see O’Keefe torment Democrats, teachers unions, the lying media, and other objects of conservative animus. (One former employee passed me a photo of a $75,000 check to the organization enclosed in a card that was inscribed GO GET THE NYT AND RANDI WEINGARTEN.) O’Keefe draws a salary of around $400,000 a year and keeps a sailboat called *Lucky Charm III* at a yacht club on Long Island Sound.
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-O’Keefe discussing the ACORN sting on Fox News in 2009. Photo: Fox News
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-In September 2020, Fago’s daughter called the Project Veritas tip line, saying she knew someone in possession of Ashley Biden’s diary. “I think it’s worth taking a look at,” the tipster said, according to a legal filing. She described its contents as “pretty crazy.” The job of investigating the tip fell to two Veritas employees, who, like all of O’Keefe’s UCJs (short for “undercover journalists”), went by code names in the office. “Peter Pan” (real name Eric Cochran) was an elfin former software engineer at Pinterest. His supervisor was Spencer Meads, a square-jawed Patriots fan who went by “Brady.”
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-According to prosecutors, Kurlander and Project Veritas had an initial phone call on September 10. Meads allegedly instructed him to communicate via the encrypted-chat app Telegram. Kurlander used it to send photos of the diary to the organization, and Project Veritas allegedly paid for Kurlander and Harris to fly to New York for negotiations.
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-“Let’s have fun!!!!!” Kurlander texted Harris before the trip. “And make money.”
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-Harris, then 38, was counting on a windfall. As a younger woman, she had played in the Palm Beach social scene and dated heirs to old fortunes, but she ran into personal trouble after the births of her two children and an ugly paternity-and-custody battle with their father. Between 2019 and 2020, Harris moved from one unstable living situation to another. In June 2020, a former boyfriend offered to let her stay at his place, a stucco house with a pool in Delray Beach. Ashley Biden happened to have moved out of the spare bedroom just a couple days before, returning to Philadelphia to be close to her father’s campaign headquarters, and left some of her stuff behind. (Representatives for the White House and Ashley Biden declined to comment for this article.)
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-Where Harris discovered the diary, and how, remains unexplained. In one version of events she has given, it was in the garage, discarded like junk; in other retellings, it was under a bed in the guest room, maybe stowed in a piece of luggage, or maybe jammed between the mattress and the box spring. Ashley Biden had left things in storage in the house with the permission of her former roommate, according to the Feds. Whatever the case, Harris found the journal and decided to read it.
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-There was little in the diary that could be considered political. It delved into the author’s relationships with her husband, her parents, and her half-brothers, Beau and Hunter, one of whom had died and the other of whom was broken and going through his own cycle of recovery and relapse. Much of the diary was filled with self-help exhortations and the raw confessions of a vulnerable addict. By the time Harris got to Project Veritas, word of the diary’s existence had already made its way around the conservative-news ecosystem. “It was on the quote-unquote market to, I guess you could say, the right-wing dark lords,” says one news producer at an organization that was offered the diary and wasn’t interested. Even Joe Biden’s greatest adversaries flinched when it came to doing something so inherently invasive as publishing a diary.
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-When the book fell into O’Keefe’s hands, though, he was willing to take a peek. “He always wants to provide the October surprise,” says a former employee. The content Project Veritas produced reflected the preoccupations of its audience. Recurring topics included phantom election fraud, COVID-vaccine conspiracies, and leftist indoctrination in schools. One entry looked particularly likely to resonate with the right. The diarist had made a list of childhood memories, some of them uncertain and dreamlike, of various forms of early sexual awareness. One of them read, “showers w/ my dad (probably not appropriate).” Nowhere in the text is it suggested that Joe Biden abused his daughter. But when ripped from its original context and shorn of its author’s intent, the mention of “showers” could be made to look disgusting, even accusatory, and O’Keefe excels at creative framing.
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-Project Veritas gave the investigation a code name: Sting Ray. Meads, a longtime friend of O’Keefe’s who had worked for Project Veritas on and off for nearly a decade, met with Harris and Kurlander at their Manhattan hotel shortly after Labor Day. They allegedly handed over the diary as well as a digital camera with a storage card containing Biden-family photographs. Project Veritas allegedly agreed to pay $10,000 for the material and promised more if the investigation progressed. But first, Meads said, Project Veritas would need to see other personal items that belonged to Ashley Biden to confirm that the diary was really hers.
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-Kurlander texted Harris afterward that “anything worthwhile” would need “to be turned over and MUST be out of that house.” He assured her that the first $10,000 was just a down payment. “I’m expecting that they’re gonna pay up to $100,000 each maybe more,” Kurlander texted Harris, if the story “does turn into something good or blockbusting.” Then he added a note of caution. He warned Harris that Project Veritas was “trying to make a story” that would “ruin” Ashley Biden’s life and potentially help Trump to win. “We have to tread even more carefully,” Kurlander texted.
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-Project Veritas continued to try to authenticate the diary. In mid-September, Meads allegedly traveled to Florida in order to retrieve tax documents, clothing, and other items Ashley Biden had left at the house. Seeking further confirmation, Project Veritas tried to reach Ashley through one of her friends, according to its legal filings. Cochran ended up talking to someone who identified herself as Ashley. Posing as a vagrant who had stumbled onto the diary, he spoke to her from a Project Veritas conference room as O’Keefe and other staffers watched and a video camera recorded the interaction, according to sources familiar with the phone call. Cochran began to read sensitive diary passages aloud, and the woman on the phone reacted emotionally, demanding that he stop and return her personal papers right away.
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-The phone call convinced Project Veritas the diary was real. Still, O’Keefe hesitated to publish it. He was pitiless when it came to exposing what he considered to be politically relevant misbehavior and hypocrisy, but even he had qualms about outing the addiction and innermost thoughts of a politician’s family member. He held long meetings with his key staff, who were divided on whether the story fit the organization’s mission. He worried it might be seen as a cheap shot, and he sought advice from other conservative-media figures.
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-On October 12, O’Keefe sent out an email:
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-> *Team,*
-> 
-> *I’ve thought carefully on whether to release this so-called ‘Sting Ray’ story which involve*\[*s*\] *entries in a personal diary to a very public figure.*
-> 
-> *My thinking and analysis in short is this:*
-> 
-> *To release means the action is less wrong than the necessary wrongs that would follow if the information were not utilized and published. But in this case even more harm would be done to the person in question and Project Veritas if we were to release the piece. We have no doubt that the document is real, but it is impossible to corroborate the allegation further.*
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-After an angry internal backlash from staff, however, Project Veritas resumed work on the story. The organization reportedly reached out to the Biden campaign to request an on-camera interview with the candidate about the diary and its contents. The campaign kicked the issue over to Ashley Biden’s lawyers, who advised Project Veritas that “serious crimes” might have been committed. The back-and-forth culminated with one of Ashley’s attorneys, Roberta Kaplan, writing, “This is insane; we should send to SDNY.” The same day, according to an internal FBI report later leaked to Project Veritas, the bureau’s field office in the Southern District of New York secretly opened a criminal investigation, which would not remain secret for long.
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-As O’Keefe debated whether to publish, other news outlets began to look into the story. On October 24, a website called National File posted an article headlined “EXCLUSIVE SOURCE: Biden Daughter’s Diary Details ‘Not Appropriate’ Showers With Joe As Child.” Two days later, the site published a PDF copy of the diary. National File is run by Noel Fritsch, a North Carolina political consultant who has worked for some of the most extreme candidates on the right. He claims his copy of the diary leaked from Project Veritas. “A whistleblower from the inside was basically disgruntled,” Fritsch says. “They knew that it was verified, and they were ticked off.”
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-Hardly anyone noticed the National File stories, but former Project Veritas employees say O’Keefe was enraged by the suspected leak. One claims he demanded that some staff take polygraph tests. He apparently decided to quietly get rid of the diary. On the Sunday after the election, a Florida lawyer showed up at the Delray Beach Police Department and said he had come across some “possibly stolen” property. He showed an officer two pieces of luggage containing various envelopes and documents labeled with the name ASHLEY BIDEN.
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-The Delray Beach cops called the FBI, and a few hours later, a special agent came to collect the bags.
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-Although Project Veritas never used the diary, it paid a total of $40,000 to Harris and Kurlander. The money was evenly split between them, and the final payment was made on October 24, the same day National File published its first story. The $20,000 allotted to Harris was paid directly to the lawyers in her custody case. Fago was invited to the White House for Election Night 2020. Don Jr. and Guilfoyle soon ended up buying a mansion in Jupiter with Fago’s son acting as their broker. That December, before leaving office, Donald Trump appointed Fago to the nonpartisan National Cancer Advisory Board. When Biden removed her, she told an industry newsletter that he was a “senile old creep.”
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-**O’Keefe grew up** in the suburban town of Westwood, New Jersey, where he was a member of his high school’s slam-poetry club, played the lead in the Gershwin musical *Crazy for You,* and was the boy voted “Best Dancer” in the class of 2002. He has never completely given up his theatrical dreams. In August 2021, he relocated to a town in rural Virginia to act in a musical, taking a lead role in a production of *Oklahoma!* The director, Brian Clowdus, staged the production as an “immersive” experience on a working farm and filled the cast with self-described victims of cancellation. “He’s this strapping, handsome guy; he’s super-charming, a little bit cheesy,” Clowdus says of O’Keefe. “He sort of *is* Curly.”
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-Some key Project Veritas employees were stationed in a rented office nearby so O’Keefe could continue working. A camera crew from the nonprofit filmed rehearsals and promotional videos. Clowdus said the nonprofit brought in staffers and supporters from all over to watch the show. O’Keefe rode up on a dappled white horse and belted out, “Oh, what a beautiful mornin’! / Oh, what a beautiful day!”
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-In reality, O’Keefe’s outlook was anything but sunny during the first year of the Biden administration. A number of high-level Project Veritas staff quit or were fired amid what former employees described as dissension over O’Keefe’s management and spending on indulgences like his summer theater expedition. The failed Sting Ray operation had generated an atmosphere of stress and suspicion. Meads and Cochran left their jobs. At a barbecue attended by staff, two individuals who were present say that O’Keefe broke down and curled up into a fetal position. “He’s bawling, crying out loud, like, hysterically,” says one of the witnesses. “No one would talk about it, but then it came out afterward that he was so overwhelmed by the diary thing.”
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-“Anything that happened at that moment in time had nothing to do with the diary, it’s just factually incorrect,” O’Keefe told me in response. “Use common sense. Why would I be curled in a fetal position? There was no diary fallout prior to the fall of 2021.” By that October, O’Keefe and his attorneys had become aware that the FBI was asking questions.
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-Before dawn on the morning of November 4, 2021, Eric Cochran was awakened by a loud banging. He came to the door of his residence in Mamaroneck, carrying a recording device in his hand.
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-*Bam! Bam! Bam! Bam! Bam!*
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-“Open up!” a gruff voice barked from the other side of the door.
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-“I’m sorry, sir,” Cochran said. “What is this regarding?”
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-“This is a search warrant.”
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-Around the same time, in Murray Hill, an FBI team bashed its way through the door to Spencer Meads’s apartment with a battering ram. He and a roommate were handcuffed, and around a dozen agents searched the apartment and confiscated his work phone, among other devices. The search warrants were the first overt signal of a criminal investigation.
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-The day after the searches, Project Veritas shared a video with its 1.5 million YouTube subscribers. “By making this statement, I am putting myself at great risk,” O’Keefe said as he stood in front of a fireplace, a few law books stacked conspicuously on the mantel. In vague terms, he described how Project Veritas had obtained the diary from “tipsters” who indicated it “included explosive allegations against then-candidate Joe Biden.” He claimed his reporters had been unable to authenticate the document, leading him to kill the story. “Our efforts were the stuff of responsible, ethical journalism, and we are in no doubt that Project Veritas acted properly at each and every step,” O’Keefe said. “However, it appears journalism itself may now be on trial.”
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-The following morning, FBI agents served another search warrant, this time on [O’Keefe’s apartment](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/11/fbi-probes-project-veritas-over-ashley-bidens-stolen-diary.html), handcuffed him, and pulled him into the hallway in his underwear.
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-O’Keefe at a Turning Point USA conference in Arizona in December 2022. Photo: Brian Cahn/ZUMA Press Wire
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-**The immediate** response from Project Veritas came in the form of another video, in which O’Keefe sits in an armchair next to a crackling fire, smoking a cigar and reading aloud from *1984.* He appeared to have realized that the raid would kindle immediate outrage, not only from allies like Tucker Carlson — who called it “totally Third World” — but also from mainstream media organizations that regard O’Keefe with contempt in other contexts. If the FBI could bang on his door, whom might it visit next?
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-First Amendment advocacy organizations rallied to the defense of O’Keefe’s rights, if not his behavior. “It’s not about judging the morality or the motives of the publisher,” says Wizner of the ACLU, which joined the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press in filing motions to force the government to disclose its evidence justifying the warrants. Project Veritas is currently seeking to limit or suppress the government’s use of information obtained from the 47 phones, laptops, memory sticks, and other digital devices the FBI seized. The issue is with a court-appointed special master, who is sifting through the digital evidence. But it later emerged in legal filings that, even before the searches, the government had been probing Project Veritas through other means. Beginning in November 2020, the FBI had obtained a series of sealed subpoenas and warrants for data stored on the organization’s Microsoft servers, including O’Keefe’s own emails.
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-During the last year of the Trump administration, the Justice Department used similar warrants to obtain remotely stored data from journalists working at the *Times,* the Washington *Post,* and CNN in the course of leak investigations. When those warrants were revealed in 2021, President Biden condemned them as “simply, simply wrong,” and Attorney General Merrick Garland announced a new policy that broadly prohibits searches aimed at news organizations and their work.
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-In a legal filing, prosecutors argued that Project Veritas was not entitled to such legal deference, contending that it does not engage “in journalism within any traditional or accepted definition of that word” because its reporting is done via “unlawful, unethical and/or dishonest means.” Jeffrey Lichtman, a veteran criminal-defense attorney whom O’Keefe recently retained to represent him in the diary case, told me, “It’s utter bullshit. Nobody can with a straight face say that Project Veritas is not a news organization.” Lichtman pointed out that O’Keefe’s videos often lead to consequences like independent investigations and firings.
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-“James has made a lot of high-ranking government officials nervous with his undercover reporting and his exposure of corruption at the highest levels of government,” Lichtman says. “And the need to silence him is why this bogus investigation of an abandoned diary even exists.”
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-First Amendment advocates contend that in seeking to divide the real journalists from the posers, prosecutors are making irrelevant distinctions. “At the end of the day, it doesn’t really matter if someone is a journalist or not,” says Katie Townsend, legal director for the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press. The question, she says, is “Are they engaged in news-gathering activities?”
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-By O’Keefe’s own account, though, his organization’s methods can look a lot like something less defensible: political espionage. His 2018 book, *American Pravda,* begins with an early meeting with Donald Trump and shows how far he was willing to go to serve Trump’s political interests. He recounts a six-month undercover operation that Project Veritas staged against organizations doing fieldwork for Hillary Clinton’s 2016 campaign. One operative posed as a Democratic donor hoping to find someone to carry out a voter-fraud scheme he had concocted, and another, playing his “niece,” secured an internship in the Washington office occupied by a consulting firm called Democracy Partners, where she taped all of her interactions using a camera disguised as a shirt button. Project Veritas never caught Democrats participating in or admitting to election fraud, but some of the marks talked bluntly about disrupting Republican events. Trump brought the videos up in his final debate with Clinton. O’Keefe, who was in attendance, was thrilled.
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-At the debate, O’Keefe later testified in a deposition, he met [Erik Prince](https://nymag.com/tags/erik-prince/), the founder of the military contractor [Blackwater](https://nymag.com/tags/blackwater/) and the brother of [Betsy DeVos](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/07/betsy-devos-secretary-of-education.html), who became Trump’s Education secretary. Prince soon became a key Project Veritas supporter. According to the *Times* and the Intercept, Prince arranged for O’Keefe and his operatives to receive training in “elicitation” and other tools of spycraft. The nonprofit reportedly hired a Prince associate, a former MI-6 agent, to run its fieldwork and assigned a group of female operatives to gather information about institutions including the FBI for a series called *Deep State: Unmasked.* They sought a route in through dating apps, matching up with men and chatting them up about their workplaces over drinks and dinners.
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-Such “Tinder operations” have become one of the organization’s primary reporting methods in recent years. O’Keefe allegedly instructed his staffers to read *Red Sparrow,* a spy thriller about a beautiful Russian ballerina who uses sex as a weapon. It’s unclear how successful the operations against the deep state were, and no FBI-related videos ever appeared. Ultimately, O’Keefe was too ravenous for attention to make a reliable spy — he even tweeted a photo of himself firing a pistol during weapons training on Prince’s ranch. The MI-6 veteran soon left the organization. In March 2020, the *Times* began to publish a series of stories on the O’Keefe-Prince relationship.
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-For years, O’Keefe had treated the *Times* as a personal adversary, occasionally accosting its editors on the street with cameras. (Dean Baquet, then the paper’s executive editor, returned the sentiment, calling O’Keefe “despicable.”) In September 2020, a news article presented O’Keefe with an opportunity to counterattack. A *Times* story suggested that a Project Veritas video involving a supposed ballot “harvesting” scheme inside the Somali community in Minneapolis might be part of a “coordinated disinformation effort,” according to researchers at two universities. Project Veritas vehemently objected to the allegation and swiftly brought a defamation lawsuit against the *Times* in New York State Court. O’Keefe often sought shelter behind legal precedents that shield journalists from defamation claims, but he evidently saw no cognitive dissonance.
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-The undisguised aim of his lawsuit was to force the *Times* into the legal-discovery process, compelling it to make disclosures about its practices that might support his claim that the paper’s pretense of objectivity masked a partisan agenda. O’Keefe was so enthusiastic about the strategy that he announced a new initiative, Project Veritas Legal, to bring similar suits. “We will DEPOSE them. We will EXPOSE them,” the new venture’s web page declared. In May 2021, to promote Project Veritas Legal, O’Keefe released an ’80s-style dance video for a song called “Oligarchy,” set to the tune of Prince’s “Controversy.” In it, he swaggers through an office in a tight black T-shirt and does a high-stepping defamation-themed dance routine with about a dozen background dancers before taking a sledgehammer to a bank of TVs.
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-That year, Project Veritas spent more than $4.7 million on outside legal fees, over $800,000 of which it paid to Clare Locke, a law firm that specializes in bringing defamation lawsuits and had represented it in the case against the *Times.* Turning the paper into a litigation adversary had a secondary strategic benefit. It allowed O’Keefe to cast suspicion on its ongoing coverage of his organization — and perhaps give potential turncoats reason for pause if contacted by reporters. Yet the *Times* continued its coverage, and in November 2021, days after the FBI searches, the paper reported on a series of memos written by Project Veritas lawyers offering guidance on its Tinder operations. The memos raised the possibility that secretly recording government employees with security clearances could lead to violations of the Espionage Act.
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-After the story appeared, O’Keefe and his attorneys went ballistic, arguing — with a straight face — that the *Times* had no right to publish his improperly obtained documents. Project Veritas sought a temporary injunction from the New York State Court in its civil-defamation case, asking the judge to bar the newspaper from seeking or publishing material covered by attorney-client privilege. In a shocking decision, Judge Charles Wood largely sided with Project Veritas and instructed the *Times* to return or destroy the memos. “Undoubtedly, every media outlet believes that anything it publishes is a matter of public concern,” he wrote in the decision. “But some things are not fodder for public consideration and consumption.” The *Times* editorial board decried the judge’s “breathtaking” rationale, saying the decision violated the Supreme Court’s prohibition on “prior restraint” of the press, which had been established in the Pentagon Papers decision.
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-Meanwhile, the whole question of whether O’Keefe is a journalist or a dirty trickster appears to be a nonissue to prosecutors handling the diary investigation. “Veritas is attacking this as a First Amendment case,” says an attorney familiar with the diary investigation, “and the government is treating it as a stolen-property case.” In August, Harris and Kurlander pleaded guilty to stealing the diary and other property belonging to Ashley Biden and conspiring to transport it across state lines. Kurlander called his actions “wrong and awful” in court and agreed to cooperate with the FBI. O’Keefe’s attorneys have claimed that he believed the diary had been abandoned, not stolen, but that even if Harris and Kurlander now admit to theft, Project Veritas is protected under the Supreme Court decision *Bartnicki* v. *Vopper.* This precedent says journalists cannot be held responsible for their sources’ crimes so long as they do not actively participate in them. That last bit could end up being the fatal catch.
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-Although there’s nothing illegal about paying sources — it is done openly by tabloids and more discreetly by many television news programs — the pattern of transactions in the diary case makes it appear as if Project Veritas offered additional money for the authenticating material. “That’s what gets people in trouble,” says Cameron Stracher, an attorney who has represented the *National Enquirer.* Accepting stolen material is one thing; asking for more of it starts to look like a conspiracy. “Even nudge-nudge, wink-wink can be a crime,” he says. If that proves to be the case, the irony here will be rich. After all its playing with truth, Project Veritas may be undone by its own fact-checking.
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-O’Keefe as Santa Claus, promoting his defamation lawsuit outside the New York *Times* in December 2022. Photo: Project Veritas/YouTube
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-**In January 2022,** to celebrate the publication of his third book, *American Muckraker,* O’Keefe threw what he billed “the event of the century” at the Fontainebleau hotel in Miami Beach. The book is written largely in the third person and threaded with quotes from Soviet dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. “Rebellion against the system will inevitably cause the muckraker a fair share of pain, political persecution, even prosecution,” O’Keefe writes, “so piercing, so excruciating, that his continuation down this path risks crossing the line into masochism.” At the party, though, he seemed to be reveling in the threat of the Gulag. According to *Rolling Stone,* O’Keefe wore aviator glasses and a black PRESS flak vest as backup dancers in FBI windbreakers bounced to Lady Gaga’s “Bad Romance.”
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-Neither O’Keefe nor anyone else from Project Veritas has been charged with a crime, but over the past year, the pressure has grown only more intense. The New York State Court injunction in the defamation case was lifted by an appeals court, and the *Times* has continued to report on Project Veritas and the Ashley Biden diary. In November, in a sign that the federal criminal investigation may be taking a more serious turn, O’Keefe added Lichtman and another experienced New York criminal defense lawyer to his already large legal team. (Lichtman’s former clients include John Gotti Jr. and the Mexican drug kingpin Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzmán.)
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-The many people O’Keefe has burned in the past have watched this turn of events with vengeful excitement. “I have spent time, sweat, tears, trying to expose this motherfucker so other people don’t have to go through what my partners and I went through,” says Lauren Windsor, a member of Democracy Partners, the firm whose office was infiltrated by a fake intern in 2016. Windsor, who has likened the experience to “psychological rape,” started a website called Project Veritas Exposed to list names and photos of known O’Keefe employees and associates, helping to alert other Democrats and, in one case, to set up a counter-sting on the operative who played the intern.
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-Other Project Veritas targets have used litigation to open its internal workings to public scrutiny. A pending civil lawsuit between Project Veritas and the Michigan branch of the American Federation of Teachers resulted in disclosures that helped to bring the Erik Prince relationship to light. This past September, a federal jury in Washington found Project Veritas liable for fraudulent misrepresentation in its operation against Democracy Partners and awarded the plaintiffs $120,000, though O’Keefe is appealing the verdict. A third cluster of lawsuits pits Project Veritas against a group of aggrieved former employees. In a neat twist of fate, the ex-employees are represented by a labor lawyer named Arthur Schwartz, a self-described “Bernie guy” who used to be the general counsel for ACORN — the organization destroyed by the sting that launched O’Keefe’s career.
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-Schwartz’s primary client is Antonietta Zappier, a former administrative assistant for Project Veritas. A grandmother and part-time DJ, Zappier found the job through word of mouth at her beauty salon. According to her complaint, her tasks included signing O’Keefe’s name to “autographed” books, doing his laundry, and delivering a spare key when he was locked out of his apartment, sometimes in the middle of the night. On one occasion, the suit alleges, Zappier was asked to bring cleaning supplies to O’Keefe’s sailboat because someone had defecated on the deck during a party. (“No one defecated on the deck,” a Project Veritas attorney stated in an email.) Zappier claims O’Keefe presided over a sexualized workplace, surrounding himself with staffers he referred to as PYTs — short for “pretty young things.” (“It is incorrect that any staffer was referred to as ‘PYTs,’” the attorney said.) She alleges that employees drank and had sex in the office and used drugs in a nearby corporate apartment, and she claims that when complaints were raised, O’Keefe replied, “Humans gonna be human.” (The attorney called this an “inaccurate anecdote.”) Zappier contends she was fired after she rejected a co-worker’s repeated advances, which allegedly included an incident in which he groped and kissed her at the office Christmas party in 2021. She filed an employment-discrimination lawsuit in August 2022.
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-Other former employees, who asked not to be identified for fear of violating nondisclosure agreements, backed up Zappier’s portrayal of the organization and described a wildly paranoid atmosphere where anyone might be a mole and everyone might be on tape. “Wouldn’t you think that the investigative undercover-reporting people would have cameras inside their offices?” a former employee named Patrice Thibodeau, who claims to have worked on undercover operations in Washington, said in a YouTube video he posted in December. (He left the job to pursue a career in adult film under the name Jean Jacque the Cock.) Purges have caused leaks that divulged information that Project Veritas labors to keep confidential. Some of the nonprofit’s most tightly guarded secrets involve its donors. Under the federal tax code, it is not required to disclose their names to the public. In recent years, a substantial percentage of the organization’s funding has come from Donors Trust, a nonprofit entity that allows individuals to give money to causes beneath an extra layer of anonymity. Previous reports have tied O’Keefe to Trump-aligned billionaires like Peter Thiel and Robert Mercer. (Both later distanced themselves.) In the course of my reporting, I obtained an authentic-looking internal Project Veritas fundraising spreadsheet that lists many well-known financiers and business executives. In December, a Twitter account named @VeritasInsider appeared and began tweeting some of the same (unconfirmable) names, along with the supposed identities of undercover operatives and scurrilous office gossip.
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-Schwartz has brought a second lawsuit, a class action, on behalf of Zappier, Thibodeau, and four other former employees, alleging that Project Veritas was an oppressive employer and illegally cheated workers out of overtime. The company has denied the allegations in both employment lawsuits and filed its own suits against Zappier and Thibodeau. It claims it terminated Zappier “due to a pattern of conduct evincing a lack of judgment, professionalism, and responsibility.” (She was fired, her suit says, the same day her husband had a hostile confrontation with a Project Veritas undercover operative.) The nonprofit further alleges that subsequent investigations found thousands of dollars in unauthorized Uber and takeout-food costs charged to a company credit card. (Schwartz says Zappier made the purchases for Project Veritas and O’Keefe himself at her boss’s direction in her capacity as an office administrator.) Project Veritas separately accuses Thibodeau of violating the terms of his NDA by revealing proprietary secrets in his YouTube videos.
-
-O’Keefe has said hidden cameras are a tool to uncover the truths people utter when they think they’re among friends and maintains that his operatives have never forced anyone to say anything. “As the experienced muckraker understands,” he writes in his most recent book, regarding Windsor and others, “the appropriate metaphor here is not rape, but consensual sex.” O’Keefe’s defenders say his decision not to publish the Biden diary demonstrates his ethical standards. If anything, the ongoing federal criminal investigation has elevated the standing of Project Veritas on the right. Representative Jim Jordan, the incoming chairman of the new House select committee investigating the “weaponization of the federal government,” has signaled his intent to scrutinize the Justice Department’s conduct in the Ashley Biden case.
-
-“When you send O’Keefe to jail, you’ve only strengthened his image as a fighter of regime corruption,” says Vish Burra, a former producer of Steve Bannon’s *War Room* podcast who recently went to work for an aide to the embattled New York Republican representative George Santos. “You’re only serving the brand.” Of course, O’Keefe is the one who would have to do the time. Meanwhile, he still has to run an organization funded by donors who may have less tolerance for legal conflict. Recently, Project Veritas announced a round of layoffs and advertised openings for key jobs, including chief development officer and general counsel. The organization’s stings last election season were not exactly October surprises. Story subjects included an advance staffer for Mayor Eric Adams who said impolitic things about his boss and the police on dates with an undercover operative; a Greenwich elementary-school assistant principal who boasted (falsely, his attorney claims) on a date that he used his authority to screen out conservative job applicants; and the twin sister of Katie Hobbs (now the Democratic governor of Arizona), who appeared to be targeted mainly because the two look *exactly alike*.
-
-Project Veritas has always been a one-man show, and lately, its content has increasingly come to reflect the interests and grudges of its dominating founder. He regularly attacks the FBI and Merrick Garland over their conduct in the diary case. A 2021 sting caught *Times* national security reporter Matthew Rosenberg complaining over drinks that some of his younger colleagues had exaggerated the scale of the danger they faced inside the Capitol on January 6. And he is always spoiling for new fights. In a video the organization posted in December, O’Keefe is shown smugly provoking protesters outside the Park Avenue holiday gala of the New York Young Republican Club. “What’s racist about Project Veritas?” O’Keefe asks in a second clip of the confrontation. “We’re journalists; we’re exposing.”
-
-Inside the ballroom, O’Keefe mingled with other MAGA celebrities, including Bannon, Erik Prince, Rudy Giuliani, Roger Stone, and a tieless Don Jr. O’Keefe looked debonair in his snug tuxedo. During the cocktail hour, an olive sloshed in his martini as he squired around Alexandra Rose, a real-estate agent and cast member on the Netflix reality series *Selling the OC.*
-
-I approached O’Keefe to say hello. We had first spoken a couple months before, shortly after I started making calls to people who knew him. He and an aide reacted to my inquiries by pulling a prank, at first posing as sources (unsuccessfully) and then sarcastically asking me to wear a hidden camera to my office. Of course, the exchange was taped and immediately posted to Instagram and YouTube. At the gala, one of O’Keefe’s aides began to film our interaction on his iPhone. “Did you see our dildo–butt-plug story?” O’Keefe asked. “You going to mention that?” It was a recent scoop of theirs: A dean at a prestigious Chicago private school had been caught on-camera talking lightheartedly and explicitly about an (optional) queer sex-education class that took place during the school’s Pride Week.
-
-“Why is it that all of these journalists are attacking me?” O’Keefe asked. “People are so distrustful of media, rightfully so. Because media seems to be defending power and acting in a symbiotic relationship with the power structure, as opposed to investigating the power structure. I mean, the FBI’s raid was the most unconstitutional, insane violation, like, ever.”
-
-At dinner, O’Keefe was seated at a central table at the front of the room not far from Santos, who was soon to be exposed — though not by Project Veritas — as a serial fabulist. “Now, in schools,” Georgia representative Marjorie Taylor Greene said in her speech, “we’re learning that teachers can pass around dildos, butt plugs, and lube.” She motioned to O’Keefe. “Project Veritas, ladies and gentlemen.”
-
-Come Monday, the muckraker was back at work. O’Keefe stood next to a red bucket in a Santa costume outside the New York *Times* building, performing street theater for the camera, complaining of defamation and handing out little bags of coal.
-
--   [What Project Veritas Founder James O’Keefe Won’t Say](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/04/what-james-okeefe-wont-say-about-ashley-bidens-diary.html)
--   [FBI Raids James O’Keefe’s Apartment Amid Probe Over Ashley Biden’s Stolen Diary](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/11/fbi-probes-project-veritas-over-ashley-bidens-stolen-diary.html)
-
-[See All](https://nymag.com/tags/project-veritas)
-
-Will Ashley Biden’s Stolen Diary Take Down Project Veritas?
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-Date: 2023-10-22
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-# Winging It with the New Backcountry Barnstormers
-
-Heading out the door? Read this article on the Outside app available now on iOS devices for members! [Download the app](https://outsideapp.onelink.me/wOhi/6wh1kbvw).
-
-## Part One: The Convincer in Chief
-
-### Northern Nevada and the Lost Sierra, Summer 2022
-
-In early August of 2022, 69 days before the 12th annual High Sierra Fly-In—an event known as American aviation’s Burning Man—Trent Palmer hoisted himself into the cockpit of his red, white, and blue bush plane, the *Freedom Fox,* and fired up the engine for another cruise into the valleys north of Lake Tahoe. Palmer, wearing flip-flops, shorts, and a Trent Palmer limited-edition trucker hat (“Fly Low, Don’t Die,” $40), is not your typical bush pilot, hauling mountaineers and machinery. Thanks to a prodigious YouTube following, he’s one of the most prominent of a new breed of lower 48 adventurers who are landing their fat-tire planes on and in mountaintops, ridgetops, river canyons, mountain meadows, dry lake beds, and grass and dirt airstrips, mainly in the American West, and mostly on land managed by the federal government.
-
-Here was Palmer, 34, his handsome face smooth of whiskers but strong of jaw, moving through his preflight checklist, which included ditching his flip-flops in favor of bare feet, both of which were hovering over the rudder pedals. He jiggled the center control stick, rising up from the floor between his legs, which he used to tame the *Freedom Fox’*s direction and pitch. He said “Clear” and pushed the starter button, and the propeller coughed and revved, eventually producing a throaty thrum. The plane’s wings and fuselage were the color of Old Glory; several dozen stars spanned the cockpit’s exterior. An observer would be forgiven for mistaking Palmer’s craft for an Air National Guard stunt plane.
-
-Palmer tweaked the throttle and steered toward the runway. He spoke into his headset: “Stead traffic, *Freedom Fox,* taking runway two-six at alpha two. It’ll be a westbound departure.”
-
-I sat to Palmer’s right, a motion-sickness bracelet on my left wrist, anti-nausea gum in my mouth, and a gallon-size ziplock at my feet. The copilot’s control stick started bobbing around between my legs in sync with Palmer’s. The *Freedom Fox,* an immaculately maintained, high-wing, single-engine tail-wheel plane with burly 29-inch bush tires, monster shocks, extended wings, and a 140-horsepower fuel-injected turbocharged engine, climbed from Reno-Stead Regional Airport at 1,500 feet a minute. The stamped alkaline flats of the Great Basin gave way to the dense pine forests of California’s Lost Sierra, a huge swath of mountainous backcountry about an hour north of Reno. On the horizon, the jagged crest of the Sierra Buttes came into view. Palmer, who was piping a Shakey Graves tune through the headsets, exuded competence, bonhomie, and (in the confines, I couldn’t help but notice) a pleasant, soapy smell.
-
-He had agreed to take me along as he executed a series of “short takeoffs and landings”—STOL, for short—which epitomize bush flying, whether the assignment is depositing researchers onto a remote airstrip in Alaska’s Brooks Range, competing in STOL competitions, or landing “off-airport”—on ungroomed terrain, nowhere near a runway—as we were about to do next to California’s Stampede Reservoir.
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-Palmer seemed happy to be flying without cameras and a YouTube agenda. “How are you feeling?” he asked, this polite ambassador and evangelist of his winged pastime, this member of a band of nine bush-pilot buckaroos called the [Flying Cowboys](https://www.theflyingcowboys.com/), social media influencers all, using their platforms to spread the bush-flying gospel to the uninitiated.
-
-In one 2018 video, Palmer and two other young pilots fly to a northern Nevada mountaintop and set up base camp. One pilot paraglides off the summit. In a voiceover keyed to uplifting synths and soaring drone shots, Palmer says, “More often than not, we work away all the golden years of our lives, years we’ll never get back, all in an attempt to enjoy the remaining few.”
-
-“I say it doesn’t have to be that way,” he continues. “What I’m saying is to stop waiting, stop dreaming, and start living. Life is too short to eat dessert last.”
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-“You know the drill,” he concludes. “Like this video if you do, subscribe if you haven’t, \[and\] come be my wingman.” Then he whispers “Peace,” flashes the V, and slaps his hand over the lens.
-
-The result? Followers. Half a million of them. Palmer grosses about $150,000 a year from various income streams, including YouTube.
-
-He gestured at the twitching control stick. “You might get punched in the nuts when I’m landing,” he said, “but don’t worry about it.”
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-Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/01/magazine/menopause-hot-flashes-hormone-therapy.html?unlocked_article_code=6bLt9529hBqb4NNvU_svffPltLxN_wNYjVP7G3pRifLCP8pMHboEsYgNazAPcXNE9f9czX6cq3m_kRlbWivw1ShwzkdRuHEdH1F2UURa8J1Y22A_bceiFVXgw2sBN5TN_nGM8aOIbJIvSs-88ul7t7mA90L4--H2rjYegOW6SXm396fZCiaESCw5QWsWcnBSfR8Q-ka5posM8SEXJKCRgsV7HD4zUT432fidbgR--KcCyfi5vO4CSXgW3SHE8_w_M83nUmsiZpjXWgQ4szMB_Kw9bPk7sq-Nh5Iv5gBR-RycqALEw514l5UfVvx48cgMSSnrNYtz5Zs9cjDd20l07nQ9gTklHkNP5fxBF_Pf6lg&smid=share-url
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-# Women Have Been Misled About Menopause
-
-![A posed photograph of a middle-aged woman, cropped tightly to show part of her face and torso, with sweat visible on her neck.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/02/05/magazine/05mag-menopause/05mag-menopause-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Credit...Marta Blue for The New York Times
-
-Hot flashes, sleeplessness, pain during sex: For some of menopause’s worst symptoms, there’s an established treatment. Why aren’t more women offered it?
-
-Credit...Marta Blue for The New York Times
-
--   Published Feb. 1, 2023Updated Feb. 5, 2023, 10:44 a.m. ET
-
-### Listen to This Article
-
-*To hear more audio stories from publications like The New York Times,* [*download Audm for iPhone or Android*](https://www.audm.com/?utm_source=nytmag&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=vicious_cycle_dominus)*.*
-
-For the past two or three years, many of my friends, women mostly in their early 50s, have found themselves in an unexpected state of suffering. The cause of their suffering was something they had in common, but that did not make it easier for them to figure out what to do about it, even though they knew it was coming: It was menopause.
-
-The symptoms they experienced were varied and intrusive. Some lost hours of sleep every night, disruptions that chipped away at their mood, their energy, the vast resources of good will that it takes to parent and to partner. One friend endured weeklong stretches of menstrual bleeding so heavy that she had to miss work. Another friend was plagued by as many as 10 hot flashes a day; a third was so troubled by her flights of anger, their intensity new to her, that she sat her 12-year-old son down to explain that she was not feeling right — that there was this thing called menopause and that she was going through it. Another felt a pervasive dryness in her skin, her nails, her throat, even her eyes — as if she were slowly calcifying.
-
-Then last year, I reached the same state of transition. Technically, it is known as perimenopause, the biologically chaotic phase leading up to a woman’s last period, when her reproductive cycle makes its final, faltering runs. The shift, which lasts, on average, four years, typically starts when women reach their late 40s, the point at which the egg-producing sacs of the ovaries start to plummet in number. In response, some hormones — among them estrogen and progesterone — spike and dip erratically, their usual signaling systems failing. During this time, a woman’s period may be much heavier or lighter than usual. As levels of estrogen, a crucial chemical messenger, trend downward, women are at higher risk for severe depressive symptoms. Bone loss accelerates. In women who have a genetic risk for Alzheimer’s disease, the first plaques are thought to form in the brain during this period. Women often gain weight quickly, or see it shift to their middles, as the body fights to hold onto the estrogen that abdominal fat cells produce. The body is in a temporary state of adjustment, even reinvention, like a machine that once ran on gas trying to adjust to solar power, challenged to find workarounds.
-
-I knew I was in perimenopause because my period disappeared for months at a time, only to return with no explanation. In the weeks leading up to each period, I experienced abdominal discomfort so extreme that I went for an ultrasound to make sure I didn’t have some ever-growing cyst. At times, hot flashes woke me at night, forcing me straight into the kinds of anxious thoughts that take on ferocious life in the early hours of morning. Even more distressing was the hard turn my memory took for the worse: I was forever blanking on something I said as soon as I’d said it, chronically groping for words or names — a development apparent enough that people close to me commented on it. I was haunted by a conversation I had with a writer I admired, someone who quit relatively young. At a small party, I asked her why. “Menopause,” she told me without hesitation. “I couldn’t think of the words.”
-
-> ## ‘It suggests that we have a high cultural tolerance for women’s suffering. It’s not regarded as important.’
-
-My friends’ reports of their recent doctors’ visits suggested that there was no obvious recourse for these symptoms. When one friend mentioned that she was waking once nightly because of hot flashes, her gynecologist waved it off as hardly worth discussing. A colleague of mine seeking relief from hot flashes was prescribed bee-pollen extract, which she dutifully took with no result. Another friend who expressed concerns about a lower libido and vaginal dryness could tell that her gynecologist was uncomfortable talking about both. (“I thought, hey, aren’t you a vagina doctor?” she told me. “I use that thing for sex!”)
-
-Their doctors’ responses prompted me to contemplate a thought experiment, one that is not exactly original but is nevertheless striking. Imagine that some significant portion of the male population started regularly waking in the middle of the night drenched in sweat, a problem that endured for several years. Imagine that those men stumbled to work, exhausted, their morale low, frequently tearing off their jackets or hoodies during meetings and excusing themselves to gulp for air by a window. Imagine that many of them suddenly found sex to be painful, that they were newly prone to urinary-tract infections, with their penises becoming dry and irritable, even showing signs of what their doctors called “atrophy.” Imagine that many of their doctors had received little to no training on how to manage these symptoms — and when the subject arose, sometimes reassured their patients that this process was natural, as if that should be consolation enough.
-
-Now imagine that there was a treatment for all these symptoms that doctors often overlooked. The scenario seems unlikely, and yet it’s a depressingly accurate picture of menopausal care for women. There is a treatment, hardly obscure, known as menopausal hormone therapy, that eases hot flashes and sleep disruption and possibly depression and aching joints. It decreases the risk of diabetes and protects against osteoporosis. It also helps prevent and treat menopausal genitourinary syndrome, a collection of symptoms, including urinary-tract infections and pain during sex, that affects nearly half of postmenopausal women.
-
-Image
-
-![A posed photograph of a middle-aged woman, cropped tightly to show her ear and part of her face, with drops of sweat visible on her face.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/02/05/magazine/05mag-menopause-02/05mag-menopause-02-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
-
-Credit...Marta Blue for The New York Times
-
-Menopausal hormone therapy was once the most commonly prescribed treatment in the United States. In the late 1990s, some 15 million women a year were receiving a prescription for it. But in 2002, a single study, its design imperfect, found links between hormone therapy and elevated health risks for women of all ages. Panic set in; in one year, the number of prescriptions plummeted. Hormone therapy carries risks, to be sure, as do many medications that people take to relieve serious discomfort, but dozens of studies since 2002 have provided reassurance that for healthy women under 60 whose hot flashes are troubling them, the benefits of taking hormones outweigh the risks. The treatment’s reputation, however, has never fully recovered, and the consequences have been wide-reaching. It is painful to contemplate the sheer number of indignities unnecessarily endured over the past 20 years: the embarrassing flights to the bathroom, the loss of precious sleep, the promotions that seemed no longer in reach, the changing of all those drenched sheets in the early morning, the depression that fell like a dark curtain over so many women’s days.
-
-About 85 percent of women experience menopausal symptoms. Rebecca Thurston, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh who studies menopause, believes that, in general, menopausal women have been underserved — an oversight that she considers one of the great blind spots of medicine. “It suggests that we have a high cultural tolerance for women’s suffering,” Thurston says. “It’s not regarded as important.”
-
-Even hormone therapy, the single best option that is available to women, has a history that reflects the medical culture’s challenges in keeping up with science; it also represents a lost opportunity to improve women’s lives.
-
-**“Every woman has** the right — indeed the duty — to counteract the chemical castration that befalls her during her middle years,” the gynecologist Robert Wilson wrote in 1966. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first hormone-therapy drug in 1942, but Wilson’s blockbuster book, “Feminine Forever,” can be considered a kind of historical landmark — the start of a vexed relationship for women and hormone therapy. The book was bold for its time, in that it recognized sexual pleasure as a priority for women. But it also displayed a frank contempt for aging women’s bodies and pitched hormones in the service of men’s desires: Women on hormones would be “more generous” sexually and “easier to live with.” They would even be less likely to cheat. Within a decade of the book’s publication, Premarin — a mix of estrogens derived from the urine of pregnant horses — was the fifth-most-prescribed drug in the United States. (Decades later, it was revealed that Wilson received funding from the pharmaceutical company that sold Premarin.)
-
-In 1975, alarming research halted the rise of the drug’s popularity. Menopausal women who took estrogen had a significantly increased risk of endometrial cancer. Prescriptions dropped, but researchers soon realized that they could all but eliminate the increased risk by prescribing progesterone, a hormone that inhibits the growth of cells in the uterus lining. The number of women taking hormones started rising once again, and continued rising over the next two decades, especially as increasing numbers of doctors came to believe that estrogen protected women from cardiovascular disease. Women’s heart health was known to be superior to men’s until they hit menopause, at which point their risk for cardiovascular disease quickly skyrocketed to meet that of age-matched men. In 1991, an observational study of 48,000 postmenopausal nurses found that those who took hormones had a 50 percent lower risk of heart disease than those who did not. The same year, an advisory committee suggested to the F.D.A. that “virtually all” menopausal women might be candidates for hormone therapy. “When I started out, I had a slide that said estrogen should be in the water,” recalls Hadine Joffe, a psychiatry professor at Harvard Medical School who studies menopause and mood disorders. “We thought it was like fluoride.”
-
-Feminist perspectives on hormone therapy varied. Some perceived it as a way for women to control their own bodies; others saw it as an unnecessary medicalization of a natural process, a superfluous product designed to keep women sexually available and conventionally attractive. For many, the issue lay with its safety: Hormone therapy had already been aggressively marketed to women in the 1960s without sufficient research, and many women’s health advocates believed that history was repeating itself. The research supporting its health benefits came from observational studies, which meant that the subjects were not randomly assigned to the drug or a placebo. That made it difficult to know if healthier women were choosing hormones or if hormones were making women healthier. Women’s health advocates, with the support of the feminist congresswoman Patricia Schroeder, called on the National Institutes of Health to run long-term, randomized, controlled trials to determine, once and for all, whether hormones improved women’s cardiovascular health.
-
-In 1991, Bernadine Healy, the first woman to serve as director of the N.I.H., started the Women’s Health Initiative, which remains the largest randomized clinical trial in history to involve only women, studying health outcomes for 160,000 postmenopausal women, some of them over the course of 15 years. Costs for just one aspect of its research, the hormone trial, would eventually run to $260 million. The hormone trial was expected to last about eight years, but in June 2002, word started spreading that one arm of the trial — in which women were given a combination of estrogen and progestin, a synthetic form of progesterone — had been stopped prematurely. Nanette Santoro, a reproductive endocrinologist who had high hopes for hormones’ benefit on heart health, told me she was so anxious to know why the study was halted that she could barely sleep. “I kept waking my husband up in the middle of the night to say, ‘What do you think?’” she recalled. Alas, her husband, an optometrist, could scarcely illuminate the situation.
-
-> ## ‘When I started out, I had a slide that said estrogen should be in the water. We thought it was like fluoride.’
-
-Santoro did not have to wait long. On July 9, the Women’s Health Initiative’s steering committee organized a major news conference in the ballroom of the National Press Club in Washington to announce both the halting of the study and its findings, a week before the results would be publicly available for doctors to read and interpret. Jaques Rossouw, an epidemiologist who was the acting [director of the W.H.I., told the gathered press that the study had found both adverse effects and benefits of hormone therapy,](https://sp.whi.org/participants/findings/Pages/ht_eplusp_rossouw.aspx) but that “the adverse effects outweigh and outnumber the benefits.” The trial, Rossouw said, did not find that taking hormones protected women from heart disease, as many had hoped; on the contrary, it found that hormone therapy carried a small but statistically significant increased risk of cardiac events, strokes and clots — as well as an increased risk of breast cancer. He described the increased risk of breast cancer as “very small,” or more precisely: “less than a tenth of 1 percent per year” for an individual woman.
-
-What happened next was an exercise in poor communication that would have profound repercussions for decades to come. Over the next several weeks, researchers and news anchors presented the data in a way that caused panic. On the “Today” show, Ann Curry interviewed Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, an epidemiologist who was one of the chief investigators for the W.H.I. “What made it ethically impossible to continue the study?” Curry asked her. Wassertheil-Smoller responded, “Well, in the interest of safety, we found there was an excess risk of breast cancer.” Curry rattled off some startling numbers: “And to be very specific here, you actually found that heart disease, the risk increased by 29 percent. The risks of strokes increased by 41 percent. It doubled the risk of blood clots. Invasive breast cancer risk increased by 26 percent.”
-
-All of those statistics were accurate, but for a lay audience, they were difficult to interpret and inevitably sounded more alarming than was appropriate. The increase in the risk of breast cancer, for example, could also be presented this way: A woman’s risk of having breast cancer between the ages of 50 and 60 is around 2.33 percent. Increasing that risk by 26 percent would mean elevating it to 2.94 percent. (Smoking, by contrast, increases cancer risk by 2,600 percent.) Another way to think about it is that for every 10,000 women who take hormones, an additional eight will develop breast cancer. Avrum Bluming, a co-author of the 2018 book “Estrogen Matters,” emphasized the importance of putting that risk and others in context. “There is a reported risk of pulmonary embolism among postmenopausal women taking estrogen,” Bluming says. “But what is ‘risk’? The risk of embolism is similar to the risk of being on oral contraceptives or being pregnant.”
-
-The study itself was designed with what would come to be seen as a major flaw. W.H.I. researchers wanted to be able to measure health outcomes — how many women ended up having strokes, heart attacks or cancer — but those ailments may not show up until women are in their 70s or 80s. The study was scheduled to run for only 8½ years. So they weighted the participants toward women who were already 60 or older. That choice meant that women in their 50s, who tended to be healthier and have more menopausal symptoms, were underrepresented in the study. At the news conference, Rossouw started out by saying that the findings had “broad applicability,” emphasizing that the trial found no difference in risk by age. It would be years before researchers appreciated just how wrong that was.
-
-Image
-
-Credit...Marta Blue for The New York Times
-
-The “Today” segment was just one of several media moments that triggered an onslaught of panicked phone calls from women to their doctors. Mary Jane Minkin, a practicing OB-GYN and a clinical professor at Yale School of Medicine, told me she was apoplectic with frustration; she couldn’t reassure her patients, if reassurance was even in order (she came to think it was), because the findings were not yet publicly available. “I remember where I was when John Kennedy was shot,” Minkin says. “I remember where I was on 9/11. And I remember where I was when the W.H.I. findings came out. I got more calls that day than I’ve ever gotten before or since in my life.” She believes she spoke to at least 50 patients on the day of the “Today” interview, but she also knows that countless other patients did not bother to call, simply quitting their hormone therapy overnight.
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-Within six months, insurance claims for hormone therapy had dropped by 30 percent, and by 2009, they were down by more than 70 percent. JoAnn Manson, chief of the division of preventive medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and one of the chief investigators in the study, described the fallout as “the most dramatic sea change in clinical medicine that I have ever seen.” Newsweek characterized the response as “near panic.” The message that took hold then, and has persisted ever since, was a warped understanding of the research that became a cudgel of a warning: Hormone therapy is dangerous for women.
-
-**The full picture** of hormone therapy is now known to be far more nuanced and reassuring. When patients tell Stephanie Faubion, the director of the Mayo Clinic Center for Women’s Health, that they’ve heard that hormones are dangerous, she has a fairly consistent response. “I sigh,” Faubion told me. She knows she has some serious clarifying to do.
-
-Faubion, who is also the medical director of the North American Menopause Society (NAMS), an association of menopause specialists, says the first question patients usually ask her is about breast-cancer risk. She explains that in the W.H.I. trial, women who were given a combination of estrogen and progestin saw an increased risk emerge only after five years on hormones — and even after 20 years, the mortality rate of women who took those hormones was no higher than that of the control group. (Some researchers have hope that new formulations of hormone therapy will lessen the risk of breast cancer. One major [observational study published last year suggested so,](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35675607/) but that research is not conclusive.)
-
-The biggest takeaway from the last two decades of research is that age matters: For women who go through early menopause, before age 45, hormone therapy is recommended because they’re at greater risk for osteoporosis if they don’t receive hormones up until the typical age of menopause. For healthy women in their 50s, life-threatening events like clots or stroke are rare, and so the increased risks from hormone therapy are also quite low. When Manson, along with Rossouw, did a [reanalysis of the W.H.I. findings,](https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa030808) she found that women under 60 in the trial had no elevated risk of heart disease.
-
-> ## ‘I remember where I was when John Kennedy was shot. I remember where I was on 9/11. And I remember where I was when the W.H.I. findings came out.’
-
-The [findings, however, did reveal](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17405972/) greater risks for women who start hormone therapy after age 60. Manson’s analyses found that women had a small elevated risk of coronary heart disease if they started taking hormones after age 60 and a significant elevated risk if they started after age 70. It was possible, researchers have hypothesized, that hormones may be most effective within a certain window, perpetuating the well-being of systems that are still healthy but accelerating damage in those already in decline. (No research has yet followed women who start in their 50s and stay on continuously into their 60s.)
-
-Researchers also now have a better appreciation of the benefits of hormone therapy. Even at the time that the W.H.I. findings were released, the data showed at least one clear improvement resulting from hormone therapy: Women had 24 percent fewer fractures. Since then, other positive results have emerged. The incidence of diabetes, for instance, was found to be 20 percent lower in women who took hormones, compared with those who took a placebo. In the W.H.I. trial, women who had hysterectomies — 30 percent of American women by age 60 — were given estrogen alone because they did not need progesterone to protect them from endometrial cancer, and [that group had](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3963523/) [*lower*](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3963523/) [rates of breast cancer than the placebo group.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3963523/) “Nonetheless,” Bluming and his co-author, Carol Tavris, write in “Estrogen Matters,” “we have yet to see an N.I.H. press conference convened to reassure women of the benefits of estrogen.” Anything short of that, they argue, allows misrepresentations and fears to persist.
-
-Positive reports about hormone therapy for women in their 50s started emerging as early as 2003, and they have never really slowed. But the revelations have come in a trickle, with no one story gaining the kind of exposure or momentum of the W.H.I. news conference. In 2016, Manson tried to rectify the problem in [an article for The New England Journal of Medicine,](https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmp1514242) issuing a clear course correction of the W.H.I. findings as they pertained to women in their 40s and 50s. Since she published that paper, she feels, attitudes have changed, but too slowly. Manson frequently speaks to the press, and as the years passed — and more data accumulated that suggested the risks were not as alarming as they were first presented — you can almost track her increasing frustration in her public comments. “Women who would be appropriate candidates are being denied hormone therapy for the treatment of their symptoms,” she told me in a recent interview. She was dismayed that some doctors were not offering relief to women in their 50s on the basis of a study whose average subject age was 63 — and in which the risk assessments were largely driven by women in their 70s. “We’re talking about literally tens of thousands of clinicians who are reluctant to prescribe hormones.”
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-Even with new information, doctors still find themselves in a difficult position. If they rely on the W.H.I., they have the benefit of a gold-standard trial, but one that focused on mostly older women and relied on higher doses and different formulations of hormones from those most often prescribed today. New formulations more closely mimic the natural hormones in a woman’s body. There are also new methods of delivery: Taking hormones via transdermal patch, rather than a pill, allows the medication to bypass the liver, which seems to eliminate the risk of clots. But the studies supporting the safety of newer options are observational; they have not been studied in long-term, randomized, controlled trials.
-
-The NAMS guidelines emphasize that doctors should make hormone-therapy recommendations based on the personal health history and risk factors of each patient. Many women under 60, or within 10 years of menopause, already have increased baseline risks for chronic disease, because they are already trying to manage their obesity, hypertension, diabetes or high cholesterol. Even so, Faubion says that “there are few women who have absolute contraindications,” meaning that for them, hormones would be off the table. At highest risk from hormone use are women who have already had a heart attack, breast cancer or a stroke or a blood clot, or women with a cluster of significant health problems. “For everyone else,” Faubion says, “the decision has to do with the severity of symptoms as well as personal preferences and level of risk tolerance.”
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-For high-risk women, other sources of relief exist: The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine is approved for the relief of hot flashes, although it is not as effective as hormone therapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has also been shown to help women with how much hot flashes bother them. Doctors who treat menopause are waiting for the F.D.A.’s review of a drug up for approval this month: a nonhormonal drug that would target the complex of neurons thought to be involved in triggering hot flashes.
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-Conversations about the risks and benefits of these various treatments often require more time than the usual 15-minute slot that health insurance will typically reimburse for a routine medical visit. “If I weren’t my own chair, I would be called to task for not doing stuff that would make more money, like delivering babies and I.V.F.,” says Santoro, now the department chair of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, who frequently takes on complex cases of menopausal women. “Family medicine generally doesn’t want to deal with this, because who wants to have a 45-minute-long conversation with somebody about the risks and benefits of hormone therapy? Because it’s nuanced and complicated.” Some of those conversations entail explaining that hormones are not a cure-all. “When women come in and tell me they’re taking hormones for anti-aging or general prevention, or because they have some vague sense it’ll return them to their premenopausal self — and they’re not even having hot flashes — I say, ‘Hormone therapy is not a fountain of youth and shouldn’t be used for that purpose,’” Faubion says.
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-Too many doctors are not equipped to parse these intricate pros and cons, even if they wanted to. Medical schools, in response to the W.H.I., were quick to abandon menopausal education. “There was no treatment considered safe and effective, so they decided there was nothing to teach,” says Minkin, the Yale OB-GYN. About half of all practicing gynecologists are under 50, which means that they started their residencies after the publication of the W.H.I. trial and might never have received meaningful education about menopause. “When my younger partners see patients with menopausal symptoms, they refer them to me,” says Audrey Buxbaum, a 60-year-old gynecologist with a practice in New York. Buxbaum, like many doctors over 50, prescribed menopausal hormone therapy before the W.H.I. and never stopped.
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-Image
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-Credit...Marta Blue for The New York Times
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-Education on a stage of life that affects half the world’s population is still wildly overlooked at medical schools. A 2017 survey sent to residents across the country found that 20 percent of them had not heard a single lecture on the subject of menopause, and a third of the respondents said they would not prescribe hormone therapy to a symptomatic woman, even if she had no clear medical conditions that would elevate the risk of doing so. “I was quizzing my daughter a few years ago when she was studying for the board exams, and whoever writes the board questions, the answer is never, ‘Give them hormones,’” Santoro says. In recent years, there has been some progress: The University of Pennsylvania has established a menopause clinic, and Johns Hopkins now offers a two-year curriculum on the subject for its residents. But the field of gynecology will, most likely for decades to come, be populated by many doctors who left medical school unprepared to offer guidance to menopausal women who need their help.
-
-**I didn’t know** all of this when I went to see my gynecologist. I knew only what my friends had told me, and that hormone therapy was an option. The meeting was only my second with this gynecologist, a woman who struck me as chic, professional and in a bit of a hurry, which was to be expected, as she is part of a large health care group — the kind that makes you think you’d rather die from whatever’s ailing you than try to navigate its phone tree one more time. Something about the quick pace of the meeting — the not-so-frequent eye contact — made me hesitate before bringing up my concerns: They felt whiny, even inappropriate. But I forged on. I was having hot flashes, I told her — not constantly, but enough that it was bothering me. I had other concerns, but since memory issues were troubling me the most, I brought that up next. “But that could also just be normal aging,” she said. She paused and fixed a doubtful gaze in my direction. “We only prescribe hormones for significant symptoms,” she told me. I felt rebuffed, startled by how quickly the conversation seemed to have ended, and I was second-guessing myself. Were my symptoms, after all, “significant”? By whose definition?
-
-The [NAMS guidelines](https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/nams-2022-hormone-therapy-position-statement.pdf) suggest that the benefits of hormone therapy outweigh the risks for women under 60 who have “bothersome” hot flashes and no contraindications. When I left my doctor’s office (without a prescription), I spent a lot of time thinking about whether my symptoms were troubling me enough to take on any additional risk, no matter how small. On the one hand, I was at a healthy weight and active, at relatively low risk for cardiovascular disease; on the other hand, because of family history and other factors, I was at higher risk for breast cancer than many of my same-age peers. I felt caught between the promises and, yes, risks of hormone therapy, the remaining gaps in our knowledge and my own aversion, common if illogical, to embarking on a new and indefinitely lasting medical regimen.
-
-> ## ‘Menopause has the worst P.R. campaign in the history of the universe, because it’s not just hot flashes and night sweats.’
-
-Menopause could represent a time when women feel maximum control of our bodies, free at last from the risk of being forced to carry an unwanted pregnancy. And yet for many women, menopause becomes a new struggle to control our bodies, not because of legislation or religion but because of a lack of knowledge on our part, and also on the part of our doctors. Menopause presents not just a new stage of life but also a state of confusion. At a time when we have the right to feel seasoned, women are thrust into the role of newbie, or worse, medical detective, in charge of solving our own problems.
-
-Even the most resourceful women I know, the kind of people you call when you desperately need something done fast and well, described themselves as “baffled” by this stage of their lives. A recent national poll found that 35 percent of menopausal women reported that they had experienced four or more symptoms, but only 44 percent said they had discussed their symptoms with a doctor. Women often feel awkward initiating those conversations, and they may not even identify their symptoms as menopausal. “Menopause has the worst P.R. campaign in the history of the universe, because it’s not just hot flashes and night sweats,” says Rachel Rubin, a sexual-health expert and assistant clinical professor in urology at Georgetown University. “How many times do I get a 56-year-old woman who comes to me, who says, Oh, yeah, I don’t have hot flashes and night sweats, but I have depression and osteoporosis and low libido and pain with sex? These can all be menopausal symptoms.” In an ideal world, Rubin says, more gynecologists, internists and urologists would run through a list of hormonal symptoms with their middle-aged patients rather than waiting to see if those women have the knowledge and wherewithal to bring them up on their own.
-
-The W.H.I. trial measured the most severe, life-threatening outcomes: breast cancer, heart disease, stroke and clots, among others. But for a woman who is steadily losing hair, who has joint pain, who suddenly realizes her very smell has changed (and not for the better) or who is depressed or exhausted — for many of those women, the net benefits of taking hormones, of experiencing an improved quality of life day to day, may be worth facing down whatever incremental risks hormone therapy entails, even after age 60. Even for women like me, whose symptoms are not as drastic but whose risks are low, hormones can make sense. “I’m not saying every woman needs hormones,” Rubin says, “but I’m a big believer in your body, your choice.”
-
-Conversations about menopause lack, among so many other things, the language to help us make these choices. Some women sail blissfully into motherhood, but there is a term for the extreme anxiety and depression that other women endure following delivery: postpartum depression. Some women menstruate every month without major upheaval; others experience mood changes that disrupt their daily functioning, suffering what we call premenstrual syndrome (PMS), or in more serious cases, premenstrual dysphoric disorder. A significant portion of women suffer no symptoms whatsoever as they sail into menopause. Others suffer near-systemic breakdowns, with brain fog, recurring hot flashes and exhaustion. Others feel different enough to know they don’t like what they feel, but they are hardly incapacitated. Menopause — that baggy term — is too big, too overdetermined, generating a confusion that makes it especially hard to talk about.
-
-**No symptom** is more closely associated with menopause than the hot flash, a phenomenon that’s often reduced to a comedic trope — the middle-aged woman furiously waving a fan at her face and throwing ice cubes down her shirt. Seventy to 80 percent of women have hot flashes, yet they are nearly as mysterious to researchers as they are to the women experiencing them — a reflection of just how much we still have to learn about the biology of menopause. Scientists are now trying to figure out whether hot flashes are merely a symptom or whether they trigger other changes in the body.
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-Strangely, the searing heat a woman feels roaring within is not reflected in any significant rise in her core body temperature. Hot flashes originate in the hypothalamus, an area of the brain rich in estrogen receptors that is both crucial in the reproductive cycle and also functions as a thermostat. Deprived of estrogen, its thermostat now wonky, the hypothalamus is more likely to misread small increases in core body temperature as too hot, triggering a rush of sweat and widespread dilation of the blood vessels in an attempt to cool the body. This also drives up the temperature on the skin. Some women experience these misfirings once a day, others 10 or more, with each one lasting anywhere from seconds to five minutes. On average, women experience them for seven to 10 years.
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-What hot flashes might mean for a woman’s health is one of the main questions that Rebecca Thurston, the director of the Women’s Biobehavioral Health Laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh, has been trying to answer. Thurston helped lead a study that followed a diverse cohort of 3,000 women over 22 years and found that about 25 percent of them were what she called superflashers: Their hot flashes started long before their periods became irregular, and the women continued to experience them for as many as 14 years, upending the idea that, for most women, hot flashes are an irritating but short-lived inconvenience. Of the five racial and ethnic groups Thurston studied, Black women were found to experience the most hot flashes, to experience them as the most bothersome and to endure them the longest. In addition to race, low socioeconomic status was associated with the duration of women’s hot flashes, suggesting that the conditions of life, even years later, can affect a body’s management of menopause. Women who experienced [childhood abuse were 70 percent more likely to report night sweats and hot flashes.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6768766/)
-
-Might those symptoms also signal harm beyond the impact on a woman’s quality of life? In 2016, Thurston published [a study in the journal Stroke](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010600) showing that women who had more hot flashes — at least four a day — tended to have more signs of cardiovascular disease. The link was even stronger than the association between cardiovascular risk and obesity, or cardiovascular risk and high blood pressure. “We don’t know if it’s causal,” Thurston cautions, “or in which direction. We need more research.” There might even be some women for whom the hot flashes do accelerate physical harm and others not, Thurston told me. At a minimum, she says, reports of severe and frequent hot flashes should cue doctors to look more closely at a woman’s cardiac health.
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-As Thurston was trying to determine the effects of hot flashes on vascular health, Pauline Maki, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Illinois at Chicago, was establishing associations between hot flashes and mild cognitive changes during menopause. Maki had already found a clear correlation between the number of a woman’s hot flashes and her memory performance. Maki and Thurston wondered if they would be able to detect some physical representation of that association in the brain. They embarked on research, published last October, that found a strong correlation between the number of [hot flashes a woman has during sleep and signs of damage](https://n.neurology.org/content/100/2/e133) to the tiny vessels of the brain. At a lab in Pittsburgh, which has one of the most powerful M.R.I. machines in the world, Thurston showed me an image of a brain with tiny lesions represented as white dots, ghostlike absences on the scan. Both their number and placement, she said, were different in women with high numbers of hot flashes. But whether the hot flashes were causing the damage or the changes in the cerebral vessels were causing the hot flashes, she could not say.
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-About 20 percent of women experience cognitive decline during perimenopause and in the first years after menopause, mostly in the realm of verbal learning, the acquisition and synthesis of new information. But the mechanisms of that decline are varied. As estrogen levels drop, the region of the brain associated with verbal learning is thought to recruit others to support its functioning. It’s possible that this period of transition, when the brain is forming new pathways, accounts for the cognitive dip that some women experience. For most of them, it’s short-lived, a temporary neurological confusion. A woman’s gray matter — the cells that process information — also seems to shrink in volume before stabilizing in most women, according to Lisa Mosconi, an associate professor of neurology at Weill Cornell Medicine and director of its Women’s Brain Initiative. She compares the process the brain undergoes during those years of transition to a kind of “remodeling.” But the tiny brain lesions that Thurston and Maki detected don’t resolve — they remain, contributing incrementally, over many years, to an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
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-In the past 15 years, four randomized, controlled trials found that taking estrogen had no effect on cognitive performance. But those four studies, Maki points out, did not look specifically at women with moderate to severe hot flashes. She believes that might be the key factor: Treat the hot flashes with estrogen, Maki theorizes, and researchers might see an improvement in cognitive health. In one small trial Maki conducted of about 36 women, all of whom had moderate to severe hot flashes, half of the group received a kind of anesthesia procedure that reduced their hot flashes, and the other half received a placebo treatment. She measured the cognitive function of both groups before the treatment and then three months after and found that as hot flashes improved, memory improved. The trial was small but “hypothesis generating,” she says.
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-Even adjusting for greater longevity in women, Alzheimer’s disease is more frequent in women than men, one of many brain-health discrepancies that have led researchers to wonder about the role that estrogen — and possibly hormone therapy — might play in the pathways of cognitive decline. But the research on hormone therapy and Alzheimer’s disease has proved inconclusive so far.
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-Whatever research exists on hormones and the brain focuses on postmenopausal women, which means it’s impossible to know, for now, whether perimenopausal women could conceivably benefit from taking estrogen and progesterone during the temporary dip in their cognitive function. “There hasn’t been a single randomized trial of hormone therapy for women in perimenopause,” Maki says. “Egregious, right?”
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-What’s also unclear, Thurston says, is how the various phenomena of cognitive change during menopause — the temporary setbacks that resolve, the progress toward Alzheimer’s in women with high genetic risk and the onset of those markers of small-vessel brain disease — interact or reflect on one another. “We haven’t followed women long enough to know,” says Thurston, who believes that menopause care begins and ends with one crucial dictum: “We need more research.”
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-Image
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-Credit...Marta Blue for The New York Times
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-**In the** information void, a vast menopausal-wellness industry has developed, flush with products that Faubion dismisses as mostly “lotions and potions.” But a new crop of companies has also come to market to provide F.D.A.-approved treatments, including hormone therapy. Midi Health offers virtual face-to-face access to menopause-trained doctors and nurse practitioners who can prescribe hormones that some insurances will cover; other sites, like Evernow and Alloy, sell prescriptions directly to the patient. (Maki serves on the medical advisory boards of both Midi and Alloy.)
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-On the Alloy website, a woman answers a series of questions about her symptoms, family and medical history, and the company’s algorithm recommends a prescription (or doesn’t). A prescribing doctor reviews the case and answers questions by text or phone, and if the woman decides to complete the order, she has access to that prescribing doctor by text for as long as the prescription is active.
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-Alloy holds online support groups where women, clearly of varying socioeconomic backgrounds, often vent — about how hard it was for them to find relief, how much they are still suffering or how traumatized they still are by the lack of compassion and concern they encountered when seeking help for distressing symptoms. On one call in July, a middle-aged woman described severe vaginal dryness. “When I was walking or trying just to exercise, I would be in such agony,” she said. “It’s painful just to move.” She was trying to buy vaginal estradiol cream, an extremely low-risk treatment for genitourinary syndrome; she said there was a shortage of it in her small town. Until she stumbled on Alloy, she’d been relying on antibacterial creams to soothe the pain she felt.
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-The space was clearly a no-judgment zone, a place where women could talk about how they personally felt about the risks and benefits of taking hormones. At one meeting, a woman said that she’d been on hormone therapy, which she said “changed my life” during perimenopause, but that she and her sisters both had worrying mammograms at the same time. Her sister was diagnosed with breast cancer and had her lymph nodes removed; the woman on the call was diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia, which is not cancer but is considered a precursor that puts a woman at high risk. The NAMS guidelines do not indicate that hormone therapy is contraindicated for a woman at high risk of breast cancer, leaving it up to the woman and her practitioner to decide. “My new OB-GYN and my cancer doc won’t put me on hormones,” the woman said. She bought them from Alloy instead. “So I’m kind of under the radar.”
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-No one at the meeting questioned the woman’s decision to go against the advice of two doctors. I mentioned the case to Faubion. “It sounds to me like she felt she wasn’t being heard by her doctors and had to go somewhere else,” she said. Faubion told me that in certain circumstances, higher-risk women who are fully informed of the risks but suffer terrible symptoms might reasonably make the decision to opt for hormones. But, she said, those decisions require nuanced, thoughtful conversations with health care professionals, and she wondered whether Alloy and other online providers were set up to allow for them. Anne Fulenwider, one of Alloy’s founders, said the patient in the support group had not disclosed her full medical history when seeking a prescription. After that came to light, an Alloy doctor reached out to her to have a more informed follow-up conversation about the risks and benefits of hormone therapy.
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-As I weighed my own options, I sometimes asked the doctors I interviewed outright for their advice. For women in perimenopause, who are still at risk of pregnancy, I learned, a low-dose birth control can “even things out,” suppressing key parts of the reproductive system and supplying a steadier dose of hormones. Another alternative is an intrauterine device (IUD) to provide birth control, along with a low-dose estrogen patch, which is less potent than even a low-dose birth-control pill and is therefore thought to be safer. “Too much equipment,” I told Rachel Rubin, the sexual-health expert, when she suggested it. “This is why I don’t ski.” I found myself thinking often about an insight that Santoro says she offers her patients (especially those under 60 and in good health): If you’re having any symptoms, how can you weigh the risks and benefits if you haven’t experienced the extent of the benefits?
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-In November, I started on a low-dose birth-control pill. I am convinced — and those close to me are convinced — that my brain is more glitch-free. I have no hot flashes. Most surprising to me (and perhaps the main reason for that improvement in cognition): My sleep improved. I had not even mentioned my poor quality of sleep to my gynecologist, given the length of our discussion, but I had also assumed that it was a result of stress, age and a sweet but snoring husband. Only once I took the hormones did I appreciate that my regular 2 a.m. wakings, too, were most likely a symptom of perimenopause. The pill was an easy-enough experiment, but it carried a potentially higher risk of clots than the IUD and patch; now convinced that the effort of an IUD is worth it, I resolved to make that switch as soon as I could get an appointment.
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-How many women are doing some version of what I did, unsure of or explaining away menopausal symptoms, apologizing for complaining about discomforts they’re not sure are “significant,” quietly allowing the conversation to move on when they meet with their gynecologists or internists or family-care doctors? And yet … my more smoothly functioning brain goes round and round, wondering, worrying, waiting for more high-quality research. Maybe in the next decade, when my personal risks start escalating, we’ll know more; all I can hope is that it confirms the current trend toward research that reassures. The science is continuing. We wait for progress, and hope it is as inevitable as aging itself.
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-Marta Blue is a visual artist based in Milan. She is the recipient of a LensCulture Emerging Talent Award and has exhibited her work at Art Basel and Photofairs Shanghai.
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-Audio produced by Tally Abecassis.
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-# Yevgeny Prigozhin: the hotdog seller who rose to the top of Putin’s war machine
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-At the height of Russia’s first, covert invasion of eastern Ukraine, in summer 2014, a group of senior Russian officials gathered at the defence ministry’s headquarters, an imposing Stalin-era building on the banks of the Moskva River.
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-They were there to meet Yevgeny Prigozhin, a middle-aged man with a shaven head and a coarse tone whom many in the room knew only as the person responsible for army catering contracts.
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-Now, Prigozhin had a different kind of demand. He wanted land from the defence ministry that he could use for the training of “volunteers” who would have no official links to the Russian army but could still be used to fight Russia’s wars.
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-Many in the ministry did not like Prigozhin’s manner, but he made it clear that this was no ordinary request. “The orders come from Papa,” he told the defence officials, using a nickname for [Vladimir Putin](https://www.theguardian.com/world/vladimir-putin) designed to emphasise his closeness to the president.
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-This account of the meeting, which has not previously been reported, was provided by a former high-ranking defence ministry official with direct knowledge of the discussions.
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-“At the time, I didn’t think much of the project,” said the former official.
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-In fact, the decisions taken that day would have an enormous impact on Russia’s foreign policy and its military adventures in the years to come. Prigozhin’s army of contract fighters would come to be known as the Wagner group, and would see action in Ukraine, Syria and numerous African countries.
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-![Visitors gather outside PMC Wagner Centre in St Petersburg on 4 November 2022.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/981be0c06368607eda5e84487daf8f72495c15de/147_0_4989_2995/master/4989.jpg?width=445&quality=85&dpr=1&s=none)
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-Visitors gather outside PMC Wagner Centre, a project implemented by Yevgeny Prigozhin, during the official opening of the office block in St Petersburg on 4 November 2022. Photograph: Igor Russak/Reuters
-
-Since Putin’s decision last year to launch a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Wagner has refocused its activities on Russia’s neighbour again. Its ranks have ballooned to about 50,000, according to western intelligence estimates, including tens of thousands of ex-prisoners recruited from jails around Russia, often personally by Prigozhin.
-
-Earlier this month, as Prigozhin’s troops captured the Ukrainian town of Soledar, Moscow’s first territorial gain in the war since the summer, Prigozhin released a video lauding Wagner as “probably the most experienced army in the world today”.
-
-Prigozhin has earned a reputation as the cruellest commander among those leading Russia’s grim invasion. He appeared to tacitly endorse a video showing the murder, with a sledgehammer, of a Wagner defector who had apparently been handed back by the Ukrainians in a prisoner exchange. “A dog’s death for a dog,” Prigozhin said in a statement at the time.
-
-Prigozhin did not respond to a request for comment for this article. But after years operating in the shadows, he is clearly relishing the spotlight as one of the most powerful – and most talked about – members of Putin’s court. It has been an extraordinary ascent for someone who once spent nearly a decade in prison, and who became a hotdog salesman on his release.
-
-The Guardian has spoken with numerous people who have known Prigozhin over the years, many of whom requested anonymity to speak freely, to piece together his story. From these conversations, a picture emerges of a ruthless schemer who was obsequious to social superiors and often tyrannical to underlings as he rose to the top.
-
-“He’s driven and talented, and won’t shrink from anything to get what he wants,” said a businessman who knew Prigozhin in the 1990s.
-
-![Prigozhin (left) assists Vladimir Putin during a dinner with foreign scholars and journalists outside Moscow in November 2011](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/250ab8fa3aed480932d717d9d5c96d01d9391e88/0_0_3500_2494/master/3500.jpg?width=445&quality=85&dpr=1&s=none)
-
-Prigozhin (left) assists Vladimir Putin during a dinner with foreign scholars and journalists outside Moscow in November 2011. Photograph: Reuters
-
-For Prigozhin, those who know him speculate, neither money nor power has been the sole motivating factor, although he has accumulated plenty of both along the way. Instead, they say, he is driven by the thrill of the chase, the belief he is battling corrupt elites on behalf of the common man, and a desire to crush his rivals.
-
-“It seems like he gets off from the process itself, not just the end result,” said the former defence official.
-
-Over the years, Prigozhin has made many enemies: former business partners who feel cheated, army generals he has criticised as deskbound bureaucrats, and top security officials who fear he harbour ambitions to seize political power.
-
-But so far, he has retained the favour of his most important backer: the man he calls Papa.
-
-![Yevgeniy Prigozhin’s image in an FBI poster](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/24604fcf9ca85335a4fec15cbba1b46b0da02b84/0_0_1700_993/master/1700.jpg?width=445&quality=85&dpr=1&s=none)
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-The US announced on 3 March 2022 it was imposing sanctions against Russians including Yevgeniy Prigozhin (seen in an FBI poster) as it targeted Russia’s super-rich and others close to Putin. Photograph: FBI/Reuters
-
----
-
-Yevgeny Prigozhin was born in Leningrad, now St Petersburg, in 1961, nine years after Putin. His father died when he was young; his mother worked in a hospital, Prigozhin has said. The young Prigozhin was sent to a sporting academy, where daily activities often involved hours of cross-country skiing.
-
-He didn’t make the cut as a professional athlete, and after finishing school he fell in with a crowd of petty criminals. Court documents from 1981, seen by the Guardian and [first reported on](https://meduza.io/feature/2021/06/15/za-chto-v-1981-godu-v-sssr-sudili-evgeniya-prigozhina-kotorogo-teper-ves-mir-znaet-kak-povara-putina-publikuem-tekst-sudebnogo-dokumenta) by the Russian investigative outlet Meduza, tell the story.
-
-One evening in March 1980, during the dreary tail-end of Leonid Brezhnev’s rule over the Soviet Union, the 18-year-old Prigozhin and three friends left a St Petersburg cafe close to midnight and spotted a woman walking alone along the dark street.
-
-One of Prigozhin’s buddies distracted the woman by asking for a cigarette. As she went to open her purse, Prigozhin materialised behind her and grabbed her neck, squeezing until she lost consciousness. Then, his friend slipped off her shoes while Prigozhin deftly removed her gold earrings and pocketed them. The quartet sprinted off, leaving the woman lying on the street.
-
-It was one of many robberies that Prigozhin and his friends carried out in St Petersburg over a period of several months, the court found. He was sentenced to 13 years in prison, and spent the rest of the decade behind bars, missing the death of Brezhnev and Mikhail Gorbachev’s perestroika. He was released in 1990, as the Soviet Union was in its death throes. He returned to St Petersburg.
-
-The city was on the brink of monumental transformation, with great riches awaiting those shrewd or violent enough to seize them. Prigozhin started out modestly, selling hotdogs. He mixed the mustard in the kitchen of his family apartment.
-
-“We made $1,000 a month, which in rouble notes was a mountain; my mum could hardly count it all,” he told the St Petersburg news portal Gorod 812 in 2011, one of his only ever interviews.
-
-But Prigozhin had his sights set higher than fast food, and he knew how to make the contacts he needed. “He always looked for people higher up to befriend. And he was good at it,” said the businessman who knew him in the 1990s.
-
-Before long, Prigozhin owned a stake in a chain of supermarkets, and in 1995 he decided it was time to open a restaurant with his business partners. He found Tony Gear, a British hotel administrator who had previously worked at the Savoy in London and was now at one of St Petersburg’s few luxury hotels.
-
-Prigozhin hired Gear to manage first a wine shop, then his new restaurant, the Old Customs House, on St Petersburg’s Vasilievsky Island.
-
-Initially, the Old Customs House employed strippers as a way to drum up clientele, but soon word got out that the food was excellent, and the strippers were dismissed. Gear focused on marketing the eatery as the most refined place to eat in a city that was only just discovering fine dining. Pop stars and businessmen liked to eat there, as did St Petersburg’s mayor, Anatoly Sobchak, who sometimes came with his deputy, Vladimir Putin.
-
-![Vladimir Putin with Prigozhin (second right) in the background.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/1ac6e7f91d3641abf0ea5760dda4a7dd9e474f11/108_75_1362_817/master/1362.jpg?width=445&quality=85&dpr=1&s=none)
-
-Vladimir Putin and Mstislav Rostropovich at a banquet, with Prigozhin (second right) in the background. Photograph: handout
-
-Gear, who still lives in St Petersburg, declined an interview request. He has [previously](https://argumenti.ru/society/2022/12/802433) expressed admiration for Prigozhin but described him as a “very strict” boss, who would even use a special light projector to look for dust under tables each morning, to check the cleaners had worked properly.
-
-Back in the 1990s, Prigozhin did not mention in conversation that he had spent a decade in prison, those who knew him say. He turned on the charm to make the acquaintance of his new high-flying customers.
-
-“He can adapt to please any person if he needs something from them. That is definitely one of his talents,” said the businessman who knew him at the time.
-
-In one of post-Soviet Russia’s more unusual friendships, Prigozhin struck up a camaraderie with the famous cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, who had emigrated from the Soviet Union in the 1970s.
-
-![Prigozhin (fourth left) with Vladimir Putin and George Bush in Villa Lindstrem, 2006.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/1336a50425923acc18dcf7f1c5064bdd61b90513/0_0_680_408/master/680.jpg?width=445&quality=85&dpr=1&s=none)
-
-Prigozhin (fourth left) with Vladimir Putin and George Bush in Villa Lindstrem, 2006. Photograph: handout
-
-When Rostropovich hosted the queen of Spain at his St Petersburg home in 2001, Prigozhin provided the catering. Rostropovich even invited Prigozhin and his wife to a gala concert at the Barbican, part of the London celebrations of his 75th birthday in 2002, according to London Symphony Orchestra records of the invitation list for the event.
-
-By that time, Putin had become Russia’s president. During the early years of his rule, Putin often liked to meet foreign dignitaries in his home town, and he sometimes took them to the Old Customs House or to New Island, a boat Prigozhin had turned into a floating restaurant.
-
-Going back over photos of Putin’s official engagements from the period is like playing a game of Where’s Yevgeny, with frequent sightings of Prigozhin in the background, unsmiling and unobtrusive. Here he is lurking behind the table as Putin dines with George Bush; there he is hovering behind Prince Charles at a 2003 reception in St Petersburg’s Hermitage museum.
-
-![Prigozhin behind Prince Charles during a gala evening at the Hermitage in 2003](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/f0fbe6dfe63348a7364859c4ec67b45ff769da1d/0_0_1354_1369/master/1354.png?width=445&quality=85&dpr=1&s=none)
-
-Prigozhin behind Prince Charles during a gala evening at the Hermitage in 2003. Photograph: Pjotr Sauer/The Guardian
-
-“Putin saw that I wasn’t above bringing the plates myself,” Prigozhin has said. It was the start of a relationship with the Russian president that would grow and metastasise in unexpected ways.
-
----
-
-Before long, Prigozhin began winning contracts to cater for major government events through Concord, a holding company he had set up back in the 1990s. The next step was giant government supply contracts. In 2012, he won more than 10.5bn roubles (£200m) of contracts to provide food to Moscow’s schools, Russian media [reported](https://www.gazeta.ru/social/2016/10/13/10248671.shtml), citing records from the Russian financial registry.
-
-New opportunities arose when Russia annexed Crimea in March 2014 and intervened militarily in eastern Ukraine soon after. Putin denied that regular Russian troops had been involved in either case, despite a mountain of evidence to the contrary.
-
-The Kremlin began to think about how to make the deniability slightly more plausible. Although private military companies were illegal in Russia, several groups appeared that seemed to coordinate their actions with the defence ministry but could operate at arm’s length. Prigozhin’s Wagner would become by far the most prominent of them.
-
-“I think Prigozhin pitched it to Putin and he agreed, that’s how it works,” said the former defence ministry official, dismissing speculation that Wagner was a project of Russia’s GRU military intelligence from the start. “There might have been some GRU people advising, but in the end this was Prigozhin’s project.”
-
-The ministry provided Prigozhin with land in Molkino in southern Russia, said the source, where companies linked to Prigozhin constructed a staging base for fighters [](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-prigozhin-idUSKCN1RG1QT)under the guise of a children’s camp. Reuters [reported](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-prigozhin-idUSKCN1RG1QT) on Prigozhin’s alleged links to the Molkino site in 2019.
-
-It appears the scheme whetted Prigozhin’s appetite. “He was like a sniffer dog, always looking for money,” said the former official.
-
-In one email exchange reviewed by the Guardian between Prigozhin’s Concord group and the ministry of defence in the spring of 2014, a senior Concord lawyer discusses the option of supplying Russia’s vast network of military towns with food and other provisions.
-
-That project did not materialise in the end, but by 2015 his companies had won major contracts worth more than 92bn roubles (£1bn) to feed the army, according to an [investigation by Forbes Russia](https://www.forbes.ru/kompanii/potrebitelskii-rynok/235779-rassledovanie-kak-lichnyi-kulinar-putina-nakormit-rossiiskuyu-a).
-
-![Prigozhin serves food for the Brazilian president Dilma Rouseff, Putin and the Indian prime minister Narendra Modi in the Kremlin in 2015](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/a0d3918abe1a39d25c389c02e7776d775395d7e8/0_0_2560_1536/master/2560.jpg?width=445&quality=85&dpr=1&s=none)
-
-Prigozhin serves food for the Brazilian president Dilma Rouseff, Putin and the Indian prime minister Narendra Modi in the Kremlin in 2015. Photograph: Kremlin.ru
-
-Prigozhin’s swift rise started to irritate some officials at the defence ministry, tensions that would only grow over the years as his operations expanded further. A key moment for Prigozhin came in late 2015 when Putin decided to intervene militarily in Syria to prop up the regime of Bashar al-Assad. Prigozhin won contracts for food and supplies, and also dispatched his Wagner troops there.
-
-In Syria, Wagner first established itself as a formidable fighting force, with the group playing a prominent, if unacknowledged, role in Moscow’s intervention. Wagner fighters operated with impunity in Syria and were accused of numerous war crimes. In one incident, men linked to Wagner were captured on video [beheading and dismembering a Syrian man](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/21/man-filmed-killing-torture-syrian-identified-russian-mercenary-wagner). The group also took [heavy losses](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/24/world/middleeast/american-commandos-russian-mercenaries-syria.html), hushed up because officially they were not supposed to be there.
-
-As well as the real-life fighters, Prigozhin has been accused of running an army of keyboard warriors, first aimed at boosting Kremlin talking points in domestic discussion forums and later redirected to peddle Russian narratives abroad.
-
-An [indictment](https://www.justice.gov/file/1035477/download) resulting from Robert Mueller’s investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 US election alleged Prigozhin and companies linked to him were behind a network of pro-Donald Trump Facebook and Twitter profiles, apparently part of a slew of Russian efforts to boost Trump’s candidacy.
-
-The fake profiles shared pro-Trump content and even made payments to unsuspecting real Americans to buy equipment for rallies.
-
-Prigozhin was still a deeply secretive character at this point, but the indictment suggested he was already enjoying his burgeoning notoriety.
-
-A couple of days before Prigozhin turned 55 in May 2016, the indictment said, one of the fake American Facebook characters paid a real American man to stand outside the White House holding up a sign that read “Happy 55th birthday, dear boss”.
-
-The US indictment was later withdrawn, but when asked about allegations of electoral interference last November, Prigozhin [appeared to admit them](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/07/putin-ally-yevgeny-prigozhin-admits-interfering-in-us-elections), with a characteristically gruesome metaphor.
-
-“Gentlemen, we interfered, we interfere and we will interfere. Carefully, precisely, surgically and in our own way, as we know how. During our pinpoint operations, we will remove both kidneys and the liver at once.”
-
----
-
-With Prigozhin’s ever-expanding portfolio came increasing scrutiny. The anti-corruption activist and opposition politician Alexei Navalny released an investigation into Prigozhin’s business structures, accusing him of corruptly winning ministry of defence contracts to fund a luxury lifestyle.
-
-Lyubov Sobol, the Navalny associate behind the investigation, said: “His children posted pictures on Instagram all the time; they were boasting about their private jet, and through that we could find the holding company, which helped us find out about all his wealth.”
-
-Sobol and others flew a drone over palatial residences allegedly belonging to Prigozhin and his daughter, featuring a helipad and basketball court.
-
-Soon after, Sobol’s husband collapsed after a man waiting outside the couple’s home stabbed him in the leg with a needle. Sobol says a steady campaign of legal pressure and intimidation followed, including goons who demonstratively followed her every time she went outside the house.
-
-“These people were basically breathing down my neck, every day … It’s the logic of a bandit. You are getting up in my business, so I’ll get up in yours,” Sobol said.
-
-Russian journalists who investigated Prigozhin’s activities also faced threats or intimidation that they believed to be connected to their work. After Novaya Gazeta ran an investigation in 2018, a severed ram’s head was delivered to the newspaper’s editorial offices. The journalist who wrote the investigation received a funeral wreath at his home address.
-
-![This undated photograph handed out by French military shows three Russian mercenaries, right, in northern Mali.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4741c8bae4694aa01381d609c744a88e36e4a3fc/0_0_3000_1999/master/3000.jpg?width=445&quality=85&dpr=1&s=none)
-
-This undated photograph handed out by the French military shows three Russian mercenaries, right, in northern Mali. Photograph: AP
-
-Most shockingly, three Russian journalists who travelled to Central African Republic in 2018 to investigate Wagner’s activities there [were killed](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/31/russian-journalists-killed-in-central-african-republic-ambush) in an ambush that appeared to be [well planned and coordinated](https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/10/africa/russian-journalists-car-ambush-intl/index.html), [involving](https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/01/11/report-links-murders-of-3-russian-journalists-in-car-to-putin-chef-a64104) a Russian security instructor with links to Wagner. Prigozhin has repeatedly denied any involvement in the killings.
-
-By this time, Prigozhin’s activities had spread to at least 10 countries in Africa, where he offered security and arms training services and secured mining rights and other business opportunities.
-
-Prigozhin ran this worldwide network from an office on St Petersburg’s Vasilievsky Island, not far from the Old Customs House where he and Tony Gear had started out in the restaurant business two decades previously.
-
-“He ruled through fear,” recalled Marat Gabidullin, a Wagner commander who spent three months at the headquarters giving Prigozhin daily updates on the military situation in Syria at the end of 2017. Gabidullin, who is currently in France, said Prigozhin could show care towards his military commanders, especially when injured, but often had contempt for the office workers.
-
-“The office atmosphere was extremely strict, Prigozhin would often cross the line with his workers. He was very rude to his staff. He would curse people, and embarrass them in public,” he said.
-
-Although he had no official position, Prigozhin was now a frequent attender at high-level meetings related to defence contracts. He even sat in on a bilateral meeting between Putin and the Madagascan president, Hery Rajaonarimampianina, in the Kremlin in April 2018, a meeting that was not publicised but was [reported on](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/11/world/africa/russia-madagascar-election.html) by the New York Times. Soon after, political consultants linked to Prigozhin descended on Madagascar**,** according to the Times.
-
-Just two months after that meeting, Putin scoffed at the claims that Prigozhin was involved in shadow foreign policy manoeuvres on behalf of the Kremlin. “He runs a restaurant business, it is his job; he is a restaurant keeper in St Petersburg,” Putin said of Prigozhin during [an interview](http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/57675) with Austrian television.
-
-Pressed on evidence of Prigozhin’s defence ministry contracts and allegations of electoral interference, Putin gave a revealing answer, comparing Prigozhin to [George Soros](https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/nov/02/george-soros-brexit-hurts-both-sides-money-educate-british-public), the financier and philanthropist who is the subject of numerous conspiracy theories, and whom Russian officials have accused of bankrolling revolutions on US government orders.
-
-“There is such a personality in the United States: Mr Soros, who interferes in all affairs around the world … The state department will say that it has nothing to do with them, rather it is Mr Soros’s private affair. With us, it is Mr Prigozhin’s private affair,” said Putin.
-
-In effect, Putin was admitting that Prigozhin for him was what he wrongly believed Soros to be for the US government: a tool to meddle abroad while retaining plausible deniability.
-
----
-
-Putin’s fateful decision to launch a full-scale assault on Ukraine in February last year has removed the requirement for plausible deniability.
-
-After years of denying all links to Wagner, Prigozhin [announced triumphantly](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/26/putin-ally-yevgeny-prigozhin-admits-founding-wagner-mercenary-group) in September that he had founded the group back in 2014. “In any issue there should be room for sport,” he said, explaining why he had sued numerous media outlets for linking him to Wagner in the past.
-
-The admission came after a viral video, apparently leaked by Prigozhin’s team, showed him inside a prison pitching to assembled inmates the opportunity to fight in Ukraine.
-
-![Screengrab of Yevgeniy Prigozhin addressing inmates in Russian prison offering them freedom for fighting with Wagner group mercenaries for six months in Ukraine.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d30618d3b474dc48e062332cb5badd4a81c21502/0_0_2560_1536/master/2560.jpg?width=445&quality=85&dpr=1&s=none)
-
-Screengrab of Prigozhin addressing inmates in a Russian prison, offering them freedom for fighting with Wagner group mercenaries for six months in Ukraine. Photograph: Twitter
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-Prigozhin told the prisoners they would probably die at the front. But if they survived for six months, they would be released with a full pardon and paid generously.
-
-“He’s one of us, in the end,” recalled an inmate at one of the prisons visited by Prigozhin, in an interview. “He was also a prisoner. I think a lot of people signed up because they trusted Prigozhin. They don’t trust the authorities, but they believed Prigozhin that he will get them released.”
-
-Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to Ukraine’s president, Volodymyr Zelenskiy, recently claimed Wagner had recruited more than 38,000 prisoners in recent months, and said 30,000 had been killed, wounded, captured or were missing. He accused Wagner of taking part in a Russian “genocide” in Ukraine.
-
-Many of the new recruits have been tossed into action as cannon fodder at the frontline, as Prigozhin tries hard to prove that his fighters are more capable of making gains than the regular Russian army.
-
-“Wagner has gone from a band of brothers to a group of combat serfs,” said Gabidullin, the former commander.
-
-Prigozhin has praised Wagner’s “ultra-strict discipline”, which another former commander claims has included killing those who disobey orders. Andrey Medvedev, a Wagner commander who said he fought near Bakhmut between July and October, said he knew of at least 10 such killings, and had witnessed some personally.
-
-“The commanders took them to a shooting field and they were shot in front of everyone. Sometimes one guy was shot, sometimes they would be shot in pairs,” he [told the Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/17/former-wagner-group-commando-fled-norway-feared-life-russia) in an interview, shortly before fleeing Russia for Norway last week.
-
-![Yevgeny Prigozhin at the funeral of a Wagner group fighter.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8cbe0490ffeb76ceae23b912548a05143ea84517/0_147_3852_2312/master/3852.jpg?width=445&quality=85&dpr=1&s=none)
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-Yevgeny Prigozhin at the funeral of a Wagner group fighter. Photograph: Sipa US/Alamy
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-For those convict-conscripts who survive the six-month stint at the front, liberty and financial rewards await. Prigozhin has called on Russia’s leading universities to fund scholarships for them, while one Russian official recently suggested that some former prisoners ought to be made MPs.
-
-There is something symbolic in Prigozhin, who spent his 20s in prison, now paving the way for the release and rehabilitation of thousands of prisoners, including those convicted of the most violent crimes.
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-According to Ivan Krastev, a political scientist, it is part of an attempt to “redefine the Russian nation” amid the new wartime atmosphere. “Prisoners are welcomed in the nation, while all those anti-war cosmopolitan elites, including some of Putin’s oligarchs, are not,” Krastev said.
-
-In recent weeks, Prigozhin has frequently released statements attacking supposed traitors in the elite who holiday abroad and dream of Russia losing the war. There are many in Putin’s administration who want to “fall on their knees before Uncle Sam”, Prigozhin claimed last week.
-
-Prigozhin has in effect become “the leader of anti-elite Putinism”, said Krastev, remaining loyal to the tsar while attacking all those around him.
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-Many of those who have known Prigozhin say that for years he has seen himself as a defender of the little guy taking on the elites, an incongruous characterisation given the riches he has acquired for himself and his family along the way, but one he would often employ.
-
-“He presents himself as the defender of the masses, the lower classes. That is his niche,” said Gabidullin.
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-Now, Prigozhin’s increasingly brazen criticism has led some to wonder where the ceiling of his ambitions might be.
-
-“People from the FSB are furious about him and see him as a threat to the constitutional order,” said a source in the Russian political elite. “He has this big military group not controlled by the state, and after the war they will want their rewards, including political rewards.”
-
-![Prigozhin released a photograph of himself surrounded by Wagner fighters in what appeared to be one of Soledar’s saltmines.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/259156772beb3fff0437c1527bf31b9f8c67d3c9/0_1052_2479_1487/master/2479.jpg?width=465&quality=85&dpr=1&s=none)
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-Prigozhin released a photograph of himself surrounded by Wagner fighters in what appeared to be one of Soledar’s saltmines. Photograph: Telegram
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-Others wonder if Prigozhin may have gone too far. His repeated raging at the defence ministry for trying to “steal” his victory in Soledar has at times sounded more like weakness than strength. After all, insiders say Wagner relies on logistics and intelligence support from the ministry of defence to continue its fighting, and Prigozhin relies on Putin’s continued favour to operate at all.
-
-The businessman who knew Prigozhin back in the 1990s, looking at his old associate today, was certain of one thing: Prigozhin does not have an off switch.
-
-“He understands that many hate him in the system … so he knows that if he stops, it could be the end for him. He has no choice. He cannot reverse.”
-
-&emsp;
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-Tag: [🎭, "🎵", "🎤", "🇺🇸", "👤"]
-Date: 2023-02-05
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-02-05
-Link: https://www.billboard.com/music/features/youngboy-never-broke-again-cover-story-interview-1235208827/
-location:
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-Parent:: [[@News|News]]
-Read:: [[2023-02-06]]
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-
-&emsp;
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-```button
-name Save
-type command
-action Save current file
-id Save
-```
-^button-YoungBoyInsideHisHouseArrestRebirthNSave
-
-&emsp;
-
-# YoungBoy Never Broke Again: Inside His House Arrest & Rebirth
-
-**Up a winding mountain road** on the edge of Salt Lake City, past snow-dusted pines and freshly shoveled driveways, through a wrought iron gate that opens at the command of an armed guard yawning in a pickup truck, sits a handful of mansions designed like rustic ski resorts — and one that looks like a modernist mall. Another security guard idles at the end of the outlier’s heated driveway, which slopes past a garage where Maybachs and McLarens sit alongside muddy, toddler-sized four-wheelers and a terrarium housing a sleeping bearded dragon. At the front door, an inflatable Santa stands sentry, holding a sign that warns, “Nine Days Until Christmas!”
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-On a clear day like today, you can look out the living room’s floor-to-ceiling windows, over the icy swimming pool and presently invisible dirt bike track below, and the entirety of the Salt Lake Valley spreads out before you like an overturned snow globe. Inside, the space is all white and sparsely furnished, decorated with a pair of spindly Christmas trees, a half-dozen painted portraits — in one, a smiling young man feeds his daughter a cheeseburger — and an enormous plaque that glints in the sunlight and reads, “100 RIAA Gold/Platinum Certifications,” and, in larger letters, “[YoungBoy Never Broke Again](https://www.billboard.com/artist/youngboy-never-broke-again/).” Its recipient, who introduces himself as Kentrell, sits quietly beneath it as a motherly woman named Quintina, who is not his mother but his financial adviser, paints his fingernails black.
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-The neighbors have yet to figure out who exactly it is that moved in just over a year ago: a rail-thin 23-year-old with faded face tattoos and a stable of luxury vehicles that never leave the garage. Should they learn that he is signed to [Motown Records](https://www.billboard.com/t/motown-records/) and makes music as YoungBoy Never Broke Again, it’s likely they would still draw a blank. (A middle-aged blonde from the mansion next door cranes her neck from the window of her SUV to gawk at the camera crew unloading outside for today’s cover shoot.) And it’s true that the artist born Kentrell DeSean Gaulden, whom fans call YoungBoy or simply YB, has practically zero mainstream presence: He’s not on the radio, scarcely performs live, regularly deactivates his social media accounts and shies away from the press.
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-Yet in an extreme and emblematic case of streaming-era stardom, YoungBoy is one of the most popular and prolific rappers on the planet. Since breaking out from his hometown of Baton Rouge, La., at age 15 — already sounding like a world-weary veteran who had absorbed a lifetime of pain — he has landed 96 entries on the [Billboard Hot 100](https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/) and 26 projects on the [Billboard 200](https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/). (Of the latter, 12 charted in the top 10, and four went to No. 1.) Of the whopping eight full-length projects he released in 2022 alone, five reached the top 10; his latest, January’s *I Rest My Case*, debuted at No. 9. YoungBoy was the third most-streamed artist in the United States last year (according to Luminate), behind Drake and Taylor Swift, and currently sits at No. 1 on YouTube’s Top Artists page, where he has charted for the last 309 weeks. After deducting a presumed 10% management fee, *Billboard* estimates YoungBoy’s take-home pay from artist and publishing streaming royalties averaged between $8.7 million and $13.4 million annually over the last three years, depending on the structure of his publishing contract and level of artist royalty his recording contract pays out. The NBA’s coolest young team, the Memphis Grizzlies, warms up to his music almost exclusively.
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-![YoungBoy Never Broke Again](https://www.billboard.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/coverstory-youngboy-never-broke-again-billboard-2023-bb01-diwang-valdez-2-1240.jpg?w=200)
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-YoungBoy Never Broke Again photographed on December 16, 2022 in Utah. Diwang Valdez
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-He’s known for churning out releases with machine-like efficiency and for the legal battles that have haunted his career from day one, to the extent that both feel like essential components of the art itself. As a public figure, he’s inscrutable, but in song, he comes alive — equal parts outlaw and confidant, commiserating with listeners’ struggles and declaring vendettas in the same breath. And though his path may strike some as counterintuitive, YoungBoy’s perpetual underdog status only galvanizes his die-hard supporters, for whom aggrievement has become a calling card, regularly spamming comment sections in frantic defense of their favorite.
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-Since moving to Utah, YoungBoy has left his house exactly zero times; an ankle monitor will trigger if he so much as crosses the end of his driveway. After fleeing police, who had stopped him in Los Angeles with a federal warrant stemming from a 2020 arrest — where he was one of 16 people picked up on felony drug and weapons charges at a video shoot — he spent most of 2021 in a Louisiana jail. In October 2021, a judge granted him permission to serve house arrest in Salt Lake City at the request of his lawyers. (Hence the security team, whose presence is to enforce the terms of his incarceration as much as for his protection. Those terms include a limit of three preapproved visitors at a time, turning today’s shoot into an elaborate exercise in consolidation.) The 2020 arrest was the latest in a string of allegations that began when YoungBoy was 15. Last year, he was found not guilty in one of his two federal gun trials; the other is ongoing.
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-YoungBoy lives here with Jazlyn Mychelle, whom he quietly married in the first week of 2023, and their two children: a 17-month-old named Alice (after his grandmother) and a newborn boy, Klemenza (named for a character in *The Godfather* whose loyalty the rapper admires). They are the youngest of the 23-year-old YoungBoy’s 10 children. The other eight live with their seven respective mothers. Most people in his position would be counting down the days until freedom, but besides the fact that his “purposeless” car collection is steadily depreciating in value, YoungBoy is in no rush to return to the world. “This is the best thing that ever happened to me,” he says with an expensive-looking smile, having traded his diamond grill for pearly veneers, as his nail polish dries in the sunlight.
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-Even inside, YoungBoy rarely hangs out upstairs. He usually stays up until dawn in the basement, playing Xbox or recording songs all night, never touching pen to paper — instead, he freestyles line by line according to what’s weighing on his mind. By his estimate, over 1,000 unreleased tracks currently sit in the vaults. His nocturnal tendencies are a “protection thing,” he explains. “It has been like that since I was 15: I’ve got to be somewhere where I actually know no one is inside the room,” he says in a voice I have to lean in to hear, a near whisper that feels worlds away from the fearless squawk that booms out in his songs, hurling threats at a seemingly endless number of enemies. “I like to just stay in one small space where I don’t have to worry about anything that’s not safe.”
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-For a while, he had a habit of sleeping in the garage — in the Tesla, where he could turn on the heat without fear of death by carbon monoxide poisoning, and where he and his engineer, XO, would sometimes record. Lately, he stays up smoking cigars in the basement — his last remaining vice, he says. “Nighttime, when everybody’s asleep — it’s the most peaceful time ever inside of life to me,” he whispers. “Nighttime, when it’s dark and nothing’s moving but the wildlife and the crooks.” He has seen his share of deer and rabbits scurrying around the property, and though he has yet to spy a bobcat, the security guards have. He watches for intruders, too, a matter of routine. What he likes best is that it’s peaceful here, and that “it’s very far from home.”
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-**Kentrell Gaulden wrote his first song** in fourth grade, and he still remembers how it started. He giggles as he launches in: “It goes, ‘P—y n—s always in my face/Bang, bang, bang, there go the murder case.’ And I keep saying it.” Growing up in north Baton Rouge, his mother, an amateur rapper herself under the name Ms. Sherhonda, would bring Kentrell and his older sister to watch her record in a neighbor’s home studio. His father was sentenced to 55 years for armed robbery when he was 8. Years later, when a teenage Gaulden was locked up himself for a 2014 robbery charge, he received a letter from another jail — from his father, telling his son about his own musical dabblings. “I never had a Plan B. This is what I was set on becoming,” YoungBoy says, his narrow frame engulfed in a skull-patterned puffer jacket, a tangle of diamonds flashing underneath. His early songs inspired a school friend to write his own, and YoungBoy smiles remembering the two giddily trading rhymes before class. “But he died,” he adds, barely breaking his gaze. “If I’m not mistaken, they was robbing someone, and as he took off, he met his consequence.”
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-The Baton Rouge in YoungBoy’s raps is rife with mortal danger, a place where death is an old acquaintance and betrayal lurks around every corner. On 2016’s “38 Baby,” around the time the rapper’s local buzz was going national, YoungBoy half-sang, half-rapped that he “got the law up on my ass, demons up in my dreams,” claiming to not even step in the recording booth unarmed. It was startling to see who was behind such a nihilistic worldview: a gangly teen whose baby face was marked three times across the forehead with scars from a halo brace he wore after breaking his neck as a toddler. Artist Partner Group CEO Mike Caren (who worked for years with YoungBoy’s former label, Atlantic, and the artist’s own Never Broke Again imprint, and remains his publisher), remembers his first time seeing the “38 Baby” video.
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-“The intensity was so powerful,” Caren recalls. “He was youthful and seasoned at the same time. He had presence, a natural sense of melody, and he painted an entire picture of his world.” A bitter brand of authenticity emerged from the contrast of YoungBoy’s boyishness and the obvious trauma that hovered over him like a black cloud. To hear one of his songs was to listen in on the shockingly intimate confessions of someone forced into adulthood against his will, and to witness his expression catch up to his experience in real time.
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-You could cherry-pick the history of Louisiana [hip-hop](https://www.billboard.com/t/hip-hop/) and cobble together something like a precedent for YoungBoy: the swampy street tales and prolific output of the labels No Limit and Cash Money; the embrace of balladry, bounce and traumatized blues; the pure indifference to industry protocols. YoungBoy’s early releases gestured to 20-odd years of Baton Rouge [rap](https://www.billboard.com/t/rap/), from Trill Entertainment’s dark-sided club jams to Kevin Gates’ warbled bloodletting — music that was sometimes about women or money but mostly, and most profoundly, about pain. In recent years, YoungBoy’s rapping has matured into a style that stands apart from his predecessors, veering off into complicated rhythms and electrifying spoken-word diatribes, as on last year’s eight-minute missive [“This Not a Song (This for My Supporters),”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHAF_G1Rst4&ab_channel=YoungBoyNeverBrokeAgain) where he warns listeners not to be fooled by the glamour of gangster rap. Still, the old pain sears through nearly every freestyled verse.
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-It was his “pain music” in particular that first drew the attention of Kyle “Montana” Claiborne, a wisecracking 36-year-old Baton Rouge native. YoungBoy’s songs were only available on YouTube in 2016 when the two met, and though Montana was twice YoungBoy’s age, the music hit him hard. “I wasn’t a rapper, but I wanted to live like a rapper,” he says, and with no real industry experience, he became the 16-year-old’s right-hand man, driving him hours to play shows for $500 a pop. YoungBoy’s buzz was steadily building on YouTube and Instagram “back when followers was real and organic,” Montana stresses. Meanwhile, he was recording enough music to drop an album per week, propelled by a private urgency.
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-The Never Broke Again label was created in Montana’s name since YoungBoy was a minor; today, they share ownership of the company, which partnered with Motown in 2021, a year ahead of YoungBoy’s solo deal with the label. In late 2016, the pair traveled to New Orleans to meet in a parking lot with Fee Banks, who had helped Lil Wayne launch his Young Money label and managed Gates into stardom. Banks saw in YoungBoy a similar greatness and immediately took over as his manager.
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-“YoungBoy was moving fast, but he had a lot of drama attached to him,” Banks recalls. “Soon as I got in touch with him, he went to jail. Anything he got into, we got him out, and every time he got out of jail, he’d gotten bigger. Throughout all the trials and tribulations, we kept it moving, kept recording, kept shooting videos and stayed down.”
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-YoungBoy’s buzz had caught the ear of another Louisiana native: Bryan “Birdman” Williams, who co-founded Cash Money Records and mentored a young Lil Wayne, among many others. In his signature twang, Williams recalls flying a teenage YoungBoy to Miami, where they recorded daily for two weeks, working on what eventually became their 2021 collaborative album, *From the Bayou*. “Watching how fast he do music and the value of the music, I saw a lot of similarities between him and Wayne,” he says. “I seen stardom in him, but I knew it was a process.”
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-Williams made it a mission to impress upon the teenager that he had a choice: the life he was raised in or the music. “I once was somebody like him and had to gamble my life. I wanted to show him that he could really survive off his talent,” he continues. “You could go to jail, or you could die, or you could try to be somebody.” As he does with Wayne, he refers to YoungBoy as a son.
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-![YoungBoy Never Broke Again](https://www.billboard.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/coverstory-youngboy-never-broke-again-billboard-2023-bb01-diwang-valdez-3-1548.jpg?w=300)
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-Diwang Valdez
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-By the time labels had entered a bidding war, YoungBoy was a cult hero with eight mixtapes under his belt. He was also a teenage father of three being tried as an adult for attempted murder, facing a life sentence without parole. He had been apprehended before a show in Austin, accused of a nonfatal Baton Rouge shooting that occurred hours after a friend’s murder; after six months awaiting trial in a Louisiana prison, he ultimately took a plea deal. At his 2017 sentencing — by which point he had committed to a $2 million deal with Atlantic Records — the judge cited his music as a means of “normalizing violence,” one of many recent instances of rap lyrics being used as evidence in criminal proceedings. With your talent, she lectured, comes responsibility. He received a suspended 10-year prison term with three years of probation. More disturbing allegations emerged in the years to follow, including kidnapping, assault and weapons charges tied to a 2018 incident recorded in a hotel hallway showing the rapper attacking his girlfriend.
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-One night in prison while YoungBoy was on lockdown (“For no disciplinary reason — it was because of who I was”), he prayed to see his late grandmother one last time. He had lived in her home for much of his childhood, crying on the occasions when he had to return to his mom’s house. Her name, Alice Gaulden, frequently appears in his lyrics, and her massive painted portrait hangs by the fireplace; after our interview, I catch him smiling beneath it in silence, one hand resting on the image of her face. “And I remember, I ain’t crazy — she *hugged* me. I felt her,” he recalls softly, and despite his serene expression, his legs begin to tremble, at first subtly, then unignorably. “After that, I didn’t want to go back to sleep. I didn’t even care about the situation I was in. I felt like I was secure.”
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-His grandmother died in 2010, and YoungBoy was sent to a group home. “I used to get beat up inside the group home for no reason,” he continues as the shaking intensifies, though his quiet voice never falters. “The other boys would put their hands on me, and I would look up like, ‘Why are you hitting me, bro? What’d I do?’ It made me discover another side of me that I never glorified or liked. I found out how to be the person that you don’t want to do that with. \[Before then\], I never understood all the evilness or wrong because I was showered by so much love from this one person.”
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-By now, YoungBoy is shaking from head to toe with alarming intensity, his jewelry audibly rattling. “It’s not going to stop,” he calmly replies when I suggest we take a break. Quintina, who began as his accountant and now appears to also function as a surrogate mother, kneels beside his chair to hold his hand. “I’m OK,” YoungBoy assures her. Composing himself, though the trembling continues, he focuses his gaze.
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-“I’m very scared right now,” he confesses. “It’s just natural. I’m not big on people.” For most of his life, expressing or explaining himself has taken place behind a microphone, alone. “I never knew why once I walked on the stage, I could get it done and leave — but I am *terrified* of people. People are cruel. This is a *cruel* place.” He swivels in his seat toward the blue and white panorama behind him. “You’ve got to be thankful for it. It’s very beautiful, you know? There’s so much you can experience inside of it. But it is a very cruel place. And it’s not my home.” The smile he cracks has a strange effect — sweetness embedded in a wince.
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-“I don’t want to know what it means to die — but do we actually die, or do we go on to the *real* life? What if we’re all just asleep right now?” he wonders aloud as the shaking dies down. “It’s all a big test, I think.”
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-![YoungBoy Never Broke Again](https://www.billboard.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/coverstory-youngboy-never-broke-again-billboard-2023-bb01-diwang-valdez-6-1240.jpg?w=200)
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-Diwang Valdez
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-**Perhaps you’re wondering how** a Baton Rouge rapper on house arrest finds himself deep in the heart of Mormon country. Those listening closely may have noticed YoungBoy name-dropping Utah’s capital from the beginning: “Take a trip to Salt Lake City, cross the mountain, ’cause that’s called living,” he chirped on [“Kickin Sh-t”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1QYOr1vWak&ab_channel=WORLDSTARHIPHOP) seven years ago. He first came here as a boy, he explains, as part of a youth outreach group initiative, and became very close with one of its leaders, a Utah native he declines to name, though he mentions she was married at the time to a professional baseball player. Today, he refers to the woman as his mom. “She’s a wonderful person. She’s just there when I need her,” he says softly. “She christened me, if I’m not mistaken, and then she brought me back here to meet her family. When I got here, it was always my goal: I’m going to move here. I’m going to have a home here. This is where my family is going to be.” Courtroom testimony from his 2021 hearing shows his attorneys reasoning that a permanent move to Utah would keep their client away from trouble; after some initial skepticism, the judge agreed.
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-The past few months of YoungBoy songs are full of curious Utah-isms, like the Book of Mormon passage that opens his video for [“Hi Haters”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3V8aen7Flhs&ab_channel=YoungBoyNeverBrokeAgain) — “Now, as my mind caught hold upon this thought, I cried within my heart: O Jesus, thou Son of God, have mercy on me, who am in the gall of bitterness, and am encircled about by the everlasting chains of death” — or a recent line mentioning missionaries visiting his home. “I’m surprised they didn’t come in the process of this \[interview\],” he says when I ask about the latter reference. The first time the Mormon missionaries appeared on his doorstep, weeks ago, YoungBoy instinctively sent them away. Then he had second thoughts: “I wanted help very badly. I needed a friend. And it hit me.”
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-When they returned, he invited them in, explaining the things about himself he was desperate to change. “It was just cool to see someone with a different mindset that had nothing to do with business or money — just these wonderful souls,” he recounts. He has come to look forward to their daily visits, during which they discuss the Book of Mormon and “make sure my heart is in the right space” for his official baptism into the Church of Jesus Christ the Latter-day Saints, a rite that forgives past sins through repentance, according to Mormon theology. He’s saving the ceremony for after his ankle monitor is removed. “Even when my negative thoughts come back, when I do want to tell them, ‘Not today,’ I just don’t let nothing stop it,” he says. (Later I learn that during our talk, two carloads of chipper, clean-cut missionaries in their early 20s did, in fact, appear at the property’s gate and were turned away only due to the visitor limit.)
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-![YoungBoy Never Broke Again](https://www.billboard.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/coverstory-youngboy-never-broke-again-billboard-2023-bb01-diwang-valdez-1-1548.jpg?w=300)
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-Diwang Valdez
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-As for whether the missionaries know who he is, YoungBoy doesn’t ask; frankly, it could go either way. He epitomizes “invisible music stardom,” the streaming-era phenomenon in which artists have massive fan bases but relatively minor pop culture footprints, illustrating a disjunction between what’s promoted and what is truly resonating. His particular success is often attributed to his relentless productivity, in some ways more like that of a “content creator” than a traditional musician. “I have never heard of a fan saying that their favorite artist is putting out too much music unless the quality goes down,” says Caren, noting YoungBoy’s impressive consistency.
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-As for his lack of a ubiquitous hit — for all of his chart-topping full-lengths and 96 Hot 100 entries, the highest YoungBoy has charted as a sole lead artist has been No. 28, for 2020’s [“Lil Top”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUmYlsulfYo&ab_channel=YoungBoyNeverBrokeAgain) and 2021’s [“Bad Morning”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=249kxCTS2os&ab_channel=YoungBoyNeverBrokeAgain) — Caren argues he has had them, just not in the places you’d expect. “He moved too fast for the radio. He was always on to the next thing. You can’t stick around and promote the same song for five months when you’re making multiple albums in that time period.” And though his numbers are mighty across all streaming platforms (on Spotify, he has over 17 million monthly listeners), his popularity is most closely associated with YouTube, where his fans first found him, and where he can upload new music directly to his 12.1 million subscribers, bypassing the mainstream industry apparatus entirely.
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-It was YoungBoy’s peerless work ethic that first grabbed the attention of Motown vp of A&R Kenoe Jordan. The Grammy-nominated producer and fellow Baton Rouge native had monitored the rapper’s career from the jump, impressed by what the teenager and his Never Broke Again label had accomplished with limited resources. “In Louisiana, we have the most talented musicians in the world, but the window of opportunity is very small,” Jordan says from the work-in-progress Never Broke Again headquarters in Houston: half office building, half giant garage full of lethal-looking ATVs and bench press racks. After signing a global joint venture with the Never Broke Again label, Jordan was determined to sign YoungBoy himself, who had voiced frustration with Atlantic in some since-deleted online comments that had some fans petitioning Atlantic to release him from his deal. Jordan announced YoungBoy’s signing with Motown in October 2022, following the completion of his contract with Atlantic.
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-Jordan calls YoungBoy and company some of the hardest-working people in the industry, known to spring an impromptu album on the label without warning. “His formula is already there,” Jordan adds. “He knows what he wants. You just have to make sure you’re able to deliver on the things that he asks you to do.” YoungBoy’s partners have simply learned to trust him whether or not they see the vision. Montana laughs remembering nights spent driving to undisclosed locations: “He do some of the oddest things, and nobody knows why he’s doing it but him.”
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-![YoungBoy Never Broke Again](https://www.billboard.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/coverstory-youngboy-never-broke-again-billboard-2023-bb01-diwang-valdez-5-1240.jpg?w=226)
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-Diwang Valdez
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-As strategies go, YoungBoy’s makes sense — flood the market, circumvent the system, keep the fans and the algorithms satiated — but it doesn’t entirely explain why he puts out as much music as he does. What analysts would credit to a master plan, YoungBoy describes as a compulsion. “It’s a disease,” he says starkly. “Literally, I cannot help myself. I tell myself sometimes, ‘I’m not going to drop until months from now,’ but it’s addictive. I wish I knew when I was younger how unhealthy this was for me. Whatever type of energy I had inside me, I would’ve pushed it toward something else.” From someone whose music seems like his truest form of release, it’s an astonishing claim. “The music is therapy, but I can’t stop it when I want,” he goes on, sounding almost ashamed. “And the lifestyle is just a big distraction from your real purpose.”
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-As if some private dam has broken, YoungBoy’s words now spill out urgently. “I’m at a point now in my life where I just know hurting people is not the way, and I feel very manipulated, even at this moment,” he says, his brown eyes flashing. “I was set on being the greatest at what I did and what I spoke about. Man, I was flooded with millions of dollars from the time I was 16 all the way to this point, and I woke up one morning like, ‘Damn. They *got* me. They made me do their dirty work.’ Man, look at the sh-t I put in these people’s ears.” By “they,” he’s alluding to the rappers he once looked up to as examples of how to live and those who bankroll them. His voice wavers, then steadies. “I think about how many lives I actually am responsible for when it comes to my music. How many girls I got feeling like if you don’t go about a situation that your boyfriend’s bringing on you in *his* way, you’re wrong? How many people have put this sh-t in their ears and actually went and hurt someone? Or how many kids felt like they needed to tote a gun and walked out the house and toted it the wrong way? Now he’s fixing to sit there and do years of his life that he can’t get back.”
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-A shiver streaks through him again, rattling his knees. “I was brought up around a lot of f–ked-up sh-t — that’s what I knew, and that’s what I gave back to the world,” YoungBoy continues, spitting out his words like they’re sour. “I was like, ‘F–k the world before they f–k you.’ I was a child, you know? And now I know better, so it ain’t no excuse at all for how I carry on today.” His gaze doesn’t flinch. “It took lots of time to make my music strong enough to get it to where I could captivate you. I promise to clean whatever I can clean, but it’s going to take time, just like it took time for me to get it to that point.” He takes a sharp breath, then whispers: “I was wrong. And I’m sorry. I’m sorry.”
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-**YoungBoy’s music is commonly understood** as brooding, ruthless and retaliatory. A running meme shows his fans moving through life with comic aggression: belligerently whipping clean laundry into the basket, holding up a rubber duck at gunpoint in the bath. That’s an oversimplification of the range of his subject matter — family, betrayal, loyalty, loss — but it isn’t entirely off the mark, either; on YouTube, listeners have compiled extensive playlists with titles like “1 Hour of Violent [NBA YoungBoy](https://www.billboard.com/t/nba-youngboy/) Music (Part 4).” It’s a specter that looms over the bulk of his catalog, from early videos where his teenage friends wave Glocks at the camera to songs like last year’s [“I Hate YoungBoy,”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-PaOWxvnz0&ab_channel=YoungBoyNeverBrokeAgain) where he fires warning shots at half the industry and drops ominous bars like “I’m gon’ be rich inside my casket once my time gone.” It’s tough to imagine what a pacifist YoungBoy song might sound like, much less an entire album of it, and recent attempts at anti-violence messaging haven’t landed the way he intended: “As I start to promote the peace and say, ‘Stop the violence,’ I think I’m inciting a riot,” he rapped on “This Not a Song (This for My Supporters)” last year.
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-“Pacifist YoungBoy” isn’t fully realized on his latest record, *I Rest My Case* — his first for Motown, which he dropped with almost no promotion on Jan. 6. (It was the day before his private wedding to Mychelle, a 20-year-old beauty YouTuber who quietly tends to the babies in between posing for a few photos, at his insistence, during the cover shoot.) But it is a step in that direction, an album that mostly traffics in extravagant stunting over buzz-saw synths associated with the EDM/trap hybrid known as rage music. To celebrate its release, YoungBoy invited around 50 giddy fans over for a snowball fight and video shoot, jumping atop his Bentley truck to blast album opener [“Black”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFBVYRy962k&ab_channel=YoungBoyNeverBrokeAgain) from the court-approved safety of the driveway. The noisy crowd dispersed only when a couple emerged from next door to request they keep it down. “It’s a lot of old people here, really,” a poncho-clad blonde — the same one who had driven curiously past the house weeks before — cheerfully tells a TikTok reporter. “If he comes and asks, would you spare him a cup of flour?” the TikToker asks. “Of course we would!” she replies.
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-![YoungBoy Never Broke Again](https://www.billboard.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/coverstory-youngboy-never-broke-again-billboard-2023-bb01-diwang-valdez-4-1548.jpg?w=300)
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-YoungBoy Never Broke Again photographed on December 16, 2022 in Utah. Diwang Valdez
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-*I Rest My Case* is an obvious departure, lyrically and aesthetically, from what YoungBoy’s fans are used to, and across the internet, early reactions were mixed: Some praised their favorite rapper’s innovation, others longed for the old days. YoungBoy’s previous album, *The Last Slimeto*, debuted last August at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 with 108,000 equivalent album units, according to Luminate; just five months later, *I Rest My Case* debuted at No. 9 with 29,000 equivalent album units. “Be completely honest: Do you want YB back on drugs toting guns if it means we gon get that old YB back?” read one Reddit post.
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-YoungBoy expected this. “I’m very curious to see how the world goes about me now,” he contemplated weeks before in his living room, adding that he tried to avoid the usual mentions of guns, though there are still a few. He has thought a lot about what attracted people to his music until now: “They listened because of who I supposedly was or showed I was and what I rapped about. Now it’s nail polish and face paint, and the music is not the same.” (Lately, alongside the black nails, he and Mychelle like to paint their faces like goth Jokers and skulk around the property at night.) “What if they don’t like me now?” he wonders, fiddling with a diamond pinky ring. “You can’t be on top forever, you know? Because I’m not changing. I will not be provoked, I will not be broken, and I’m *not* going back to who I used to be. Accept it or not — I ain’t going back.” YoungBoy breaks into a smile. “I’m only going to get more groovy from here.” He’s already preparing his next album, which he’s calling *Don’t Try This at Home*.
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-Only once does YoungBoy remember it snowing in Baton Rouge; here in the mountains this time of year, it sits at least two feet deep daily. After checking briefly on the babies, he lights a cigar and beckons me through the garage and down toward the wooded dirt bike track, yelping for XO to join us. Out here, it’s a postcard: white trees, white mountains, ice blue sky. Everyone’s up to their knees in snow, and no one’s more excited about it than YoungBoy, whose ripped white jeans and jacket have now become camouflage. He points animatedly to where the bike path goes, a clearing where you can do doughnuts. “Five K for a snow angel!” he dares XO, who came hardly prepared in a hoodie and slides. “Just fall back! But at least put your hood on.” XO topples backward into a puff of powder and sweeps out an angel silhouette to YoungBoy’s delight, and the two laugh as they tramp back uphill.
-
-As for what will happen when his ankle monitor is removed, YoungBoy would rather not think about it. No date is currently scheduled for his remaining federal trial, according to an email from his lawyer, because “the government is appealing the court’s ruling on our motion to suppress evidence, and that matter is pending before the United States Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals.” They declined to comment on his bail conditions. “The day I walk out this door and am free to do what I want, it’s going to be a lot of doing, or it will be done *to* me,” YoungBoy says. “So I’m not rushing back to that. I have a family.” He doesn’t plan to leave Utah anytime soon, though eventually, he would like to buy a place with even more land “where no one knows what’s going on on it.” He has spoken previously about his disinterest in touring but might reconsider if the shows were overseas where he could see some new places — he has always wanted to visit the Eiffel Tower, especially since watching *Ratatouille*. Asked what he looks forward to most, YoungBoy hesitates for a moment. “Change,” he replies softly. “I am very curious of the person who I shall become.”
-
-![YoungBoy Never Broke Again, Billboard Cover](https://www.billboard.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/youngboy-never-broke-again-billboard-cover-02042023-1500.jpg?w=231)
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-*[This story will appear in the Feb. 4, 2023, issue of](http://shop.billboard.com/)* [Billboard](http://shop.billboard.com/)*[.](http://shop.billboard.com/)*
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-Link: https://www.thecut.com/article/inside-diy-rape-kit-startup-leda-health.html
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-# ‘Call Me a Scammer to My Face’
-
-## Madison Campbell is determined to get DIY rape kits into survivors’ hands, no matter who tells her it’s a bad idea.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/d12/f34/3b006ab51606d86e0096af9b7b8f91964f-leda-health-madison-campbell.rvertical.w570.jpg)
-
-Photo: Gillian Laub
-
-The headlines were bad. Vicious, even. “DIY Rape Kits Are a Terrible Idea, Says Basically Everyone,” Vice sniped. “The Misguided ‘MeToo Kit’ Asks Us to Accept the Inevitability of Sexual Assault,” wrote the executive director of a Boston rape crisis center. “The At-Home Rape Kit Start-up Is a Useless Mess,” this magazine scoffed. Nearly two years to the date after the Me Too movement erupted, 23-year-old Madison Campbell announced her plans to sell a product borrowing its name: MeToo Kits, an at-home alternative to the rape kits used in American hospitals nationwide.
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-The idea seemed so simple — after an assault, survivors could swab themselves for DNA in the comfort of their own home instead of being examined by a professional. Campbell was shocked by the blowback. She’d had dozens of meetings with lawyers, nurses, and investors prior to going public, she says, and insists the public furor was her first encounter with real criticism. Namely, that the kit would never be admitted in court; allowing survivors to collect it at home introduced too much risk of contamination. Her product couldn’t help survivors, critics said; if anything, it would exploit them. As a result, cease-and-desist letters and warnings from attorneys general came pouring in: Michigan, New York, Oklahoma, North Carolina, Florida, Virginia, Hawaii. “This company is shamelessly trying to take financial advantage of the ‘Me Too’ movement by luring victims into thinking that an at-home-do-it-yourself sexual assault kit will stand up in court,” one attorney general said in a statement. Still, it never occurred to Campbell to shut down. Her start-up was suddenly famous. Maybe if she went to Harvard’s campus and handed out the kits, she mused, she could make headlines for being arrested. “The amount of press we’re getting — people pay tons of money for it,” she said at the time. “And we got it for free.”
-
-Three years later, Campbell has rebranded MeToo Kits as Leda Health and added new features, like Plan B, STI testing, and a 24/7 support line. After closing a $7 million fundraising round last year, the company brought on high-salary hires from Axios and the New York Mayor’s Office of Criminal Justice. Campbell’s landed on best-of business lists, including the *Forbes* “30 Under 30,” and generated some much-needed friendly press after saying she wanted to give away 10,000 kits to those on “the frontlines of COVID” (though she never did) and shipped another thousand to a nonprofit organization in war-torn Ukraine (though it was unclear how it might use them).
-
-What hasn’t changed, however, is the clientele: Leda currently has no paying customers. The kits have never been used in a court case. Leda’s last remaining partnership, a sorority chapter at the University of Washington, came to an abrupt halt after the state’s attorney general sent the company another cease-and-desist late last year (and lawmakers in the state are now trying to [ban](https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/wa-legislature-considers-ban-on-at-home-sexual-assault-evidence-kits/) at-home kits entirely). The reality inside the company is equally tenuous. It is down to about ten employees, while ex-staffers — most of them young queer people of color — say Campbell created a chaotic, often hostile environment where boundaries were nonexistent.
-
-Yet Campbell is aggressively optimistic for the CEO of a company with an unsellable, untested product. “Maybe it’s spiritual bullshit or whatever,” she says, waving her hands around her head, but “I’m a big believer that everything kind of happens for a reason.” Speaking from her boyfriend’s apartment in San Francisco, she gets philosophical when thinking about the adversity she’s faced. “Nothing is actually innately positive, and nothing is actually innately negative,” she says. “It kind of just sits, like, in the center.” After all, hasn’t she made it this far?
-
-Campbell has a way of disarming people. At a slight five-foot-four, she has delicate features and the hint of a lisp that make her seem even younger than her 27 years. Her voice jumps an octave when she tells a secret or talks about attention she’s received. “The rape kit was just, like, this crazy late-night idea that somehow started a national outcry from attorneys general,” she says. And while she speaks with the rehearsed confidence of a TED Talk–er who has all her bullet points memorized, she’s also prone to wandering off-script. When we talk in early November, she’s not feeling well, wearing a bathrobe and a pale-pink headband that twists into bunny ears at the top. “I use it so I don’t get throw-up in my hair,” she says with a laugh.
-
-Any media-savvy founder knows they need a great origin story, and when Campbell tells hers, it starts in a small suburb of Pittsburgh, where she was raised primarily by her mom in a Catholic, conservative family. Her dad wasn’t a huge presence in her life growing up, but she now considers him a friend. She learned the pleasures of questioning authority early on, arguing with her middle-school principal over the school’s dress code, which she found unnecessarily restrictive.
-
-Campbell soon found musical theater. She enrolled in a performing-arts high school — “Like taking the theater kid to like the next geekiest level” — but her music teacher said that Campbell’s lisp, which gives her *S*’s a fuzzy, childlike quality, could be an issue in auditions. “My mom was like, ‘We’re not doing anything about that,’” she says. “‘We like Madison how she is.’” So she pivoted to dance, since “then I don’t have to open my mouth,” she says with a wry smile.
-
-Those aspirations were cut short when she was diagnosed with thoracic-outlet syndrome, a painful nerve disorder that made performing impossible. She obsessively read medical research about her diagnosis and decided to major in public health and epidemiology at Hampshire College. Later, inspired by Elon Musk’s plans to populate Mars, she set out to study how diseases might spread on the planet, a field she dubbed “astroepidemiology.”
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-Like many undergrads, she tried on different identities. “Through my life, I have flip-flopped on a lot of the things that I believe in,” she says. Shortly after Campbell arrived on the lefty campus, she briefly shed her conservatism to become a “militant atheist.” A fall semester studying abroad, in Edinburgh, further shaped her worldview. Seeing the U.K.’s universal health-care system up close convinced her that Americans’ privatized health care, which had more choices, was superior. When she returned to the U.S., she was a libertarian.
-
-Back at Hampshire, Campbell founded a Young Americans for Liberty chapter. In a [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H37iVVVwJmQ) she made for the organization to show “one way to do activism on your campus,” she saunters through Barnes & Noble wearing a wavy red wig, slipping copies of the Constitution between pages of *The Communist Manifesto* and books by Bernie Sanders and Lena Dunham. (Sudden, dramatic hair changes, she says, “are a big part of who I am.”) She interned for the Charles Koch Institute and Senator Rand Paul’s PAC, though she remained committed to her goal of getting a Ph.D. in epidemiology and working at NASA. During her last semester, Campbell lost faith in the viability of that career path. Trump had cut NASA’s budget, and she was in an abusive relationship. She dropped out of school.
-
-For a few months, “I was in a funk,” she says. “I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life.” Campbell knew she wanted to create something singular and memorable but wasn’t really sure how to. “I like people that dream really big and have crazy ideas,” she said on a [podcast](http://www.thesocialchameleon.show/madison-campbell/), even if the execution “doesn’t always work.” She drew inspiration from Robert Greene’s *The 48 Laws of Power*, a Machiavellian self-help guide (Law 17: “Keep Others in Suspended Terror: Cultivate an Air of Unpredictability.”) After a short-lived attempt to run a start-up that connected software engineers in Nigeria with U.S. contracts, she pivoted to something more personal.
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-As Campbell tells it, the concept for Leda was sparked by McDonald’s French fries one night in 2019. When a former boyfriend found fry crumbs in her bed, he half-jokingly accused her of sharing the snack with another man. Campbell Googled whether it was possible to scientifically disprove infidelity and discovered at-home DNA test kits designed to do just that by following the same process used in hospital sexual-assault exams. The technology was there, so why not give at-home tests to survivors who were hesitant to visit a hospital? Campbell says she herself was raped in college by a friend who showed up at her dorm late one night and chose not to go to the hospital. She texted her proposition to Liesel Vaidya, her technical-project manager at the software-engineer start-up Iyanu. “It’s a great idea,” Vaidya responded. “If it works.”
-
-Vaidya was one of Campbell’s first hires at Iyanu. As a Nepalese immigrant and recent college grad, she needed a job to stay in New York. She saw Campbell as a “true visionary” whose ideas are “out of the box.” “It might not make sense all the time,” the Leda co-founder and CTO says. “People like me, and the rest of the team, sort of round those things out.”
-
-Campbell is persistent in a way [she admits](https://enterprenuer.org/founders/meet-madison-campbell-co-founder-of-leda-health/) “borders on delusion,” a quality she credits to her experience in high-school theater auditions. “Just because that one person doesn’t think you’re right for the part, you can’t let that get you down.” Within months of the French-fry epiphany, Campbell was cold-calling experts and investors to gauge whether her idea was viable. Though no kits existed yet, Campbell says she e-mailed her pitch to college presidents across the country, telling them about the company’s lofty goal of “fixing the sexual assault problem on campuses across the USA.” She expected a wave of interest. Instead, she received letters from 16 attorneys general — including six cease-and-desists — and six subpoenas. New Hampshire even tried [to ban](https://www.sltrib.com/news/2021/01/23/bill-banning-sale-do-it/) the kits outright. Campbell, who had been accustomed to the warmth of entrepreneurial applause, was dunked in ice-cold bureaucracy.
-
-Critics wanted her to slow down and better understand the problem. When sexual-assault advocate Leah Griffin spoke with Campbell about her idea in 2019, she recalls telling the CEO, “What you’re doing is wrong. What you’re doing will harm survivors.” (Campbell says Griffin did not voice her concerns at the time.) Nobody who works in the sexual-assault field thinks the current system is perfect. There is a [national shortage](https://www.rainn.org/news/congress-moves-address-critical-shortage-sexual-assault-nurse-examiners-rainn-partners) of sexual-assault nurse examiners (SANEs), and the backlog of rape kits in many states means results often take a while — or may never arrive. But advocates pointed out that the MeToo Kit wasn’t a practical solution to any of these issues. For one, it would charge survivors for a product that hospitals are required to provide at no cost. An at-home DNA test would also lack essential parts of an exam, like checking for injuries, testing for STIs, and connecting survivors to mental-health resources.
-
-A few civil lawyers were in favor of at-home kits, at least in theory. “We need to support sexual-assault survivors in every way that we can,” says Sigrid McCawley, who represented victims suing Jeffrey Epstein. “If the choice is do nothing or do the at-home kit — my vote is for the kit.” But many experts didn’t think the evidence would be admitted in court, given the chain-of-custody issues that could be raised by a judge or the defense (who touched it? Where was it stored? Was it tampered with?). Nor would independent labs have access to CODIS, a database that helps identify repeat offenders.
-
-Campbell characterized the onslaught of media attention following the cease-and-desists as threatening; she says a reporter “broke into” the NYU Future Labs, the co-working space where the MeToo Kits staff worked, looking for dirt on the company. Campbell says her lawyer advised her and Vaidya to stop taking the subway and that she lost 15 pounds off her 110-pound frame from the stress.
-
-Which isn’t to say she didn’t talk to any reporter who would listen. She told them the kits [would be](https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/09/09/metoo-kit-rape-sexual-assault-diy-test-michigan-attorney-general-dana-nessel/2232251001/) “tamperproof,” digitally timestamped, and could serve as a “[psychological deterrent](https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/9/5/20850965/me-too-kit-metoo-rape-sexual-assault)” to assault on college campuses. When these claims [were](https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/09/09/metoo-kit-rape-sexual-assault-diy-test-michigan-attorney-general-dana-nessel/2232251001/) [critiqued](https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/tasneemnashrulla/diy-me-too-rape-kit-founder-backlash-madison-campbell), she sometimes said it was unfair for anyone to criticize her product, which did not yet exist. “We haven’t even made the kit, so we can’t make any claims,” [she told](https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/tasneemnashrulla/diy-me-too-rape-kit-founder-backlash-madison-campbell) BuzzFeed in the fall of 2019. “Every claim that we make is something that we think might be able to happen.”
-
-The same chutzpah that made sexual-assault experts wary was catnip in start-up-land. At a Bay Area pitch-accelerator event, Campbell was introduced as a maverick: “Never in the history of Alchemist have we had as much controversy in any start-up,” the host said proudly. Her business idea, he said, “is not for the fainthearted, but this is for people who like revolutions.” Campbell strode onstage to the *Pirates of the Caribbean* soundtrack and raucous applause. “Sexual assault” was a “multibillion-dollar industry,” Campbell told the audience, and MeToo Kits would be its leader.
-
-On the surface, her pitch had all the necessary elements: a personal story, a large problem, and a disruptive solution. While advocates were focused on the fine print, investors looked at the big picture. They wanted founders who dreamed up billion-dollar unicorns. Even if this particular idea failed, as those of most start-ups do, funding someone as tenacious and eccentric as Campbell was bound to pay off at some point.
-
-Tom Allchurch, who once worked as a VP at Amazon, agreed to join MeToo Kit as an adviser amid all the controversy. He started working to combat sexual assault after his daughter was raped in high school, and he thought Campbell’s idea to disrupt the flawed legal system was “far more ambitious, far crazier, and far less likely to work” than anything Bezos had ever come up with. Allchurch was ultimately persuaded that it could be revolutionary. While some saw Campbell’s mission as reckless, Allchurch said the same had been said of Elon Musk’s ventures — a man who is “going to do more than any other human being on the planet to change climate.”
-
-By early 2020, money was coming in. Bradley Tusk, a high-profile consultant who worked as Michael Bloomberg’s campaign manager and then as an Uber lobbyist, invested, and Ruca, the design agency whose clients include Amazon and *Vogue,* spearheaded a rebrand. Compared to Campbell’s Silicon Valley mentors, these new funders and advisers wanted the company to become a little more buttoned-up.
-
-Ruca’s main task was to change the name of a start-up that many found insensitive. They landed on Leda Health, after the mythic Greek queen Leda, who was raped by Zeus in the form of a swan and gave birth to Helen of Troy. Campbell wanted a female figure as the company’s emblem — similar to Starbucks’ mermaid logo — and liked that the name “exemplified something that, quite literally, has been around forever.” The branding change also may have ended up disguising the company’s legal troubles; one of Leda’s second-round investors told the Cut she wasn’t aware the start-up had another name, or that it had received cease-and-desists, but she stands by the company.
-
-Other investors were similarly uninterested in the finer details of Leda’s mission, like how the kit worked, what was in it, how it would be distributed, and whether any court would allow it. “I’d much rather back a project like this that fails than someone doing the next global photo-sharing app or something,” said Bong Koh, a Pennsylvania-based venture capitalist. “I look for mission-driven, scrappy, passionate entrepreneurs who don’t give up.” He first discovered Campbell on Twitter and, since the start-up was still in its early stages, didn’t feel the need to see the at-home rape kit before giving her “a very small amount” of funding. Nor did another angel investor who had no background in sexual-assault advocacy and wrote a $10,000 check. In fact, the investor saw his own ignorance as an advantage: he didn’t have the “conventional knowledge” that “would have prevented me from believing that it can work.” Sometimes it annoyed Campbell that potential investors didn’t seem interested in the inner workings of the actual business. After talking to a dozen venture capitalists in one week, she [tweeted](https://twitter.com/martyrdison/status/1462943070203224072): “Every single one asked me my relationship status. Nobody asked what our revenue is.”
-
-In the spring and summer of that year, Leda Health began recruiting college students to fill out its staff, which worked remotely, apart from occasional New York–based meetups to talk strategy. New recruits worked for little (or for free) because they cared about Leda’s mission, especially as self-identified survivors.
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-Jae Ortiz was a 19-year-old NYU student when they applied, infuriated with the college’s handling of sexual assault, particularly concerning students of color. They were hired as an unpaid lobbying analyst, tasked with sharing their personal experiences with sexual assault in order to persuade government officials to allow Leda’s legally dubious services. Early position titles at the company meant relatively little, though, and shifted often. Ortiz soon moved from lobbying, to content creation, to director of the new holistic-services department. After spending six months working for free, they began receiving a small monthly stipend of around $1,000. Another former employee was a 19-year-old premed student when they were hired as an unpaid HR intern, though there was no one in charge of HR at the time.
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-Former employees considered a disorganized workplace a small price to pay for a part in Campbell’s vision. The premed student compared her to former WeWork CEO Adam Neumann: “She’s such a charismatic person and will make anyone who she talks to believe she’s going to change the world.” Her appeal was obvious on Twitter, where she gained followers with a mix of snarky start-up jokes and perfectly lit selfies. She [joked](https://twitter.com/martyrdison/status/1300474251460239361) about her partner’s “asscrack” showing during an investor call and posted a bikini-clad beach [photo](https://twitter.com/martyrdison/status/1493321724309360641) captioned “my conservatorship has ended.” At one point, she and Vaidya had “founder portraits” — taken at JCPenney with ’80s laser beams highlighting their oversize sweaters — that went viral (Reddit [co-founder](https://www.businessinsider.com/want-to-get-attention-of-vcs-try-80s-inspired-photoshoot-2021-3) Alexis Ohanian called them “spectacular”). “Everyone please as a piece of advice spend more time just shitposting on twitter I promise it’ll pay off,” she posted. Her DMs filled up with potential investors and suitors**.**
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-Campbell treated her employees like friends. She felt isolated during the pandemic, and they were the kind of people she would hang out with at a bar anyway. They dyed her hair, worked together from a four-bedroom house she rented in Palm Springs to ride out the pandemic, and recorded TikToks, awkwardly dancing to a Britney Spears song or doing [impersonations](https://twitter.com/martyrdison/status/1344331190975782913) of Erlich Bachman, a character on HBO’s *Silicon Valley.* “It’s really tough because, yes, there’s a dynamic of me as a boss,” she says. “But for the longest time, I didn’t really view myself as that at all.”
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-Her lack of boundaries, though at first endearing, soon became a problem at work. Ex-employees say she bought them food, fancy hotel rooms, and clothing, including lingerie. (“We’ve done nice things for company employees,” Campbell says.) They also say Campbell was overly forthcoming about her sex life and inappropriately curious about theirs. When Ortiz sent flowers to Campbell when she was out sick, the CEO speculated to another staffer that her employee had a crush on her. (“​​I would never be inappropriate with a colleague regarding their sex life or personal matters,” says Campbell, adding that the situation with Ortiz “could have been handled differently.”)
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-When addressing these criticisms, Campbell becomes somber and dutifully contrite. With a heating pad wrapped around her shoulders, she acts as vulnerable as she was, moments earlier, indestructible. “I’ve had to really change and try to learn from people that have built these companies before,” she says. “I think it’s gonna take many years because I did start this so young.”
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-By the end of 2021, Leda’s early evidence kit was finally camera-ready. It looked more like a Glossier product than a medical exam: a trio of slim teal-and-coral boxes full of swabs, intake forms, and a prepaid FedEx package. Leda’s companion app guided users through the DNA collection — which survivors can record on video, if they choose — and asked 21 questions involving consent, use of force, and a description of the incident. In a move to appease critics, the kits included a resource card that says “If you are able, it is always best that you go to a hospital for a comprehensive exam.”
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-Leda focused its efforts on soliciting partnerships with sorority chapters at colleges and universities. Kits were, for a brief period, available to students through a partnership with DoorDash, whose co-founder, Stanley Tang, was a Leda investor; the deal, which Campbell says sidestepped “official channels,” was later canceled.
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-Leda has had just two partnerships at the university level: Its first, with an Alpha Phi sorority chapter at USC, ended after protest from the on-campus sex-and-relationship resource center. More recently, in the fall of 2022, the company struck a deal with the University of Washington’s Kappa Delta sorority, whose members wanted help navigating drunken frat parties that often ended in hookups of questionable consent. Sorority members say they agreed to pay a fee of about $15 each per quarter for unlimited access to all of Leda’s services, including Plan B and rape kits stored in a lockbox in the sorority house. Compared to on-campus health services, the students said Leda’s offerings felt familial and warm. One sophomore described “sobbing” at the end of the company’s orientation. “I think it was just these women saying, ‘We’re here for you. Heal in the way you need to heal.’ It was one of the first times I felt heard.’”
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-It’s unclear whether there’s any survivor demand for the kits. In theory, completed kits are tested at Leda’s partner lab in Florida, though Campbell says only one kit has ever been tested. In its effort to ramp up support for its proposed university partnerships, Leda hired a 24/7 care team, most of them nurses with a forensic background, to provide virtual support and after-care to the company’s would-be customers. But no calls came in. “I don’t believe anyone has had any specific survivor contact at this point,” Deepa Ganesan, Leda’s clinical-operations manager, told the Cut in October. She said the six-member care team is paid an hourly rate to staff a line that never rings.
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-One of Leda’s Early Evidence Kits. Photo: Marcus McDonald
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-With the kits earning almost nothing for the company, healing circles and accountability circles geared toward self-identified perpetrators became, for a moment in time, Leda’s most promising moneymaker. Fewer than 100 customers ever participated in either of them, earning the company approximately $1,900. But Ortiz, who was tasked with building these programs, says the circles cost many more thousands of dollars in payments to facilitators.
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-Despite a $2.2 million fundraising round in 2021, and an additional $7 million Campbell says the company raised a year later, the company appeared to be cash poor. Campbell outsourced some of the company’s early bookkeeping to her mom, a certified CPA whom she called Leda’s “unofficial accountant,” and brainstormed different moneymaking options. As tech-world interest in cryptocurrency surged, she began pitching its app [as an ethereum product](https://techcrunch.com/2021/05/04/radical-ethereum-entrepreneurs-are-redefining-what-rape-kit-means/), claiming blockchain technology could be used to timestamp evidence collected in the kit. The company also spitballed about seeking investment from Harvey Weinstein, the convicted sex offender and former film producer. “What if we wrote to him and was like / If our kit existed, and you truly ~didn’t~ sexually assault anyone / this would prove your innocence / so fund us,” Campbell wrote Ortiz on Slack. “Tea,” Ortiz replied. (Leda never contacted Weinstein, and Campbell says she was joking: “Obviously we don’t move forward with every radical thought that comes up in a Slack-based brainstorming session.”)
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-In a summer 2022 Zoom call, Campbell told Ortiz about Leda’s dire financial reality: “We’re going to run dry. We almost ran dry earlier this year. There was a point in time where we had less than a hundred dollars in our corporate bank account. And myself and Liesel started taking out credit cards to make sure everybody got paid.”
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-Increasingly desperate to right their ship, Campbell and Vaidya hired Ilana Turko, a former prosecutor and senior counsel of the New York Mayor’s Office of Criminal Justice, as their VP of strategy. Turko had years of experience working on sexual violence within the system. She spearheaded trauma-informed programs in her work on the Domestic Violence Task Force and earmarked funds for specialized housing for crime-victim survivors and their families. Turko felt fellow advocates were closed off to innovation and says she was ready to try a new approach. Her first task at Leda was to clean house. “There was definitely a need for there to be a bit more structure and more of a 30,000-foot view to make sure we’re on the right track,” Turko says.
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-A week after Turko was hired, the company received tragic news. Exene Rodriguez, then a contractor working as the digital marketing lead, had died by suicide. The next week Campbell led a Zoom call to “hold space” for her grieving staff. She and Vaidya then sent their employees on a weeklong mental-health break.
-
-When they returned, 12 contractors, including the premed student and Kat Pham, a social-media manager and Rodriguez’s friend of ten years, were terminated. One full-time employee was also laid off. Ortiz quit a few days later. For the sexual-assault survivors whom Campbell recruited, their experience at Leda was singularly disheartening. “She could help people, you know what I mean?” Pham says. “But it was never the survivors she could help quietly. It will never exceed her need for glory. She wants the credit.”
-
-But now the company had some breathing room. The layoffs bought Leda an extra year of runway, giving it three years to operate off its remaining funds, Turko explained in a company all-hands. This is “good for us,” she said, “and should, I hope, instill a level of confidence in our ability to continue our work.” Campbell says Leda’s priority now is to hire staffers who can influence policy and run an efficient business, like Turko, now chief strategy officer, and Abby Clawson, the senior vice-president of finance they poached from Axios. “I’m getting people who I believe are some of the best of the best in this industry, who still say we’re doing the right thing.” The company recently hired a staffer with Title IX experience to help bolster the company’s credibility on campuses, and Turko is creating a guidebook to help lawyers get the at-home evidence admitted in court. The hope is that universities, prosecutors, and judges will have warmed to Leda’s approach before the money runs dry. Already, Campbell’s teasing another partnership the company is set to launch in March with “a large private university” whose name she can’t disclose.
-
-In mid-November, Campbell sat in a New York conference room, visibly frustrated. She was in town for a few weeks from San Francisco, where she now lives, so the typically remote Leda team had convened in a Soho loft — an office space her ex-boyfriend rents but never uses — with white brick walls, a [modular](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/04/style/furniture-squishy-home-design.html) cream sofa, and monstera plants. Pizza boxes lay open on the kitchen’s marble island. A coder sat in the back corner, glued to his computer.
-
-Campbell, Turko, and one of their advisers were sitting around a long wooden table, deciding how they should respond to a cease-and-desist from Washington’s attorney general. The University of Washington’s student government had filed a complaint, and now Leda had to end its only partnership with the UW sorority. The cease-and-desist touched on familiar territory about admissibility and cost but also raised some new criticisms, like the fact that Leda’s SANE locator “blatantly misrepresents the availability” of these exams. (For example, the company’s search tool listed nine locations in Washington State, when in fact there were [at least](https://www.nbcnews.com/health/sexual-health/after-sexual-assault-where-can-you-get-medical-forensic-exam-n1240035) 60 in 2020.)
-
-Turko thought they should immediately cut off the sorority’s access to all services, since the AG could sue them or try to shut down the business if they didn’t comply. Campbell felt more rebellious. It seemed clear to her that the AG’s main issue was with the kits, so why not just pull them from the sorority and continue to provide Plan B and other services? Campbell wore a black shirt with a Thrasher flame logo, and as they waited to hear back from their lawyers, ran a pen through her hair. So in a post-*Roe* v. *Wade* world, she asks, “after we just went through the midterm elections, you’re saying that we’re fucking taking emergency contraceptive out? In the state of Washington? That’s some Alabama shit.” In the end, they decided to pull the rape kits until the AG’s office provided more guidance.
-
-Despite losing her only client, Campbell says she wasn’t worried about breaking the news to investors. She had a call lined up later that day with Acme, and predicted the venture-capital firm would write off the situation as standard start-up churn. Mostly, Campbell’s just bemused that advocates and AGs still consider her a shit-stirrer. “I would love for them to call me a scammer to my face. Do they think I’m like a six-foot-two behemoth plotting in this office being like ‘How can we make the most money that we possibly can?’” she asks, switching to a low, gravelly voice. Besides, if it turns out survivors themselves don’t want the kits, Campbell says the company will find a way to pivot again, maybe expand into selling harm-reduction products, like Narcan or fentanyl-test strips. “I’m really interested in building a company that is there for you in the worst moments possible,” she explains.
-
-Further into the future — “after Leda,” whenever that might be — Campbell has her eye on Pennsylvania state government. “I want to run for politics one day,” she says. “That’s my dream.” Because Democrats have been most critical of her business, she figures none of them would vote for her. A self-described social progressive and fiscal conservative, Campbell instead plans to run on returning “some sanity to the Republican Party.”
-
-In the meantime, she says, the goal is just to “center ourselves” and “emotionally heal” from this latest setback with UW. For her, this meant spending most of December in Europe with a friend. “This is your sign to dye your hair red and go to greece,” she [posted](https://twitter.com/martyrdison/status/1603769547294646275/photo/1) to Twitter, her new locks lit up by the sun as she perched on a rocky beach. “The company fails if all of us are too bummed to wake up in the morning,” Campbell says. “You gotta keep trucking.”
-
-‘Call Me a Scammer to My Face’
-
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diff --git a/00.03 News/‘Incredibly intelligent, highly elusive’ US faces new threat from Canadian ‘super pig’.md b/00.03 News/‘Incredibly intelligent, highly elusive’ US faces new threat from Canadian ‘super pig’.md
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-# ‘Incredibly intelligent, highly elusive’: US faces new threat from Canadian ‘super pig’
-
-For decades, wild pigs have been antagonizing flora and fauna in the US: gobbling up crops, spreading disease and even killing deer and elk.
-
-Now, as fears over the potential of the pig impact in the US grow, North America is also facing a new swine-related threat, as a Canadian “super pig”, a giant, “incredibly intelligent, highly elusive” beast capable of surviving cold climates by tunneling under snow, is poised to infiltrate the north of the country.
-
-The emergence of the so-called super pig, a result of cross-breeding domestic pigs with wild boars, only adds to the problems the US faces from the swine invasion.
-
-Pigs are not native to the US, but have wrought havoc in recent decades: the government [estimates](https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/03/hogs-run-wild-but-usda-doubling-efforts-to-fight-problem.html) the country’s approximately 6 million wild, or feral, pigs cause $1.5bn of damage each year.
-
-In parts of the country, the pigs’ prevalence has sparked a whole hog hunting industry, where people pay thousands of dollars to mow down boar and sow with machine guns. But overall, the impact of the pigs, first introduced to the US in the 16th century, has very much been a negative, as the undiscerning swine has chomped its way across the country.
-
-“We see direct competition for our native species for food,” said Michael Marlow, assistant program manager for the Department of Agriculture’s national feral swine damage management program.
-
-“However, pigs are also accomplished predators. They’ll opportunistically come upon a hidden animal, and the males have long tusks, so they’re very capable of running and grabbing one with their mouth.
-
-“They’ll kill young fawns, they’re known to be nest predators, so they impact turkeys and potentially quail.”
-
-The wild pigs are also responsible for a laundry list of environmental damages, ranging from eating innocent farmers’ crops to destroying trees and polluting water. They also pose “a human health and safety risk”, Marlow said.
-
-A pig is a “mixing vessel”, capable of carrying viruses, such as flu, which are transmittable to humans. National Geographic [reported](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/wild-hogs-swine-pigs-feral-us-disease-crops) that pigs have the potential to “create a novel influenza virus”, which could spread to humankind.
-
-The first record of pigs in the continental US was in 1539, when the Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto landed in Florida with an entourage which included 13 swine.
-
-During the four-year expedition, which saw De Soto order the [slaughter](https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1959/hernando-de-sotos-expedition-to-la-florida-1539-15/) of thousands of Native Americans, [declare himself](https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/hernando-de-soto-1770/#:~:text=De%20Soto's%20death%20presented%20difficulties,corpse%20under%20cover%20of%20darkness.) “an immortal ‘Son of the Sun’”, and then [die](https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1959/hernando-de-sotos-expedition-to-la-florida-1539-15/) of a fever, the number of pigs grew to [about 700](https://feralhogs.extension.org/history/), spread across what is now the south-eastern US.
-
-But it is only relatively recently that the pigs have become a problem.
-
-“They lived a benign existence up until, you know, probably three or four decades ago, where we started seeing these rapid excursions in areas we hadn’t seen before,” Marlow said.
-
-“Primarily that was the cause of intentional releases of swine by people who wanted to develop hunting populations. They were drugged and moved around, not always legally, and dropped in areas to allow the populations to develop. And so that’s where we saw this rapid increase.”
-
-The number of pigs in the US has since grown to more than 6 million, in some 34 states. The pigs weigh between 75 and 250lbs on average, but can weigh in twice as large as that, [according to](https://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/wildlife_damage/fsc-feral-swine-id.pdf) the USDA. At 3ft tall and 5ft long, they are a considerable foe.
-
-Marlow said his team had managed to eradicate pigs in seven states over the past decade, but with little realistic hope of getting rid of the swine completely, there are also fears over the potential impact of pig-borne disease, particularly African swine fever.
-
-The disease is always fatal to pigs, and in China, which is home to more than 400 million pigs – [half of the world’s pig population](https://www.reuters.com/graphics/CHINA-SWINEFEVER-FARMERS/010090DR0KM/index.html) – African swine fever wiped out more than 30% of the pig population in 2018 and 2019. African swine fever has [presented in Europe](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1126613/african-swine-fever-in-europe-update-28.pdf), too, but Marlow said it has not yet been detected in the Americas.
-
-That’s something that Ryan Brook, who leads the University of Saskatchewan’s Canadian wild pig research project, hopes to maintain.
-
-In Canada, like in the US, wild pigs are a relatively recent problem. Up until 2002 there were barely any wild pigs in the country, but Brook said the population has exploded in the past eight years. The animals are now spread across 1m sq km of Canada, predominantly in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan.
-
-“Wild pigs are easily the worst invasive large mammal on the planet,” said Ryan Brook.
-
-“They’re incredibly intelligent. They’re highly elusive, and also when there’s any pressure on them, especially if people start hunting them, they become almost completely nocturnal, and they become very elusive – hiding in heavy forest cover, and they disappear into wetlands and they can be very hard to locate.”
-
-Brook and others are particularly troubled by the emergence of a “super pig”, created by farmers cross-breeding wild boar and domestic pigs in the 1980s. The result was a larger swine, which produced more meat, and was easier for people to shoot in Canadian hunting reserves.
-
-These pigs escaped captivity and swiftly spread across Canada, with the super pig proving to be an incredibly proficient breeder, Brook said, while its giant size – one pig has been clocked at more than 300kg (661lbs) – makes it able to survive the frigid western Canada winters, where the wind chill can be -50C.
-
-“All the experts said at that time: ‘Well, no worries. If a wild pig or a wild boar ever escaped from a farm, there’s no way it would survive a western Canadian winter. It would just freeze to death.’
-
-“Well, it turns out that being big is a huge advantage to surviving in the cold.”
-
-The pigs survive extreme weather by tunneling up to 2 meters under snow, Brook said, creating a snow cave.
-
-“They’ll use their razor-sharp tusks to cut down cattails \[a native plant\], and line the bottom of the cave with cattails as a nice warm insulating layer.
-
-“And in fact, they’re so warm inside that one of the ways we use to find these pigs is to fly first thing in the morning when it’s really cold, colder than -30, and you will actually see steam just pouring out the top of the snow.”
-
-Given the damage the pigs have wrought, a range of attempts have been made to get rid of them. Scientists and researchers in the US and Canada have had some success with catching whole sounders of pigs in big traps, while in the US [attempts have been made](https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/05/poison-feral-hogs/618902/) – sometimes unsuccessfully – at poisoning wild pigs.
-
-One method that has worked in the US, Brook said, is the use of a “Judas pig”. A lone pig is captured and fitted with a GPS collar, then released into the wild, where hopefully it will join a group of unsuspecting swine.
-
-“The idea is that you go and find that collared animal, remove any pigs that are with it, and in ideal world then let it go again and it will just continue to find more and more pigs,” Brook said.
-
-Brook said a variety of methods are required to tackle the pig problem. But the efforts are more about managing the damage caused by these non-native mammals, rather than getting rid of the pigs completely. In Canada, that chance has gone.
-
-“Probably as late as maybe 2010 to 2012, there was probably a reasonable chance of finding and removing them. But now, they’re so widespread, and so abundant, that certainly as late as 2018 or 19 I stopped saying that eradication was possible. They’re just so established,” Brook said.
-
-“They’ve definitely moved in, and they’re here to stay.”
-
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diff --git a/00.03 News/‘It Would Have Been Like a Scene From One of My Movies.’.md b/00.03 News/‘It Would Have Been Like a Scene From One of My Movies.’.md
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-Link: https://www.vulture.com/2023/02/oscar-wars-pulp-fiction-harvey-weinstein-courtney-love.html
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-&emsp;
-
-# ‘It Would Have Been Like a Scene From One of My Movies.’
-
-[book excerpt](https://www.vulture.com/tags/book-excerpt/) Feb. 21, 2023
-
-## ‘If She Had Killed You With an Oscar, it Would Have Been Like a Scene From One of My Movies’
-
-A stranger–than–*Pulp Fiction* Oscars tale confirmed.
-
-![](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/6be/71d/8f445283a1833778506340015ca2807801-1995-oscars-tarantino.rhorizontal.w1100.jpg)
-
-Once upon a time in Hollywood … Quentin Tarantino’s *Pulp Fiction* won Best Original Screenplay. Photo: Don Emmert/AFP via Getty Images
-
-By the early ’90s, Miramax, the Tribeca-based company founded by Harvey and Bob Weinstein, had elbowed its way to the center of the indie-film world, as Michael Schulman notes in his book *Oscar Wars: A History of Hollywood in Gold, Sweat, and Tears*. But Harvey wanted to break out of the “art-house ghetto.” One way he did that was by vigorously campaigning for Oscars for films like *My Left Foot* and *The Crying Game*, the latter of which saved the company from financial catastrophe. Then came *Pulp Fiction*.
-
-Through aggressive acquisitions, Miramax had established its identity and knew exactly what kind of movies it wanted to put out*.* There was “literary” foreign fare such as *Like Water for Chocolate*, which became the highest-grossing foreign film in a decade. (To celebrate, the company threw a banquet in TriBeCa for a thousand guests, who were invited before dinner to watch actress Claudette Maillé re-create her nude horseback scene on the West Side Highway.) And there were grungy, provocative American movies like Kevin Smith’s *Clerks* and Quentin Tarantino’s *Reservoir Dogs*.
-
-A motormouthed, kung fu-obsessed cinephile, Tarantino had quit high school and in 1984 started working at the Video Archives in L.A.’s Manhattan Beach. There he found his cadre of movie geeks and began writing *Reservoir Dogs*, a bloody, postmodern heist film made for $1.3 million. With its B-movie violence, blaring seventies soundtrack, and revenge-of-the-nerd nihilism — all ending in a hailstorm of bullets — it was an unapologetic assault on the refined art house aesthetic. After one Sundance screening, a spectator asked, “So, how do you justify all the violence in this movie?” Tarantino shot back, “I don’t know about you, but I love violent movies. What I find offensive is that Merchant Ivory shit.”
-
-*Reservoir Dogs* left Sundance without a distributor, but Miramax’s acquisitions team implored Weinstein to take a look. He thought that the gore would alienate women, a thesis that held up when his wife and sister-in-law left the room after the ear-slicing scene. Tarantino objected, “I didn’t make it for your wife!” After a standoff, Weinstein blinked. He opened the movie in October 1992, ear-slicing included. It grossed some $2.5 million — hardly *Crying Game* money. Meanwhile, Tarantino, with an option from TriStar on his next project, holed up in a one-room apartment in Amsterdam, hopped up on twelve cups of coffee per day and filling composition notebooks with indecipherable scrawl. After three months, he emerged with *Pulp Fiction*.
-
-The script — nonlinear, ultraviolent, with a leather-clad character called the Gimp — was too weird for TriStar, but Miramax production head Richard Gladstein gave it to Weinstein, who was catching a plane to Martha’s Vineyard. Within three hours, he called Gladstein and said, “The first scene is *fucking brilliant*. Does it stay this good?” An hour later, he called again: “Are you guys crazy? You just killed off the main character in the middle of the movie.” Keep reading, Gladstein urged him. “Start negotiating,” Weinstein said. He called back a third time. “Are you closed yet?” he asked. “Hurry up! We’re making this movie.”
-
-The film shot in the fall of 1993, with John Travolta and Samuel L. Jackson as hitmen and Uma Thurman as a crime boss’s wife. At Cannes, the Weinstein brothers — newly flush after selling Miramax to Disney — showed up with the *Pulp* gang. The movie hit Cannes like dynamite. Crowds chanted Tarantino’s name. “Quentin brought back that thing that only had existed theretofore in the seventies, the idea of the rock-star director,” says his then publicist, Bumble Ward. On Tarantino’s way up to accept the Palme d’Or, a woman shouted, “*Pulp Fiction* is shit!” He flipped her off and said, “I don’t make movies that bring people together. I make movies that split people apart.”
-
-That fall, *Pulp Fiction* went to the New York Film Festival, where spectators included Jeffrey Katzenberg, Demi Moore, and Tom Cruise. During the scene in which Travolta stabs Thurman in the heart with a syringe of adrenaline, a woman screamed, “Is there a doctor in the house?” A diabetic man had fainted. Miramax sent the guy home in a limo, and the film resumed. The incident made headlines, but not everyone was convinced. “It could not have been a bigger — in my opinion — *stunt*,” says Fine Line’s Liz Manne, who was sitting a few rows behind the fainter. “Either that or Harvey made the most of an opportunity that arose organically. Many people in the industry thought that it was a fake.”
-
-*Pulp Fiction* opened in October 1994 on 1,100 screens and made back more than its $8.5 million budget on the first weekend. “The hero ain’t the hero. The villain ain’t the villain. And the outcome of the story might happen an hour before the end. It’s defying everything,” Weinstein told the press. A true cultural phenomenon, *Pulp Fiction* became the first independent film to blast through the $100 million mark, and Tarantino the rare director famous enough to host *Saturday Night Live*. He was the face not only of the exploding indie movement but also of Miramax. “I’m their Mickey Mouse,” he’d say.
-
-*Pulp Fiction* was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, among twenty-two total nominations for Miramax. “I’m drinking sweet vintage champagne through the faucets of Miramax,” Weinstein told the *L.A. Times*. (The press knew he was good copy.) His competition was *Forrest Gump*, a feel-good studio drama that located America’s soul in a sweet simpleton played by Tom Hanks. At more than $600 million worldwide, it was the highest-grossing film in Paramount’s history. *Gump* vs. *Pulp* reflected the two antipodes of American movies: big-budget Hollywood versus the rude, ascendant indies. “They kept calling it the David-and-Goliath year,” says Bumble Ward, “but it really was a sort of litmus test: Are you a *Forrest Gump* person or are you a *Pulp Fiction* person? Are you groovy or not?”
-
-Although Weinstein had about half of *Gump*’s campaigning budget, he used his resources shrewdly. Miramax staff would visit the motion picture retirement home in the Valley, where some elderly Academy voters lived, and, according to Tarantino’s agent Mike Simpson, “have lunch with little old ladies and make a personal connection with each one of them, saying, ‘Watch the movie and vote for our film.’” The tactic, like others for which Miramax became notorious, wasn’t new, but Weinstein was relentless. The studios were now showering voters with so much swag — including Disney’s fifty-dollar coffee table books for *The Lion King* — that the Academy had to warn against items that “tread dangerously close to the definition of a bribe.” “I’m always going up against the huge Hollywood establishment, and this time it’s no different,” Weinstein said mid-campaign. “You have Bob Zemeckis and Tom Hanks, who could both be mayor of Beverly Hills.”
-
-The *Gump* campaign was overseen by Cheryl Boone Isaacs, Paramount’s head of worldwide publicity and one of the few Black executives in Hollywood. A few years earlier, Weinstein had tried to poach her, saying, “You’re the kind of person Miramax would love,” but she declined. Now she was in direct competition with him. “It was heated,” she recalls. “*Pulp Fiction* was the darling of the New York press, which didn’t make life easy by any means. I remember saying to the staff, ‘Okay, this is the deal: every nomination that is offered, I want it.’” Although *Gump* got thirteen nominations, Boone Isaacs wasn’t taking anything for granted. “We had already known he was good at this,” she says of Weinstein. “But I didn’t think he was any smarter than I was, to be honest.” (Two decades later, she became the Academy’s first Black president.)
-
-In March 1995, the Miramax crew touched down at LAX like a band of renegades from a Tarantino movie. Two nights before the Oscars, *Pulp Fiction* swept the Independent Spirit Awards, but Weinstein predicted, “Monday night, we’ll be the fucking homeless people.” Like *Citizen Kane*, *Pulp Fiction* lost every Oscar but the original screenplay award, which Tarantino shared with his old video store chum Roger Avary. (In another *Citizen Kane* echo, the two had squabbled over Avary’s credit.) Onstage, they looked like crashers from a skateboarding contest. Avary, a long-haired art school dropout, announced, “I really have to take a pee right now.”
-
-Miramax had taken over Chasen’s, the storied West Hollywood eatery that was about to shut its doors. The party was a kind of Irish wake, both for the restaurant and for *Pulp*’s Oscar chances. The guests reveled in being the cool-kid losers — even Madonna, who watched the telecast from the party. When *Gump* won Best Picture and one of the producers invoked its values of “respect, tolerance, and unconditional love,” she heckled the screen, “What about mediocrity?”
-
-By 12:30 a.m., the party was packed, the atmosphere unhinged. When Courtney Love, in mourning for Kurt Cobain, recognized the woman sitting next to her as Lynn Hirschberg, the journalist who had written a damning *Vanity Fair* profile of her, she said, “You have blood on your hands,” grabbed Tarantino’s Oscar off the table, and tried to clobber Hirschberg with it, as the director scrambled to intervene. After Love gathered herself and left, Tarantino turned to Hirschberg and quipped, “If she had killed you with an Oscar, it would have been like a scene from one of my movies.”
-
-Late into the night, Weinstein told the *New York Observer* that he hadn’t given up on those Oscars after all: “At 4 a.m., we’re going to Hanks’ and Zemeckis’ houses. We’re taking them back.” He smirked. “And if they don’t give them up, we’re going to get *medieval* on them.” He enjoyed playing troublemaker, but he knew what to keep hidden. Among the revelers was Uma Thurman, who later revealed that, amid the *Pulp Fiction* juggernaut, Weinstein had assaulted her at his suite at the Savoy: “He pushed me down. He tried to shove himself on me. He tried to expose himself. He did all kinds of unpleasant things. But he didn’t actually put his back into it and force me. You’re like an animal wriggling away, like a lizard.”
-
-The next day, he had sent her yellow roses and a card that read, “You have great instincts.”
-
-**Excerpted from the book OSCAR WARS: A HISTORY OF HOLLYWOOD IN GOLD, SWEAT, AND TEARS, by Michael Schulman. Copyright © 2023 by Michael Schulman. Reprinted by permission of Harper, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers.**
-
-[![Oscar Wars by Michael Schulman](https://pyxis.nymag.com/v1/imgs/e99/754/1426b5059adbe9191104efd238bda19fca-oscar-wars.rdeep-vertical.w245.jpg)](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0B25754ZG?tag=vulture-20&ascsubtag=[]vu[p]cle8wjgp7001z0pjfvoub96ss[i]73ueJF)
-
-‘It Would Have Been Like a Scene From One of My Movies’
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-Link: https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-vietnam-vet-frank-white-used-combat-training-to-fight-war-on-drugs
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-# ‘Jurassic Narcs’: The Vietnam Vets Who Supersized the War on Drugs
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-On the muggy summer night of July 31, 1980, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) organized a sting operation at the Pompeii Warehouse south of Miami. Five undercover agents waited inside the warehouse with the drugs—15,000 [pounds of marijuana](https://www.thedailybeast.com/inside-colombias-deadly-golden-triangle-where-guerrilla-dissidents-now-rule?ref=topic) in the back of a GM rental truck, which they planned to sell for $1 million cash.
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-Leading the sting was group supervisor Frank White, a 37-year-old Vietnam war hero. He and fellow agents were parked near the warehouse in unmarked sedans providing perimeter security.
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-At 9 p.m., a green Chevy with two antennas on the trunk pulled up to the warehouse and three men filed inside, carrying guns and police radios, and flashing police badges. “Police,” one of them yelled at the undercover agents. “You’re under arrest!”
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-The DEA agents, confused, lifted their hands. “I’m a DEA agent,” one said.
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-The gunmen searched the agents, took their guns, zip tied their hands, and forced them to lay face down on the concrete floor of the warehouse. The three gunmen weren’t really cops. It was a strange twist: drug dealers posing as lawmen, robbing lawmen posing as dealers.
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-The leader of the gunmen, a pudgy pot dealer named Walter Bostick, climbed into the marijuana-filled rental truck, as his colleagues lifted the overhead warehouse door. One of the DEA agents broke out of his cuffs, fired at the truck, and shouted over the radio, “It’s a rip-off!”
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-White flashed back to his partner, Frank Tummillo, killed in a rip-off in Times Square eight years earlier. President Nixon used the young agent’s death to rally support for his fledgling “war on drugs.” “We cannot bring Frank Tummillo back again any more than we can bring back the American soldiers who have given their lives in Vietnam,” President Nixon said in a radio address. Five months later, Nixon would escalate the war on drugs, launching the DEA.
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-![](https://img.thedailybeast.com/image/upload/c_crop,d_placeholder_euli9k,h_1688,w_3000,x_0,y_0/dpr_1.5/c_limit,w_690/fl_lossy,q_auto/230604-jurassic-narcs-DEA-embed_wbfdjk)
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-Frank White's partner, Special Agent Frank Tummillo.
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-#### Photo Illustration by Thomas Levinson/The Daily Beast/Getty/DEA
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-White heard a burst from a DEA machine gun, shotgun blasts, then saw the rental truck ram through the partially closed warehouse gate, creating a shower of splinters. White, in his sedan, drove straight at the oncoming truck. He was moments from slamming into the heavier, narcotics-loaded vehicle, when the truck veered off the road and crashed into a ditch.
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-White jumped from his car and moved toward the rental truck’s passenger side. A fellow agent advanced toward the driver side. White spotted the driver—Bostick—lift a black Browning high power pistol. He yelled to the other agent, “Get down! Get down!”
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-Bostick heard him and aimed his pistol at White’s head. White gripped his 1911 pistol with two hands and fired seven rounds through the rental truck’s side window. Glass rained down, as White crouched next to the truck, checking his body for wounds and slamming a new clip into his pistol.
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-Bright muzzle flashes illuminated the night sky as White’s teammates emptied shotgun slugs and buckshot into the truck’s cab. Leaning against the truck, White could feel the bullets pound into the sheet metal. Figuring the driver was still a threat, White leaped onto the truck’s running board, grabbed the passenger door handle with his left hand, swung his pistol around with his right, and fired another clip at the dealer. Through the gun smoke, White saw the dealer’s body slumped over the steering wheel, with 32 bullet holes in him.
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-*The Miami Herald* called it a “Bonnie and Clyde” style massacre. “He had more bullet holes in him than if he’d run into a machine gun,” the Dade County medical examiner told the newspaper. White became the focus of a homicide investigation launched by the office of the local state attorney, Janet Reno. But when homicide investigators arrived at the warehouse, the DEA was cleaning up the evidence, without having photographed the scene. Agents testified Bostick had fired first, but it turned out he hadn’t fired a shot.
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-When asked in court why he’d shot the fleeing dealer nine times, White is said to have replied: “Nine? Because I ran out of bullets.”
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-## Surviving two wars
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-When I reached out to the Association of Federal Narcotics Agents, asking about the Vietnam veterans who helped shape the early DEA, a contact immediately recommended Frank White. “I swear the first time I saw Frank walk into a room,” he told me, “I could hear the sound of a Huey’s rotor blades.”
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-I tracked down White just south of Chicago. He’d retired from the DEA three decades earlier, but continued his daily workouts and made regular visits to the Glen Park Izaak Walton pistol range, where he was known for his pinpoint accuracy (his Colt Combat Commander pistol, a gift from George H.W. Bush with ivory grips and engraved with White’s initials, FEW, is on display in the NRA Museum). He wrote a blog called “The White Report,” where he shared lessons in gun tactics, commented on police deadly force incidents, and advocated for better training of officers to reduce the danger to themselves and others during high stress encounters.
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-““The Citadel gave me a rich scholastic experience, a sense of order and a disciplined approach to life….””
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-— Frank White
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-His voice surprised me: His thick New York accent and short nervous sentences combined to create a Woody Allen effect. But his philosophy and diction were that of a soldier. Instead of using my name in emails, he addressed me (in ALL CAPS) as “WARRIOR.” Instead of “OK,” he wrote, “10-4.” Instead of “keep me posted,” he wrote, “I’LL STAND IN THE DOOR AND AWAIT YOUR GREEN LIGHT.” Instead of “All the best,” he signed off with that old warrior’s promise: “SEMPER FI.”
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-![](https://img.thedailybeast.com/image/upload/c_crop,d_placeholder_euli9k,h_1324,w_2000,x_0,y_0/dpr_1.5/c_limit,w_690/fl_lossy,q_auto/230604-jurassic-narcs-DEA-embed-04_mdvyvw)
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-A DEA agent stirs cocaine paste in December 1989 during an operation in Peru.
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-#### Patrick Aventurier/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images
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-“There is a direct translation of some of \[Vietnam’s\] battlefield tactics into law enforcement,” says Matthew Pembleton, author of the book *Containing Addiction* about the early years of the war on drugs. “You’ve got the same pilots who were flying helicopter missions in Vietnam buzzing marijuana fields in California’s Emerald Triangle in the 1970s.”
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-Around the DEA, they’re called the Jurassic Narcs: the hard-charging Vietnam veterans like White who formed the core of the early agency. They were sent to fight an un-winnable and unpopular war abroad, only to be recruited to fight the un-winnable war on drugs back in the U.S. The agents applied their Vietnam experience to dangerous undercover operations in drug-infested urban environments. “The tactics you learn in Vietnam,” White told me, “it’s often eyeball to eyeball. Up close. That’s what it’s like being an agent.”
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-With little in the way of an overarching strategy, the DEA adopted an uncomplicated approach: hunt the bad guys, cut off their suppliers, and seize contraband. If a sledgehammer is a blunt tool for solving a problem, the DEA’s first agents were wrecking balls. Motivated by a hatred of drugs and often tormented by wartime demons, these agents became crusaders, a ’70s and ’80s version of *The Untouchables*.
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-“I genuinely think it’s less about blood lust than the joy of the hunt and the thrill of the caper,” says Pembleton. “In depicting drugs as a terrible menace, they convinced themselves and everyone else that what they were doing—all the rules that they were breaking, and all the power that they were accruing—was absolutely necessary.”
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-They were agents like Billy Mockler, who in the 1980s tracked and busted a giant Medellín Cartel cocaine lab in the Colombian jungle; or Hector Berrellez, who kidnapped a Mexican doctor suspected of involvement in the murder of DEA agent Enrique “Kiki” Camarena; or Cellerino Castillo, who joined the agency because of his experience watching heroin kill a fellow GI. “His death scene gave me a purpose,” Castillo later wrote in his memoir. “If ever I left Vietnam, I would put all my energy into fighting America’s drug habit.”
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-From the outset, the DEA had a reputation as a rogue outfit among federal law-enforcement agencies. In 1977, according to *The Washington Post*, the Justice Department considered shutting the agency down, given concerns over its disregard for suspects’ civil rights, its focus on ineffective “street busts,” and its warlike tactics. Indeed, the 1970s saw a spike in violent drug busts, and the DEA was often involved in risky undercover stings, car chases, and daylight shootouts. Some argued that the aggressive approach was necessary because the organizations controlling the drug trade were becoming ever more sophisticated, powerful, and deadly. But to critics, the DEA’s penchant for violence was counterproductive.
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-The debate rages on, some 50 years later. The ACLU has warned about the excessive militarization of American policing, pointing to a classified DEA memo that “all but confirms the blurring of the lines between the drug war and the U.S. military.”
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-Criminal justice scholars agree. “The assumption is that if the cops are in a war on drugs… they’re being outgunned,” says Scott Phillips, a professor of criminal justice at Buffalo State College. “I’m old enough to remember when George H.W. Bush held up an Uzi \[and\] said this is the gun of choice of the drug dealers. I was a police officer in Houston in the mid-’80s, and I had a six-shot revolver, which was perfectly fine at the time, and perfectly fine now.”
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-![](https://img.thedailybeast.com/image/upload/c_crop,d_placeholder_euli9k,h_1331,w_2000,x_0,y_0/dpr_1.5/c_limit,w_690/fl_lossy,q_auto/230604-jurassic-narcs-DEA-embed-05_hsiqtr)
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-President George H.W. Bush holds up a bag of crack cocaine seized by DEA agents during his first address to the nation from the Oval Office in 1989.
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-#### Mark Reinstein/Corbis via Getty Images
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-Mirroring the heroin epidemic of the 1970s, the DEA’s new target is another opioid: fentanyl. Last year, the agency launched a 23-state initiative called Operation Overdrive to crack down on the powerful drug, conducting raids, making arrests, and seizing contraband.
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-The ACLU refers to these tactics as “stale and warmed-over war on drugs leftovers,” arguing that instead, “lawmakers should be laser-focused on rapidly scaling up evidence-based solutions that have proven effective at saving lives: overdose prevention centers, fentanyl test strips, safe supply, drug decriminalization, public education campaigns, and low-barrier access to naloxone and other rehabilitative and life-saving therapies.”
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-American voters, meanwhile, have lost confidence in the government’s approach to drug enforcement. Eighty-three percent of Democrats, 85 percent of Independents, and 82 percent of Republicans believe “the war on drugs has failed.”
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-“Despite excelling as a frontline commander, White had no desire to become a career military man.”
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-Jeremy Kuzmarov, author of the book *The Myth of the Addicted Army: Vietnam and the Modern War on Drugs*, argues the premise of the war on drugs, like the war in Vietnam, was faulty from the outset. “Vietnam was a quagmire and the war on drugs is a quagmire,” he says. “People often live dreary lives and it’s human nature to seek intoxication of some kind. By fighting a war on drugs, you’re fighting a human impulse. So, the war on drugs will never succeed.”
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-White was a veteran of two failed wars, Vietnam and the war on drugs. But he remained proud of his service in both and considered the war on drugs a righteous one. “Part of it was continued service to your country,” White said. “It did feel something noble.”
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-## Toy soldiers
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-The first time Frank White wanted to be a soldier was when he was 9 years old. Growing up in Manhattan, where his father owned a liquor store and his mother worked at Columbia University, he became friends with a middle-aged man who lived in the same apartment building. The man would often talk about his son, who’d been killed at the Battle of the Bulge near the end of World War II. The grieving father gave White his son’s old toy soldiers; and as White played with the little figurines on the carpeted floor of the quiet apartment, he’d listen to the man’s stories about his son, who’d won a Silver Star fighting the Germans. “If he could do it,” White thought, “I wanted to do it.”
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-He started training in high school, forgoing alcohol to keep his body clean, and waking up at 3:30 every morning for a three-hour workout. At 18, he enrolled at The Citadel, the state-run military college in South Carolina. The training was Spartan-like, with grueling physical conditioning and rampant hazing, all to instill discipline, humility, and mental fortitude in the cadets. White remembered, “The Citadel gave me a rich scholastic experience, a sense of order and a disciplined approach to life…”
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-White counted himself lucky to graduate in 1965, just as the Vietnam War was heating up. He believed that America would lose in Vietnam, having studied the experience of the French, but that mattered less to him than putting his training to the test. “I was 22 years of age, I was a paratrooper, and I wanted to lead men in combat,” White recalled. On the flight to Vietnam, however, he worried about how he’d react under fire, whether he’d freeze up.
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-His first commander in Vietnam, whose actual name was Colonel Fear, sensed White’s apprehension and looked him hard in the eyes. “Soldiers may die as a result of your decisions, but if you fail to make a decision, I will court-martial you,” Fear growled. “Now get out and lead.”
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-Lieutenant White’s first crucible came on Thanksgiving, 1966, when his team of riflemen deployed in choppers to the Laotian border with orders to blow up a North Vietnamese base camp they thought was abandoned. Humping through the dense, triple-canopy jungle, a couple of hundred yards from the camp, White’s sergeant grabbed him by the sleeve. “They’re here,” he whispered. “They’re all around us.”
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-They crossed a gentle stream and were climbing the slope to the other side when the enemy opened fire. The battle lasted two days, with White’s team surrounded by about 200 enemy soldiers. On the second day, with his battered, shrinking team pinned down by a nearby machine gun, White climbed out of his foxhole and ran in a crouch toward the gun. The thick jungle made it difficult to see, but White had a good sense of the gun’s location, since it had killed several of his men. He arrived near the muzzle of the big belt-fed machine gun, where he watched a pair of enemy soldiers climb into a hole next to the weapon. He lifted his shotgun, leaned into the hole, and fired. He heard muffled screams under the ground, then more movement, so he reloaded the shotgun and kept firing until everyone in the hole was dead. (White was awarded a medal for his decisiveness and gallantry.)
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-Despite excelling as a frontline commander, White had no desire to become a career military man. After serving for a year in Vietnam, all of it spent in the jungle, he was debating what to do next when a Huey helicopter landed at his team’s jungle camp, flattening the tall grass with its propwash. There was a mailbag on board, with a letter from White’s father. The letter contained a newspaper clipping about a team of daring federal narcotics agents busting drug dealers in New York. White’s father—who knew his son’s appetite for adventure and derived a vicarious thrill—had written in the margin, “Take a look at this.”
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-![](https://img.thedailybeast.com/image/upload/c_crop,d_placeholder_euli9k,h_1341,w_2000,x_0,y_0/dpr_1.5/c_limit,w_690/fl_lossy,q_auto/230604-jurassic-narcs-DEA-embed-02_omtxkz)
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-A DEA agent stands with a blindfolded prisoner following a raid on a cocaine lab in the Peruvian jungle.
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-#### Gregory Smith/Corbis via Getty Images
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-## In the street
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-Four years later, back home in Manhattan, White stalked through the darkness toward an idling Cadillac. It was boxed in, with White’s car parked in front of it, and several follow cars behind it. Gripping his .380 Walther PPK, White squinted through the windshield at the driver: Zack Robinson. A major heroin dealer, Robinson was an associate of Frank Lucas, the king of the Harlem heroin scene.
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-The city’s five boroughs were witnessing a surge in heroin addiction, murder and crime that summer, which would earn New York the nickname “Fear City.” The Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD) had been after Robinson for years. *Now’s our chance*, thought White.
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-White was approaching the Cadillac when it accelerated in reverse and crashed into one of the BNDD cars boxing it in. As metal crunched and glass showered, White spotted Robinson lift a long-barreled handgun above the steering wheel.
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-White fired through the windshield, the bullet piercing the glass and striking Robinson in the chest. Another agent fired through the Cadillac’s rolled-down driver’s window, hitting Robinson twice, then White fired six rapid shots into Robinson’s body.
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-Even with nine slugs in him, the former heavyweight boxer dragged himself across the center console and opened the passenger’s side door. Looking out, drenched in blood, Robinson saw White’s rookie partner, Frank Tummillo, pointing a revolver at him.
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-Far from a Vietnam hero, 24-year-old Tummillo joined the BNDD after 16 years of Catholic schools and still lived with his parents. The bloody Robinson staggered a few steps toward the young agent. Tummillo lowered his gun, then Robinson collapsed. (Remarkably, despite being shot nine times, Robinson survived the assault).
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-The New York City narcs worked on the 14th floor of 90 Church St., a squat, blocky building that shared offices with the Post Office, the IRS, and the Treasury Department, which back in Prohibition days had held the mandate to root out smugglers and bootleggers. As a rookie agent, White had trained under World War II veterans—“kick-ass guys,” he remembered—and worked alongside the agents who severed the French Connection. Most of the men in White’s group were military veterans: a captain in military intelligence who’d served in Vietnam, an Air Force radar captain, and a lieutenant in the Coast Guard. Supervising the office was Jim Hunt, an Army veteran like White who’d been wounded in the legs by a German machine gun in World War II.
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-Just as in Vietnam, where hawks called for the government to “take the handcuffs off” the soldiers and let them win the war, many agents in White’s group deplored judges who were soft on crime, nicknaming them “Weak Annies.” One agent told *The* *New York Times*, “Do you know what it’s like to risk your life on a job and then see a guy walk?” The agent said he’d voted for President Nixon—“to get rid of most of the Weak Annies in the courts.”
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-Tummillo represented a more restrained model of drug enforcement, as when he’d lowered his pistol during the Robinson shootout. “He was unique as an agent,” White would recall. “Quiet, considerate. Most people are more boisterous, loud, more cop‐type, aggressive.” White added, “Everybody had dignity, to \[Tummillo\]. Many times he said he was sorry for \[the dealers\], they’d grown up in ghetto conditions, where the only people they could look up to were peddlers driving their Cadillacs. He’d say it was too bad they didn’t have the strength of family he had.”
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-“Roy Kahn, an assistant state attorney under Janet Reno, lambasted White in the press, calling him negligent and out-of-control: “The man should not be in the position he’s in.””
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-Tummillo’s empathy and good nature made him a natural for undercover work, winning him the affection and trust of even the most hardened drug traffickers. A rising star within the agency, his pay shot up from $12,000 to $19,000 and he even got to meet President Nixon in a bureau event at the White House. Team members often borrowed him to conduct undercover busts, exposing him to longer hours and more danger.
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-At 10 p.m. on October 12, 1972, White was at his desk, clacking out a report on his typewriter, when he got the call that his partner, Tummillo, had been gunned down by a suspected drug smuggler and was in critical condition at a local hospital.
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-Tummillo had been conducting an undercover buy-bust at the Sheraton Midtown Motor Inn, a seedy Times Square hotel favored by pimps and drug dealers. Tummillo showed the two traffickers the money, and they said they’d come back with the drugs. Instead, they came back with guns drawn—a “rip-off.”
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-White sped to the hospital in his sedan, his mind swirling. Earlier that day, Tummillo had told White that he was nervous about the operation and planned to back out. The young agent was less experienced with a gun than combat-savvy White. Set to marry his high school sweetheart in a couple months, Tummillo had confessed to White that he might not be cut out for the dangerous work of an undercover narc. White had promised his young partner that whenever a shootout went down, he’d have his back. But a different group of agents had organized the Sheraton operation, so White hadn’t been there to fulfill his promise.
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-Arriving at the hospital, White was directed to the emergency trauma center. It was quiet inside as he walked alone to the steel table in the middle of the room. There lay a body bag. White pulled up the zipper slowly and looked down on the lifeless face of his partner. Tummillo had a thin mustache, wispier than White’s fuller one. His expression was blank, and the two bullet holes in his chest were dark. Tummillo was gone.
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-Guilt boiled inside Frank White. And anger.
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-![](https://img.thedailybeast.com/image/upload/c_crop,d_placeholder_euli9k,h_1356,w_2000,x_0,y_0/dpr_1.5/c_limit,w_690/fl_lossy,q_auto/230604-jurassic-narcs-DEA-embed-03_spj5bo)
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-DEA agents and Peruvian special anti-narcotics police attack and destroy cocaine paste processing plants in the Huallagua valley from a base in Tingo Maria, Peru.
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-#### Greg Smith/Corbis via Getty Images
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-## Family man
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-Immediately after Tummillo’s death, White was put in charge of a DEA group. He recruited agents like him and Tummillo: hard-working, self-motivated, willing to take risks and make busts. “I had a motto,” White said: “Be good or be gone.”
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-White’s responsibilities also expanded on the home front when he and his wife decided to adopt a child. White had the idea to adopt from Vietnam, given his connection to the country and the fact so many children were being killed in the war. The couple went through the lengthy adoption process. Finally, a child services adviser informed them who their son would be: a young boy in an orphanage outside Saigon. The boy’s parents had been killed in the fighting, and he’d suffered a shrapnel wound to the neck that destroyed part of his hearing. White contacted a fellow narcotics agent in Vietnam and shipped over some toys to deliver to the boy’s orphanage: building blocks, toy trucks, a baseball bat and glove. Soon after, the boy was on a plane to New York’s La Guardia Airport, where he met his new parents.
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-White’s son was his last connection to Vietnam. He didn’t keep up with any fellow veterans—“the ones that I got close with all died,” he said—and he’d avoided taking pictures. “I was hesitant because I didn’t want pictures of people I knew that was going to get killed; and also I figured I was going to get killed. So I just lived that day… I just stayed away from pictures, memories.” It is a symptom of PTSD—dodging distressing feelings, thoughts, and memories—and yet White told me he never believed in PTSD. “People that get it, they break along a fissure that’s already there before the fight,” he argued. “Combat never affected me.”
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-After eight years leading DEA groups in New York, White was told by his supervisor that his tactical expertise was needed elsewhere. Cocaine was flooding into South Florida, triggering a spike in violence and murders. “We’re sending you to Miami,” White’s supervisor said.
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-Following his shootout at Miami’s Pompeii warehouse, newspaper reporters grappled with whether White’s actions had been reckless, or necessary. “Depending on whom you talk to,” reporter Carl Hiaasen wrote for *The Miami Herald*, “Francis White is either a trigger-happy renegade, or one of the Drug Enforcement Administration’s elite super-agents.”
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-When agents in White’s group spoke to the media, they routinely praised him for his skill, leadership, and instinct. “Frank is an agent’s agent, always first through the door,” one team member would later recall. “His body hums when he’s on the street. He knows what’s going on, he knows his prey and when to anticipate trouble.”
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-“He was 52 years old and couldn’t envision how he’d spend the rest of his life, stripped of his purpose waging the war on drugs.”
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-Agents appreciated White’s steady hand during gun fights, which can wreak havoc on the nerves of the uninitiated. One of the agents handcuffed in the warehouse told a reporter that he went home and “screamed, cried, and cursed until I got it out of my system.” He added: “If you don’t, you’re liable to get aggressive or paranoid and hurt someone.” Another Miami DEA agent told a reporter, “Do you know what the adrenaline is like when you pull a gun on somebody? After it’s over, your heart is pounding… That night you can’t sleep, your muscles twitch while you’re lying in bed.”
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-But others argued White’s tactics had no place in a civilized democracy. Roy Kahn, an assistant state attorney under Janet Reno, lambasted White in the press, calling him negligent and out-of-control. “The man should not be in the position he’s in,” Kahn told *The Miami Herald*.
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-Despite the scrutiny, White refused to alter his tactics. A year after the warehouse operation, his squad tracked drug fugitive Miguel Miranda to a restaurant in South Miami. Miranda—one of the city’s infamous “Cocaine Cowboys”—tried to escape in his car, ramming into other vehicles then crashing into a wall. For at least one of White’s team members, it was a predictable scenario: “Things always seemed to gravitate toward us, especially when Frank was around,” he’d recall.
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-White leaped from his vehicle, fired from behind Miranda’s car and hit him twice in the head. The DEA conducted an internal probe, and Reno’s office launched a second homicide investigation. “It was known that Janet Reno… wanted to charge him,” a state attorney would recall.
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-White, in a *Miami Herald* interview, defended his actions: “I have no badge of shame about what happened… How *do* you arrest a guy like that?” In a search of Miranda’s compound, DEA agents found machine guns, shotguns, and pistols; a silencer-equipped .22 linked to 10 dead bodies found around Miami; jars of cocaine and other drugs; bullet holes in the walls; a sex room equipped with handcuffs, chains, and an examination table; and a backyard animal sacrifice altar. “A bunker Hitler would have been proud of,” White told the newspapers.
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-White was cleared in both homicide probes and the DEA investigation. In 1984, Vice President George H.W. Bush appointed him to lead the Joint Task Force on Drugs, which came with a desk job in D.C. It was an honor, but White loathed putting on a suit and sitting in an office. His mindset remained that of a street agent, even in his choice of office décor: He kept two submachine guns against the wall with boxes of extra ammo stacked nearby. On one occasion, when a visitor asked about the high-caliber weapons, White replied: “I survived Vietnam and if the Colombians storm this place, I will be ready.”
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-Around that time, in the mid-’80s, White’s marriage fell apart. He and his wife divorced, and their son stayed with his wife.
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-In 1988, White was summoned for one last mission, an elite clandestine operation in Peru called Operation Snowcap. The objective was to seek out and destroy cocaine laboratories on the drug lords’ home turf. Riding in a Huey helicopter over the dense Peruvian jungle, armed with a machine gun, ammo clips, and fragmentation grenades, White felt like he was back in the Central Highlands of South Vietnam, back where he belonged.
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-Two years later, he grudgingly left Peru and was transferred to the DEA’s Chicago field office. There, as Associate Special Agent in Charge, he openly criticized President Bill Clinton and Attorney General Janet Reno for what he saw as their lack of resolve in the war on drugs.
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-By the mid-’90s, most of the Jurassic Narcs had retired or had been pushed out, as the DEA shifted from the “kick down the door” tactics of its early days to an emphasis on technology and wiretaps. White drew frequent criticism for his anachronistic attitude and militaristic approach to drug enforcement, and in 1995, he was pressured to retire.
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-He was 52 years old at the time and couldn’t envision how he’d spend the rest of his life, stripped of his purpose waging the war on drugs, stripped of his lifelong identity as a soldier. Boxing up his office, White flashed on that melancholy line from General Douglas MacArthur’s farewell speech at West Point: “Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.”
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-![](https://img.thedailybeast.com/image/upload/c_crop,d_placeholder_euli9k,h_1349,w_2000,x_0,y_0/dpr_1.5/c_limit,w_690/fl_lossy,q_auto/230604-jurassic-narcs-DEA-embed-06_f0fuil)
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-Specially trained U.S. Drug Enforcement agents and Peruvian special anti-narcotics police attack and destroy cocaine paste processing plants in the Huallagua Valley from a base in Tingo Maria, Peru in the 1980s.
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-#### Greg Smith/Corbis via Getty Images
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-## The rifleman
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-Had White fought in the days of MacArthur, his warrior spirit may have been celebrated. But as the veteran of two controversial, failed wars, there were no newspaper obituaries to mark his passing on Dec. 15, 2022. Tributes did, however, pour in on White’s online memorial page. Without exception, the commenters celebrated him for his bravery, leadership, and patriotism.
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-“One of a kind,” wrote George Whelan. “Made decisions, stuck by them and supported his subordinates to the hilt. Saved my butt more than once and never brought it up. Controversial for sure but effective. Did whatever he instructed subordinates to do.”
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-“I always looked up to him,” wrote Brian Chobot. “From Frank I learned the meaning of my love for my country, my love for the US Army and my career in law enforcement.”
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-“May his memory not fade away,” wrote Guadalupe Sanchez. “A true leader and warrior in his time.”
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-His body was interred at his old college, The Citadel. I visited the school in late May, around Memorial Day. It sits on the outskirts of Charleston, where Spanish moss hangs low over cobblestone streets lined with old antebellum homes, and out on the harbor, a giant American flag flutters over Fort Sumter, where the first shots of the Civil War were fired. With the Citadel’s student body on summer furlough, there were no recruits marching in formation or spilling out of the school buildings, built to resemble a castle’s tower and fortifications. Sprinkled around the wide grassy parade grounds, on display, were a pair of gold cannons, a World War II Sherman tank, and a Vietnam-era F4 Phantom fighter jet. In the eerily empty school, the old artifacts of war reminded me of dinosaur skeletons at a natural history museum, awe-inspiring in their time, now relics of the past.
-
-White’s ashes are housed inside the belltower of the Citadel's old church, Summerall Chapel. In front of the belltower stands a plaque of dark granite, engraved with the words: “Duty Done, they rest, so we may live free.”
-
-I entered the belltower alone and searched its four walls for the vault containing White’s ashes. His simple bronze nameplate was difficult to find among the rows of identical nameplates. Knowing White’s story, I felt he deserved more fanfare—a short writeup perhaps, or at least flowers or a flag. Then again, he never aspired to fanfare, to high rank or fancy titles. Of his many nicknames—“Dirty Harry” and “The Wizard” among them—he told me his favorite was “The Rifleman,” because that’s how he saw himself: as a humble rifleman. And there, in the dimly lit crypt at the Citadel, scanning the names of other warriors past, I decided this was the perfect resting place for Frank White, the Rifleman. He was with his men.
-
-*Andrew Dubbins is an award-winning journalist and author of* [*Into Enemy Waters: A World War II Story of the Demolition Divers Who Became the Navy SEALs*](https://www.amazon.com/Into-Enemy-Waters-Demolition-Divers/dp/1635767725/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=)*. His Alta Journal story, “When the Mafia Came to Lodi,” is in development as an Amazon series starring Ewan McGregor. His Daily Beast story, “Snow Fall,” is in development as a feature film. His work has appeared in The Los Angeles Times, Smithsonian, Men’s Health, and other publications.*
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diff --git a/00.03 News/‘The good guys don’t always win’ Salman Rushdie on peace, Barbie and what freedom cost him.md b/00.03 News/‘The good guys don’t always win’ Salman Rushdie on peace, Barbie and what freedom cost him.md
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-Date: 2023-11-12
-DocType: "WebClipping"
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-TimeStamp: 2023-11-12
-Link: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/nov/08/salman-rushdie-peace-freedom-barbie-myths-fables
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-# ‘The good guys don’t always win’: Salman Rushdie on peace, Barbie and what freedom cost him
-
-To begin with, let me tell you a story. There were once two jackals: Karataka, whose name meant Cautious, and Damanaka, whose name meant Daring. They were in the second rank of the retinue of the lion king Pingalaka, but they were ambitious and cunning. One day, the lion king was frightened by a roaring noise in the forest, which the jackals knew was the voice of a runaway bull, nothing for a lion to be scared of. They visited the bull and persuaded him to come before the lion and declare his friendship. The bull was scared of the lion, but he agreed, and so the lion king and the bull became friends, and the jackals were promoted to the first rank by the grateful monarch.
-
-Unfortunately, the lion and the bull began to spend so much time lost in conversation that the lion stopped hunting and so the animals in the retinue were starving. So the jackals persuaded the king that the bull was plotting against him, and they persuaded the bull that the lion was planning to kill him. So the lion and the bull fought, and the bull was killed, and there was plenty of meat, and the jackals rose even higher in the king’s regard because they had warned him of the plot. They rose in the regard of everyone else in the forest as well, except, of course, for the poor bull, but that didn’t matter, because he was dead, and providing everyone with an excellent lunch.
-
-This, approximately, is the frame-story of On Causing Dissension Among Friends, the first of the five parts of the book of animal fables known as the Panchatantra*.* What I have always found attractive about the Panchatantra stories is that many of them do not moralise. They do not preach goodness or virtue or modesty or honesty or restraint. Cunning and strategy and amorality often overcome all opposition. The good guys don’t always win. (It’s not even always clear who the good guys are.) For this reason they seem, to the modern reader, uncannily contemporary – because we, the modern readers, live in a world of amorality and shamelessness and treachery and cunning, in which bad guys everywhere have often won.
-
-![‘I always return to the devious jackals’ … an illustration from the Panchatantra.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0eec07746e7c16a17a2d235f298dd87ad47dae88/0_0_5347_3922/master/5347.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
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-‘I always return to the devious jackals’ … an illustration from the Panchatantra. Photograph: World History Archive/Alamy
-
-I have always been inspired by mythologies, folktales and fairytales, not because they contain miracles – talking animals or magic fishes – but because they encapsulate truth. For example, the story of Orpheus and Eurydice, which was an important inspiration for my novel [The Ground Beneath Her Feet](https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/mar/28/fiction.salmanrushdie#:~:text=This%20book%20about%20the%20flaws,modern%20life%20and%20ancient%20myths.)*,* can be told in fewer than 100 words, yet it contains, in compressed form, mighty questions about the relationship between art, love and death. It asks: can love, with the help of art, overcome death? But perhaps it answers: doesn’t death, in spite of art, overcome love? Or else it tells us that art takes on the subjects of love and death and transcends both by turning them into immortal stories. Those 100 words contain enough profundity to inspire 1,000 novels.
-
-The storehouse of myth is rich indeed. There are the Greeks, of course, but also The Norse Prose and Poetic Edda. Aesop, Homer, the Ring of the Nibelung, the Celtic legends, and the three great Matters of Europe: the Matter of France, the body of stories around Charlemagne; the Matter of Rome, regarding that empire; and the Matter of Britain, the legends surrounding King Arthur. In Germany, you have the folktales collected by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm.
-
-However, in India, I grew up with the Panchatantra*,* and when I find myself, as I do at this moment, in between writing projects, it is to these crafty, devious jackals and crows and their like that I return, to ask them what story I should tell next. So far, they have never let me down. Everything I need to know about goodness and its opposite, about liberty and captivity, and about conflict, can be found in these stories. For love, I have to say, it is necessary to look elsewhere.
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-And what does the world of fable have to tell us about peace? The news is not very good. Homer tells us peace comes after a decade of war when everyone we care about is dead and Troy has been destroyed. The Norse myths tell us peace comes after Ragnarök*,* the Twilight of the Gods, when the gods destroy their traditional foes but are also destroyed by them. The Mahābhārata and Ramayana tell us peace comes at a bloody price. And the Panchatantra tells us that peace is only achieved through treachery.
-
-![‘Peace only exists here in pink plastic’ … Barbie, one of this summer’s legends.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/18e16a9f6b5899730d2d5feb9fd1ee99e99883ca/942_0_3451_2072/master/3451.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
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-‘Peace only exists here in pink plastic’ … Barbie, one of this summer’s legends. Photograph: Courtesy Warner Bros. Pictures
-
-But let’s abandon the legends of the past for a moment to look at this summer’s twin legends: I’m referring of course to the movie double-header known as [Barbenheimer](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/jul/24/barbie-oppenheimer-movie-release-box-office-ticket-sales). The film [Oppenheimer](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/jul/22/oppenheimer-review-christopher-nolan-volatile-biopic-is-a-towering-achievement-cillian-murphy) reminds us that peace only came after two atom bombs, Little Boy and Fat Man, were dropped on the people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; while the box-office monster called [Barbie](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/jul/23/barbie-review-greta-gerwig-margot-robbie-ryan-riotous-candy-coloured-feminist-fable) makes clear that unbroken peace and undiluted happiness, in a world where every day is perfect and every night is girls’ night, only exist in pink plastic.
-
-And we speak of peace now, when war is raging, a war born of one man’s tyranny and greed for power and conquest; and another bitter conflict has exploded in Israel and the Gaza Strip. Peace, right now, feels like a fantasy born of a narcotic smoked in a pipe. Peace is a hard thing to make, and a hard thing to find. And yet we yearn for it, not only the great peace that comes at the end of war, but also the little peace of our private lives, to feel ourselves at peace with ourselves, and the little world around us. It is one of our great values, a thing ardently to pursue. There is also something decidedly fabulist about the notion of peace prizes. But I like the idea that peace itself might be the prize, a whole year’s supply of it, delivered to your door, elegantly bottled. That’s an award I’d be very happy to receive. I am even thinking of writing a story about it, The Man Who Received Peace as a Prize*.*
-
-I imagine it taking place in a small country town, at the village fair, maybe. There are the usual competitions, for the best pies and cakes, the best watermelons, the best vegetables; for guessing the weight of the farmer’s pig; for beauty, for song, and for dancing. A pedlar in a threadbare frock-coat arrives in a gaily painted horse-drawn wagon, looking a little like the itinerant confidence trickster Professor Marvel in The Wizard of Oz*,* and says that if he is allowed to judge the contests he will hand out the best rewards anyone has ever seen. “Best prizes!” he cries. “Roll up! Roll up!”
-
-![‘The news isn’t good’ … Hollywood’s Homer epic Troy.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d2f30afc68163dee61f99ef32f83fa107ca0c587/0_0_2815_2273/master/2815.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
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-‘The news isn’t good’ … Hollywood’s Homer epic Troy. Photograph: Warner Bros./Allstar
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-And so they do roll up, the simple country folk, and the pedlar hands out small bottles to the various prizewinners, bottles labelled Truth, Beauty, Freedom, Goodness, and Peace*.* The villagers are disappointed. They would have preferred cash. And in the year following the fair, there are strange occurrences. After drinking the liquid in his bottle, the winner of the Truth prize begins to annoy and alienate his fellow villagers by telling them exactly what he really thinks of them.
-
-The Beauty, after drinking her award, becomes more beautiful, at least in her own eyes, but also insufferably vain. Freedom’s licentious behaviour shocks many of her fellow villagers, who conclude that her bottle must have contained some powerful intoxicant. Goodness declares himself to be a saint and of course after that everyone finds him unbearable. And Peace just sits under a tree and smiles. As the village is so full of troubles, this smile is extremely irritating, too.
-
-A year later when the fair is held again, the pedlar returns, but is driven out of town. “Go away,” the villagers cry. “We don’t want those sorts of prizes. A rosette, a cheese, a piece of ham, or a red ribbon with a shiny medal hanging from it. Those are normal prizes. We want those instead.”
-
-I may or may not write that story. At the very least, it may serve lightheartedly to illustrate a serious point, which is that concepts we think we can all agree to be virtues can come across as vices, depending on your point of view, and on their effects in the real world.
-
-My fate, over the past many years, has been to drink from the bottle marked Freedom, and therefore to write, without any restraint, those books that came to my mind to write. And now, as I am on the verge of publishing my 22nd, I have to say that on 21 of those 22 occasions, the elixir has been well worth drinking, and it has given me a good life doing the only work I ever wanted to do.
-
-On the remaining occasion, namely the publication of my fourth novel, I learned – many of us learned – that freedom can create an equal and opposite reaction from the forces of unfreedom. I learned, too, how to face the consequences of that reaction, and to continue, as best I could, to be as unfettered an artist as I had always wished to be. I learned, too, that many other writers and artists, exercising their freedom, also faced the forces of unfreedom, and that, in short, freedom can be a dangerous wine to drink.
-
-![‘Peace only came after two atom bombs were dropped’ … Oppenheimer.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/c2a9f8b989cd1e45b4264fce631f0458696026d6/0_5318_5968_3579/master/5968.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
-
-‘Peace only came after two atom bombs were dropped’ … Oppenheimer. Photograph: TCD/Prod.DB/Alamy
-
-But that made it more necessary, more essential, more important to defend, and I have done my best, along with a host of others, to defend it. I confess there have been times when I’d rather have drunk the Peace elixir and spent my life sitting under a tree wearing a blissful, beatific smile, but that was not the bottle the pedlar handed me.
-
-We live in a time I did not think I would see, a time when freedom – and in particular, freedom of expression, without which the world of books could not exist – is everywhere under attack from reactionary, authoritarian, populist, demagogic, half-educated, narcissistic, careless voices; when places of education and libraries are subject to hostility and censorship; and when extremist religion and bigoted ideologies have begun to intrude in areas of life in which they do not belong. And there are also progressive voices being raised in favour of a new kind of bien-pensant censorship, one that appears virtuous, and which many people, especially young people, have begun to see as a virtue.
-
-So freedom is under pressure from the left as well as the right, the young as well as the old. This is something new, made more complicated by our new tools of communication, the internet, on which well-designed pages of malevolent lies sit side by side with the truth, and it is difficult for many people to tell which is which; and our social media, where the idea of freedom is every day abused to permit, very often, a kind of online mob rule, which the billionaire owners of these platforms seem increasingly willing to encourage, and to profit by.
-
-What do we do about free speech when it is so widely abused? We should still do, with renewed vigour, what we have always needed to do: to answer bad speech with better speech, to counter false narratives with better narratives, to answer hate with love, and to believe that the truth can still succeed even in an age of lies. We must defend it fiercely and define it broadly. We should of course defend speech that offends us, otherwise we are not defending free expression at all.
-
-To quote Cavafy, “the barbarians are coming today”*,* and what I do know is that the answer to philistinism is art, the answer to barbarianism is civilisation, and in a culture war it may be that artists of all sorts – film-makers, actors, singers, writers – can still, together, turn the barbarians away from the gates.
-
-On the subject of freedom, I thank all those who [raised their voices in solidarity](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/aug/12/salman-rushdie-attack-reaction-journalists-writers-celebrities) and friendship after the attack on me some 15 months ago. That support meant a great deal to me personally, and to my family, and it showed us how passionate and how widespread the belief in free speech still is, all over the world. The outrage that was expressed after the attack was in sympathy with me, but it was also, more importantly, born of people’s horror – your horror – that the core value of a free society had been so viciously and ignorantly assaulted. I am most grateful for the flood of friendship that came my way, and will do my best to continue to fight for what you all rose up to defend.
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diff --git a/00.03 News/‘You Have to Learn to Listen’ How a Doctor Cares for Boston’s Homeless.md b/00.03 News/‘You Have to Learn to Listen’ How a Doctor Cares for Boston’s Homeless.md
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-# ‘You Have to Learn to Listen’: How a Doctor Cares for Boston’s Homeless
-
-![Glenn, a musician, being examined by a member of the Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/08/magazine/08mag-sleepers-09/08mag-sleepers-09-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
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-Credit...Cole Barash for The New York Times
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-The Great Read
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-Lessons from Dr. Jim O’Connell’s long crusade to treat the city’s “rough sleepers.”
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-Glenn, a musician, being examined by a member of the Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program.Credit...Cole Barash for The New York Times
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--   Jan. 5, 2023
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-Around 10 p.m. on a warm September night, the outreach van made a stop in South Boston, in the kind of neighborhood said to be “in transition.” On one side of the street was a new apartment building, its windows glowing, its sidewalk lit by artful imitations of old-fashioned streetlamps. On the other side, in murky light, stood an empty loading dock. A heap of blankets lay on the concrete platform. Someone passing by wouldn’t have known they were anything but discarded blankets. But when the driver of the van climbed up and spoke to them, saying he was doing a wellness check, a muffled curse came back from underneath, then a brief, fierce, “Go away.”
-
-The driver turned and shrugged to Dr. Jim O’Connell, who was standing at the bottom of the steps. “Let me try,” the doctor said, and he walked up to the platform and knelt by the gray mound. Addressing the inhabitant by name, he said: “Hey, it’s Jim O’Connell. I haven’t seen you in a long time. I just want to make sure you’re all right.”
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-An earthquake in the blankets, then an eruption — tangled hair and a bright red face and a loud voice, saying in a Boston accent: “Doctah Jim! How the hell are ya?”
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-For the next half-hour, the man reminisced — about the alcohol-fueled adventures of his past, about old mutual friends, mostly dead. The doctor listened, laughing now and then. He reminded his longtime patient that the Street Clinic was still open on Thursdays at Mass General, as the Massachusetts General Hospital is known. He should come. That is, if he wanted to come.
-
-And then the outreach van moved on to its next stop.
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-Image
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-Credit...Cole Barash for The New York Times
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-This was in 2015. Homelessness had been a major problem in Boston and all across the country since the 1980s. Dr. Jim — James Joseph O’Connell — had been riding on the van for three decades. During that time, he had built, with many friends and colleagues, a large medical organization, which he called the Program, short for the Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. It now had roughly 400 employees and looked after about 11,000 homeless people a year. O’Connell was its president, and also captain of the Street Team, a small piece of the Program, with seven members serving several hundred homeless people who shunned the city’s many shelters and, even in Boston’s winters, lived outside or in makeshift quarters — in A.T.M. vestibules, doorways, tents on the outskirts of cities. One patient of O’Connell’s slept in a rented storage locker.
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-About half of O’Connell’s administrative work now lay in managing the Street Team, and all his clinical work went to doctoring its patients, Boston’s “rough sleepers,” as he called them, borrowing a British term from the 19th century.
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-The van was a crucial tool for reaching those patients. It was financed in part by the state and managed by Pine Street Inn, Boston’s largest homeless shelter. Nowadays two vans went out from the Inn each night. They had become an institution, which O’Connell helped to foster in the late 1980s. Back then he used to ride two and sometimes three nights a week, usually until dawn. Now he went out only on Monday nights and got off around midnight.
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-I first met O’Connell the previous year, as a guest on the van. I was struck by the relationships between this Harvard-educated physician and the people the van encountered. His patients, and prospective patients, were sleeping on benches, arguing drunkenly with statues in parks. For me, the night’s tour was a glimpse of a world hidden in plain sight. In American cities, visions of the miseries that accompany homelessness confront us every day — bodies lying in doorways, women standing on corners with their imploring cardboard signs dissolving in the rain. And yet through a curious sleight of mind, we step over the bodies, drive past the mendicants, return to our own problems. O’Connell had spent decades returning, over and over, to the places that the rest of us rush by. Some months later, I contacted him and asked for another van ride. I followed him around with a notebook on and off for the next five years.
-
-O’Connell was in his late 60s when I met him. He had a ruddy face and silver hair that fell almost to his collar and over the tops of his ears. On van rides and street rounds, he carried a small knapsack, his doctor’s bag, its contents refined and miniaturized over the years. It consisted mostly of basic first-aid gear and diagnostic equipment — a blood-pressure cuff that wrapped around the wrist, a pulse oximeter, an ear thermometer, a simple blood-glucose meter, a stethoscope. Among the losses he regretted was the pint bottle of whiskey he once carried for the times when a patient was in alcohol withdrawal and on the verge of seizure. “You couldn’t do that now,” he said. “It’s become a moral issue.”
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-For the van, he usually wore jeans or light-colored corduroy pants, a collared shirt and clogs. He was six feet tall and trim. He moved with an athlete’s self-assurance that makes a task look easy, and his voice was full of energy and cheer as he waited on the customers at the back of the van, dispensing sandwiches and condiments, cups of hot chocolate, coffee and soup. To me, he seemed like a composite portrait of the ages of man, youthfulness topped off with silver hair.
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-A thin man comes wandering out of an alley, into the light of a streetlamp.
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-“You got soup?” he asks.
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-“Yes!” says O’Connell, grabbing a Styrofoam cup and filling it from one of the vats.
-
-“You got crackers to go with it?”
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-“Sure!”
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-“Isn’t there a doctor who goes with you guys?”
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-“I’m a doctor,” says O’Connell. Then he introduces himself, offering his hand.
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-“I want to change my doctor,” says the man. “I hear good things about you.”
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-“We’d be happy to take care of you,” says O’Connell. “We’d be thrilled.”
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-![O’Connell examining Stephen, who has lived on the streets for many years. Stephen and his friend James encountered O’Connell on a subway platform as he conducted rounds.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/08/magazine/08mag-sleepers-11/08mag-sleepers-11-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
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-Credit...Cole Barash for The New York Times
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-**Jim O’Connell likes** to say that he didn’t choose his job but was “conscripted” into it.
-
-He was a gifted working-class kid. He set academic records in high school and graduated from Notre Dame as salutatorian of his class. He studied philosophy and theology at the University of Cambridge in England and afterward was chosen by Hannah Arendt to be one of her teaching assistants. He had many interests and opportunities and explored several paths before starting medical school — at Harvard, when he was 30. He relished his four years there and also his residency, in internal medicine at Mass General. He had just won a prestigious fellowship in oncology at Sloan Kettering in New York when, on a spring day in 1985, he was led to the office of John Potts, Mass General’s chief of medicine. There, Potts and another of the hospital’s eminent doctors asked O’Connell to take a brief detour in his career.
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-Since homelessness had begun rising in the 1980s, emergency rooms in Boston, as elsewhere, had become jammed with people who didn’t have homes or doctors. In response, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation began offering grants for creating programs that would integrate these poorest of the poor into a city’s mainstream medical care. Boston had applied for a grant. A doctor was required. Boston’s mayor, Ray Flynn, was trying to find one. The chief asked O’Connell if he would sign up to fill that slot for a year.
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-After three years of 110-hour weeks as a resident inside Mass General, O’Connell had absorbed both its general code — to pursue excellence in medicine — and also a corollary, which was not to mistake yourself for an ordinary doctor. It was one thing to treat the excluded and despised inside the great hospital, another to imagine doctoring them in dreary clinics elsewhere.
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-But these were his distinguished elders. They carried the weight of the institution. O’Connell couldn’t think of a way to refuse. This would cost him only a year, he remembered telling himself. It would be his year of “giving back.” Then he would get on with his life.
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-The day after he finished his residency, O’Connell boarded a train on Boston’s old elevated Orange Line, bound for his first assignment. He wore a collared shirt and a necktie and pressed slacks. He had his stethoscope in a back pocket and no idea of what awaited him. He’d been told to go to Pine Street Inn homeless shelter and report to the medical facility there, something called the nurse’s clinic. A colleague who knew O’Connell back then remembered him as athletic, with brown hair and keen blue eyes. “Handsome, of course,” she said. “And cheery, glad to see you.” He wasn’t cocky, she insisted, indeed quite the opposite — diffident, self-effacing to a fault. He was confident about medicine, though. At that moment in his life, he would have said, if pressed, that he didn’t know much about a lot of things, but he did know medicine.
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-He was resigned to this year of service, even looking forward to it now. It would be a break from the pressures of residency, he figured. The only thing that looked difficult was budgeting a life on the salary, which was $40,000 a year, at that time less than half the median salary of an M.D. in internal medicine. As for doctoring, he was eager to show the people in this nurses’ clinic how well he could do the job. Only a few days earlier, he was part of a team running Mass General’s I.C.U. The role of doctor in a clinic in a homeless shelter couldn’t possibly be as challenging.
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-The shelter’s lobby was a big room with a ceiling of pipes and heating ducts, air full of odors, a clamor of voices, people milling about with no one clearly in charge. He had to look around for the entrance to the nurse’s clinic, a swinging double door. He could have been entering a western saloon, unwarned and unarmed.
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-Image
-
-Credit...Cole Barash for The New York Times
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-This clinic inside the Pine Street shelter was run by nurses and was independent from other medical institutions. It was in part the byproduct of a change in nursing that had begun with the feminist movement of the 1960s, a declaration of partial independence from doctors, and it was also a reaction to the callous treatment of homeless patients that many nurses had witnessed in Boston’s teaching hospitals.
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-The morning O’Connell arrived, the clinic was closed for a shift change, but half a dozen nurses were already inside, waiting for him. In the cramped space near the clinic’s front desk, metal chairs were arranged in a semicircle, with one chair in front, meant for him. In his memory, he sat there surrounded by nurses. Their faces were stern. They said they weren’t interested in investing their time to train a doctor who planned to leave in a year. And if that was what he planned to do — to play doctor to a bunch of homeless men, earn their trust, have them learn to rely on him and then desert them — it would be better if he didn’t come at all. He was probably looking for an interesting experience, they said. He probably thought he was doing a good deed.
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-They were warning him, in a way that made him feel accused of having committed those sins already — as he had, inwardly. He felt shocked, too shocked to feel offended.
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-When they finished with him, a nurse took his arm and led him outside to the lobby. Her name was Barbara McInnis. A number of people had told O’Connell that she was the person to know in the world of Boston homeless health care. He had imagined someone prepossessing, but the real Barbara McInnis was short and, to his doctor’s eye, a bit too heavy for good health. She was dressed not in a nurse’s uniform — she never wore one — but in a shapeless shift and sandals. He noticed that she had a turquoise cross tattooed on the inside of her wrist. He learned later that she was a lay Franciscan. That is, she believed in service and simplicity and in kindness to all creatures. She actually fed the mice in the alleys outside the shelter.
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-Her voice, though high and small, sounded gentle. The nurses had seemed hostile, but O’Connell shouldn’t take that to heart, McInnis said. Nurses created this clinic, and they were proud of it, and many of them would be happy never to see a doctor on the premises. She disagreed. Homeless people ought to have the benefit of doctors’ skills. “I really think we want doctors,” she said. “But you’ve been trained all wrong.” Most if not all of the clinic’s patients had experienced severe trauma, she explained, and the typical doctor’s approach often terrified them. So it would take time and patience and a lot of listening before O’Connell would even have the chance to act clinically. “You have to let us retrain you,” she said. “If you come in with your doctor questions, you won’t learn anything. You have to learn to listen to these patients.”
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-And then he heard her say: “Come on in now, and you’re going to soak feet. I’ll show you how.”
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-She led him back into the clinic. He hooked his stethoscope around his neck on the way. Then he saw McInnis shaking her head at him emphatically. She pointed at a drawer in a nearby table. He dutifully deposited the instrument there.
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-Why did he submit to all this? I asked him decades later. He told me: “I don’t know if it’s a weakness or not, but I’ve always had a hard time saying no. I remember wishing that I could say something like, ‘This is probably not appropriate.’” But once he saw what was going on, he said, “I was spellbound.”
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-Credit...Cole Barash for The New York Times
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-**Along the walls of** the little clinic sat disheveled-looking men, their feet in plastic buckets, while nurses bent over them, speaking softly. This was strange enough, but especially strange because O’Connell recognized many of these homeless men. Over the past three years, he’d seen them in the Mass General emergency room, sullen, angry, snarling, resisting all treatment. Here they seemed so docile that they might have been drugged, via foot soaking.
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-McInnis showed him the technique. It was simple enough. You filled a plastic tub halfway up with Betadine and put the patient’s feet in it. And in keeping with an old rule left by the founder of Pine Street Inn, you always addressed the patient by his surname and an honorific — “Mr. Jones.”
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-The new job took O’Connell to many other places, but the Pine Street clinic was one of the principal sites. He spent three afternoons and evenings there each week, soaking feet and not doing much else for more than a month. Among the regulars was a very large elderly man usually dressed in three layers of coats, with wary eyes and a salt-and-pepper beard and a great wave of white-and-gray hair that seemed to be in flight. O’Connell knew him from Mass General’s emergency room. The police had taken him there repeatedly, because they didn’t know what else to do with him. He was classified as a paranoid schizophrenic, and his chart was thick, a record of 25 years of what is known in medicine as “noncompliance” — those habitually guilty of this are “treatment resistant.” The old man had always refused to take medications or to be admitted to the hospital.
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-At times O’Connell felt frustrated in that clinic, kneeling in front of patients, beginning to form silent diagnoses and not being allowed to act. But having already failed to get medicine into this treatment-resistant patient many times before, O’Connell felt a certain resigned contentment in merely soaking the old man’s feet. They were so huge and swollen that O’Connell had to prepare a separate tub for each.
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-The man didn’t speak to him for weeks. Finally, one evening, as O’Connell knelt on the floor filling the tubs, he heard the old man say, “Hey, I thought you were supposed to be a doctor.” He was looking down at O’Connell with the suggestion of a smile around his lips and amusement in his eyes.
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-In the last month, no one here had called O’Connell “doctor.” Yes! he said. Yes, he was indeed a doctor!
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-“So what the hell you doin’ soakin’ feet?”
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-O’Connell glanced around and saw McInnis and some other nurses standing nearby, obviously eavesdropping. He looked back up at the man. “You know what? I do whatever the nurses tell me.”
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-The old fellow nodded. “Smart man. That’s what I do.”
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-About a week later, he put his feet in the buckets and said to O’Connell: “Hey, Doc. Can you give me something to help me sleep?” He never slept for more than an hour, he said. Within about a month, O’Connell had him taking a variety of medicines for his many ailments. Foot-soaking in a homeless shelter — the biblical connotations were obvious. But for O’Connell, what counted most were the practical lessons, the way this simple therapy reversed the usual order, placing the doctor at the foot of the people he was trying to serve. As a doctor in training, he’d spent most of his time telling patients what he thought, saying, “We need to get that blood pressure down,” or, “I’m concerned about the results of your kidney tests.” This new approach was entirely different, and, he began to realize, it was much more effective clinically, at least with homeless people. Foot-soaking was a perfect way to begin.
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-These were, after all, men who wandered around all day on concrete and stood in lines for hours to get a bed or a meal. When they came into the clinic, they were usually exhausted, and their feet were sore. They’d let you look at their feet before they’d let you examine any other part of them. Cases of athlete’s foot, corns, toenails that had gone uncut for years and were coiled around and around themselves — all were uncomfortable and easily fixed, as was trench foot. A nurse taught him her honey-based treatment for the ailment. After he applied it, patients were always grateful for relief from the incessant itching, and many were willing then to talk about invisible things that were bothering them. Moreover, feet were often diagnostic in themselves. They could reveal important internal problems, such as neuropathies from drinking and vitamin B-12 deficiencies. Loss of feeling in the feet were an alarm telling O’Connell that he’d better try to coax the patient to a hospital. He could also read a patient’s likely future in the signs that frostbite leaves on toes. O’Connell and a colleague later made a small study of death records, which suggested that patients with a history of frostbite — or of trench foot — had a death rate seven times as high as other homeless people of the same age group.
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-Around the time of his success with the treatment-resistant old man, O’Connell’s internship at the Pine Street clinic ended, and McInnis let him use his stethoscope again.
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-Credit...Cole Barash for The New York Times
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-Credit...Cole Barash for The New York Times
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-**The Program was** conceived as a health care system tailored to the special needs of homeless people. Much of the initial funding went to salaries, which were uniformly skimpy. A standing committee selected the first seven medical personnel and left O’Connell to figure out how to deploy them. They were often rushed, sometimes fretful and unsure, but within a few months, O’Connell felt that they had made a start on what he envisioned — a citywide clinical practice, situated mainly inside homeless shelters and integrated with two major hospitals.
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-And then everything became more complex. First, there was an outbreak of drug-resistant tuberculosis at Pine Street, and when that was just coming under control, AIDS hit Boston’s homeless population. The project’s first “respite” — 20 adjacent beds inside a homeless shelter where patients could recuperate from medical procedures, illnesses or injuries — quickly became, in effect, an AIDS treatment ward. O’Connell visited regularly and would find the staff scrambling to treat whatever opportunistic infection came next — pneumonias they’d never seen before, cryptococcal meningitis, toxoplasmosis, Kaposi sarcoma. No matter what they did, everyone died.
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-The respite was the worst site imaginable for treating people with AIDS. Its patients shared the same huge, crowded room of 180 shelter beds, where homeless men with all sorts of maladies lay breathing and coughing. O’Connell tried to persuade hospital administrators to take in the respite’s homeless AIDS patients. He begged them not to discharge people with AIDS to the shelters or, even worse, to the streets. All to no avail. “The truth is we have nothing, no tools,” O’Connell remembered thinking. “It’s like we’re putting our fingers in the dike, but the dike is going to cave in soon.”
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-The days and nights ran together. Before he knew it, most of his one-year commitment had passed. O’Connell wrote to Sloan Kettering, asking that they defer his fellowship again.
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-He had worked at Boston’s two largest shelter clinics for more than a year, and for a while he imagined that he knew most of the city’s homeless population. But when he began riding the van three nights a week, he realized that he’d never met most of the people who slept outside — the rough sleepers. What were they doing to stay alive out there? What was it like to live under a bridge? To answer such questions, he had to win the trust of this homeless population. He worried that the task would be more difficult than in the clinics, where homeless patients typically felt safe and where he could trade on some of the popularity of McInnis and the other nurses. But the crews that ran the new, state-sponsored outreach vans soon became popular, too, and the food and clothes and blankets they provided never failed to draw rough sleepers from their hiding spots to the back of the van, where O’Connell met them with a bartender’s patience and a student’s sincere interest.
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-Once they got used to seeing O’Connell at their encampments, many rough sleepers would chat. He often asked why they preferred to sleep outside rather than in the shelters. The most common answer began with a question. Had Dr. Jim ever tried to sleep in a shelter, with a hundred other people in the same room? Well, they just couldn’t do it. Almost always, they would add that he shouldn’t think they chose to live outside. Offer them someplace else besides a shelter, and they’d gladly move in.
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-The most striking explanation came from a man who slept under one of the Storrow Drive bridges — a sweet, soft-spoken fellow who suffered from schizophrenia. O’Connell had met him half a dozen times and given him coffee and blankets and socks and treated him for a few minor ailments. In the middle of a very cold night, afraid the man might die of hypothermia, O’Connell begged him to come to the Pine Street shelter. But the man demurred. “Look, Doc, if I’m at Pine Street, I can’t tell which voices are mine and which are somebody else’s,” he said. “When I stay out here, I know the voices are mine, and I can control them a little.”
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-In the shelter clinics and on the van, O’Connell came face to face with dozens of people who hadn’t seen a doctor in years, let alone a psychiatrist or a dentist. He saw many with rotted teeth and many cases of scabies and maggots and lice. He came across people with AIDS who had been discharged from emergency rooms with no platelets, including a few who appeared in the lights of the outreach van with blood flowing from their ears and noses. O’Connell met an elderly man who looked fairly normal until he took off his hat at O’Connell’s request, revealing a grotesque-looking cancer that had invaded his head, paralyzing the left side of his face. That patient had been a professor at M.I.T., had suffered a psychotic break and had been living on the streets for years, no one noticing or caring to notice what must have started as a small, easily treated basal cell carcinoma, now metastasized into an overspreading, fatal growth that had reached his spine. At times, O’Connell imagined that he and his colleagues were practicing something like wartime or post-earthquake medicine. It was as if he had been parachuted into another world that modern technologies had never reached. The situation was appalling, the work overwhelming. And, if he was honest with himself, utterly fascinating.
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-Credit...Cole Barash for The New York Times
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-**O’Connell’s work** consumed about 100 hours a week. He recalled thinking, Well, this is easier than residency. This was his first job as a full-fledged doctor, and he wanted to do it well. The hours were just what it took.
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-The clinical tasks were challenging. How do you treat H.I.V. in a person who has no place to live? How do you treat diabetes in patients who can’t even find their next meals? How do you treat physical illnesses in patients whose activities of daily living are completely determined by the consumption of alcohol or the search for narcotics? At medical school, questions like that hadn’t come up.
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-In this fledgling practice, patients taught O’Connell and his colleagues what terms like “patient centered” actually meant. For instance, the case of a small, thin man who had made Pine Street Inn his home. O’Connell first met him at the shelter’s clinic. He told O’Connell he couldn’t swallow his food, but until recently he’d been able to manage liquids. Now he couldn’t swallow his vodka. A person sleeping in a shelter, trying to survive out on the streets each day, tended not to pay attention to aches and pains or even hunger, not until some essential function was impaired — in this case, swallowing vodka.
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-It turned out that this patient had a very large untreatable cancer of the esophagus. O’Connell arranged for him to have a tube inserted into his stomach so he could take liquids. O’Connell also resolved that the poor fellow shouldn’t die in the strident chaos of Pine Street Inn. O’Connell spent the weekend writing up applications, insisting that his dying patient be admitted to a nursing home. The effort paid off. O’Connell picked him up at Pine Street and drove him to a first-class nursing facility and went home that night feeling pleased with himself.
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-About a week later, walking down the alley to Pine Street Inn’s front door, O’Connell heard, from up ahead, a cacophony of men’s voices, laughter and shouting of a high alcoholic content. Among the voices, he thought he recognized his dying patient’s voice, and when the drinking men came into view, there he was indeed, holding a bottle of vodka and pouring its contents down the tube in his stomach.
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-O’Connell approached him. What was he doing here?
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-The man said he appreciated what O’Connell had tried to do. “But I was in that nursing home and everybody was sittin’ in a chair, lookin’ out the window, starin’ into space and drooling or watchin’ TV, but nobody’s talkin’.” He gestured at the drinking crew. “These are my people, OK?”
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-This was O’Connell’s ratiocination: “He wanted to be around the people he knew. He was going to continue to drink his vodka and be with his friends. What I did for him didn’t seem right from the perspective of the person we were trying to serve.”
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-To deal with the emotional side of the work, O’Connell fell back on his medical-school training in compartmentalization — you’re in a hospital and you go into a room where the patient is very sick and failing, and then, when you enter the next room, you forget the tragedy unfolding in the previous one and concentrate on the person in front of you. Eventually, though, he couldn’t shut out any of the rooms. The problems in each would accumulate all week, and on Friday nights when the Pine Street clinic closed, many of the staff would drive out to Jamaica Plain and crowd into Doyle’s pub, and they’d drink and talk about how maddening it felt to witness deaths that could have been prevented, and how if you fixed one problem for a patient, that same patient was there again the next week, afflicted with a dozen additional problems. By midnight at Doyle’s, the effect of the talk and the beer was cathartic.
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-McInnis always came along to the pub on Friday nights. O’Connell would sit beside her at the bar and drive her home. Sometimes she and other staff members would stop at his place on the way, so that she could watch her favorite TV show, “Miami Vice.” He never quite figured out what she saw in it, but he enjoyed watching her enjoy it. Some nights at Doyle’s, he would rebel against his normal practice and rant a little to her. How could this country treat people this way? How could any Americans, homeless or not, never have had their own doctor? Never have been given a screening? Never have been given anything? How, for that matter, could a hospital send people out to the streets with no platelets in their blood?
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-McInnis would listen, and in her high but somehow calming voice she would tell him: “Jim, you’re a doctor. You’re not God. There are things you can’t fix. You just have to do your work.” It was always the same general message, and it had corollaries. One that became like a proverb for him concerned hiring for the Program: “We don’t want saints and zealots. We want flawed human beings who do their jobs. Just make this an ordinary job that people like to do.”
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-He had bought into that notion. He told himself that he was just going to dig in and work and not look beyond that. He recalled saying to himself: “This is what I was trained for. I wanted to take care of people who were sick. And, oh, my God, have I landed in a world where people are sick.”
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-Near the end of the second year of his enlistment, O’Connell called Sloan Kettering to say that he wouldn’t be coming after all.
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-Credit...Cole Barash for The New York Times
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-**The Program was one** of 19 health care for the homeless projects funded by grants from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Pew Memorial Trust. At a meeting of administrators in the late 1980s, O’Connell met several people who still believed that when the grants ran out in 1989, the numbers of homeless people would have shrunk and mainstream medicine would have taken over the care of the remaining few. He heard some of the administrators saying, “We’re working our way out of this job.” He wished it were true.
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-By then, it was clear to him that homelessness was still growing, in Boston and the rest of the country — growing “inexorably,” he would say some years later. Many forces lay behind this: deinstitutionalization, gentrification, cuts in welfare programs, the AIDS epidemic. It was clear that creating a system for bringing decent care to homeless people was going to take a lot more than four years.
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-Mainstream medicine was evolving toward a corporate model. As the sociologist Paul Starr predicted, growing numbers of doctors would be required to meet “some standard of performance, whether measured in revenues generated or patients treated per hour.” The organization that O’Connell and his six colleagues were trying to create was obliged to invert that evolving norm, to practice what O’Connell called “upside-down medicine.” Not out of defiance but necessity. Unlike their counterparts in mainstream medicine, they had time to spend with their patients, but first, as a rule, they had to find the homeless people who needed care, and then persuade them to receive it — for free.
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-For instance, an elderly former philosophy professor — homeless for many years after suffering a psychotic break — who would simply walk away or pretend he was sleeping whenever O’Connell and his colleagues approached his favorite park bench. Then, one winter night, O’Connell found him at South Station shivering in the cold. O’Connell fetched him a coat from the van. A few days later, the professor came to the clinic that O’Connell’s team had established at Mass General, and he kept coming back, probably because O’Connell could talk with him knowledgeably about philosophers and literary critics whom the old professor claimed he had known personally (and really had known, as O’Connell discovered) — figures like Lionel Trilling and Carl Van Doren. He never allowed O’Connell to do so much as measure his blood pressure, but he regularly returned, and when his health began to fail some years later, O’Connell was able to spot the alteration and coax him into Mass General.
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-Once a patient was engaged, the first imperative wasn’t measuring vital signs, but rather emulating the family doctor of his childhood, who knew all the problems in their household and came when needed. A country-doctor approach for an urban population — this was the kind of doctoring that could bring in suspicious patients. Most had been bruised by hospitals and doctors, and if the Program ushered them in and out of an exam room quickly, most would never come back.
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-Because they had avoided doctors and hospitals, many homeless people had problems that couldn’t be handled with a brief office visit and a prescription. Many required complex, time-consuming interventions. This was true of every homeless person who had tuberculosis or AIDS, and of those with maladies grown dire from years of neglect, Virtually every patient also had social problems: women arriving at the shelter clinics with bruised faces and broken bones, whispering in tears about abusive boyfriends; men and women telling him they were sick of the drinking life and asking him to find a detox for them; dying patients who begged him to find their relatives and left him wishing the Program could afford to hire a detective.
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-During the first years, the small group of providers were free to practice without worrying much about cost and standard notions of efficiency, because they were financed by grants and received the same amount no matter how many patients they saw. When the grants ended, in 1989, they had to get their support from Medicaid, the state and federally financed plan intended to bring low-income Americans into the mainstream of American health care.
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-States have great latitude in determining how much money and care Medicaid provides. Many states put up little more than the minimum, but Massachusetts funded its version generously. When O’Connell went looking for money and guidance at the State House, he found a ready audience in the president of the Massachusetts Senate, who expressed astonishment that an actual doctor was focusing on homeless people.
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-The Program’s income increased under Medicaid and fueled the Program’s growth. At the start, in 1985, a handful of clinicians saw 1,246 homeless patients. By 1996, the annual budget had grown from $550,000 to roughly $7 million, and clinicians were seeing more than 6,000 patients — many of them on a regular basis, and all of them eligible to receive specialty care at Mass General and the Boston Medical Center.
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-By then, the Program’s future seemed secure. O’Connell gave up day-to-day administrative duties. Some turmoil followed, incited partly by disputes over efficiency, but the Program survived and resumed its growth. O’Connell retained some oversight duties and the title of president, but he had time now to focus on the care of rough sleepers, the smallest but most vulnerable group. He found the money for a Street Team, which over the years came to include psychiatrists, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, registered nurses, case managers, recovery coaches, volunteers. In 2002, the team created a Thursday Street Clinic at Mass General, tailored to the needs of rough sleepers. They invited rough sleepers to make use of the Program’s new respite facility. And they greatly increased the percentages of rough sleepers who received preventive tests and whose vital signs, like blood pressure and blood sugar, were brought to acceptable levels.
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-Credit...Cole Barash for The New York Times
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-But it wasn’t enough. Proof of this arrived in the form of a photograph that a patient had taken in 1999 — 11 rough sleepers, seated together, all but one of them men. In the photo, they look vigorous, high-spirited. You wouldn’t be surprised if they got up and changed into jackets and ties and went looking for jobs. Their average age was 36. All received primary care from the Program and specialty care at Mass General, one of the world’s great hospitals. And yet six years later, when O’Connell first saw that photograph, all but one of the 11 had died. The revelation was shocking, but not exactly surprising. It crystallized what the Street Team had encountered in many of their patients — histories of horrifying childhood abuse, followed by fatal sequels of alcoholism, drug addiction, disease, underlying varieties of mental disorders.
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-Around that time, in 2005, the team received the use of what seemed like a possible solution — 24 housing vouchers for rough sleepers. It was part of a pilot project to test a new approach to addressing homelessness, known as Housing First. In the old prescription, people who were “chronically homeless,” who spent most of a year in shelters or on the streets, had to be treated and stabilized before they qualified for publicly financed housing. In practice, most rarely got stabilized enough to qualify. But studies of shelters in New York and Philadelphia had shown that only 10 percent of users were chronically homeless, and they cost more than all the rest. Why not house the chronically homeless people first, then tend to their problems? Surely this would improve their health and welfare and save the public money.
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-O’Connell was enthusiastic. Only partly in jest, he wrote an order on his official Mass General prescription pad for a studio apartment that would cure the ills of one John Doe, presently living under the Storrow Drive bridges. The actual results were disappointing. During the next decade and a half, housing proved to be a miracle cure for some of the Street Team’s patients, and a modest success for some others. But for many, it led to relocation after relocation to avoid eviction. The rough sleepers’ finely honed skills for outdoor living didn’t help them indoors. O’Connell remembered a patient who pitched a tent in his apartment. Another made a tape recording of sounds of the street, which he used as his lullaby, his antidote to indoor insomnia. Many had forgotten or never learned the basic domestic arts. Some didn’t know how to turn on a TV.
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-For O’Connell, the failures didn’t negate the moral imperatives of Housing First. But too often, in Boston and elsewhere, housing for chronically homeless people came without sufficient support — not enough treatment for the problems they brought with them, too little in the way of lessons on how to live indoors. And in some cases the wretched nature of the housing was also to blame.
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-As the years went on, the impediments grew. By 2018, Boston didn’t have enough affordable housing to accommodate people of middling income, let alone the city’s homeless people, whose numbers were still rising.
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-**The Program’s main** fund-raising event, its Gala, was a rite of Boston’s charitable springtime — a vast hotel ballroom, dresses and suits, photographers, speeches and pledges. At the end of the 2018 version, O’Connell took the stage and told two stories. The first was cheery, about a patient who was about to be housed, in a subsidized, well-managed apartment building, after three decades on the streets.
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-The second story was somber. “Not quite as nice in the end,” O’Connell warned the audience. It was about a long-term patient. She had lived many years outside on the waterfront with a hard-drinking, crack-smoking crew, and then she decided to change her life. She went voluntarily into detox and quit drugs and alcohol for good. All on her own, without public assistance, she found both an apartment and a job in a laundromat. For nine years she paid her own rent, providing room and board for her boyfriend and a child he had with another woman. I once visited her apartment. For décor and tidiness, it would have met the standards of a Dutch housewife.
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-“The problem was,” said O’Connell from the podium, “one day she came to our clinic with shoulder pain — ” It was a symptom of lung cancer in a late stage. Mass General treated her. She was plucky and determined, given to saying, “Heaven don’t want me, and Hell’s afraid I’ll take over.” She had survived for nearly four years. But just a few weeks ago she was told that the cancer was finally unstoppable. In the meantime, she’d also been told that she was being evicted from her apartment.
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-Gentrification was transforming Boston. Real estate developers had bought the building in the working-class neighborhood where the ailing woman lived. They planned to turn the place into condos, O’Connell recalled. They offered to sell her the apartment for $245,000. She’d actually tried to find a way to raise the money, but failed. The day she received her official eviction notice, she paged O’Connell, but when he called her back, she was crying so hard she couldn’t speak. At that moment, O’Connell realized that her apartment stood for everything she’d accomplished in her life. And now it was being taken away. If she had been housed with public assistance instead of paying her rent by herself, she would have kept her housing voucher, and the city would have prevented the landlord from kicking her out until she found another apartment.
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-“In the end, she died frantic that she was going to lose housing,” O’Connell told the silent crowd.
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-He paused. At every talk he gave, I sensed that whether it was asked or not, the question of what was to be done hung in the air. He addressed it now:
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-“This is a complicated problem. Homelessness is a prism held up to society, and what we see refracted are the weaknesses in not only our health care system, our public-health system, our housing system, but especially in our welfare system, our educational system, and our legal system — and our corrections system. If we’re going fix this problem, we have to work together to fix the weaknesses of all those sectors.”
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-It was a bleak assessment, implying that the only cure for homelessness would be an end to many of the country’s deep, abiding flaws.
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-Credit...Cole Barash for The New York Times
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-**Homelessness is fed** by income inequality, racism and a cascade of other related forces. These include insufficient investments in public housing, also tax and zoning codes that have spurred widespread gentrification and driven up real estate prices, thereby reducing the already insufficient supply of affordable housing. Getting the millions of visibly and invisibly homeless people housed is the first, most obvious solution to the current problem. Most homeless people fall only briefly into the condition and are far less needy than the Street Team’s patients. They could manage housing without a great deal of support, O’Connell figured. And yet, for everyone, dilapidated and poorly situated housing can be a poverty trap and a way back to homelessness, or to an early death.
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-A study in Boston, from 2012, showed that average life expectancies varied drastically between rich and poor neighborhoods, by 30 years in one pairing. The environments in which people lived their lives could be destiny in neighborhoods where violence was common and residents lacked access to anything except fast food and convenience stores. One Street Team patient had been receiving a great deal of social support from a caseworker, and yet the patient was spending most of her nights and days on the streets again because she had been placed in an apartment building where someone routinely stole her electricity and Social Security checks — and because one day a neighbor broke through the screen in her ground-floor window and stabbed her with a butter knife, leaving her with a collapsed lung. I stood with O’Connell outside that building one day, watching rats scurry around the garbage pails. “This is where the city is placing people and claiming victory,” he said.
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-He had seen much better examples of housing projects, in Denver and San Francisco, for instance, and yet in both cities, as in Boston, the cost of housing had risen outlandishly while the pool of homeless candidates for housing kept growing. On a recent trip to Southern California, O’Connell was given a tour of the 50-square-block section of Los Angeles known as Skid Row, where about 2,000 people were living on pavement in terrible squalor. Tens of thousands more were living under freeways and beside riverbeds in the greater Los Angeles area. When he returned, O’Connell told the Street Team: “L.A. makes me feel like we’re playing in a bathtub here in Boston. The dimension of the problem is beyond all imagination. Tents and encampments all over the place. L.A. would have to create housing for at least 66,000.”
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-In 2016, the City of Los Angeles conceived an ambitious new project — to develop or acquire, in the course of 10 years, 10,000 units of housing for homeless people. To pay for this, it floated a $1.2 billion bond, which would be used to leverage about $2.8 billion more from private and other public sources. In 2022, the city controller reported “mixed results.” Housing was being created, but the cost for each unit was rising “to staggering heights” — on average, roughly $600,000 per unit in construction.
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-The chasm was widening between Americans who could afford the necessities of life and the millions left in poverty. But the Los Angeles project showed that the problem of homelessness had become too large, too visible, too offensive to be ignored — and that wide public support for remedies could be marshaled. Seventy-six percent of voters in Los Angeles had approved that $1.2 billion bond, and the voters of Los Angeles County had also approved an increase in their sales tax, to finance support services for the newly housed. Promising partial remedies were underway in many other locales: the conversion of hotels, motels and vacant apartment buildings into housing for homeless people; programs providing rental assistance and job training and a large menu of other support services.
-
-Image
-
-Credit...Cole Barash for The New York Times
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-O’Connell especially admired the work of an old friend named Rosanne Haggerty. She founded an organization called Community Solutions as a vehicle for helping willing cities and counties toward “functional zero” — defined as “a future where homelessness is rare overall, and brief when it occurs.”
-
-The central tenet behind Haggerty’s strategy held that homelessness was a function of fragmentation among social-service agencies, both public and private. Part of the cure, she believed, lay in creating systems made up of all the relevant agencies in a city or region. These coalitions would share responsibility for each homeless individual within their jurisdiction, making sure that each person was known by name. The system would constantly improve itself through an “iterative cycle” — tackling a problem, studying the results, then doing the job better. Haggerty described the strategy as “a public-health approach — science-based, data-driven, collaborative, prevention-oriented.” By 2018 the organization was assisting dozens of cities and counties, with measurable success. In 2021, [the MacArthur Foundation gave the group $100 million to accelerate its work.](https://www.macfound.org/press/article/community-solutions-awarded-$100-million-to-end-homelessness)
-
-O’Connell emphatically agreed with Haggerty when she said that the term “homelessness” failed to capture the complexity of the problem. He agreed with what seemed like her fundamental goal: “Each person we see in the shelters and out on the streets, somebody has to own responsibility for knowing that person and getting them housed.” He imagined that was possible now in many American communities. But he had his doubts when it came to the most afflicted places, and also to Boston, because of its real estate boom: “You could change all the zoning laws in Boston right now and create a more coherent system, and because of the costs it would still take us years and years and years to build enough affordable housing for everyone who needs it.”
-
-O’Connell remembered McInnis telling him, “We’re way down on the solution scale.” Housing wasn’t just complicated. He found that if he mused too long about the problem, on the forces ranged against great progress and the disagreements among allies, he grew hungry for the clinic, his colleagues, his patients. “I don’t get despairing,” he told me. “But it’s much easier to just go take care of people.” For all its limitations, that work felt full and rich and edifying, and real. Some allies in the struggle against homelessness criticized the Program for using resources that should have gone to housing. O’Connell’s reply was plain: “This is what we do while we’re waiting for the world to change.”
-
-Haggerty told me, “Jim is doing exactly what he should.” Medicine alone couldn’t solve homelessness, she said. “This is really about accountability, system design, performance. Until that’s fixed, Jim is basically standing at the bottom of a cliff, trying to save people.”
-
-**By 2019, the Program’s** budget had grown to about $60 million a year, and the landscape of its system was like a subway map of the city — some 30 clinics, one for each of the city’s shelters and two affiliated with Mass General and the Boston Medical Center. It had also acquired its own headquarters, with a busy ground floor like a train-station concourse: a large dental clinic, a pharmacy that filled 1,500 prescriptions a day, a soundproofed room where people in the throes of drug overdoses could be treated and counseled if they chose. Also the headquarters of various teams — the Street Team and a team that served unhoused transgender people and a mobile team that focused, with extraordinary success, on the treatment of AIDS and hepatitis C. The Program’s latest respite hospital, the Barbara McInnis House, occupied the three floors above the lobby. It had 104 beds and a large nursing staff, a jewel of a place.
-
-O’Connell had recently turned 70. Riding on the van one quiet night that winter, watching the city go by in the dappled, semidarkness of the cabin, I said to him, “You could drive the van when you retire.”
-
-I meant this as a joke, but for him the idea was resonant. He said: “I have this vision of like, the old bus of Ken Kesey, and picking up our patients and going on trips. You know, to the zoo, to the movies, to the beach, just gather everybody and go, three days a week go and do something.”
-
-He had begun to call himself “redundant,” a now-unnecessary part of the Program. But he still had roles to play as president and, until he found a replacement, as captain of the Street Team. And he still had doctoring to do. Many longtime patients — “the old classics,” he called them — had died. He felt obliged to help serve the ones who remained — “to stand with them in the darkness, if need be,” as McInnis had said. (She died in 2003, from a fatal interaction between anesthesia for minor surgery and a drug she took for diabetes. He still quoted her often, and once in a while invented things he felt she would have said.)
-
-Dozens of old classics still relied on O’Connell. They were a colorful group, many housed, many precariously. There was Kevin, a former bank robber who would describe his heists and trade secrets while O’Connell examined him. There was Frankie, an ordained minister who used to preach on the Boston Common but now was losing track of time. He would page O’Connell at all hours of the night and be forgiven in the morning. There was a former pop singer, Susie, who had belonged to a band that once opened for B.B. King. She was a college graduate and suffered from the same problem with alcohol as most of the old classics. “I like my beverages, Jim. You know that.” She refused to have the Street Team counsel her about her drinking or to admit it was the cause of her many ailments. She often called, but usually at times when O’Connell was in his office. He could put her on speaker and catch up with his email while listening: “Holy socks, Jim! I haven’t seen you since Moby Dick was a minnow.”
-
-And there was a new patient growing more interesting by the day. He had washed up on the Street Team’s shore in 2017, a tall and physically powerful man nearing 50. He had spent nearly 20 years in state prison, and now he was trying to go straight, to find a purpose for himself, a place in the world. He was a rough sleeper out of necessity. He couldn’t bear to stay in the shelters after two decades in prison, and because of his record, he was having a hard time finding housing. And yet he was inventing an occupation: self-appointed deputy to O’Connell. He was turning himself, with O’Connell’s tacit approval, into a social director when he was sheltering in McInnis House, and had become a protector and caretaker of the weak when he was out on the streets.
-
-Image
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-Credit...Cole Barash for The New York Times
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-Image
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-Credit...Cole Barash for The New York Times
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-The Program had improved many lives. It had transformed some. For instance, Joanne Guarino, who had spent 30 years in and out of homelessness and now served on the Program’s board of directors. Among her other duties, she delivered a yearly lecture to the new crop of Harvard medical students. She would tell them her story and answer their questions and usually close with this last piece of advice: “Don’t be a shithead doctor.”
-
-I imagined that O’Connell would go on growing old with his patients for some time to come. In 2019, though, he began to experience his own medical problems, in a cascading pattern that reminded him of elderly patients. A shoulder surgery led to the discovery of an anomaly in his heart’s electrical conduction system, which required a pacemaker. After the procedure, he spent a night under observation, isolated in the Mass General I.C.U. Not even his wife, Jill, was allowed in. When he woke up the next morning, however, a familiar voice asked, “How ya feelin’?”
-
-A small, wiry man had pulled the visitor’s chair over to the bedside. It took O’Connell a moment to realize this wasn’t a doctor, but rather one of the old classics, Billy Bianchino.
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-Billy was smiling. “We’ve all been real worried about ya, Dr. Jim, and I thought I’d come and see aboutchya.”
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-O’Connell wanted to ask Billy how he’d managed to get in, but he didn’t let himself. The rough sleepers’ devious ways were more amusing and miraculous left unknown, like the mechanics of a magic trick. O’Connell often coached the Street Team on the importance of visiting patients when they were languishing in the hospital, lonesome and afraid. Once the surprise wore off, he realized that he himself had been feeling lonely, and he was very glad to see Billy sitting there.
-
-**The first flood of** Covid infections was large and lethal in Boston, especially inside nursing homes and jails and among people in low-income neighborhoods, many of whom went out to work in dangerous, low-paying jobs and came home to crowded apartments. Everyone expected catastrophe for the city’s homeless people. But by the fall of 2020, when the virus’s first wave had abated, the rough sleepers — the most vulnerable of populations in normal times — remained largely uninfected. Perhaps outdoor living and their untouchable status had protected them. And while the virus did spread among 30 to 40 percent of the people sleeping inside the city’s two largest homeless shelters, most of the illnesses had been mild.
-
-Boston’s response on behalf of homeless people was impressively collective — the city’s hospitals, the city and state public-health departments, the mayor and governor’s offices, the shelter organizations, all collaborated. The Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program ran testing in the shelters, converted a floor of McInnis House into a special Covid isolation unit, equipped and staffed two medical tents that the city erected for quarantine and isolation and later helped to run 500 beds in a field hospital in the city’s convention center. Everyone on the Street Team pitched in, except for O’Connell.
-
-Image
-
-Credit...Cole Barash for The New York Times
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-He was obliged to listen and watch from a distance. He had come down with yet another new ailment, an autoimmune disorder of unknown origin, causing inflammation of the blood vessels. His colleagues at Mass General had put him on a long course of medications, and when Covid arrived, they advised him into quarantine.
-
-He had a small summer house on the Rhode Island shore. He retreated there, conferring with his colleagues by phone and computer and looking out to sea during the first season of Covid. We spoke often by phone. His voice always sounded cheerful, even when his thoughts had a melancholy cast. On one call, he said, “I think of this as my rehearsal for complete irrelevance.”
-
-I began to think he really was about to retire, but when I suggested as much, early in the summer of 2021, he said: “Oh, no! I’m coming back! I’ve got six more months of these damn shots and stuff, and then I’m coming back!”
-
-In November, a second season of Covid descended on Boston, but O’Connell returned to the city — to join the Street Team for its Thursday meetings and to resume his weekly daytime street rounds, wearing a surgical mask. I joined him one late fall afternoon.
-
-Downtown, a familiar mixture of new patients and old classics were camped with their importuning signs at their usual venues, in doorways and beside streetlamps and mailboxes. O’Connell made many stops to chat with them, home visits as it were. He would approach them exuberantly, greeting old friends by name, offering a hand to new prospects. Watching him, I was struck again by his manner: saying little, but actively listening, tilting slightly forward, his eyes attentive, a suggestion that he was about to break into a smile. And rarely ending a conversation himself, but rather allowing almost all of them to talk for as long as they wanted, as if he had all the time in the world.
-
----
-
-**Tracy Kidder** is the author of numerous books of narrative nonfiction, including “The Soul of a New Machine,” “House” and “Mountains Beyond Mountains.” He has won the Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award. **Cole Barash** is a visual artist whose current work focuses on the relationship between humans and nature. His monograph, “When the Wind Blows North,” is scheduled to be published in 2023.
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-# “It’s Unimaginable Pain”: The Everyday Affects of the Marathon Bombings, 10 Years Later
-
-[News](https://www.bostonmagazine.com/category/news/)
-
-They lost someone dear. He raced toward a shootout. She held an injured seven-year-old at the second blast site. Five stories of life in a tragedy's aftermath—and the wounds that never heal.
-
----
-
-## Get a compelling long read and must-have lifestyle tips in your inbox every Sunday morning — great with coffee!
-
-![](https://cdn10.bostonmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/04/survivorsfeat.jpg)
-
-Clockwise from top left: Helen Zhao lost her niece; Joe Rogers lost his stepson; Karen Brassard was at the finish line; Tracy Munro held a child victim at the second blast. / Photos by Tim Dunk
-
-Everyone has a different way of coping with collective trauma. In the immediate aftermath of the bombings, the only thing we could think about was telling the stories of survivors. Our ensuing book, [*Boston Strong*](https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/B/bo44311223.html), followed their lives from the day of the attack through the first anniversary. Two years later, it became the basis for the movie *Patriots Day*, starring Mark Wahlberg.
-
-![](https://cdn10.bostonmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/04/2304-10years-175.jpg)
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-For the 10-year anniversary of the bombings, we reached out to many of the people whose stories were featured in our book. They are the loved ones of victims, survivors, and even a bystander who came to the aid of an injured child in an incredible act of kindness. We wanted to know how the event has changed them all these years later, what they’re up to now, and how they honor their experiences and unimaginable losses. Here are five of their stories.
-
-![](https://cdn10.bostonmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/04/fea_survivors-6.jpg)
-
-Photo by Tim Dunk
-
-## Joe Rogers
-
-*Stepfather of slain MIT police officer Sean Collier*
-
-**Soon after** MIT police officer Sean Collier’s death at the hands of the Tsarnaev brothers, his stepfather heard a story that brought tears to his eyes. Earlier that year, Collier had been the first police officer to respond to a call from an MIT grad student and his wife, whose newborn daughter, Sophia, had stopped breathing in their home. Collier quickly arrived on the scene, clearing space in the hallway and the girl’s room so paramedics could perform lifesaving measures. But what really struck the couple was the email they received after their baby was later released from the hospital. “My name is Sean Collier,” the email said. “I wanted to follow up and find out how Sophia is doing?” Overwhelmed by Collier’s caring nature and personal touch, the couple relayed the story to his family after his passing. “Sean never spoke about any of this to us,” Rogers says now. “He was always so humble about his work.”
-
-It turns out it was just one of many smaller acts of kindness and compassion that had an enormous impact on the people with whom Collier interacted, as evidenced by the outpouring of love and support from friends and total strangers that the family received in the days and months after his death.
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-Collier’s humility still gives his stepfather a sense of great pride today. The past decade has been challenging and, at times, overwhelming for Rogers, who watched the video that showed Tamerlan Tsarnaev shooting Collier six times—twice in the side of the head, once in the forehead, and three times in his right hand next to his holster—in an attempt to steal his gun. The image is never far from Rogers’s mind. Yet despite his anguish, he continues to show quiet strength, attending each day of Dzhokhar’s trial and even launching, with other members of Collier’s family, a memorial foundation to support fellow police officers and local youth. To that end, in February 2023, the family gave $3,500 to the Boys & Girls Club in Salem, New Hampshire, and have also donated a boxing ring and equipment for a youth program in Lowell. “We try to do some things that Sean would have supported,” Rogers says. “Sean loved to help kids. That’s who he was. I think he would have liked what we’ve done.”
-
----
-
-![](https://cdn10.bostonmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/04/fea_survivors-7.jpg)
-
-Photo by Tim Dunk
-
-## Helen Zhao
-
-*Aunt of bombing victim Lingzi Lu*
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-**When Helen Zhao saw the news** about the attacks at the marathon, she immediately called her niece, Lingzi Lu, who was studying at Boston University. She had known Lu in China, but the two had become much closer since Lu moved to town.
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-There was no answer. Zhao sent a text. Again, no answer.
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-“I didn’t think she would be \[at the marathon\],” Zhao recalls. “When I texted her, and she didn’t answer, I still didn’t think anything. At the time, Boston was in chaos.”
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-The hours passed, and still there was no word from Lu. Around midnight, Lu’s roommate texted Zhao and said that Lu hadn’t come home. The young Chinese student’s friends started checking with the hospitals. Zhao held out hope but began to fear the worst.
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-That hope turned to despair when she received a call from a Massachusetts State Police officer the next morning. Lu had listed Zhao as her emergency contact at BU. The trooper would only say that they were on their way. Zhao agonized as she sat in her living room, awaiting the troopers driving from Boston to her home in Rhode Island. She opened her front door to hear three troopers deliver the news: Lu was dead. “It was like a dream. You have this out-of-body experience,” she remembers. “It was just shock.”
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-The troopers drove her to the medical examiner’s office in Boston, where she identified Lu’s body. Then she had to make the toughest phone call of her life, telling Lu’s parents in China the tragic news. “They just broke down,” she recalls. “It’s unimaginable pain.”
-
-![](https://cdn10.bostonmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/04/GettyImages-167225163.jpg)
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-Zheng Minhui remembered her classmate Lu Lingzi at a memorial service for the Marathon Bombing victim, held on April 22, 2013. / Photo by Dina Rudick/The Boston Globe via Getty Images
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-In the years since that horrific phone call, Zhao has often accompanied Lu’s parents, Jun and Ling Meng, on their yearly trips to their daughter’s grave in Forest Hills Cemetery in Jamaica Plain. “I can tell it’s tough for them—very tough,” Zhao says. “Especially when there are other families with members of similar age as Lu, moving on with their lives.”
-
-Lu’s parents are planning to come to Boston sometime in 2023 to mark the 10-year anniversary of the loss of their daughter and to support the foundation they established in Lu’s name that funds arts, educational, and community organizations. “I can’t believe it’s been 10 years already,” Zhao says. “We try to help others through charitable work in her memory and kind of keep her spirit alive. A lot of people’s lives moved on. We just hope people never forget what happened on that day. The pain is not as sharp, but it’s there. When you think about it, it’s just as bad as day one.”
-
----
-
-![](https://cdn10.bostonmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/04/fea_survivors-8.jpg)
-
-Photo by Tim Dunk
-
-## Tracy Munro
-
-*Bystander turned first responder*
-
-**On Patriots’ Day 2013,** Tracy Munro found herself among hundreds of spectators running away from the second blast in front of the Forum restaurant. Then something stopped her in her tracks. Munro calls it a “mother’s intuition.” She had a young daughter of her own who did not attend the marathon, but Munro knew there were other children back on Boylston who might need help. She turned against the human tide and rushed back to the scene, where she found a child lying on the sidewalk. It was bombing victim Martin Richard’s younger sister, Jane. “I held her in my arms and comforted her,” Munro remembers, her voice cracking with emotion.
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-The child reminded Munro of her own daughter, Stella. “Look at me, baby,” Munro told the girl, whose hair was burned and whose leg was severely injured in the blast. “What’s your name?”
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-“Jane,” the girl replied.
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-“How old are you?”
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-“Seven.”
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-Munro helped firefighters place the little girl in the ambulance.
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-Ten years later, the image of the injured girl remains seared in Munro’s memory. Even though she now lives more than 2,000 miles away in Salt Lake City, Utah, mentally, she feels as though she is still right there at the finish line in Boston. To this day, she says she is worried all the time. She even keeps a “go bag” packed with clothes and other belongings in case terror strikes again. “I’ve been entirely messed up from this,” Munro says. “It’s a lifelong process.”
-
-In her home, there is evidence of another marathon-induced habit: a stack of handwritten letters to Jane Richard that she has composed since the bombings in 2013. She never mailed them, and only writes them as a form of therapy and healing.
-
-A decade later, the little girl Munro comforted has become a source of comfort for Munro. She admires her from afar, watching news clips of her singing at events to honor her late brother. “She’s so beautiful,” Munro says, “and I’m so proud of her willingness to stay present.” And so, each day, Munro tries to follow Jane’s lead and live in the present, too.
-
----
-
-![](https://cdn10.bostonmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/04/fea_survivors-9.jpg)
-
-Photo by Tim Dunk
-
-## Ed Deveau
-
-*Former Watertown Police Chief*
-
-**Ed Deveau was at home** in bed when his cell phone rang just after midnight, three days after the bombings. It was his shift commander. “Chief, they’re shooting at us and throwing bombs at us,” he said, referring to the Tsarnaev brothers, who just a few hours earlier had murdered Sean Collier and carjacked an innocent bystander, Dun Meng, in Allston.
-
-That was all Deveau needed to hear: Jumping out of bed, the police chief raced to the scene. By the time he arrived, Tamerlan Tsarnaev had been critically wounded, and his younger brother, Dzhokhar, had managed to flee the scene. Deveau was amazed that all three of his officers were still alive after he took one look at the evidence of the firepower the Tsarnaevs had trained on them. “What we thought was a carjacking offense spilled over into an all-out war,” Deveau recalls. “This went way beyond the training of my officers.”
-
-Ten years later, Deveau, a lifelong Watertown resident, is now semi-retired and living in Florida. As he looks back on his career, that harrowing night has become one of his greatest sources of pride. “My officers had no warning at all and were thrown right into battle,” Deveau says. “This remains the only event in the country where police officers were shot at and had bombs hurled in their direction. If we played this out, nine out of ten times, we would be sure to lose an officer or two.”
-
-Today, Deveau gives speeches to fellow law enforcement members and community groups about lessons learned from the bombings and the pulse-pounding aftermath in Watertown. Still, what he remembers most from that moment was not the unbeatable odds that his officers overcame. When Deveau closes his eyes and reflects on the 10-year milestone, the images and sounds that come to mind are the throngs of relieved citizens waving American flags and chanting “USA, USA” along Mount Auburn Street after the surrender. “That to me symbolizes ‘Boston Strong,’” he says. “It’s about an entire community that came together to help each other, to protect each other. That’s what I’ll always remember most.”
-
----
-
-![](https://cdn10.bostonmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/04/fea_survivors-5.jpg)
-
-Photo by Tim Dunk
-
-## Karen Brassard
-
-*Injured bystander*
-
-**To say** Karen Brassard and her family and friends were in the wrong place at the wrong time on Marathon Monday 2013 is an understatement. Karen, her husband, Ron, and their daughter, Krystara, then a Northeastern University student, had driven down to Boston from their home in New Hampshire to watch her best friend Celeste Corcoran’s sister run the race. Around 1:30 p.m., Krystara called her best friend and roommate, Victoria McGrath, from the finish line and asked her to join the Brassards and Corcorans. She made it to the finish line five minutes before the blast.
-
-The injuries suffered by the group were astounding: Celeste Corcoran’s legs were so severely damaged that they later had to be amputated. Shrapnel struck Karen, Ron, and Krystara in their legs. The blast blew out Karen and Ron’s eardrums, forever damaging their hearing. “I didn’t see anyone around me except Victoria and Ron and Krystara,” Karen remembers. “Celeste and \[her husband\] were right next to me, but I never saw them. My brain didn’t allow me to see any of it.”
-
-![](https://cdn10.bostonmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/04/karen-brassard-2013-gettyimages.jpg)
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-Ron and Karen Brassard at Fenway Park on May 7, 2013. / Photo by J Rogash/Getty Images
-
-The Brassards were whisked away to the medical tent while Victoria was carried to safety, covered in blood, by a firefighter. A photo of the rescue became one of the most iconic images of that day.
-
-Two years later, Karen was still dealing with the fallout from the attack as she watched Celeste testify in the 2015 trial of bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and speak pointedly to the press about the death penalty sentence. It was a moment of triumph, but another tragedy was not far away for the group of friends who were at the finish line that day.
-
-A year after the trial, Krystara and Victoria, who normally took annual vacations together, decided to go on separate trips. Krystara and another friend went on a cruise, while Victoria headed to the Middle East. While they were on the cruise, Krystara got a devastating phone call: Victoria [had been killed](https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/08/469618199/survivor-of-boston-marathon-bombing-dies-in-car-crash-in-dubai) in a high-speed wreck in Dubai.
-
-It was a terrible blow to the Brassards, who considered Victoria family. They were still rebuilding their lives after the bombings. Ron was struggling—physically and mentally. Krystara, meanwhile, was now faced with graduating college without her best friend, with whom she had only grown closer as they recovered from the tragedy together. “She was just such a light,” Karen says now of Victoria. “Krystara holds a lot in. One night she just fell apart. She said, ‘She’s my person. I’ll never have my person again.’ It was beyond unfair.”
-
-Still, like so many of the survivors, they fought hard emotionally and channeled their grief into positivity. Victoria’s family set up a foundation in her name in 2018, and the Brassards became active in supporting the causes that were important to her, which include helping children with special needs, veterans, and refugees displaced by conflict. The foundation also fields an annual team of runners for the Boston Marathon, and they will be there this year running in her memory.
-
-*First published in the print edition of [the April 2023 issue](https://www.bostonmagazine.com/issue/boston-april-2023) with the headline “The Wounds That Never Heal.”*
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-# “My Daughter’s Murder Wasn’t Enough”: In Uvalde, a Grieving Mother Fights Back
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-Kimberly Mata-Rubio pulls her thick black hair into a ponytail, laces up her purple-and-black Brooks running shoes, and sets off on a three-mile loop through her hometown of [Uvalde](https://www.texasmonthly.com/opinion/uvalde-history-essay/), at the edge of the Texas Hill Country, eighty miles west of San Antonio.
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-From her house, she heads west, then she makes a left and runs alongside the magnificent oak trees lining North Getty, one of Uvalde’s main streets. She runs past the softball fields where her ten-year-old daughter Alexandria “Lexi” Aniyah Rubio used to practice her hitting, past the two-story homes that Lexi used to dream of living in, past Julien’s, where Kim chose her dress for Lexi’s funeral. A few blocks away is First Baptist Church, where the funeral was held.
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-Just before she reaches the downtown plaza, Kim makes another left, on East Nopal Street, then makes a right and comes to a stop in front of a mural of her daughter, 20 feet tall and 23 feet wide, painted on the side of a brick building—one of 21 such murals spread throughout downtown depicting all the children and teachers who were slain in their classrooms at [Robb Elementary School](https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/will-we-ever-know-truth-uvalde/) on the morning of May 24, 2022. 
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-![Kim with her husband, Felix Rubio.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/05/kim-felix-rubio.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=1024&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=768&wpsize=large)
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-Kimberly Mata-Rubio with her husband, Felix Rubio.Photograph by Dan Winters
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-Lexi is wearing a wide-brimmed brown hat. She is surrounded by yellow sunflowers and blue butterflies, and she is smiling as if she doesn’t have a care in the world. Kim always makes a point of staring into Lexi’s eyes. “Lexi,” she says. Then she runs on, her breath steady, her slender arms pumping like pistons, and her Brooks shoes slapping against the pavement.
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-More often than not, Kim finishes her run as she began it, focused and with a steady breath. Occasionally, however, during the third mile, she begins to push herself too hard. A numbness comes to the hollow of her chest, and she lets her mind wander back to the day of the shootings—to her terrified little girl turning from a killer who was shooting children so quickly that they didn’t have time to scream. Half crying and half gasping for air, Kim will stagger home and fall into her husband’s arms.
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-When 19 children and 2 teachers are killed in a town of more than 15,000, the math works like this: You either loved one of the victims or you know someone who loved one of the victims—you know an aunt, a cousin, a close family friend. You know someone who tucked them into bed the night before, who argued with them about brushing their teeth, who told them to keep it down, who read them a story or maybe a poem and said goodnight, and then good morning, and then goodbye. This year alone, according to the [Gun Violence Archive](https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/), there have been some 190 mass shootings in America. They have occurred everywhere—at a church school in Nashville (six dead); at a bank in Louisville, Kentucky (five dead); at a dance studio in Monterey Park, California (eleven dead); at a sweet sixteen party in Dadeville, Alabama (four dead); at a house in Cleveland, Texas (five dead), and on and on and on. 
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-What is just as disturbing is that all of us seem to be growing numb to the horror. We receive news alerts about one shooting, then days later, perhaps hours later, another. It feels horrific but distant. There are now so many shootings that the math means we are, each of us, getting closer to that outer ring of victims, the ones who know the ones who loved the ones who died. 
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-![Lexi Rubio in 2021, age 9, wearing her newly prescribed glasses.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/05/lexi-rubio.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=1024&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=819&wpsize=large)
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-Alexandria “Lexi” Aniyah Rubio in 2021, age nine, wearing her newly prescribed glasses.Courtesy of Kimberly Mata-Rubio
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-This is a story that starts on a day filled with hope and pride. On that May morning, Kim and her husband, Felix Rubio, walked into the cafeteria at Robb Elementary School to watch Lexi participate with her fourth-grade classmates in their end-of-the-year awards ceremony. 
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-Kim was then 33 and worked part-time as a reporter for the *Uvalde* *Leader-News,* the town’s twice-weekly newspaper, covering everything from city council meetings to the weather. Two days a week she drove to San Antonio, where she took history classes at St. Mary’s University. She was a shy, soft-spoken woman, “the kind of person who prefers to stay in the background,” she told me. In her free time, she liked reading—Virginia Woolf’s *A Room of One’s Own,* Michael Ondaatje’s *The English Patient,* and Elie Wiesel’s Holocaust memoir *Night* were among her favorites.
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-Felix, who was 35, was a strapping man, five feet eleven and 210 pounds. He worked as a patrol deputy with the Uvalde County Sheriff’s Department, usually handling 911 calls. Like Kim, Felix was quiet and reserved. When they met in 2008, on MySpace, he already had a son from a teenage relationship, and she had a daughter and son from a teenage marriage. On their first date, they went to a Uvalde High School football game with their children. Less than a year later, they married at a justice of the peace’s office, ate cake at Kim’s grandmother’s home, and left with their children for a one-day honeymoon at San Antonio’s SeaWorld.
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-Over the next few years, Kim and Felix added three more children to the family. “You’ve put together a basketball team,” one of Kim’s friends told her. Now, in the spring of 2022, the six children—Julian, Lexi, Jahleela, David, Kalisa, and Isaiah—ranged in age from eight to eighteen. Kim and Felix were devoted parents. They were always up before sunrise to get the kids ready for school, and they picked them up in the afternoons to ferry them to sports practices and games. In the evenings, Kim fixed large family dinners—fettuccine Alfredo being everyone’s favorite—and on Friday movie nights, she served popcorn mixed with nacho cheese, accompanied by shots of pickle juice. The family squeezed onto two brown leather couches in the living room to watch comedies like *Ghostbusters, The Croods,* and *Instant Family*. They shared blankets, told jokes, and roared with laughter. “Everything we did was about family,” Kim told me. “Usually, when the kids had a birthday, they didn’t ask to have their friends come over. They preferred celebrating with their brothers and sisters.”
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-This was Kim and Felix’s second trip to the school after morning drop-off. Earlier, they had watched their youngest child Julian’s second-grade awards ceremony. Now they were back to see Lexi. Kim liked to call Lexi the family’s overachiever. She did her homework without being asked, made straight A’s, and starred on the girls’ basketball and softball teams. She often told her mom that she too planned to attend St. Mary’s, but to study math (her favorite subject) and then enroll at St. Mary’s law school after graduation so that she could one day become a lawyer and fight injustice.
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-“I used to tell Felix, ‘Lexi’s going to make a difference in this world,’ ” Kim said. “ ‘Just wait and see.’ ” 
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-For her awards ceremony, Lexi was wearing a blue St. Mary’s hoodie, gym shorts, and white sneakers. She had her hair lightly streaked with caramel-colored highlights—a popular trend among girls her age in Uvalde. Her teacher, Arnulfo Reyes, presented her with both an A honor roll certificate and the Good Citizen certificate, and, as the ceremony came to an end, she had her photo taken with Kim and Felix.
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-It was at that moment, Kim would later tell me, that she had a feeling—“something like a mother’s intuition, a voice speaking to me,” she said—that she should withdraw Lexi from school for the rest of the day. Maybe, she thought, she would take her to the Dairy Queen for one of Lexi’s favorite treats, a mint-chocolate-chip Blizzard, to celebrate the end of another successful school year.
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-But Lexi was already headed back to her classroom. Kim called out to her, saying she’d pick her up that afternoon when school was out. Both she and Felix told Lexi “I love you.” Lexi turned around, gave her parents a smile, and then turned a corner and was gone. 
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-![](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/05/rubio-kids-uvalde.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=1024&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=820&wpsize=large)
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-Lexi Rubio (right) with brothers Julian, David, and sister Jahleela next to the Frio River in 2017.Courtesy of Kimberly Mata-Rubio
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-Kim asked Felix to drop her off at the *Leader-News,* where she needed to finish a story about a new events space opening in town. The office was quiet. Only three other employees were at their desks. Kim turned on her computer and started writing.
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-Thirty minutes later, the police scanner in the office crackled to life. A dispatcher said gunshots had been heard on Diaz Street, just a few blocks from Robb Elementary. A few minutes passed. Then the scanner crackled again. The dispatcher said the elementary school had just been placed on lockdown.
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-Kim texted Felix, who was at home, having taken the day off work. “What’s happening at Robb?” she asked. He called his supervisor at the sheriff’s department but got no answer. He threw on his uniform, jumped into the squad car that he was allowed to keep at his home, and raced to the school. When he arrived, another officer pointed toward a low-slung, one-story classroom building on the west end of the Robb campus. Felix grabbed his rifle and ran that way. 
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-By then, dozens of officers from different law enforcement agencies—the Uvalde school district’s police department, the Uvalde Police Department, Uvalde’s own sheriff’s department, the state’s Department of Public Safety, and the U.S. Border Patrol—were already at the building. Some were milling about outside, waiting for orders. Others were inside, scattered up and down the main hallway.
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-It turned out that the gunman was a troubled eighteen-year-old Uvalde High School dropout named Salvador Ramos who lived on Diaz Street with his grandmother. Earlier that morning, he had argued with her about his cellphone, shot her in the face, seriously wounding her, and then had driven her pickup toward Robb. He had crashed the truck into a ditch next to the school, emerged carrying an AR-15-style semiautomatic rifle and a backpack filled with ammunition, entered the school building through an unlocked door, headed down the hallway, burst inside one of two interconnected classrooms, Room 111 and Room 112, that were filled with fourth-grade students—and opened fire.
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-Felix made his way into the building and peered down the hallway. Footage from a security camera would later show another sheriff’s deputy standing behind Felix, gripping the back of his bulletproof vest, perhaps to make sure he didn’t dash down the hallway to try to save his daughter. 
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-Although police officers had been taught in active shooter training to immediately hunt down the gunman and bring him down before he had a chance to kill more victims, a senior police official in the hallway that morning, Pete Arredondo, the chief of the Uvalde school district’s police force, was focused on acquiring equipment to enter the classrooms. (He later said he thought the shooter had barricaded himself in one of the rooms and was no longer an active shooter.) Arredondo’s hesitation, however, meant that wounded students and teachers were denied urgent medical care that might have saved their lives. 
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-The standoff lasted for more than an hour. A few children dialed 911 on cellphones, whispering for help. Frantic parents, including Kim, began gathering outside the school. Even after the gunman let loose with another brief spray of gunfire, no order was given to breach the classroom doors.
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-Finally, at 12:50 p.m., 77 minutes after the gunman had first walked into the building, agents from BORTAC, a tactical unit of the U.S. Border Patrol that was based in the town of Del Rio, used a master key to enter Room 111. They saw the gunman standing in front of a closet, and they shot and killed him. 
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-Other officers rushed into the two classrooms. Felix’s fellow deputy continued to hold him back. If Felix had been allowed in, this is what he would have seen: children and teachers sprawled on the floor, their bodies ripped apart by the high-powered gunshots. A doctor said one child had been decapitated by the force of the bullets. Another had a baseball-size hole in his chest. Blood was spattered on the walls and was sprayed over the fourth graders’ drawings and books and backpacks. The acrid odor of gunpowder hung in the air.
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-Felix was led out of the building, and another deputy drove him downtown to Uvalde’s civic center, which was where all Robb parents were being sent to learn the fates of their children. Kim met him there. They watched the yellow school buses arrive, one after another, filled with uninjured children who ran to their crying parents. Before they arrived at the center, Kim and Felix had learned that their son Julian had earlier gotten off a bus and was taken home by Kim’s father. As the afternoon wore on, however, there were fewer children getting off buses. And there was no news about Lexi.
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-At around 3 p.m., Kim and Felix decided to look for her themselves. One of Kim’s friends drove them to Uvalde Memorial Hospital, thinking Lexi might have been wounded and taken there. A hospital staffer told Kim and Felix that nobody matching Lexi’s description had come in. They then drove to a Uvalde funeral home where they had heard some students had been brought. But no students were there.
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-“Lexi still must be at the school,” Kim said to Felix. “We need to get there.” When employees at the funeral home, knowing the protocols around crime scenes, told Kim she wouldn’t be allowed near the school, Kim pulled off her flimsy leather sandals and started running. She sprinted barefoot toward the school, a mile away, the soles of her feet pounding the asphalt road. Bits of glass and gravel pierced her skin. But still she kept running, dodging traffic. Felix followed, trying to catch up to her, calling out Kim’s name.
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-Kim reached Robb’s main entrance and begged officers guarding the school to take her to Room 111. “Please, if Lexi’s in there, just let me sit with her,” Kim said. “All I want to do is be with her. I don’t want her to be alone.” 
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-But the officers shook their heads. They told her the school was officially a crime scene. A fireman drove Kim and Felix back to the civic center, and they were eventually taken to the county attorney’s office. There, they were told that Lexi was among the dead.
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-Kim and Felix headed out of the office. They wrapped their arms around each other, and both of them began to sob. Kim could feel her feet throbbing. 
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-They were so bloodied and bruised she could barely walk.
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-![The entrance to Robb Elementary School on March 18, 2023.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/05/uvalde-school-shooting-memorial.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=768&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=1024&wpsize=large)
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-The entrance to Robb Elementary School on March 18, 2023.Photograph by Dan Winters
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-Within 24 hours of the massacre, Texas governor Greg Abbott held a press conference at Uvalde High School to announce that “evil” [had come to Uvalde](https://www.nytimes.com/video/us/100000008367389/uvalde-texas-shooting-abbott.html). Other politicians arrived to offer the impotence of their thoughts and prayers, as if checking off a box. Reporters flew in to knock on doors, trying to find someone who could explain why anyone would shoot up yet another school. 
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-When a CNN correspondent and a camera crew showed up at the Rubios’ home, the entire family came outside and huddled together on the front porch. Everyone was weeping. The family showed the correspondent a photo of Lexi posing in that wide-brimmed hat. They also shared an image of Lexi throwing a ball at a softball game. Kim mentioned that Lexi wanted to go to law school, and Felix said Lexi dreamed of traveling to Australia. 
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-In those first days after the shooting, Kim and Felix spent hours staring at photos of Lexi. They barely sipped water, and they ate so little that Kim’s mother, Cindy, a nurse, threatened to take them to the hospital and hook them up to IVs. They didn’t leave the house, and at night they lay in bed with their younger kids piled tightly around them. Because the kids said they were afraid of the dark, Kim and Felix kept the bathroom light on.
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-![Teddy bears, candles, flowers and hand-written messages are among the items left for Lexi Rubio at a makeshift memorial to the victims of the mass shooting in Uvalde, Texas, on May 28, 2022.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/05/lexi-rubio-memorial-uvalde.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=639&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=1024&wpsize=large)
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-Teddy bears, candles, flowers and handwritten messages are among the items left for Lexi Rubio at a makeshift memorial to the victims of the mass shooting in Uvalde, Texas, on May 28, 2022.Photograph by Tamir Kalifa
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-Neither Kim nor Felix slept for more than an hour or two at a time, and in the mornings, after the sun rose, they would get out of bed, walk into the living room, and stare at each other, wondering how they were going to make it through another day.
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-The truth was that everyone in Uvalde seemed overwhelmed with grief. In the downtown plaza, 21 white crosses were placed around the fountain, each bearing the name and photo of a child or teacher who had been killed. Another 21 crosses were erected on the front lawn of Robb Elementary, next to a brick sign that read “Welcome. Robb Elementary School. Bienvenidos.*”* 
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-Day and night, townspeople and visitors placed stuffed animals, bouquets of flowers, rosary beads, balloons, Bibles, photos, and handwritten notes around the crosses. They held candlelit prayer vigils, listened to a mariachi band on the plaza perform “Amor Eterno,” and attended a memorial service at Uvalde’s indoor bull-riding arena. Pastors, speaking in turns in English and in Spanish, asked the audience sitting in the bleachers to keep trusting in God. “God still loves these little children,” one preacher proclaimed. “We don’t understand it, but he does.” 
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-![Family members of children killed in the Robb Elementary School shooting at a memorial service in Uvalde on September 5, 2022](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/05/uvalde-memorial-service.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=640&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=1024&wpsize=large)
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-Family members of children killed in the Robb Elementary School shooting at a memorial service in Uvalde on September 5, 2022.Photograph by Tamir Kalifa
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-A week after the shooting, Kim received a call from a staffer with the U.S. House of Representatives’ Committee on Oversight and Reform. He said the committee was about to hold a hearing titled “[The Urgent Need to Address the Gun Violence Epidemic](https://oversightdemocrats.house.gov/legislation/hearings/the-urgent-need-to-address-the-gun-violence-epidemic),” and he was looking for residents from Uvalde and Buffalo—which also had just experienced a deadly mass shooting, at a grocery store—to testify. The staffer said he had been told by people who knew Kim that she would make a good witness. He asked if she would be willing to fly to Washington, D.C., to testify about Lexi’s life and death. 
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-Kim wasn’t so sure she would make a good witness. Although she regularly voted, she had never before gotten involved in any political movement or social cause. Nor had she ever given a speech—“not once in my life,” she said. The idea that she would appear before a congressional committee in Washington made her stomach churn. 
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-Over the years, however, Kim had complained to Felix about the dearth of gun control in America. It made no sense, she said, that an eighteen-year-old could legally purchase an AR-15—an exceptionally powerful semiautomatic assault rifle designed to be a weapon of war. Felix agreed with his wife. Like any cop, he had no interest in confronting a criminal with an assault weapon. Felix encouraged Kim to speak before the committee, and he promised to be right beside her as she did. 
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-Kim told the congressional staffer that she wouldn’t be able to fly to Washington. She said they needed to stay in Uvalde to prepare for Lexi’s funeral, which was scheduled to take place only three days after the hearing. The staffer reassured Kim that she could speak to the committee over Zoom. “Okay,” Kim said. “I don’t know what I’m going to say, but I’ll do it.”
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-On the day of the hearing, the committee watched a prerecorded statement from Miah Cerrillo, a Uvalde fourth grader who had survived the carnage by covering herself in a classmate’s blood and pretending to be dead. She said she watched the gunman shoot her friends, her teacher, “and the whiteboard.” Her father spoke next, telling the committee that Miah hadn’t been the same since the shooting. Roy Guerrero, Uvalde’s sole pediatrician, testified about the children who had been brought to the hospital that day, their bodies “pulverized” by the killer’s bullets. 
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-Then the video screens in the hearing room lit up, and there was Kim, sitting on one of the brown couches in her living room—the spot where Lexi had sat on Friday movie nights. Kim wore a black sweater, and her dark, waist-length hair was carefully brushed back behind her ears. Felix, wearing a button-down khaki shirt, sat closely beside her.
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-Kim stared at a printout of her speech that she had written and rewritten on her laptop the night before. She took a breath and began to read. With a shaky voice, she told the lawmakers about Lexi, describing her as “intelligent, compassionate, and athletic.” Kim also recalled the moment after the fourth-grade awards ceremony when she and Felix had said goodbye to Lexi. “We told her we loved her, and we would pick her up after school,” Kim said. “I left my daughter at that school, and that decision will haunt me for the rest of my life.” 
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-Because of the tears pooling in her eyes and blurring her vision, Kim was having trouble reading the copy of the speech she was holding. Kim said she recognized there would be intense opposition to any new law that would restrict ordinary citizens from obtaining the type of weapon that was used to kill Lexi. “We understand that for some reason, to some people, to people with money, to people who fund political campaigns, that guns are more important than children,” she said.
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-Nevertheless, she continued, the time had come to ban all assault rifles and high-capacity magazines. At the least, there should be a new law raising the minimum age to purchase such weapons from 18 to 21. 
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-When Kim came to the last paragraph of her speech, she lifted her eyes and stared into the tiny dot of her laptop’s camera. “Somewhere out there is a mom listening to our testimony and thinking, ‘I can’t even imagine their pain,’ ” Kim said. But, Kim added, that mother needed to realize that the pain was not far away. Someday soon—perhaps very soon—another gunman might very well come barging into her own child’s school, brandishing an AR-15, mowing down everyone in his path.
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-“Our reality will one day be hers,” Kim said. She paused. “Unless we act now.”
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-Kim shut her laptop. “You did good, Babe,” Felix said, using his favorite nickname for his wife. But Kim was inconsolable. She was already thinking about Lexi’s upcoming funeral. “We’ve got to bury her,” she told Felix. “How are we ever going to get through that?”
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-![The Rubios at a rally for an assault weapons ban in Washington, D.C., on September 22, 2022.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/05/uvalde-dc-rally.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=640&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=1024&wpsize=large)
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-The Rubios at a rally for an assault weapons ban in Washington, D.C., on September 22, 2022.Photograph by Tamir Kalifa
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-Kim and Felix were not members of any religious congregation, but they had arranged for Lexi’s funeral to be held at Uvalde’s First Baptist Church, to accommodate everyone who wanted to attend. Kim asked those who were invited to wear bright colors because that’s what Lexi loved to wear. Kim wore a pink-and-yellow floral dress that a salesperson at Julien’s had given her for the occasion. Felix was in a yellow button-down shirt.
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-Lexi was dressed in her blue St. Mary’s hoodie, gray sweatpants, and tie-dye Crocs. The top of her child-size casket was decorated with paintings of sunflowers, butterflies, ice cream cones, a softball glove and bat, and a photo of Lexi. (SoulShine Industries, in the South Texas town of Edna, had donated customized caskets for nineteen of the victims.) Because the morticians were able to hide Lexi’s wounds—she had been shot in the back of her head—her casket was kept open during the service, giving the mourners a chance to see her one last time. 
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-When the service began, Kim made her way to the pulpit and recited the famous e. e. cummings poem that she’d often read to Lexi. “I carry your heart with me (I carry it in my heart),” she began. “I am never without it (anywhere I go you go, my dear; and whatever is done by only me is your doing, my darling).”
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-An acquaintance of Kim’s, Vennessa McLerran, sang “You Are My Sunshine,” and after the benediction, everyone proceeded to the Hillcrest Memorial Cemetery, at the edge of town, to watch Lexi being lowered into the ground. 
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-In the weeks that followed, every day—and sometimes twice a day—Kim and Felix went back to the cemetery to be with Lexi. On one trip, they brought a red oak sapling, barely five feet high, that they planted next to the grave so that she would have some shade during Uvalde’s brutally hot summer afternoons. Because they didn’t like the idea of Lexi having to be by herself in the cemetery at night, alone in the darkness, they strung solar-powered LED fairy lights around her grave that automatically switched on after the sun set. And on some of their trips to the cemetery, Kim and Felix placed Lexi’s favorite meal from McDonald’s on top of the grave: Chicken McNuggets stuffed inside a plain hamburger, which she used to call a “Lexiburger.”
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-“It’s still hard to believe she’s really gone,” Kim told me when I met up with her and Felix at the cemetery early one evening. “We still want to talk to her. We want to have dinner with her. When our oldest daughter, Kalisa, comes to the cemetery, she literally lays face down on Lexi’s grave. She whispers to Lexi that she misses her and that it’s time for her to come home.”
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-As we talked, other families began to arrive to spend time with their loved ones. One family sat on a blanket next to a grave, eating a picnic dinner. Another family brought their dog. Two little boys kicked a soccer ball, and another boy rode his bike with training wheels. 
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-“It’s like you have your own little community out here,” I said to Kim.
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-“And none of us are going anywhere,” she replied as she watched Felix pour water from a plastic container onto their red oak. “We’ll all be coming out here for the rest of our lives.”
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-![Food that Lexi Rubio loved are placed as ofrendas on her Day of the Dead altar set up by her family beside her grave at Hillcrest Memorial Cemetery in Uvalde, Tex., on Nov. 2, 2022.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/05/lexi-rubio-favorite-food.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=641&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=1024&wpsize=large)
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-Foods that Lexi Rubio loved are placed as ofrendas on her Day of the Dead altar set up by her family beside her grave at Hillcrest Memorial Cemetery on November 2, 2022. Photograph by Tamir Kalifa
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-After her congressional testimony, Kim had no plans to make any more speeches. But in July, Javier Cazares, another Uvalde parent who had lost a child in the shooting, announced that he was organizing a march from Robb Elementary to the downtown plaza to protest both the inadequate police response to the shooting and the lack of what he described as “sensible” gun laws in America. He also asked family members of the victims, including Kim, to speak. In triple-digit temperatures, more than five hundred people participated in the march. When it came time for the speeches, Kim stepped up to the microphone, with Felix once again at her side. There was polite applause. “I want my daughter back,” Kim said. Her voice began rising. “If I can’t have her, then those who failed her will never know peace!” The protesters, many of whom knew Kim only as the quiet young woman who worked for the newspaper, let loose with a roar, the sound of their cheers echoing off the downtown buildings. 
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-Days later, Kim sat down in an airplane seat for the first time. She and Felix had agreed to fly to D.C. so that she could speak at a rally put on by March Fourth, a nonprofit gun control group that was pushing for a ban on all assault weapons. Kitty Brandtner, the group’s founder, told me she had seen footage of Kim addressing the congressional committee, “and she was sincere, passionate, inspirational, and heartbreaking.” 
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-Kim squeezed Felix’s hand as the jet lumbered down the runway, but within minutes she had stopped looking out her window and was working on a new speech, which she delivered the next day on the steps of the U.S. Capitol before a few hundred demonstrators. Kim said she had never stopped thinking about the morning Lexi was shot in Room 111. “I picture which side of the room she and her classmates huddled against as an eighteen-year-old man fired toward them,” she said. She also said she was haunted by “what if” questions regarding the shooting—namely, what if that Uvalde teenager had never been able to get his hands on an AR-15-style rifle in the first place. “I want that question to be the first thing to cross \[the politicians’ minds\] in the morning and the last thought they have before they go to bed each night. Because we are no longer asking for change, we are demanding it, and we are angry as hell!” Kim proclaimed. Just like in Uvalde, the crowd roared.
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-Kim and Felix then rushed to the airport so they could get back to San Antonio that night. They landed and drove directly to the Uvalde cemetery. It was the first time they had been away from Lexi for more than 24 hours. They saw the LED lights around her grave, flickering in the darkness. 
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-“We’re here, Lexi,” Kim said. “We’re here.”
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-In mid-July, a few days after their Washington trip, a realtor showed Kim and Felix a two-story, four-bedroom brick-and-stone house that was in foreclosure in a neighborhood in north Uvalde. Since the shooting, they had been looking for a new place to live. One of their daughters, Jahleela, who was eleven, wouldn’t walk into the bedroom she had shared with Lexi. “The memories at home were too painful,” Kim said.
-
-The new house needed repairs and a paint job, but Kim liked its location. It was in a neighborhood within walking distance of the public high school, the middle school, and another elementary school. Kim told me that if another shooter ever came into one of those schools, her children would be able to run home to safety. 
-
-“You worry about another school shooter coming to Uvalde?” I asked. 
-
-“Of course I do,” she said. “Every time I hear a police siren, I get panicky.”
-
-Kim and Felix bought the home and were moving in by early August. They packed up not only their own belongings but all of Lexi’s clothes and shoes, her stuffed animals, her sports trophies, her basketballs, her softballs and softball gloves, her backpacks, her books and her journals. Kim even had Felix move Lexi’s bed and dresser from the old house and store them in the garage of the new house.
-
-I assumed they would be giving all of Lexi’s items away. Kim, however, told me that as soon as one of the older children permanently moved out, she and Felix planned to turn his or her room into a bedroom for Lexi. “She always wanted her own room, and I now want to make sure that she gets one,” Kim explained. She looked at me and tried to smile. “I think Lexi will like that,” she said.
-
-Although Kim quit her job at the newspaper, she did sign up to take four online history and criminal-justice courses for the fall semester at St. Mary’s, knowing that if she passed them all, she could graduate in December. She resumed the three-mile runs she’d been going on for a couple of years, pushing herself hard on the third mile even though she knew her anguish about Lexi’s killer might return.
-
-And she did all of her usual domestic tasks, fixing breakfasts for the kids, dropping them off at their schools (which were now heavily guarded by police officers), doing the laundry, making beds, attending basketball and softball games, and once again cooking big family dinners. 
-
-By then, Felix also had decided to resign from his job, at the sheriff’s department. He’s a stay-at-home dad now. The bungled law enforcement response to the Robb shootings, he said, disillusioned him. He wanted to be home with Kim and the kids—to comfort them whenever they felt scared or unsafe or whenever they had one of their nightmares. Although Felix rarely opened up to outsiders (especially to reporters), those who knew him said he was deeply devoted to Kim. As Felix himself told me during one of our brief conversations, “Kim and I are joined at the hip. Whatever she wants to do, I’ll support her.”
-
-![The Rubios at a March for Our Lives rally outside the Texas Capitol on August 27, 2022.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/05/uvalde-rally-capitol.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=640&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=1024&wpsize=large)
-
-The Rubios at a March for Our Lives rally outside the Texas Capitol on August 27, 2022.Photograph by Tamir Kalifa
-
-And he did indeed remain Kim’s faithful, silent partner as she became one of the new advocates for gun control in America. Kim was regularly interviewed by reporters from NPR, the *New York Times,* the television networks, *Time* magazine, the Texas Tribune, and various Texas newspapers and television stations. She spoke at rallies organized by other gun control groups. In September she flew again with Felix to Washington, this time at the request of the prominent Newtown Action Alliance—named after the 2012 shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School that killed 26 in Newtown, Connecticut—whose chairwoman, Po Murray, wanted Kim to meet Republican senators and push them to back off their positions opposing an assault weapons ban.
-
-One of the senators Murray arranged for the Rubios to meet was Ted Cruz, Texas’s fierce opponent of gun regulations. Kim and Felix each wore a button with Lexi’s image on it. Cruz sat casually, with one of his trademark cowboy boots crossed over his knee. A staffer handed him a Diet Dr Pepper.
-
-Felix pulled out his cellphone and showed Cruz a photo of Lexi in her casket. “That’s our daughter who was murdered at Robb Elementary.” Kim then said she and Felix hoped they could count on the senator’s support for an assault weapons ban. She was about to say more, but Cruz jumped in and told Kim and Felix about his own plan to stop school shootings: he wanted to put more law enforcement officers and more mental health services on school campuses. 
-
-A staffer gently interrupted the senator to say he had another appointment. The meeting had lasted less than five minutes, and Kim was not happy. As Cruz stood up to leave, Kim also rose, looked him in the eye, and snapped “You have no idea what you’re talking about, and I’m going to do everything I can to make sure you are not reelected.” Before Cruz had a chance to say anything else, Kim walked out of the office, followed by Felix. A spokesman for the senator later said the senator “saw firsthand” the Rubios’ “pain and grief.” But Cruz wasn’t changing his position on guns. In fact, the spokesman said, right after his meeting with the Rubios, Cruz went to the Senate floor “to fight for his school safety legislation.” 
-
-Kim was so dismayed by the meeting with Cruz that she began wearing a T-shirt—yellow for Lexi—with the phrase “You [\[email protected\]](https://www.texasmonthly.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection)`#ked` with the wrong mom” on the back. She had a tattoo artist ink one of Lexi’s drawings of her and Lexi on her upper left arm, and she rolled up her sleeves so that anyone could see it. “The inaction of our political leaders is the reason my daughter is no longer here,” she told me. “And I am never going to let them forget that.”
-
-![The Rubios and their children Jahleela, Kalisa, Isaiah, Julian, and David (left to right) releasing balloons at Lexi’s grave on what would have been her eleventh birthday, October 20, 2022.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/05/lexi-rubio-birthday.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=640&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=1024&wpsize=large)
-
-The Rubios and their children Jahleela, Kalisa, Isaiah, Julian, and David (left to right) releasing balloons at Lexi’s grave on what would have been her eleventh birthday, October 20, 2022.Photograph by Tamir Kalifa
-
-On October 20, Lexi’s eleventh birthday, Kim and Felix invited friends and relatives to Lexi’s grave site. After their friends and relatives left, the family wrote messages to her on sticky notes, applied the notes to helium-filled balloons, and then released the balloons into the air. 
-
-On the evening of November 2, Kim, Felix, and their family gathered again at the cemetery for el Día de los Muertos, the Day of the Dead, the annual holiday that symbolically reunites the living and the dead. Kim and Felix set up an ofrenda, a decorated folding table that served as an altar, filled with keepsakes that reminded them of Lexi, from her lavender water bottle and her softball glove to a plate of fettuccine Alfredo from an Olive Garden in San Antonio, one of Lexi’s favorite restaurants. Townspeople strolled past the grave and said hello to the Rubios. Arnulfo Reyes, Lexi’s fourth-grade teacher, who was shot in the arm, placed a chocolate candy bar for Lexi on the ofrenda. A mariachi band that played contemporary music showed up to perform its version of “My Girl.” Kim, who had spent the evening greeting friends and trying to make small talk, took a seat on a folding chair and stared silently at Lexi’s grave as the song came to an end.
-
-The next day, sitting with Kim at her kitchen table, watching her eat a gordita, I asked how she was dealing with her grief. 
-
-“People always tell me that the grief will get easier with time, but so far it’s only gotten worse,” she said. Kim was silent for a few seconds. Then she said, “Some days I wish I wasn’t here. I wish I was with Lexi.”
-
-“You actually hope your life will end on earth so that you can be with Lexi?” I asked.
-
-There was another silence. “Yes,” Kim finally said.
-
-“What does Felix say when you say that? Does he get worried?”
-
-“Oh, he knows I’m not suicidal. He knows I would never do anything like that. But he understands. All parents who lose their children understand. It just breaks your heart to know that your child is gone—that she’s alone and that you will do anything to be with her.” 
-
-That fall Kim spent her free time going door to door in Uvalde, campaigning for Beto O’Rourke, the Democratic challenger to Abbott in the 2022 gubernatorial election. Abbott was another fierce opponent of gun regulations. He favored legislation that actually loosened restrictions on buying a gun. And he had plenty of supporters. To no one’s surprise, he clobbered O’Rourke on Election Day. Abbott even won a majority of votes in Uvalde County, which devastated Kim. “I wanted to send a message,” she posted on Twitter, “but instead, the state of Texas sent me a message: my daughter’s murder wasn’t enough.”
-
-Kim wasn’t finished. “It doesn’t end tonight,” she wrote. “I’ll fight until I have nothing left to give.”
-
-Not long after, Kim and Felix flew to Washington once again to attend the tenth annual National Vigil for All Victims of Gun Violence, which was held at the historic St. Mark’s Episcopal Church, a block behind the Library of Congress.  
-
-President Biden arrived and mentioned the people he’d lost, his wife and daughter in a car accident and, years later, his son Beau to cancer. “It’s like a black hole in the middle of your chest you’re being dragged into. And you never know if there’s ever a way out,” he said. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi also spoke, saying, “There’s no sound that is more painful in the world than to hear a mother find out that she has lost a child.”
-
-One by one, survivors and family members of victims from mass shootings talked about loved ones they had lost. When it was Kim’s turn to speak, she walked slowly to the pulpit. “Lately, I see Lexi as if she is here,” she began, her voice quiet and measured. “Sitting next to me in the stands for her big brother David’s basketball game. Biting her nails in anticipation. Sitting in a front-row pew tonight, holding a candle, giving me a shy smile at the mention of her name.
-
-“When I lay in bed, I turn on my side, envisioning her staring back at me,” Kim said. “I have one hand cradling her face. A thumb caressing her cheek. I kiss her forehead. Relish the smell of her hair. I want so badly to be a part of this alternative reality. But it doesn’t exist. *This* is my reality. Tonight, here, speaking at the tenth annual National Vigil for All Victims of Gun Violence because my ten-year-old daughter was murdered in her fourth-grade classroom.”
-
-The next morning, she and Felix flew back to San Antonio. Three days later, back in San Antonio, they attended Kim’s graduation ceremony at St. Mary’s University. The Rubio children and much of Kim’s extended family were there. Felix placed a large photo of Lexi on an empty seat next to him. When Kim’s name was announced, everyone cheered as she walked across the stage in her cap and gown to receive her diploma. 
-
-It should have been a moment of triumph for Kim and the family. But during that same ceremony, the St. Mary’s law school graduates also received their diplomas. Kim felt her stomach drop. “I thought, ‘Why do they get to walk across that stage, and why will Lexi never get to do that?’ ” she said. “Why do we have to live with that?” 
-
-The Rubios headed home and made plans to start the holiday season. Felix normally decorated the outside of their home with blow-up Christmas characters: a snowman, a reindeer, a Santa Claus on a fishing boat. But this year he focused on Lexi’s grave, installing Christmas lights, oversized candy canes, ornaments, teddy bears, toy soldiers, and an artificial Christmas tree. 
-
-The family, of course, went out to the cemetery on Christmas Day. Kim had the kids open two wrapped presents that she had bought for Lexi: a sweatshirt and a stuffed, wide-eyed sloth. (Lexi had a great affection for all stuffed animals.) Kim put Lexi’s presents on her grave for a few minutes, and everyone wished Lexi a Merry Christmas.
-
-“It was a sad day,” she said. “I’m afraid it will always be a sad day.”
-
-![Kim at Lexi’s memorial mural in downtown Uvalde.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/05/lexi-rubio-mural.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=1024&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=768&wpsize=large)
-
-Kim at Lexi’s memorial mural in downtown Uvalde.Photograph by Dan Winters
-
-On January 10, when members of the Eighty-eighth Legislature convened at the Texas Capitol, Kim, Felix, and other Uvalde parents who had lost children began driving to Austin every Tuesday to meet with those legislators, asking them to vote for a series of gun control bills—including one that would raise the minimum age to purchase assault weapons from 18 to 21—that had been filed by Democratic state senator Roland Gutierrez and Democratic representative Tracy King, both of whom represent Uvalde.
-
-It seemed like an opportune time to get at least a couple of new gun laws passed. In early 2023 the country was going through an epidemic of gun violence. Already there had been 131 mass shootings in America in January, February, and March. (The Gun Violence Archive defines a mass shooting as one in which at least four people, not counting the shooter, are injured or killed.) On the morning of March 27, Kim’s cellphone buzzed just as she was wrapping up an interview with CNN about life in Uvalde after the shootings. Her mother, Cindy, was texting. She asked Kim if she had heard about Nashville.
-
-Felix saw on his phone that someone had entered a private Christian school in Nashville and killed three 9-year-old children and three adults. It was a familiar scene: images of police cars and ambulances, frantic parents standing in the street, children holding hands as they were led out of the school’s front door. Kim looked at Felix and said, “Is this never going to come to an end?”
-
-The next day, Kim and Felix made their weekly drive to the Capitol to lobby more state legislators. They came back the next week and the next. What became clear, however, was that Texas’s Republican politicians were not interested in passing any gun control legislation. During one debate on the Senate floor about the need to protect children from drag shows, Gutierrez asked his fellow senators if there were perhaps a greater need to protect kids from guns. Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick quickly gaveled him down, [demanding](https://www.kvue.com/article/news/politics/texas-legislature/dan-patrick-roland-gutierrez-exchange/269-2ac0668c-0b8a-4bc6-af99-6bcdafca3c3f) that he “stick to the topic of the issues that you’re asking questions on, or you will not be recognized in the future.” Gutierrez was so frustrated that he told reporters “Patrick and his Republican underlings right now are living in a fantasy land.” 
-
-![Kim speaking at a press conference at the Texas Capitol on April 4, 2023, alongside Felix, Javier and Gloria Cazares, parents of Jackie Cazares, and Veronica and Jerry Mata, parents of Tess Mata.](https://img.texasmonthly.com/2023/05/uvalde-press-conference-capitol.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=640&ixlib=php-3.3.1&q=45&w=1024&wpsize=large)
-
-Kim speaking at a press conference at the Texas Capitol on April 4, 2023, alongside Felix, Javier and Gloria Cazares, parents of Jackie Cazares, and Veronica and Jerry Mata, parents of Tess Mata.Photograph by Tamir Kalifa
-
-In mid-April, parents and relatives of the Uvalde victims were finally allowed to testify before a state House committee regarding the bill that would raise the minimum age to purchase AR-15-style semiautomatic rifles in Texas to 21.
-
-“No action you take will bring back our daughter,” Kim told the legislators, crying through the three minutes she was given to speak. “But you do have the opportunity to honor Lexi’s life and legacy. I have hope that collectively you have the will, the courage, the judgment, and the strength to do what is just and right.” 
-
-Kim was hopeful that her speech would help get the bill voted out of committee. She and Felix stayed at the Capitol until after midnight and drove back to Uvalde the next morning, picked up their children, and went to the cemetery. 
-
-It was at least the 300th trip they had made to the cemetery since Lexi was buried, ten months earlier. While Felix poured water over the red oak sapling, Kim wiped the dust off Lexi’s tombstone. Then she and her daughters Kalisa and Jahleela lay down on the grave and sang “We Belong Together,” an old Ritchie Valens song that Kim would sing around the kids.
-
-As night fell and the LED lights flickered on, the Rubio family headed home. Kim fixed dinner, made sure the kids got to bed, and then made a quick trip to Walmart to buy milk so that everyone could have cereal for breakfast. On the way back to the house, she stopped at an empty intersection. She kept her foot on the brake pedal.
-
-At that moment, Kim later told me, she couldn’t stop crying. She said she felt an overwhelming need to talk to her daughter—to tell her how sorry she was for not protecting her, to let her know she would do anything for the two of them to be together again.
-
-“Lexi, all I want is to be with you,” Kim said, her hands gripping the steering wheel.
-
-For a few minutes she was silent, heartbroken that she heard nothing back. She headed to the house, walked inside with the carton of milk, and went to bed, hoping to get a couple of hours of sleep.
-
-As always, the bathroom light was left on.
-
----
-
-*This article originally appeared in the June 2023 issue of* Texas Monthly. [***Subscribe today***](https://subscription.texasmonthly.com/pubs/TZ/TXP/Main-Subscribe.jsp?cds_page_id=261743&cds_mag_code=TXP&id=1673294688511&lsid=30091404485013890&vid=1&utm_medium=webcta&utm_source=texasmonthly.com&utm_campaign=end-article)*.*
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-Date: 2023-01-22
-DocType: "WebClipping"
-Hierarchy:
-TimeStamp: 2023-01-22
-Link: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/01/23/prince-harry-memoir-spare-review
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-```button
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-# “Spare,” Reviewed: The Haunting of Prince Harry
-
-Balmoral Castle, in the Scottish Highlands, was Queen Elizabeth’s preferred resort among her several castles and palaces, and in the opening pages of “[Spare](https://www.amazon.com/Spare-Prince-Harry-Duke-Sussex/dp/0593593804)” (Random House), the much anticipated, luridly leaked, and compellingly artful autobiography of Prince Harry, the Duke of Sussex, its environs are intimately described. We get the red-coated footman attending the heavy front door; the mackintoshes hanging on hooks; the cream-and-gold wallpaper; and the statue of Queen Victoria, to which Harry and his older brother, William, always bowed when passing. Beyond lay the castle’s fifty bedrooms—including the one known in the brothers’ childhood as the nursery, unequally divided into two. William occupied the larger half, with a double bed and a splendid view; Harry’s portion was more modest, with a bed frame too high for a child to scale, a mattress that sagged in the middle, and crisp bedding that was “pulled tight as a snare drum, so expertly smoothed that you could easily spot the century’s worth of patched holes and tears.”
-
-It was in this bedroom, early in the morning of August 31, 1997, that Harry, aged twelve, was awakened by his father, Charles, then the Prince of Wales, with the terrible news that had already broken across the world: the princes’ mother, Princess Diana, from whom Charles had been divorced a year earlier and estranged long before that, had died in a car crash in Paris. “He was standing at the edge of the bed, looking down,” Harry writes of the moment in which he learned of the loss that would reshape his personality and determine the course of his life. He goes on to describe his father’s appearance with an unusual simile: “His white dressing gown made him seem like a ghost in a play.”
-
-What ghost would that be, and what play? The big one, of course, bearing the name of that other brooding princely Aitch: Hamlet. Within the first few pages of “Spare,” Shakespeare’s play is alluded to more than once. There’s a jocular reference: “To beard or not to beard” is how Harry foreshadows a contentious family debate over whether he should be clean-shaven on his wedding day. And there’s an instance far graver: an account, in the prologue, of a fraught encounter between Harry, William, and Charles in April, 2021, a few hours after the funeral of the Duke of Edinburgh, the Queen’s husband and the Royal Family’s patriarch, at Windsor. The meeting had been called by Harry in the vain hope that he might get his obdurate parent and sibling, first and second in line to the throne, to see why he and his wife, Meghan, the Duchess of Sussex, had [felt it necessary to flee](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/20/prince-harry-and-meghan-markles-fractured-fairy-tale) Britain for North America, relinquishing their royal roles, if not their ducal titles. The three men met in Frogmore Gardens, on the Windsor estate, which includes the last resting place of many illustrious ancestors, and as they walked its gravel paths they talked with increasing tension about their apparently irreconcilable differences. They “were now smack in the middle of the Royal Burial Ground,” Harry writes, “more up to our ankles in bodies than Prince Hamlet.”
-
-King Charles, as he became upon the [death of Queen Elizabeth](https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-uk/the-queens-funeral-went-off-without-a-hitch), in September, will not find much to like in “Spare,” which may offer the most thoroughgoing scything of treacherous royals and their scheming courtiers since the Prince of Denmark’s bloody swath through the halls of Elsinore. Queen Camilla, formerly “the Other Woman” in Charles and Diana’s unhappy marriage, is, Harry judges, “dangerous,” having “sacrificed me on her personal PR altar.” William’s wife, Kate, now the Princess of Wales, is haughty and cool, brushing off Meghan’s homeopathic remedies. William himself is domineering and insecure, with a wealth of other deficits: “his familiar scowl, which had always been his default in dealings with me; his alarming baldness, more advanced than my own; his famous resemblance to Mummy, which was fading with time.” Charles is, for the most part, more tenderly drawn. In “Spare,” the King is a figure of tragic pathos, whose frequently repeated term of endearment for Harry, “darling boy,” most often precedes an admission that there is nothing to be done—or, at least, nothing he can do—about the burden of their shared lot as members of the nation’s most important, most privileged, most scrutinized, most publicly dysfunctional family. “Please, boys—don’t make my final years a misery,” he pleads, in Harry’s account of the burial-ground showdown.
-
-As painful as Charles must find the book’s revealing content, he might grudgingly approve of Harry’s Shakespearean flourishes in delivering it. Thirty-odd years ago, in giving the annual Shakespeare Birthday Lecture at the Swan Theatre in Stratford-Upon-Avon, the future monarch spoke of the eternal relevance of the playwright’s insights into human nature, citing, among other references, Hamlet’s monologue with the phrase “What a piece of work is a man!” Shakespeare, Charles told his audience, offers us “blunt reminders of the flaws in our own personalities, and of the mess which we so often make of our lives.” In “Spare,” Harry describes his father’s devotion to Shakespeare, paraphrasing Charles’s message about the Bard’s works in terms that seem to refer equally to that other pillar of British identity, the monarchy: “They’re our shared heritage, we should be cherishing them, safeguarding them, and instead we’re letting them die.”
-
-Harry counts himself among “the Shakespeareless hordes,” bored and confused as a teen-ager when his father drags him to see performances of the Royal Shakespeare Company; disinclined to read much of anything, least of all the freighted works of Britain’s national author. (“Not really big on books,” he confesses to [Meghan Markle](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/05/21/prince-harry-meghan-markle-and-royal-romance) when, on their second date, she tells him she’s having an “Eat, Pray, Love” summer, and he has no idea what she’s on about.) Harry at least gives a compelling excuse for his inability to discover what his father so valued, though it’s probably not one that he gave to his schoolmasters at Eton. “I tried to change,” he recalls. “I opened *Hamlet*. Hmm: Lonely prince, obsessed with dead parent, watches remaining parent fall in love with dead parent’s usurper . . . ? I slammed it shut. No, thank you.”
-
-That passage indicates another spectral figure haunting the text of “Spare”—that of Harry’s ghostwriter, J. R. Moehringer. Harry, or his publishing house—which paid a reported twenty-million-dollar advance for the book—could not have chosen better. Moehringer is a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter turned memoirist and novelist, as well as the ghostwriter of, most notably, Andre Agassi’s thrillingly candid memoir, “[Open](https://www.amazon.com/Open-Autobiography-Andre-Agassi/dp/0307388409).” In that book, published in 2009, a tennis ace once reviled for his denim shorts and flowing mullet revealed himself to be a troubled, tennis-hating neurotic with father issues and an unreliable hairpiece. When the title and the cover art of “Spare” were made public, late last year, the kinship between the two books—single-word title; closeup, set-jaw portrait—indicated that they were to be understood as fraternal works in the Moehringer œuvre. Moehringer has what is usually called a novelist’s eye for detail, effectively deployed in “Spare.” That patched, starched bed linen at Balmoral, emblazoned with E.R., the formal [initials of the Queen](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/05/20/queen-elizabeth-iis-fine-tuned-feelings), is, of course, a metaphor for the constricting, and quite possibly threadbare, fabric of the institution of monarchy itself.
-
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diff --git a/01.01 Life Orga/@Finances.md b/01.01 Life Orga/@Finances.md
index 35cb7c17..f9d37da3 100644
--- a/01.01 Life Orga/@Finances.md	
+++ b/01.01 Life Orga/@Finances.md	
@@ -114,7 +114,8 @@ hide task count
 &emsp;
 
 - [ ] :moneybag: [[@Finances]]: Transfer UK pension to CH %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2024-10-31
-- [ ] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[@Finances|Finances]]: update crypto prices within Obsidian %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the 2nd Tuesday 📅 2024-07-09
+- [ ] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[@Finances|Finances]]: update crypto prices within Obsidian %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the 2nd Tuesday 📅 2024-08-13
+- [x] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[@Finances|Finances]]: update crypto prices within Obsidian %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the 2nd Tuesday 📅 2024-07-09 ✅ 2024-07-08
 - [x] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[@Finances|Finances]]: update crypto prices within Obsidian %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the 2nd Tuesday 📅 2024-06-11 ✅ 2024-06-07
 - [x] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[@Finances|Finances]]: update crypto prices within Obsidian %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the 2nd Tuesday 📅 2024-05-14 ✅ 2024-05-12
 - [x] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[@Finances|Finances]]: update crypto prices within Obsidian %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the 2nd Tuesday 📅 2024-04-09 ✅ 2024-04-06
diff --git a/01.02 Home/@Shopping list.md b/01.02 Home/@Shopping list.md
index 70c8382a..6415fa6b 100644
--- a/01.02 Home/@Shopping list.md	
+++ b/01.02 Home/@Shopping list.md	
@@ -92,53 +92,54 @@ style: number
 
 #### Dairy
 
-- [x] 🧈 Beurre ✅ 2024-07-01
+- [x] 🧈 Beurre ✅ 2024-07-13
 - [x] 🧀 Fromage à servir ✅ 2024-02-09
 - [x] 🧀 Fromage rapé ✅ 2023-10-26
 - [x] 🧀 Parmeggiano ✅ 2024-06-22
 - [x] 🧀 Mozzarella ✅ 2024-06-22
+- [x] 🧀 Feta ✅ 2024-07-06
 - [x] 🫕 Fondue cheese ✅ 2022-12-23
 - [x] 🫕 Raclette cheese ✅ 2022-12-31
-- [x] 🍦 Sour Cream ✅ 2023-11-05
-- [x] 🥛 Milk ✅ 2023-12-21
-- [x] 🥥 Coconut milk ✅ 2024-03-12
-- [x] 🥛 Yoghurt ✅ 2024-05-30
+- [x] 🍦 Sour Cream ✅ 2024-07-13
+- [x] 🥛 Milk ✅ 2024-07-13
+- [x] 🥥 Coconut milk ✅ 2024-07-13
+- [x] 🥛 Yoghurt ✅ 2024-07-13
 
 &emsp;
 
 #### Breakfast
 
-- [x] 🥯  Bread ✅ 2024-02-09
+- [x] 🥯  Bread ✅ 2024-07-18
 - [x] 🫓 Flatbread ✅ 2023-10-08
 - [x] 🍯  Honey/Jam ✅ 2024-03-24
 - [x] 🍫 Nutella ✅ 2022-02-15
-- [x] 🥚 Eggs ✅ 2024-05-22
+- [ ] 🥚 Eggs
 
 &emsp;
 
 #### Fresh
 
-- [x] 🍎 Fruit ✅ 2024-06-22
+- [x] 🍎 Fruit ✅ 2024-07-13
 - [x] 🍌 Bananas ✅ 2023-09-23
 - [x] 🌰 Walnuts ✅ 2024-02-19
 - [x] 🥜 Peanuts ✅ 2024-04-18
 - [x] 🥜 Pine nuts ✅ 2024-01-22
 - [x] 🍅 Tomatoes ✅ 2024-06-22
-- [x] 🥫 Canned Tomatoes ✅ 2024-04-18
-- [x] 🫑 Bell pepper ✅ 2024-04-18
+- [x] 🥫 Canned Tomatoes ✅ 2024-07-06
+- [x] 🫑 Bell pepper ✅ 2024-07-13
 - [x] 🥦 Fennel ✅ 2022-10-29
 - [x] 🥦 Radish ✅ 2022-10-29
-- [x] 🥦 Broccoli ✅ 2024-06-22
+- [x] 🥦 Broccoli ✅ 2024-07-06
 - [x] 🥒 Cucumber ✅ 2024-06-22
 - [x] 🫛 Green beans ✅ 2024-03-30
 - [x] 🫛 Green peas ✅ 2024-01-22
-- [x] 🫘 Red beans ✅ 2024-04-18
+- [x] 🫘 Red beans ✅ 2024-07-06
 - [x] 🍄 Mushrooms ✅ 2024-03-24
 - [x] 🥗 Salad ✅ 2024-03-30
 - [x] 🧅 Onions ✅ 2024-03-23
 - [x] 🧅 Spring onion ✅ 2024-01-31
 - [x] 🧄 Garlic ✅ 2024-05-22
-- [x] 🍋 Lemon ✅ 2024-03-24
+- [x] 🍋 Lemon ✅ 2024-07-06
 - [x] 🍋 Lime ✅ 2023-11-22
 - [x] 🫐 Pomegranate seeds ✅ 2023-10-09
 
@@ -148,23 +149,23 @@ style: number
 
 - [x] 🥩 Cured meat ✅ 2024-03-25
 - [x] 🍖 Fresh meat ✅ 2024-03-30
-- [x] 🍖 Minced meat ✅ 2024-06-22
+- [x] 🍖 Minced meat ✅ 2024-07-13
 - [x] 🥓 Bacon ✅ 2023-04-07
 - [x] 🐑 Lamb shank ✅ 2023-12-23
 - [x] 🐔 Chicken thighs ✅ 2023-10-07
-- [x] 🐔 Chicken breasts ✅ 2024-03-30
-- [x] 🌭 Spicy sausage ✅ 2024-06-22
+- [x] 🐔 Chicken breasts ✅ 2024-07-13
+- [x] 🌭 Spicy sausage ✅ 2024-07-13
 - [x] 🐟 Salmon fillet ✅ 2022-10-29
 
 &emsp;
 
 #### Bases
 
-- [x] 🍝 Pasta ✅ 2024-05-30
+- [x] 🍝 Pasta ✅ 2024-07-06
 - [x] 🍜 Noodles ✅ 2024-05-27
 - [x] 🌾 Bulgur ✅ 2022-10-29
-- [x] 🍚 Rice ✅ 2024-03-08
-- [x] 🥔 Potatoes ✅ 2024-03-12
+- [ ] 🍚 Rice
+- [x] 🥔 Potatoes ✅ 2024-07-13
 - [x] 🥣 Soup ✅ 2023-06-12
 
 &emsp;
@@ -254,7 +255,7 @@ style: number
 - [x] 🚿 shower gel ✅ 2024-01-31
 - [x] 🧴shampoo ✅ 2023-03-26
 - [x] 🪥 toothbrush ✅ 2024-06-01
-- [x] 🦷 toothpaste ✅ 2023-03-26
+- [x] 🦷 toothpaste ✅ 2024-07-18
 - [x] 👂earbuds ✅ 2023-04-18
 - [x] 🪒 razor blades (mach3) ✅ 2022-02-06
 - [x] 🍦 shaving cream ✅ 2023-10-12
@@ -275,7 +276,7 @@ style: number
 - [x] 👕 Softener ✅ 2023-08-12
 - [x] 🫧 Stain remover ✅ 2022-12-23
 - [x] 🧻 Kitchen towel ✅ 2024-01-08
-- [x] 🧽 Sponge ✅ 2023-01-18
+- [x] 🧽 Sponge ✅ 2024-07-18
 - [x] 🧴 Dish soap ✅ 2023-10-16
 - [x] 🍽️ Dishwasher tablets ✅ 2024-03-03
 - [x] 🧂Dishwasher salt ✅ 2023-01-18
diff --git a/01.02 Home/Household.md b/01.02 Home/Household.md
index b5f6b161..c27e675d 100644
--- a/01.02 Home/Household.md	
+++ b/01.02 Home/Household.md	
@@ -73,12 +73,14 @@ style: number
 
 #### 🚮 Garbage collection
 
-- [ ] ♻  [[Household]]: *Paper* recycling collection %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2024-07-16
+- [ ] ♻  [[Household]]: *Paper* recycling collection %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2024-07-30
+- [x] ♻  [[Household]]: *Paper* recycling collection %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2024-07-16 ✅ 2024-07-15
 - [x] ♻  [[Household]]: *Paper* recycling collection %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2024-07-02 ✅ 2024-07-02
 - [x] ♻  [[Household]]: *Paper* recycling collection %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2024-06-18 ✅ 2024-06-18
 - [x] ♻  [[Household]]: *Paper* recycling collection %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2024-06-04 ✅ 2024-06-04
 - [x] ♻  [[Household]]: *Paper* recycling collection %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2024-05-21 ✅ 2024-05-21
-- [ ] ♻  [[Household]]: *Cardboard* recycling collection %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2024-07-09
+- [ ] ♻  [[Household]]: *Cardboard* recycling collection %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2024-07-23
+- [x] ♻  [[Household]]: *Cardboard* recycling collection %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2024-07-09 ✅ 2024-07-08
 - [x] ♻  [[Household]]: *Cardboard* recycling collection %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2024-06-25 ✅ 2024-06-24
 - [x] ♻  [[Household]]: *Cardboard* recycling collection %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2024-06-11 ✅ 2024-06-09
 - [x] ♻  [[Household]]: *Cardboard* recycling collection %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2024-05-28 ✅ 2024-05-28
@@ -91,7 +93,8 @@ style: number
 - [ ] 🛎️ :house: [[Household]]: Pay rent %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the last 📅 2024-07-31
 - [x] 🛎️ :house: [[Household]]: Pay rent %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the last 📅 2024-06-30 ✅ 2024-06-30
 - [x] 🛎️ :house: [[Household]]: Pay rent %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the last 📅 2024-05-31 ✅ 2024-05-24
-- [ ] 🛎 🧻 REMINDER [[Household]]: check need for toilet paper %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks 📅 2024-07-15
+- [ ] 🛎 🧻 REMINDER [[Household]]: check need for toilet paper %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks 📅 2024-07-29
+- [x] 🛎 🧻 REMINDER [[Household]]: check need for toilet paper %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks 📅 2024-07-15 ✅ 2024-07-15
 - [x] 🛎 🧻 REMINDER [[Household]]: check need for toilet paper %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks 📅 2024-07-01 ✅ 2024-07-01
 - [x] 🛎 🧻 REMINDER [[Household]]: check need for toilet paper %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks 📅 2024-06-17 ✅ 2024-06-16
 - [x] 🛎 🧻 REMINDER [[Household]]: check need for toilet paper %%done_del%% 🔁 every 2 weeks 📅 2024-06-03 ✅ 2024-06-01
diff --git a/01.03 Family/Jacqueline Bédier.md b/01.03 Family/Jacqueline Bédier.md
index 009f7611..4494bc63 100644
--- a/01.03 Family/Jacqueline Bédier.md	
+++ b/01.03 Family/Jacqueline Bédier.md	
@@ -103,7 +103,8 @@ style: number
 
 &emsp;
 
-- [ ] :birthday: **[[Jacqueline Bédier|Bonne Maman]]** %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2024-07-13
+- [ ] :birthday: **[[Jacqueline Bédier|Bonne Maman]]** %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2025-07-13
+- [x] :birthday: **[[Jacqueline Bédier|Bonne Maman]]** %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2024-07-13 ✅ 2024-07-13
 - [x] :birthday: **[[Jacqueline Bédier|Bonne Maman]]** %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2023-07-13 ✅ 2023-07-13
 - [x] :birthday: **[[Jacqueline Bédier|Bonne Maman]]** 🔁 every year 📅 2022-07-13 ✅ 2022-07-13
 
diff --git a/01.03 Family/Opportune de Villeneuve.md b/01.03 Family/Opportune de Villeneuve.md
index 9c6275b7..ede53509 100644
--- a/01.03 Family/Opportune de Villeneuve.md	
+++ b/01.03 Family/Opportune de Villeneuve.md	
@@ -103,7 +103,8 @@ style: number
 
 &emsp;
 
-- [ ] :birthday: **[[Opportune de Villeneuve|Opportune]]** %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2024-07-14
+- [ ] :birthday: **[[Opportune de Villeneuve|Opportune]]** %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2025-07-14
+- [x] :birthday: **[[Opportune de Villeneuve|Opportune]]** %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2024-07-14 ✅ 2024-07-14
 - [x] :birthday: **[[Opportune de Villeneuve|Opportune]]** %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2023-07-14 ✅ 2023-07-14
 - [x] :birthday: **[[Opportune de Villeneuve|Opportune]]** 🔁 every year 📅 2022-07-14 ✅ 2022-07-14
 - [x] :birthday: Opportune 🔁 every year 📅 2021-07-14 ✅ 2021-10-01
diff --git a/01.06 Health/2023-02-25 Polyp in Galbladder.md b/01.06 Health/2023-02-25 Polyp in Galbladder.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..454d8cea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/01.06 Health/2023-02-25 Polyp in Galbladder.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+---
+
+Alias: [""]
+Tag: ["timeline", "🩺"]
+Date: 2024-07-12
+DocType: Confidential
+Hierarchy: NonRoot
+TimeStamp:
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+
+---
+
+Parent:: [[@Health|Health]]
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-2023-02-25PolypinGalbladderNSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# 2023-02-25 Polyp in Gallbladder
+
+&emsp;
+
+> [!summary]+
+> Polype detected in the gallbladder whilst controlling for kidney inflammation
+
+&emsp;
+
+<span class='ob-timelines' data-date='2023-02-25-00' data-title='Polyp found in gallbladder' data-class='orange' data-type='range' data-end='2025-07-10-00'> Polyp found in the gallbladder, to be checked periodically
+</span>
+
+```toc
+style: number
+```
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+#### [[2023-02-25|25/02/2023]]
+
+Detection of polype in the gallbladder during [[2023-02-24 Kidney inflammation|check re kidney stones]].
+
+&emsp;
+
+#### [[2024-07-12|12/07/2024]]
+
+**Control visit**: gallbladder is not formed well and doctor does not see well BUT the polype does not seem to have grown.
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+#### Follow up
+
+- [ ] 🩺 [[2023-02-25 Polyp in Galbladder|Polype in gallbladder]]: Organise control scan for polype 📅2025-07-12
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md b/01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md
index d9e7921b..255ed94c 100644
--- a/01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md	
+++ b/01.06 Health/2024-06-29 Fungal treatment.md	
@@ -56,16 +56,12 @@ Fungal treatment started on [[2024-06-29|29th June]].
 
 &emsp;
 
-- [ ] :test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Take the pill %%done_del%% 🔁 every day 📅 2024-07-06
-- [x] :test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Take the pill %%done_del%% 🔁 every day 📅 2024-07-05 ✅ 2024-07-05
-- [x] :test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Take the pill %%done_del%% 🔁 every day 📅 2024-07-04 ✅ 2024-07-04
-- [x] :test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Take the pill %%done_del%% 🔁 every day 📅 2024-07-03 ✅ 2024-07-03
-- [x] :test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Take the pill %%done_del%% 🔁 every day 📅 2024-07-02 ✅ 2024-07-02
-- [x] :test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Take the pill %%done_del%% 🔁 every day 📅 2024-07-01 ✅ 2024-07-01
-- [x] :test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Take the pill %%done_del%% 🔁 every day 📅 2024-06-30 ✅ 2024-06-30
-- [ ] :test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Nail lack %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 days when done 📅 2024-07-08
-- [x] :test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Nail lack %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 days when done 📅 2024-07-05 ✅ 2024-07-05
-- [x] :test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Nail lack %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 days when done 📅 2024-07-02 ✅ 2024-07-02
+- [ ] :test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Take the pill %%done_del%% 🔁 every day 📅 2024-07-20
+- [x] :test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Take the pill %%done_del%% 🔁 every day 📅 2024-07-19 ✅ 2024-07-19
+- [x] :test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Take the pill %%done_del%% 🔁 every day 📅 2024-07-18 ✅ 2024-07-18
+- [x] :test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Take the pill %%done_del%% 🔁 every day 📅 2024-07-17 ✅ 2024-07-17
+- [ ] :test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Nail lack %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 days when done 📅 2024-07-20
+- [x] :test_pharmacie_logo_svg_vector: [[2024-06-29 Fungal treatment|Fungus]]: Nail lack %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 days when done 📅 2024-07-17 ✅ 2024-07-17
 
 &emsp;
 &emsp;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/01.07 Animals/2023-07-13 Health check.md b/01.07 Animals/2023-07-13 Health check.md
index 6c565c4e..31487fa4 100644
--- a/01.07 Animals/2023-07-13 Health check.md	
+++ b/01.07 Animals/2023-07-13 Health check.md	
@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@ style: number
 [[2023-07-13|This day]], ripped hoof (front right) is healing well
 –> On track to heal fully by the end of the Summer season
 
-- [ ] :racehorse: [[@Sally|Sally]], [[2023-07-13 Health check|Note]]: Check front hoofs healing 🔁 every 2 weeks 📅 2024-07-16
+- [ ] :racehorse: [[@Sally|Sally]], [[2023-07-13 Health check|Note]]: Check front hoofs healing 🔁 every 2 weeks 📅 2024-07-30
+- [x] :racehorse: [[@Sally|Sally]], [[2023-07-13 Health check|Note]]: Check front hoofs healing 🔁 every 2 weeks 📅 2024-07-16 ✅ 2024-07-16
 - [x] :racehorse: [[@Sally|Sally]], [[2023-07-13 Health check|Note]]: Check front hoofs healing 🔁 every 2 weeks 📅 2024-07-02 ✅ 2024-07-02
 - [x] :racehorse: [[@Sally|Sally]], [[2023-07-13 Health check|Note]]: Check front hoofs healing 🔁 every 2 weeks 📅 2024-06-18 ✅ 2024-06-18
 - [x] :racehorse: [[@Sally|Sally]], [[2023-07-13 Health check|Note]]: Check front hoofs healing 🔁 every 2 weeks 📅 2024-06-04 ✅ 2024-06-01
diff --git a/01.07 Animals/@Sally.md b/01.07 Animals/@Sally.md
index eda62b8f..4ec13ac6 100644
--- a/01.07 Animals/@Sally.md	
+++ b/01.07 Animals/@Sally.md	
@@ -140,7 +140,8 @@ divWidth=100
 - [x] :racehorse: [[@Sally|Sally]]: EHV-1 vaccination dose  %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2024-01-31 ✅ 2024-01-31
 - [ ] :racehorse: [[@Sally|Sally]]: Influenza vaccination dose  %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2025-01-31
 - [x] :racehorse: [[@Sally|Sally]]: Influenza vaccination dose  %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2024-01-31 ✅ 2024-01-31
-- [ ] :racehorse: [[@Sally|Sally]]: Pay for horseshoes (150 CHF) %%done_del%% 🔁 every month 📅 2024-07-10
+- [ ] :racehorse: [[@Sally|Sally]]: Pay for horseshoes (150 CHF) %%done_del%% 🔁 every month 📅 2024-08-10
+- [x] :racehorse: [[@Sally|Sally]]: Pay for horseshoes (150 CHF) %%done_del%% 🔁 every month 📅 2024-07-10 ✅ 2024-07-10
 - [x] :racehorse: [[@Sally|Sally]]: Pay for horseshoes (150 CHF) %%done_del%% 🔁 every month 📅 2024-06-10 ✅ 2024-06-09
 - [x] :racehorse: [[@Sally|Sally]]: Pay for horseshoes (150 CHF) %%done_del%% 🔁 every month 📅 2024-05-10 ✅ 2024-05-10
 - [x] :racehorse: [[@Sally|Sally]]: Pay for horseshoes (150 CHF) %%done_del%% 🔁 every month 📅 2024-04-10 ✅ 2024-04-09
diff --git a/02.01 London/@@London.md b/02.01 London/@@London.md
index cb64283d..d1c7fe33 100644
--- a/02.01 London/@@London.md	
+++ b/02.01 London/@@London.md	
@@ -118,7 +118,8 @@ dv.view("00.01 Admin/dv-views/query_place", {placetype: dv.current().QPType, dat
 - [ ] :birthday: **Stefan Schmidt**, [[@@London|London]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2025-06-29
 - [x] :birthday: **Stefan Schmidt**, [[@@London|London]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2024-06-29 ✅ 2024-06-29
 - [x] :birthday: **Stefan Schmidt**, [[@@London|London]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2023-06-29 ✅ 2023-06-29
-- [ ] :birthday: **Alex Houyvet**, [[@@London|London]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2024-07-13
+- [ ] :birthday: **Alex Houyvet**, [[@@London|London]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2025-07-13
+- [x] :birthday: **Alex Houyvet**, [[@@London|London]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2024-07-13 ✅ 2024-07-13
 - [x] :birthday: **Alex Houyvet**, [[@@London|London]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2023-07-13 ✅ 2023-07-13
 
 &emsp;
diff --git a/02.03 Zürich/@@Zürich.md b/02.03 Zürich/@@Zürich.md
index 243b2f29..0143488c 100644
--- a/02.03 Zürich/@@Zürich.md	
+++ b/02.03 Zürich/@@Zürich.md	
@@ -92,11 +92,7 @@ style: number
 
 - [ ] :snowflake:🎭 [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out floating theatre ([Herzlich willkommen!](http://herzbaracke.ch/)) %%done_del%% 🔁every year 📅2024-10-15
 - [ ] 🎭:frame_with_picture: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out exhibitions at the [Kunsthaus](https://www.kunsthaus.ch/en/) %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months 📅 2024-08-15
-- [x] 🎭:frame_with_picture: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out exhibitions at the [Kunsthaus](https://www.kunsthaus.ch/en/) %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months 📅 2024-05-15 ✅ 2024-05-16
-- [x] 🎭:frame_with_picture: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out exhibitions at the [Kunsthaus](https://www.kunsthaus.ch/en/) %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months 📅 2024-02-15 ✅ 2024-02-17
 - [ ] 🎭:frame_with_picture: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out exhibitions at the [Rietberg](https://rietberg.ch/en/) %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months 📅 2024-09-15
-- [x] 🎭:frame_with_picture: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out exhibitions at the [Rietberg](https://rietberg.ch/en/) %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months 📅 2024-06-15 ✅ 2024-06-16
-- [x] 🎭:frame_with_picture: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out exhibitions at the [Rietberg](https://rietberg.ch/en/) %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months 📅 2024-03-15 ✅ 2024-03-15
 
 &emsp;
 
@@ -105,11 +101,8 @@ style: number
 - [ ] :snowflake: :person_in_steamy_room: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out [Sauna Cubes at Strandbad Küsnacht — Strandbadsauna](https://www.strandbadsauna.ch/home-eng) %%done_del%% 🔁every year 📅2024-11-15
 - [ ] :christmas_tree: :cocktail: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out pop-up bars ([Pop-ups at Christmas | zuerich.com](https://www.zuerich.com/en/visit/christmas-in-zurich/pop-ups)) %%done_del%% 🔁every year 📅2024-12-01
 - [ ] :hibiscus: :fork_and_knife: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Book a restaurant with terrace for the season: [[Albishaus]], [[Restaurant Boldern]], [[Zur Buech]], [[Jardin Zürichberg]], [[Bistro Rigiblick]], [[Portofino am See]], [[La Réserve|La Muña]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2025-05-01
-- [x] :hibiscus: :fork_and_knife: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Book a restaurant with terrace for the season: [[Albishaus]], [[Restaurant Boldern]], [[Zur Buech]], [[Jardin Zürichberg]], [[Bistro Rigiblick]], [[Portofino am See]], [[La Réserve|La Muña]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2024-05-01 ✅ 2024-04-29
 - [ ] :hibiscus: :canned_food: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out [FOOD ZURICH - MEHR ALS EIN FESTIVAL](https://www.foodzurich.com/de/) %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2025-06-01
-- [x] :hibiscus: :canned_food: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out [FOOD ZURICH - MEHR ALS EIN FESTIVAL](https://www.foodzurich.com/de/) %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2024-06-01 ✅ 2024-06-01
 - [ ] :sunny: :movie_camera: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out programmation of the [Zurich's finest open-air cinema | Allianz Cinema -](https://zuerich.allianzcinema.ch/en) %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2025-07-01
-- [x] :sunny: :movie_camera: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out programmation of the [Zurich's finest open-air cinema | Allianz Cinema -](https://zuerich.allianzcinema.ch/en) %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2024-07-01 ✅ 2024-07-01
 - [ ] :maple_leaf: :movie_camera: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out Zürich Film Festival %%done_del%% 🔁every year 📅2024-09-15
 - [ ] :maple_leaf: :wine_glass: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out Zürich’s Wine festival ([ZWF - Zurich Wine Festival](https://zurichwinefestival.ch/)) %%done_del%% 🔁every year 📅2024-09-25
 - [ ] :maple_leaf: :wine_glass: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out [Discover the Excitement of EXPOVINA Wine Events | Join Us at Weinschiffe, Primavera, and Wine Trophy | EXPOVINA](https://expovina.ch/en-ch/) %%done_del%% 🔁every year 📅2024-10-15
@@ -120,11 +113,8 @@ style: number
 
 - [ ] :snowflake: :swimmer: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Samichlausschwimmen %%done_del%% 🔁every year 📅2024-12-08
 - [ ] :snowflake: :partying_face: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: ZüriCarneval weekend %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2025-02-15
-- [x] :snowflake: :partying_face: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: ZüriCarneval weekend %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2024-02-15 ✅ 2024-02-16
 - [ ] :hibiscus: :partying_face: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Sechseläuten %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2025-04-15
-- [x] :hibiscus: :partying_face: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Sechseläuten %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2024-04-15 ✅ 2024-04-15
 - [ ] :hibiscus: :partying_face: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Zürich Pride Festival %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2025-06-15
-- [x] :hibiscus: :partying_face: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Zürich Pride Festival %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2024-06-15 ✅ 2024-06-15
 - [ ] :sunny: :partying_face: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Street Parade %%done_del%% 🔁every year 📅2024-08-10
 - [ ] :sunny: :partying_face: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Zürich Openair %%done_del%% 🔁every year 📅2024-08-23
 - [ ] :sunny: :partying_face: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out Seenachtfest Rapperswil-Jona %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 years 📅 2024-08-01
@@ -134,7 +124,6 @@ style: number
 #### Sport
 
 - [ ] :hibiscus: :runner: [[@@Zürich|Zürich]]: Zürich Marathon %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2025-04-21
-- [x] :hibiscus: :runner: [[@@Zürich|Zürich]]: Zürich Marathon %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2024-04-21 ✅ 2024-04-21
 - [ ] :sunny: :runner: [[@@Zürich|:test_zurich_coat_of_arms:]]: Check out tickets to Weltklasse Zürich %%done_del%% 🔁every year 📅2024-08-01
 
 &emsp;
@@ -179,7 +168,7 @@ style: number
 - [x] Arbon ✅ 2023-04-23
 - [ ] Rheinfelden
 - [ ] Laugenburg
-- [ ] Eglisau
+- [x] Eglisau ✅ 2024-07-07
 - [ ] Steckborn
 - [ ] Diessenhofen
 - [ ] Gersau
diff --git a/02.03 Zürich/Bar am Wasser.md b/02.03 Zürich/Bar am Wasser.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84fa4478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/02.03 Zürich/Bar am Wasser.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+---
+Alias:
+  - ""
+Tag:
+  - "🍸"
+Date: 2024-07-10
+DocType: Place
+Hierarchy: NonRoot
+TimeStamp: 
+location: [47.3675533,8.5416565]
+Place:
+  Type: Bar
+  SubType: Cocktail
+  Style: Swiss
+  Location: Altstadt
+  Country: CH
+  Status: "🟧"
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+Phone: +41 44 527 80 01
+Email: info@baramwasser.ch
+Website: https://www.baramwasser.ch/
+
+---
+
+Parent:: [[@@Zürich|Zürich]], [[@Bars Zürich|Bars in Zürich]]
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataviewjs
+let tempPhone = dv.current().Phone ? dv.current().Phone.replaceAll(" ", "") : '+000'
+let tempMail = dv.current().Email ? dv.current().Email : ""
+let tempCoorSet = dv.current().location ? dv.current().location : [0,0]
+dv.el('center', '[📲](tel:' + tempPhone + ') &emsp; &emsp; [📧](mailto:' + tempMail + ') &emsp; &emsp; [🗺️](' + "https://waze.com/ul?ll=" + tempCoorSet[0] + "%2C" + tempCoorSet[1] + "&navigate=yes" + ')')
+```
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-BaramWasserSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# Bar am Wasser
+
+&emsp;
+
+> [!summary]+
+> Note Description
+
+&emsp;
+
+```toc
+style: number
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 📇 Contact
+
+&emsp;
+
+> [!address]  🗺
+> Stadthausquai 1
+> 8001 Zurich
+> Switzerland
+
+&emsp;
+
+☎️ `= this.Phone`
+
+📧 `= this.Email`
+
+🌐 `= this.Website`
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 🗒 Notes
+
+&emsp;
+
+Loret ipsum
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### 🔗 Other activity
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataview
+Table DocType as "Doc type" from [[Bar am Wasser]]
+where !contains(file.name, "@@Travel")
+sort DocType asc
+```
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/03.01 Reading list/100 Best Books of the 21st Century.md b/03.01 Reading list/100 Best Books of the 21st Century.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47f0c22b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/03.01 Reading list/100 Best Books of the 21st Century.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,1061 @@
+---
+
+dg-publish: true
+Alias: [""]
+Tag: ["", ""]
+Date: 2024-07-15
+DocType: "WebClipping"
+Hierarchy:
+TimeStamp: 2024-07-15
+Link: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/books/best-books-21st-century.html?unlocked_article_code=1.6k0.tz1B.m40ebhTq6Nov&smid=url-share
+location:
+CollapseMetaTable: true
+
+---
+
+Parent:: [[@News|News]]
+Read:: 🟥
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+```button
+name Save
+type command
+action Save current file
+id Save
+```
+^button-100 Best Books of the 21st CenturyNSave
+
+&emsp;
+
+# 100 Best Books of the 21st Century
+
+Many of us find joy in looking back and taking stock of our reading lives, which is why we here at The New York Times Book Review decided to mark the first 25 years of this century with an ambitious project: to take a first swing at determining the most important, influential books of the era. In collaboration with the Upshot, [we sent a survey to hundreds of literary luminaries](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/books/best-books-21st-century.html#methodology), asking them to name the 10 best books published since Jan. 1, 2000.
+
+Stephen King took part. So did Bonnie Garmus, Claudia Rankine, James Patterson, Sarah Jessica Parker, Karl Ove Knausgaard, Elin Hilderbrand, Thomas Chatterton Williams, Roxane Gay, Marlon James, Sarah MacLean, Min Jin Lee, Jonathan Lethem and Jenna Bush Hager, [to name just a few](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/books/authors-top-books-21st-century.html). And you can also take part! [Vote here and let us know](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/books/vote-books-century.html) what your top 10 books of the century are.
+
+We hope you’ll discover a book you’ve always meant to read, or encounter a beloved favorite you’d like to pick up again. Above all, we hope you’re as inspired and dazzled as we are by the breadth of subjects, voices, opinions, experiences and imagination represented here.
+
+   ![Book cover for Tree of Smoke](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-WIYI/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-WIYI-master315.png)
+
+#### 100
+
+## Tree of Smoke
+
+Like the project of the title — an intelligence report that the newly minted C.I.A. operative William “Skip” Sands comes to find both quixotic and useless — the Vietnam-era warfare of Johnson’s rueful, soulful novel lives in shadows, diversions and half-truths. There are no heroes here among the lawless colonels, assassinated priests and faith-stricken NGO nurses; only villainy and vast indifference.
+
+   ![Book cover for How to Be Both](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-2ADW/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-2ADW-master315.png)
+
+#### 99
+
+## How to Be Both
+
+Ali Smith 2014
+
+This elegant double helix of a novel entwines the stories of a fictional modern-day British girl and a real-life 15th-century Italian painter. A more conventional book might have explored the ways the past and present mirror each other, but Smith is after something much more radical. “How to Be Both” is a passionate, dialectical critique of the binaries that define and confine us. Not only male and female, but also real and imaginary, poetry and prose, living and dead. The way to be “both” is to recognize the extent to which everything already is. — A.O. Scott, critic at large for The Times
+
+   ![Book cover for Bel Canto](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-N0L6/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-N0L6-master315.png)
+
+#### 98
+
+## Bel Canto
+
+Ann Patchett 2001
+
+A famed opera singer performs for a Japanese executive’s birthday at a luxe private home in South America; it’s *that* kind of party. But when a group of young guerrillas swoops in and takes everyone in the house hostage, Patchett’s exquisitely calibrated novel — inspired by a real incident — becomes a piano wire of tension, vibrating on high.
+
+   ![Book cover for Men We Reaped](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-3D8A/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-3D8A-master315.png)
+
+#### 97
+
+## Men We Reaped
+
+Jesmyn Ward 2013
+
+Sandwiched between her two National Book Award-winning novels, Ward’s memoir carries more than fiction’s force in its aching elegy for five young Black men (a brother, a cousin, three friends) whose untimely exits from her life came violently and without warning. Their deaths — from suicide and homicide, addiction and accident — place the hidden contours of race, justice and cruel circumstance in stark relief.
+
+   ![Book cover for Wayward Lives,<br /> Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-ATV5/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-ATV5-articleLarge.png)
+
+#### 96
+
+## Wayward Lives,  
+Beautiful Experiments
+
+Saidiya Hartman 2019
+
+A beautiful, meticulously researched exploration of the lives of Black girls whom early-20th-century laws designated as “wayward” for such crimes as having serial lovers, or an excess of desire, or a style of comportment that was outside white norms. Hartman grapples with “the power and authority of the archive and the limits it sets on what can be known” about poor Black women, but from the few traces she uncovers in the historical record, she manages to sketch moving portraits, restoring joy and freedom and movement to what, in other hands, might have been mere statistics. — Laila Lalami, author of “The Other Americans”
+
+   ![Book cover for Bring Up the Bodies](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-C6T4/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-C6T4-master315.png)
+
+#### 95
+
+## Bring Up the Bodies
+
+Hilary Mantel 2012
+
+The title comes from an old English legal phrase for summoning men who have been accused of treason to trial; in the court’s eyes, effectively, they are already dead. But Mantel’s tour-de-force portrait of Thomas Cromwell, the second installment in her vaunted “Wolf Hall” series, thrums with thrilling, obstinate life: a lowborn statesman on the rise; a king in love (and out of love, and in love again); a mad roundelay of power plays, poisoned loyalties and fateful realignments. It’s only empires, after all.
+
+   ![Book cover for On Beauty](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-TRSV/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-TRSV-master315.png)
+
+#### 94
+
+## On Beauty
+
+Zadie Smith 2005
+
+Consider it a bold reinvention of “Howards End,” or take Smith’s sprawling third novel as its own golden thing: a tale of two professors — one proudly liberal, the other staunchly right-wing — whose respective families’ rivalries and friendships unspool over nearly 450 provocative, subplot-mad pages.
+
+   ![Book cover for Station Eleven](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-52GM/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-52GM-master315.png)
+
+#### 93
+
+## Station Eleven
+
+Emily St. John Mandel 2014
+
+Increasingly, and for obvious reasons, end-times novels are not hard to find. But few have conjured the strange luck of surviving an apocalypse — civilization preserved via the ad hoc Shakespeare of a traveling theater troupe; entire human ecosystems contained in an abandoned airport — with as much spooky melancholic beauty as Mandel does in her beguiling fourth novel.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Days of Abandonment](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-7shdko-01askew-slide-RZ3V/best-books-7shdko-01askew-slide-RZ3V-articleLarge.png)
+
+#### 92
+
+## The Days of Abandonment
+
+Elena Ferrante; translated by Ann Goldstein 2005
+
+There is something scandalous about this picture of a sensible, adult woman almost deranged by the breakup of her marriage, to the point of neglecting her children. The psychodrama is naked — sometimes hard to read, at other moments approaching farce. Just as Ferrante drew an indelible portrait of female friendship in her quartet of Neapolitan novels, here, she brings her all-seeing eye to female solitude.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Human Stain](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-2220/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-2220-master315.png)
+
+#### 91
+
+## The Human Stain
+
+Philip Roth 2000
+
+Set during the Clinton impeachment imbroglio, this is partly a furious indictment of what would later be called cancel culture, partly an inquiry into the paradoxes of class, sex and race in America. A college professor named Coleman Silk is persecuted for making supposedly racist remarks in class. Nathan Zuckerman, his neighbor (and Roth’s trusty alter ego), learns that Silk, a fellow son of Newark, is a Black man who has spent most of his adult life passing for white. Of all the Zuckerman novels, this one may be the most incendiary, and the most unsettling. — A.O. Scott
+
+   ![Book cover for The Sympathizer](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-DP2S/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-DP2S-master315.png)
+
+#### 90
+
+## The Sympathizer
+
+Viet Thanh Nguyen 2015
+
+Penned as a book-length confession from a nameless North Vietnamese spy as Saigon falls and new duties in America beckon, Nguyen’s richly faceted novel seems to swallow multiple genres whole, like a satisfied python: political thriller and personal history, cracked metafiction and tar-black comedy.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Return: Fathers, Sons and the Land in Between](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-2MOB/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-2MOB-master315.png)
+
+#### 89
+
+## The Return
+
+Hisham Matar 2016
+
+Though its Pulitzer Prize was bestowed in the category of biography, Matar’s account of searching for the father he lost to a 1990 kidnapping in Cairo functions equally as absorbing detective story, personal elegy and acute portrait of doomed geopolitics — all merged, somehow, with the discipline and cinematic verve of a novel.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Collected Stories<br /> of Lydia Davis](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-R7P7/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-R7P7-master315.png)
+
+#### 88
+
+## The Collected Stories  
+of Lydia Davis
+
+2010
+
+Brevity, thy name is Lydia Davis. If her work has become a byword for short (nay, microdose) fiction, this collection proves why it is also hard to shake; a conflagration of odd little umami bombs — sometimes several pages, sometimes no more than a sentence — whose casual, almost careless wordsmithery defies their deadpan resonance.
+
+   ![Book cover for Detransition, Baby](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-WLYN/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-WLYN-master315.png)
+
+#### 87
+
+## Detransition, Baby
+
+Torrey Peters 2021
+
+Love is lost, found and reconfigured in Peters’s penetrating, darkly humorous debut novel. But when the novel’s messy triangular romance — between two trans characters and a cis-gendered woman — becomes an unlikely story about parenthood, the plot deepens, and so does its emotional resonance: a poignant and gratifyingly cleareyed portrait of found family.
+
+   ![Book cover for Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-AR7D/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-AR7D-articleLarge.png)
+
+#### 86
+
+## Frederick Douglass
+
+David W. Blight 2018
+
+It is not hard to throw a rock and hit a Great Man biography; Blight’s earns its stripes by smartly and judiciously excavating the flesh-and-bone man beneath the myth. Though Douglass famously wrote three autobiographies of his own, there turned out to be much between the lines that is illuminated here with rigor, flair and refreshing candor.
+
+   ![Book cover for Pastoralia](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-IUCI/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-IUCI-master315.png)
+
+#### 85
+
+## Pastoralia
+
+George Saunders 2000
+
+An ersatz caveman languishes at a theme park; a dead maiden aunt comes back to screaming, scatological life; a bachelor barber born with no toes dreams of true love, or at least of getting his toe-nubs licked. The stories in Saunders’s second collection are profane, unsettling and patently absurd. They’re also freighted with bittersweet humanity, and rendered in language so strange and wonderful, it sings.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-7shdko-01askew-slide-ZPT6/best-books-7shdko-01askew-slide-ZPT6-articleLarge.png)
+
+#### 84
+
+## The Emperor of All Maladies
+
+Siddhartha Mukherjee 2010
+
+The subtitle, “A Biography of Cancer,” provides some helpful context for what lies between the covers of Mukherjee’s Pulitzer Prize-winning book, though it hardly conveys the extraordinary ambition and empathy of his telling, as the trained oncologist weaves together disparate strands of large-scale history, biology and devastating personal anecdote.
+
+   ![Book cover for When We Cease to Understand the World](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-OQPJ/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-OQPJ-master315.png)
+
+#### 83
+
+## When We Cease to Understand the World
+
+Benjamín Labatut; translated by Adrian Nathan West 2021
+
+You don’t have to know anything about quantum theory to start reading this book, a deeply researched, exquisitely imagined group portrait of tormented geniuses. By the end, you’ll know enough to be terrified. Labatut is interested in how the pursuit of scientific certainty can lead to, or arise from, states of extreme psychological and spiritual upheaval. His characters — Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger, among others — discover a universe that defies rational comprehension. After them, “scientific method and its object could no longer be prised apart.” That may sound abstract, but in Labatut’s hands the story of quantum physics is violent, suspenseful and finally heartbreaking. — A.O. Scott
+
+   ![Book cover for Hurricane Season](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-DYXY/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-DYXY-master315.png)
+
+#### 82
+
+## Hurricane Season
+
+Fernanda Melchor; translated by Sophie Hughes 2020
+
+Her sentences are sloping hills; her paragraphs, whole mountains. It’s no wonder that Melchor was dubbed a sort of south-of-the-border Faulkner for her baroque and often brutally harrowing tale of poverty, paranoia and murder (also: witches, or at least the idea of them) in a fictional Mexican village. When a young girl impregnated by her pedophile stepfather unwittingly lands there, her arrival is the spark that lights a tinderbox.
+
+   ![Book cover for Pulphead](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-KY6H/best-books-jjksd01sj-flat-slide-KY6H-master315.png)
+
+#### 81
+
+## Pulphead
+
+John Jeremiah Sullivan 2011
+
+When this book of essays came out, it bookended a fading genre: collected pieces written on deadline by “pulpheads,” or magazine writers. Whether it’s Sullivan’s visit to a Christian rock festival, his profile of Axl Rose or a tribute to an early American botanist, he brings to his subjects not just depth, but an open-hearted curiosity. Indeed, if this book feels as if it’s from a different time, perhaps that’s because of its generous receptivity to other ways of being, which offers both reader and subject a kind of grace.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Story of the Lost Child](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-QFY1/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-QFY1-master315.png)
+
+#### 80
+
+## The Story of the Lost Child
+
+Elena Ferrante; translated by Ann Goldstein 2015
+
+All things, even modern literature’s most fraught female friendship, must come to an end. As the now middle-aged Elena and Lila continue the dance of envy and devotion forged in their scrappy Neapolitan youth, the conclusion of Ferrante’s four-book saga defies the laws of diminishing returns, illuminating the twined psychologies of its central pair — intractable, indelible, inseparable — in one last blast of X-ray prose.
+
+I’ve read it
+
+Liked it? Try “The Years That Followed,” by Catherine Dunne or “From the Land of the Moon,” by Milena Agus; translated by Ann Goldstein.
+
+I want to read it
+
+Interested? [Read our review](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/30/books/review/the-story-of-the-lost-child-by-elena-ferrante.html). Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/Story-Lost-Child-Neapolitan-Novels/dp/1609452860/?tag=thenewyorktim-20), [Apple](https://books.apple.com/us/book/the-story-of-the-lost-child/id1499840913?at=10lIEQ), [Barnes & Noble](https://www.anrdoezrs.net/click-7990613-11819508?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barnesandnoble.com%2Fs%2FThe%2520Story%2520of%2520the%2520Lost%2520Child%2520Elena%2520Ferrante) or [Bookshop](https://bookshop.org/books?affiliate=3546&keywords=The+Story+of+the+Lost+Child).
+
+   ![Book cover for A Manual for<br /> Cleaning Women](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-NETA/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-NETA-master315.png)
+
+#### 79
+
+## A Manual for  
+Cleaning Women
+
+Lucia Berlin 2015
+
+Berlin began writing in the 1960s, and collections of her careworn, haunted, messily alluring yet casually droll short stories were published in the 1980s and ’90s. But it wasn’t until 2015, when the best were collected into a volume called “A Manual for Cleaning Women,” that her prodigious talent was recognized. Berlin writes about harried and divorced single women, many of them in working-class jobs, with uncanny grace. She is the real deal. — Dwight Garner, book critic for The Times
+
+   ![Book cover for Septology](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-UXZZ/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-UXZZ-articleLarge.png)
+
+#### 78
+
+## Septology
+
+Jon Fosse; translated by Damion Searls 2022
+
+You may not be champing at the bit to read a seven-part, nearly 700-page novel written in a single stream-of-consciousness sentence with few paragraph breaks and two central characters with the same name. But this Norwegian masterpiece, by the winner of the 2023 Nobel Prize in Literature, is the kind of soul-cleansing work that seems to silence the cacophony of the modern world — a pair of noise-canceling headphones in book form. The narrator, a painter named Asle, drives out to visit his doppelgänger, Asle, an ailing alcoholic. Then the narrator takes a boat ride to have Christmas dinner with some friends. That, more or less, is the plot. But throughout, Fosse’s searching reflections on God, art and death are at once haunting and deeply comforting.
+
+   ![Book cover for An American Marriage](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-BEHS/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-BEHS-master315.png)
+
+#### 77
+
+## An American Marriage
+
+Tayari Jones 2018
+
+Life changes in an instant for Celestial and Roy, the young Black newlyweds at the beating, uncomfortably realistic heart of Jones’s fourth novel. On a mostly ordinary night, during a hotel stay near his Louisiana hometown, Roy is accused of rape. He is then swiftly and wrongfully convicted and sentenced to 12 years in prison. The couple’s complicated future unfolds, often in letters, across two worlds. The stain of racism covers both places.
+
+   ![Book cover for Tomorrow, and Tomorrow, and Tomorrow](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-JCHN/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-JCHN-master315.png)
+
+#### 76
+
+## Tomorrow, and Tomorrow, and Tomorrow
+
+Gabrielle Zevin 2022
+
+The title is Shakespeare; the terrain, more or less, is video games. Neither of those bare facts telegraphs the emotional and narrative breadth of Zevin’s breakout novel, her fifth for adults. As the childhood friendship between two future game-makers blooms into a rich creative collaboration and, later, alienation, the book becomes a dazzling disquisition on art, ambition and the endurance of platonic love.
+
+   ![Book cover for Exit West](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/exit-west/exit-west-master315.png)
+
+#### 75
+
+## Exit West
+
+Mohsin Hamid 2017
+
+The modern world and all its issues can feel heavy — too heavy for the fancies of fiction. Hamid’s quietly luminous novel, about a pair of lovers in a war-ravaged Middle Eastern country who find that certain doors can open portals, literally, to other lands, works in a kind of minor-key magical realism that bears its weight beautifully.
+
+   ![Book cover for Olive Kitteridge](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-PQO2/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-PQO2-master315.png)
+
+#### 74
+
+## Olive Kitteridge
+
+Elizabeth Strout 2008
+
+When this novel-in-stories won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 2009, it was a victory for crotchety, unapologetic women everywhere, especially ones who weren’t, as Olive herself might have put it, spring chickens. The patron saint of plain-spokenness — and the titular character of Strout’s 13 tales — is a long-married Mainer with regrets, hopes and a lobster boat’s worth of quiet empathy. Her small-town travails instantly became stand-ins for something much bigger, even universal.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Passage of Power](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-5R6T/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-5R6T-master315.png)
+
+#### 73
+
+## The Passage of Power
+
+Robert Caro 2012
+
+The fourth volume of Caro’s epic chronicle of Lyndon Johnson’s life and times is a political biography elevated to the level of great literature. His L.B.J. is a figure of Shakespearean magnitude, whose sudden ascension from the abject humiliations of the vice presidency to the summit of political power is a turn of fortune worthy of a Greek myth. Caro makes you feel the shock of J.F.K.’s assassination, and brings you inside Johnson’s head on the blood-drenched day when his lifelong dream finally comes true. It’s an astonishing and unforgettable book. — Tom Perrotta, author of “The Leftovers”
+
+   ![Book cover for Secondhand Time: The Last of the Soviets](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-50T2/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-50T2-master315.png)
+
+#### 72
+
+## Secondhand Time
+
+Svetlana Alexievich; translated by Bela Shayevich 2016
+
+Of all the 20th century’s grand failed experiments, few came to more inglorious ends than the aspiring empire known, for a scant seven decades, as the U.S.S.R. The death of the dream of Communism reverberates through the Nobel-winning Alexievich’s oral history, and her unflinching portrait of the people who survived the Soviet state (or didn’t) — ex-prisoners, Communist Party officials, ordinary citizens of all stripes — makes for an excoriating, eye-opening read.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Copenhagen Trilogy: Childhood, Youth, Dependency](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-YH7K/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-YH7K-master315.png)
+
+#### 71
+
+## The Copenhagen Trilogy
+
+Tove Ditlevsen; translated by Tiina Nunnally and Michael Favala Goldman 2021
+
+Ditlevsen’s memoirs were first published in Denmark in the 1960s and ’70s, but most English-language readers didn’t encounter them until they appeared in a single translated volume more than five decades later. The books detail Ditlevsen’s hardscrabble childhood, her flourishing early career as a poet and her catastrophic addictions, which left her wedded to a psychotic doctor and hopelessly dependent on opioids by her 30s. But her writing, however dire her circumstances, projects a breathtaking clarity and candidness, and it nails what is so inexplicable about human nature.
+
+   ![Book cover for All Aunt Hagar’s Children](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-ULYW/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-ULYW-articleLarge.png)
+
+#### 70
+
+## All Aunt Hagar’s Children
+
+Edward P. Jones 2006
+
+Jones’s follow-up to his Pulitzer-anointed historical novel, “The Known World,” forsakes a single narrative for 14 interconnected stories, disparate in both direction and tone. His tales of 20th-century Black life in and around Washington, D.C., are haunted by cumulative loss and touched, at times, by dark magical realism — one character meets the Devil himself in a Safeway parking lot — but girded too by loveliness, and something like hope.
+
+   ![Book cover for The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-KY5Q/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-KY5Q-master315.png)
+
+#### 69
+
+## The New Jim Crow
+
+Michelle Alexander 2010
+
+One year into Barack Obama’s first presidential term, Alexander, a civil rights attorney and former Supreme Court clerk, peeled back the hopey-changey scrim of early-aughts America to reveal the systematic legal prejudice that still endures in a country whose biggest lie might be “with liberty and justice for all.” In doing so, her book managed to do what the most urgent nonfiction aims for but rarely achieves: change hearts, minds and even public policy.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Friend](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-JOPP/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-JOPP-master315.png)
+
+#### 68
+
+## The Friend
+
+Sigrid Nunez 2018
+
+After suffering the loss of an old friend and adopting his Great Dane, the book’s heroine muses on death, friendship, and the gifts and burdens of a literary life. Out of these fragments a philosophy of grief springs like a rabbit out of a hat; Nunez is a magician. — Ada Calhoun, author of “Also a Poet: Frank O’Hara, My Father, and Me”
+
+   ![Book cover for Far From the Tree: Parents, Children, and the Search for Identity](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-VW59/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-VW59-master315.png)
+
+#### 67
+
+## Far From the Tree
+
+Andrew Solomon 2012
+
+In this extraordinary book — a combination of masterly reporting and vivid storytelling — Solomon examines the experience of parents raising exceptional children. I have often returned to it over the years, reading it for its depth of understanding and its illumination of the particulars that make up the fabric of family. — Meg Wolitzer, author of “The Interestings”
+
+   ![Book cover for We the Animals](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-E2IM/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-E2IM-master315.png)
+
+#### 66
+
+## We the Animals
+
+Justin Torres 2011
+
+The hummingbird weight of this novella — it barely tops 130 pages — belies the cherry-bomb impact of its prose. Tracing the coming-of-age of three mixed-race brothers in a derelict upstate New York town, Torres writes in the incantatory royal we of a sort of sibling wolfpack, each boy buffeted by their parents’ obscure grown-up traumas and their own enduring (if not quite unshakable) bonds.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Plot Against America](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-4K5T/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-4K5T-articleLarge.png)
+
+#### 65
+
+## The Plot Against America
+
+Philip Roth 2004
+
+What if, in the 1940 presidential election, Charles Lindbergh — aviation hero, America-firster and Nazi sympathizer — had defeated Franklin Roosevelt? Specifically, what would have happened to Philip Roth, the younger son of a middle-class Jewish family in Newark, N.J.? From those counterfactual questions, the adult Roth spun a tour de force of memory and history. Ever since the 2016 election his imaginary American past has pulled closer and closer to present-day reality. — A.O. Scott
+
+   ![Book cover for The Great Believers](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-J695/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-J695-master315.png)
+
+#### 64
+
+## The Great Believers
+
+Rebecca Makkai 2018
+
+It’s mid-1980s Chicago, and young men — beautiful, recalcitrant boys, full of promise and pure life force — are dying, felled by a strange virus. Makkai’s recounting of a circle of friends who die one by one, interspersed with a circa-2015 Parisian subplot, is indubitably an AIDS story, but one that skirts po-faced solemnity and cliché at nearly every turn: a bighearted, deeply generous book whose resonance echoes across decades of loss and liberation.
+
+   ![Book cover for Veronica](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-7BXF/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-7BXF-master315.png)
+
+#### 63
+
+## Veronica
+
+Mary Gaitskill 2005
+
+Set primarily in a 1980s New York crackling with brittle glamour and real menace, “Veronica” is, on the face of it, the story of two very different women — the fragile former model Alison and the older, harder Veronica, fueled by fury and frustrated intelligence. It's a fearless, lacerating book, scornful of pieties and with innate respect for the reader’s intelligence and adult judgment.
+
+   ![Book cover for 10:04](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-8DDG/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-8DDG-master315.png)
+
+#### 62
+
+## 10:04
+
+Ben Lerner 2014
+
+How closely does Ben Lerner, the very clever author of “10:04,” overlap with its unnamed narrator, himself a poet-novelist who bears a remarkable resemblance to the man pictured on its biography page? Definitive answers are scant in this metaphysical turducken of a novel, which is nominally about the attempts of a Brooklyn author, burdened with a hefty publishing advance, to finish his second book. But the delights of Lerner’s shimmering self-reflexive prose, lightly dusted with photographs and illustrations, are endless.
+
+   ![Book cover for Demon Copperhead](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-TK8I/best-books-stmsh02-flat-slide-TK8I-master315.png)
+
+#### 61
+
+## Demon Copperhead
+
+Barbara Kingsolver 2022
+
+In transplanting “David Copperfield” from Victorian England to modern-day Appalachia, Kingsolver gives the old Dickensian magic her own spin. She reminds us that a novel can be wildly entertaining — funny, profane, sentimental, suspenseful — and still have a social conscience. And also that the injustices Dickens railed against are still very much with us: old poison in new bottles. — A.O. Scott
+
+   ![Book cover for Heavy: An American Memoir](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-Y8AH/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-Y8AH-master315.png)
+
+#### 60
+
+## Heavy
+
+Kiese Laymon 2018
+
+What is the psychic weight of secrets and lies? In his unvarnished memoir, Laymon explores the cumulative mass of a past that has brought him to this point: his Blackness; his fraught relationship to food; his family, riven by loss and addiction and, in his mother’s case, a kind of pathological perfectionism. What emerges is a work of raw emotional power and fierce poetry.
+
+   ![Book cover for Middlesex](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-18RW/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-18RW-master315.png)
+
+#### 59
+
+## Middlesex
+
+Jeffrey Eugenides 2002
+
+Years before pronouns became the stuff of dinner-table debates and email signatures, “Middlesex” offered the singular gift of an intersex hero — “sing now, O Muse, of the recessive mutation on my fifth chromosome!” — whose otherwise fairly ordinary Midwestern life becomes a radiant lens on recent history, from the burning of Smyrna to the plush suburbia of midcentury Grosse Pointe, Mich. When the teenage Calliope, born to doting Greek American parents, learns that she is not in fact a budding young lesbian but biologically male, it’s less science than assiduously buried family secrets that tell the improbable, remarkable tale.
+
+   ![Book cover for Stay True](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-WPMS/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-WPMS-articleLarge.png)
+
+#### 58
+
+## Stay True
+
+Hua Hsu 2022
+
+An unlikely college friendship — Ken loves preppy polo shirts and Pearl Jam, Hua prefers Xeroxed zines and Pavement — blossoms in 1990s Berkeley, then is abruptly fissured by Ken’s murder in a random carjacking. Around those bare facts, Hsu’s understated memoir builds a glimmering fortress of memory in which youth and identity live alongside terrible, senseless loss.
+
+   ![Book cover for Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-UFY9/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-UFY9-master315.png)
+
+#### 57
+
+## Nickel and Dimed
+
+Barbara Ehrenreich 2001
+
+Waitress, hotel maid, cleaning woman, retail clerk: Ehrenreich didn’t just report on these low-wage jobs; she actually worked them, trying to construct a life around merciless managers and wildly unpredictable schedules, while also getting paid a pittance for it. Through it all, Ehrenreich combined a profound sense of moral outrage with self-deprecating candor and bone-dry wit. — Jennifer Szalai, nonfiction book critic for The Times
+
+   ![Book cover for The Flamethrowers](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-Z8EI/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-Z8EI-master315.png)
+
+#### 56
+
+## The Flamethrowers
+
+Rachel Kushner 2013
+
+Motorcycle racing across the arid salt flats of Utah; art-star posturing in the downtown demimonde of 1970s New York; anarchist punk collectives and dappled villas in Italy: It’s all connected (if hardly contained) in Kushner’s brash, elastic chronicle of a would-be artist nicknamed Reno whose lust for experience often outstrips both sense and sentiment. The book’s ambitions rise to meet her, a churning bedazzlement of a novel whose unruly engine thrums and roars.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-6Q84/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-6Q84-master315.png)
+
+#### 55
+
+## The Looming Tower
+
+Lawrence Wright 2006
+
+What happened in New York City one incongruously sunny morning in September was never, of course, the product of some spontaneous plan. Wright’s meticulous history operates as a sort of panopticon on the events leading up to that fateful day, spanning more than five decades and a geopolitical guest list that includes everyone from the counterterrorism chief of the F.B.I. to the anonymous foot soldiers of Al Qaeda.
+
+   ![Book cover for Tenth of December](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-VE44/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-VE44-master315.png)
+
+#### 54
+
+## Tenth of December
+
+George Saunders 2013
+
+For all of their linguistic invention and anarchic glee, Saunders’s stories are held together by a strict understanding of the form and its requirements. Take plot: In “Tenth of December,” his fourth and best collection, readers will encounter an abduction, a rape, a chemically induced suicide, the suppressed rage of a milquetoast or two, a veteran’s post-­traumatic impulse to burn down his mother’s house — all of it buffeted by gusts of such merriment and tender regard and daffy good cheer that you realize only in retrospect how dark these morality tales really are.
+
+   ![Book cover for Runaway](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-JED6/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-JED6-master315.png)
+
+#### 53
+
+## Runaway
+
+Alice Munro 2004
+
+On one level, the title of Munro’s 11th short-story collection refers to a pet goat that goes missing from its owners’ property; but — this being Munro — the deeper reference is to an unhappy wife in the same story, who dreams of leaving her husband someday. Munro’s stories are like that, with shadow meanings and resonant echoes, as if she has struck a chime and set the reverberations down in writing.
+
+   ![Book cover for Train Dreams](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-SSD7/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-SSD7-master315.png)
+
+#### 52
+
+## Train Dreams
+
+Denis Johnson 2011
+
+Call it a backwoods tragedy, stripped to the bone, or a spare requiem for the American West: Johnson’s lean but potent novella carves its narrative from the forests and dust-bowl valleys of Spokane in the early decades of the 20th century, following a day laborer named Robert Grainier as he processes the sudden loss of his young family and bears witness to the real-time formation of a raw, insatiable nation.
+
+   ![Book cover for Life After Life](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-PLAX/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-PLAX-master315.png)
+
+#### 51
+
+## Life After Life
+
+Kate Atkinson 2013
+
+Can we get life “right”? Are there choices that would lead, finally, to justice or happiness or save us from pain? Atkinson wrestles with these questions in her brilliant “Life After Life” — a historical novel, a speculative novel, a tale of time travel, a moving portrait of life before, during and in the aftermath of war. It gobbles up genres and blends them together until they become a single, seamless work of art. I love this goddamn book. — Victor LaValle, author of “Lone Women”
+
+   ![Book cover for Trust](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-7N6U/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-7N6U-master315.png)
+
+#### 50
+
+## Trust
+
+Hernan Diaz 2022
+
+How many ways can you tell the same story? Which one is true? These questions and their ethical implications hover over Diaz’s second novel. It starts out as a tale of wealth and power in 1920s New York — something Theodore Dreiser or Edith Wharton might have taken up — and leaps forward in time, across the boroughs and down the social ladder, breathing new vitality into the weary tropes of historical fiction. — A.O. Scott
+
+   ![Book cover for The Vegetarian](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-6K4D/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-6K4D-master315.png)
+
+#### 49
+
+## The Vegetarian
+
+Han Kang; translated by Deborah Smith 2016
+
+One ordinary day, a young housewife in contemporary Seoul wakes up from a disturbing dream and simply decides to … stop eating meat. As her small rebellion spirals, Han’s lean, feverish novel becomes a surreal meditation on not just what the body needs, but what a soul demands.
+
+   ![Book cover for Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-ODVS/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-ODVS-articleLarge.png)
+
+#### 48
+
+## Persepolis
+
+Marjane Satrapi 2003
+
+Drawn in stark black-and-white panels, Satrapi’s graphic novel is a moving account of her early life in Iran during the Islamic Revolution and her formative years abroad in Europe. The first of its two parts details the impacts of war and theocracy on both her family and her community: torture, death on the battlefield, constant raids, supply shortages and a growing black market. Part 2 chronicles her rebellious, traumatic years as a teenager in Vienna, as well as her return to a depressingly restrictive Tehran. Devastating — but also formally inventive, inspiring and often funny — “Persepolis” is a model of visual storytelling and personal narrative.
+
+   ![Book cover for A Mercy](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-DPJN/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-DPJN-master315.png)
+
+#### 47
+
+## A Mercy
+
+Toni Morrison 2008
+
+Mercies are few and far between in Morrison’s ninth novel, set on the remote colonial land of a 17th-century farmer amid his various slaves and indentured servants (even the acquisition of a wife, imported from England, is strictly transactional). Disease runs rampant and children die needlessly; inequity is everywhere. And yet! The Morrison magic, towering and magisterial, endures.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Goldfinch](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-AUL6/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-AUL6-master315.png)
+
+#### 46
+
+## The Goldfinch
+
+Donna Tartt 2013
+
+For a time, it seemed as if Tartt’s vaunted 1992 debut, “The Secret History,” might be her only legacy, a once-in-a-career comet zinging across the literary sky. Then, more than a decade after the coolish reception to her 2002 follow-up, “The Little Friend,” came “The Goldfinch” — a coming-of-age novel as narratively rich and riveting as the little bird in the Dutch painting it takes its title from is small and humble. That 13-year-old Theo Decker survives the museum bombing that kills his mother is a minor miracle; the tiny, priceless souvenir he inadvertently grabs from the rubble becomes both a talisman and an albatross in this heady, haunted symphony of a novel.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Argonauts](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-KMAT/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-KMAT-master315.png)
+
+#### 45
+
+## The Argonauts
+
+Maggie Nelson 2015
+
+Call it a memoir if you must, but this is a book about the necessity — and also the thrill, the terror, the risk and reward — of defying categories. Nelson is a poet and critic, well versed in pop culture and cultural theory. The text she interprets here is her own body. An account of her pregnancy, her relationship with the artist Harry Dodge and the early stages of motherhood, “The Argonauts” explores queer identity, gender politics and the meaning of family. What makes Nelson such a valuable writer is her willingness to follow the sometimes contradictory rhythms of her own thinking in prose that is sharp, supple and disarmingly heartfelt. — A.O. Scott
+
+   ![Book cover for The Fifth Season](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-6P9R/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-6P9R-master315.png)
+
+#### 44
+
+## The Fifth Season
+
+N.K. Jemisin 2015
+
+“The Fifth Season” weaves its story in polyphonic voice, utilizing a clever story structure to move deftly through generational time. Jemisin delivers this bit of high craft in a fresh, unstuffy voice — something rare in high fantasy, which can take its Tolkien roots too seriously. From its heartbreaking opening (a mother’s murdered child) to its shattering conclusion, Jemisin shows the power of what good fantasy fiction can do. “The Fifth Season” explores loss, grief and personhood on an intimate level. But it also takes on themes of discrimination, human breeding and ecological collapse with an unflinching eye and a particular nuance. Jemisin weaves a world both horrifyingly familiar and unsettlingly alien. — Rebecca Roanhorse, author of “Mirrored Heavens”
+
+   ![Book cover for Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-zsaftt03-askew-slide-VQDB/best-books-zsaftt03-askew-slide-VQDB-articleLarge.png)
+
+#### 43
+
+## Postwar
+
+Tony Judt 2005
+
+By the time this book was published in 2005, there had already been innumerable volumes covering Europe’s history since the end of World War II. Yet none of them were quite like Judt’s: commanding and capacious, yet also attentive to those stubborn details that are so resistant to abstract theories and seductive myths. The writing, like the thinking, is clear, direct and vivid. And even as Judt was ruthless when reflecting on Europe’s past, he maintained a sense of contingency throughout, never succumbing to the comfortable certainty of despair. — Jennifer Szalai
+
+   ![Book cover for A Brief History <br />of Seven Killings](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-9UX0/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-9UX0-master315.png)
+
+#### 42
+
+## A Brief History  
+of Seven Killings
+
+Marlon James 2014
+
+“Brief”? For a work spanning nearly 700 pages, that word is, at best, a winky misdirection. To skip even a paragraph, though, would be to forgo the vertiginous pleasures of James’s semi-historical novel, in which the attempted assassination of an unnamed reggae superstar who strongly resembles Bob Marley collides with C.I.A. conspiracy, international drug cartels and the vibrant, violent Technicolor of post-independence Jamaica.
+
+   ![Book cover for Small Things Like These](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-TVZG/best-books-okppll03-flat-slide-TVZG-master315.png)
+
+#### 41
+
+## Small Things Like These
+
+Claire Keegan 2021
+
+Not a word is wasted in Keegan’s small, burnished gem of a novel, a sort of Dickensian miniature centered on the son of an unwed mother who has grown up to become a respectable coal and timber merchant with a family of his own in 1985 Ireland. Moralistically, though, it might as well be the Middle Ages as he reckons with the ongoing sins of the Catholic Church and the everyday tragedies wrought by repression, fear and rank hypocrisy.
+
+   ![Book cover for H Is for Hawk](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-CSRH/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-CSRH-master315.png)
+
+#### 40
+
+## H Is for Hawk
+
+Helen Macdonald 2015
+
+I read “H Is for Hawk” when I was writing my own memoir, and it awakened me to the power of the genre. It is a book supposedly about training a hawk named Mabel but really about wonder and loss, discovery and death. We discover a thing, then we lose it. The discovering and the losing are two halves of the same whole. Macdonald knows this and she shows us, weaving the loss of her father through the partial taming (and taming is always partial) of this hawk. — Tara Westover, author of “Educated”
+
+   ![Book cover for A Visit From the Goon Squad](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-D6JQ/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-D6JQ-master315.png)
+
+#### 39
+
+## A Visit From the Goon Squad
+
+Jennifer Egan 2010
+
+In the good old pre-digital days, artists used to cram 15 or 20 two-and-a-half-minute songs onto a single vinyl LP. Egan accomplished a similar feat of compression in this Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, a compact, chronologically splintered rock opera with (as they say nowadays) no skips. The 13 linked stories jump from past to present to future while reshuffling a handful of vivid characters. The themes are mighty but the mood is funny, wistful and intimate, as startling and familiar as your favorite pop album. — A.O. Scott
+
+   ![Book cover for The Savage Detectives](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-LEKA/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-LEKA-master315.png)
+
+#### 38
+
+## The Savage Detectives
+
+Roberto Bolaño; translated by Natasha Wimmer 2007
+
+“The Savage Detectives” is brash, hilarious, beautiful, moving. It’s also over 600 pages long, which is why I know that my memory of reading it in a single sitting is definitely not true. Still, the fact that it feels that way is telling. I was not the same writer I’d been before reading it, not the same person. Arturo Belano and Ulises Lima, the wayward poets whose youth is chronicled in “Detectives,” became personal heroes, and everything I’ve written since has been shaped by Bolaño’s masterpiece. — Daniel Alarcón, author of “At Night We Walk in Circles”
+
+   ![Book cover for The Years](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-awqupp04-askew-slide-SS69/best-books-awqupp04-askew-slide-SS69-articleLarge.png)
+
+#### 37
+
+## The Years
+
+Annie Ernaux; translated by Alison L. Strayer 2018
+
+Spanning decades, this is an outlier in Ernaux’s oeuvre; unlike her other books, with their tight close-ups on moments in her life, here such intimacies are embedded in the larger sweep of social history. She moves between the chorus of conventional wisdom and the specifics of her own experiences, showing how even an artist with such a singular vision could recognize herself as a creature of her cohort and her culture. Most moving to me is how she begins and ends by listing images she can still recall — a merry-go-round in the park; graffiti in a restroom — that have been inscribed into her memory, yet are ultimately ephemeral. — Jennifer Szalai
+
+   ![Book cover for Between the World and Me](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-CDPU/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-CDPU-master315.png)
+
+#### 36
+
+## Between the World and Me
+
+Ta-Nehisi Coates 2015
+
+Framed, like James Baldwin’s “The Fire Next Time,” as both instruction and warning to a young relative on “how one should live within a Black body,” Coates’s book-length letter to his 15-year-old son lands like forked lightning. In pages suffused with both fury and tenderness, his memoir-manifesto delineates a world in which the political remains mortally, maddeningly inseparable from the personal.
+
+   ![Book cover for Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-6NT8/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-6NT8-master315.png)
+
+#### 35
+
+## Fun Home
+
+Alison Bechdel 2006
+
+“A queer business.” That’s how Bechdel describes her closeted father’s death after he steps in the path of a Sunbeam Bread truck. The phrase also applies to her family’s funeral home concern; their own Victorian, Addams-like dwelling; and this marvelous graphic memoir of growing up gay and O.C.D.-afflicted (which generated a remarkable Broadway musical). You forget, returning to “Fun Home,” that the only color used is a dreamy gray-blue; that’s how vivid and particular the story is. Even the corpses crackle with life. — Alexandra Jacobs
+
+   ![Book cover for Citizen](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-AM0N/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-AM0N-master315.png)
+
+#### 34
+
+## Citizen
+
+Claudia Rankine 2014
+
+“I, too, am America,” Langston Hughes wrote, and with “Citizen” Rankine stakes the same claim, as ambivalently and as defiantly as Hughes did. This collection — which appeared two years after Trayvon Martin’s death, and pointedly displays a hoodie on its cover like the one Martin wore when he was killed — lays out a damning indictment of American racism through a mix of free verse, essayistic prose poems and visual art; a National Book Critics Circle Award finalist in both poetry and criticism (the first book ever nominated in two categories), it took home the prize in poetry in a deserving recognition of Rankine’s subtle, supple literary gifts.
+
+   ![Book cover for Salvage the Bones](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-UI40/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-UI40-master315.png)
+
+#### 33
+
+## Salvage the Bones
+
+Jesmyn Ward 2011
+
+As Hurricane Katrina bears down on the already battered bayou town of Bois Sauvage, Miss., a motherless 15-year-old girl named Esch, newly pregnant with a baby of her own, stands in the eye of numerous storms she can’t control: her father’s drinking, her brothers’ restlessness, an older boy’s easy dismissal of her love. There’s a biblical force to Ward’s prose, so swirling and heady it feels like a summoning.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Line of Beauty](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-CDRT/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-CDRT-master315.png)
+
+#### 32
+
+## The Line of Beauty
+
+Alan Hollinghurst 2004
+
+Oh, to be the live-in houseguest of a wealthy friend! And to find, as Hollinghurst’s young middle-class hero does in early-1980s London, that a whole intoxicating world of heedless privilege and sexual awakening awaits. As the timeline implies, though, the specter of AIDS looms not far behind, perched like a gargoyle amid glittering evocations of cocaine and Henry James. Lust, money, literature, power: Rarely has a novel made it all seem so gorgeous, and so annihilating.
+
+   ![Book cover for White Teeth](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-C8DF/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-C8DF-master315.png)
+
+#### 31
+
+## White Teeth
+
+Zadie Smith 2000
+
+“Full stories are as rare as honesty,” one character confides in “White Teeth,” though Smith’s debut novel, in all its chaotic, prismatic glory, does its level best to try. As her bravura book unfurls, its central narrative of a friendship between a white Londoner and a Bengali Muslim seems to divide and regenerate like starfish limbs; and so, in one stroke, a literary supernova was born.
+
+   ![Book cover for Sing, Unburied, Sing](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-1ERJ/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-1ERJ-articleLarge-v2.png)
+
+#### 30
+
+## Sing, Unburied, Sing
+
+Jesmyn Ward 2017
+
+Road trips aren’t supposed to be like this: an addled addict mother dragging her 13-year-old son and his toddler sister across Mississippi to retrieve their father from prison, and feeding her worst habits along the way. Grief and generational trauma haunt the novel, as do actual ghosts, the unrestful spirits of men badly done by. But Ward’s unflinching prose is not a punishment; it loops and soars in bruising, beautiful arias.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Last Samurai](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-S3SO/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-S3SO-master315.png)
+
+#### 29
+
+## The Last Samurai
+
+Helen DeWitt 2000
+
+Sibylla, an American expat in Britain, is a brilliant scholar: omnivore, polyglot, interdisciplinary theorist — all of it. Her young son, Ludo, is a hothouse prodigy, mastering the “Odyssey” and Japanese grammar, fixated on the films of Akira Kurosawa. Two questions arise: 1) Who is the real genius? 2) Who is Ludo’s father? Ludo’s search for the answer to No. 2 propels the plot of this funny, cruel, compassionate, typographically bananas novel. I won’t spoil anything, except to say that the answer to No. 1 is Helen DeWitt. — A.O. Scott
+
+   ![Book cover for Cloud Atlas](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-VPZ7/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-VPZ7-master315.png)
+
+#### 28
+
+## Cloud Atlas
+
+David Mitchell 2004
+
+Mitchell’s almost comically ambitious novel is indeed a kind of cumulus: a wild and woolly condensation of ideas, styles and far-flung milieus whose only true commonality is the reincarnated soul at its center. The book’s six nesting narratives — from 1850s New Zealand through 1930s Belgium, groovy California, recent-ish England, dystopian Korea and Hawaii — also often feel like a postmodern puzzle-box that whirls and clicks as its great world(s) spin, throwing off sparks of pulp, philosophy and fervid humanism.
+
+   ![Book cover for Americanah](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-7P19/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-7P19-master315.png)
+
+#### 27
+
+## Americanah
+
+Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 2013
+
+This is a love story — but what a love story! Crisscrossing continents, families and recent decades, “Americanah” centers on a Nigerian woman, Ifemelu, who discovers what it means to be Black by immigrating to the United States, and acquires boutique celebrity blogging about it. (In the sequel, she’d have a Substack.) Ifemelu’s entanglements with various men undergird a rich and rough tapestry of life in Barack Obama’s America and beyond. And Adichie’s sustained examination of absurd social rituals — like the painful relaxation of professionally “unacceptable” hair, for example — is revolutionary. — Alexandra Jacobs
+
+   ![Book cover for Atonement](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-23M8/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-23M8-master315.png)
+
+#### 26
+
+## Atonement
+
+Ian McEwan 2002
+
+Each of us is more than the worst thing we’ve ever done, or so the saying goes. But what a naïve, peevish 13-year-old named Briony Tallis sets in motion when she sees her older sister flirting with the son of a servant in hopelessly stratified pre-war England surpasses disastrous; it’s catastrophic. It’s also a testament to the piercing elegance of McEwan’s prose that “Atonement” makes us care so much.
+
+   ![Book cover for Random Family](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-KOEG/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-KOEG-master315.png)
+
+#### 25
+
+## Random Family
+
+Adrian Nicole LeBlanc 2003
+
+More than 20 years after it was published, “Random Family” still remains unmatched in depth and power and grace. A profound, achingly beautiful work of narrative nonfiction, it is the standard-bearer of embedded reportage. LeBlanc gave her all to this book, writing about people experiencing deep hardship in their full, lush humanity. — Matthew Desmond, author of “Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City”
+
+   ![Book cover for The Overstory](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-SAYN/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-SAYN-master315.png)
+
+#### 24
+
+## The Overstory
+
+Richard Powers 2018
+
+We may never see a poem as lovely as a tree, but a novel about trees — they are both the stealth protagonists and the beating, fine-grained heart of this strange, marvelous book — becomes its own kind of poetry, biology lesson and impassioned environmental polemic in Powers’s hands. To know that our botanical friends are capable of communication and sacrifice, sex and memory, is mind-altering. It is also, you might say, credit overdue: Without wood pulp, after all, what would the books we love be made of?
+
+   ![Book cover for Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-2PXM/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-2PXM-master315.png)
+
+#### 23
+
+## Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage
+
+Alice Munro 2001
+
+Munro’s stories apply pointillistic detail and scrupulous psychological insight to render their characters’ lives in full, at lengths that test the boundaries of the term “short fiction.” (Only one story in this book is below 30 pages, and the longest is over 50.) The collection touches on many of Munro’s lifelong themes — family secrets, sudden reversals of fortune, sexual tensions and the unreliability of memory — culminating in a standout story about a man confronting his senile wife’s attachment to a fellow resident at her nursing home.
+
+   ![Book cover for Behind the Beautiful Forevers](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-3E87/best-books-nnhhhhh04-flat-slide-3E87-master315.png)
+
+#### 22
+
+## Behind the Beautiful Forevers
+
+Katherine Boo 2012
+
+If the smash movie “Slumdog Millionaire” gave the world a feel-good story of transcending caste in India via pluck and sheer improbable luck, Boo’s nonfiction exploration of several interconnected lives on the squalid outskirts of Mumbai is its sobering, necessary corrective. The casual violence and perfidy she finds there is staggering; the poverty and disease, beyond bleak. In place of triumph-of-the-human-spirit bromides, though, what the book delivers is its own kind of cinema, harsh and true.
+
+   ![Book cover for Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-S0I0/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-S0I0-articleLarge.png)
+
+#### 21
+
+## Evicted
+
+Matthew Desmond 2016
+
+Like Barbara Ehrenreich or Michelle Alexander, Desmond has a knack for crystallizing the ills of a patently unequal America — here it’s the housing crisis, as told through eight Milwaukee families — in clear, imperative terms. If reading his nightmarish exposé of a system in which race and poverty are shamelessly weaponized and eviction costs less than accountability feels like outrage fuel, it’s prescriptive, too; to look away would be its own kind of crime.
+
+   ![Book cover for Erasure](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-UHGR/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-UHGR-master315.png)
+
+#### 20
+
+## Erasure
+
+Percival Everett 2001
+
+More than 20 years before it was made into an Oscar-winning movie, Everett’s deft literary satire imagined a world in which a cerebral novelist and professor named Thelonious “Monk” Ellison finds mainstream success only when he deigns to produce the most broad and ghettoized portrayal of Black pain. If only the ensuing decades had made the whole concept feel laughably obsolete; alas, all the 2023 screen adaptation merited was a title change: “American Fiction.”
+
+   ![Book cover for Say Nothing: A True Story of Murder and Memory in Northern Ireland](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-H01V/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-H01V-master315.png)
+
+#### 19
+
+## Say Nothing
+
+Patrick Radden Keefe 2019
+
+“Say Nothing” is an amazing accomplishment — a definitive, impeccably researched history of the Troubles, a grim, gripping thriller, an illuminating portrait of extraordinary people who did unspeakable things, driven by what they saw as the justness of their cause. Those of us who lived in the U.K. in the last three decades of the 20th century know the names and the events — we were all affected, in some way or another, by the bombs, the bomb threats, the assassinations and attempted assassinations. What we didn’t know was what it felt like to be on the inside of a particularly bleak period of history. This book is, I think, unquestionably one of the greatest literary achievements of the 21st century. — Nick Hornby, author of “High Fidelity”
+
+   ![Book cover for Lincoln in the Bardo](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-6648/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-6648-master315.png)
+
+#### 18
+
+## Lincoln in the Bardo
+
+George Saunders 2017
+
+A father mourns his young son, dead of typhoid; a president mourns his country riven by civil war. In Saunders’s indelible portrait, set in a graveyard populated by garrulous spirits, these images collide and coalesce, transforming Lincoln’s private grief — his 11-year-old boy, Willie, died in the White House in 1862 — into a nation’s, a polyphony of voices and stories. The only novel to date by a writer revered for his satirical short stories, this book marks less a change of course than a foregrounding of what has distinguished his work all along — a generosity of spirit, an ear acutely tuned to human suffering.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Sellout](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-C3TH/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-C3TH-master315.png)
+
+#### 17
+
+## The Sellout
+
+Paul Beatty 2015
+
+Part of this wild satire on matters racial, post-racial, maybe-racial and Definitely Not Racial in American life concerns a group known as the Dum Dum Donut Intellectuals. One of them has produced an expurgated edition of an American classic titled “The Pejorative-Free Adventures and Intellectual and Spiritual Journeys of African-American Jim and His Young Protégé, White Brother Huckleberry Finn, as They Go in Search of the Lost Black Family Unit.” Beatty’s method is the exact opposite: In his hands, everything sacred is profaned, from the Supreme Court to the Little Rascals. “The Sellout” is explosively funny and not a little bit dangerous: an incendiary device disguised as a whoopee cushion, or maybe vice versa. — A.O. Scott
+
+   ![Book cover for The Amazing Adventures <br />of Kavalier & Clay](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-HNKM/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-HNKM-articleLarge.png)
+
+#### 16
+
+## The Amazing Adventures  
+of Kavalier & Clay
+
+Michael Chabon 2000
+
+Set during the first heyday of the American comic book industry, from the late 1930s to the early 1950s, Chabon’s exuberant epic centers on the Brooklyn-raised Sammy Clay and his Czech immigrant cousin, Joe Kavalier, who together pour their hopes and fears into a successful comic series even as life delivers them some nearly unbearable tragedies. Besotted with language and brimming with pop culture, political relevance and bravura storytelling, the novel won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 2001.
+
+   ![Book cover for Pachinko](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-YLMF/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-YLMF-master315.png)
+
+#### 15
+
+## Pachinko
+
+Min Jin Lee 2017
+
+“History has failed us, but no matter.” So begins Lee’s novel, the rich and roiling chronicle of a Korean family passing through four generations of war, colonization and personal strife. There are slick mobsters and disabled fishermen, forbidden loves and secret losses. And of course, pachinko, the pinball-ish game whose popularity often supplies a financial lifeline for the book’s characters — gamblers at life like all of us, if hardly guaranteed a win.
+
+   ![Book cover for Outline](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-KIG1/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-KIG1-master315.png)
+
+#### 14
+
+## Outline
+
+Rachel Cusk 2015
+
+This novel is the first and best in Cusk’s philosophical, unsettling and semi-autobiographical Outline trilogy, which also includes the novels “Transit” and “Kudos.” In this one an English writer flies to Athens to teach at a workshop. Along the way, and once there, she falls into intense and resonant conversations about art, intimacy, life and love. Cusk deals, brilliantly, in uncomfortable truths. — Dwight Garner
+
+   ![Book cover for The Road](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-7PBT/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-7PBT-master315.png)
+
+#### 13
+
+## The Road
+
+Cormac McCarthy 2006
+
+There is nothing green or growing in McCarthy’s masterpiece of dystopian fiction, the story of an unnamed man and his young son migrating over a newly post-apocalyptic earth where the only remaining life forms are desperate humans who have mostly descended into marauding cannibalism. Yet McCarthy renders his deathscape in curious, riveting detail punctuated by flashes of a lost world from the man’s memory that become colorful myths for his son. In the end, “The Road” is a paean to parental love: A father nurtures and protects his child with ingenuity and tenderness, a triumph that feels redemptive even in a world without hope. — Jennifer Egan, author of “A Visit From the Goon Squad”
+
+   ![Book cover for The Year of Magical Thinking](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-9V0E/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-9V0E-articleLarge.png)
+
+#### 12
+
+## The Year of Magical Thinking
+
+Joan Didion 2005
+
+Having for decades cast a famously cool and implacable eye on everything from the Manson family to El Salvador, Didion suddenly found herself in a hellscape much closer to home: the abrupt death of her partner in life and art, John Gregory Dunne, even as their only child lay unconscious in a nearby hospital room. (That daughter, Quintana Roo, would be gone soon too, though her passing does not fall within these pages.) Dismantled by shock and grief, the patron saint of ruthless clarity did the only thing she could do: She wrote her way through it.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Brief Wondrous <br />Life of Oscar Wao](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-NQQN/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-NQQN-master315.png)
+
+#### 11
+
+## The Brief Wondrous  
+Life of Oscar Wao
+
+Junot Díaz 2007
+
+Díaz’s first novel landed like a meteorite in 2007, dazzling critics and prize juries with its mix of Dominican history, coming-of-age tale, comic-book tropes, Tolkien geekery and Spanglish slang. The central plotline follows the nerdy, overweight Oscar de León through childhood, college and a stint in the Dominican Republic, where he falls disastrously in love. Sharply rendered set pieces abound, but the real draw is the author’s voice: brainy yet inviting, mordantly funny, sui generis.
+
+   ![Book cover for Gilead](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-VWR9/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-VWR9-master315.png)
+
+#### 10
+
+## Gilead
+
+Marilynne Robinson 2004
+
+The first installment in what is so far a tetralogy — followed by “Home,” “Lila” and “Jack” — “Gilead” takes its title from the fictional town in Iowa where the Boughton and Ames families reside. And also from the Book of Jeremiah, which names a place where healing may or may not be found: “Is there no balm in Gilead?” For John Ames, who narrates this novel, the answer seems to be yes. An elderly Congregationalist minister who has recently become a husband and father, he finds fulfillment in both vocation and family. Robinson allows him, and us, the full measure of his hard-earned joy, but she also has an acute sense of the reality of sin. If this book is a celebration of the quiet decency of small-town life (and mainline Protestantism) in the 1950s, it is equally an unsparing critique of how the moral fervor and religious vision of the abolitionist movement curdled, a century later, into complacency. — A.O. Scott
+
+   ![Book cover for Never Let Me Go](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-QXGE/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-QXGE-master315.png)
+
+#### 9
+
+## Never Let Me Go
+
+Kazuo Ishiguro 2005
+
+Kathy, Ruth and Tommy are boarders at an elite English school called Hailsham. Supervised by a group of “guardians,” the friends share music and rumors while navigating the shifting loyalties and heartbreaks of growing up. It’s all achingly familiar — at times, even funny. But things begin to feel first off, then sinister and, ultimately, tragic. As in so much of the best dystopian fiction, the power of “Never Let Me Go” to move and disturb arises from the persistence of human warmth in a chilly universe — and in its ability to make us see ourselves through its uncanny mirror. Is Ishiguro commenting on biotechnology, reproductive science, the cognitive dissonance necessary for life under late-stage capitalism? He’d never be so didactic as to tell you. What lies at the heart of this beautiful book is not social satire, but deep compassion.
+
+   ![Book cover for Austerlitz](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-KUOI/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-KUOI-master315.png)
+
+#### 8
+
+## Austerlitz
+
+W.G. Sebald; translated by Anthea Bell 2001
+
+Sebald scarcely lived long enough to see the publication of his final novel; within weeks of its release, he died from a congenital heart condition at 57. But what a swan song it is: the discursive, dreamlike recollections of Jacques Austerlitz, a man who was once a small refugee of the kindertransport in wartime Prague, raised by strangers in Wales. Like the namesake Paris train station of its protagonist, the book is a marvel of elegant construction, haunted by memory and motion.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Underground Railroad](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-TNUC/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-TNUC-master315.png)
+
+#### 7
+
+## The Underground Railroad
+
+Colson Whitehead 2016
+
+“The Underground Railroad” is a profound revelation of the intricate aspects of slavery and nebulous shapes of freedom featuring an indomitable female protagonist: Cora from Georgia. The novel seamlessly combines history, horror and fantasy with philosophical speculation and cultural criticism to tell a compulsively readable, terror-laden narrative of a girl with a fierce inner spark who follows the mysterious path of her mother, Mabel, the only person ever known to have escaped from the Randall plantations.
+
+I could hardly make it through this plaintively brutal novel. Neither could I put it down. “The Underground Railroad” bleeds truth in a way that few treatments of slavery can, fiction or nonfiction. Whitehead’s portrayals of human motivation, interaction and emotional range astonish in their complexity. Here brutality is bone deep and vulnerability is ocean wide, yet bravery and hope shine through in Cora’s insistence on escape. I rooted for Cora in a way that I never had for a character, my heart breaking with each violation of her spirit. Just as Cora inherits her mother’s symbolic victory garden, we readers of Whitehead’s imaginary world can inherit Cora’s courage. — Tiya Miles, author of “All That She Carried: The Journey of Ashley’s Sack, a Black Family Keepsake”
+
+   ![Book cover for 2666](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-10TD/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-10TD-master315.png)
+
+#### 6
+
+## 2666
+
+Roberto Bolaño; translated by Natasha Wimmer 2008
+
+Bolaño’s feverish, vertiginous novel opens with an epigraph from Baudelaire — “An oasis of horror in a desert of boredom” — and then proceeds, over the course of some 900 pages, to call into being an entire world governed in equal parts by boredom and the deepest horror. The book (published posthumously) is divided into five loosely conjoined sections, following characters who are drawn for varying reasons to the fictional Mexican city of Santa Teresa: a group of academics obsessed with an obscure novelist, a doddering philosophy professor, a lovelorn police officer and an American reporter investigating the serial murders of women in a case with echoes of the real-life femicide that has plagued Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. In Natasha Wimmer’s spotless translation, Bolaño’s novel is profound, mysterious, teeming and giddy: Reading it, you go from feeling like a tornado watcher to feeling swept up in the vortex, and finally suspect you might be the tornado yourself.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Corrections](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-T6OI/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-T6OI-master315.png)
+
+#### 5
+
+## The Corrections
+
+Jonathan Franzen 2001
+
+With its satirical take on mental health, self-improvement and instant gratification, Franzen’s comic novel of family disintegration is as scathingly entertaining today as it was when it was published at the turn of the millennium. The story, about a Midwestern matron named Enid Lambert who is determined to bring her three adult children home for what might be their father’s last Christmas, touches on everything from yuppie excess to foodie culture to Eastern Europe’s unbridled economy after the fall of communism — but it is held together, always, by family ties. The novel jumps deftly from character to character, and the reader’s sympathies jump with it; in a novel as alert to human failings as this one is, it is to Franzen’s enduring credit that his genuine affection for all of the characters shines through.
+
+   ![Book cover for The Known World](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-1HDX/books-extra-jjjjs-06-flat-slide-1HDX-master315.png)
+
+#### 4
+
+## The Known World
+
+Edward P. Jones 2003
+
+This novel, about a Black farmer, bootmaker and former slave named Henry Townsend, is a humane epic and a staggering feat of wily American storytelling. Set in Virginia during the antebellum era, the milieu — politics, moods, manners — is starkly and intensely realized. When Henry becomes the proprietor of a plantation, with slaves of his own, the moral sands shift under the reader’s feet. Grief piles upon grief. But there is a glowing humanity at work here as well. Moments of humor and unlikely good will bubble up organically. Jones is a confident storyteller, and in “The Known World” that confidence casts a spell. This is a large novel that moves nimbly, and stays with the reader for a long time. — Dwight Garner
+
+   ![Book cover for Wolf Hall](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-PI6J/books-additional-skewsksk-slide-PI6J-articleLarge.png)
+
+#### 3
+
+## Wolf Hall
+
+Hilary Mantel 2009
+
+It was hard choosing the books for my list, but the first and easiest choice I made was “Wolf Hall.” (“The Mirror and the Light,” the third book in Mantel’s trilogy, was the second easiest.)
+
+We see the past the way we see the stars, dimly, through a dull blurry scrim of atmosphere, but Mantel was like an orbital telescope: She saw history with cold, hard, absolute clarity. In “Wolf Hall” she took a starchy historical personage, Thomas Cromwell, and saw the vivid, relentless, blind-spotted, memory-haunted, grandly alive human being he must have been. Then she used him as a lens to show us the age he lived in, the vast, intricate spider web of power and money and love and need — right up until the moment the spider got him. — Lev Grossman, author of “The Bright Sword”
+
+   ![Book cover for The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-V9IU/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-V9IU-master315.png)
+
+#### 2
+
+## The Warmth of Other Suns
+
+Isabel Wilkerson 2010
+
+Wilkerson’s intimate, stirring, meticulously researched and myth-dispelling book, which details the Great Migration of Black Americans from South to North and West from 1915 to 1970, is the most vital and compulsively readable work of history in recent memory. This migration, she writes, “would become perhaps the biggest underreported story of the 20th century. It was vast. It was leaderless. It crept along so many thousands of currents over so long a stretch of time as to be difficult for the press truly to capture while it was under way.” Wilkerson blends the stories of individual men and women with a masterful grasp of the big picture, and a great deal of literary finesse. “The Warmth of Other Suns” reads like a novel. It bears down on the reader like a locomotive. — Dwight Garner
+
+   ![Book cover for My Brilliant Friend](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/30/books/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-OFIO/best-books-hihibb05-flat-slide-OFIO-master315.png)
+
+#### 1
+
+## My Brilliant Friend
+
+Elena Ferrante; translated by Ann Goldstein 2012
+
+The first volume of what would become Ferrante’s riveting four-book series of Neapolitan novels introduced readers to two girls growing up in a poor, violent neighborhood in Naples, Italy: the diligent, dutiful Elena and her charismatic, wilder friend Lila, who despite her fierce intelligence is seemingly constrained by her family’s meager means. From there the book (like the series as a whole) expands as propulsively as the early universe, encompassing ideas about art and politics, class and gender, philosophy and fate, all through a dedicated focus on the conflicted, competitive friendship between Elena and Lila as they grow into complicated adults. It’s impossible to say how closely the series tracks the author’s life — Ferrante writes under a pseudonym — but no matter: “My Brilliant Friend” is entrenched as one of the premier examples of so-called autofiction, a category that has dominated the literature of the 21st century. Reading this uncompromising, unforgettable novel is like riding a bike on gravel: It’s gritty and slippery and nerve-racking, all at the same time.
+
+&emsp;
+&emsp;
+
+---
+`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00.03 News/The Great American Novels.md b/03.01 Reading list/The Great American Novels.md
similarity index 100%
rename from 00.03 News/The Great American Novels.md
rename to 03.01 Reading list/The Great American Novels.md
diff --git a/03.04 Cinematheque/Time of the Gypsies (1988).md b/03.04 Cinematheque/Time of the Gypsies (1988).md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..44b6ce64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/03.04 Cinematheque/Time of the Gypsies (1988).md	
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+---
+
+type: movie
+title: Time of the Gypsies
+englishTitle: Time of the Gypsies
+year: "1988"
+dataSource: OMDbAPI
+url: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097223/
+id: tt0097223
+plot: In this luminous tale set in the area around Sarajevo and in Italy, Perhan, an engaging young Romany (gypsy) with telekinetic powers, is seduced by the quick-cash world of petty crime, which threatens to destroy him and those he l...
+genres:
+  - Comedy
+  - Crime
+  - Drama
+director:
+  - Emir Kusturica
+writer:
+  - Emir Kusturica
+  - Gordan Mihic
+studio:
+  - N/A
+duration: 142 min
+onlineRating: 8.1
+actors:
+  - Davor Dujmovic
+  - Bora Todorovic
+  - Ljubica Adzovic
+image: https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BMjc4ZjM1OWYtZGI2My00NDQ1LWFiOWUtMWMyMDk0ZWI2NWViXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMTUzMDUzNTI3._V1_SX300.jpg
+released: true
+streamingServices: []
+premiere: 09/02/1990
+watched: true
+lastWatched: "[[2024-07-07]]"
+personalRating: 7
+tags: mediaDB/tv/movie
+
+---
+
+Parent:: [[@Cinematheque]]
+Related:: [[When Father was Away on Business (1985)]]
+
+---
+
+```dataviewjs
+dv.paragraph(`> [!${dv.current().watched ? 'SUCCESS' : 'WARNING'}] ${dv.current().watched ? 'last watched on ' + dv.current().lastWatched : 'not yet watched'}`)
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+# `$= dv.current().title`
+
+&emsp;
+
+`$= dv.current().watched ? '**Rating**: ' + dv.current().personalRating + ' out of 10' : ''`
+
+```toc
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+### Details
+
+&emsp;
+
+**Genres**:
+`$= dv.current().genres.length === 0 ? ' - none' : dv.list(dv.current().genres)`
+
+`$= !dv.current().released ? '**Not released** The movie is not yet released.' : ''`
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataview
+list without id
+ "<table><tbody><tr><td><a class=heading>Type</a></td>"
+ +
+ "<td><span style='color: var(--footnote);'>" + this.type + "</span></td></tr>"
++
+ "<tr><td><a class=heading>Online Rating</a></td>"
+ +
+ "<td><span style='color: var(--footnote);'>" + this.onlineRating + "</span></td></tr>"
+ +
+ "<tr><td><a class=heading>Duration</a></td>"
+ +
+ "<td><span style='color: var(--footnote);'>" + this.duration + "</span></td></tr>"
+ +
+ "<tr><td><a class=heading>Premiered</a></td>"
+ +
+ "<td><span style='color: var(--footnote);'>" + this.premiere + "</span></td></tr>"
+ +
+ "<tr><td><a class=heading>Producer</a></td>"
+ +
+ "<td><span style='color: var(--footnote);'>" + this.producer + "</span></td></tr></tbody></table>"
+FROM "03.04 Cinematheque/Time of the Gypsies (1988)"
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### Poster
+
+&emsp;
+
+`$= '![Image|360](' + dv.current().image + ')'`
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/03.04 Cinematheque/Tokyo Story (1953).md b/03.04 Cinematheque/Tokyo Story (1953).md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c9afdb9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/03.04 Cinematheque/Tokyo Story (1953).md	
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+---
+
+type: movie
+title: Tokyo Story
+englishTitle: Tokyo Story
+year: "1953"
+dataSource: OMDbAPI
+url: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046438/
+id: tt0046438
+plot: An old couple visit their children and grandchildren in the city, but receive little attention.
+genres:
+  - Drama
+director:
+  - Yasujirô Ozu
+writer:
+  - Kôgo Noda
+  - Yasujirô Ozu
+studio:
+  - N/A
+duration: 136 min
+onlineRating: 8.1
+actors:
+  - Chishû Ryû
+  - Chieko Higashiyama
+  - Sô Yamamura
+image: https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BM2E1ZmZlMDQtMDgzNi00MGVmLTgwMWMtYTc1MjkzOWJmOGIxXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMjgyNjk3MzE@._V1_SX300.jpg
+released: true
+streamingServices: []
+premiere: 13/03/1972
+watched: true
+lastWatched: "[[2024-07-08]]"
+personalRating: 7
+tags: mediaDB/tv/movie
+
+---
+
+Parent:: [[@Cinematheque]]
+
+---
+
+```dataviewjs
+dv.paragraph(`> [!${dv.current().watched ? 'SUCCESS' : 'WARNING'}] ${dv.current().watched ? 'last watched on ' + dv.current().lastWatched : 'not yet watched'}`)
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+# `$= dv.current().title`
+
+&emsp;
+
+`$= dv.current().watched ? '**Rating**: ' + dv.current().personalRating + ' out of 10' : ''`
+
+```toc
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+### Details
+
+&emsp;
+
+**Genres**:
+`$= dv.current().genres.length === 0 ? ' - none' : dv.list(dv.current().genres)`
+
+`$= !dv.current().released ? '**Not released** The movie is not yet released.' : ''`
+
+&emsp;
+
+```dataview
+list without id
+ "<table><tbody><tr><td><a class=heading>Type</a></td>"
+ +
+ "<td><span style='color: var(--footnote);'>" + this.type + "</span></td></tr>"
++
+ "<tr><td><a class=heading>Online Rating</a></td>"
+ +
+ "<td><span style='color: var(--footnote);'>" + this.onlineRating + "</span></td></tr>"
+ +
+ "<tr><td><a class=heading>Duration</a></td>"
+ +
+ "<td><span style='color: var(--footnote);'>" + this.duration + "</span></td></tr>"
+ +
+ "<tr><td><a class=heading>Premiered</a></td>"
+ +
+ "<td><span style='color: var(--footnote);'>" + this.premiere + "</span></td></tr>"
+ +
+ "<tr><td><a class=heading>Producer</a></td>"
+ +
+ "<td><span style='color: var(--footnote);'>" + this.producer + "</span></td></tr></tbody></table>"
+FROM "03.04 Cinematheque/Tokyo Story (1953)"
+```
+
+&emsp;
+
+---
+
+&emsp;
+
+### Poster
+
+&emsp;
+
+`$= '![Image|360](' + dv.current().image + ')'`
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/03.04 Cinematheque/When Father was Away on Business (1985).md b/03.04 Cinematheque/When Father was Away on Business (1985).md
index a48fcaa3..2863bea7 100644
--- a/03.04 Cinematheque/When Father was Away on Business (1985).md	
+++ b/03.04 Cinematheque/When Father was Away on Business (1985).md	
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ CollapseMetaTable: true
 ---
 
 Parent:: [[@Cinematheque]]
+Related:: [[Time of the Gypsies (1988)]]
 
 ---
 
diff --git a/05.01 Computer setup/Storage and Syncing.md b/05.01 Computer setup/Storage and Syncing.md
index cc7b93bf..d497618c 100644
--- a/05.01 Computer setup/Storage and Syncing.md	
+++ b/05.01 Computer setup/Storage and Syncing.md	
@@ -172,35 +172,13 @@ For Obsidian in particular [GitHub](https://github.com) is used in coordination
 
 The following Apps require a manual backup:
 
-- [ ] Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for Anchor|Anchor Wallet]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Thursday 📅 2024-10-03
-- [x] Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for Anchor|Anchor Wallet]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Thursday 📅 2024-07-04 ✅ 2024-07-04
-- [x] Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for Anchor|Anchor Wallet]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Thursday 📅 2024-04-04 ✅ 2024-04-04
-- [x] Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for Anchor|Anchor Wallet]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Thursday 📅 2024-01-04 ✅ 2024-01-01
-- [x] Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for Anchor|Anchor Wallet]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Thursday 📅 2023-10-05 ✅ 2023-10-03
-- [x] Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for Anchor|Anchor Wallet]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Thursday 📅 2023-07-06 ✅ 2023-07-06
-- [ ] :iphone: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for iPhone|iPhone]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Tuesday 📅 2024-07-09
-- [x] :iphone: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for iPhone|iPhone]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Tuesday 📅 2024-04-09 ✅ 2024-04-09
-- [x] :iphone: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for iPhone|iPhone]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Tuesday 📅 2024-01-09 ✅ 2024-01-09
-- [x] :iphone: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for iPhone|iPhone]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Tuesday 📅 2023-10-10 ✅ 2023-10-10
-- [x] :iphone: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for iPhone|iPhone]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Tuesday 📅 2023-07-11 ✅ 2023-07-13
-- [x] :iphone: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for iPhone|iPhone]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Tuesday 📅 2023-04-11 ✅ 2023-04-11
-- [ ] :floppy_disk: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for FV|Folder Vault]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2024-07-05
-- [x] :floppy_disk: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for FV|Folder Vault]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2024-04-05 ✅ 2024-04-05
-- [x] :floppy_disk: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for FV|Folder Vault]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2024-01-05 ✅ 2024-01-05
-- [x] :floppy_disk: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for FV|Folder Vault]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2023-10-06 ✅ 2023-10-06
-- [x] :floppy_disk: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for FV|Folder Vault]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2023-07-07 ✅ 2023-07-07
-- [x] :floppy_disk: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for FV|Folder Vault]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2023-04-07 ✅ 2023-04-06
-- [ ] :cloud: [[Storage and Syncing|Storage & Sync]]: Backup Volumes to [[Sync|Sync.com]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Monday 📅 2024-06-10
-- [x] :cloud: [[Storage and Syncing|Storage & Sync]]: Backup Volumes to [[Sync|Sync.com]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Monday 📅 2024-03-11 ✅ 2024-03-11
-- [x] :cloud: [[Storage and Syncing|Storage & Sync]]: Backup Volumes to [[Sync|Sync.com]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Monday 📅 2023-12-11 ✅ 2023-12-16
-- [x] :cloud: [[Storage and Syncing|Storage & Sync]]: Backup Volumes to [[Sync|Sync.com]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Monday 📅 2023-09-11 ✅ 2023-09-11
-- [x] :cloud: [[Storage and Syncing|Storage & Sync]]: Backup Volumes to [[Sync|Sync.com]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Monday 📅 2023-06-12 ✅ 2023-06-12
-- [ ] :camera: [[Storage and Syncing|Storage & Sync]]: Transfer pictures to ED %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Thursday 📅 2024-07-11
-- [x] :camera: [[Storage and Syncing|Storage & Sync]]: Transfer pictures to ED %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Thursday 📅 2024-04-11 ✅ 2024-04-11
-- [x] :camera: [[Storage and Syncing|Storage & Sync]]: Transfer pictures to ED %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Thursday 📅 2024-01-11 ✅ 2024-01-11
-- [x] :camera: [[Storage and Syncing|Storage & Sync]]: Transfer pictures to ED %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Thursday 📅 2023-10-12 ✅ 2023-10-12
-- [x] :camera: [[Storage and Syncing|Storage & Sync]]: Transfer pictures to ED %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Thursday 📅 2023-07-13 ✅ 2023-07-13
-- [x] :camera: [[Storage and Syncing|Storage & Sync]]: Transfer pictures to ED %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Thursday 📅 2023-04-13 ✅ 2023-04-13
+- [ ] :coin: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for Anchor|Anchor Wallet]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Thursday 📅 2024-10-03
+- [ ] :iphone: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for iPhone|iPhone]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Tuesday 📅 2024-10-08
+- [ ] :iphone: Backup [[Storage and Syncing|news for previous year]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every year 📅 2025-01-15
+- [ ] :floppy_disk: Backup [[Storage and Syncing#Instructions for FV|Folder Vault]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2024-10-04
+- [ ] :cloud: [[Storage and Syncing|Storage & Sync]]: Backup Volumes to [[Sync|Sync.com]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Monday 📅 2024-09-09
+- [x] :cloud: [[Storage and Syncing|Storage & Sync]]: Backup Volumes to [[Sync|Sync.com]] %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Monday 📅 2024-06-10 ✅ 2024-07-16
+- [ ] :camera: [[Storage and Syncing|Storage & Sync]]: Transfer pictures to ED %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 2nd Thursday 📅 2024-10-10
 
 &emsp;
 
diff --git a/05.02 Networks/Configuring UFW.md b/05.02 Networks/Configuring UFW.md
index 0cf54831..3d5e54ac 100644
--- a/05.02 Networks/Configuring UFW.md	
+++ b/05.02 Networks/Configuring UFW.md	
@@ -237,7 +237,10 @@ sudo bash /etc/addip4ban/addip4ban.sh
 
 #### Ban List Tasks
 
-- [ ] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%% 🔁 every week on Saturday 📅 2024-07-06
+- [ ] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%% 🔁 every week on Saturday 📅 2024-07-27
+- [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%% 🔁 every week on Saturday 📅 2024-07-20 ✅ 2024-07-18
+- [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%% 🔁 every week on Saturday 📅 2024-07-13 ✅ 2024-07-13
+- [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%% 🔁 every week on Saturday 📅 2024-07-06 ✅ 2024-07-06
 - [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%% 🔁 every week on Saturday 📅 2024-06-29 ✅ 2024-06-29
 - [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%% 🔁 every week on Saturday 📅 2024-06-22 ✅ 2024-06-21
 - [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%% 🔁 every week on Saturday 📅 2024-06-15 ✅ 2024-06-16
@@ -313,8 +316,14 @@ sudo bash /etc/addip4ban/addip4ban.sh
 - [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%% 🔁 every week on Saturday 📅 2023-02-11 ✅ 2023-02-11
 - [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%% 🔁 every week on Saturday 📅 2023-08-12 ✅ 2023-08-07
 - [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%% 🔁 every week on Saturday 📅 2023-08-05 ✅ 2023-08-05
-- [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%% 🔁 every week on Saturday 📅 2023-07-29 ✅ 2023-08-04
-- [ ] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]]: Update the Blocked IP list %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on Saturday 📅 2024-07-06
+- [ ] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%% 🔁 every week on Saturday 📅 2024-07-27
+- [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%% 🔁 every week on Saturday 📅 2024-07-20 ✅ 2024-07-18
+- [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%% 🔁 every week on Saturday 📅 2024-07-13 ✅ 2024-07-13
+- [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]] Get IP addresses caught by Postfix %%done_del%% 🔁 every week on Saturday 📅 2024-07-06 ✅ 2024-07-06
+- [ ] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]]: Update the Blocked IP list %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on Saturday 📅 2024-07-27
+- [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]]: Update the Blocked IP list %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on Saturday 📅 2024-07-20 ✅ 2024-07-18
+- [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]]: Update the Blocked IP list %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on Saturday 📅 2024-07-13 ✅ 2024-07-13
+- [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]]: Update the Blocked IP list %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on Saturday 📅 2024-07-06 ✅ 2024-07-06
 - [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]]: Update the Blocked IP list %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on Saturday 📅 2024-06-29 ✅ 2024-06-29
 - [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]]: Update the Blocked IP list %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on Saturday 📅 2024-06-22 ✅ 2024-06-21
 - [x] 🖥 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring UFW|Firewall]]: Update the Blocked IP list %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on Saturday 📅 2024-06-15 ✅ 2024-06-16
diff --git a/06.01 Finances/2024.ledger b/06.01 Finances/2024.ledger
index 494e6291..e83524ba 100644
--- a/06.01 Finances/2024.ledger	
+++ b/06.01 Finances/2024.ledger	
@@ -2047,4 +2047,124 @@ alias i=income
 
 2024/07/04 Breakfast
     expenses:Food:CHF    CHF7.10
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/05 Migros
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF31.15
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/05 Carrots
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF0.35
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/06 Migros
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF45.35
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/06 Coop
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF9.60
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/07 Eglisau - budapest lambos
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF19.00
+    assets:Cash:CHF
+
+2024/07/07 Vicafe - Eglisau
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF8.70
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/08 Coffee
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF5.90
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/08 Coop
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF4.95
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/09 Coffee
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF6.00
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/09 Migros
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF26.30
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/10 Coop
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF4.95
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/10 Coffee
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF12.30
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/09 Irons
+    expenses:Horse:CHF    CHF150.00
+    assets:Cash:CHF
+
+2024/07/11 Migros
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF24.15
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/11 Bakery
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF5.50
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/11 Coffee
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF5.90
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/12 Migros
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF3.70
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/13 Coffee
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF8.00
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/13 Migros
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF49.90
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/14 Coop
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF16.15
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/15 Dinner Moenchhof am See
+    expenses:Social:CHF    CHF139.15
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/16 Coffee
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF6.00
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/17 Coffee
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF6.00
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/17 Coop
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF9.50
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/18 Coffee
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF6.00
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/18 Bread
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF7.00
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/18 Lunch
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF14.50
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/18 Ice cream
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF5.10
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/18 Migros
+    expenses:Food:CHF    CHF21.35
+    liability:CreditCard:CHF
+
+2024/07/18 Carrots
+    expenses:Horse:CHF    CHF0.25
     liability:CreditCard:CHF
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/06.01 Finances/hLedger.md b/06.01 Finances/hLedger.md
index aad571ab..10ebf039 100644
--- a/06.01 Finances/hLedger.md	
+++ b/06.01 Finances/hLedger.md	
@@ -416,13 +416,15 @@ title: To explore
 
 - [x] [[hLedger]]: Tax for Investments ✅ 2022-01-22
 - [x] [[hLedger]]: Financial forecasting ✅ 2022-01-22
-- [ ] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[hLedger]]: Update Price file %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2024-07-05
+- [ ] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[hLedger]]: Update Price file %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2024-10-04
+- [x] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[hLedger]]: Update Price file %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2024-07-05 ✅ 2024-07-05
 - [x] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[hLedger]]: Update Price file %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2024-04-05 ✅ 2024-04-05
 - [x] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[hLedger]]: Update Price file %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2024-01-05 ✅ 2024-01-05
 - [x] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[hLedger]]: Update Price file %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2023-10-06 ✅ 2023-10-06
 - [x] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[hLedger]]: Update Price file %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2023-07-07 ✅ 2023-07-07
 - [x] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[hLedger]]: Update Price file %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2023-04-07 ✅ 2023-04-07
-- [ ] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[hLedger]]: Update current ledger %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2024-07-05
+- [ ] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[hLedger]]: Update current ledger %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2024-10-04
+- [x] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[hLedger]]: Update current ledger %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2024-07-05 ✅ 2024-07-05
 - [x] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[hLedger]]: Update current ledger %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2024-04-05 ✅ 2024-04-05
 - [x] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[hLedger]]: Update current ledger %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2024-01-05 ✅ 2024-01-05
 - [x] :heavy_dollar_sign: [[hLedger]]: Update current ledger %%done_del%% 🔁 every 3 months on the 1st Friday 📅 2023-10-06 ✅ 2023-10-06
diff --git a/06.02 Investments/Crypto Tasks.md b/06.02 Investments/Crypto Tasks.md
index 6871f6cc..423f8a22 100644
--- a/06.02 Investments/Crypto Tasks.md	
+++ b/06.02 Investments/Crypto Tasks.md	
@@ -90,7 +90,8 @@ All tasks and to-dos Crypto-related.
 - [x] :ballot_box: [[Crypto Tasks]]: Vote for [[EOS]] block producers %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the 1st Tuesday 📅 2023-03-07 ✅ 2023-03-07
 - [x] :ballot_box: [[Crypto Tasks]]: Vote for [[EOS]] block producers %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the 1st Tuesday 📅 2023-02-07 ✅ 2023-02-06
 - [x] :ballot_box: [[Crypto Tasks]]: Vote for [[EOS]] block producers %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the 1st Tuesday 📅 2023-01-03 ✅ 2023-01-03
-- [ ] :chart: Check [[Nimbus]] earnings %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the 2nd Monday 📅 2024-07-08
+- [ ] :chart: Check [[Nimbus]] earnings %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the 2nd Monday 📅 2024-08-12
+- [x] :chart: Check [[Nimbus]] earnings %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the 2nd Monday 📅 2024-07-08 ✅ 2024-07-08
 - [x] :chart: Check [[Nimbus]] earnings %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the 2nd Monday 📅 2024-06-10 ✅ 2024-06-09
 - [x] :chart: Check [[Nimbus]] earnings %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the 2nd Monday 📅 2024-05-13 ✅ 2024-05-11
 - [x] :chart: Check [[Nimbus]] earnings %%done_del%% 🔁 every month on the 2nd Monday 📅 2024-04-08 ✅ 2024-04-08